DEAS 12: 2017  
ICS 13.060.20  
© EAC 2017                                                                                                                       Third Edition 2017  
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD 
Potable water — Specification 
 
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY DEAS 12: 2017 
ii © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 Copyright notice 
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Violators may be prosecuted. EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  iii
 Contents Page 
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... ................................... iv 
1  Scope ......................................................................................................................... .......................... 1 
2  Normative references .......................................................................................................... ............... 1 
3  Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................... ................ 3 
4  Requirements for potable water ................................................................................................ ........ 4 
4.1  General requirements ................................. ......................................................................... ............... 4 
4.2  Specific quality requirements ................................................................................................. ........... 4 
4.2.1 Physical characteristics ...................................................................................................... ............... 4 
4.2.2 Chemical characteristics ...................................................................................................... .............. 5 
4.2.3 Chemical characteristics affecting the safety of potable water ...................................................... 6 
4.2.4 Organic contaminants .......................................................................................................... .............. 7 
4.2.5 Microbiological contaminants ............................................................................................................ 8 
4.2.6 Radioactive characteristics ................................................................................................... ............. 9 
5  Sampling ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 9 
5.1  Sampling requirements ......................................................................................................... ............. 9 
5.2  Parameters required for minimum monitoring  ............................................................................... 10  
Annex A (informative)   ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.  
Annex B (normative)   ......................................................................................................... ........................... 12  
Bibliography .................................................................................................................. ................................. 14  
 DEAS 12: 2017 
iv © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 Foreword 
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed.  
In order to achieve this objective, the Community established an East African Standards Committee mandated 
to develop and issue East African Standards.
  
The Committee is composed of representatives of the Na tional Standards Bodies in Partner States, together 
with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments 
received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures 
of the Community. 
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East 
African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that t hey always have the latest versions of the standards 
they are implementing
.  
DEAS 12 was prepared by Technical Committee  EASC/TC 081,  Drinking water . 
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition  (EAS 12:2014),  which has been technically revised.  EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  v
 Introduction 
The provision of safe and quality drinking-water is high priority for human health.  
The appearance, taste and odour of drinking-water should be acceptable to the consumer. This will build the 
confidence of consumers, avoid complaints and, more importantly, prevent consumers from the use of water 
from sources that may be unsafe. 
Safety of water is affected by several factors including environmental, the nature of the source, the human 
activities undertaken on or around the sources and the water harvesting, handling and treatment that may be 
undertaken. Thus, water may be exposed to physical, c hemical and microbiological contamination that may 
make water unsafe for human consumption.  
A few chemical contaminants have been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans as a consequence 
of prolonged exposure through drinking-water however; some inorganic elements are also recognized to be essential elements in human nutrition. 
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites (e.g. protozoa and helminths) are 
the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking-water. The greatest risk to public 
health from microbes in water is associated with consumption of drinking-water that is contaminated with 
human and animal excreta, although other sources and routes of exposure may also be significant. 
Consumers have no means of judging the safety of their drinking-water themselves. Water producers have a 
challenge of ensuring the quality and safety of water they provide. Regulators are required to establish health-based targets that must be met by water operators. 
This standard sets minimum requirements for physical,  chemicals and microbiological characteristics that 
affect safety and quality of drinking water. The use of this standard is expected to ensure provision of safe and quality drinking water for human consumption.  
 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD EAS 12:2014
 
© EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 1
 Potable water — Specification 
1 Scope 
This Draft East African Standard specifies requirements and methods of sampling and test for potable water 
intended for direct human consumption, domestic and industrial use 
. ).2 Normative references 
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced 
document (including any amendments) applies. 
ASTM D 5907-13, Standard test methods for filterable matter (total dissolved solids) and non-filterable matter 
(total suspended solids) in water  
EAS 39, Hygiene in the food and drink manufacturing industry 
━ Code of practice 
ISO 10359, Water quality -- Determination of fluoride 
ISO 10523, Water quality -- Determination of pH 
ISO 11423, Water quality -- Determination of benzene and some derivatives 
ISO 11732, Water quality -- Determination of ammonium nitrogen -- Method by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) 
and spectrometric detection 
ISO 11885, Water quality -- Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical 
emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) 
ISO 11923, Water quality -- Determination of suspended solids by filtration through glass-fibre filters 
ISO 11969, Water quality -- Determination of arsenic -- Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride 
technique) 
ISO 12020, Water quality -- Determination of aluminium ━ Atomic absorption spectrometric methods 
ISO 12846, Water quality -- Determination of mercury -- Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 
with and without enrichment 
ISO 13877, Soil quality -- Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons -- Method using high -
performance liquid chromatography  
ISO 14402, Water quality -- Determination of phenol index by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) 
ISO 14911, Water quality -- Determination of dissolved Li +, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and 
Ba2+ using ion chromatography -- Method for water and waste water  
ISO 15061, Water quality -- Determination of dissolved bromate -- Method by liquid chromatography of ions DEAS 12: 2017 
2 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 ISO 15089, Water quality -- Guidelines for selective immunoassays for the determination of plant treatment 
and pesticide agents 
ISO 15681, Water quality -- Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow analysis 
(FIA and CFA) 
ISO 16265, Water quality -- Determination of the methylene blue active substances (MBAS) index -- Method 
using continuous flow analysis (CFA) 
ISO 16266, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ━ Method by membrane 
filtration 
ISO 21567, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the detection of Shigella 
spp. 
ISO 22743, Water quality -- Determination of sulfates -- Method by continuous flow analysis (CFA)  
ISO 4832, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the enumeration of 
coliforms ━ Colony -count technique 
ISO 5961, Water quality -- Determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry  
ISO 6059, Water quality -- Determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium -- EDTA titrimetric method  
ISO 6222, Water quality -- Enumeration of culturable microorganisms ━ Colony count by inoculation in 
nutrient agar culture media 
– 
ISO 6332, Water quality ━ Determination of iron-spectrometric method using 1, 10-phenanthroline ISO 6333, 
Water quality -- Determination of manganese -- Formaldoxime spectrometric method 
ISO 6461, Water quality -- Detection ad enumeration of the spores of sulphite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia) 
━ Method by membrane filtration  
ISO 6703, Water quality -- Determination of cyanide 
ISO 6777, Water quality -- Determination of nitrite -- Molecular absorption spectrometric method 
ISO 6785, Milk and milk products -- Detection of Salmonella spp. 
ISO 6888, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the enumeration of 
coagulass-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species)  
ISO 7027 Water quality -- Determination of turbidity 
ISO 7393, Water quality -- Determination of free chlorine and total chlorine 
ISO 7887, Water quality -- Determination of colour 
ISO 7888, Water quality -- Determination of electrical conductivity 
ISO 7890, Water quality -- Determination of nitrate -- Part 3: Spectrometric method using sulfosalicylic acid  
ISO 7899, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of intestinal anterccocci 
ISO 7980, Water quality -- Determination of calcium and magnesium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric 
method EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  3
 ISO 8165, Water quality -- Determination of selected monovalent phenols 
ISO 8245, Water quality -- Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved 
organic carbon (DOC) 
ISO 8288, Water quality -- Determination of cobalt, nickel, co pper, zinc, cadmium and lead -- Flame atomic 
absorption spectrometric methods  
ISO 9174, Water quality -- Determination of chromium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric methods 
ISO 9297, Water quality -- Determination of chloride ━ Silver nirate titration with chromate indicator (Mohr’s 
method) 
ISO 9308, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of Escherichia colli and coliform bacteria  
ISO 9390, Water quality -- Determination of borate -- Spectrometric method using azomethine-H  
ISO 9696, Water quality -- Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water -- Thick source method 
ISO 9697, Water quality -- Measurement of gross beta activi ty in non-saline water -- Thick source method 
ISO 9964, Water quality -- Determination of sodium and potassium  
ISO 9965, Water quality -- Determination of selenium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride 
technique) 
3 Terms and definitions 
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply. 
3.1 
Potable water 
 
all water either in its original state or after treatment, intended for human drinking, cooking, food preparation,  
or other domestic purposes, food production, regardless of  its origin whether it is supplied from a distribution 
network, from a tanker or in bottles or  
3.3 
treated water  
water that has undergone through processes such as flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection 
3.4 
untreated potable water  
water that is from natural sources that is fit for hum an consumption without undergoing any form of treatment 
which will alter its original chemical composition and bacteriological purity 
3.5 
conventional treatment  
process involving deliberate coagulation, flocculation se dimentation, filtration, and disinfection to improve the 
safety and quality of the finished drinking water to consumers 
3.6 
water quality  
the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in respect to suitability for human consumption DEAS 12: 2017 
4 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 3.7 
safe water 
water that is free from physical, chemical and/or biological substances in concentrations which could cause 
illness or injury to consumers 
3.8 
surveillance  
an independent continuous, specific measurement, observation and reporting for the purpose of water quality management and operational activities 
3.9 
disinfection 
reduction by means of chemical agents and/or physical methods, of the number of micro-organism to a level 
that does not compromise public health 
3.10 
potable water distribution system 
public or private water systems providing consumers with tap water suitable for direct consumption 
3.11 
approved water supply 
source of water that has been inspected and approved by the competent authority for human consumption 
4 Requirements for potable water 
4.1 General requirements 
4.1.1  Potable water shall be free from organisms and chemical substances that are hazardous and injurious 
to human health and shall comply with requirements in Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 
4.1.2  The location, construction, operation and supervision of water supply source, its reservoirs and its 
distribution system shall be such that they exclude any possible pollution of the water in compliance with 
relevant national regulations. 
4.1.3  Potable water shall be handled under hygienic conditions as stipulated in EAS 39. 
4.1.4 Potable water shall not have objectionable taste or odour to the consumers and shall be free from 
any foreign matter. 
4.2 Specific quality requirements 
4.2.1 Physical requirements  
Potable water shall comply with the physical characteristics in Table 1. EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  5
 Table 1 — Physical requirements for potable water 
 
4.2.2 Chemical requirements  
Table 2, i)  Total dissolved solid in treated potable water to be 900mg/l 
Table 2, Add parameter for potassium: Level of potassium  to be 50mg/l for treated and natural potable water. 
To be 50mg/l as max for both. 
 Potable water shall comply with the chemical r equirements affecting quality indicated in Table 2
. 
Table 2 — Quality requirements for potable water 
Sl. No. parameter Treated potable 
water 
Limit (mg/L max.) untreated potable 
water 
Limit (mg/L max.) Method of 
test  
i) Total dissolved solids 1000 1500 ASTM D 
5907 
ii) Total hardness, as CaCO 3, 300 600 ISO 6059 
iii) Aluminium, (Al), 0.2 0.2 ISO 12020 
iv) Chloride, (Cl) 250 250 ISO 9297 
v) Total Iron ( Fe) 0.3 0.3 ISO 6332 
vi) Sodium, (Na) 200 200 ISO 9964-1 
vii) Sulphate (SO 4) 400 400  ISO 22743 Sl. No.  
parameter Treated potable water 
limits untreated potable 
water 
limits test Method  
i) Colour (TCUa max)  15 50 ISO 7887 
ii) Turbidity (NTU 
max) 5 25 ISO 7027 
iii) pH 6.5 – 8.5 5.5-9.5 ISO 10523 
vi) Conductivity 
(µS/cm)max 1500 2500 ISO 7888 
vii) Suspended matter Not detectable Not detectable ISO 11923 
a) True colour units (TCU) mean  hazen units after filtration. DEAS 12: 2017 
6 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 viii) Zinc, (Zn) 5 5 ISO 8288 
ix) Magnesium, (Mg) 100 100 ISO 7980 
x) Calcium, as (Ca) 150 150 ISO 7980 
 Potassium (K) 50 50 ISO 9964 
 
4.2.3 Chemical substances affecting the safety of potable water 
4.2.3.1 Inorganic contaminants 
 
Potable water shall comply with the limits of inorganic contaminants affecting safety indicated in Table 3. EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  7
 Table 3 — Limits for inorganic substances in natural and treated potable water  
Sl. No. Substance Treated potable water 
limit of concentration 
mg/L, max. Natural 
potable water Method of test  
 
i) Arsenic,( As) 0.01 0.01 ISO 11969 
ii) Cadmium, (Cd) 0.003 0.003 ISO 5961 
iii) Lead, (Pb) 0.01 0.01 ISO 8288 
iv) Copper(Cu) 1.000 1.000 ISO 8288 
v) Mercury (total as Hg) 0.001 0.001 ISO 12846 
vi) Manganese, (Mn) 0.1 0.1 ISO 6333 
vii) Selenium, (Se) 0.01 0.01 ISO 9965 
viii) Ammonia (NH 3) 0.5 0.5 ISO 11732 
ix) Chromium Total, ( Cr) 0.05 0.05 ISO 9174 
x) Nickel, (Ni) 0.02 0.02 ISO 8288 
xi) Cyanide, (CN) 0.01 0.01 ISO 6703 
xii) Barium, (Ba) 0.7 0.7 ISO 14911 
xiii) Nitrate (NO 3-) 45 45 ISO 7890 
xiv) Boron,(Boric acid) 2.4 2.4 ISO 9390 
xv) Fluoride, (F) 1.5 1.5 ISO 10359 
xvi) Bromate, (BrO 3) 0.01 0.01 ISO 15061 
xvii) Nitrite (NO-
2-N) 0.9 0.9 ISO 6777 
xviii) Molybdenum (Mo) 0.07 0.07 ISO 11885 
xix) Phosphates, ( PO 43-) 2.2 2.2 ISO 15681 
xx) free residual Chlorine 0.2-0.5 a Absent ISO 7393 
 uranium 0.03 0.03 ASTM D 6239-9 
a Under conditions of epidemic diseases, it may be necessary to increase the residual chlorine temporarily. 
 
4.2.4 Organic substances 
Potable water shall comply with the limits of organic co ntaminants affecting safety indicated in Table 4. DEAS 12: 2017 
8 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
  
Table 4 — Limits for organic substances in treated and natural potable water 
 
Sl. No. Substance (Arrange alphabetical 
order) Limit µg/L max. Method of test 
i) Aromatics   
Benzene 10 ISO 11423 
 Toluene 700 
Xylene 500 
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon 0.7 ISO 13877 
ii) Chlorinated Alkanes and Alkenes   
Carbon tetrachloride 2 ISO 10301- 
  1,2-Dichloroethane 30 
 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.3 
 1,1-Dichloroethene 30 
 Tetrachloroethene 40 
iii) Phenolic substances   
 Phenols 2 ISO 8165 
 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 200 ISO 14402 
iv) Trihalomethanes   
 Chloroform 30 ASTM D 3871-
85 
v) Pesticides  
 Aldrin/Dieldrin 0.03 ISO 15089 
 Chlordane (total) 0.3 
 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 30  
 DDT (total) 1 
 Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide 0.03 
 Hexachlorobenzene 1 
 Lindane BHC 2 
 Methoxychlor 20 
vi) Surfactants (reacting with methylene 
Blue) 200 ISO 16265 
viii) Organic matter 3 ISO 8245- 
 
4.2.5 Microbiological contaminants 
Potable water shall comply with the microbial limi ts affecting safety as indicated in Table 5. EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  9
 Table 5 — Microbiological limits for potable water 
 
 
 
4.2.6 Radioactive characteristics 
Potable water shall comply with  the limits for radioactive materials stipulated in Table 6. 
 
Table 6 — Limits for radioactive materials in treated and untreated potable water  
Sl. No.  Radioactive 
material Limits in  
Bq/L Method of test  
i) Gross alpha activity 0.5 ISO 9696  
ii) Gross beta activity 1 ISO 9697 
5 Sampling 
5.1 Sampling requirements  
Sampling may be done as guided in Table 7 below.  Sl. No. Type of micro-organism Potable water Method of 
test  
i) Total viable counts at 22 ºC, 
in mL, max. a) 100 
  
 
ISO 6222 Total viable counts at  
37 ºC, in mL, max. a) 50 
ii) Total Coliforms  in 100 mL Absent  ISO 9308-1 
iii) E. coli  in 100 mL  Absent  
ISO 9308-1 
iv) Staphylococcus aureus in 
100 mL Absent  
ISO 6888-1 
v) Sulphite reducing anaerobes 
in100 mL Absent  
ISO 6461-2 
vi) Pseudomonas aeruginos a 
fluorescence in 100 mL Absent ISO 16266 
vii) Streptococcus faecalis  in 
100mL Absent ISO 7899-2 
viii) Shigella  in 100 mL absent ISO 21567 
ix) Salmonella  in 100 mL Absent ISO 6785 
x) Giardia Absent ISO 15553 
xi) cryptosporidium  Absent 
a This parameter is for monitoring the system at source. Total time before analysis should be not 
more than 6 h at 4 ºC. Determination of total viable counts shall start within 12 h after collection of 
the potable water sample. 
 DEAS 12: 2017 
10 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 Table 7 — Minimum frequency of sampling of water for surveillance 
Population served (P)  Frequency * (minimum) of sampling  
P >100 000 10 samples every month per 100 000 of population served 
25 001 – 100 000 10 samples every month 
10 001 – 25 000 3 samples every month 
2 500 – 10 000 2 samples every month 
P <2 500 1 sample every month 
* During the rainy season or epidemics and emergences, sampling should be carried out more frequently.  
 
5.2 Parameters required for minimum monitoring 
It is recognized that, in many instances, the cost of performing a full analysis against Table 1, Table 2, Table 
3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 can be prohibitive. 
Analysis of the parameters in Table 8 may be deemed acceptable for the purpose of indicating on going levels 
of operational efficiency in a water treatment plant. Howe ver, a relevant authority may require additional tests. 
Table 8 — Parameters required for minimum monitoring  
Sl. No. property Test method 
a)  Conductivity or 
dissolved solids Table 1 
b)  Colour 
c)  Turbidity; 
d)  Taste 
e)  Odour 
f)  pH value 
g)  Fluoride as F- 
h)  Nitrate 
i)  Aluminium 
j)  Iron(total) 
k)  Nitrite Table 2 
l)  Ammonia 
m)  Free Residual chlorinea) 
n)  Faecal coliform bacteria 
or E. coli; Table 5 
o)  Shigella spp EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  11
 p)  Salmonella spp 
a)  only applicable to treated potable water 
 
 
If abnormal results are encountered in any of these analyses, sampling frequency shall be increased and/or 
additional analyses carried out. 
NOTE A consumer complaints register for the aesthetic qualities of the water should be maintained. 
 DEAS 12: 2017 
12 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 Annex A informative) 
 
Guidelines for wa ter safety plans 
B.1 Drinking water systems operators should develop, implement and maintain a water safety plan taking 
into consideration the potential risks to the safety of the water from the supply catchment area to the 
consumer.  
B.2 A water safety plan should consist of three key components:  
a) system assessment to determine whether the drinking-water supply chain (up to the point of 
consumption) as a whole can deliver water of a quality that meets health-based targets;  
b) identifying control measures in a drinking water system that will collectively control identified risks and 
ensure that the health-based targets are met; and  
c) management plans describing actions to be taken during normal operation or incident conditions and 
documenting the system assessment (including upgrade and improvement), monitoring and 
communication plans and supporting programmes.  
B.3 A water safety plan should include:   
a) measures to protect the source of drinking water from risks of pollution; 
b) measures to ensure all installa tions intended for the production of drinking water exclude any possibility of 
contamination. For this purpose and in particular:  
 the installation for collection, the pipes and the re servoirs should be made from materials suited 
to the water and in such a way as to prevent the introduction of foreign substances in water;  
 the equipment and its use for production should meet hygienic requirements;  
c) measures to ensure an appropriate treatment such as pre-treatment processes, coagulation, flocculation, 
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are undertaken to assure the safety of water for the consumers;  
d) appropriate operational monitoring system including monitoring parameters that can be measured and for 
which limits have been set to define the operational effectiveness of the activity; frequency of monitoring 
and procedures for corrective action that can be implemented in response to deviation from limits. If, during production it is found that the water is polluted, the producer shall stop all operations until the 
cause of pollution is eliminated; and  
e) a verification plan to ensure that individual components of a drinking-water system, and system as a 
whole is operating safely.  
B.4 Surveillance  
B.4.1 General surveillance requirements  
Drinking-water suppliers should ensure, at all times, the quality and safety of the water that they produce. 
Public health surveillance (that is, su rveillance of health status and trends) contributes to verifying drinking-
water safety.  
Adequate infrastructure, proper monitoring and effective planning and management; and a system of 
independent surveillance are basic and essential requirements to ensure the safety of drinking-water.  EAS 12: 2017 
© EAC 2017 – All rights reserved  13
 Surveillance should cover the total supply network from the source of untreated water to the consumer 
delivery points.  
A sampling programme that takes into consideration appropriate international recommendations should be 
established and implemented. The sampling should be regular and its frequency should mainly depend on the 
following factors  
a) quality of water harnessed including effects on the water from climatic, human and industrial activities;  b) type of treatment for drinking worthiness;  
c) volume of water processed;  
d) risks of contamination;  
e) background of public water supply network;  f) population served; and  
g) capabilities of the analytical facility (both in term s of capacity and in terms of analytical performance) DEAS 12: 2017 
14 © EAC 2017 – All rights reserved
 Bibliography 
[1] Guidelines for drinking water quality, fourth edition 2011, WHO. 
[2] Code of hygienic practice for bottled/packaged drinking waters (other than natural mineral waters)  
CAC/RCP 48-2001   EAS 12: 2014  
 
© EAC 2014  – All rights reserved