WT/DS437/AB/R  
 
18 December 2014  
(14-7329)  Page: 1/127  
  Original: English  
 
 UNITED STATES – COUNTERVAILING DUTY MEASURES  
ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS FROM CHINA 
AB-2014-8 
Report of the Appellate Body 
 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Table of Contents 
1  INTRODUC TION ................................................................................................ 11  
2  ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTICIPAN TS AND THIRD PARTICIPANTS ..................... 15  
2.1  Claims of error by  China – Appellant ................................................................. 15  
2.1.1  Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreem ent – Benefit ........................................ 15 
2.1.2  Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement – Fact s available ................................................ 21 
2.1.3  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement – Specificity ........................................................ 25 
2.2  Arguments of the United States – Appellee ....................................................... 31  
2.2.1  Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreem ent – Benefit ........................................ 31 
2.2.2  Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement – Fact s available ................................................ 37 
2.2.3  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement – Specificity ........................................................ 41 
2.3  Claims of error by the Unit ed States – Othe r appellant ..................................... 47  
2.3.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – The Panel's terms of refe rence ............................................ 47 
2.4  Arguments of China – A ppellee ......................................................................... 51  
2.4.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – The Panel's terms of refe rence ............................................ 51 
2.5  Arguments of the third partic ipants .................................................................. 53  
2.5.1  Australia ............................................................................................................ 53 
2.5.2  Brazil ................................................................................................................ 54 
2.5.3  Canada .............................................................................................................. 55 
2.5.4  Europe an Union .................................................................................................. 56 
2.5.5  India ................................................................................................................. 59 
2.5.6  Korea ................................................................................................................ 59 
2.5.7  No rway ............................................................................................................. 60 
2.5.8  Saudi Arabia ...................................................................................................... 60 
2.5.9  Turkey .............................................................................................................. 61 
3  ISSUES RAISED IN  THIS APPEAL ...................................................................... 62  
4  ANALYSIS OF THE APPELLATE BODY ................................................................. 63  
4.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – Th e Panel's terms of  reference .................................... 63  
4.1.1  The Panel's Pr eliminary Ruling .............................................................................. 63 
4.2  Article 14(d) and Article 1.1( b) of the SCM Agreement – Benefit ...................... 71  
4.2.1  The Panel's findings ............................................................................................. 71 
4.2.2  Whether the Panel erred in finding th at China had failed to establish that the 
United States acted inconsistently with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement .................................................................................................. 73
 
4.2.3  Completion of the legal analysis ............................................................................ 84 
4.2.4  Overall conclusi on ............................................................................................... 89 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.3  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement – Sp ecificity ................................................. 89  
4.3.1  The USDOC's analysis of specific ity exclusively under Article 2.1(c) ............................ 90 
4.3.2  "Use of a subsidy programme" under  Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement .................. 96 
4.3.3  The "jurisdiction of the granting  authority" under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement ................................................................................................ 102  
4.4  Article 12.7 of the SCM Ag reement – Facts available ...................................... 106  
4.4.1  Introd uction ..................................................................................................... 106  
4.4.2  Whether the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU ............................ 108  
4.4.3  Completion of the legal analysis .......................................................................... 114  
4.5  Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement – Consequential claims ............... 117  
5  FINDINGS AND CONCLUSI ONS ....................................................................... 117  
 
Annex 1  Notification of an Appeal by China ....................................................................... 120 
Annex 2  Notification of an Other Appeal by the United States .............................................. 127 
 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT 
Abbreviation Description 
Anti-Dumping Agreement Agreement on Implementati on of Article VI of the General Agreement on 
Tariffs and Trade 1994 
DSB Dispute Settlement Body 
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Go verning the Settlement of Disputes  
GOC Government of China 
OCTG  Oil country tubular goods  
Panel Report  Panel Report, United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain 
Products from China , WT/DS437/R, 14 July 2014 
PRC People's Republic of China 
Preliminary Ruling Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, WT/DS437/4, incorporated by reference into 
the Panel Report as Annex A-8, WT/DS437/R/Add.1, pp. A-34 to A-46 
SCM Agreement  Agreement on Subsidies an d Countervailing Measures 
SOE State-owned enterprise  
USDOC  US Department of Commerce  
Working Procedures Working Procedures for Appellate Review, WT/AB/WP/6, 16 August 2010 
WTO World Trade Organization  
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 USDOC COUNTERVAILING DUTY INVEST IGATIONS CITED IN THIS REPORT 
Short Title USDOC  
Investigation No. Full Title 
Thermal Paper C-570-921 Lightweight Thermal Paper From the People's Republic of 
China   
Pressure Pipe C-570-931 Circular Welded Austenitic St ainless Pressure Pipe from the 
People's Republic of China   
Line Pipe C-570-936 Certain Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from 
the People's Republic of China   
Citric Acid C-570-938 Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From the People's 
Republic of China   
Lawn Groomers C-570-940 Certain Tow Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof 
from the People's Republic of China   
Kitchen Shelving C-570-942 Certain Kitchen Appliance Shelving and Racks from the 
People's Republic of China   
OCTG C-570-944 Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the People's Republic 
of China   
Wire Strand C-570-946 Pre-Stressed Concrete  Steel Wire Strand from the People's 
Republic of China   
Magnesia Bricks C-570-955 Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks From the People's Republic of 
China   
Seamless Pipe C-570-957 Certain Seamless Carbon and A lloy Steel Standard, Line, and 
Pressure Pipe from the People's Republic of China   
Print Graphics C-570-959 Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-Quality Print Graphics 
Using Sheet-Fed Presses From the People's Republic of China   
Drill Pipe C-570-966 Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of China   
 
Aluminum Extrusions C-570-968 Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China  
 
Steel Cylinders C-570-978 High Pressure Steel Cylinders From the People's Republic of 
China   
Solar Panels C-570-980 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not 
Assembled Into Modules, From th e People's Republic of China  
Wind Towers C-570-982 Utility Scale Wind Towers From the People's Republic of China   
 
Steel Sinks C-570-984 Drawn Stainless Steel Sinks From the People's Republic of 
China   
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 PANEL EXHIBITS CITED IN THIS REPORT 
Exhibit Short title (if any) Description 
CHI-1  Table of citations for China' s "public body", "benefit", "input 
specificity", and "land specificity" claims 
CHI-2  Table of citations for China's "a dverse" facts available claims 
CHI-12 2009 Pressure Pipe 
Issues and Decision Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation in Certain Welded Austenitic Stainless Pres sure Pipe from  the People's 
Republic of China (C-570-931), 21 January 2009  
CHI-19 2008 Line Pipe Issues 
and Decision 
Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Circular 
Welded Carbon Quality Steel Li ne Pipe (Line Pipe) from the 
People's Republic of China (C-570-936), 17 November 2008  
CHI-31 2009 Lawn Groomers 
Issues and Decision Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final 
Affirmative Countervailing Duty  Determination: Certain Tow-
Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China (C-570-940), 12 June 2009 
CHI-45 2009 OCTG Issues and 
Decision Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain 
Oil Country Tubular Goods ("OCTG") from the People's Republic 
of China (C-570-944), 23 November 2009  
CHI-52 2010 Wire Strand Issues 
and Decision Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for Final 
Determination in Pre-Stressed Co ncrete Steel Wire Strand from 
the People's Republic of China (C-570-946), 14 May 2010  
CHI-80 2011 Drill Pipe  Issues 
and Decision 
Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Drill 
Pipe from the People's Republic of China (C-570-966), 3 January 
2011 
CHI-87 2011 Aluminum 
Extrusions Issues and Decision Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China (PRC) (C-570-968), 28 March 2011  
CHI-99 2012 Steel Cylinders 
Issues and Decision 
Memorandum USDOC, Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final 
Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of High 
Pressure Steel Cylinders from the People's Republ ic of China  
(C-570-978), 30 April 2012 
CHI-105 2012 Solar Panels 
Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination Solar Panels, Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty 
Determination, United States Federal Register , Vol. 77, No. 58 
(26 March 2012), pp. 17448-17449 
CHI-125  Table of relevant excerpts fro m the USDOC's "adverse facts 
available" findings 
USA-94  Table of "facts available"  determinations made by the USDOC 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 WTO CASES CITED IN THIS REPORT 
Short Title Full Case Title and Citation 
Argentina – Footwear (EC) Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Safeguard Measures on Imports of 
Footwear , WT/DS121/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:I, p. 515 
Australia – Apples Appellate Body Report, Australia – Measures Affecting the Importation of 
Apples from New Zealand , WT/DS367/AB/R, adopted 17 December 2010, 
DSR 2010:V, p. 2175 
Australia – Salmon Appellate Body Report, Australia – Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon , 
WT/DS18/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, DSR 1998:VIII, p. 3327 
Brazil – Desiccated Coconut Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut , 
WT/DS22/AB/R, adopted 20 March 1997, DSR 1997:I, p. 167 
Brazil – Retreaded Tyres Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded 
Tyres , WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted 17 December 2007, DSR 2007:IV, p. 1527 
Canada – Aircraft Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian 
Aircraft , WT/DS70/AB/R, adopted 20 Augu st 1999, DSR 1999:III, p. 1377 
Canada – Autos Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive 
Industry , WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R, adopted 19 June 2000, 
DSR 2000:VI, p. 2985 
Canada – Continued 
Suspension Appellate Body Report, Canada – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the 
EC – Hormones Dispute , WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008, 
DSR 2008:XIV, p. 5373 
Canada – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk 
and the Exportation of Dairy Products , WT/DS103/AB/R, WT/DS113/AB/R and 
Corr.1, adopted 27 October 1999, DSR 1999:V, p. 2057 
Canada – Dairy 
(Article 21.5 – New Zealand 
and US) Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk 
and the Exportation of Dairy Products – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by 
New Zealand and the United States , WT/DS103/AB/RW, WT/DS113/AB/RW, 
adopted 18 December 2001, DSR 2001:XIII, p. 6829 
Canada – Periodicals Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals , 
WT/DS31/AB/R, adopted 30 July 1997, DSR 1997:I, p. 449 
Canada – Renewable Energy 
/ Canada – Feed-in Tariff 
Program  Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable 
Energy Generation Sector / Canada – Me asures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff 
Program , WT/DS412/AB/R / WT/DS426/AB/R, adopted 24 May 2013 
Canada – Renewable Energy 
/ Canada – Feed-in Tariff Program Panel Reports, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy 
Generation Sector / Canada – Measures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff Program , 
WT/DS412/R / WT/DS426/R / and Add.1, adopted 24 May 2013, as modified by Appellate Body Reports WT/DS412/AB/R / WT/DS426/AB/R  
Canada – Wheat Exports and 
Grain Imports Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and 
Treatment of Imported Grain , WT/DS276/AB/R, adopted 27 September 2004, 
DSR 2004:VI, p. 2739 
Chile – Price Band System Appellate Body Report, Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures 
Relating to Certain Agricultural Products , WT/DS207/AB/R, adopted 23 October 
2002, DSR 2002:VIII, p. 3045 (Corr. 1, DSR 2006:XII, p. 5473) 
Chile – Price Band System 
(Article 21.5 – Argentina) Appellate Body Report, Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures 
Relating to Certain Agricultural Products  – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU 
by Argentina , WT/DS207/AB/RW, adopted 22 May 2007, DSR 2007:II, p. 513 
China – Broiler Products Panel Report, China  Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on 
Broiler Products from the United States , WT/DS427/R and Add.1, adopted 
25 September 2013 
China – GOES Panel Report, China – Countervailing and Anti -Dumping Duties on Grain 
Oriented Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel from the United States , WT/DS414/R and 
Add.1, adopted 16 November 2012, upheld by Appellate Body Report 
WT/DS414/AB/R, DSR 2012:XII, p. 6369 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Short Title Full Case Title and Citation 
China – Raw Materials Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of 
Various Raw Materials , WT/DS394/AB/R / WT/DS 395/AB/R / WT/DS398/AB/R, 
adopted 22 February 2012, DSR 2012:VII, p. 3295 
Dominican Republic – Import 
and Sale of Cigarettes Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic – Measures Affecting the 
Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes , WT/DS302/AB/R, adopted 19 May 
2005, DSR 2005:XV, p. 7367 
EC – Asbestos Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Meas ures Affecting Asbestos 
and Asbestos-Containing Products , WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, 
DSR 2001:VII, p. 3243 
EC – Bananas III Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Regime for the Importation, 
Sale and Distribution of Bananas , WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted 25 September 
1997, DSR 1997:II, p. 591 
EC – Countervailing 
Measures on DRAM Chips Panel Report, European Communities – Counterv ailing Measures on Dynamic 
Random Access Memo ry Chips from Korea , WT/DS299/R, adopted 3 August 
2005, DSR 2005:XVIII, p. 8671 
EC – Export Subsidies on 
Sugar Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Export Subsidies on Sugar , 
WT/DS265/AB/R, WT/DS266/AB/R, WT /DS283/AB/R, adopted 19 May 2005, 
DSR 2005:XIII, p. 6365 
EC – Fasteners (China) Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Definitive Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Certain Iron or  Steel Fasteners from China , WT/DS397/AB/R, 
adopted 28 July 2011, DSR 2 011:VII, p. 3995 
EC – Hormones Appellate Body Report, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products 
(Hormones) , WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, adopted 13 February 1998, 
DSR 1998:I, p. 135 
EC – Poultry Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting the 
Importation of Certain Poultry Products , WT/DS69/AB/R, adopted 23 July 
1998, DSR 1998:V, p. 2031 
EC – Seal Products Appellate Body Reports, European Communities – Measures Prohibiting the 
Importation and Marketing of Seal Products , WT/DS400/AB/R / 
WT/DS401/AB/R, adopted 18 June 2014 
EC – Selected Customs 
Matters Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Selected Customs Matters , 
WT/DS315/AB/R, adopted 11 December 2006, DSR 2006:IX, p. 3791 
EC and certain member 
States – Large Civil Aircraft Appellate Body Report, European Communities and Certain Member States  
– Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft , WT/DS316/AB/R, adopted 
1 June 2011, DSR 2011:I, p. 7 
EC and certain member 
States – Large Civil Aircraft Panel Report, European Communities and Certai n Member States – Measures 
Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft , WT/DS316/R, adopted 1 June 2011, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS316/AB/R, DSR 2011:II, p. 685 
Guatemala – Cement I Appellate Body Report, Guatemala – Anti-Dumping Investigation Regarding 
Portland Cement from Mexico , WT/DS60/AB/R, adopted 25 November 1998, 
DSR 1998:IX, p. 3767 
India – Patents (US) Appellate Body Report, India – Patent Protection  for Pharmaceutical and 
Agricultural Chemical Products , WT/DS50/AB/R, adopted 16 January 1998, 
DSR 1998:I, p. 9 
Japan – Agricultural 
Products II Appellate Body Report, Japan – Measures Affecting Agricultural Products , 
WT/DS76/AB/R, adopted 19 March 1999, DSR 1999:I, p. 277 
Japan – Apples Appellate Body Report, Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples , 
WT/DS245/AB/R, adopted 10 December 2003, DSR 2003:IX, p. 4391 
Korea – Alcoholic Beverages Appellate Body Report, Korea – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages , WT/DS75/AB/R, 
WT/DS84/AB/R, adopted 17 February 1999, DSR 1999:I, p. 3 
Korea – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Korea – Definitive Safeguar d Measure on Imports of 
Certain Dairy Products , WT/DS98/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, 
DSR 2000:I, p. 3 
Korea – Various Measures on 
Beef Appellate Body Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled 
and Frozen Beef , WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 
2001, DSR 2001:I, p. 5 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Short Title Full Case Title and Citation 
Mexico – Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Rice Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef 
and Rice, Complaint with Respect to Rice , WT/DS295/AB/R, adopted 
20 December 2005, DSR 2005:XXII, p. 10853 
Thailand – H-Beams Appellate Body Report, Thailand – Anti-Dumping Duties on Angles, Shapes and 
Sections of Iron or Non-Alloy Steel and H-Beams from Poland , 
WT/DS122/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, DSR 2001:VII, p. 2701 
US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China , WT/DS379/AB/R, adopted 
25 March 2011, DSR 2011:V, p. 2869 
US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) Panel Report, United States – Definitive Anti-D umping and Countervailing Duties 
on Certain Products from China , WT/DS379/R, adopted 25 March 2011, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS379/AB/R, DSR 2011:VI, p. 3143 
US – Carbon Steel Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervai ling Duties on Certain 
Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Stee l Flat Products from Germany , 
WT/DS213/AB/R and Corr.1, adopted 19 December 2002, DSR 2002:IX, 
p. 3779 
US – Carbon Steel (India) 
 Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervai ling Measures on Certain 
Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India , WT/DS436/AB/R, circulated 
to WTO Members 8 December 2014 [adoption pending] 
US – Certain EC Products United States – Import  Measures on Certain Products from the European 
Communities  (DS165) 
US – Continued Suspension Appellate Body Report, United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in 
the EC – Hormones Dispute , WT/DS320/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008, 
DSR 2008:X, p. 3507 
US – Continued Zeroing Appellate Body Report, United States – Continued Ex istence and Application of 
Zeroing Methodology , WT/DS350/AB/R, adopted 19 February 2009, 
DSR 2009:III, p. 1291 
US – Corrosion-Resistant 
Steel Sunset Review Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Review of Anti-Dumping Duties 
on Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Japan , 
WT/DS244/AB/R, adopted 9 January 2004, DSR 2004:I, p. 3  
US – COOL Appellate Body Reports, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling 
(COOL) Requirements , WT/DS384/AB/R / WT/DS386/AB/R, adopted 23 July 
2012, DSR 2012:V, p. 2449 
US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures 
(China) Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Certain Products from China , WT/DS449/AB/R and Corr.1, 
adopted 22 July 2014 
US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervaili ng Duty Investigation on 
Dynamic Random Access Memory Se miconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , 
WT/DS296/AB/R, adopted 20 July 2005, DSR 2005:XVI, p. 8131 
US – Export Restraints Panel Report, United States – Measures Trea ting Exports Restraints as 
Subsidies , WT/DS194/R and Corr.2, adopted 23 August 2001, DSR 2001:XI, 
p. 5767 
US – FSC Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for "Foreign Sales 
Corporations" , WT/DS108/AB/R, adopte d 20 March 2000, DSR 2000:III, 
p. 1619 
US – Gasoline Appellate Body Report, United States – Standards for Reformulated and 
Conventional Gasoline , WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:I, p. 3 
US – Hot-Rolled Steel Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain 
Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan , WT/DS184/AB/R, adopted 23 August 
2001, DSR 2001:X, p. 4697 
US – Lamb Appellate Body Report, United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of 
Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Me at from New Zealand and Australia , 
WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R, adopted 16 May 2001, DSR 2001:IX, 
p. 4051 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Short Title Full Case Title and Citation 
US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil 
Aircraft (Second Complaint) , WT/DS353/AB/R, adopted 23 March 2012, 
DSR 2012:I, p. 7 
US – Lead and Bismuth II Appellate Body Report, United States – Imposition of  Countervailing Duties on 
Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carb on Steel Products Originating in the 
United Kingdom , WT/DS138/AB/R, adopted 7 June 2000, DSR 2000:V, p. 2595 
US – Oil Country Tubular 
Goods Sunset Reviews Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Reviews of Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods from Argentina , WT/DS268/AB/R, 
adopted 17 December 2004, DSR 2004:VII, p. 3257 
US – Section 211 
Appropriations Act Appellate Body Report, United States – Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations 
Act of 1998 , WT/DS176/AB/R, adopted 1 February 2002, DSR 2002:II, p. 589 
US – Shrimp Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Proh ibition of Certain Shrimp 
and Shrimp Products , WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, 
DSR 1998:VII, p. 2755 
US – Softwood Lumber IV Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Countervailing Duty 
Determination with Respect to Ce rtain Softwood Lumber from Canada , 
WT/DS257/AB/R, adopted 17 February 2004, DSR 2004:II, p. 571 
US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) Appellate Body Report, United States – Investigation of the International Trade 
Commission in Softwood Lumber from Ca nada – Recourse to Article 21.5 of 
the DSU by Canada , WT/DS277/AB/RW, adopted 9 May 2006, and Corr.1, 
DSR 2006:XI, p. 4865 
US – Steel Safeguards Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive  Safeguard Measures on 
Imports of Certain Steel Products , WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB/R, 
WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, 
WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, adopted 10 December 2003, 
DSR 2003:VII, p. 3117 
US – Upland Cotton Appellate Body Report, United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton , 
WT/DS267/AB/R, adopted 21 March 2005, DSR 2005:I, p. 3 
US – Wheat Gluten Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive  Safeguard Measures on 
Imports of Wheat Gluten fro m the European Communities , WT/DS166/AB/R, 
adopted 19 January 2001, DSR 2001:II, p. 717 
US – Zeroing (EC) Appellate Body Report, United States – Laws, Regulations and Methodology for 
Calculating Dumping Margins ("Zeroing") , WT/DS294/AB/R, adopted 9 May 
2006, and Corr.1, DSR 2006:II, p. 417 
US – Zeroing (Japan) 
(Article 21.5 – Japan) Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and 
Sunset Reviews – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Japan , 
WT/DS322/AB/RW, adopted 31 Augu st 2009, DSR 2009:VIII, p. 3441 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION  
APPELLATE BODY 
  
United States – Countervailing Duty 
Measures on Certain Products from China  
China, Appellant/Appellee  
United States, Other Appellant/Appellee  
 Australia, Third Participant  
Brazil, Third Participant  
Canada, Third Participant  
European Union, Third Participant  
India, Third Participant  
Japan, Third Participant  
Korea, Third Participant  
Norway, Third Participant  
Russia, Third Participant 
Saudi Arabia, Third Participant  
Turkey, Third Participant 
Viet Nam, Third Participant  AB-2014-8 
 Appellate Body Division:  
 
Van den Bossche, Presiding Member Bhatia, Member Chang, Member 
  
1  INTRODUCTION 
1.1.  China and the United States each appeals certain issues of law and legal interpretations 
developed in the Panel Report, United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products 
from China
1 (Panel Report). The Panel was established to consider a complaint by China2 with 
respect to the imposition by the United States of countervailing duties on certain products from China. 
1.2.  This dispute concerns countervailing duties imposed by the United States following 
17 countervailing duty investigations initiated by the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) 
between 2007 and 2012.
3 Before the Panel, China challenged several aspects of the investigations 
leading to the imposition of these duties, including the USDOC's application of an alleged 
"rebuttable presumption" to determine whether Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can be 
characterized as "public bodies" within the meaning of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). 
1.3.  The 17 countervailing duty investigations at issue in this dispute concern a variety of 
products.
4 With respect to 14 of these investigations, China's claims related to the USDOC's 
determinations that: (i) Chinese SOEs are public bodies; (ii) the provision of certain inputs by Chinese SOEs conferred a benefit; (iii) subsidies arising from the provision of inputs for less than 
adequate remuneration are specific; and (iv) there was sufficient evidence with respect to the 
specificity of the alleged subsidies to justify the initiation of the underlying countervailing duty investigations.
5 With regard to seven investigations, China challenged the USDOC's determinations 
that subsidies in the form of the provision of land-use rights are specific. With respect to 15 of the 
investigations at issue, China's claims concerned the USDOC's resort to the use of "adverse" facts available. Finally, with respect to two of the in vestigations, China's claims related to the USDOC's 
                                               
1 WT/DS437/R, 14 July 2014. 
2 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by China, WT/DS437/2. 
3 In its panel request, China set forth "as applied" claims against 22 countervailing duty investigations. 
However, in its first written submission to the Panel, China stated that it was not pursuing its claims with respect to five of the 22 investigations listed in its pa nel request. (Panel  Report, para. 7.1 and fn 9 thereto) 
4 The 17 countervailing duty investigations are listed in the table at p. 5 of this Report and concern the 
following products: thermal paper, pressure pipe, line pipe, citric acid, lawn groomers, kitchen shelving, oil 
country tubular goods (OCTG), wire strand, magnesia bricks, seamless pipe, print graphics, drill pipe, 
aluminum extrusions, steel cylinders, solar panels, wind towers, and steel sinks.  
5 With respect to four of these 14 investigations, China also challenged the USDOC's treatment of 
Chinese SOEs as public bodies fo r the purposes of the initiation of the relevant investigation. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 initiation of investigations into export restraints and the determinations made by the USDOC that 
such export restraints are financial contributions.6  
1.4.  Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Russia, 
Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Viet Nam notified their interest as third parties. On 4 December 2012, 
Canada requested the Panel to grant it enhanced third party rights. On 20 December 2012, the 
Panel rejected Canada's request, the reasons for which were provided in the Panel Report.7  
1.5.  On 14 December 2012, the United States submitted to the Panel a request for a preliminary 
ruling. The United States requested the Panel to find that China's panel request did not adequately 
identify the "instances" of the use of "facts availa ble" that were being challenged and, therefore, 
failed to "plainly connect" the measures to the provisions at issue and "to present the problem clearly"
8, as required under Article 6.2 of the Unde rstanding on Rules and Procedures Governing 
the Settlement of Disputes (DSU). On 8 Februa ry 2013, the Panel issued a Preliminary Ruling9 to 
the parties, concluding that China's panel request was consistent with Article 6.2 of the DSU. The 
Panel's Preliminary Ruling was made "an integral part of the Panel's Final Report"10, the content of 
which is reproduced in Annex A-8 thereto.11  
1.6.  The Panel Report was circulated to Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 
14 July 2014. 
1.7.  In its Report, the Panel found that: 
a. with respect to 12 countervailing duty investigations12, the USDOC acted inconsistently 
with the obligations of the United States under Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement when it determined that SOEs are public bodies
13; 
b. the USDOC's application of a "rebuttable presumption" that a majority 
government-owned entity is a public body is inconsistent "as such" with Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement
14;  
c. with respect to 12 countervailing duty investigations15, the USDOC acted inconsistently 
with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement by failing to take into account the two factors
16 listed in the last sentence of Article 2.1(c) 
when it made "specificity" determinations17;  
d. with respect to six countervailing duty investigations18, the USDOC acted inconsistently 
with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.2 of the SCM Agreement by making positive determinations of regional specificity while failing to establish that the 
                                               
6 China's claims and requests fo r findings and recommendations are set forth in greater detail in 
paras. 3.1 and 3.2 of the Panel Report. 
7 Panel Report, paras. 1.11-1.13. 
8 United States' preliminary ru ling request, paras. 23-25. 
9 WT/DS437/4. 
10 Panel Report, para. 1.16. 
11 WT/DS437/R/Add.1, pp. A-34 to A-46. 
12 Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitc hen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, 
Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
13 Panel Report, para. 8.1.i. 
14 Panel Report, para. 8.1.ii. 
15 Supra , fn 12. 
16 These two factors are: (i) "the exte nt of diversification of economic ac tivities within the jurisdiction of 
the granting authority"; and (ii) "the length of time during which the subsidy programme has been in operation".  
17 Panel Report, para. 8.1.v.  
18 Line Pipe, Thermal Paper, Citric Acid, OCTG, Wi re Strand, and Seamless Pipe. (See table of USDOC 
investigations at p. 5 of this Report) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 alleged subsidy was limited to certain enterprises located within a designated 
geographical region within the jurisdiction of the granting authority19; and  
e. with respect to two countervailing duty investigations20, the USDOC acted inconsistently 
with the obligations of the United States under Article 11.3 of the SCM Agreement by 
initiating investigations in respect of certain export restraints.21  
1.8.  The Panel further found that, as a consequence of the inconsistencies of the USDOC's actions 
with Articles 1, 2, and 11 of the SCM Agreement, the United States also acted inconsistently with 
Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement.22 
1.9.  The Panel, however, rejected several of China's claims, finding that:  
a. with respect to four countervailing duty investigations23, China had failed to establish 
that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under 
Article 11 of the SCM Agreement by initiating the investigations without sufficient 
evidence of a financial contribution24; 
b. with respect to 12 countervailing duty investigations25, China had failed to establish that 
the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under 
Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in-country private prices in China in its benefit analysis
26; 
c. with respect to 12 countervailing duty investigations27, China had failed to establish that 
the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement:  
i. by failing to apply the first of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) – that is, "use 
of a subsidy programme by a limited number of certain enterprises" – in the light of 
a prior "appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b);  
ii. by failing to identify a "subsidy programme"; or  
iii. by failing to identify a "granting authority"
28; 
d. with respect to 14 countervailing duty investigations29, China had failed to establish that 
the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 11 
of the SCM Agreement by initiating the investigations without sufficient evidence of specificity
30; 
e. with respect to 13 countervailing duty investigations31, China had failed to establish that, 
in 42 instances, the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States 
                                               
19 Panel Report, para. 8.1.viii. 
20 Magnesia Bricks and Seamless Pipe. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
21 Panel Report, para. 8.1.ix. 
22 Panel Report, para. 8.1.x. 
23 Steel Cylinders, Solar Panels, Wind Towers, and Steel Sinks. (See table of USDOC investigations at 
p. 5 of this Report) 
24 Panel Report, para. 8.1.iii. 
25 Supra , fn 12. 
26 Panel Report, para. 8.1.iv. 
27 Supra , fn 12. 
28 Panel Report, para. 8.1.v. 
29 Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print 
Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, Solar Panels, Wind Towers, and Steel Sinks. (See table of USDOC investigations  at p. 5 of this Report) 
30 Panel Report, para. 8.1.vi. 
31 Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groom ers, OCTG, Wire Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless 
Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by  not relying on facts available on the 
record32; and  
f. with respect to one countervailing duty investigation33, China had failed to establish that 
the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under 
Article 2.2 of the SCM Agreement by making  a positive determination of regional 
specificity while failing to establish that the alleged subsidy was limited to certain enterprises located within a designated geographical region within the jurisdiction of the 
granting authority.
34 
1.10.  Noting that China had failed to present sufficient evidence and arguments in support of its 
claims that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.4 of the SCM Agreement by not basing its specificity determination on positive evidence, 
the Panel considered that the findings it had already made were sufficient to resolve the dispute 
between the parties regarding the USDOC’s specificity determinations.
35 The Panel therefore made 
no findings with respect to China’s claims under Article 2.4 of the SCM Agreement. 
1.11.  Finally, with respect to two countervailing duty investigations36, and in the light of the very 
limited argumentation provided by China in support of its claims, the Panel declined to make findings on whether the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States 
under the SCM Agreement when it determined that export restraints constituted financial 
contributions.
37 
1.12.  Having found that the United States acted inconsistently with certain provisions of the 
SCM Agreement, the Panel recommended, pursua nt to Article 19.1 of the DSU, that the 
United States bring its measures into conformity with its obligations under that Agreement.38 
1.13.  On 22 August 2014, China notified the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), pursuant to 
Articles 16.4 and 17 of the DSU, of its intention to appeal certain issues of law covered in the 
Panel Report and certain legal interpretations developed by the Panel, and filed a Notice of 
Appeal39 and an appellant's submission pursuant to  Rule 20 and Rule 21, respectively, of the 
Working Procedures for Appellate Review40 (Working Procedures). On 27 August 2014, the 
United States notified the DSB, pursuant to Articles 16.4 and 17 of the DSU, of its intention to 
appeal certain issues of law covered in the Panel Report and certain legal interpretations developed by the Panel, and filed a Notice of Other Appeal
41 and an other appellant's submission pursuant to 
Rule 23 of the Working Procedures. On 9 Septembe r 2014, the United States and China each filed 
an appellee's submission.42 On 15 September 2014, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, and 
Saudi Arabia each filed a third participant's submission.43 Notifications of intention to appear at the 
oral hearing as a third participant were received from Australia, India, Japan, Korea, and 
Norway44, Turkey45, and Russia and Viet Nam.46  
                                               
32 Panel Report, para. 8.1.vii. 
33 Print Graphics. (See table of USDOC in vestigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
34 Panel Report, para. 8.1.viii. 
35 Panel Report, paras. 7.259 and 7.356. 
36 Magnesia Bricks and Seamless Pipe. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
37 Panel Report, para. 7.407. 
38 Panel Report, para. 8.3. 
39 WT/DS437/7 (attached as Annex 1 to this Report). 
40 WT/AB/WP/6, 16 August 2010.  
41 WT/DS437/8 (attached as Annex 2 to this Report). 
42 Pursuant to Rules 22 and 23(4), respectively, of the Working Procedures.  
43 Pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the Working Procedures. 
44 On 15 September 2014, pursuant to Rule 24(2) of the Working Procedures. 
45 On 16 September 2014, pursuant to Rule 24(4) of the Working Procedures.  
46 On 14 October 2014, Russia and Viet Nam provided their delegation lists for the oral hearing to the 
Appellate Body Secretariat and the participants and thir d participants in these appellate proceedings. Without 
prejudice to rulings the Appellate Body may make in future appeals,  we have interpreted Russia's and 
Viet Nam's actions as notifications expressing an intentio n to attend the oral hearing pursuant to Rule 24(4) of 
the Working Procedures. While we wish to emphasize that  strict compliance with Rule 24(4) of the Working 
Procedures requires written  notification of such intention, we are satisfied that, in this case, the lack of strict 
compliance with Rule 24(4) did no t raise any due process concerns. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 1.14.  The oral hearing in this appeal was held on 16 and 17 October 2014. The participants each 
made an opening oral statement. Third participants Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Korea, Norway, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey made opening oral statements. The participants and third 
participants responded to questions posed by the Members of the Appellate Body Division hearing 
the appeal. 
1.15.  By letter dated 20 October 2014, the Chair of  the Appellate Body notified the Chair of the 
DSB that the Appellate Body would not be able to circulate its report in this dispute within the 
60-day period or the 90-day period set out in Article 17.5 of the DSU. The Chair of the 
Appellate Body explained that this was due to, inter alia , the scheduling issues arising from the 
substantial workload of the Appellate Body in  the second half of 2014, the overlap in the 
composition of the Divisions hearing the different appeals during this period, the number and 
complexity of the issues raised in these and concurrent appeal proceedings, as well as the 
additional time required for translation of the report for circulation in all three official languages. Consequently, the Chair of the Appellate Body in formed the Chair of the DSB that the Appellate 
Body report in this appeal would be circulated no later than 18 December 2014.
47 
2  ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTICIP ANTS AND THIRD PARTICIPANTS 
2.1  Claims of error by China – Appellant 
2.1.1  Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement – Benefit 
2.1.1.1  Interpretation of Article 14(d) 2.1.  China argues that the Panel erred in findin g that China had failed to establish that the USDOC 
acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement by rejecting private prices in China as benchmarks in its benefit analyses in the 
challenged determinations. China submits that th e interpretative question before the Appellate 
Body is whether the legal standard for determin ing what constitutes a "government" provider – 
and in particular a "public body" – for purposes of the financial contribution inquiry under 
Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement should al so apply when determining what constitutes a 
"government" provider for purposes of a "dis tortion" inquiry under Article 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement.
48 China argues that the benefit determinations at issue raise this question 
because the USDOC rejected Chinese private prices as a benefit benchmark under Article 14(d) on the grounds that such prices were distorted by  v i r t u e  o f  t h e  G o v e r n m e n t  o f  C h i n a ' s  ( G O C )  
allegedly "predominant" role in the market as a supplier of the goods in question. In particular, 
China asserts that, as it was undisputed that the GOC itself (i.e. the government in the "narrow 
sense") was not a provider of the goods in ques tion, the USDOC treated entities owned and/or 
controlled by the GOC "as 'government' providers wh en concluding that the 'government's' role in 
the market was 'predominant'".
49 
2.2.  According to China, in equating SOEs wi th "government" providers, the USDOC expressly 
relied in some cases on its characterization of SOEs as "public bodies", whereas in others it treated 
SOEs as "government" providers without explicitly identifying the basis for doing so. China 
emphasizes that "[i]n no case did the USDOC base its conclusion that SOEs were 'government' providers on the legal standard established in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China)  for determining whether a government-owned entity is a 'public body'."
50 
2.3.  With respect to the term "government" in Articles 1.1(a)(1) and 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement, China argues that the Panel erred in concluding that the legal standard for determining whether an entity is a "government" provider for purposes of the financial contribution 
inquiry under Article 1.1 does not also apply when evaluating the same question in respect of the 
distortion inquiry under Article 14(d).
51 China notes that the term "government" is defined in 
Article 1.1(a)(1) to mean "a government or any public body within the territory of a Member". 
                                               
47 WT/DS437/9. 
48 China's appellant's submission, para. 7. 
49 China's appellant's submission, para. 9. 
50 China's appellant's submission, para. 10. 
51 China's appellant's submis sion, heading II.B, p. 5. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 China recalls that the Appellate Body report in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China)  establishes that the architecture of Articl e 1.1 "distinguishes between '[t]wo principal 
categories of entities … those that are "governmental" in the sense of Article 1.1(a)(1), "a government or any public body" … and "private body"'."
52 According to China, it follows from 
the architecture of Article 1.1 that any entity that  is neither the government in the "narrow sense" 
nor a public body is, by definition, a private body.53  
2.4.  China submits that its position that a single definition of government should apply throughout 
the SCM Agreement is supported by the Appellate Body report in US – Softwood Lumber IV , where 
the Appellate Body held that it is possible to resort to alternative benchmarks under Article 14(d) where "the government's role in providing the financial contribution  is so predominant that it 
effectively determines the price at which private suppliers sell the same or similar goods, so that 
the comparison contemplated by Article 14 would become circular".
54 In China's view, the 
Appellate Body identified the potential cause of "distortion" under Article 14(d) as the 
government's role in providing the "financial cont ribution". Thus, the "government" that provides 
the financial contribution and the "government" whose predominant role in the market may distort 
private prices are "one and the same".55 For this reason, entities that are not part of the 
government in the "narrow sense" can be deemed  "government" providers for purposes of the 
distortion inquiry only if they are properly found to be public bodies within the meaning of 
Article 1.1(a)(1). In the absence of such a finding, argues China, they cannot be deemed to be "government" providers when evaluating governme nt predominance, nor can the prices at which 
they sell goods be deemed "government" prices capable of causing distortion for purposes of 
Article 14(d). 
2.5.  Moreover, China asserts that the Appellate Body's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China)  support the view that government ownership and control alone  are 
insufficient  to conclude that the provision of goods by an SOE is the conduct of a government 
supplier for purposes of both the financial contribution analysis under Article 1.1(a)(1) and the 
distortion inquiry under Article 14(d).
56 In China's view, this is the only interpretation consistent 
with the fact that the SCM Agreement contains a single definition of "government", and with the 
Appellate Body's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  and US – 
Softwood Lumber IV . 
2.6.  China argues that the Panel rejected China's interpretative arguments, despite failing to 
address many of them. China adds that the affi rmative rationales that the Panel offered for 
rejecting China's interpretation do not "withstand scrutiny".57 China observes that the Panel began 
by addressing a question that was neither the focus of China's claims nor the central question 
before the Panel, namely, whether "the only circumstance under which an investigating authority 
can resort to an external benchmark is when the government's role as the provider of the financial contribution is so predominant that it distorts private prices in the market."
58 According to China, 
the actual question before the Panel was "whether in circumstances where an investigating 
authority does rely  on the government's predominant role in the market as the basis for its resort 
to an alternative benchmark, must it apply the same legal standard for determining whether entities are 'government' providers that applie s under Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement?"
59 
For China, the answer to this question bears no relationship to the fact that an investigating 
authority might cite circumstances other than  government predominance as a basis for a distortion 
finding. Therefore, China submits that the potential that factors other than  government 
predominance might justify the resort to alternative benchmarks does not undermine the rationale 
supporting the proposition that there must be a single legal standard for identifying the 
                                               
52 China's appellant's submission, para . 19 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 284). 
53 China's appellant's submission, pa ra. 20 (referring to Panel Report, US – Export Restraints , 
para. 8.49). 
54 China's appellant's submission, para . 21 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , 
para. 93). (emphasis added by China;  additional fn text omitted) 
55 China's appellant's submission, para. 22. 
56 China's appellant's submission, para. 23 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 346). 
57 China's appellant's submission, para. 27. 
58 China's appellant's submission, para. 28 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.189). 
59 China's appellant's submission, para. 31. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 "government" under Article 1.1(a)(1) and under Ar ticle 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. Furthermore, 
China argues that the Panel erred in rejecting the question of legal interpretation that China raised in this case on the basis of the approach taken by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) .
60 China argues that the issue of whether or not SOEs are public 
bodies (and thus government) for purposes of the distortion inquiry under Article 14(d) was not 
properly before the Appellate Body in that dispute. Rather, China's claim under Article 14(d) in that dispute related to "whether record evidence that the government was the predominant 
supplier of a good [could] be sufficient, on its own, to establish market distortion".
61 Thus, the 
interpretative issue raised by China in these proceedings – whether the same standard for determining whether an entity is a "government" supplier must apply to both the financial contribution and the distortion inquiries – was not presented in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) . The Appellate Body therefore did not address this issue, "even in 
passing, much less decide it".
62 
2.7.  China adds that the acceptance of the Panel's reasoning would raise "significant systemic 
concerns"63 for WTO dispute settlement. Indeed, in concluding that in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China)  the Appellate Body implicitly resolved a legal question that was not 
before it, "the Panel in effect held that the Appellate Body had exceeded its mandate under 
Article 17.6 of the DSU to address issues of law covered in that panel report, and legal 
interpretations developed by the panel in that dispute."64 
2.8.  China submits that, having prev ailed before the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China)  on the question of the proper interpretation of the term "public 
body", China decided in this dispute to pursue the lo gical implications of that ruling for purposes of 
the distortion inquiry under Article 14(d). China posits that, if it is inconsistent with Article 1.1(a)(1) for the USDOC to rely exclusively on government ownership and control to 
conclude that the provision of goods by an SOE is a financial contribution by a public body, then it 
m u s t  b e  i n c o n s i s t e n t  w i t h  A r t i c l e  1 4 ( d )  t o  r e l y  o n  t h o s e  s a m e  g r o u n d s  t o  c o n c l u d e  t h a t  t h e  provision of goods by an SOE is the conduct of "gov ernment" for purposes of the distortion inquiry. 
2.9.  Moreover, China asserts that the legal inte rpretation of Article 14(d) adopted by the Panel 
would lead to "absurd results".
65 Under the Panel's interpretation, an entity properly found to be a 
"private body" under Article 1.1(a)(1) when provid ing goods, could nonetheless simultaneously be 
deemed a "government" provider when engaged in the same conduct for purposes of the distortion 
analysis under Article 14(d). 
2.10.  China adds that this very situation actually occurs in the present dispute. On the one hand, 
in the 12 countervailing duty investigations at issue66, the Panel found that the United States acted 
inconsistently with Article 1.1(a)(1) when the USDOC found that SOEs are "public bodies" based 
solely on the grounds that these enterprises are (m ajority) owned, or otherwise controlled, by the 
GOC. On the other hand, for purposes of the distortion inquiry under Article 14(d), the Panel 
considered that it was entirely proper for the USDOC to treat these same SOEs as "government" 
providers. China argues that, contrary to the Panel's approach, if government ownership and control alone are an insufficient basis on which to deem the provision of goods by an SOE to be "governmental" conduct for purposes of the financial contribution inquiry, it likewise should be an 
insufficient basis on which to consider the provision of goods by an SOE to be "governmental" 
conduct for purposes of a distortion inquiry. Reaching the opposite conclusion would mean that there is something inherent in the distortion inquiry that justifies treating the same attributes of 
the entity (i.e. government ownership and control) differently in the context of the financial 
contribution and price distortion inquiries. China contends that no such distinction between the two 
inquiries exists. 
                                               
60 China's appellant's submission, para. 38 (ref erring to Panel Report, paras. 7.194-7.196). 
61 China's appellant's submission, para. 42 (quoting Panel Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 10.38). 
62 China's appellant's submission, para. 45. 
63 China's appellant's submission, para. 48. 
64 China's appellant's submission, para. 48. 
65 China's appellant's submission, para. 49. 
66 Supra , fn 12. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 18 - 
 
 2.11.  China further argues that, once the term "g overnment" for purposes of a distortion inquiry 
is divorced from the definition set forth in Article 1.1(a)(1), as it is under the Panel's interpretation, "an investigating authority is under no obligation to conform its definition of 'government' provider to any norm whatsoever."
67 Indeed, "there [would] be nothing to prevent 
the USDOC or any other investigating authority from choosing an entirely different standard for 
determining which entities can be deemed to be 'government' providers for purposes of a 
distortion inquiry."68 China argues that this is an "untenable outcome" that can only be avoided by 
reversing the Panel and accepting China's interpretation that there is a single legal standard for 
defining "government" under Article 1.1(a)(1) and under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement.69 
2.1.1.2  Article 11 of the DSU 2.12.  China argues that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU in finding that 
China had failed to establish the "factual premise" of its claims, that is, that the USDOC actually 
treated SOEs as public bodies and thus as part of the government in the collective sense in the context of the benefit analysis in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe 
investigations.
70 
2.13.  China submits that it had established a prima facie  case of inconsistency, which, under a 
proper interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SC M Agreement, required establishing that: (i) the 
USDOC's price distortion findings were predicated on its equation of SOEs with government; and 
(ii) the USDOC's equation of SOEs with government was not made in accordance with the legal standard articulated in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) . 
2.14.  China adds that, given the Panel's acknowledgement that China had brought 12 separate 
"as applied" claims, the Panel should have concluded that China had established a prima facie  case 
of inconsistency under the correct legal interpretati on of Article 14(d). Moreover, China argues that 
the Panel's finding seems to be predicated on the Panel's view that, "because … China had not 
established the 'factual premise' of its claim for each and every  one of the investigations at issue 
in the aggregate , it was appropriate to reject China's as applied claims in respect of individual 
investigations where China had, by the Panel's own analysis, established the factual premise for its 
claims."
71 China emphasizes that the Panel's internal inconsistency is "at odds" with the Panel's 
duties under Article 11 of the DSU.72 
2.15.  China adds that the Panel's conclusion that China had failed to establish the factual premise 
for each of its "as applied" claims is directly contradicted by the Panel's own intermediate factual 
findings in respect of the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations. In particular, the Panel had found 
that, "in a few cases", the USDOC's findings of a predominant role of the government in the 
relevant market referred to the SOEs as "public bodies".73 These "few cases", China notes, which 
include the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations, "were thus ones in which the evidence before 
the Panel did 'support China's assertion'".74 
2.16.  With respect to the benefit analysis in the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations, China 
notes that there was a sufficient basis for the Panel to find that China had established the factual 
premise of its claims, given that it was clear to  the Panel that the USDOC had equated SOEs with 
government, and that it did so on the basis of  the "unlawful" "public body" test based on 
ownership/control that was rejected by the Appellate Body.75 China adds that, in the light of the 
undisputed evidence set out in the 2009 OCTG Issues and Decision Memorandum76 and 2012 Solar 
                                               
67 China's appellant's submission, para. 56. 
68 China's appellant's submission, para. 55. 
69 China's appellant's submission, para. 56. 
70 China's appellant's submission, para. 61. 
71 China's appellant's submission, para. 67. (emphasis original) 
72 China's appellant's submission, para. 68. 
73 China's appellant's submission, para. 65 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.180).  
74 China's appellant's submission, para. 66 (quoting  Panel Report, para. 7.180). (emphasis original) 
75 China's appellant's submission, para. 72 (referri ng to Panel Report, paras. 7.180-7.184). See also 
paras. 74-75 and 77-78. 
76 China's appellant's submission, para. 74 (quoting  Panel Report, para. 7.182, in turn quoting 2009 
OCTG Issues and Decision Memorand um (Panel Exhibit CHI-45), p. 14). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 19 - 
 
 Panels Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination77, and in the light of the Panel's own 
contradictory findings that China had established the factual premise of its claim with respect to the benefit analysis in the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations, the Panel failed to make an objective assessment of the matter before it, in violation of Article 11 of the DSU.
78 
2.17.  With respect to the benefit analysis in the Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe investigations, China 
argues that the Panel did not individually address whether China had established the factual premise of its claims. China observes that the Panel's only relevant finding regarding the benefit 
analysis in the Pressure Pipe investigation was that "it was a determination 'based on the market 
share of government-owned/controlled firms in domestic production alone'."
79 Regarding the 
benefit analysis in the Line Pipe investigation, the Panel's only relevant finding was that "it was a determination based on 'adverse facts available'."
80 China considers that the Panel's analyses are 
"at odds" with its obligation under Article 11 of th e DSU, and in particular, with the requirement to 
consider each of China's "as applied" claims se parately, and to provide "reasoned and adequate 
explanations" for its findings.81  
2.18.  China further argues that the Panel's findin g that China had failed to establish the factual 
premise of its claim with respect to the Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe investigations was based on the fact that the USDOC did not explicitly  equate SOEs with public bodies in its benefit analysis. 
According to China, under the Panel's approach, the only circumstance in which China could have 
established the factual premise of its claims would have been a scenario where the USDOC had explicitly  characterized SOEs as "authorities" (i.e. public bodies).
82 China maintains that there are 
two fundamental problems with the Panel's approach. First, it is based on the incorrect premise 
that the USDOC could properly have equated SOEs with government without first finding that 
those SOEs are "public bodies" under the legal st andard articulated by the Appellate Body in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) . Second, the Panel's approach ignores the fact 
that China could make a prima facie  showing of inconsistency under a proper interpretation of 
Article 14(d) regardless of whether the USDOC explicitly  referred to SOEs as "public bodies" in the 
investigations at issue. China considers that it could make this showing by demonstrating that "the 
USDOC equated SOEs with government 'implicitly based on its interpretation that entities 
majority-owned and controlled by the government are public bodies'."83 
2.19.  Furthermore, China argues that it presented a sufficient evidentiary basis to establish a 
prima facie  case with respect to the benefit analysis in the Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe 
investigations. Regarding the Pressure Pipe investigation, China submits that the evidence on the 
record shows that the USDOC's finding that the relevant market was distorted by "the government's overwhelming involvement" in that market was predicated exclusively  on the market 
share of government-controlled firms.
84 With respect to the Line Pipe investigation, China argues 
that the Issues and Decision Memorandum shows that the USDOC's finding that the market was distorted by "the government's overwhelming involvement" in that market was predicated 
exclusively on its finding that "government-owned producers" manufactured all the relevant 
product in China during the period of investigation.
85 As SOEs are not the government in the 
"narrow sense", the USDOC could only have lawfully  equated SOEs with government in evaluating 
market distortion in both determinations if it did so on the basis of the legal standard articulated in 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) . According to China, it is undisputed that the 
USDOC did not do so. 
                                               
77 China's appellant's submission, para. 77 (quoting  Panel Report, para. 7.183, in turn quoting 2012 
Solar Panels Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination (Panel Exhibit CHI-105), pp. 17448-17449). 
78 China's appellant's submission, paras. 76 and 79 (referring to, respectively, Panel Report, 
paras. 7.182 and 7.183). 
79 China's appellant's submission, para. 80 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.186, in turn referring to, 
inter alia, 2009 Pressure Pipe Issues and Decision  Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-12)). 
80 China's appellant's submission, para. 80 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.186, in turn referring to, 
inter alia, 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19)). 
81 China's appellant's submissi on, para. 81. (fn omitted) 
82 China's appellant's submission, paras. 82 and 83 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.184). 
83 China's appellant's submission, para. 86 (quoting  Panel Report, para. 7.179). (additional fn text 
omitted) 
84 China's appellant's submission, para. 91 (quo ting 2009 Pressure Pipe Issues and Decision 
Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-12), p. 19; and referring to Panel Report, para. 7.186). 
85 China's appellant's submission, paras. 97 and 98 (quoting 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision 
Memorandum (Panel Exhi bit CHI-19), pp. 18-19). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 2.20.  For the foregoing reasons, China argues that the Panel's finding that China had failed to 
establish the factual premise of its claims in respect of the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe determinations reflects a failure to make an objective assessment of the matter before it, in violation of Article 11 of the DSU. 
2.1.1.3  Application of Article 14(d) 
2.21.  China argues that the Panel erred in its a pplication of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement to 
the 12 USDOC determinations
86 at issue in this dispute. In particular, China asserts that the 
Panel's reasoning led it erroneously to apply to all 12 determinations the reasoning that the 
Appellate Body applied in upholding the USDOC's distortion findings in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) . In China's view, the Appellate Body's reasoning in that dispute 
"cannot provide a lawful basis" for the Panel's conclusion that China had failed to establish that the 
USDOC's determinations in the 12 investigations under challenge are inconsistent with 
Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement.87 For this reason, if the Appellate Body were to 
agree with China's legal interpretation of Article 14(d), then China requests the Appellate Body to 
reverse the Panel's finding that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with Article 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement in rejecting private prices in China as potential benchmarks in the determinations at issue on the grounds that such prices were distorted, as well as the Panel's finding that China's 
claims rest on an erroneous interpretation of Article 14(d). 
2.22.  China submits that the Panel's ultimate finding that China had failed to establish that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in respect 
of the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Li ne Pipe investigations had two predicates: one 
legal and one factual. According to China, the Panel erred with respect to both predicates. First, 
the Panel's finding upholding the USDOC's rejection of private prices in China as potential benchmarks in respect of the 12 determinations under challenge was predicated on the Panel's 
erroneous interpretation of Article 14(d). Second, th e Panel also erred in concluding that China had 
failed to establish the factual premise of its claims in respect of the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations.  
2.23.  For these reasons, China requests the Appella te Body to reverse the Panel's ultimate finding 
that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in respect of the benefit analysis in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressu re Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations. 
2.1.1.4  Completion of the legal analysis 
2.24.  China requests the Appellate Body to complete the legal analysis and find that the USDOC's 
determinations that SOEs provided inputs for less than adequate remuneration in the OCTG, Solar 
Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations are inconsistent "as applied" with Articles 14(d) 
and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement. In particular, Ch ina argues that the record evidence before the 
Panel in these four investigations is sufficient to establish a prima facie  case of inconsistency with 
Article 14(d) in each case, which has not been rebutted by the United States. 
2.25.  According to China, the four benefit determinations referred to above conclusively establish 
that the USDOC's distortion findings in those cases were predicated exclusively on the conclusion that the "government" played a predominant role in the market as a supplier of the goods in 
question, and on the equation of SOEs with government on a basis inconsistent with the standard 
set forth in the Appellate Body report in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) . 
2.26.  China maintains that the four determinations at issue are not among the "several 
determinations" in which, according to the United States, the USDOC also cited the low level of 
imports and/or the existence of certain export re straints in support of its distortion findings.
88 
China observes that this is not relevant to the four determinations under challenge, because it is 
undisputed that the USDOC did not cite these or any other facts in support of its distortion 
                                               
86 Supra , fn 12. 
87 China's appellant's submission, para. 59. 
88 China's appellant's submission, para. 110 (referring to United States' first written submission to the 
Panel, paras. 164 and 165; and second written submission to the Panel, paras. 68 and 69). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 21 - 
 
 findings. Moreover, China disagrees with the United States' argument before the Panel that, in the 
instances where the USDOC relied on facts available to find that SOEs played a predominant role in the market, those findings were consistent with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, and consequently not inconsistent with Articles 1.1(b) and 14(d). In China's view, the potential that a 
particular finding may be consistent with Article 12.7 "does not … insulate it from a finding of 
inconsistency in respect of another provision of the SCM Agreement".
89 
2.27.  For the foregoing reasons, China requests th e Appellate Body to complete the legal analysis 
and find that the USDOC's benefit determinations  in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and 
Line Pipe investigations are inconsistent with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement. 
2.1.2  Article 12.7 of the SC M Agreement – Facts available 
2.28.  On appeal, China claims that the Panel acted inconsistently with its obligations under 
Article 11 of the DSU in its assessment of China's "as applied" claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. In particular, China submits that the Panel failed to apply the correct standard of 
review "to a single one  of the 42 challenged instances that were within [its] terms of reference".
90 
China maintains that the Panel, instead, engaged in a "cursory analysis" that was inconsistent with its obligations under Article 11 of the DSU in several respects.
91  
2.29.  China explains that its appeal of the Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement does not present an issue of le gal interpretation, because the Panel and the 
parties agreed that "facts available" determinations must be based on "facts" "that are 'available' on the record of the relevant investigation".
92 Referring to the Appellate Body report in Mexico 
Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , China submits that "an investigating authority's discretion in the 
use of 'facts available' is not unlimited"93, as Article 12.7 permits an investigating authority to "fill 
in gaps" by using facts that are available on the record only if the information submitted by an 
interested party is incomplete.94 Furthermore, the Appellate Body concluded that "'Article 6.8 of 
the Anti-Dumping Agreement , Annex II thereto, and Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement ' all require 
the 'reasoned and selective use of the facts available'."95 Therefore, in China's view, when an 
investigating authority uses a finding of non-cooperation as an "excuse" to resort to "adverse 
inferences" or "assumptions", without any referenc e to the record evidence, its conclusions are 
"facially inconsistent" with the "reasoned and selective use of the facts available".96  
2.30.  Furthermore, China agrees with the standard of review identified by the Panel, namely, that 
"a panel should examine whether the investigating authority's determination is 'reasoned and 
adequate', based on the information contained in  the record and the explanations given by the 
authority in its published report."97 China also agrees with the Panel's statement that, in 
"[a]pplying this standard of review, the task of  this Panel is to consider whether the USDOC 
provided sufficient explanation of the challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess 
whether the USDOC based these determinations on facts."98 Referring to the Appellate Body's 
observations in US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , China submits that a panel 
reviewing an investigating authority's findings must examine whether the investigating authority's conclusions are reasoned and adequate. Moreover, the adequacy of an investigating authority's 
determination will depend in part on whether "the explanations given disclose how the 
investigating authority treated the facts and evidence in the record and whether there was positive 
                                               
89 China's appellant's submission, para. 112. 
90 China's appellant's submission, para. 191. (emphasis original) 
91 China's appellant's submission, para. 191. 
92 China's appellant's submission, para. 189 (referring to the United States' first written submission to 
the Panel, para. 326; and Panel Report, para. 7.309). 
93 China's appellant's submission, para. 197 (referring to Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Rice , para. 294). 
94 China's appellant's submission, para. 198 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Rice , para. 291). 
95 China's appellant's submission, para. 200 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Rice , para. 297). 
96 China's appellant's submission, para. 200. (fns omitted)   
97 China's appellant's submission, para. 220 (quo ting Panel Report, para . 7.310 (fn omitted)). 
98 China's appellant's submission, para. 220 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 22 - 
 
 evidence before it to support the inferences made and conclusions reached by it."99 China also 
recalls the Appellate Body's observation in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS  that 
"an investigating authority must provide a 'reasoned and adequate explanation as to: (i) how the evidence on the record supported its factual findings; and (ii) how those factual findings supported 
the overall subsidy determination', and that such a reasoned and adequate explanation 'should be 
discernible from the published determination itself.'"
100 China recalls the United States' argument 
before the Panel that "the sufficiency of an investigating authority's explanations is dealt with 
under the procedural obligations under Article 22 of the SCM Agreement, and not Article 12.7."101 
China asserts that the United States provided no support for the proposition that a "reasoned and adequate" explanation is not required to assess whether an investigating authority has complied with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. Furthermore, China refers to the panel report in China – 
Broiler Products , where the panel examined the United States' claim that China acted 
inconsistently with Article 6.8 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement in its "facts available" determinations. China recalls the panel's observations in 
that dispute that "'facts available' determinations under both Article 6.8 and Article 12.7 'must 
have a logical relationship with the facts on the record and be a result of an evaluative, comparative assessment of those facts.'"
102 Based on the panel's statements in China – Broiler 
Products , and the United States' position and the Panel's findings in the present dispute, China 
submits that the "most fundamental" principle under  Article 12.7 "is that an investigating authority 
resorting to 'facts available' under Article 12.7 must 'apply facts that are "available"'."103  
2.31.  Therefore, China argues that the Panel should have determined whether, with respect to 
each of the 42 challenged "instances", "the USDO C had in fact provided the necessary 'reasoned 
and adequate' explanation that would allow the Panel to assess whether the determination was based on facts."
104 China submits that the Panel shou ld have engaged in an "in-depth 
examination" of the USDOC's determinations, such that the Panel was not "simply accept[ing]  the 
conclusions of the competent authorities".105 China argues that, instead of examining each of the 
42 instances to determine whether the USDOC had disclosed how its conclusions were supported 
by facts on the record, the Panel made only limited references to any of the individual 
determinations subject to challenge. In China's view, the Panel "selectively used" the few instances in which it disagreed with China's characterization of a particular determination in order to reject all of China's claims, including in those instances where the Panel did not take issue with China's 
position.
106 
2.32.  China notes the Panel's findings that, in one of the challenged instances, the USDOC stated 
that it was making an "adverse finding", while, in six other instances, the USDOC referred only to 
the application of "adverse" facts available "without any reference to 'assumptions', 'adverse 
inferences' or 'similar terminology'".107 China argues on this basis that, in considering China's 
argument regarding the terminology used in the conclusions of the USDOC's "adverse" facts 
available determinations, the Panel only looked at the seven instances where it disagreed with 
China, but did not address the "majority of the ch allenged instances" where it agreed with China 
regarding the nature of the terminology used.108 Similarly, in concluding that China had not 
established that each reference to "adverse inferences" in the challenged determinations in fact 
equated to an assumption, the Panel "summarily dismissed" China's argument without suggesting 
                                               
99 China's appellant's submission, para. 202 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93). 
100 China's appellant's submission, para. 203 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS , para. 186 (fn omitted)). 
101 China's appellant's submission, para. 204 (quoting Un ited States' oral statement at the second Panel 
meeting, para. 69). 
102 China's appellant's submission, para. 205 (quoting Panel Report, China – Broiler Products , 
para. 7.357). 
103 China's appellant's submission, para. 208 (referring to United States' first written submission to the 
Panel, para. 326; and Panel Report, para. 7.309). 
104 China's appellant's submission, para. 221. 
105 China's appellant's submission, para. 221 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93, in turn quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Lamb , para. 106 (emphasis 
original)).  
106 China's appellant's submission, para. 222. 
107 China's appellant's submission, para. 223 (quo ting Panel Report, para. 7.318 (emphasis and 
fn omitted)). 
108 China's appellant's submission, para. 223 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.318). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 23 - 
 
 that it believed that the USDOC had identified, in any instance, a single fact that was available on 
the record to support the conclusion that it had reached.109 Moreover, China asserts that the Panel 
failed to address those instances where the USDOC did, in fact, explicitly rely on "assumptions".110 
China also takes issue with the Panel's "casua l acceptance" of the USDOC's "unsubstantiated 
references" regarding the use of the term "facts available" in its determinations as suggesting that 
the determinations were, in fact, based on facts.111 According to China, by doing so, the Panel 
failed to carry out the "in-depth examination" it was required to conduct in order to determine 
whether the USDOC had provided a sufficient explanation of how it treated the facts and evidence 
on the record.112  
2.33.  In China's view, the USDOC's failure to  provide "reasoned and adequate" explanations 
disclosing the factual basis for each of the challenged instances of the use of "adverse" facts 
available was "undisputed" before the Panel113, and notes that the United States did not respond 
to China's claims by identifying any factual analysis in the challenged determinations that China had "somehow overlooked".
114 Instead, the United States initially argued that it was China's 
responsibility to identify what facts the USDOC " should  have relied upon in making its 
determinations".115 In this respect, China recalls its argument that the United States was 
"impermissibly trying to shift the investigating authority's burden to China".116 China further 
submits that the United States subsequently ch anged course and "cobbled together", on an 
ex post basis, certain "examples of the record evidence supporting the determinations" at issue on 
which, in the United States' view, "the USDOC could have relied".117 
2.34.   China takes issue with the Panel's observation that China failed to refer to the analysis 
carried out by the USDOC, or to address the specific facts of each of the challenged 
investigations.118 China explains that it did not make reference to the analysis carried out by the 
USDOC for the "simple reason" that there was no analysis to cite.119 Insofar as there was some 
analysis carried out by the USDOC elsewhere than  in the challenged "adverse" facts available 
determinations, China submits that the Panel did not "bother[] to identify what those analyses were or where they could be found".
120 To the extent the Panel was suggesting that "the 
determinations 'go well beyond the conclusions cited by China' because of the 'examples of record 
evidence supporting the determinations' at issue provided by the United States in Exhibit US-94"
121, China alleges that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU by 
relying on evidence offered by the United States on an ex post basis in order to justify the 
USDOC's determinations.122 China argues that "[t]here is no indication that the USDOC actually 
relied on any of the 'examples of record evidence ' provided by the United States in any of the 
challenged determinations".123 Moreover, China argues that the Panel's statement that China failed 
to address the specific facts of each challenged investigation suggests that the Panel agreed with 
the United States "that it was somehow China's burden to review record evidence that was not 
cited by the USDOC in its determinations in order to locate any potentially relevant evidence and 
then explain why that evidence did not support the USDOC's conclusions."124  
                                               
109 China's appellant's submission, para. 224. 
110 China's appellant's submission, para. 224. (fn omitted) 
111 China's appellant's submission, para. 227. 
112 China's appellant's submission, para. 227 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93). 
113 China's appellant's submissi on, heading IV.D.1, p. 62.  
114 China's appellant's submission, para. 212. 
115 China's appellant's submission, para. 213 (referring to United States' first written submission to the 
Panel, para. 339). (emphasis original) 
116 China's appellant's submission, para. 213. 
117 China's appellant's submission, para. 215 (referring to United States' oral statement at the second 
Panel meeting, paras. 64-68; and second written submissi on to the Panel, para. 148; and to Panel Exhibit USA-
94). (emphasis original) 
118 China's appellant's submission, paras. 228-233 (ref erring to Panel Report, paras. 7.316 and 7.323). 
119 China's appellant's submission, para. 228. 
120 China's appellant's submission, para. 228. 
121 China's appellant's submission, para. 229 (referring to United States' second written submission to 
the Panel, para. 148). 
122 China's appellant's submission, paras. 228 an d 229 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.316). 
123 China's appellant's submission, para. 229. 
124 China's appellant's submission, para. 233. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 24 - 
 
 2.35.  For these reasons, China requests the Appellate Body to find that the Panel acted 
inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU and to reverse the Panel's finding that China had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by not re lying on facts available on the record.  
2.36.  China further requests the Appellate Body to  complete the legal analysis and find that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in each of the 42 challenged instances. Noting that the Panel made no factual 
findings that would assist the Appellate Body in its completion exercise, China argues that the 
question is whether there are sufficient undisputed facts on the Panel record for the Appellate Body to do so. According to China, in circumstances where the investigating authority's lack of compliance with a provision of a WTO agreement is "evident" on the face of the investigating 
authority's determinations, "then those determinations provide more than sufficient undisputed 
facts on the record to permit the Appellate Body to complete the analysis."
125 China considers this 
to be the case in the present dispute, given that the United States failed to identify a single 
instance where the USDOC provided a "reasoned and adequate" explanation for its "adverse" facts 
available conclusions, and given that the United States took the position that the USDOC was not required to "explicitly cite" facts in its determinations.
126 
2.37.  In China's view, "it is evident on the face of each of the challenged instances" that "the 
USDOC failed to provide an explanation that … was 'sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its adverse facts available determinations on facts'."
127 With respect to Instances 1, 3, 4, 10, 13, 
16, 21, 22, 28, 31, 35, 36, and 39, China recalls the excerpts from the USDOC's issues and 
decisions memoranda and preliminary determinations that it identified in Panel Exhibits CHI-2 and 
CHI-125.128 China submits that the citations it provided were "sufficient to establish that the 
USDOC failed to properly apply facts available under Article 12.7 … because there was no 
explanation on the face of the determination[s] 'sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its 
adverse facts available determinations on facts'."129 China also notes that the United States did not 
include these 13 instances in Exhibit USA-94, and "made no other attempt to rebut China's 
claim".130 
2.38.  With respect to Instances 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 
30, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, and 42, China recalls the excerpts from the USDOC's issues and decisions memoranda and preliminary determinations iden tified by it in Exhibits CHI-2 and CHI-125.
131 
China submits that the citations it provided were "sufficient to establish that the USDOC failed to 
properly apply facts available under Article 12.7 … because there was no explanation on the face of the determination[s] 'sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its adverse facts available 
determinations on facts'."
132 China submits that, although the United States provided certain 
"Examples of Record Evidence" supporting the USDOC's determinations for these instances in Exhibit USA-94, the record evidence cited by the Un ited States "is not an explanation provided by 
the USDOC that is 'sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its adverse facts available 
determinations on facts'."
133 Thus, in China's view, the United States' ex post  identification of 
                                               
125 China's appellant's submission, para. 241. 
126 China's appellant's submission, para. 241. 
127 China's appellant's submission, para. 242 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
128 China's appellant's submission, paras. 245, 254, 258, 287, 301, 315, 339, 343, 372, 386, 405, 409, 
and 423 (referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-2, comprising a table of citations for China's "adverse" facts available claims; and quoting Panel Exhibit CHI-125, comprising a table of relevant excerpts from the USDOC's "adverse facts available" findings). 
129 China's appellant's submission, paras. 246, 255, 259, 288, 302, 316, 340, 344, 373, 387, 406, 410, 
and 424 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
130 China's appellant's submission, paras. 247, 256, 260, 289, 303, 317, 341, 345, 374, 388, 407, 411, 
and 425. 
131 China's appellant's submission, paras. 249, 262, 267, 272, 277, 282, 291, 296, 305, 310, 319, 324, 
329, 334, 347, 352, 357, 362, 367, 381, 400, 413, 418, 427, 432, and 437 (referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-2; and quoting Panel Exhibit CHI-125). 
132 China's appellant's submission, paras. 250, 263, 268, 273, 278, 283, 292, 297, 306, 311, 320, 325, 
330, 335, 348, 353, 358, 363, 368, 382, 401, 414, 419, 428, 433, and 438 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
133 China's appellant's submission, paras. 252, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 294, 299, 308, 313, 322, 327, 
332, 337, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 384, 403, 416, 421, 430, 435, and 440 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 25 - 
 
 certain evidence on the record, which may or may not have supported the USDOC's "adverse" 
facts available determinations had the USDOC actually relied on that evidence, was not sufficient to rebut China's claim that the USDOC failed to provide the "reasonable and adequate" explanation that was required.
134  
2.39.  With respect to Instance 29, China recalls the excerpts from the USDOC's issues and 
decision memorandum in the Print Graphics investigation.135 China submits that the citations it 
provided were "sufficient to establish that the USDOC failed to properly apply facts available under 
Article 12.7 … because there was no explanation on  the face of the determination 'sufficient to 
assess whether the USDOC based its adverse facts available determination[] on facts'."136 China 
submits that this "appears to be the only 'ins tance' in Exhibit US-94 where the 'Example[] of 
Record Evidence Supporting Determination' provided by the United States was actually referenced 
by the USDOC in its [issues and decision memorandum], at least in part."137 However, China 
maintains that the particular exhibit had been su bmitted by the petitioners to the USDOC in order 
to respond to an argument made by China, and that "[t]here is no indication that the USDOC was 
relying on this, or any other information submitted by petitioners, as 'facts' that were 
'available'."138 
2.40.  With respect to Instances 32 and 33, Chin a recalls the excerpts from the USDOC's issues 
and decisions memoranda and preliminary determinations identified by it in Exhibits CHI-2 and 
CHI-125.139 China submits that the citations it provided were "sufficient to establish that the 
USDOC failed to properly apply facts available under Article 12.7 … because there was no explanation on the face of the determination[s] 'sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its 
adverse facts available determinations on facts'."
140 China argues that the United States' 
references in Exhibit USA-94 with respect to Instances 32 and 33 are not examples of record evidence supporting the USDOC's determinations, because they are not record evidence. China 
explains with regard to Instance 32 that the United States was referring to certain findings in the 
Line Pipe and Seamless Pipe investigations, and that those findings were themselves based on "adverse" facts available and subject to challenge in this dispute.
141 Analogous to Instance 32, the 
United States' references in Instance 33 are to findings in other investigations, namely, Line Pipe 
and Wire Strand. Thus, China recalls that the finding in the Line Pipe investigation, cited by the United States, was itself based on "adverse" facts available and is subject to challenge in this dispute.
142 China adds that the finding in the Wire Strand investigation was not based on "adverse" 
facts available supporting the USDOC conclusions at issue in Instance 33.  
2.41.  Based on the discussion of each of the instances it identified, China submits that its 
prima facie case that "the USDOC's 'adverse facts available' determinations were inconsistent with 
Article 12.7 stands unrebutted".143 On this basis, China requests the Appellate Body to find that all 
of the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations are inconsistent with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.1.3  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement – Specificity 
2.42.  Regarding the Panel's findings on specificity under Article 2 of the SCM Agreement, China 
challenges three aspects of the Panel's analysis wi th respect to the interpretation and application 
of Article 2.1 – namely, the Panel's findings that: (i) the USDOC did not act inconsistently with 
Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c)
144; (ii) the USDOC sufficiently 
                                               
134 China's appellant's submission, paras. 252, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 294, 299, 308, 313, 322, 327, 
332, 337, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 384, 403, 416, 421, 430, 435, and 440. 
135 China's appellant's submission, para. 376 (referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-2; and quoting 
Panel Exhibit CHI-125). 
136 China's appellant's submission, para. 377 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
137 China's appellant's submission, para. 379. 
138 China's appellant's submission, para. 379. 
139 China's appellant's submission, paras. 390 and 395 (referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-2; and quoting 
Panel Exhibit CHI-125). 
140 China's appellant's submission, paras. 391 and 396 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
141 China's appellant's submission, para. 393 (referring to Instances 4 and 23). 
142 China's appellant's submission, para. 398 (referring to Instance 4). 
143 China's appellant's submission, para. 443. 
144 China's appellant's submission, para. 156 (referring to Panel Report, paras. 7.231, 7.258, and 8.1.v). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 identified the subsidy programmes as required under Article 2.1(c)145; and (iii) China had failed to 
establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 by not identifying the relevant granting authority.
146 If the Appellate Body were to 
reverse "any or all" of these findings by the Panel, China requests the Appellate Body to complete 
the legal analysis and find that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement in respect of 15 input specificity determinations in 12 of the countervailing duty investigations at issue.
147   
2.1.3.1  The Panel's interpretation and applicat ion of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) 
2.43.  China argues that "the Panel erred in finding that 'the USDOC did not act inconsistently with 
Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c)'."148 China argues that, in the 
present case, the USDOC did not examine the "principles" set forth in subparagraphs (a) and (b) 
of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement, and did not id entify an "appearance of non-specificity" prior 
to its examination of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c). According to China, the USDOC's consideration of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) in the absence of an "appearance of 
non-specificity" is contrary to the first sentence of that provision, which conditions any 
examination of these other factors upon an "appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement.  
2.44.  According to China, the ordinary meaning of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) is clear. The 
use of the word "if" indicates that the purpose of the first sentence "is to establish a condition to any consideration of the 'other factors' enumerated under Article 2.1(c)".
149 China maintains that, 
in order to consider the other factors set forth in Article 2.1(c), there must be an appearance of 
non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b). In addition, there must be "reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific". In China's view, both "elements of this condition" must be satisfied before an investigating authority 
can "consider" the other factors set forth under Article 2.1(c).
150 China claims that the Appellate 
Body interpreted the first sentence of Article 2.1 in precisely this manner in US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China)151 and US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) .152 
2.45.  In addition, China contends that the fact th at Article 2.1(c) applies only when there is an 
appearance of non-specificity is supported by the context provided by Article 2.1 as a whole. The 
"textual" and "logical" relationships among the three subparagraphs of Article 2.1 confirm that Article 2.1(c) is to be applied on the basis of an appearance of non-specificity resulting from the 
application of subparagraphs (a) and (b).
153 Indeed, the Appellate Body has observed that 
"subparagraphs (a) through (c) of Article 2.1 establis h a set of principles that 'are to be considered 
within an analytical framework that recognizes and accords appropriate weight to each 
principle'."154 Within this framework, Article 2.1(a) establishes certain principles that would support 
a finding of specificity, whereas Article 2.1(b) establishes certain principles that would support a finding of non-specificity. China argues that the Appellate Body has indicated that any assessment 
of specificity under subparagraphs (a) and (b) "'should normally look at both' of these factors".
155 
                                               
145 China's appellant's submission, para. 171 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.243). 
146 China's appellant's submission, para. 178 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.249). 
147 China's appellant's submission, para. 179. The 12 inve stigations are: Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn 
Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
148 China's appellant's submission, para. 156 (quoting  panel Report, paras. 7.231, 7.258, and 8.1.v). 
149 China's appellant's submission, para. 123. 
150 China's appellant's submission, para. 123.  
151 China's appellant's submission, para. 125 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). 
152 China's appellant's submission, para. 126. China notes that, in US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) , the Appellate Body observed th at the first sentence of Articl e 2.1(c) "makes clear that the 
application of Article 2.1(c) proceeds on the basis of the conclusions reached as a result of the application of the preceding subparagraphs of Article 2.1" . (Ibid. (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2
nd  complaint) , para. 876)) 
153 China's appellant's submission, para. 131.  
154 China's appellant's submission, para. 132 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 366). 
155 China's appellant's submission, para. 132 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) , para. 759). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 China emphasizes that "subparagraph (c) is the part of the analytical framework established by 
Article 2.1 that comes after the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b)".156 
2.46.  On this basis, China argues that the Panel's interpretation and application of Article 2.1(c) is 
contrary to its ordinary meaning and context, as  well as Appellate Body jurisprudence. China 
asserts that the two considerations that the Pa nel discussed in its Report – i.e. its proposed 
reordering of the first sentence and the Spanish version of the text – do not support the conclusion that Article 2.1(c) can be applied in the absence of an appearance of non-specificity. In China's 
view, these considerations support the opposite conclusion. 
2.47.  Regarding the Panel's proposed reordering of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c), China 
maintains that such reordering is "irrelevant" be cause, either way, the sentence would have the 
same meaning.
157 Even if the order of the two dependent clauses were reversed, "there would still 
be two parts to the condition that must be satisfied: reasons to believe that the subsidy may in 
fact be specific, and a prior appearance of non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b)."
158  
2.48.  Regarding the Spanish version of the text, China notes that, by consolidating the two 
dependent clauses of the English text into a single  clause, the Spanish text confirms that the two 
dependent clauses in the English text form a single condition.159 Moreover, the Spanish text 
confirms that the drafters did not intend the orde r of the two dependent clauses in the English text 
to have any significance. Indeed, the Spanish text  "reverses the order of the two-part condition 
without changing its meaning".160 Therefore, it is immaterial whether the requirement of an 
"appearance of non-specificity" comes before or after the requirement of "reasons to believe that 
the subsidy may in fact be specific". According to China, either way, both parts of the condition 
must be satisfied. 
2.49.  Additionally, China submits that the function that the United States attributes to the 
"notwithstanding" clause at the beginning of Article 2.1(c), which the Panel appears to have 
endorsed, is a function that "serves no purpose".161 According to China, the position of the 
United States before the Panel was that "the purpose of the 'notwithstanding' clause is to indicate 
that an 'appearance of non-specificity' resulting from the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b) 
does not preclude consideration of the 'other factors' under Article 2.1(c)."162 According to China, 
this means that "the United States does not consider the 'notwithstanding' clause to form part of the condition that must be satisfied before any evaluation of the 'other factors' may proceed."
163 In 
China's view, "[t]his interpretation amounts to gi ving the 'notwithstanding' clause no meaning at 
all, an outcome that is inconsistent with the principle of effective treaty interpretation."164 China 
                                               
156 China's appellant's submission, para. 135. (emphasis original) 
157 China's appellant's submission, para. 139. 
158 China's appellant's submission, para. 139. 
159 China argues that: 
… the Spanish text dispenses with the two dependent clauses and, instead, structures the first sentence as a single, uninterrupted thought: "Si hay razones para creer que la subvención puede en realidad ser específica aun cuando de la aplicación de los principios enunciados en los apartados a) y b) resulte una apariencia de no es pecificidad, podrán consid erarse otros factores." 
(China's appellant's submission, para. 140) 
160 China's appellant's submission, para. 141. China also notes that the use of the Spanish term 
"aun cuando " in Article 2.1(c) "clearly presupposes that an analysis under subparagrap hs (a) and (b) has taken 
place and that this analysis has resulted in an 'appearance of non-specificity'". (Ibid., para. 142) 
161 China's appellant's submission, para. 149. 
162 China's appellant's submission, para. 144. (emphasis original) 
163 China's appellant's submission, para. 144. 
164 China's appellant's submission, para. 149 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, Korea – Dairy , 
para. 80; US – Section 211 Appropriations Act , para. 338; Canada – Dairy , para. 133; Argentina –Footwear 
(EC), para. 88; and US – Gasoline , p. 23, DSR 1996:I, p. 21). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 asserts that "the interpretation adopted by the Panel comes perilously close to rendering 
superfluous the entire first sentence of Article 2.1(c)."165  
2.50.  China takes issue with the Panel's reliance on the Appellate Body's finding in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  that "there may be instances in which the 
evidence under consideration unequivocally indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, 
or by reason of fact, under one of the subparagraphs, and that in such circumstances further consideration under the other subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be unnecessary."
166 China argues 
that the Appellate Body did not mean to suggest that there are circumstances in which a panel or 
an investigating authority may apply subparagraph (c) in the absence of an appearance of non-specificity under subparagraphs (a) and (b). Rather, the Appellate Body stated that "Article 2.1(c) applies only when there is an 'appearance' of non-specificity. "
167 In China's view, 
the Appellate Body clearly understood that the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) must be given effect, 
and that this sentence requires an "appearance of non-specificity" under subparagraphs (a) and (b) before any evaluation of the "other factors" under subparagraph (c) can be undertaken. 
2.51.  China further considers that the Panel erroneously concluded that the "unwritten nature" of 
the alleged input subsidies at issue was a "circumstance" that allowed the USDOC to reach a finding of specificity under Article 2.1(c) in the absence of an appearance of non-specificity under 
subparagraphs (a) and (b).
168 According to China, there is no su pport in the text of Article 2.1 or 
in Appellate Body jurisprudence for this proposition. Nor is there anything in the nature of "unwritten" subsidies that requires them to be examined exclusively under subparagraph (c) of Article 2.1. China asserts that "unwritten" subsidies can be analysed under subparagraphs (a) 
and (b) based on an examination of the granting authority's conduct in conditioning the eligibility 
for the subsidies at issue. 
2.52.  For these reasons, China considers that the Panel erred in finding that the USDOC did not 
act inconsistently with Article 2.1 of the SCM Ag reement by analysing specificity exclusively under 
Article 2.1(c). China therefore requests the Appellate Body to reverse the Panel's interpretation and its consequential finding that the specificity determinations at issue are consistent with 
Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.1.3.2  The Panel's interpretation and app lication of the term "s ubsidy programme" in 
Article 2.1(c) 
2.53.  China argues that the Panel also erred in  the interpretation and application of the term 
"subsidy programme" in Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. China submits that the USDOC's 
"end use" approach was premised on the "fiction" th at each type of input is provided pursuant to 
its own input-specific subsidy programme.
169 According to China, the USDOC provided no 
evidentiary basis for the existence, scope, and content of these alleged "programmes". 
2.54.  China notes that the parties agreed before the Panel that any examination of the first of the 
"other factors" under Article 2.1(c) – i.e. the "use of a subsidy programme by a limited number of 
certain enterprises" – must begin with the identification of the relevant subsidy programme.170 The 
parties also agreed that the dictionary meaning of the term "subsidy programme" is "a plan or 
outline of subsidies or a planned series of subsidies".171 China notes that the Panel agreed with the 
                                               
165 China's appellant's submission, para. 150. China ar gues that, "[i]f the existence of 'reasons to 
believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific' is the only condition to the applicatio n of subparagraph (c), as 
the Panel appears to have found, this would amount to inte rpreting the first sentence as if it read 'if there are 
other factors to suggest that the subs idy may in fact be specific, other factors may be considered'". (Ibid. 
(emphasis original)) Nevertheless, "the drafters began su bparagraph (c) with a condition that is based on an 
appearance of non-specificity resulting from the applic ation of subparagraphs (a) and (b). Under established 
principles of treaty interpretation", China argues , "this condition must be  given effect ". (Ibid.) 
166 China's appellant's submission, para. 153 (quoti ng Panel Report, para. 7.229, in turn quoting 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). 
167 China's appellant's submission, para. 153 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). (emphasis added by China) 
168 China's appellant's submission, para. 154 (referring to Panel Report, paras. 7.230 and 7.231). 
169 China's appellant's submission, para. 157. 
170 China's appellant's submission, para. 160 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.237). 
171 China's appellant's submission, paras. 161 and 162.  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 29 - 
 
 ordinary meaning of the term "programme" and also "agreed with a prior panel that 'the use of the 
term "subsidy programme", as opposed to "subsidy", is not lacking in significance.'"172 In China's 
view, this indicates that the term "subsidy programme" is not synonymous with the term "subsidy". 
2.55.  According to China, the Panel nonetheless "departed" from the dictionary meaning of the 
term "subsidy programme" and "proceeded to apply an interpretation that is inconsistent with its 
ordinary meaning".
173 In particular, China takes issue with the Panel's finding that "[t]he fact that, 
in Article 2, the term 'programme' is used only in the context of de facto  specificity, combined with 
the fact that the Agreement provides no definition of the term, … suggests that 'subsidy programme' should be interpreted broadly."
174 The Panel deprived the term "subsidy programme" 
of its ordinary meaning, and collapsed the distinction between a subsidy and a subsidy 
programme. What the Panel referred to as a "syste matic activity or series of activities" – the 
consistent provision by the SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate remuneration – when examining the determinations at issue does not constitute a "subsidy programme".
175 At most it 
could be a "series of subsidies".176 Moreover, China alleges that the Panel did not examine whether 
the USDOC had identified evidence to support the conclusion that each of the alleged input subsidies was circumscribed in a way that distinguishes it as a planned series of subsidies. 
2.56.  In addition, China argues that the Panel failed to address China's argument that the USDOC 
had provided no evidentiary basis for its apparent assumption that each of the allegedly subsidized 
inputs was provided pursuant to its own input-specific subsidy programme.
177 By assuming that 
each of these types of inputs was provided pursuant to its own input-specific "subsidy 
programme", China considers that "the USDOC assumed the conclusion in its premise: that 
because the relevant 'subsidy programme' was limi ted to one type of input, and because the end 
users of that single input were 'limited in number', it followed that the alleged subsidy was 'use[d] 
… by a limited number of certain enterprises'."178 According to China, the Panel implicitly endorsed 
this "circular reasoning without ever questioning the basis for the USDOC's premise".179 In China's 
view, had the Panel applied a proper interpretation of the term "subsidy programme", it would 
have examined each of the USDOC's specificity determinations at issue to evaluate whether the 
USDOC had identified sufficient evidence on the record to support the conclusion that each type of input was provided pursuant to a distinct subsidy programme. 
2.57.  For these reasons, China submits that the Panel's interpretation and application of the term 
"subsidy programme" in Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement was in error and must be reversed. 
China also requests the Appellate Body to reverse the Panel's consequential finding that the specificity determinations at issue are consistent with Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. 
2.1.3.3  The Panel's examination of China's claim regarding the identification of the 
relevant "granting authority" 
2.58.  China argues that the Panel erred in its ap plication of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement to 
China's claim concerning the USDOC's failure to identify the relevant "granting authority". 
According to China, it is undisputed that, in the determinations at issue, the USDOC did not identify the entity (or entities) that it considered to be the relevant "granting authority" (or authorities) in respect of each of the alleged input subsidies. China asserts that, without 
identifying the relevant granting authority (or authorities), it is not possible to identify the relevant 
jurisdiction (or jurisdictions) within which to situate the specificity analysis. This, in turn, is necessary for evaluating whether a particular subsid y is specific to certain enterprises "within the 
jurisdiction of the granting authority". China conc ludes that, because the USDOC failed to identify 
                                               
172 China's appellant's submission, para. 163 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.238). 
173 China's appellant's submission, para. 165. 
174 China's appellant's submission, para. 165 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.240). 
175 China's appellant's submission, para. 169 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.242). 
176 China's appellant's submission, para. 169. 
177 China's appellant's submission, para. 170. China no tes that the determinations at issue encompassed 
the provision of at least 10 different types of allegedly subsidized inputs, ranging from hot-rolled steel to chemicals to polysilicon. (Ibid.) 
178 China's appellant's submission, para. 170. 
179 China's appellant's submission, para. 170. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 the relevant granting authority (or authorities), the USDOC's input specificity determinations 
cannot be consistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.59.  China submits that the Panel's analysis of its claim regarding the identification of the 
relevant granting authority was "cursory in the extreme".180 China submits that the Panel 
"dismiss[ed] China's claim in a single sentence: 'Looking at the USDOC's determinations, and the 
specific excerpts provided by the United States in particular, it appears to us that the relevant jurisdiction was at the very least implicitly understood to be China in the challenged 
investigations.'"
181 According to China, this one-sentence analysis led the Panel to conclude that 
China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to identify explicitly the relevant granting authority. In China's view, "[t]he Panel's conclusion represents a misapplication of Article 2.1."
182   
2.60.  According to China, the Panel's conclusion that the relevant jurisdiction was at the very 
least implicitly understood to be China does not answer the question of whether the USDOC properly identified the relevant granting authorit y. Without evaluating this question, the Panel had 
no basis to evaluate whether the USDOC had properly situated its analysis of specificity within the 
jurisdiction of that granting authority. China states that it is the identification of the relevant granting authority that determines the jurisdiction in which the specificity analysis is situated. 
2.61.  China asserts that, if the Panel considered that the USDOC had "implicitly understood" the 
relevant granting authority to be the GOC, and on that basis that the relevant jurisdiction was China, the Panel's "assumption" was "belied by the ex post  rationale that the United States 
provided during the course of the Panel proceedings".
183 The United States took the position that, 
because the USDOC identified SOEs as "public bodies" that provide inputs for less than adequate 
remuneration, the USDOC considered each SOE to be the "granting authority". China argues that, even assuming that the public body findings were sufficient to establish that the relevant SOEs 
were the granting authorities, the United States  failed to explain how the USDOC situated its 
specificity analysis within the respective jurisdiction of the granting authorities. 
2.62.  Therefore, China argues that the Pane l misapplied Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement 
because it failed to assess whether the USDOC had identified the relevant granting authority and 
its jurisdiction, and also failed to evaluate whether the USDOC had provided a "reasoned and adequate" explanation as to why the subsidy was specific to certain enterprises located within that jurisdiction. Thus, China requests the Appellate Body to reverse the Panel's finding that China had 
failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States 
under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to identify explicitly the relevant granting 
authority, and therefore also the relevant jurisdiction, in the specificity determinations at issue. 
2.1.3.4  Completion of the legal analysis 
2.63.  In the event that the Appellate Body were to reverse any or all of the Panel's findings in 
respect of China's claims under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement, China requests the Appellate 
Body to complete the legal analysis with respect to 15 input specificity determinations in 
12 different countervailing duty investigations.
184  
2.64.  First, China argues that it is undisputed that, in the 15 specificity determinations at issue, 
the USDOC did not identify an "appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the application of 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1 before it undertook an examination under 
subparagraph (c). China states that the USDOC's failure to apply Article 2.1(c) on the basis of an appearance of non-specificity renders each of these specificity determinations inconsistent with 
                                               
180 China's appellant's submission, para. 174. 
181 China's appellant's submission, para. 174 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.248). 
182 China's appellant's submission, para. 175. 
183 China's appellant's submission, para. 176. 
184 China's appellant's submission, para. 179. China indi cates that the relevant specificity determinations 
are part of the following investigat ions: Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, 
Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe (steel rounds; and green tu bes), Aluminum Extrusions, 
Steel Cylinders (standard and high quality billets; hot-rolled steel; and seamless tube steel), and Solar Panels. (Ibid.) See also table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 31 - 
 
 Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. For this reason, China requests the Appellate Body to complete 
the legal analysis and find that the identified specificity determinations are inconsistent with this provision. 
2.65.  Second, China submits that the USDOC failed to identify and substantiate the existence of a 
"subsidy programme" in the determinations at issue, as that term is properly interpreted 
(i.e. a "planned series of subsidies").
185 China contends that, while in some determinations186, the 
USDOC purported to identify a "subsidy programme" re lating to the provision of the input at issue, 
it failed to substantiate the existence of a "subsidy programme" based on positive evidence on the 
record. Moreover, in the remaining determinations, the USDOC applied the first factor of Article 2.1(c) without even purporting to identi fy the relevant "subsidy programme", much less 
substantiating the existence of such a programme. Thus, the Panel's conclusion in each instance 
that a "subsidy programme" was used by a limited number of certain enterprises is inconsistent 
with Article 2.1(c). China therefore requests the Ap pellate Body to complete the legal analysis and 
find that the identified specificity determinations are inconsistent with Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement. 
2.66.  Third, China argues that it is apparent from the face of the relevant determinations that the 
USDOC did not identify what it considered to be the relevant granting authority (or authorities) in 
respect of the provision of each allegedly subsid ized input. In the light of the failure of the 
United States to indicate where the USDOC identified the relevant granting authority in the determinations at issue, it is clear that the USDO C did not do so in its evaluation of whether each 
of the alleged input subsidies was specific to certain enterprises. Accordingly, China requests the 
Appellate Body to complete the legal analysis and find that these determinations are inconsistent 
with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.2  Arguments of the United States – Appellee 
2.2.1  Articles 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement – Benefit 
2.2.1.1  Interpretation of Article 14(d) 2.67.  The United States argues that the Panel did not err in its interpretation of Articles 14(d) 
and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement. In the United States' view, China's claim has no basis in the 
text of Article 1.1(b) or Article 14(d) and is cont radicted by the approach of the Appellate Body in 
examining "benefit" in previous reports.
187 The United States recalls that China argued before the 
Panel that the USDOC's determinations concerning the benefit conferred when an SOE provided 
inputs for less than adequate remuneration were WTO-inconsistent if, in the same investigation, 
the USDOC did not also determine that the particular SOE constituted a "public body" under the approach articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China) . The Panel found that there was nothing in the text of Article 14(d) or in prior WTO panel 
and Appellate Body reports to require the same  analysis in these distinct aspects of a 
countervailing duty determination. The United States considers that China's argument would result 
in benefit calculations that are "artificially low or even zero".
188 In US – Softwood Lumber IV  and 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body found that the "financial 
contribution" and "benefit" elements of a subsidy ar e, by their terms, different and play different 
roles. Each element requires a distinct inquiry into the nature of the governmental intervention in 
a marketplace. 
2.68.  The United States maintains that China's appeal is premised on an incorrect understanding 
of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement that is contra ry to the Appellate Body's interpretation of this 
                                               
185 China's appellant's submission, para. 184. 
186 China's appellant's submission, para. 184 (referring to 2010 Wire Strand Issues and Decision 
Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-52), p. 83 ("Provision of Wire Rod for LTAR Program"); 2009 Pressure Pipe 
Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI- 12), p. 4 ("Provision of SSC for LTAR Program"); 
2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 47 ("Provision of HRS for LTAR Program"); and 2011 Aluminum Extrusions Issues and De cision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-87), p. 89 
("Provision of Primary Aluminum for LTAR Program")). 
187 United States' appellee's submission, para . 25 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, US – Softwood 
Lumber IV , paras. 91 and 92; and US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , paras. 456 and 457). 
188 United States' appellee's submission, para. 28. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 provision in US – Softwood Lumber IV . According to the United States, the Panel correctly 
interpreted Article 14(d) based on the text of the SCM Agreement, read in its context, and 
consistently with previous Appellate Body reports. 
2.69.  The United States notes that "the purpose of the benefit calculation is to determine whether 
the recipient is 'better off than it would otherwise have been absent [a] contribution'."189 While 
in-country, private market benchmarks are the starting point in determining whether the financial contribution has made the recipient better off – such as when the government is predominant in 
the marketplace – authorities may use out-of-country benchmarks to determine whether a benefit 
has been conferred. According to the United States , this is because, under such circumstances, the 
use of an in-country benchmark would result in a circular analysis, because it would simply be comparing the government price to itself. The United States submits that China's approach would 
prevent investigating authorities from properly analysing the ways in which the government can 
interfere in a given marketplace and distort prices, and would result in a benefit calculation that would not capture how much better off the recipient is made through a financial contribution. The 
United States maintains that, under China's interpretation, "there is a potential for the government 
to own and control every entity in a given market place and yet for an authority to be unable to 
determine that the recipient received a benefit."
190 Therefore, the United States argues that 
China's position conflicts with the findings of the Appellate Body in US – Softwood Lumber IV . 
2.70.  Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – Softwood Lumber IV , the United States 
argues that the distortion analysis should not be focused only on the form of governmental involvement – such as whether it is a government entity regulating a particular market, a sole 
provider of the good, a competitor that provides  goods for less than adequate remuneration, or 
otherwise. Rather, the inquiry must be flexible to take adequate account of the particular facts in order to determine whether the government is predominant in a given marketplace.
191 
2.71.  The United States further submits that government ownership of SOEs changes the 
incentive for price competition between such enti ties. Where SOEs are predominant in a market, 
the same situation analysed by the Appellate Body in US – Softwood Lumber IV  arises.192 Thus, 
the United States considers that, under China's approach, it is not the market that serves as the 
benchmark for a benefit calculation, but rather the government price, which is exactly the result that the Appellate Body sought to avoid in US – Softwood Lumber IV .
193 
2.72.  Moreover, the United States contends that China has failed to establish why the 
Appellate Body's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  are not 
"persuasive" in the context of this dispute.194 In the United States' view, the Panel correctly relied 
on the fact that the Appellate Body's benchmark findings in that dispute "did not concern whether 
or not SOEs are public bodies (and thus government) but rather whether the extent of SOE 
                                               
189 United States' appellee's submission, para. 34 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , 
para. 157). 
190 United States' appellee's submissi on, para. 38. In order to illustrate  that China's approach would lead 
to results that conflict with the aim of Article 14(d), th e United States refers to a situation where, for a given 
product in a marketplace, five wholly government-own ed entities produce input goods: one with a market 
share of 2%, and the four others hold  the remaining market share of 98%. Un der this scenario, the entity with 
2% of the market is a "public body" for purposes of th e financial contribution analysis, but the others, while 
wholly government owned, are not considered public  bodies for financial contribution purposes. The 
United States highlights that , although the potential for government presence to distort prices in this market is 
evident, under China's argument, in spite of the gove rnment's 100% ownership of production, an authority 
could not find that the government is predominant in  the marketplace and therefore use an out-of-country 
benchmark to determine whether a benefit is being co nferred on a recipient. (Ibid., paras. 39 and 40) 
191 United States' appellee's submission, para . 37 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber IV , para. 100). 
192 In this regard, the United  States observes that, in US – Softwood Lumber IV , the Appellate Body 
found that "[w]henever the government is the predominan t provider of certain goods, even if not the sole 
provider, it is likely that it can affect through its own pricing strategy the prices of private providers for those goods, inducing the latter to align their prices to the point where there may be little difference, if any, between 
the government price and the privat e prices." (United States' appellee 's submission, para. 41 (quoting 
Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 100)) 
193 United States' appellee's submission, para. 41. 
194 United States' appellee's submission, heading II.C, p. 11. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 involvement in a marketplace supports a determination consistent with article 14(d) that prices in 
that market were distorted and thus the use of out-of-country benchmarks was appropriate".195  
2.73.  As the United States sees it, China is asking the Appellate Body to upend its own findings in 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  and substantially change its findings in US – 
Softwood Lumber IV . China seems to argue that the Appellate Body "did not understand its 
actions" in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) .196 The United States argues to 
the contrary that the Appellate Body was fully aware in that dispute that: (i) the USDOC applied an 
ownership standard in its analysis that certain SO Es constituted public bodies; and (ii) that the 
USDOC had treated SOE presence in the market as  i n d i c a t i v e  o f  g o v e r n m e n t  p r e s e n c e  i n  t h e  
market. Indeed, after conducting a full anal ysis, and notwithstanding its finding of WTO-
inconsistency with respect to the USDOC's public bo dy analysis, the Appellate Body still found that 
China had not demonstrated that the USDOC's be nchmark determinations were WTO-inconsistent. 
Thus, for the United States, there is no question that the Appellate Body recognized that predominant government market share can be suffi cient evidence of a market distorted by the 
government in a situation where it had previously determined that the USDOC's public body 
analyses were WTO-inconsistent. This means that the Appellate Body also recognized that, in the investigations that it found government ownership was insufficient for purposes of financial 
contribution, it was sufficient for determining when the government had a predominant role in the 
market for purposes of evaluating benefit. 
2.74.  The United States argues that the Panel evaluated the factual and legal situation in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  and found that "the Appellate Body was faced 
with a very similar situation".
197 The United States notes the Panel's statement that the Appellate 
Body's findings "did not concern whether or not SOEs are public bodies (and thus government) but rather whether the extent of SOE involvemen t in a marketplace supports a determination 
consistent with article 14(d) that prices in that market were distorted and thus the use of out-of-
country benchmarks was appropriate."
198 The United States argues that, in the light of the 
Appellate Body's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate 
Body should find in this dispute that the United States did not act inconsistently with Article 14(d) 
of the SCM Agreement. 
2.75.  The United States recalls China's argument  that, given that this issue was not before the 
Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , if the Appellate Body had 
decided on this issue it would have exceeded its mandate under Article 17.6 of the DSU and raised 
"significant systemic concerns".199 In response, the United States submits that, "by raising 
Article 17.6 of the DSU, China undermines its own point."200 It is well established that it is within 
the rights of the Appellate Body to make additional  legal findings when "the reversal of a panel's 
finding on a legal issue may require [it] to make a finding on a legal issue which was not addressed by the panel."
201 Thus, the Appellate Body could have relied on its approach to 
Article 1.1(a)(1) in reaching its conclusion under Article 1.1(b), but declined to do so. 
2.76.  The United States recalls China's argument that, if it does not apply the "government 
authority" test of Article 1.1(a)(1), an investigating authority would be able to use "even the most extreme definition of what constitutes a 'government' provider"
202 in examining "benefit". 
According to the United States, the standa rd articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Softwood 
Lumber IV  is the proper test for the benefit analysis.203 The United States argues that the USDOC 
follows the guidance provided by the Appellate Body  in that dispute by conducting a fact-specific 
                                               
195 United States' appellee's submission, para. 42 (quoti ng Panel Report, para. 7.194, in turn referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611)). 
196 United States' appellee's submission, para. 44. 
197 United States' appellee's submission, pa ra. 47 (quoting Panel Report, para, 7.194). 
198 United States' appellee's submission, para. 47 (quoti ng Panel Report, para, 7.194, in turn referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611)). 
199 United States' appellee's submission, para. 49 (refe rring to China's appellant' s submission, para. 48). 
200 United States' appellee's submission, para. 50. 
201 United States' appellee's submission, para. 50 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , 
para, 156). 
202 United States' appellee's submission, para. 51 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para, 56). 
203 United States' appellee's submission, para . 52 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber IV , para. 102). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 inquiry of whether a government has distorted the market in such a way that an out-of-country 
benchmark is required. The USDOC's examination of the government's ability to affect prices in the market takes into account numerous factors, including "government ownership, management interest, or other indicators of control of SOEs, the total volume and value of domestic production 
and the total volume and value of domestic consumption, imports, export tariffs and licensing".
204 
The United States highlights that, in conducting this analysis, the USDOC reviews the "totality of the evidence".
205 
2.77.  The United States argues that the Appellate Body should decline to change its previous 
interpretation of the benefit analysis as set out in the Appellate Body report in US – Softwood 
Lumber IV . The legal standard set forth in that report permits an investigating authority to 
determine, based on the record, whether or not the government has the ability to influence the 
pricing strategy of a particular entity – or the pric es overall in a given marketplace. On the basis of 
the above, the United States requests the Appellate Body to reject China's appeal. 
2.2.1.2  Article 11 of the DSU 
2.78.  The United States argues that the Panel di d not act inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU 
in evaluating China's claims under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. The United States argues 
that China's claim under Article 11 must fail because China misunderstands the elements 
necessary for a claim under this provision and misinterprets the Panel's finding at issue. In any 
event, the United States argues that the record provides sufficient evidence to demonstrate that 
the Panel objectively assessed the facts in four of the investigations challenged on appeal.206 
2.79.  The United States begins by noting that, for China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU to 
succeed, "China must demonstrate that the Panel committed 'an egregious error that calls into 
question the [Panel's] good faith'."207 The Appellate Body has "emphasized that 'a claim that a 
panel failed to comply with its duties under Article 11 of the DSU must stand by itself and should 
not be made merely as a subsidiary argument or claim in support of a claim that the panel failed 
to apply correctly a provision of the covered agreements.'"208 The United States recalls the 
Appellate Body's explanation that "the weighing of evidence is within the discretion of the 
panel"209, and that "it is not an error under Article 11 of the DSU for a panel 'to fail to accord the 
weight to the evidence that one of the parties believes should be accorded to it.'"210 
2.80.  The United States contends that China has failed to meet the high standard for establishing 
that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU. First, China's arguments are simply 
subsidiary to its claim that the Panel failed to apply correctly Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. 
In the United States' view, this is evidenced by China's repeated invocation of the phrase "under 
the correct interpretation" or the phrase "under the proper interpretation" of Article 14(d), which is 
the interpretation that the Panel rejected. The Unit ed States highlights that, by framing its claim 
under Article 11 of the DSU in this way, it is clea r that China is presenting an Article 11 claim that 
is subsidiary to its substantive argument that the Panel incorrectly applied Article 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement. For this reason, China's claim under Article 11 is improperly made and should be 
rejected. 
2.81.  The United States further submits that China attempts to recast its substantive argument 
under the guise of a claim under Article 11 of the DSU, an action which has been considered 
                                               
204 United States' appellee's submission, para. 52. 
205 United States' appellee's submission, para. 52. 
206 United States' appellee's submission, para. 26.  The four challenged investigations are Steel 
Cylinders, Solar Panels, Wind Towers, and Steel Sinks. (See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report) 
207 United States' appellee's submission, para. 55 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , 
para. 133). 
208 United States' appellee's submission, para. 55 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 442). 
209 United States' appellee's submission, para . 55 (referring to Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , 
para. 137). 
210 United States' appellee's submission, para. 55 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Korea – Alcoholic 
Beverages , para. 164). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 "unacceptable" by the Appellate Body in previous disputes.211 According to the United States, 
China disagrees with the Panel's legal interpretation and the Panel's weighing of the evidence, so it has presented to the Appellate Body the very same  arguments that it presented to the Panel. For 
this reason, China's request should be denied, because the Appellate Body will not "interfere 
lightly" with a panel's fact-finding authority and, for a party to prevail on an Article 11 claim, the 
Appellate Body must be satisfied that the panel has exceeded its authority as the trier of facts.
212 
In this regard, the Panel examined the evidence pr esented to it, systematically reviewed the issues 
and decision memorandum from each investigation213, and found that the evidence did not support 
China's assertion "in each challenged determination".214 For the United States, the Panel's 
explanation of its reasoning demonstrates that it carefully reviewed the evidence presented, 
meeting the standard of Article 11 of the DSU. 
2.82.  In addition, the United States submits th at China's contention that the Panel failed to 
comply with its obligations under Article 11 in four of the challenged investigations is unfounded. The United States argues that the Panel's finding th at China failed to establish the factual premises 
for its claims with respect to the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations is not contradicted by its 
intermediate factual findings. The United States maintains that China "misreads" the Panel Report when it perceives the Panel to have found that the evidence supported China's assertion that the 
USDOC based its market distortion analysis on a finding that SOEs are public bodies based on an 
approach rejected by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China) .
215 The United States highlights that, in fact, the Panel explained that it is only in "a few 
cases" that the USDOC's findings refer to SOEs as public bodies.216 
2.83.  With respect to the OCTG investigation, the United States recalls that the Panel quoted the 
following passage from the 2009 Issues and Decision Memorandum: 
"GOC authorities " play a significant/predominant role (respectively) in the 
PRC market for steel rounds and billets and the prices actually paid in the 
PRC for this input during the [period of investigation] are not an appropriate tier one benchmark under section 351.511(a)(2)(i) of our 
regulations.
217 
2.84.  The United States contends that nothing in this passage suggests that the USDOC's price 
distortion finding was predicated exclusively on equating GOC-owned or -controlled firms with government on the basis that they are "authorities" (i.e. public bodies) based on the approach 
rejected by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) .
218  
                                               
211 United States' appellee's submission, para. 60 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 442). 
212 United States' appellee's submission, para . 60 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Wheat 
Gluten , para. 151). 
213 United States' appellee's submission, para. 61 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.180). The 
United States observes that: 
[t]he Panel specifically found that "some determinations are based on the market share of 
government-owned/controlled firms in domestic production alone" (citing Pressure Pipe and Solar 
Panels); "others on adverse facts available" (citing Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, OCTG, Seamless Pipe, and Drill Pipe); "others on market share of the government plus the existence of low level 
of imports" (citing Print Graphics and Steel Cylinders); and others on market share of the government and export restraints (citing Kitchen Shelving, Aluminum Extrusions, and Wire 
Strand). 
(Ibid. (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.186)) 
214 United States' appellee's submission, para . 61 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.188). 
215 United States' appellee's submission, para. 64. 
216 United States' appellee's submission, paras.  64 and 65 (quoting panel Report, para. 7.180). 
217 United States' appellee's submission, para. 66 (quo ting Panel Report, para. 7.182, in turn quoting 
2009 OCTG Issues and Decision Memorand um (Panel Exhibit CHI-45), p. 14). 
218 The United States adds that fu rther evidence of what the USDO C actually said about SOEs in 
connection with its price distortion analysis can be fo und in a subsection of the OCTG determination entitled 
"Extent of State Ownership in the PRC Steel Rounds In dustry", which explains th at the USDOC "considered 
whether 'GOC owned or controlled firms  dominate the steel rounds market in  the PRC and that this results in a 
significant distortion of the prices there, with the result th at use of an external benchmark is warranted'". 
(United States' appellee's submission, para. 67 (quoti ng 2009 OCTG Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel 
Exhibit CHI-45), p. 4) (emphasi s added by the United States)) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 36 - 
 
 2.85.  Moreover, the United States maintains th at the Panel's discussion of the Solar Panels 
investigation similarly does not suggest that there is a contradiction in the Panel's findings. The United States observes that, in the context of th e price distortion analysis, the USDOC considered 
that, while some SOEs were public bodies, other SOEs were not necessarily public bodies. In the 
issues and decisions memoranda, the USDOC indicated that 37 (out of 47) SOEs, taken together, 
were the means "through which the GOC influences and distorts the domestic market".
219 In 
quoting this passage, the Panel recognized and emphasized that the USDOC considered that all 37 
SOEs (both SOEs found to be public bodies and those found not to be public bodies) contributed to 
market distortion.220 Therefore, for the United States, th e Panel's examination in the OCTG and 
Solar Panels investigations provides no evidence of a contradiction in the Panel's findings, and no indication that the Panel ever agre ed with China's factual argument. 
2.86.  With respect to the Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe investigations, the United States rejects 
China's argument that the Panel failed to evaluate China's "as applied" claims separately and on their own merits. The United States notes that the Panel examined the USDOC's determination in 
the Pressure Pipe investigation and found that the USDOC had based its determination "on 'the 
market share of government-owned/controlled firms in domestic production alone'", but that the Panel did not find that this demonstrated that the USDOC had "actually treated SOEs as public 
bodies and thus part of the government in the collective sense".
221 With respect to the Line Pipe 
investigation, the Panel examined the USDOC's determination and found that it was based on "adverse" facts available, but did not agree with China's contention that the USDOC "treated SOEs 
as public bodies and thus part of the government in the collective sense".
222  
2.87.  The United States maintains that, "[w]hile  the Panel's discussion of the Pressure Pipe and 
Line Pipe investigations is succinct, it is also sufficient."223 The Panel explained that it had reviewed 
the issues and decisions memoranda for all of the investigations at issue and found that most of 
them did not even refer to SOEs as public bo dies in the context of the benchmark analysis. 
Accordingly, in the United States' view, it was unnecessary for the Panel to address extensively each investigation in the Panel Report in order to respond to China's argument. 
2.88.  The United States disagrees with China's argument that "the Panel seems to have treated 
China's 12 separate 'as applied' claims as a single overarching claim, with 12 identical factual predicates, the failure of any one or more of which necessarily defeated the entire claim."
224 For 
the United States, the Panel's discussion in its Repo rt of only the "few cases" where there was any 
indication that the USDOC referred to certain SOEs as public bodies, and its decision not to discuss 
other cases where there was no indication whatsoever that the USDOC did so, does not support China's contention that the Panel took an "all or nothing" approach inconsistent with the Panel's 
obligation to consider each of China's 12 "as applied" claims separately and on their own merits.
225 
Accordingly, in the United States' view, there is no basis to find that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU. 
2.2.1.3  Application of Article 14(d) 
2.89.  For the reasons given above, the United States submits that the Appellate Body should 
reject China's substantive appeal of the Panel's interpretation and application of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, and should also reject China's claim that the Panel acted inconsistently with 
Article 11 of the DSU. Accordingly, it would not be necessary for the Appellate Body to complete 
the legal analysis. 
                                               
219 United States' appellee's submission, para. 69 (quo ting Panel Report, para. 7.183, in turn quoting 
2012 Solar Panels Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination (Panel Exhibit CHI-105), pp. 17448-17449).  
220 United States' appellee's submission, para . 69 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.183). 
221 United States' appellee's submission, para. 72 (quoting Panel Report, paras. 7.186 and 7.188). 
222 United States' appellee's submission, pa ra. 73 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.188). 
223 United States' appellee's submission, para. 74. 
224 United States' appellee's submission, para. 75 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 67). 
225 United States' appellee's submission, para. 75 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 68). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 2.2.1.4  Completion of the legal analysis 
2.90.  In the event that the Appellate Body were to reverse the Panel's finding that the USDOC's 
determinations are not inconsistent with Article 14(d) and 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement, the United States argues that the Appellate Body should not complete the legal analysis with respect 
to the OCTG, Solar Panels, Line Pipe, and Pressure Pipe investigations, because there are 
insufficient undisputed facts on the record  to permit the Appellate Body to do so. 
2.91.  The United States argues that, contrary to China's assertion, it is not correct that, in the 
context of completion, the Appellate Body only needs to determine whether the United States 
introduced evidence and argumentation sufficient to rebut China's prima facie  case with respect to 
the OCTG, Solar Panels, Line Pipe, and Pressure Pipe investigations. The United States argues that the Panel did not explicitly find that China failed to make a prima facie  case, but, rather, found 
that China's proposed interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement was incorrect and that 
China's factual argument that, in each of its determinations, the USDOC equated SOEs with public bodies, was not supported by the evidence on the record.
226 
2.92.  Furthermore, the United States maintains that "China is also incorrect when it asserts that it 
is 'a simple matter for the Appellate Body to complete the analysis having resort only to the relevant determinations at issue'."
227Indeed, completing the legal analysis would require a 
thorough examination of not only the USDOC's determinations, but also the evidence on the 
USDOC's administrative record that underlies the determinations at issue. The United States argues that the entirety of the USDOC's administrative record is not on the Panel record and, thus, 
all of the evidence that supports the USDOC's analyses is not before the Appellate Body in this 
dispute. 
2.93.  The United States maintains that, in order to examine the challenged determinations, it 
would be necessary to ascertain whether the evidence on the USDOC's administrative record 
supports the conclusion that the SOEs identified by the USDOC meet the standard to be deemed 
as public bodies. If they do, then the USDOC's benefit determinations should be upheld. In the 
United States' view, completing the legal analysis would require a holistic evaluation of the 
evidence on the USDOC's administrative record. The Panel did not make the factual findings "that 
would have been associated with such an evaluation", including assessing and weighing the evidence on the USDOC's administrative record.
228 In this case, the Appellate Body would be 
required to examine issues related to, inter alia , the probative value of certain pieces of evidence, 
the relevance of particular facts, and inferences that may reasonably be drawn from an analysis of 
the evidence in its totality. The United States highlights that the Appellate Body has been hesitant in previous disputes to complete the analysis in similar situations, including when factual findings 
by the panel are absent and the participants have not addressed sufficiently the issues that the 
Appellate Body may need to examine if it were to complete the analysis. 
2.94.  For these reasons, the United States submits that the Appellate Body should decline China's 
request to complete the legal analysis, and should not find that the USDOC's benchmark 
determinations in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Line Pipe, and Pressure Pipe investigations are inconsistent with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement.  
2.2.2  Article 12.7 of the SC M Agreement – Facts available 
2.95.  The United States submits that the Panel made an objective assessment of China's claims 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement that was consistent with the Panel's obligations under Article 11 of the DSU. According to the United States, China has failed to meet the "high standard" 
for establishing that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU because it has not 
demonstrated that "the Panel committed 'an egregious error that calls into question the [Panel's] good faith'."
229  
                                               
226 United States' appellee's submission, para. 80 (r eferring to Panel Report, paras. 7.188 and 7.195). 
227 United States' appellee's submission, para. 81 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 109). 
228 United States' appellee's submission, para. 84. 
229 United States' appellee's submission, para. 154 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , 
para. 133). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 38 - 
 
 2.96.  The United States takes issue with China's reliance on the Appellate Body reports in US – 
Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) and US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on 
DRAMS to support its argument that, under the proper standard of review, the Panel was required 
to undertake an in-depth examination of the USDOC's determinations in order to decide whether 
the explanation provided by the USDOC was "reasoned and adequate".230 According to the 
United States, in US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) and US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS , the Appellate Body articulated the proper standard of review to be 
applied by a panel when "examining conclusions reached by the investigating authority"231 and 
when evaluating "how evidence on the record supported [the USDOC's] factual findings".232 The 
United States stresses, however, that the Appellate Body in those disputes also made clear that "the standard of review to be applied by a panel varies depending on the particular provision of a 
covered agreement that is at issue and the part icular claim being advanced by the complaining 
party."
233 The United States submits that, in the pres ent dispute, China did not ask the Panel to 
inquire whether the USDOC's conclusions or determinations with respect to matters like financial 
contribution, benefit, and specificity were justified, or whether the USDOC relied on facts that were 
appropriate. Instead China put a "far more basic question" before the Panel, namely, whether the USDOC "relied on any facts at all ".
234 The United States further argues that, even if it were 
necessary for the Panel to evaluate whether the USDOC's application of facts available was 
"reasoned and adequate", such evaluation "necessarily would relate to the challenge advanced by China".
235 For this reason, the United States agrees with the Panel's statement that, for the 
purpose of the Panel's assessment of China's clai m under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, "the 
level of explanation required is that sufficient to assess whether the USDOC based its adverse facts 
available determinations on facts".236 According to the United States, the Panel correctly found 
that there was a sufficient basis in the USDOC's explanations for it to find that the USDOC had 
applied facts that were available on the administrative record.237  
2.97.  The United States also takes issue with China's reliance on the panel report in China – 
Broiler Products . According to the United States, the issue in China – Broiler Products was whether 
China's Ministry of Commerce's conclusion  – an "all others" rate of 30.3% based on "facts 
available" – had a "logical relationship with the facts" and was a result of "an evaluative, comparative assessment of those facts".
238 By contrast, in the present dispute, "China did not 
allege before the Panel that facts that were available on the record did not support [the USDOC's] 
conclusion, or that the facts – as in China – Broiler Products – required a different conclusion".239 
Instead, China only argued that the USDOC "did not rely on any facts at all ".240 Therefore, the 
United States submits that it was not necessary for the present Panel to evaluate China's claims in 
the same manner that the panel in China – Broiler Products evaluated the United States' claim in 
that dispute. 
2.98.  With respect to China's claim that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU, 
the United States maintains that the Panel fulfilled its obligation under that provision to "consider 
all the evidence presented to it, assess its credibility, determine its weight, and ensure that its 
                                               
230 United States' appellee's submission, para. 157 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
paras. 193, 202-203, and 221-222). 
231 United States' appellee's submission, para. 160 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93). (emphasis original) 
232 United States' appellee's submission, para. 161 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing 
Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 186).  
233 United States' appellee's submission, para. 164 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , paras. 93 and 95). 
234 United States' appellee's submission, para. 163 (ref erring to China's first written submission to the 
Panel, paras. 145 and 155; and second written submis sion to the Panel, para. 177). (emphasis original) 
235 United States' appellee's submission, para. 165. 
236 United States' appellee's submission, para. 165 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
237 United States' appellee's submission, para. 166. According to the United States, the USDOC 
explained in its determinations that it was relying on "facts available", including relying on an "adverse inference" in selecting from among the "facts available". The United States maintains that there were, as was demonstrated in Panel Exhibits USA-94 through USA-133, facts available on the record relevant to the determinations for which "facts av ailable" were applied. (Ibid.) 
238 United States appellee's submission, para. 168 (quoting Panel Report, China – Broiler Products , 
para. 7.357).  
239 United States appellee's submission, para. 170. 
240 United States appellee's submis sion, para. 170. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 39 - 
 
 factual findings have a proper basis in that evidence".241 Moreover, the Panel "correctly declined to 
reject as ex post rationalization evidence from [the USDO C's] administrative record that was 
identified by the United States", and "appropriat ely refrained from making China's case for it".242 
The United States argues that China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU fails "because China 
criticizes the Panel for coming to a conclusion with which China disagrees but does not identify or 
explain any specific error in the Panel's appreciation of the facts or why that error is so material that it bears on the objectivity of the Panel's conclusion".
243 The United States notes that China 
argued before the Panel that the inconsistency of the USDOC's determinations with Article 12.7 of 
the SCM Agreement was "evident on the face of each of the challenged determinations".244 Yet, in 
the course of its evaluation, the Panel went furt her than China requested, opting correctly to 
review the "full Issues and Decision Memoranda and Preliminary Determinations"245, as well as 
facts that were cited in Exhibit USA-94, rather than only the excerpts cited by China in its 
submissions and exhibits. The Panel therefore cons idered all of China's arguments and found that 
the facts did not support China's characterizations of the USDOC's "facts available" determinations. 
Moreover, the Panel's examination of the USDOC's determinations and the evidence on the 
USDOC's administrative record was "critical and searching" and "in-depth", "far more so than China's own cursory presentation of the evidence from [the USDOC's] record".
246 The 
United States reiterates that China "bears the onus of explaining why the alleged error meets the 
standard of review under Article 11".247 The United States contends that China has not met its 
burden, as it has failed both to "identify specific errors regarding the objectivity of the [P]anel's assessment" and to "explain why the alleged error meets the standard of review under [Article 11 
of the DSU]".
248  
2.99.  The United States also takes issue with China's contention that the Panel was precluded 
from considering evidence on the administrative record of the investigations at issue because 
"[t]here is no indication that the USDOC actually relied on" the record evidence cited in 
Exhibit USA-94.249 The United States maintains that the USDOC explained that it was resorting to 
"facts available" in each instance, and that the facts cited in Exhibit USA-94 and placed before the 
Panel in Exhibits USA-95 through USA-133 were facts that were available on the record of the 
investigations at issue, and that they were "demonstrably relevant" to the determinations for which necessary information was missing due to the non-cooperation of interested parties.
250 
Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , the 
United States argues that, in the present dispute,  the evidence to which the United States drew 
the Panel's attention "was on the record of the investigation and it was not put before the Panel in support of a new reasoning or rationale".
251 Therefore, the Panel's decision not to reject the 
arguments of the United States as " ex post rationalizations" is not inconsistent with Article 11 of 
the DSU. In this regard, the United States notes the Appellate Body's finding in US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS  that the panel in that dispute erred in declining to 
consider certain record evidence not cited by the USDOC in its published determination.252 The 
Appellate Body further observed that "the SCM Ag reement 'does not require the agency to cite or 
discuss every piece of supporting record evidence for each fact in the final determination'".253 
However, the United States asserts that China's argument in the present case is premised on the 
                                               
241 United States' appellee's submission, para. 173. (fn omitted) 
242 United States' appellee's submission, para. 173. 
243 United States' appellee's submission, para. 175. 
244 United States' appellee's submission, para. 182 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 209). 
(emphasis added by the United States) 
245 United States' appellee's submission, para. 182 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.316). 
246 United States' appellee's submission, para. 183 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93).   
247 United States' appellee's submission, para. 183 (quoting Appellate Body Reports, EC – Seal Products , 
para. 5.150, in turn referring to Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners (China) , para. 442). 
248 United States' appellee's submission, para. 183 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 442 (emphasis original)). 
249 United States' appellee's submission, para. 189 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 229). 
250 United States' appellee's submission, para. 189.  
251 United States' appellee's submission, para. 190 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing 
Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 165). 
252 United States' appellee's submission, para. 187 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 165). 
253 United States' appellee's submission, paras. 187 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing 
Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 164 (emphasis original)). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 incorrect notion that the USDOC was required to "explicitly cite in its determinations the facts that 
were available on [the USDOC's] administrative record" and which formed the basis for its "facts 
available" determinations.254 
2.100.  According to the United States, on appeal, China, "in effect, faults the Panel for not making 
China's case for it, which the Panel was not permitted to do".255 The United States argues that the 
Panel was not required to engage in a review of factual and legal arguments that China did not make before the Panel, as the burden to make a prima facie  case was on China as the complaining 
party.
256 The United States recalls the Appellate Body's observation that, "[w]here there is an 
absence of argumentation, however, a panel cannot intervene to raise arguments on a party's 
behalf and make the case for the complainant".257 The United States highlights that China's factual 
arguments with respect to the 48 instances it challenged "amounted to a total of fewer than five 
pages in China's first written submission, accompanied by Exhibit CHI-2, which contained a list of 
citations to excerpts of [the USDOC's] issues and decisions memoranda and preliminary determinations".
258 Moreover, China's subsequent submissions "provided little, if any, additional 
discussion of the facts".259 Therefore, the United States su bmits that the Panel evaluated the 
evidence and arguments advanced by China, and found that they were insufficient to establish 
China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreem ent. Contrary to China's arguments on appeal, 
the United States submits that the Panel would ha ve erred had it gone on to address arguments 
that China did not make before the Panel. 
2.101.  The United States also argues that the first time China advanced arguments relating to the 
"reasoned and adequate" standard was in response  to a Panel question following the first Panel 
meeting concerning whether China had failed to make a prima facie  case.260 Although China 
presented the "reasoned and adequate" line of argumentation "only late in the panel proceeding", the United States asserts that the Panel "was awar e" of this argument and responded to it in the 
Panel Report.
261 According to the United States, the Panel disagreed with China, stating that its 
task was "to consider whether the USDOC provided sufficient explanation of the challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC based these determinations 
on facts ".
262 The United States argues that, on appeal, "China has recast the same substantive 
argument it made to the Panel – and that the Panel correctly rejected – as a claim under Article 11 of the DSU."
263 For these reasons, the United States submits that China has failed to establish that 
the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU.  
2.102.  In the event the Appellate Body were to reverse the Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of 
the SCM Agreement, the United States submits that  it would not be appropriate for the Appellate 
Body to accept China's request to complete the legal analysis. According to the United States, 
China did not present arguments to the Panel about "each instance" in which the USDOC used 
"adverse" facts available, but instead asserted  only that the USDOC applied the same legal 
standard across the 42 challenged instances.264 In the United States' view, "[i]n making its 
arguments the way it did", China "deprived" the Panel of performing its role as a "trier of facts" 
with respect to each challenged instance.265 Therefore, China cannot now ask the Appellate Body 
to act as the trier of facts in a manner different from how it asked the Panel to perform its task, as 
                                               
254 United States' appellee's submission, para. 188 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
paras. 224-226 and 233).  
255 United States' appellee's submission, heading IV.B.3, p. 55. 
256 United States' appellee's submission, para. 194 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, Japan – 
Agricultural Products II , para. 129). 
257 United States appellee's submission, para. 195 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 566 (emphasis original)). 
258 United States' appellee's submission, para. 191 (ref erring to China's first written submission to the 
Panel, paras. 143-156). (emphasis original) 
259 United States' appellee's submission, para. 191. 
260 United States' appellee's submission, para. 197 (r eferring to China's response to Panel question 
No. 73, paras. 181-183). 
261 United States' appellee's submission, para. 198 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.296). 
262 United States' appellee's submission, para. 199 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). (emphasis 
added by the United States) 
263 United States' appellee's submission, para. 200. 
264 United States' appellee's submission, para. 205. 
265 United States' appellee's submission, para. 205 (referring to Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 441).  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 this would be "at odds with 'the distinction betw een the respective roles of the Appellate Body and 
panels'".266  
2.103.  The United States also submits that a claim that the USDOC's "facts available" 
determinations were not sufficiently or ad equately explained would have been "more 
appropriately" advanced under Article 22 of the SCM Agreement.267 Pointing out that the Panel 
acknowledged this, but found questions concerning Article 22 to be outside its terms of reference, the United States asserts that the Panel did not address China's legal arguments or factual 
assertions that the USDOC failed to provide "sufficient detail" regarding the facts underlying the 
challenged "facts available" determinations.
268 Moreover, the United States argues that, in the 
event the Appellate Body were to agree to China's request for completion of the legal analysis, it would have to look at not only the limited excerp ts from the USDOC's determinations identified by 
China, but also the evidence cited and reproduc ed in Exhibits USA-94 through USA-133. In order 
to complete the legal analysis, therefore, the Appe llate Body would have to evaluate properly each 
challenged instance and undertake its own thorough examination of the evidence, which would 
require it to examine a host of issues related to, inter alia , the probative value of certain pieces of 
evidence, the relevance of particular facts, and inferences that may be reasonably drawn from an analysis of the evidence in its totality. Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS, the United States submits that the participants in the 
present dispute have not sufficiently addressed in their submissions the issues that the Appellate 
Body might need to examine if it were to complete the legal analysis.
269 The United States notes 
that it would be "impractical for the participants to address such issues" at this stage in the 
proceedings, "in light of the limited nature of – and the compressed time for – the Appellate Body's 
review, as provided in the DSU".270  
2.104.  Finally, the United States highlights that  the entire body of the USDOC's administrative 
record for all of the investigations at issue was not placed before the Panel, and therefore is not on 
the record before the Appellate Body. Instead,  the parties presented the Panel only with 
documents or portions of documents that each deemed most relevant to the arguments that China 
had presented. Noting that, in response to China's submission before the Panel that the USDOC 
did not base itself on facts on the record in the 42 challenged instances, the Unites States maintains that it only sought to disprove China's limited assertion by pointing to some, but not all, of the facts on record that were before the USDOC. The United States claims that it would have 
presented the Panel with different and additional evidence had it been called upon to defend the 
allegation put forth now by China on appeal, that is, that the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations were not "reasoned and adequate". Therefore, in the absence of a complete record 
of the investigations and China's changing claims  under Article 12.7, the United States submits 
that there is insufficient evidence for the Appellate Body to complete the legal analysis as to whether the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations were "reasoned and adequate", as 
China requests the Appellate Body to do. For these reasons, the United States submits that the 
Appellate Body should not complete the legal analysis and should not find that the USDOC's "facts available" determinations are inconsistent with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. Therefore, the 
United States requests the Appellate Body to reject China's claims on appeal and uphold the 
Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.2.3  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement – Specificity 
2.105.  The United States submits that, contrary to China's claim, the Panel did not err in its 
interpretation of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agre ement. According to the United States, China's 
arguments on appeal are based "on the same e rroneous interpretations" of the SCM Agreement 
that China pursued before the Panel.
271 The United States argues that the Panel correctly rejected 
China's arguments, and requests the Appellate Body  to uphold the Panel's findings. If, however, 
the Appellate Body were to reverse the Panel's find ings with respect to the identification of the 
                                               
266 United States' appellee's submission, para. 206 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 441).  
267 United States' appellee's submission, para. 207. 
268 United States' appellee's submission, para. 207 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
269 United States' appellee's submission, para. 210 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , paras. 194-197). 
270 United States' appellee's submission, para. 210 (referring to Articles 17.5 and 17.6 of the DSU).  
271 United States' appellee's submission, para. 88. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 "subsidy programme", then the United States subm its that the Appellate Body should not complete 
the legal analysis and should not find that the USDOC's identification of the "subsidy programme" 
is inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.2.3.1  The Panel's interpretation and applicat ion of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) 
2.106.  The United States argues that the Panel properly interpreted Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement as allowing investigating authorities to examine specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c). The United States sees no merit in China's argument that, in every specificity 
analysis under Article 2.1, an investigating authority must examine a subsidy under 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1 before examining it under Article 2.1(c). The United States notes that, contrary to China's position, the Panel's finding that subparagraph (c) does not impose a mandatory order of analysis is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the first 
sentence of Article 2.1(c), and with the context prov ided by that provision within Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement, as clarified by the Appellate Body in previous Appellate Body reports.  
2.107.  The United States asserts that the Panel's interpretation is consistent with the ordinary 
meaning of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c). In the United States' view, China disregards the 
structure of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) in arguing that "the word 'if' introduces two 
necessary preconditions for an examination under  Article 2.1(c): (1) that there must be an 
'appearance of non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in 
subparagraphs (a) and (b)'; and (2) that there must be 'reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific.'"
272  
2.108.  The United States argues that China's interpretation "fails to take into account the fact that 
the two phrases are treated differently within the structure of the sentence"273 and that "the 
differing treatment of the two clauses conveys different meanings."274 For the United States, "the 
ordinary meaning [of Article 2.1(c)] is that the 'other factors may be considered' if 'there are 
reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific,' and such a consideration may be 
undertaken 'in spite of, without regard to or prevention by' any findings made under the subparagraphs (a) or (b), not 'only if' such findings are made."
275  
2.109.  The United States recalls that the Panel examined the Spanish and French versions of Article 2.1(c) and noted that the Spanish version places the "notwithstanding" clause after the clause "if there are reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific".
276 According to the 
United States, the Panel explained that the sentence structure in the Spanish version supports the 
interpretation that the "notwithstanding" clause "signifies that the principles embodied in 
subparagraph (c) can be applied even if the application of the principles in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b) indicates an appearance of non-specificity, provided there are 'reasons to believe that the 
subsidy may in fact be specific.'"277 The United States concludes that "subparagraph (c) is not 
applied only if  an analysis under subparagraphs (a) and (b) indicates an appearance of 
non-specificity; it is also applied under other circumstances, for example if no such analysis is 
conducted at all."278 
2.110.  The United States asserts that China's interpretation of Article 2.1(c) reads the words 
"even when" ( aun cuando ) completely out of the sentence in the Spanish text. For the 
United States, the implication of the fact that an investigating authority may consider the other 
factors in paragraph (c) " even when  there is an appearance of non-specificity under 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) is that the investigating authority may consider such factors also when  
other conditions prevail, i.e., when there is no such appearance of non-specificity."279 In addition, 
                                               
272 United States' appellee's submission, para. 96 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 123). 
(emphasis added by the United States) 
273 United States' appellee's submission, para. 96. 
274 United States' appellee's submission, para. 97. 
275 United States' appellee's submis sion, para. 98. (emphasis original) 
276 United States' appellee's submission, para. 99 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.227 and fn 300 
thereto). 
277 United States' appellee's submission, para. 99 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.227 (emphasis 
original)). 
278 United States' appellee's submis sion, para. 99. (emphasis original) 
279 United States' appellee's submission, para. 100. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 the United States disagrees with China that the Panel's interpretation would render the 
"notwithstanding" clause " inutile ".280 Rather, "the purpose of the clause is to convey that a finding 
of non-specificity under (a) or (b) does not prevent  consideration of additional factors, not that 
such an analysis is mandatory."281 
2.111.  The United States also notes that the Panel's interpretation of the first sentence of 
Article 2.1(c) is supported by the context prov ided by Article 2.1 and the SCM Agreement as a 
whole. The United States stresses that China's interpretation would "create a new requirement 
that all subsidies be distributed pursuant to 'legislation' or another source of an 'explicit[] 
limit[ation]' on the subsidy which can be evaluated under subparagraph (a)".282 The United States 
submits that the Panel correctly considered th e context provided by the first sentence of 
Article 2.1(c) and concluded that there is no order of analysis requirement whereby an 
investigating authority must evaluate Article 2.1(a) and (b) in every specificity analysis. 
2.112.  The United States maintains that the chapeau of Article 2.1 provides a framework for 
subparagraphs (a) through (c), which in no way indicates that each specificity analysis proceeds 
on the basis of an examination under all three su bparagraphs. The United States argues that, in 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , "the Appellate Body stressed that the use 
of the term 'principles', in the chapeau of Article 2 [–] 'instead of, for instance, "rules" – suggests 
that subparagraphs (a) through (c) are to be considered within an analytical framework that 
recognizes and accords appropriate weight to each principle.'"283 The United States asserts that 
China's argument that investigating authorities must conduct an examination under each subparagraph reflects an interpretation that is more akin to a "rule", and is thus in conflict with the 
text of the chapeau of Article 2.1.
284 
2.113.  The United States further notes that the Appellate Body has explained that a "proper 
understanding of specificity under Article 2.1 must allow for the concurrent application of these 
principles to the various legal and factual aspects of a subsidy in any given case".285 Thus, the 
United States maintains that, "on a case-by-case basis, it is appropriate for an investigating authority to consider each of the principles 'concurrently' and decide which principle or principles 
apply".
286 
2.114.  In addition, the United States contends that China misconstrues the Appellate Body's 
findings in US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) as supporting its restrictive interpretation of 
the first sentence of Article 2.1. According to the United States, the Appellate Body in that case 
indicated that an analysis of subparagraph (c) would "normally"287 or "ordinarily"288 follow an 
analysis of subparagraphs (a) and (b), but need not always follow this sequence. The 
United States considers that, "as a general matter, the structure of Article 2.1 only 'suggests' that 
the analysis will 'ordinarily' proceed in sequential order".289 In the view of the United States, in 
arguing that the Appellate Body's discussion requires that " all specificity determinations must be 
assessed under Article 2.1(a) and (b) "290, China ignores the fact that, in US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) , the Appellate Body observed that an "a nalysis by the Panel under Article 2.1(b) 
                                               
280 United States' appellee's submission, para. 101 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 152 
(emphasis original)). 
281 United States' appellee's submission, para. 101. (emphasis original) 
282 United States' appellee's submission, para. 103. (fn omitted) 
283 United States' appellee's submission, para. 104 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 366). 
284 United States' appellee's submission, para. 106. 
285 United States' appellee's submission, para. 107 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). 
286 United States' appellee's submission, para. 107. 
287 United States' appellee's submission, para. 109 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 796). 
288 United States' appellee's submission, para. 109 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 873). 
289 United States' appellee's submission, para. 111. The United States underlines that, because in US – 
Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint)  there was legislation  at issue, it was appropriat e for that panel to examine 
such legislation under Article 2.1(a) and to proceed with its analysis under Article 2.1(c) on the basis of the findings made under subparagraphs (a) and (b). (Ibid.) 
290 United States' appellee's submission, para. 112 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
paras. 127-130). (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 was not necessary" in examining the claim at issue.291 The United States asserts that there is 
therefore no merit in China's argument that the Appellate Body's analysis in US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint)  supports its interpretation of the order of analysis in Article 2.1. 
2.115.  Lastly, the United States highlights that  the Panel observed that the subparagraphs of 
Article 2.1 follow a certain logical structure, but that "this structure does not 'translate into 
procedural rules that investigating authorities must follow in each specificity analysis under that provision'."
292 The United States asserts that, due to the unwritten and informal nature of the 
subsidy programmes at issue, "the facts before the Panel embodied 'circumstances' where 'further 
consideration under the other subparagraphs [of Article 2.1] may be unnecessary'."293 In the 
challenged investigations, there was therefore no reason to examine the subsidy programmes under subparagraphs (a) and (b). According to th e United States, China would nevertheless have 
the investigating authority "conduct an empty analysis to satisfy a purely formalistic 
requirement".
294 For the United States, China's reading of Article 2.1 is not supported by the text 
of that provision or the context provided by the SCM Agreement as a whole and, thus, China's 
appeal should be rejected. 
2.2.3.2  The Panel's interpretation and app lication of the term "s ubsidy programme" in 
Article 2.1(c) 
2.116.  The United States argues that the Panel correctly concluded that a "subsidy programme" 
under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement may be ev idenced by a systematic activity or series of 
activities. In response to China's argument that  a "subsidy programme" must be interpreted to 
require the identification of a formally implemented "plan or outline"295, the United States argues 
that the Panel correctly rejected this interpretati on, finding that "such a narrow interpretation is 
not supported by the text of Article 2.1, or the context of the SCM Agreement as a whole, and that 
a 'subsidy programme' encompasses a 'systematic activity or series of activities' such as the 
provision of an input for less than adequate remuneration."296 In the view of the United States, the 
Panel correctly concluded that the subsidy programmes identified by the USDOC in the investigations at issue comported with this definition.  
2.117.  The United States disagrees with China's argument that a "subsidy programme" under 
Article 2.1(c) requires more than evidence of th e systematic provision of a subsidy or subsidies, 
and, thus, that further evidence of a "plan" is necessary to comply with the requirements of the 
SCM Agreement. The United States contends that China's interpretation disregards the context of 
the term "subsidy programme" within Article 2.1 and the SCM Agreement as a whole, and would 
mean that subsidies are only countervailable if they are distributed according to a formal plan or outline, with the effect that "one-off decisions to provide subsidies, no matter their size, or 
subsidies provided pursuant to unpublished policies would be immune from a finding of de facto  
specificity."
297 
2.118.  The United States submits that a specificity determination under Article 2.1(a) requires a 
finding of an explicit limitation on access to a subsidy, which would be made through legislation, a 
written document, including a "plan or outline", or other "explicit" means.298 In contrast, 
Article 2.1(c) has no such focus on an explicit limitation either through a legal instrument or other means, including a formal plan or outline. In the United States' view, "by its very nature, a 
de facto  analysis is based on the facts, irrespective of the existence of any formal 'plan or outline' 
which would rather be the focus of a de jure  analysis."
299 For this reason, the United States argues 
that China's proposed interpretation of the term "subsidy programme" would require formal 
                                               
291 United States' appellee's submission, para. 112 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 876). 
292 United States' appellee's submission, para. 116 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.229).  
293 United States' appellee's submission, para. 118 (quo ting Panel Report, para. 7.229, in turn quoting 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). 
294 United States' appellee's submission, para. 118. 
295 United States' appellee's submission, para. 119 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, paras. 159 
and 169). 
296 United States' appellee's submission, para. 119. 
297 United States' appellee's submission, para. 120. 
298 United States' appellee's submission, para. 122.  
299 United States' appellee's submission, para. 122. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 implementation of the subsidy under both Articles 2.1(a) and 2.1(c), which would be inconsistent 
with the distinction between the analysis under the two provisions. 
2.119.  The United States contends that, under a proper interpretation of the term "subsidy 
programme"300, there is no requirement in the application of  the first factor of Article 2.1(c) for an 
investigating authority to identify a formal "plan". Rather, there are various means by which a 
subsidy programme could be implemented and, thus, evidenced. According to the United States, where there is no identified implementing legislation, regulation, government decree, or other 
source of a government "plan", as with the input subsidies at issue in this dispute, the subsidy 
programme might instead be evidenced by a "series of activities or events" whereby the subsidy is 
used by a limited number of enterprises.
301 
2.120.  The United States also rejects China's argument that the Panel's interpretation "collapses" 
the term "subsidy programme" into the term "subsidy".302 In fact, according to the United States, 
the Panel correctly applied the term "subsidy programme" to the USDOC's determinations at issue by concluding that the provision of those inputs for less than adequate remuneration was a 
systematic activity or series of activities that reflected the existence of a subsidy programme 
under Article 2.1(c) in the absence of any alleged written source for the implementation of the programme. 
2.121.  In addition, the United States disagrees wi th China that the Panel's application of the term 
"subsidy programme" deprives the term of its ordi nary meaning. The United States maintains that, 
"if anything, it is China's overly restrictive interpretation of 'subsidy programme' that ignores the diversity of facts and circumstances, as described  above, that investigating authorities confront 
when analyzing the range of subsidies under Article 2."
303  
2.122.  The United States also disagrees with China's contention that the Panel failed to recognize 
that the USDOC "never substantiated on the ba sis of positive evidence on the record" the 
existence of subsidy programmes in the challenged investigations, and that those programmes 
were "merely asserted" by the USDOC.304 The United States argues that the USDOC did not 
"merely assert" the existence of the subsidy prog rammes for the purposes of its analysis under 
Article 2.1(c). Rather, the record demonstrates that, for each investigation, far from being "merely 
asserted", the existence of the subsidy programmes is grounded in the facts on the record. The United States notes that, in each challenged investigation, the subsidy programmes that the USDOC investigated "were first identified in the application, which China does not dispute 
contained evidence as to the programs' existence".
305 
2.123.  In sum, the United States asserts that China's restrictive interpretation of the term 
"subsidy programme" is not supported by the co ntext of the term within Article 2 and the 
SCM Agreement as a whole, as such an interpretati on would limit the subsidies that could be found 
to be de facto  specific to those implemented according to a formal "plan or outline". The 
United States considers that the Panel arrived at a correct interpretation and application of the first 
factor of Article 2.1(c) and properly examined the USDOC's determinations. In particular, the Panel 
correctly found that it was not necessary for an investigating authority to identify a formal government "plan or outline" as part of its analysis under the first factor of Article 2.1(c). 
                                               
300 The United States rejects China's contention that there was no dispute in the proceedings before the 
Panel between the United States and China that "a series  of subsidies, by itself" cannot constitute a "subsidy 
programme". According to the United St ates, in making this assertion, Chin a largely relies on statements by 
the United States in another dispute concerning a di fferent subsidy programme an d different legal issues. 
(United States' appellee's submission, para. 124) 
301 United States' appellee's submission, para. 124. 
302 United States' appellee's submission, para. 125. 
303 United States' appellee's submission, para. 127 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
para. 165). 
304 United States' appellee's submission, para. 132 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
paras. 118 and 170). 
305 United States' appellee's submission, para. 133 (r eferring to China's response to Panel question 
No. 56, para. 145). By way of example, the United States refers to the Aluminum Extrusions determination, in which the application "clearly contemplated that the informal 'subsidy program' was the provision of primary aluminum to all users of the input , although the 'subsidy' which was the subject of the application was the 
provision of primary aluminum to the aluminum extrusions industry ". (Ibid., para. 133 (emphasis original))  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 46 - 
 
 Accordingly, the United States argues that China's appeal with respect to this aspect of 
Article 2.1(c) should be rejected. 
2.2.3.3  The Panel's examination of China's claims regarding the identification of the 
relevant "granting authority" 
2.124.  With respect to China's argument that "the identification of the relevant granting authority 
is a prerequisite to identifying the relevant jurisdiction", the United States argues that the Panel correctly found that no such requirement exists and that, as the USDOC's determinations indicate 
that the relevant jurisdiction for the specificity inquiry was China, the USDOC was not required to 
explicitly identify the granting authority.
306 
2.125.  The United States rejects China's argument  that, "[h]aving failed to identify the relevant 
granting authority (or authorities), it followed that the USDOC's input specificity determinations 
could not possibly have been consistent with Article 2.1."307 The United States contends that 
China's position is not supported either by the text  of the chapeau of Article 2.1 or by the context 
provided by the SCM Agreement. The United States  adds that the question of who provides the 
input is dealt with under Article 1 of the SCM Ag reement and that "[t]he focus of the specificity 
analysis under Article 2.1 is on the universe of users  of the subsidy, not on the 'granting 
authority'."308 As a result, the United States argues that "the relevant jurisdiction of the granting 
authority for purposes of the specificity analysis is the jurisdiction where potential users are 
located."309  
2.126.  The United States notes that "China inserts a non-existent requirement into Article 2.1 
when it argues that [the USDOC] must identify a 'granting authority' with respect to the provision 
of inputs for less than adequate remuneration."310 According to the United States, "[t]he Panel 
correctly found that Article 2.1 merely requires that  the jurisdiction of the [granting authority] be 
identified, where relevant ( i.e., with respect to Members that maintain sub-central authorities), but 
that the identity of the granting authority is not directly relevant to the specificity analysis."311 The 
United States contends that, "[i]n each challenged determination, as part of its analysis under Article 1, [the USDOC] determined that input producers were public bodies controlled by varying 
parts of the Chinese government, and that those public bodies provided inputs for less than 
adequate remuneration to certain enterprises."
312 According to the United States, "[n]o further 
analysis was required under Article 2.1."313 
2.127.  In addition, the United States rejects China's arguments that "the Panel 'had no basis to 
evaluate whether the USDOC had properly situated its analysis of specificity within the jurisdiction 
of the granting authority' absent the identification of the granting authority."314 The United States 
observes that, in each specificity determination, the USDOC "determined based on information 
provided in the application or during the course of the investigation that the input was provided for 
less than adequate remuneration to a limited number of users within China ."315 According to the 
United States, China and the participating respondents were therefore aware in each investigation 
that the USDOC's analysis applied to this jurisdiction. The United States stresses that, in none of 
the challenged investigations, did China (or any other participating party) challenge the USDOC's consideration of all of China as the relevant jurisdiction for purposes of a de facto  specificity 
analysis. Nor, the United States argues, has China alleged before the Panel or on appeal that this 
jurisdiction was somehow inappropriate. 
2.128.  The United States concludes that, because China's argument that an investigating 
authority must identify the "granting authority" in conducting the specificity analysis has no basis 
                                               
306 United States' appellee's submission, para. 136 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 173). 
307 United States' appellee's submission, para. 139 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 173). 
308 United States' appellee's submission, para. 139. (emphasis original) 
309 United States' appellee's submission, para. 139. 
310 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140. 
311 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140. 
312 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140.  
313 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140. 
314 United States' appellee's submission, para. 141 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 175). 
315 United States' appellee's submission, para. 141. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 in the text of the SCM Agreement, the Panel's an alysis and interpretation of Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement was correct and should be upheld. 
2.2.3.4  Completion of the legal analysis 2.129.  The United States argues that, in the event the Appellate Body reverses the Panel's 
findings that the USDOC acted consistently with the obligations of the United States under 
Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement, the Appellate Body should not complete the legal analysis. The United States observes that not all of the US DOC's administrative record that supports the 
specificity determinations is part of the Panel record. In the United States' view, the 
Appellate Body should decline to complete the legal analysis "whether or not there could be sufficient facts to complete the legal analysis".
316 
2.130.  With respect to China's request for completi on regarding the identification of the "subsidy 
programme", the United States rejects China's allegations that the USDOC "(1) did not properly 
identify a 'subsidy programme' in the determinations at issue and (2) failed to substantiate the existence of such a 'programme' based on positive evidence on the record".
317 The United States 
stresses that the USDOC " did identify the subsidy programs in each investigation".318 The 
United States further highlights that "there was evidence on the record supporting the existence of the subsidy programmes"
319, and that "the Panel never purported to examine whether, consistent 
with Article 2.4 of the SCM Agreement, the de termination was based on 'positive evidence'".320  
2.131.  According to the United States, "[b]ecause the Panel did not conduct its own analysis 
regarding whether [the USDOC's] determinations were consistent with the meaning of 'subsidy 
programmes' as interpreted by China, the Appellate Body would need to undertake this task."321 
Such an examination would, in the United Stat es' view, require the Appellate Body to examine 
each specificity determination and consider and ev aluate the relevant evidence. The United States 
observes that, in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , the Appellate Body declined 
to complete the analysis under similar circumstances because the participants had not addressed 
the relevant issues sufficiently.322 For these reasons, the United States argues that the 
Appellate Body should not complete the legal analysis and should not find that the USDOC's 
identification of the "subsidy programme" is inco nsistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.3  Claims of error by the Un ited States – Other appellant 
2.3.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – The Panel's terms of reference 2.132.  The United States claims that the Panel erred in concluding, in its Preliminary Ruling issued 
on 8 February 2013
323, that Section B.1(d) of China's panel request meets the requirements of 
Article 6.2 of the DSU. In particular, the United St ates submits that the Panel erred in finding that 
China's panel request provides "a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to 
present the problem clearly". According to the United States, China's panel request does not 
"plainly connect" the "facts available" obligat ion in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement to the 
22 investigations listed in the panel request.324 The United States therefore requests the 
                                               
316 United States' appellee's submission, para. 150. 
317 United States' appellee's submission, para. 151 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
para. 184). 
318 United States' appellee's submission, para. 151 (referring to United States' second written 
submission to the Panel, fn 160; and opening statem ent at the second Panel meeting, fn 40). (emphasis 
original) 
319 United States' appellee's submission, para. 151 (r eferring to China's response to Panel question 
No. 56, para. 145; and United States' second written submission to the Panel, para. 79). 
320 United States' appellee's submission, para. 151. 
321 United States' appellee's submission, para. 151. (emphasis original) 
322 United States' appellee's submission, para. 152 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , paras. 194-197). 
323 WT/DS437/4. The Panel's Preliminary Ruling was made  "an integral part of the Panel's Final Report" 
(Panel Report, para. 1.16) as Annex A-8 thereto (WT/DS437/R/Add.1, pp. A-34 to A-46). 
324 United States' other appellant's submission, paras.  22 and 26 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, 
US – Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset Reviews , para. 162; US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures 
(China) , para. 4.8; and China – Raw Materials , para. 220). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Appellate Body to reverse the Panel's finding under Article 6.2 of the DSU, and to declare moot 
and of no legal effect the Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement because 
China's claims under this provision did not fall within the Panel's terms of reference. 
2.133.  According to the United States, China's panel request fails to "plainly connect" the 
challenged 22 investigations with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement because it fails to identify: 
(i) the instances of the use of facts available that China sought to challenge; and (ii) the relevant obligation that the United States is alleged to have  breached. The United States emphasizes that it 
is "the combination of these two factors" that makes it "impossible to discern, from the face of the 
panel request, the claims that China sought to advance and the problem it sought to address in this dispute".
325 
2.134.  With respect to China's failure "to adequately describe" in its panel request the "instances" 
of the use of "facts available"326 by the USDOC, the United States highlights that the 
22 investigations that were the "subject" of China's panel request "involved over 50 individual respondents, and approximately 650 different subsidies", and that, in the course of these 
investigations, the USDOC applied facts available "hundreds of times".
327 Yet, the United States 
submits that "China's panel request provides no descr iption of the particular 'instances' in which it 
considered facts available to have been used and which applications of facts available were the 
source of the 'problem' that China sought to challenge."328  
2.135.  According to the United States, the inadequacy  of China's identification of the subject of its 
claims "is evidenced, first, by the disagreement be tween the Panel and China as to what China, in 
fact, challenged in the panel request."329 In this regard, the United States notes that, in response 
to the United States' request for a preliminary ruling, China attempted to narrow its claims to 
"each instance" in which the USDOC used "adverse " facts available for the purpose of reaching a 
finding of financial contribution, specificity, or benefit.330 The United States argues that the Panel 
correctly found, however, that the panel requ est encompassed "each instance", and was not 
limited to those in which it was alleged that "adverse" facts available were used.331 The 
United States further submits that China's panel request "was not limited to the instances of 
application of 'adverse' facts available, but rather on its face encompassed all uses of facts 
available".332 Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – Carbon Steel , the United States 
asserts that China's panel request provided no notice to either the Panel or the United States that "China's claim solely, or primarily, concerned instances related to the use of 'adverse' facts 
available."
333  
2.136.  Second, the United States argues that "a mbiguity" with respect to the subject of China's 
"facts available" claims is also revealed by the claims pursued in China's subsequent written 
submissions and oral statements before the Panel.334 Referring to Appellate Body jurisprudence, 
the United States notes that, although subsequent submissions and statements cannot "cure"335 
defects in a panel request, these documents "may be consulted in order to confirm the meaning of 
the words used in the panel request and as part of the assessment of whether the ability of the 
respondent to defend itself was prejudiced".336 According to the United States, China's first written 
submission to the Panel revealed that it was not in fact challenging "each" instance of the use of facts available. Instead, China selected "some" of  those instances, representing a "mere fraction  
                                               
325 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 28. 
326 United States' other appellant's submission, heading III.B.1, p. 14. 
327 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 31. 
328 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 31. 
329 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 32. 
330 United States' other appellant's submission, para. 33 (referring to China's resp onse to United States' 
preliminary ruling request, para. 7). 
331 United States' other appellant's submission, para . 33 (referring to Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.5). 
332 United States' other appellant's subm ission, para. 34. (emphasis original) 
333 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 34 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon 
Steel, para. 127).  
334 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 35. 
335 United States' other appellant's submission, pa ra. 35 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, China – 
Raw Materials , para. 220; and EC – Fasteners (China) , para. 561). 
336 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 35 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon 
Steel, para. 127; and referring to Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; and EC – 
Fasteners (China) , para. 562). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 – 48 in total – of the hundreds of possible instances of the use of facts available".337 The 
United States asserts that it was impossible for the United States to have "predict[ed] the subject of China's numerous, individual facts available claims".
338 
2.137.  Finally, the United States submits that , although China and the Panel referred to and 
described section B.1(d) of the panel request as setting out a "single" facts available claim, China's 
panel request, in fact, describes "a massive, indeterminate number of individual 'as applied' claims", of which China eventually presented facts and arguments relating to only 48 individual 
and specific applications of facts available.
339 For the United States, the "inconsistency" between 
China's assertions at the initial stages of the dispute and the instances identified in the latter stages is an "important factor[] in the required holistic analysis" of whether China's panel request complies with the requirements of Article 6.2 of the DSU.
340  
2.138.  Furthermore, the United States claims that China failed to identify the obligation in 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement that the United States allegedly infringed, and that the Panel 
erred in its conclusion that China's reference to a specific paragraph of the SCM Agreement  
– namely, Article 12.7 – was sufficient to present the problem clearly.341 Referring to the 
Appellate Body report in US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , the 
United States argues that "a panel request that fails to specify one of the multiple obligations 
under a relevant paragraph 'may be found wanting in  respect of the degree of clarity required by 
Article 6.2.'"342 In the present case, the United States contends that China's panel request 
provides no indication of which elements of Ar ticle 12.7 the United States was alleged to have 
infringed. More specifically, the United States argues that China's panel request does not indicate 
whether China was alleging: (i) that the USDOC wrongly found that the parties that failed to 
respond were interested Members or interested parties; and/or (ii) that the USDOC wrongly found that the interested parties refused access to or otherwise did not provide information; and/or 
(iii) that the USDOC wrongly found that the information was necessary; and/or (iv) that the 
USDOC failed to provide a reasonable period of time to submit the information; and/or (v) that the USDOC wrongly found that the respondents significantly impeded the investigation; and/or 
(vi) that the USDOC's preliminary or final determination, either affirmative or negative, was not 
based on "facts available". The United States submits that any of these could potentially be relevant for a claim under Article 12.7. 
2.139.  The United States also asserts that China's panel request "circularly" states that the 
United States breached Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement because the "USDOC resorted to facts 
available, and used facts available, … in manners … inconsistent with that provision".
343 In the 
United States' view, the phrase "manners … inconsistent with that provision" provides no 
information as to which instances China was challenging or how or why the United States is 
alleged to have breached Article 12.7. Moreover, the use of the plural word "manners" indicates that China acknowledges that there are "multiple ways in which an application of facts available 
might breach [Article 12.7]".
344 The United States asserts that, had the Panel conducted the 
required case-by-case analysis under Article 6.2 of the DSU, taking into account the "overall circumstances" identified by the United States, the Panel would have reached "a very different conclusion".
345  
2.140.  The United States further argues that the reference to "adverse" facts available in the 
panel request is unhelpful, because the panel request does not limit the claims to the instances involving "adverse" facts available but, rather, only includes those instances.
346 The United States 
submits that, even if China's claims were limite d to the instances of the use of "adverse" facts 
                                               
337 United States' other appellant's submission, para. 36. (fn omitted) 
338 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 36. 
339 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 37. 
340 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 38.  
341 United States' other appellant's submission, para . 41 (referring to Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16). 
342 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 41 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.31). 
343 United States' other appellant's submission, pa ra. 40 (quoting China's panel request, p. 4). 
344 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 40. 
345 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 42.  
346 United States' other appellant's submission, para. 44 (referring to China's panel request, fn 10). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 available, there is nothing in China's panel request that "sheds light on how or why the use of 
'adverse' facts available is alleged to be incons istent with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement".347  
2.141.  Based on the above, the United States asserts that, "[d]ue to the vagueness in both the 
description of what China intended to challenge and how the United States was alleged to have 
breached its obligations, China's panel request failed to 'plainly connect' the 22 investigations [at 
issue] to Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement."348 According to the United States, by "obscur[ing] 
both sides of the ledger"349, China's panel request results in a situation similar to that in China – 
Raw Materials , where the Appellate Body found that the obligation to plainly connect the measures 
with the provisions that had allegedly been breached was not met because the panel requests did not make it clear "which allegations of error pertain[ed] to which particular measure or set of measures identified in the panel requests".
350  
2.142.  The United States also refers to the Appellate Body's finding in US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China)  that the term "double remedies" in the panel request at issue in 
that dispute "provided information about the aspect of the measure and the particular obligation 
alleged to have been infringed sufficient to 'plainly connect' the two".351 The United States notes 
the Appellate Body's explanation that "the term 'd ouble remedies' forms part of the identification 
of the measure … the word 'double' in this term also gives an indication that the problem  with 
'double remedies' is that they result in the levying of countervailing duties exceeding the 
'appropriate amounts in each case' in the se nse of Article 19.3 of the SCM Agreement."352 Relying 
on this explanation, the United States submits that "the description of the measure, and the aspect of the measure being challenged, is relevant to determining whether a panel request 
'plainly connects' the measures to the obligations alleged to be infringed."
353 The United States 
also recalls the Appellate Body's statement that "simply specifying Article 19.3 or adopting its exact language in the panel request, without maki ng a reference to 'double remedies', would not 
necessarily [present] the problem clearly" because there are multiple obligations in Article 19.3.
354 
In the present case, the United States submits th at, as with Article 19.3 of the SCM Agreement, 
Article 12.7 contains "a number of distinct elements  related to the use of facts available", and that 
China's panel request makes no attempt to describe which of those elements have allegedly been 
breached by the USDOC's use of facts available.355 
2.143.  Finally, the United States recalls the Appellate Body's statements in India – Patents (US) 
that "[a]ll parties engaged in dispute settlement und er the DSU must be fully forthcoming from the 
very beginning both as to the claims involved in a dispute and as to the facts relating to those 
claims" and that "[c]laims must be stated clearly."356 The United States asserts that China "failed 
to meet this standard of clarity" because it described its "numerous as-applied 'facts available' 
allegations in a general and utterly vague manner".357 According to the United States, if "this form 
of pleading" were allowed, a complainant would be able to make the "broadest possible claims, denying any meaningful notice to the responding Me mber, to third parties, or to the panel of the 
scope of the problem, much less the actu al issues that will be addressed".
358 The United States 
submits that such an approach would signific antly disrupt dispute settlement proceedings, 
"potentially interfering with the prompt resolution  of disputes and diminishing confidence in the 
dispute settlement system".359 The United States also asserts that China's "form of pleading" 
                                               
347 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 45. 
348 United States' other appellant's subm ission, para. 46. (emphasis original) 
349 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 48. 
350 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 47 (quoting Appellate Body Report, China – Raw 
Materials , para. 226). 
351 United States' other appellant's submission, para. 49 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.28). 
352 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 51 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.28). (emphasis added by the United States) 
353 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 51. 
354 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 52 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.29). 
355 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 53. 
356 United States' other appellant's submission , para. 54 (quoting Appellate Body Report, India – 
Patents (US) , para. 94). 
357 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 54. 
358 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 54. 
359 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 54. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 prejudiced the ability of the United States to prep are its defence within the timeframes of the DSU, 
requiring it to file a preliminary ruling request. 
2.4  Arguments of China – Appellee 2.4.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – The Panel's terms of reference 
2.144.  China submits that the Panel correctly concluded that, with respect to China's claims under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, China's pa nel request satisfies the requirement under 
Article 6.2 of the DSU "to provide a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to 
present the problem clearly". China maintains that the United States' allegations of error in this 
regard are "baseless" and should be rejected by the Appellate Body.
360  
2.145.  First, China asserts that the Panel correctly concluded that China's panel request 
adequately identifies the "instances" of the us e of "facts available" that were subject to 
challenge.361 China argues that its panel request states that the claim it was bringing under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement arose "in respect of each instance in which the USDOC used facts available, including 'adverse' facts available, to support its findings of financial contribution, 
specificity, and benefit in the investigations and determinations identified in Appendix 1".
362 In 
China's view, it was "a simple matter for the United States to identify the 'instances' of facts available subject to challenge" because the relevant measures at issue are the 19 final 
countervailing duty determinations and the three preliminary countervailing duty determinations 
listed in Appendix 1 to the panel request. China submits that "[t]hese are the only measures at 
issue in which the USDOC would have used facts available", and that, "[i]n each and every one of these determinations, the USDOC clearly identified those instances in which it used facts available 
for the purpose of reaching a finding of fina ncial contribution, specificity, or benefit."
363  
2.146.  China notes in this regard that each issues and decision memorandum (or Federal Register  
notice, in the case of preliminary determinations) includes a section entitled "Application of Facts 
Available and Use of Adverse Inferences", "or a similar title to the same effect".364 China adds that, 
in those sections of the issues and decisions memoranda, "the USDOC describes in detail the circumstances that, in its view, justified its use of facts available, including 'adverse' facts 
available."
365 Moreover, "the USDOC often sets forth or elaborates upon its rationale for using 
'adverse' facts available in the section of the [issues and decision memorandum] that addresses 
specific comments raised by interested parties during the course of the investigation."366 In the 
light of such "consistent practices" by the USDOC,  China observes that, after examining the issues 
and decisions memoranda and the relevant Federal Register  notices, the Panel found that the 
instances in which the USDOC applied facts available were "readily identifiable".367 China highlights 
that, as a result, the Panel stated, and the dissenting panelist agreed368, that it was "not 
persuaded by the United States' argument that 'it is not possible to discern what are those 
"instances" in which China considers the investigating authority used facts available'."369  
2.147.  China points to the United States' reliance on China's alleged "narrowing of its claims" to 
only the instances of the use of "adverse" facts available by the USDOC. According to China, the 
United States' argument rests on the proposition that China's decision to "limit" its claims to 48 instances of the use of "adverse" facts available "somehow introduces ambiguity into a panel request that encompassed all such 'instances'".
370 China argues that the United States makes no 
attempt to "reconcile" this argument with the "well-established principle that a complaining party 
                                               
360 China's appellee's submission, para. 25. 
361 China's appellee's submission, heading III.A, p. 8.  
362 China's appellee's submission, para. 28 (q uoting China's panel request, fn 10). 
363 China's appellee's submission, para. 29. (fn omitted) 
364 China's appellee's submission, para. 30 (referring to , as example, 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision 
Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 3). 
365 China's appellee's submission, para. 30. 
366 China's appellee's submission, para. 30. (fn omitted) 
367 China's appellee's submission, para. 31 (quoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.4).  
368 China's appellee's submission, para. 31 (ref erring to Preliminary Ruling, para. 6.1). 
369 China's appellee's submission, para. 31 (quoting Prel iminary Ruling, para. 4.4, in turn referring to 
United States' preliminary ru ling request, para. 18). 
370 China's appellee's submission, para. 35. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 is entitled to restrict the scope of a claim subseq uent to the adoption of the terms of reference."371 
China submits that, by referring to "each instance" of the use of facts available in its panel request, it "precisely identified the relevant instances for purposes of its claim under Article 12.7", and that its subsequent decision to pursue its claims in relation to only 48 of those instances "does 
not retroactively make the language in China's panel request 'vague'".
372 
2.148.  China further asserts that the Panel correctly concluded that China was not required to 
specify which of the obligations found in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement the USDOC is alleged 
to have breached. China recalls the Panel's explanation in its Preliminary Ruling that, in the 
circumstances of this case, China's panel request "sheds sufficient 'light on the nature of the obligation at issue' to satisfy Article 6.2 of the DSU".
373 China also notes the Panel's statement that 
"China had provided more detail in the relevant portion of its panel request than the complainants 
in US – Certain EC Products and Thailand – H-Beams ", because "China had not 'merely listed the 
Article at issue, but ha[d] referenced the specific sub-paragraph of Article 12 under which it [brought] its claim (namely, 12.7 of the SCM Agreement)'."
374 China further recalls the Panel's 
statement that Article 12.7 "sets out a relatively limited range of circumstances in which it is 
permissible for an investigating authority to apply 'facts available'."375  
2.149.  China argues that the United States has not addressed the Panel's statement that 
"providing more precise details regarding what aspe cts of the resort to and use of facts available 
are challenged under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement could perhaps best be characterized as the arguments in support of the claim, rath er than the summary of the claim itself."
376 China adds 
that it is well established that a complainant is not required to present its arguments in its panel 
request.377 Moreover, China notes that the United St ates acknowledged before the Panel that 
"panels and the Appellate Body have … repeatedly found that a complaining party is not required to provide arguments in the panel request".
378 In China's view, its panel request "clearly 'sets forth 
the complainant's view that the respondent party has violated, or nullified or impaired the benefits 
arising from, an identified provision of a particular agreement'."379 According to China, therefore, 
the only explanation for the United States' position on appeal is that "the United States believes 
that China was required to provide arguments in its panel request."380  
2.150.  China also contests the analogy drawn by the United States between China's panel request 
in the present case and the situation that arose in US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping 
Measures (China) with respect to China's claim under Article 19 of the SCM Agreement. China 
argues that, in that dispute, the Appellate Body's analysis "focused on whether the general 
reference to Article 19 of the SCM Agreement in the panel request was 'sufficient to identify Article 19.3 as the legal basis of the claim'."
381 China submits that "[t]he circumstances are 
fundamentally different here, where China's identifi cation of the relevant subparagraph at issue, 
Article 12.7, is undisputed."382 Moreover, by referring to "so-called 'adverse' facts available" in the 
panel request, China submits that it "clearly indicated that it considered the USDOC's concept of 
'adverse' facts available to be inconsistent  with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement".383 China 
recalls the Panel's statements that China's panel request provided "a higher level of precision with 
                                               
371 China's appellee's submission, para. 35 (referring to Appellate Body Report, Japan – Apples , 
para. 136). (additional fn text omitted) 
372 China's appellee's submission, para. 36. 
373 China's appellee's submission, para. 41 (quoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16, in turn referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel, para. 130). 
374 China's appellee's submission, para. 41 (q uoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16). 
375 China's appellee's submission, para. 41 (q uoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16). 
376 China's appellee's submission, para. 43 (q uoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.17). 
377 China's appellee's submission, para. 44 (referri ng to Preliminary Ruling of the panel in Canada – 
Renewable Energy / Canada – Feed-in Tariff Program , para. 20; and Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III , 
para. 141). 
378 China's appellee's submission, para. 46 (quoting United States' response to Panel question No. 4, 
para. 7 (fns omitted)).  
379 China's appellee's submission, para. 46 (quoting Unit ed States' third party subm ission to the Panel in 
Canada – Renewable Energy / Canada – Feed-in Tariff Program , para. 22 (fns omitted)). 
380 China's appellee's submission, para. 46. 
381 China's appellee's submission, para. 48 (quoting Appella te Body Report, US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.25). 
382 China's appellee's submission, para. 48. 
383 China's appellee's submission, para. 50. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 respect to one aspect of its claim, namely that China will challenge USDOC's use of 'adverse' facts 
available"384, and that "the United States was in a position to 'begin' preparing a defence" in 
response to China's claims relating to USDOC's application of "adverse" facts available.385 
According to China, in the light of the fact that China's first written submission to the Panel 
confirmed that the USDOC's use of so-called "adverse" facts available was the basis for China's 
challenge in all 48 instances, the United States' "claim of prejudice" is unfounded.386 
2.151.  Finally, China disagrees with the United States' position that, "[d]ue to the vagueness in 
both the description of what China intended to challenge and how the United States was alleged to 
have breached its obligations, China's panel request failed to 'plainly connect' the 22 investigations to Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement."
387 China recalls its explanation before the Panel that the 
United States failed to identify any prior decision  with respect to Article 6.2 of the DSU that was 
analogous to what the United States was asking the Panel to find in this case.388 China 
distinguishes the present case from China – Raw Materials , where it was unclear which allegations 
of error pertained to which particular measures or set of measures. By contrast, China's panel 
request in the present dispute "plainly connects" the 22 challenged measures identified in 
Appendix 1 to the "single provision of the covered agreements by indicating that, in China's view, 
the United States acted inconsistently with Article 12.7 in 'each instance' in which the USDOC used 
facts available".389 According to China, this is exactly what the Panel concluded when it rejected 
the United States' proposed analogy of this case with China – Raw Materials.390 
2.152.  For these reasons, China argues that the Appellate Body should reject the United States' 
appeal of the Panel's findings under Article 6.2 of the DSU. 
2.5  Arguments of the third participants 
2.5.1  Australia 2.153.  Australia did not submit a third participant's submission pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the 
Working Procedures. In its opening statement at the oral hearing, Australia focused on China's 
appeal with respect to the Panel's findings under Articles 14(d) and 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. Australia argues that the term "government" has the same meaning in Article 14(d) and 
Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement. In Australia's view, the meaning of the term 
"government" in the above-mentioned provisions encompasses both "government" and "any public 
body within the territory of a Member". However, a finding that an entity is not a "government or public body" under Article 1.1(a)(1) would not automatically require competent authorities to 
disregard the activities or features of that entity when examining "prevailing market conditions" for 
the purposes of establishing government predominance in the market. According to Australia, governments can distort a market without providin g a subsidy. For instance, price distortion may 
result from significant government regulations or restrictions on operators in the market. Hence, 
the behaviour of SOEs may be relevant for purposes of determining whether the government has a predominant role in the market, regardless of whether an SOE is a "public body". Furthermore, 
Australia submits that out-of-country benchmarks may be used for the purpose of calculating 
benefit under Article 14(d), where private prices are distorted. Such a distortion may occur because of the government's predominant role in the market as provider of the same or similar 
goods. In Australia's view, government ownership and control of an SOE could be relevant to 
whether the government has a predominant role in the market, but would depend on the particular 
circumstances of the market.  
2.154.  With respect to the order of analysis under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement, Australia 
observes that there is no requirement to consider subparagraphs (a) and (b) before turning to 
                                               
384 China's appellee's submission, para. 51 (quoting Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16; and referring to 
European Union's third party comments on United  States' preliminary ruling request, para. 16). 
385 China's appellee's submission, para. 51 (quoting  Preliminary Ruling, fn 39 to para. 4.18). 
386 China's appellee's submission, para. 51. 
387 China's appellee's submission, para. 53 (quoting  United States' other appellant's submission, 
para. 46 (emphasis original)).  
388 China's appellee's submission, para. 54 (referring to  China's response to United States' preliminary 
ruling request, para. 30). 
389 China's appellee's submission, para. 56. 
390 China's appellee's submission, para. 57 (ref erring to Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.7). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 subparagraph (c). In Australia's view, the "princip les" contained in these three paragraphs should 
be considered holistically. Moreover, the language of Article 2.1(c) suggests that the principle in 
this paragraph could be applied irrespective of whether the other principles have been applied. According to Australia, the order of applicatio n or the weight given to each subparagraph may 
depend on the particular facts of the case, as sugg ested by the Appellate Body's findings in earlier 
disputes. 
2.5.2  Brazil 
2.155.  Regarding China's claims under Articles 14(d) and 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement, Brazil 
argues that, given that Article 1.1(a)(1) explicitly indicates that both government (in the narrow sense) and any public body are referred to in the SCM Agreement solely as "government", the term "government" in Article 14(d) encompasses both the government and any public body, as 
defined in Article 1.1(a)(1).  
2.156.  Brazil maintains that the assessment of wh ether the entity suspected of making a financial 
contribution is characterized as "government" und er Article 1.1(a)(1) is a separate and previous 
step to the assessment of the benefit earned under Article 14(d). In Brazil's view, an investigating 
authority can only assess the provision of goods by an entity under Article 14(d) once it has previously and properly characterized such entity  as "government" under Article 1.1(a)(1). Thus, 
in order to establish whether an investigating authority has acted consistently with Article 14(d) in 
determining the existence of a "benefit", a panel must first determine whether such authority has rightfully characterized the relevant entity as  "government" under Article 1.1(a)(1) of the 
SCM Agreement. 
2.157.  Brazil stresses that it is the responsibility of the investigating authority to determine, on a 
case-by-case basis, whether an entity, irrespective of being owned or controlled by the government, is actually vested with the authority to  exercise governmental functions, and is thus a 
public body for the purposes of Article 1.1 of  the SCM Agreement. According to Brazil, such 
assessment is a necessary step prior to the application of Article 14(d). 
2.158.  Brazil recalls that, in the context of the provision of goods, the adequacy of remuneration 
under Article 14(d) is to be determined in relation to prevailing market conditions in the country of 
provision. In conducting this analysis, the mere fact that the government is the significant provider of the goods does not, in and of itself, establish a presumption of market distortion either for the 
assessment of the adequacy of remuneration or for the calculation of the amount of subsidy 
conferred in Part V of the SCM Agreement. Rather, in Brazil's view, the benefit analysis should be 
carried out on a case-by-case basis and bearing in mind the findings of the Appellate Body in US – 
Softwood Lumber IV . 
2.159.  Brazil further submits that the characterization of an entity as "government" does not 
create the presumption that out-of-country benchmarks must be used in the assessment of the amount of benefit conferred. According to the es tablished "predominance" test, an investigating 
authority may exclude in-country benchmarks only when the "government's role in providing the 
financial contribution is so predominant that it effectively determines the price at which private suppliers sell the same or similar goods".
391 Brazil emphasizes that, in many cases, SOEs can act 
only as market participants, subject to the same conditions as private parties, instead of being 
geared towards attaining a government policy objective. In such circumstances, the government 
would not be using its power to influence prices through SOEs regardless of how significant their market share is. Brazil, therefore, argues that in-country benchmarks should not, for this reason 
alone, be discarded. 
2.160.  Regarding China's "as applied" claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, Brazil 
submits that Article 12.7 does not allow an investigating authority to make determinations on the 
basis of mere assumptions or inferences. If there are no facts available on the record, an 
investigating authority cannot automatically reach a negative conclusion for the non-cooperating 
                                               
391 Brazil's third participant's submission, para. 8 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber IV , para. 93). Brazil noted that the concept of predominance "'does not refer exclusively to market 
shares, but may also refer to market power. '" (Ibid. (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 444)) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 party simply because the necessary information was not provided.392 In Brazil's view, the recourse 
to facts available is not unbound. Article 12.7 refers to the "use of 'the facts available' – and not 
merely to 'facts available'", which means that "all facts available to the authority would have to be 
considered in order to fill in the gap of the missing information".393 Consequently, an investigating 
authority would not be allowed to choose those facts that would lead to a biased determination. 
Recalling the Appellate Body's statement in Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice  that "an 
investigating authority using the 'facts available' … must take into account all the substantiated 
facts provided by an interested party"394, Brazil emphasizes that such a duty to consider all the 
facts available does not preclude an investigating authority from weighing information and evidence in order to reach a reasonable conclusion. Finally, Brazil expresses concerns with regard to the fact that the Panel "came across evidence that 'potentially raises concerns' regarding the 
consistency of some investigations by the USDOC … with Article 12.7 … but refrained from 
considering such elements in its assessment of facts".
395 
2.5.3  Canada  
2.161.  With respect to the application of the su bparagraphs of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement, 
Canada submits that the consideration of "other factors" referred to in the first sentence of subparagraph (c) is not conditional on an appearance of non-specificity resulting from the prior 
application of subparagraphs (a) and (b). Canada considers that the wording in that sentence is 
intended to guide an investigating authority to conduct a de facto  analysis under the second 
sentence of Article 2.1(c), even though an analysis of de jure  elements may have revealed an 
appearance of non-specificity. 
2.162.  Canada considers that China's interpretation is not supported by the ordinary meaning of 
the first sentence in Article 2.1(c). The subordinate clause "notwithstanding any appearance of non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b)" indicates that, even where there is an appearance of non-specificity resulting from the 
application of subparagraphs (a) and (b), other factors may be considered if there are reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific. In Canada's view, the use of the concessive 
preposition "notwithstanding" indicates that one proposition may be true ("there are reasons to 
believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific") even though another proposition may also be true ("any appearance of non-specificity"). 
2.163.  Furthermore, Canada maintains that the context of the first sentence of subparagraph (c) 
does not mandate a consideration of subparagraphs (a) and (b) in all cases. The chapeau of 
Article 2.1 refers to subparagraphs (a) to (c) as "principles", and the first sentence of subparagraph (c) repeats this term. In US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the 
Appellate Body emphasized that the use of the term  "principles", instead of "rules", suggests that 
subparagraphs (a) through (c) "are to be considered within an analytical framework that recognizes and accords appropriate weight to each principle".
396 According to Canada, this finding 
suggests that investigating authorities have a certain amount of flexibility in conducting the 
specificity analysis, including with respect to the sequence of the analysis. In addition, Canada argues that China misconstrues the case law where it alleges that the Appellate Body in US – 
Large Civil Aircraft (2
nd complaint)  mandated a sequence, in particular, with respect to the 
application of Article 2.1(c). Canada notes that th e Appellate Body indicated that the application of 
subparagraph (c) "will normally  follow the application of the other two subparagraphs of 
Article 2.1."397 For Canada, the Appellate Body's finding evidences that "the clause does not 
establish a condition  to apply subparagraphs (a) and (b) first in all cases ."398 
                                               
392 Brazil's third participant's submission , para. 11 (referring to Panel Report, EC – Countervailing 
Measures on DRAM Chips , para. 7.143). 
393 Brazil's third participant's submission, para. 12. (emphasis original) 
394 Brazil's third participant's submission, para. 12 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Mexico – 
Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 294).  
395 Brazil's third participant's submission, para. 14 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.324). 
396 Canada's third participant's submission, para. 11 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 366). 
397 Canada's third participant's submission, para. 12 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 796). (emphasis added by Canada) 
398 Canada's third participant's submis sion, para. 12. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 2.164.  Canada notes that China does not ex plain why a finding of "any appearance of 
non-specificity" under subparagraphs (a) and (b) before the application of "other factors" would be necessary for the determination of specificity in the underlying investigations. In Canada's view, a finding under subparagraphs (a) and (b) would merely be a statement of the negative, which 
would have no consequences for the application of subparagraph (c). Thus, Canada considers that 
neither the ordinary meaning nor the context of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement, as interpreted in prior Appellate Body reports, supports China's arguments. 
2.165.  As regards the question of whether a requ irement exists to identify a granting authority 
under Article 2.1(c), Canada submits that the identification of a granting authority may not be necessary in every specificity analysis. The analysis under Article 2.1 focuses on determining whether a subsidy is limited to specific recipients, rather than on identifying the particular entity 
that constitutes the granting authority. The circumstances of a particular subsidy programme may 
make the identification of the granting authority unnecessary when conducting a specificity analysis. In this case, China did not explain the relevance of identifying a particular granting 
authority. Canada submits that, where it can be clearly established that a subsidy is limited to 
certain enterprises within a given jurisdiction, it may not be necessary for an investigating 
authority to identify explicitly the granting authority. 
2.5.4  European Union 
2.166.  Regarding China's claims under Articles 1.1(b) and 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, the 
European Union observes that these claims are predicated upon China's claims concerning the characterization of SOEs as public bodies. In the European Union's view, if China is correct that, as 
a factual point, the benefit determinations rest, in whole or in part, upon the public body 
determinations, and if the public body determinations are WTO-inconsistent, then China's claims would appear to be well founded. Referring to A ppellate Body jurisprudence, if one determination 
by a municipal authority rests, in whole or in part, upon another WTO-inconsistent determination, 
then the measure at issue is WTO-inconsistent.
399 Such a finding cannot be avoided by arguing 
that the measure could lawfully rest upon other considerations. WTO adjudicators do not have the 
authority to recast municipal measures; that is something that can only be done by the municipal 
authority, eventually, in the context of a municipal compliance process. The European Union argues that, if, on the other hand, China had failed to demonstrate that the public body determinations are WTO-inconsistent, or if China had failed to demonstrate, as a matter of fact, 
that the benefit determinations rest, in whole or in part, upon the public body determinations, then 
the Panel would have been right to reject China's claims. The European Union considers that these are, in essence, questions of fact to be asse ssed separately with respect to each of the 
determinations at issue. 
2.167.   With respect to China's appeal of the Panel's findings under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement in the context of the specificity analysis, the European Union submits that China 
has not identified any error in the Panel Report. The European Union asserts that, even if the 
Appellate Body were to reach the stage of completing the analysis with respect to the issues on appeal, it should find that China has not demonstrated that any of the measures at issue are inconsistent with Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. 
2.168.  With respect to China's claim regarding the identification of the "subsidy programme", the 
European Union begins by noting that, although Article 1.1 of the SCM Agreement does not refer 
expressly to the term "programme", certain terms in  Article 1.1 indicate that the definition extends 
both to a subsidy in the form of a subsidy to one enterprise, and to a subsidy in the form of a 
subsidy programme. For instance, the chapeau of Article 2.1 introduces the provisions regarding specificity by referring back to the "subsidy, as defined in paragraph 1 of Article 1", which confirms 
that the subsidy in question may be either a subsidy to one enterprise, or a subsidy to which an 
industry or group of enterprises or industries has access, that is, a subsidy programme. 
2.169.  The European Union argues that the issue of whether or not a subsidy "exists" – whether 
in the form of an individual subsidy or in the form of a subsidy programme – is governed by 
Article 1.1. By contrast, Article 2 is not concerned with the existence of a subsidy; rather, it 
                                               
399 European Union's third participant's submission , para. 5 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Corrosion-Resistant Steel Sunset Review , para. 127). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 assumes the existence of a subsidy, and addresses the question of whether or not that subsidy is 
specific. Thus, if an investigating authority finds that a subsidy programme exists de jure  based on 
the express text of the subsidy programme, and the complaining Member wishes to contest that finding, it should do so under Article 1.1. Similarly, if an investigating authority finds that a 
subsidy programme exists de facto , not based on an express text but rather on the basis of other 
facts and evidence, and the complaining Member wishes to contest that finding, it should likewise do so under Article 1.1. According to the Europe an Union, the essence of China's main complaint 
seems to be that no such subsidy programme exists. Consequently, in the European Union's view, 
China should have raised this matter under Article 1.1, not Article 2. 
2.170.  The European Union observes that there are many cases in which the existence of a 
subsidy can be established on the basis of an examination of de facto elements. For example, in 
the context of entrustment or direction of  a private body within the meaning of 
Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv), an investigating authority usually does not examine an express text evidencing the subsidy, but must rely on a cons ideration of all of the facts. According to the 
European Union, there is no doubt that such a subsidy, once demonstrated to exist, is specific 
within the meaning of Article 2.1. But where does such a conclusion flow from, within the overall 
architecture of Article 2.1? In this respect, th e European Union argues that the initial operative 
language regarding specificity is in Article 1.2, which merely cross-refers to Article 2. Although 
Articles 2.1 through 2.4 also contain operative language, this language complements, rather than displaces, the operative language of Article 1.2. Thus, the European Union is of the view that the 
individual subsidy in the above example would be determined to be specific pursuant to Article 1.2, 
in accordance with Article 2, and applying the principles set out in subparagraphs (a)-(c) of 
Article 2.1. 
2.171.  The European Union considers that Article 2.1 is mainly concerned with examining a 
subsidy in the form of a subsidy programme, as opposed to a subsidy to an individual enterprise. 
This is because the issue of specificity is generally not a "live issue" in the case of a subsidy to an individual enterprise.
400 For the European Union, such subs idies are "self-evidently specific".401 
Article 2.1 is designed to distinguish between measures that are not specific (such as general 
measures that apply to all enterprises) – to which the SCM Agreement is not to apply – and those measures that are specific. The European Union thus considers that the SCM Agreement was not intended to govern all governmental action, but rather only those governmental actions that are 
specific, within the meaning of Article 2. 
2.172.  The European Union stresses that subparagraphs (a) through (c) of Article 2.1 are to be 
read as "principles" instead of "rules". As a result, their application should generally lead to the 
conclusion that an individual de facto  subsidy is specific pursuant to Article 1.2, in accordance with 
Article 2. According to the European Union, if one were to look at subparagraphs (a)-(c) as rules, it 
might be problematic to determine which provision would provide the basis for a finding of 
specificity with respect to a subsidy programme. The key to understanding how a determination of 
specificity regarding a subsidy programme is lawfully grounded in the SCM Agreement is the observation that the initial operative language is to be found in Article 1.2, and that subparagraphs (a)-(c) "are not rules, but principles ".
402 For the European Union, these 
subparagraphs must therefore be applied with a certain amount of flexibility. 
2.173.  The European Union adds that, in asse ssing the question of the specificity of a de facto  
subsidy programme, it is particularly the principle in subparagraph (c) that speaks most 
immediately to this question. This is because subpar agraph (c) refers to a su bsidy that is "in fact … 
specific". In the European Union's view, it seems more reasonable to speak of a de facto  subsidy 
programme as being "in fact … specific", rather than specific in the light of the principles set out in 
subparagraphs (a) and (b). 
2.174.  The European Union disagrees with China that subparagraph (c) contains two conditions 
for its applicability. First, the European Union agrees with the Panel that there is only one condition. This does not render the "appearance of non-specificity" phrase redundant. Rather, that 
phrase simply clarifies that a subsidy may be de jure  non-specific, but de facto  specific. Second, 
                                               
400 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 18. 
401 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 18. 
402 European Union's third participant's su bmission, para. 22. (emphasis original) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 the European Union considers that China is reading subparagraphs (a)-(c) as rules, and seeking to 
apply them in an "excessively mechanistic" manner. However, since the text of the treaty expressly characterizes them as principles , they must be interpreted and applied as such, with the 
requisite degree of flexibility. Third, the European Union maintains that a de facto  subsidy 
programme, by definition, does not reveal on its face that it is specific, because there is no 
express text to examine. 
2.175.  In the light of these considerations, the European Union is of the view that there are 
different types of de facto  specificity that may be found to exist, in accordance with the principle in 
Article 2.1(c). The "notwithstanding" phrase merely clarifies that Article 2.1(c) also applies and may lead to a finding of specificity, even if no such specificity is apparent from an application of the principles in Article 2.1(a) and (b). In the case of a de facto  subsidy programme, the principles 
in subparagraphs (a) and (b) have little relevance, if  any, because the principle in Article 2.1(c) is 
the one that speaks most directly to such a fact pattern. That principle confirms that, when access to a de facto  subsidy programme is limited to a certain number of enterprises, it is de facto  
specific within the meaning of Articles 1.2 and 2. 1(c) of the SCM Agreement. Finally, the European 
Union indicates that it has a similar view regarding China's arguments relating to the identification of the granting authority under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
2.176.   The European Union submits that the text of China's panel request "indicates the nature of 
the measures and the gist of what is at issue in a manner that presents the problem clearly".
403 
With respect to the identity of the measure, China's panel request identified 22 countervailing investigations, as well as the duties in place, as the measures at issue and, in the context of its 
claim under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, further specified that it was challenging each 
instance where the USDOC had resorted to facts available. China was not obliged to identify with more precision the specific aspects of the application of facts available made by the USDOC.
404 
With respect to whether China's panel request pr esented the problem clearly, the European Union 
submits that "the problem" was summarized by reference to the obligation contained in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, and that such reference was "not made in a circular or 
meaningless manner".
405 Noting that Article 12.7 could be interpreted as imposing "one single 
obligation (i.e. that investigating authorities 'may' have recourse to facts available provided that certain requirements have been satisfied) or multiple obligations (i.e. if each of the requirements contemplated in Article 12.7 is understood to amount to a separate and distinct obligation)", in the 
European Union's view, Article 12.7 provides for a "single obligation that is not distinct with 
respect to each of the scenarios contemplated by that provision".
406 Moreover, the European Union 
considers that the reference in China's panel request to "in manners that were inconsistent with 
[Article 12.7]" indicates that China was arguing that the "use of facts available by the USDOC in 
those instances violated all the requirements se t out in the SCM Agreement", thereby "plainly 
connect[ing]" the measures at issue with the claims in a manner that presented the problem 
clearly.407 
2.177.  With respect to Article 12.7 of the SC M Agreement, the European Union submits that 
drawing an "[i]nference is a routine and necessary part of all economic law determinations" and that, "[a]s a matter of principle, WTO law permits appropriate authorities to put appropriate 
questions and draw inferences if full responses are not forthcoming".
408 The European Union 
explains that the concept of facts available under Article 12.7 may also involve inference of a fact 
not provided from other facts on the record even when there is no direct evidence on the record. 
Thus, the European Union disagrees with China inso far as it suggests that the term "available" in 
Article 12.7 precludes the use of inferences. Mo reover, the European Union submits that "a 
measure at issue may be defended by referring not only to the text of the measure at issue, but 
also to supporting documents (such as an 'issues and decisions memorandum'), as well as, 
depending on the circumstances, the record itself."409 The European Union adds that an 
                                               
403 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 55. 
404 European Union's third participant's submission , para. 56 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Continued Zeroing , paras. 169 and 170). 
405 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 57. 
406 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 57. 
407 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 58. 
408 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 34. 
409 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 38. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 investigating authority cannot " lift the entire record into the text of the measure at issue".410 The 
facts, evidence, and reasoning are " always presented in summary form in such measures".411 
According to the European Union, reiteratively po sing the question "why" will always eventually 
bring the discussion beyond the text of the measure at issue itself to the facts and evidence on the 
record, and this does not necessarily mean that the measure at issue is WTO-inconsistent.412 
2.5.5  India 2.178.  India did not submit a third participant's su bmission pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the Working 
Procedures. In its opening statement at the oral hearing, India argued that the United States' 
"end-use approach" in determining whether the provision of an input supplied by the government is de facto  specific is not in line with a proper interpretation of the first factor under Article 2.1(c) 
of the SCM Agreement, namely, "use of a subsidy programme by a limited number of certain 
enterprises". India observes that only goods that  are in the nature of "general infrastructure" 
would not have "end-use" limitations. Thus, the United States' approach makes every provision of a good covered under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii) to be de facto specific because it would not be possible 
to prove that the provision of a good is non-spec ific. This renders meaningless the need to have a 
specificity criterion for financial contributions under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii). 
2.179.  India highlights that, with respect to Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, it is deeply 
concerned with the standard formulated by the Panel in its Report. According to India, the Panel 
stated that as long as an investigating authority sufficiently explains that the determinations were based on facts, it complies with Article 12.7. In India's view, the Panel's approach is at odds with 
the standard laid down by the Appellate Body in Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , where 
the Appellate Body held that Article 12.7 requires an investigating authority to engage in a 
comparative evaluative approach in order to determine which facts among the facts available best fit the missing information. However, India contends that the United States chooses only those 
facts that lead to the least favourable result for the non-cooperating party and that the 
United States' approach does not involve any analysis of the entire set of facts on the record so as to determine which among them best suits the missing information. The United States' approach 
forecloses the possibility of considering facts from secondary sources which may lead to better 
results. India adds that various panels have recognized that Article 12.7 is not a tool for drawing adverse inferences in all cases of non-cooperation. India considers that an investigating authority is prohibited from using "the 'facts available' standard" in a "punitive manner" and that drawing 
adverse inferences by choosing from among the various facts available, without explaining "how 
and why" the adverse inference so drawn is "the most fitting or most appropriate", is inconsistent with Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.
413 
2.5.6  Korea 
2.180.  Korea did not submit a third participant' s submission pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the 
Working Procedures. In its opening statement at the oral hearing, Korea focused on China's appeal 
of the Panel's findings under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. Korea considers that the issue 
before the Appellate Body is whether the USDOC's determinations on de facto  specificity, which 
were not examined under subparagraphs (a) and (b), are consistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. Korea believes that a clearer guidance by the Appellate Body is necessary in 
order for the investigating authority to determine de facto  specificity in a more consistent way with 
the object and purpose of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. In answering the question of whether 
de facto  specificity can be determined without first examining the elements regarding de jure  
specificity, Korea considers that it seems more logical that the determination of de facto  specificity 
follows the examination of de jure  specificity. In Korea's view, this is in line with the Appellate 
Body's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , which recognized a 
logical structure inherently embodied in Article 2.1. In Korea’s view, "any appearance of 
non-specificity" can only be determined pursuant to the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b). 
                                               
410 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 38. 
411 European Union's third participant's su bmission, para. 38. (emphasis original) 
412 European Union's third partic ipant's submission, para. 38. 
413 India's opening statement at the oral hearing.  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 2.5.7  Norway 
2.181.  Norway did not submit a third participan t's submission pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the 
Working Procedures. In its opening statement at the oral hearing, Norway focused on China's 
appeals of the Panel's findings under Article 14( d) of the SCM Agreement. Norway argues that, 
although China may be correct in arguing that the term "government" in Article 14 should mean 
the same as "government" in Article 1.1(a)(1) of  the SCM Agreement, such an argument is not 
dispositive for the interpretation of Article 14(d). This is because subsidization, as established 
under Article 1.1(a)(1), covers subsidies that are given both directly and indirectly by 
governments through funding mechanisms and private bodies. Subsidization that is found to take place under Article 1.1(a)(iv) is not private in character but is considered government subsidization provided by proxy. Once such subsidization is established, it is included as a 
government subsidy for purposes of calculating the amount of the subsidy under Article 14. 
Norway also argues that determining whether do mestic prices should be excluded from the 
benchmark for purposes of calculating benefit requires a three-step approach. First, an 
investigating authority will have to determine according to Article 1.1(a)(1) the scope of 
subsidization. Second, an investigating authority should determine the extent of subsidized merchandise in comparison to non-subsidized merchandise. In this regard, the analysis of market 
shares in determining government predominance should be done on a case-by-case basis. In 
Norway's view, however, "predominance" implies a high threshold and not only refers to market shares but may also refer to market power. Third, investigating authorities have the burden of establishing with clear evidence that local non-subsidized prices are generally distorted. In 
Norway’s view, distorted prices cannot be assumed simply based on extrapolations from market 
shares or the extent of subsidization. 
2.5.8  Saudi Arabia 
2.182.  Regarding China's claims under Articl es 1.1(b) and 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, 
Saudi Arabia considers that the SCM Agreement does not permit an investigating authority to reject in-country private prices as a benchmark to determine whether the governmental provision 
of a good confers a benefit merely because SOEs are a significant domestic supplier of the good at 
issue. An investigating authority must adhere to the Appellate Body's finding that domestic prices provide the "primary benchmark" to determine whether goods have been provided by a government for less than adequate remuneration and, thus, confer a benefit.
414 The Appellate 
Body has "emphasized that 'the possibility under Article 14(d) for investigating authorities to 
consider a benchmark other than private prices in the country of provision is very limited ' – i.e. 
where there is evidence of 'market distortion'."415 Saudi Arabia emphasizes that, in situations 
where such "very limited" circumstances arise, a cost-based benchmark is more accurate than 
international or third-country market prices because a cost-based benchmark reflects the exporting Member's "prevailing market conditions" and is less likely to nullify that Member's 
natural comparative advantages.
416 
2.183.  Saudi Arabia maintains that, in determin ing whether the government is the "predominant" 
supplier of a good, an investigating authority must find that: (i) the government  (or a public body 
as that term is properly defined) is (ii) the predominant , rather than only a significant, supplier of 
the good.417 With respect to the first element, Saudi Arabia argues that the same standard for 
defining "government" or "public body" under Article 1.1(a)(1) must apply when examining 
whether the government is the predominant supplier of a good for purposes of the analysis under 
Article 14(d). Only the government – or public body – may be a "predominant supplier" whose 
sales of a good could distort domestic prices such that an alternative benchmark may be used in the benefit analysis. SOEs would not meet this standard merely by virtue of their ownership 
structure. 
                                               
414 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, para. 3 (referring to Appellate Body Report,  
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 90). 
415 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submissi on, para. 5 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber IV , para. 102). (emphasis added by Saudi Arabia) 
416 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, pa ra. 5 (referring to Appellate Body Reports,  
US – Softwood Lumber IV , paras. 102 and 109; and US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , 
paras. 483, 484, and 488). 
417 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, para. 8. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 2.184.  According to Saudi Arabia, defining "government" differently when determining 
government predominance, as opposed to the in quiry under Article 1.1(a)(1), would undermine 
the Appellate Body's original justification in US – Softwood Lumber IV  for alternative benchmarks. 
That dispute addressed the situation where government predominance caused in-country private 
prices to be so aligned with the price of the government-provided financial contribution that the 
analysis under Article 14(d) would essentially have been a comparison of the government-offered price with itself.
418 Saudi Arabia argues that such concern does not necessarily arise where the 
enterprises whose prices predominate in the dome stic market are not the government providing 
the financial contribution. In such a case, there would be no reason to presume that the price offered by the government would be the same as the market prices. 
2.185.  With respect to the existence of government predominance, Saudi Arabia contends that 
government sales may only serve as evidence of price distortion where they are "predominant" in 
the market. Significant market share alone is insufficient to establish government predominance, much less price distortion. This is because "predominance" refers to the ability of the government 
to exercise "influence on prices".
419 An entity's market power is clearly more important than its 
market share for a determination of price distortion. Saudi Arabia considers that an investigating authority "must reach its conclusions of price distortion 'based on all the evidence that is put on 
the record, including evidence regarding fact ors other than government market share'."
420 
2.186.  Finally, Saudi Arabia maintains that "[m]arket distortion … does not necessarily follow from 
government predominance".421 An investigating authority must establish market distortion in order 
t o  r e j e c t  d o m e s t i c  p r i c e s  o f  S O E s .  T h i s  i s  d u e  t o  t h e  f a c t  t h a t  e v i d e n c e  o f  g o v e r n m e n t  
predominance only establishes that domestic prices might be distorted and it cannot serve as a 
per se  proxy for price distortion. Thus, in Saudi Arabia's view, the existence of price distortion 
must be demonstrated by the investigating authority.  
2.5.9  Turkey 
2.187.  Turkey did not submit a third participan t's submission pursuant to Rule 24(1) of the 
Working Procedures. In its opening statement at the oral hearing, Turkey began by addressing 
China's appeal regarding the Panel's findings under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. With 
respect to the use of out-of-country benchmarks fo r the calculation of benefit, Turkey expresses its 
support for the Panel's understanding that the predominant role of the government in the market cannot be considered the one and only reason caus ing market distortion that eventually leads to 
the use of out-of-country benchmarks. Turkey considers that a number of indicators, including the 
value and/or volume of imports, can be taken into account to evaluate the level of predominance of the government. In Turkey's view, the use of  out-of-country benchmarks can be perfectly 
warranted in the event that the government is the only supplier of the particular good or when the 
government administratively controls all of the prices for the goods in the country. Turkey reiterates that the calculation of the benefit must  relate or refer to, or be connected with, the 
prevailing market conditions in the country of provision, and must reflect price, quality, 
availability, marketability, transportation, and other conditions of purchase or sale. 
2.188.  Turkey underscores the legal parallelis m between Article 6.8 of the Anti-Dumping 
Agreement and Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. According to Turkey, therefore, Annex II to the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement should be considered as a guideline for the use of "facts available" under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. In Turkey's opinion, the last sentence of paragraph 7 of 
Annex II to the Anti-Dumping Agreement provides an  investigating authority with the flexibility to 
use information that is less favourable to the party that does not cooperate by withholding 
relevant information. This means that an investigating authority has the discretion to choose the less favourable information in a spectrum of different information concerning the interested party. 
Nevertheless, according to Turkey, such discretion is not unlimited, as the investigating authority 
                                               
418 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, para. 11 (referring to Appellate Body Report,  
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 93).  
419 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, para. 13 (referring to Appellate Body Report,  
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 444). 
420 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission , para. 13 (quoting Appe llate Body Report,  
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 443). 
421 Saudi Arabia's third participant's submission, para. 7. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 is bound to make a comparison on whether the decision is less favourable vis-à-vis  the decision 
which would be reached if the party had cooperated in the full sense. Moreover, Turkey emphasizes that such less favourable decisions are justified to the extent that the interested party actively withholds relevant information that was requested. Additionally, an investigating authority 
is also responsible for evaluating information gathered from secondary sources, to the extent that 
this is practicable. It is Turkey's view that, as a matter of legal interpretation, drawing adverse 
inferences through the use of the "facts av ailable" methodology is warranted under the 
SCM Agreement. 
3  ISSUES RAISED IN THIS APPEAL 3.1.  The following issues are raised in this appeal: 
a. whether the Panel erred in finding that China's panel request, as it relates to its claims 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, is not inconsistent with Article 6.2 of the DSU;  
b. with respect to the Panel's findings on the USDOC's determinations of benefit in respect 
of the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, 
Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and 
Solar Panels countervailing duty investigations, whether the Panel erred in finding that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of 
the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement, and, 
specifically: 
i. whether the Panel erred in its interpretation  of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement in 
finding that China's claims rested on an e rroneous interpretation of that provision; 
ii. whether the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU in finding that 
China had failed to establish the factual premise for its claims in respect of the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations; 
and 
iii. whether the Panel erred in its application of Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) and of 
the SCM Agreement in finding that China had failed to establish that the USDOC's 
benefit determinations in the relevant countervailing duty investigations are 
inconsistent with these provisions; 
c. with respect to the Panel's findings on the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity 
under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement in  respect of the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, 
Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, 
Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels countervailing duty investigations: 
i. whether the Panel erred in finding that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c); 
ii. whether the Panel erred in rejecting China's claims that the USDOC acted 
inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement by failing to identi fy a "subsidy programme"; and  
iii. whether the Panel erred in rejecting China's claims that the USDOC acted 
inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement by failing to identify a granting authority; and 
d. with respect to the Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement regarding 
the instances of the use of "adverse" facts available by the USDOC challenged by China 
in the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groomers, OCTG, Wire Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphi cs, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel 
Cylinders, and Solar Panels countervailing duty investigations, whether the Panel failed WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 to make an objective assessment of the matter before it and therefore acted 
inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU. 
4  ANALYSIS OF THE APPELLATE BODY 4.1  Article 6.2 of the DSU – The Panel's terms of reference 
4.1.  In its other appeal, the United States claims that the Panel erred in concluding that China's 
panel request, as it relates to the "facts available" claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, is consistent with Article 6.2 of the DSU. In particular, the United States submits 
that the Panel erred in finding that China's panel request provides "a brief summary of the legal 
basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly", as required under Article 6.2. The United States explains that China's panel request does not "plainly connect" the "facts available" obligation in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement to the 22 investigations listed in the panel 
request.
422 The United States therefore requests us to reverse the Panel's finding under Article 6.2 
of the DSU and to declare moot and of no legal effect the Panel's findings under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.  
4.2.  We begin our analysis with a summary of the Preliminary Ruling issued by the Panel. We then 
identify the relevant requirements under Article 6.2 of the DSU, as reflected in Appellate Body jurisprudence, before assessing the participants' arguments on appeal. 
4.1.1  The Panel's Preliminary Ruling 
4.3.  On 14 December 2012, the United States requested a preliminary ruling on the consistency 
of China's panel request with Article 6.2 of the DSU, arguing that the section of China's panel 
request setting out its challenge under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement is inconsistent with 
Article 6.2 of the DSU.
423 The Panel, in its Preliminary Ruling424, stated that the "specific measures 
at issue" for the purposes of China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement are the 
19 final and the three preliminary determinations listed in Appendix 1 to the panel request.425 
Next, the Panel found it to be clear, on the basis of the language used in China's panel request, 
that China was challenging "all" instances of the use of facts available, and not just "some" instances, across the 22 measures identified in Appendix 1.
426 The Panel also considered it clear 
that every final and preliminary determination listed in Appendix 1 was alleged to be inconsistent 
with "a single provision" of the SCM Agreement,  namely, Article 12.7. On this basis, the Panel 
concluded that the panel request "plainly connects" the measures to the provision at issue.427 In 
the Panel's view, the United States' position that China's panel request fails to provide "a brief 
summary" is related to its argument that China had not specified which of the obligations found 
within Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) is alleged to have breached.
428 The Panel, however, concluded that "Article 12.7 sets out a relatively limited 
range of circumstances in which it is permissible for an investigating authority to apply 'facts 
available'."429 The Panel explained that providing more prec ise details of the sort the United States 
was suggesting "could perhaps best be characteri zed as the arguments in support of the claim, 
rather than the summary of the claim itself".430 On the basis of the above, the Panel concluded 
                                               
422 United States' other appellant's submission, pa ras. 22 and 26 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset Reviews , para. 162). 
423 The United States requested the Panel to issue its preliminary ruling before the filing of the first 
written submissions. The Panel accepted the United States' request.  
424 The Panel issued its Preliminary Ruling on 8 February 2013 in document WT/DS437/4. The Panel's 
Preliminary Ruling was made "an integral part of th e Panel's Final Report" (Pan el Report, para. 1.16) as 
Annex A-8 thereto (WT/DS437/R/Add.1, pp. A-34 to A-46). 
425 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.2. 
426 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.5. 
427 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.7.  
428 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.10 (referring to Unit ed States' preliminary ruling request, para. 22). 
429 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.16. 
430 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.17. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 that China's panel request, as it relates to the "facts available" claims under Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement, is consistent with Article 6.2 of the DSU.431 
4.4.  In order to assess the United States' claim on appeal that the Panel erred in finding that 
China's panel request provides "a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to 
present the problem clearly", we begin by identify ing the relevant legal standard under Article 6.2 
of the DSU. 
4.1.1.1  The relevant legal standa rd under Article 6.2 of the DSU 
4.5.  Article 6.2 of DSU provides, in relevant part: 
The request for the establishment of a panel shall be made in writing. It shall indicate 
whether consultations were held, identify the specific measures at issue and provide a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem 
clearly.  
4.6.  The requirements to identify the specific measure(s) at issue and to provide a brief summary 
of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly are central to the 
establishment of the jurisdiction of a panel. The measure(s) and the legal basis of the complaint – 
i.e. the claim(s) – constitute the "matter referred to the DSB", which forms the basis of the panel's terms of reference.
432 In defining the scope of the dispute, th e panel request serves the function of 
establishing and delimiting the panel's jurisdiction433, but it also fulfils a due process objective. In 
the context of Article 6.2, due process consists in  providing the respondent and third parties notice 
regarding the nature of the complainant's case434 to enable them to respond accordingly.435  
4.7.  The Appellate Body has explained that, in or der to respect "both the letter and the spirit" of 
Article 6.2 of the DSU, and particularly the fulfilment of its functions to establish a panel's 
jurisdiction and safeguard due process, a panel must determine whether the panel request is "sufficiently clear" or "sufficiently precise" on th e basis of an "objective examination" and careful 
scrutiny of the panel request, read as a whole,  and in the light of the exact language used 
therein.
436 Moreover, a panel must determine compliance with Article 6.2 "'on the face' of the 
panel request"437 as it existed at the time of filing. Thus, parties' subsequent submissions and 
                                               
431 Preliminary Ruling, para. 5.1. We note that on e panelist disagreed with the Panel majority's 
conclusion that China's panel request is consistent with the requirements under Article 6.2 of the DSU. While the dissenting panelist agreed with the Panel majority that China adequately identified the "instances" of the use of facts available in its panel request, he parted ways with the majority on the issue of whether China provided a summary of the legal basis of the complain t sufficient to present the problem clearly. (Ibid., 
paras. 6.1-6.18) 
432 Appellate Body Reports, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 639 (referring to 
Appellate Body Reports, Guatemala – Cement I , paras. 72 and 73; US – Carbon Steel , para. 125; US – 
Continued Zeroing , para. 160; US – Zeroing (Japan) (Article 21.5 – Japan) , para. 107; and Australia – Apples , 
para. 416); US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.6. 
433 Appellate Body Reports, Brazil – Desiccated Coconut , p. 22, DSR 1997:I, p. 186; US – Continued 
Zeroing , para. 161; EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 640. 
434 Appellate Body Reports, Brazil – Desiccated Coconut , p. 22, DSR 1997:I, p. 186; US – Carbon Steel , 
para. 126; EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 640. 
435 Appellate Body Reports, Brazil – Desiccated Coconut , p. 22, DSR 1997:I, p. 186; Chile – Price Band 
System , para. 164; US – Continued Zeroing , para. 161. See also Appellate Body Report, Thailand – H-Beams , 
para. 88. However, the Appellate Bo dy has noted that determination of whether due process has been 
respected does not necessitate a separate examination of whether the parties suffe red prejudice, considering 
that "[t]his due process objective [under Article 6.2] is not constitutive of, but rather follows from, the proper establishment of a panel's jurisdicti on." Thus, for example, the fact th at a respondent's ability to begin 
preparing its defence is not prejudiced does not ipso facto mean that a panel request therefore meets the 
requirements of Article 6.2.  (Appellate Body Reports, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , 
para. 640; US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.7) 
436 Appellate Body Reports, EC – Bananas III , para. 142; EC and certain member States – Large Civil 
Aircraft , para. 641; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127; US – Continued Zeroing , para. 161; US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.8; US – Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset Reviews , paras. 164 
and 169; US – Zeroing (Japan) (Article 21.5 – Japan) , para. 108. 
437 Appellate Body Reports, US – Continued Zeroing , para. 161; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 statements during the panel proceedings cannot "cure" any defects in the panel request438, but 
they can be consulted to the extent that they may confirm or clarify the meaning of the words 
used in the panel request.439  
4.8.  With respect to the requirement that a pa nel request "provide a brief summary of the legal 
basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly", the Appellate Body has explained 
that Article 6.2 of the DSU requires that the "legal basis of the complaint" – i.e. the claim(s)  – be 
set out in the panel request in a manner that is "sufficient to present the problem clearly".440 A 
claim, for the purposes of Article 6.2, refers to an allegation "that the respondent party has 
violated, or nullified or impaired the benefits aris ing from, an identified provision of a particular 
agreement".441 As the Appellate Body has explained, "[i]dentification of the treaty provisions 
claimed to have been violated by the respondent is always necessary" if the legal basis of the 
complaint is to be "presented at all".442 While a panel request must set out the claim(s), there is 
no requirement in Article 6.2 that a complaining party include in its panel request arguments that seek "to demonstrate that the responding party's measure does indeed infringe upon the identified 
treaty provision".
443  
4.9.  In order to "provide a brief summary of th e legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present 
the problem clearly", the Appellate Body has explained that a panel request must "plainly connect 
the challenged measure(s) with the provision(s) of the covered agreements claimed to have been 
infringed".444 Thus, "to the extent that a provision contains not one single, distinct obligation, but 
rather multiple obligations, a panel request might need to specify which of the obligations contained in the provision is being challenged."
445 A "brief summary" of the legal basis of the 
complaint is to be distinguished from arguments in support of a particular claim. Together with the 
supporting evidence, arguments are put forth by a party in order to prove its claim. By contrast, a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint "aims to explain succinctly how or why the 
measure at issue is considered by the complaining Member to be violating the WTO obligation in 
question".446 Whether such a brief summary is "sufficient to present the problem clearly" is to be 
assessed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the nature of the measure(s) at issue, and the 
manner in which it is (or they are) described in the panel request, as well as the nature and scope 
of the provision(s) of the covered agreements alleged to have been violated.  
4.10.  In sum, Article 6.2 serves a crucial function in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as it 
lays down the requirements for a panel request, which, in turn, establishes and delimits a panel's 
jurisdiction. Under Article 6.2, a complainant must identify the specific measure(s) at issue and 
provide a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem 
clearly. The panel request serves not only to establ ish and delimit the jurisdiction of the panel, but 
also to meet due process requirements. Due proc ess in this context consists in providing the 
respondent and third parties notice regarding the complainant's case in order to enable them to 
                                               
438 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; EC – Bananas III , para. 143; EC and 
certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 787; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127; US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.9. 
439 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127; US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.9. 
440 Appellate Body Report, EC – Selected Customs Matters , para. 153. 
441 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , para. 139. 
442 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , para. 124 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, Brazil – 
Desiccated Coconut , p. 22, DSR 1997:I, p. 186; EC – Bananas III , paras. 145 and 147; and India – 
Patents (US) , paras. 89, 92, and 93). 
443 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , para. 139 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, EC –
 Bananas III , para. 141; India – Patents (US) , para. 88; and EC – Hormones , para. 156). 
444 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; US – Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset 
Reviews , para. 162; US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.8. 
445 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, 
Korea – Dairy , para. 124; and EC – Fasteners (China) , para. 598); US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping 
Measures (China) , para. 4.8. 
446 Appellate Body Report, EC – Selected Customs Matters , para. 130. (italics original; underlining 
added) In EC – Selected Customs Matters , the Appellate Body also stated that "Article 6.2 of the DSU requires 
that the claims – not the arguments  – be set out in a panel request in a way that is sufficient to present the 
problem clearly". (Ibid., para. 153 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, EC – Bananas III , para. 143; India – 
Patents (US) , para. 88; Korea – Dairy , para. 139; and Dominican Republic – Import and Sale of Cigarettes , 
para. 121))  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 respond accordingly. A panel must determine whet her a panel request meets the requirements of 
Article 6.2 on a case-by-case basis, considering the particular context in which the measure(s) exist and operate.
447 This assessment must be based on an objective examination of the panel 
request as a whole448, as it existed at the time of filing, and in the light of the language used 
therein. Subsequent submissions by parties cannot cure defects in a panel request, but they may 
be consulted in order to confirm or clarify the meaning of the words used in the panel request. With respect to the legal basis of the complaint, th e identification of the treaty provision(s) alleged 
to have  b e en vio late d  b y the  re s p ond e nt is  al ways necessary; however, more may be required 
depending on the provision(s) at issue. Although what constitutes a "brief summary … sufficient to present the problem clearly" is to be determined in  the specific context of a given dispute, a panel 
request need not set out the arguments in support of a claim. 
4.1.1.2  Whether China's panel request fails to "provide a brief summary of the legal 
basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly" 
4.11.  With these considerations in mind, we turn to examine the United States' claim that China's 
panel request does not provide "a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint" as it fails to 
"plainly connect" the "facts available" obligat ion in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement to the 
22 investigations listed in the panel request.
449 For the United States, China's failure to "plainly 
connect" the measures at issue to Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement results from a combination 
of two factors, namely: (i) China's failure to identi fy the instances of the use of facts available that 
it was seeking to challenge; and (ii) China's failure to identify the relevant obligation that the United States is alleged to have breached.
450 The United States emphasizes that it is "the 
combination of these two factors" that made it impossible to discern, from the face of the panel 
request, the claims that China was seeking to advance.451  
4.12.  China, on the other hand, submits that the Panel was correct in finding that China's panel 
request is consistent with Article 6.2 of the DS U and that we should reject the United States' 
allegations that China failed, in its panel request, to identify the instances of the use of facts available and to identify the relevant obligation that the United States is alleged to have 
breached.
452 In China's view, the Panel correctly concluded that China was challenging each 
instance of the use of facts available by the USDOC and that these instances are clearly identifiable in the USDOC's determinations.
453 Moreover, China argues that the Panel correctly 
concluded that China was not required to specify which of the requirements found in Article 12.7 of 
the SCM Agreement the USDOC is alleged to have  breached, and that any such details would 
amount to arguments, which do not need to be set out in the panel request.454 China submits that 
it "plainly connected" the 22 challenged measures identified in Appendix 1 to its panel request to a 
"single provision of the covered agreements by indicating that … the United States acted 
inconsistently with Article 12.7 in 'each instance' in which the USDOC used facts available for the purpose of reaching a finding of financial contribution, benefit, or specificity in those 
determinations".
455 
4.13.  We begin by surveying the text of China's panel request and the Panel's findings relating to 
the measures at issue in this dispute. Section A of China's panel request identifies the specific measures at issue as "the preliminary and final countervailing duty measures identified in 
Appendix 1". Appendix 1, in turn, lists 22 separate countervailing duty investigations conducted by 
the USDOC between 2008 and 2012, as well as 44 Federal Register  notices of initiation, 
preliminary determinations, and final determinations. The narrative in section A of China's panel 
request states: 
                                               
447 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 641. 
448 Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , paras. 4.8 and 4.9. 
449 United States' other appellant' s submission, paras. 22 and 26. 
450 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 28. 
451 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 28. 
452 China's appellee's submission, para. 25 (referring to United States' other appellant's submission, 
para. 28). 
453 China's appellee's submission, paras. 28-35. 
454 China's appellee's submission, paras. 38-44. 
455 China's appellee's submission, para. 56. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 The measures include the determination by the USDOC to initiate the identified 
countervailing duty investigations, the conduct of those investigations, any preliminary or final countervailing duty determinations issued in those investigations, any definitive countervailing duties imposed as a result of those investigations, as well 
as any notices, annexes, decision memoranda, orders, amendments, or other 
instruments issued by the United States in connection with the countervailing duty measures identified in Appendix 1. 
4.14.   Based on its assessment of the language used in China's panel request, the Panel found 
that the "specific measures at issue" in relation to China's claims under Article 12.7 are "the 19 final and three preliminary countervailing duty determinations listed in Appendix 1 to the panel request".
456 The Panel further stated that "the measures at issue in relation to the facts available 
claims include the Issues and Decisions Memoranda and Federal Register Notices, which are 
incorporated by reference into the final and preliminary determinations respectively."457 These 
findings by the Panel have not been challenged by the United States on appeal. It is uncontested, 
therefore, that China's panel request satisfies the requirements under Article 6.2 of the DSU as far 
as the identification of the specific measures at issue is concerned. Thus, the key issue before us is whether Section B.1(d)(1) of China's panel request provides "a brief summary of the legal basis of 
the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly".  
4.15.  We note, as the United States suggests, that China's panel request is required to plainly 
connect Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement to the measures at issue – i.e. the 19 final and three preliminary countervailing duty determinations listed in Appendix 1 to China's panel request.
458 
Indeed, it is the measures at issue that are to be "plainly connected" to Article 12.7, and not the 
instances of the use of facts available in which the USDOC allegedly acted inconsistently with that provision. We have therefore limited our exam ination to the question of whether, as the 
United States alleges, "the inadequacy of the description in China's panel request of the 'instances' 
of [the] USDOC's use of facts available contributed to its failure to 'plainly connect' the challenged measures with the obligation in Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement."
459  
4.16.  Section B of China's panel request is enti tled "Legal Basis of the Complaint". Section B.1 
sets out the "as applied" claims put forth by Chin a. Section B.1(d)(1), together, with the relevant 
titles and chapeaux, reads as follows: 
B. LEGAL BASIS OF THE COMPLAINT  
China considers that the countervailing duty measures specified above are 
inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under, inter alia, Article VI of the 
GATT 1994, Articles 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 32 of the SCM Agreement, and 
Article 15 of the Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China  (the 
"Protocol of Accession"). 
1. "As Applied" Claims 
China considers that the initiation and conduct of the identified countervailing duty 
investigations, as well as the countervailing duty determinations, orders, and any definitive countervailing duties imposed pursuant thereto, are inconsistent, at a minimum, with the obligations of the United States specified below. 
… 
(d) In connection with all of the identified countervailing duty investigations in which 
the USDOC has issued a preliminary or final countervailing duty determination: 
                                               
456 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.2.  
457 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.4 (referring to China' s panel request, p. 1). The Panel observed that 
"[t]he panel request expressly states that the prelim inary and countervailing duty measures include 'any 
notices [and] decision memoranda … issued by the United States in connection with the … measures". (Ibid., fn 
15 thereto) 
458 See e.g. United States' other appellant's submission, para. 28. 
459 United States' other appellant's submission, para. 4. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 (1) Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, because the USDOC resorted to facts 
available, and used facts available, includ ing so-called "adverse" facts available, in 
manners that were inconsistent with that provision.[*] 
[*fn original]10 This claim arises in respect of each instance in which the USDOC used facts 
available, including "adverse" facts available, to support its findings of financial contribution, 
specificity, and benefit in the investigations and determinations identified in Appendix 1. 
4.17.  With respect to the first alleged deficiency identified by the United States, namely, China's 
failure "to identify the instances of the use of facts available" that it was seeking to challenge, we note that footnote 10 to section B.1(d)(1) makes clear that China was challenging, as inconsistent with the United States' obligations under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, " each instance  in 
which the USDOC used facts available, including 'adverse' facts available, to support its findings of 
financial contribution, specificity, and benefit in the investigations and determinations identified in Appendix 1".
460 Given the ordinary meaning of the term "each", we agree with the Panel that 
China's panel request makes clear that all instances of the use of facts available were being 
challenged by China.461  
4.18.  Furthermore, we note that footnote 10 to section B.1(d)(1) of China's panel request clarifies 
that China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement relate to "each instance in which the 
USDOC used facts available … to support its findings of financial contribution, specificity, and 
benefit  in the investigations and determinations identified in Appendix 1".462 Although it may be 
true, as the United States argues, that the USDOC "applied facts available (of various types) 
hundreds of times"463, footnote 10 specifies that China's claims under Article 12.7 concern those 
instances where the USDOC used facts available "to support its findings of financial contribution, specificity and benefit" in the context of the measures at issue, which, as noted above, are clearly 
identified in Appendix 1 to China's panel request. Therefore, we do not agree with the 
United States that "China's panel request provides no description of the particular 'instances' in which it considered facts available to have been used and which applications of facts available 
were the source of the 'problem' that China sought to challenge."
464 Although the number of 
instances that could fall within the ambit of the description provided in footnote 10 may well be quite large, it cannot be said that these instances are "unspecified".
465  
4.19.  We also have difficulty accepting the United  States' argument that China's failure to identify 
adequately the instances of the use of facts available that it was seeking to challenge is 
"evidenced" by "[t]he inconsistency between China's assertions at the initial stages of the dispute (i.e., that all instances of the use of facts available  would be challenged), and the instances 
identified in the latter stages ( i.e., that only 48 instances of adverse facts available were being 
challenged)".
466 The Appellate Body has recognized that "listing general or over-inclusive legal 
claims in a panel request runs the risk of having  such claims excluded from the panel's terms of 
reference if, as a consequence, the panel request fails to present the problem clearly".467 However, 
we recall that a complainant has the prerogative to narrow or abandon its claims, and thereby reduce the scope of its disagreement and dispute, at any stage of a proceeding.
468 In our view, 
whether a complainant narrows or abandons its claims is an issue different from an assessment of 
the consistency of a panel request with the requirements under Article 6.2 of the DSU, which must 
                                               
460 Emphasis added. 
461 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.5.  
462 Emphasis added. 
463 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 31. 
464 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 31. 
465 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 53. 
466 United States' other appellant's submission, para . 38. (emphasis original) See also para. 32; and 
United States' response to Panel question No. 75, para . 132, wherein the United States requested the Panel to 
reconsider its Preliminary Ruling in its assessment of China's challenge under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement because "the Panel's [Preliminary Ruling] was, on its face, based on a certain factual premise 
– that China was challenging all uses of facts available. Given that this premise has been shown to be incorrect, the Panel could determine it would be appr opriate to reconsider the finding based on the new, 
correct information demonstrating that China's case is actually far differ ent from the one China alleged it had 
presented on the face of its panel request."  
467 Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China), para. 4.46. 
468 Appellate Body Report, Japan – Apples , para. 136. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 be assessed in the light of the language used in the panel request as it stood at the time it was 
filed.469 
4.20.  Moreover, as stated above, while parties' subsequent submissions and statements during 
the panel proceedings cannot "cure" any defects in the panel request470, they may be consulted to 
the extent that they may confirm or clarify the meaning of the words used in the panel request.471 
In our view, however, the United States does no t rely on China's subsequent submissions for the 
limited purpose of confirming or clarifying the meaning of the words used in China's panel request. 
Instead, we understand the United States to be arguing that China's decision to pursue its 
Article 12.7 claims with respect to only the instances of the use of "adverse" facts available somehow establishes that the reference to "each instance" of the use of facts available in China's panel request was insufficient for the purposes of Article 6.2. As discussed, however, the fact that 
China limited the number of instances it sought to challenge after filing the panel request does not 
affect the level of clarity required under Article 6.2, which must instead be assessed in the light of the language used in the panel request as it stood at the time it was filed.  
4.21.  We now turn to the second alleged inconsistency identified by the United States, namely, 
China's failure to identify the relevant obligation that the United States is alleged to have breached.
472 The United States asserts that China's panel request, with respect to its challenge 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, does not indicate whether China was alleging that: 
(i) the USDOC wrongly found that the parties that failed to respond were interested Members or interested parties; (ii) the USDOC failed to provide a reasonable period of time to submit the information; (iii) the USDOC wrongly concluded that the interested parties refused access to or 
otherwise did not provide information; (iv) the USDOC wrongly considered that the information 
was "necessary"; (v) the USDOC wrongly found that the respondents significantly impeded the investigation; and/or (vi) the USDOC's preliminary or final determination, either affirmative or 
negative, was not based on "facts available".
473 According to the United States, "[a]ny of these 
could potentially be relevant for a claim under Article 12.7."474 
4.22.  In our view, the text of China's panel request makes clear that its challenge with respect to 
the instances of the use of "adverse" facts availa ble across the measures at issue identified in 
footnote 10 and Appendix 1 was being brou ght under one specific provision of the 
SCM Agreement, namely, paragraph 7 of Article 12. The identification of Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement in China's panel request therefore meets the requirement under Article 6.2 of the 
DSU to present the "legal basis of the complaint".475 However, this, in and of itself, may not 
always be sufficient to establish compliance with Article 6.2 given that the panel request must also provide a "brief summary" of the claim "sufficient to present the problem clearly", which must be 
assessed on a case-by-case basis. For example, "t o the extent that a provision contains not one 
single, distinct obligation, but rather multiple obligations, a panel request might need to specify which of the obligations contained in the provision is being challenged."
476 In a given case, 
therefore, an assessment of the co nformity of a panel request with the requirements of Article 6.2 
                                               
469 Although made in a different context, we consider  relevant the Appellate Body's general observation 
in US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) that "[s]ubsequently droppi ng claims does not add 
to, or detract from, an independent assessment of wh ether the remaining claims are identified in a manner 
that is sufficient to present the prob lem clearly, in accordance with Arti cle 6.2 of the DSU." (Appellate Body 
Report, US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China), para. 4.49) 
470 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; EC – Bananas III , para. 143; EC and 
certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 787; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127; US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.9. 
471 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220; US – Carbon Steel , para. 127; US – 
Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.9. 
472 We recall that, according to the United States, it is the combination of China's failure to identify the 
instances of the use of facts available that it was seeking to challenge, together with its failure to identify the relevant obligation that the United States is alleged to have breached, that resulted in its failure to "plainly connect[]" the facts available obligation in Article 12.7 to  the 22 measures at issue listed in Appendix 1 to the 
panel request. 
473 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 39. 
474 United States' other appell ant's submission, para. 39. 
475 Preliminary Ruling, paras. 4.16 and 4.17. 
476 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, 
Korea – Dairy , para. 124; and  EC – Fasteners (China) , para. 598); US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping 
Measures (China) , para. 4.8. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 may require taking into account the nature and scope of the provision(s) of the covered agreement 
alleged to have been violated.477  
4.23.  Regarding the nature and scope of Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, we note that this 
provision enables an investigating authority to make "preliminary and final determinations, 
affirmative or negative, … on the basis of the facts available", "[i]n cases in which any interested 
Member or interested party refuses access to, or otherwise does not provide, necessary information within a reasonable period or significantly impedes the investigation." Recourse to 
facts available is therefore permissible only under  the limited circumstances where an interested 
Member or interested party: (i) refuses access to necessary information within a reasonable period of time provided by an investigating authority; (ii) otherwise fails to provide such information within a reasonable period; or (iii) significantly impedes the investigation. It follows from these 
scenarios involving non-cooperation contemplated in Article 12.7 that an investigating authority 
can act inconsistently with Article 12.7 in different ways, for example, when it is alleged to have requested information that is not "necessary" or wrongly found that an interested Member or 
interested party significantly impeded an investigation.  
4.24.  The fact that under Article 12.7 an investigating authority can resort to the facts available in 
different scenarios involving non-cooperation of an interested Member or party, and that an 
investigating authority can act inconsistently with Article 12.7 in different ways, does not, 
however, mean that Article 12.7 therefore contai ns multiple, distinct obligations. Article 12.7 
"permits the use of facts on record solely for the purpose of replacing information that may be missing, in order to arrive at an accurate subsidization or injury determination".
478 With respect to 
the different scenarios involving non-cooperation envisaged under Article 12.7, the Appellate Body 
has stated that Article 12.7 imposes the obligation on an investigating authority to use those "facts 
available" that reasonably replace  the information that an interested party failed to provide, with a 
view to arriving at an accurate determination.479 We disagree, therefore, with the United States to 
the extent that it suggests that Article 12.7 of  the SCM Agreement sets out multiple, distinct 
obligations.  
4.25.  Having discussed the nature and scope of Article 12.7, we note that the text of 
section B.1(d)(1) of China's panel request indicates that China took issue with the "manners" in which the USDOC "resorted to facts available, and used facts available, including so-called 'adverse' facts available". In our view, this langua ge indicates that China's challenge, as presented 
in its panel request, concerned the consistency of each instance in which the USDOC used facts 
available with the different "manners" in which an investigating authority can act inconsistently with Article 12.7 when resorting to, and using, fa cts available. The "problem" therefore, for the 
purpose of Article 6.2, was the "manners" in which the USDOC "resorted to" and "used facts 
available".  
4.26.  Finally, we note that Article 6.2 of the DSU requires that the claims , and not the arguments , 
be set out in a panel request in a way that is "sufficient to present the problem clearly".
480 A 
"claim", for the purposes of Article 6.2, refers to an allegation "that the respondent party has violated, or nullified or impaired the benefits aris ing from, an identified provision of a particular 
agreement".
481 "Arguments", by contrast, are statements put forth by a complaining party 
"to demonstrate that the responding party's meas ure does indeed infringe upon the identified 
treaty provision".482  
4.27.  In the present case, given the nature and scope of Article 12.7 discussed above, as well as 
the text of section B.1(d)(1) of China's panel re quest read as a whole, we agree with the Panel 
that "providing more precise details regarding what aspects of the resort to and use of facts available [were being] challenged under Article 12.7 … could perhaps best be characterized as the 
arguments in support of [China's] claim, rather than the summary of the claim itself."
483 Since 
                                               
477 Appellate Body Reports, China – Raw Materials , para. 220 (referring to Appellate Body Report, Korea 
– Dairy , para. 124); US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 4.8. 
478 Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 293. 
479 Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 294. 
480 Appellate Body Report, EC – Selected Customs Matters , para. 153. 
481 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , para. 139. 
482 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Dairy , para. 139. (fn omitted) 
483 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.17. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 China's challenge arose in respect of all instances of the use of facts available by the USDOC, as 
indicated in footnote 10, China's panel request identified its claim – i.e. its allegation that the United States had violated Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in each instance in which the 
USDOC used facts available. Requiring further detail in the narrative in the present case would 
amount to "arguments" as to why the measures at issue are in breach of Article 12.7. Such 
arguments need not be presented in a panel request in order for it to comply with Article 6.2 of the DSU. We therefore find that China's panel request, as it relates to its challenge under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, presents a br ief summary of the legal basis of the complaint 
sufficient to present the problem clearly, as required under Article 6.2 of the DSU.  
4.28.  For the foregoing reasons, we uphold the Panel's finding, in paragraph 5.1 of the Panel's 
Preliminary Ruling and paragraph 1.16 of the Panel Report, that China's panel request, as it relates 
to its claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, is not inconsistent with Article 6.2 of the 
DSU and that China's claims under Article 12.7 were  thus within the Panel's terms of reference.  
4.2  Article 14(d) and Article 1.1( b) of the SCM Agreement – Benefit 
4.29.  We now turn to China's appeal of the Pa nel's findings concerning the rejection by the 
USDOC, in the countervailing duty investigations at issue, of in-country private prices in China as benchmarks for calculating the benefit conferred by  the provision of inputs to the companies under 
investigation. 
4.30.  China seeks review of the Panel's interpretation and application of Article 14(d) and 
Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in relation to the USDOC's decision, in the investigations at issue, to reject in-country private prices in China as benchmarks on the grounds that such prices 
were distorted. In addressing China's arguments on appeal, we begin by setting out the Panel's 
findings. Thereafter, we address China's claim that the Panel erred in concluding that China's claims were based on an erroneous interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, as well 
as China's claim that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU in finding that China 
had failed to establish the "factual premise" for its claims in respect of the benefit determinations by the USDOC in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations. Finally, we 
examine China's claim that the Panel erred in finding that China had failed to establish that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in -country private prices in China as benchmarks 
in respect of the benefit determinations by the USDOC in the relevant countervailing duty 
investigations. 
4.2.1  The Panel's findings 4.31.  Before the Panel, China claimed that the USDOC's determinations that state-owned 
enterprises (SOEs) provided inputs for less than adequate remuneration are inconsistent with 
Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agr eement in the following 12 countervailing duty 
investigations
484: Pressure Pipe , Line Pipe , Lawn Groomers , Kitchen Shelving , OCTG , Wire Strand , 
Seamless Pipe , Print Graphics , Drill Pipe , Aluminum Extrusions , Steel Cylinders, and  Solar 
Panels.485 China argued that "the USDOC premised its recourse to an out-of-country benchmark in 
each of the 12 investigations under challenge on an impermissible equation of SOEs with the government."
486 China further explained that "the USDOC's equation of SOEs with the government 
[was] explicitly or implicitly based on its interpretation that entities majority-owned and controlled 
by the government are public bodies."487  
4.32.  The Panel found that the evidence before it did not support China's assertion.488 Referring to 
the USDOC's reasoning as set out in the challenged determinations, the Panel noted that it was 
                                               
484 Panel Report, para. 7.156 (referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-1, comprising a table of citations for China's 
"public body", "benefit", "input specificity", and "land specificity" claims, including relevant portions of the 
USDOC's issues and decisions memorand a for final determinations and of US Federal Register  notices for 
preliminary determinations). 
485 See table of USDOC investigatio ns at p. 5 of this Report. 
486 Panel Report, para. 7.179. 
487 Panel Report, para. 7.179. 
488 Panel Report, para. 7.180. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 "only in a few cases" that the USDOC's findings of a predominant role of the government in the 
relevant market referred to the SOEs as public bodies.489 The Panel also rejected China's argument 
that the USDOC applied the "same framework" in each investigation for evaluating whether market prices for a particular input in China were distorted, noting instead that the analysis in each 
determination was "somewhat different" de pending on the facts before the USDOC.
490 The Panel 
also considered that China's claim that the USDOC based its findings solely on the lack of information regarding state ownership was "not accurate" since, in several investigations, the 
USDOC applied adverse facts available because the Government of China (GOC) failed to provide 
relevant information relating to domestic production and/or consumption.
491 The Panel, therefore, 
concluded that China had not established the basic factual premise of its claims, namely, that in each challenged determination the USDOC treated SOEs as public bodies, and thus part of the 
government in the collective sense, in the context of the benefit analysis.
492 
4.33.  The Panel then explained that it understood China's position to be that the Appellate Body 
report in US – Softwood Lumber IV  established that "the only circumstance under which an 
investigating authority can resort to an external benchmark is when the government's role as the 
provider of the financial contribution is so predominant that it distorts private prices in the market."
493 The Panel disagreed with China, finding instead that neither the panel nor the 
Appellate Body in that dispute "provide[d] an exhaustive list of the circumstances under which an 
authority can resort to out-of-country benchmarks".494  
4.34.  Next, the Panel noted that the Appellate Bo dy was faced with a "very similar situation" in 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  as in this dispute.495 The Panel pointed out 
that, in that dispute, the Appellate Body's find ings under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement did 
not concern whether or not SOEs are public bodies (and thus government) but, rather, whether the extent of SOE involvement in the marketplac e supported a determination that the use of out-
of-country benchmarks was appropriate becaus e prices in that market were distorted.
496 
4.35.  The Panel considered the USDOC's benchmark analysis in the investigations at issue in this 
dispute to be "very similar" to the approach followed by the USDOC in the benefit determinations 
reviewed by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) .497 
Therefore, the Panel considered it appropriate "t o rely on the Appellate Body's reasoning that 
'given the evidence regarding the government's pr edominant role as the supplier of the goods […] 
and having considered evidence of other fact ors, […] the USDOC could, consistently with 
Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, determine that  private prices were distorted and could not be 
used as benchmarks for assessing the adequacy of remuneration'."498 
4.36.  For the foregoing reasons, the Panel concluded that, "apart from the fact that China ha[d] 
not sufficiently substantiated the factual premises of its 'as applied' claims for each investigation 
challenged, China's claims also fail[ed] on the grounds that [these claims rested] on an erroneous interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement."
499 Accordingly, the Panel found that China 
had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States 
under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Ag reement by rejecting in-country private prices in 
China as benchmarks in the investigations at issue.500 
                                               
489 Panel Report, para. 7.180. 
490 Panel Report, para. 7.186. 
491 Panel Report, para. 7.187. 
492 Panel Report, para. 7.188. 
493 Panel Report, para. 7.189. (emphasis added) 
494 Panel Report, para. 7.192. 
495 Panel Report, para. 7.194 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611). 
496 Panel Report, para. 7.194 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611). 
497 Panel Report, para. 7.195. 
498 Panel Report, para. 7.195 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , para. 456). 
499 Panel Report, para. 7.196. 
500 Panel Report, para. 7.197. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.2.2  Whether the Panel erred in finding th at China had failed to establish that the 
United States acted inconsistently with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement 
4.37.  China argues on appeal that the Panel erred in finding that China had failed to establish that 
the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) 
and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejectin g in-country prices in China as benchmarks in 
its benefit analysis. China contends that the legal standard for determining what constitutes 
"government" – and, in particular, a "public body" – for purposes of the financial contribution 
inquiry under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii) of the SCM Agreement should also apply when determining what constitutes "government" for purposes of the selection of a benefit benchmark under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement.
501 In China's view, the USDOC's benefit determinations at issue raise this 
question because the USDOC rejected in-country prices in China as a benefit benchmark under 
Article 14(d) on the grounds that such prices were distorted by virtue of the GOC's allegedly "predominant" role in the market as a supplier of the goods in question. China submits that, if 
government ownership and control are an insufficient basis on which to deem the provision of 
goods by an SOE to be "governmental" conduct for purposes of the public body and financial 
contribution inquiries, it follows that these factors must likewise be an insufficient basis for finding 
the provision of goods by an SOE to be "governmental" conduct for purposes of a benchmark 
inquiry.
502 
4.38.  For China, the Panel's ultimate finding that China had failed to establish that the USDOC 
acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) 
of the SCM Agreement has two predicates: one legal and the other factual. According to China, the 
Panel erred with respect to both of these predicates . First, the Panel erred in its interpretation of 
Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. Second, the Pa nel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the 
DSU in concluding that China had failed to establish that, in the benefit analysis in the OCTG, Solar 
Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations, the USDOC treated SOEs as public bodies, and thus as part of the government in the collective sense. China therefore 
requests that we reverse the Panel's ultimate finding that China had failed to establish that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in respect of the benefit analysis in each of those four 
investigations.
503 
4.2.2.1  Whether the Panel erred in its interpretation of Article 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement 
4.39.  China argues that the Panel erred in concluding that the legal standard for determining 
whether an entity is "government" for purposes of the financial contribution inquiry under 
Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii) of the SCM Agreement does not also apply when evaluating the same question 
for selecting a benefit benchmark under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement.504 As noted above, 
we understand China to argue that there must be a single  legal standard for defining the 
"government", including a public body, that provides the financial contribution under Article 1.1(a)(1), and for defining the "governm ent", including a public body, whose predominant 
role in the market may be found to distort private prices under Article 14(d).
505 
4.40.  China further argues that the possibility that factors other than  government predominance 
might justify resorting to alternative benchmarks does not undermine in any way China's position 
that there must be a single legal standard for defining "government" under Article 1.1(a)(1) and 
under Article 14(d). China considers that its interpretative position is supported by the Appellate 
Body's findings in US – Softwood Lumber IV506, because they established that the "government" 
that provides the financial contribution and th e "government" whose predominant role in the 
                                               
501 China's appellant's submission, para. 7. 
502 China's appellant's submission, para. 53. 
503 China's Notice of Appeal, para. 9; appellant's submission, para. 106. 
504 China's appellant's submission, para. 18. 
505 China's appellant's submission, para. 11. 
506 China's appellant's submission, para . 34 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , 
paras. 93 and 101). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 market may distort private prices are one and the same "government", engaged in the same 
conduct, i.e. providing goods.507  
4.41.  The United States counters that China's appeal is premised on an incorrect understanding of 
Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement that is contrary  to the Appellate Body's interpretation of this 
provision in US – Softwood Lumber IV . According to the United States, the Panel correctly 
interpreted Article 14(d) based on the text of the SCM Agreement, read in its context, and 
consistently with previous Appellate Body reports. In US – Softwood Lumber IV  and US – Anti-
Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body found that the "financial 
contribution" and "benefit" elements of a subsidy ar e, by their terms, different and play different 
roles. Each element requires a distinct inquiry into the nature of the governmental intervention in the marketplace. In the United States' view, th e Panel thus properly concluded that there was 
nothing in the text of Article 14(d) or in prior WTO panel and Appellate Body reports to require the 
same analysis in these distinct aspects of a countervailing duty investigation. Moreover, the United States submits that China's approach would prevent investigating authorities from properly 
analysing the ways in which a government can interfere in a given marketplace and distort prices, 
and would result in a benefit calculation that would not capture how much better off the recipient is through a financial contribution. Therefore, th e United States argues that China's position 
conflicts with the findings of the Appellate Body in US – Softwood Lumber IV . 
4.42.  We agree with China that there is a single legal standard that defines the term 
"government" under the SCM Agreement. We note  that the term "government", as defined in 
Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement, encompasses both the government in the "narrow sense" 
and "any public body within the territory of a Member".
508 As a consequence, in order to find that a 
financial contribution within the meaning of Article 1.1(a)(1) exists, investigating authorities must determine whether such financial contribution has been provided by a government in the narrow 
sense, or by a public body. We further note that a financial contribution may also be provided by a 
private body entrusted or directed by the govern ment pursuant to Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the 
SCM Agreement. In the context of determinin g whether a benefit has been conferred by a 
government's provision of goods, Article 14( d) of the SCM Agreement establishes that 
investigating authorities are required to determine whether such provision of goods by the government has been made for less than adequate remuneration.  
4.43.  Unlike China, however, we do not consider that the fact that the SCM Agreement establishes 
a single definition for the term "government" means that, under Article 14(d), a proper analysis for 
selecting a benefit benchmark is dependent on an examination of whether any relevant entities in the market fall within the definition of "government", including on the basis of a finding that an 
SOE is a public body. As will be explained below, China's argument that there is a single standard 
for defining the term "government" does not answ er the question of whether the prices of goods 
provided by private or government-related entities
509 in the country of provision are to be 
considered as market determined for purposes of selecting a benefit benchmark.510 We observe, in 
this respect, that the term "government" appears only in the first sentence of Article 14(d), which 
establishes that "the provision of goods … by a government  shall not be considered as conferring a 
benefit unless the provision is made for less than adequate remuneration".511 The first sentence of 
Article 14(d) thus provides guidance for assessing whether the provision of goods confers a 
benefit, following a previous affirmative determination that such provision of goods constitutes a financial contribution under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii) that was carried out by a "government" as defined 
in Article 1.1(a)(1).  
4.44.  The benefit analysis under Article 1.1(b), and under Article 14(d) in turn, implies a 
comparison because no benefit is conferred to a recipient "unless the 'financial contribution' makes 
the recipient 'better off' than it would otherwise have been, absent that contribution".
512 In the 
                                               
507 China's appellant's submission, para. 35. 
508 See Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 286. 
509 We use the term "government-related entities" to re fer to all government bodies, whether national or 
regional, public bodies, and any othe r government-owned entities for which there has not been a "public body" 
determination. 
510 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.151 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 89). 
511 Emphasis added. 
512 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 157. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 context of Article 14(d), a determination of whether the remuneration paid for a government-
provided good is "less than adequate" therefore requires the selection of a benchmark against which the price for the government-provided good, which was at issue under the Article 1.1(b) analysis, must be compared.
513  
4.45.  The second sentence of Article 14(d) of th e SCM Agreement prescribes that the adequacy of 
remuneration for government-provided goods or services "shall be determined in relation to prevailing market conditions for the good or serv ice in question in the country of provision or 
purchase".
514 In US – Softwood Lumber IV , the Appellate Body remarked that the meaning of the 
phrase "in relation to", in the second sentence of Article 14(d), is not limited to "in comparison with". Instead, it connotes a broader sense of "r elation, connection, reference" to prevailing 
market conditions in the country of provision.
515 The second sentence of Article 14(d) thus clarifies 
that the relevant benchmark must be determined "i n relation to prevailing market conditions", and 
that such conditions are those existing "in the country of provision".516 
4.46.  In US – Carbon Steel (India) , the Appellate Body emphasized the market orientation of the 
inquiry under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement and found that "prevailing market conditions" in 
the context of Article 14(d) "consist of generally accepted characteristics of an area of economic 
activity in which the forces of supply and demand interact to determine market prices".517 As the 
Appellate Body stated in EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , "the language found 
in the second sentence of Article 14(d) 'highlights that a proper market benchmark is derived from an examination of the conditions pursuant to which the goods or services at issue would, under 
market conditions , be exchanged'".
518 Because Article 14(d) "requires that the assessment of the 
adequacy of remuneration for a government-pro vided good must be made in relation to prevailing 
market conditions  in the country of provision , it follows that any benchmark for conducting such an 
assessment must consist of market-determined prices for the same or similar goods that relate or 
refer to, or are connected with, the prevailing market conditions for the good in question in the 
country of provision."519 Proper benchmark prices would normally emanate from the market for the 
good in question in the country of provision. To the extent that such in-country prices are market 
determined, they would necessarily have the requisite connection with the prevailing market 
conditions in the country of provision that is pr escribed by the second sentence of Article 14(d). 
Such in-country prices could emanate from a vari ety of sources, including private or government-
related entities.520 
4.47.  In US – Carbon Steel (India) , the Appellate Body further found that investigating authorities 
bear the responsibility of conducting the necessary analysis in order to determine, on the basis of information supplied by petitioners and respondents in a countervailing duty investigation, whether 
the proposed benchmark prices are market determined such that they can be used to assess 
whether remuneration is less than adequate. The chapeau of Article 14 requires investigating authorities to explain adequately, consistent with the guidelines set out in Article 14, the 
application of the methodology to calculate the amount of benefit that is conferred by a 
government-provided financial contribution.
521 However, what an investigating authority must do 
in conducting the necessary analysis for the purpose of arriving at a proper benefit benchmark will vary depending upon the circumstances of the case, the characteristics of the market being 
                                               
513 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.151. 
514 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.149. 
515 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 89. (fn omitted) 
516 We recall that Article 14(d) also indicates that  prevailing market conditions in the country of 
provision include "price, quality, availability, marketabilit y, transportation and other conditions of purchase or 
sale". 
517 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.150. 
518 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.151 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC 
and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 975). (emphasis added)  
519 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.151 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 89). (emphasis original) 
520 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.151. 
521 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.152. The Appellate Body has further 
explained that the obligation under Article VI:3 "encompasses a requirement to conduct a sufficiently diligent 'investigation' into, and solicitation of , relevant facts, and to base its determination on positive evidence in the 
record". (Ibid. (quoting  Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 
602)) As we see it, the obligation under Article 14 of th e SCM Agreement to calculate the amount of a subsidy 
in terms of the benefit to the recipient encompasses the same requirement. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 examined, and the nature, quantity, and quality of the information supplied by petitioners and 
respondents, including such additional information an investigating authority seeks so that it may base its determination on positive evidence on the record.
522 In all cases, in arriving at a proper 
benchmark, an investigating authority must explain the basis for its conclusions in its 
determinations.523 
4.48.  The Appellate Body observed in US – Carbon Steel (India) that, depending on the 
circumstances, some types of prices may, from an  evidentiary standpoint, be more easily found to 
constitute market-determined prices in the country of provision. In this regard, the Appellate Body 
has "considered that the primary  benchmark, and therefore the starting point  of the analysis in 
determining a benchmark for the purposes of Articl e 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, is the price at 
which the same or similar goods are sold by private suppliers in arm's length transactions in the 
country of provision".524 This is so because "private prices in the market of provision will generally  
represent an appropriate measure of the 'adequac y of remuneration' for the provision of goods."525 
However, the Appellate Body has not suggested that  there is, in the abstract, a hierarchy between 
in-country prices from different sources that can be  relied upon in arriving at a proper benchmark. 
This is because the issue of "whether a price may be relied upon for benefit benchmarking purposes under Article 14(d) is not a function of its source, but rather, whether the price is a 
market-determined price reflective of prevailing market conditions in the country of provision."
526 
4.49.  The Appellate Body pointed out in US – Carbon Steel (India) that, while in-country private 
prices may serve as the starting point  of the analysis under Article 14(d), this does not mean that, 
having identified such prices, the analysis must ne cessarily end there. Prices of goods provided by 
government-related entities other than the entity providing the financial contribution at issue must 
also be examined to determine whether they are market determined and can therefore form part 
of a proper benchmark. The reason why the pric es of goods provided by government-related 
entities for which there has not been a "public body" determination need to be examined in 
selecting a benefit benchmark under Article 14(d) is because there is no legal presumption under this provision that in-country prices from any particular source can or should be discarded in a 
benchmark analysis. Rather, Article 14(d) requires an analysis of the market in the country of 
provision to determine whether particular in-country prices can be relied upon in arriving at a proper benchmark.
527 
4.50.  Although prices found to exist in the market for the good in question in the country of 
provision should normally be taken into account in identifying a proper benchmark, the Appellate 
Body has explained that there may be circumstances in which the use of such in-country prices would not be appropriate. In US – Carbon Steel (India) , for example, the Appellate Body observed  
that "it would not be appropriate to rely on such prices when they are not market determined."
528 
The Appellate Body recognized that "a government, in its role as a provider of a good, may distort  
in-country private prices for that good by setting an artificially low price with which the prices of 
private providers in the market align."529 In such circumstances, those prices cannot be said to be 
market determined. We emphasize that the abilit y  o f  a  g o v e r n m e n t  p r o v i d e r  t o  h a v e  s u c h  a n  
influence on in-country private prices presupposes that it has sufficient market power to do so.530 
                                               
522 Like the Appellate Body in US – Carbon Steel (India) , we also consider it important to emphasize 
that, to the extent that an investigating authority has recourse to facts available in conducting the necessary 
analysis for the purpose of arriving at a proper benchmark, any such recourse must conform to the 
requirements under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. (Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , 
fn 743 to para. 4.153) 
523 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.153. 
524 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 90). (emphasis original) 
525 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Softwood Lumber IV , para. 90). (emphasis added in US – Carbon Steel (India) ) 
526 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
527 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
528 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.155. 
529 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.155 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 100). (emphasis added) 
530 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.155 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 444). We also do not exclude the possibility that 
the government may distort in-country prices through other entities or channels than the provider of the good 
itself. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 The Appellate Body explained that, in such a situ ation, "the government's role in providing the 
financial contribution [may be] so predominant that it effectively determines the price at which private suppliers sell the same or similar goods, so  that the comparison contemplated by Article 14 
would become circular."
531 Because this would lead to a calculation of benefit that is artificially low, 
or even zero, the right of Members to counterva il subsidies could be undermined or circumvented 
in such a scenario. 
4.51.  As explained in more detail below, in conducting the necessary analysis to determine 
whether in-country prices are distorted, an investigating authority may be called upon to examine 
various aspects of the relevant market. Although a government's predominant role as a supplier in the market makes it likely that prices will be dist orted, the distortion of in-country prices must be 
established on the basis of the particular facts underlying each countervailing duty investigation. 
In US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body emphasized that "an 
investigating authority cannot, based simply on a finding that the government is the predominant supplier of the relevant goods, refuse to consider evidence relating to factors other than 
government market share."
532 In that dispute, the Appellate Body indicated that an investigating 
authority may reject in-country prices if there is price distortion  and, thus, that the analysis is not 
limited to determining whether the government is a predominant supplier.533 In this regard, the 
Appellate Body clarified that its reasoning in US – Softwood Lumber IV  excluded the application of 
a per se  rule according to which an investigating authority could properly conclude in every case, 
and regardless of any other evidence, that the fact that the government is the predominant 
supplier establishes that there is price distortion.  
4.52.  Therefore, the Appellate Body has cautioned against equating the concept of government 
predominance with the concept of price distortion , and has highlighted that  the link between the 
two concepts is an evidentiary one. Thus, there does not exist "a threshold above which the fact 
that the government is the predominant supplier in the market alone becomes sufficient to 
establish price distortion, but clearly, the more predominant a government's role in the market is, the more likely this role will result in the distortion of private prices."
534 In US – Carbon Steel 
(India) , the Appellate Body held that, in conducting  the necessary analysis to determine whether 
in-country prices are distorted or market determined, an investigating authority may be called upon to examine, depending on the relevant circum stances, "the structure of the relevant market, 
including the type of entities operating in that market, their respective market share, as well as 
any entry barriers. It could also require assessing the behaviour of the entities operating in that 
market in order to determine whether the governme nt itself, or acting through government-related 
entities, exerts market power so as to distort in-country prices."
535 
4.53.  As indicated by the Appellate Body, the analysis referred to above may lead an investigating 
authority to conclude that in-country prices cannot be relied upon for determining a benchmark for the purposes of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreemen t, and that an alternative benchmark should be 
employed.
536 In considering the question of what type s of alternative benchmarks could be relied 
upon in a manner consistent with Article 14(d), the Appellate Body found in US – Softwood Lumber 
IV that, where an investigating authority employs an alternative benchmark, "it is under an 
obligation to ensure that the resulting benchmark relates or refers to, or is connected with, 
prevailing market conditions in the country of provision, and must reflect price, quality, 
availability, marketability, transportation and other conditions of purchase or sale, as required by Article 14(d)."
537 The Appellate Body thus "underscored the importance of making appropriate 
                                               
531 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.155 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Softwood Lumber IV , para. 93).  
532 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 446. 
533 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 446. 
534 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 444. (emphasis 
original) 
535 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , fn 754 to para. 4.157.  
536 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.158. 
537 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.158 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – 
Softwood Lumber IV , para. 106). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 adjustments to ensure that alternative benchmarks reflect prevailing market conditions in the 
country of provision".538 
4.54.  In the light of these considerations, we note that in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China)  the Appellate Body examined a claim by China relating to the USDOC's rejection of 
in-country private prices in China as benchmarks for hot-rolled steel provided by certain SOEs to 
the investigated companies. In that dispute, the findings by the Appellate Body did not hinge on 
whether or not the entities that provided hot-rolled steel constituted "public bodies" within the 
meaning of Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement but, rather, on whether the USDOC had 
correctly reached the conclusion that price distortion in the market, due to governmental intervention, warranted recourse to an alternative benchmark. As we have stated above, while we agree with China that there is a single definition  of the term "government" for purposes of the 
SCM Agreement, we do not consider that the Panel erred by rejecting China's claim partly on the 
basis that "a government can distort prices in other ways than through its role as a provider of the 
financial contribution ."
539 As noted above, China's argument that there is a single standard for 
defining the term "government" does not answer the question of whether a proposed in-country 
price is a market-determined price for the same or similar goods in the country of provision, and thus whether it may serve as a benchmark for determining benefit. 
4.55.  China further argues that the Panel erred in  rejecting the question of legal interpretation 
that China raised in this dispute on the basis of the approach taken by the Appellate Body in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) .
540 According to China, the issue of whether or 
not SOEs are public bodies (and thus government) for purposes of the selection of a benefit 
benchmark under Article 14(d) was not properly before the Appellate Body in that dispute. Given 
that the interpretative issue raised by China in these proceedings – i.e. whether the same standard for determining whether an entity is a "government" supplier must apply to both the financial 
contribution and the distortion inquiries – was not raised in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , the Appellate Body did not address this issue, "even in passing, much less decide 
it".
541 In China's view, the acceptance of the Panel's reasoning would raise "significant systemic 
concerns" for WTO dispute settlement.542  
4.56.  The United States contends that China has failed to establish why the Appellate Body's 
findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  are not "persuasive" in the 
context of this dispute.543 In the United States' view, the Panel correctly relied on the fact that the 
Appellate Body's benchmark findings in that dispute "did not concern whether or not SOEs are 
public bodies (and thus government) but rather  whether the extent of SOE involvement in a 
marketplace supports a determination consistent with  [A]rticle 14(d) that prices in that market 
were distorted and thus the use of out-of-country benchmarks was appropriate".544 
4.57.  The Panel referred to the Appellate Body report in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China)  where, having found that the USDOC's findings on "financial contribution" were 
inconsistent with Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement because they were based on an 
erroneous interpretation of the term "public bo dy", the Appellate Body nevertheless upheld the 
USDOC's use of out-of-country benchmarks in the same determinations.545 The Panel further noted 
that "[t]he Appellate Body's benchmark findings did not concern whether or not SOEs are public 
bodies (and thus government) but, rather, whether the extent of SOE involvement in a 
                                               
538 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.158 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 108). 
539 Panel Report, para. 7.193. (emphasis added) 
540 China's appellant's submission, para. 38 (ref erring to Panel Report, paras. 7.194-7.196). 
541 China's appellant's submission, para. 45. 
542 China's appellant's submission, para. 48. 
543 United States' appellee's submission, heading II.C, p. 11. 
544 United States' appellee's submission, para. 42 (quoti ng Panel Report, para. 7.194, in turn referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611). 
545 Panel Report, para. 7.194 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 marketplace supported a determination consistent with [A]rticle 14(d) that prices in that market 
were distorted and thus the use of out-of-country benchmarks was appropriate."546  
4.58.  These observations by the Panel were central to its finding that China's claim rested on an 
"erroneous interpretation" of Article 14(d) and, consequently, for rejecting China's claim that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) 
and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement. Indeed, in reaching its conclusion, the Panel found it "appropriate to rely on the Appellate Body's reasoning" in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , because the USDOC's benchmark analysis in the 12 investigations at issue in the 
present dispute is "very similar" to the approach followed in the USDOC's determinations reviewed in that dispute.
547 
4.59.  While we agree with China that, in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , 
the focus of the analysis was not on the interpretative issue raised by China in this dispute, the 
Appellate Body clarified several issues in that dispute that are relevant for addressing China's claims in the present case. In particular, the Appellate Body emphasized that what allows an 
investigating authority to reject in-country prices is price distortion , not the fact that the 
government, as a provider of goods, is the predominant supplier per se .
548 In upholding the 
panel's findings in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body 
considered it significant that the USDOC had exam ined evidence regarding another factor (i.e. the 
role of imports in the market) and concluded that the government, acting through SOEs, played a predominant role in the market. The Appellate Bo dy explained that price distortion must be 
established on a case-by-case basis and that an investigating authority cannot base a finding of 
price distortion merely on a finding that the government is a predominant supplier, and cannot 
refuse to consider evidence relating to factors other than government market share.  
4.60.  We thus consider that the Panel correctly relied on the Appellate Body's findings in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  in rejecting China's argument that "SOE presence 
in the market could support a distortion finding only if the SOEs at issue were properly found to be public bodies within the meaning of Article 1.1(a)(1)."
549 In our view, China's argument is 
premised on the understanding that it is sufficient for purposes of establishing a prima facie  case 
of inconsistency under Article 14(d) with respect to  each of the USDOC's benefit determinations at 
issue to show that: (i) the USDOC's price distortion findings were predicated on its equation of SOEs with government; and (ii) the USDOC's equation of SOEs with government was not made in 
accordance with the legal standard articulated in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China)  for a proper finding that such enti ties constitute "public bodies".  
4.61.  We reject China's argument that recourse to an alternative benchmark is inconsistent with 
Article 14(d) if it is established that the SOEs at issue were equated with government without 
meeting the legal standard articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) . Instead of hinging on whether a government-owned entity has been 
properly found to constitute a public body, a finding of inconsistency with Article 14(d) in the 
selection of a benefit benchmark depends on whet her or not the investigating authority at issue 
conducted the necessary market analysis in order to evaluate whether the proposed benchmark prices are market determined such that they can be used to assess whether the remuneration is 
less than adequate. 
4.62.  In conducting the analysis required under Article 14(d), investigating authorities may have 
to examine the structure  of the relevant market, including the nature of the entities operating in 
that market, their respective market shares, as well as any entry barriers.
550 However, evidence 
relating to government ownership of SOEs and their respective market shares does not, in and of itself, provide a sufficient basis for concluding that in-country prices are distorted. In addition, 
investigating authorities may be required to assess "the behaviour  of the entities operating in that 
                                               
546 Panel Report, para. 7.194 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , paras. 425-458 and 611). 
547 Panel Report, para. 7.195. 
548 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 446. 
549 Panel Report, para. 7.162 (referring to China's opening statement at the second Panel meeting, 
para. 17). 
550 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , fn 754 to para. 4.157. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 market in order to determine whether the governme nt itself, or acting through government-related 
entities, exerts market power so as to distort in-country prices".551 Thus, investigating authorities 
may be called upon to examine the conditions of competition in the relevant market in order to assess whether the government is influencing the pricing conduct of any government-related or 
private entities. The specific type of analysis that an investigating authority must conduct for the 
purpose of arriving at a proper benchmark will va ry depending upon the circumstances of the case, 
the characteristics of the market being examined , and the nature, quantity, and quality of the 
information supplied by petitioners and respondent s, including additional information that an 
investigating authority may seek in order to base its determination on positive evidence on the record.
552 In any event, in all cases, in arriving at a proper benchmark, an investigating authority 
must provide a reasoned and adequate explanation of the basis for its conclusions in its 
determination.553 Once an investigating authority has properly established and explained that 
in-country prices are distorted, it is warranted to have recourse to an alternative benchmark for the benefit analysis under Article 14(d). 
4.63.  Thus, while we agree with China that there is a single definition of the term "government" 
for purposes of the SCM Agreement, it does not follow that, in determining the appropriate benefit benchmark under Article 14(d), investigating authorit ies are required to limit their analysis to an 
examination of the role played in the market by  government-related entities that have been 
properly found to be government in the narrow sense or public bodies. As noted above, the pricing behaviour of entities operating in the market, including government-related entities that have not been found to be public bodies, may be relevant to examine whether the government acts through 
such government-related entities so as to exert market power and distort in-country prices. 
However, as stated above, "Article 14(d) establishes no legal presumption that in-country prices from any particular source can be discarded in a benchmark analysis" without an analysis of 
whether or not they are market determined.
554  
4.64.  Therefore, the selection of a benchmark for the purposes of Article 14(d) cannot, at the 
outset, exclude consideration of in-country prices from any particular source, including 
government-related prices other than the financial contribution at issue.555 This is because the 
issue of "whether a price may be relied upon for benchmarking purposes under Article 14(d) is not a function of its source, but rather, whether it is a market-determined price reflective of prevailing market conditions in the country of provision."
556 As a consequence, prices of government-related 
entities other than those of the entity providing the financial contribution at issue need to be 
examined to determine whether they are market determined and can therefore form part of a 
proper benchmark.  
4.65.  In sum, we reject China's argument th at recourse to an alternative benchmark is 
inconsistent with Article 14(d) if it is established that the SOEs at issue were equated with government without meeting the legal standa rd articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-
Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  for purposes of determining whether an entity is a 
public body. Instead of hinging on whether a gove rnment-owned entity has been properly found to 
constitute a public body, a finding of inconsistency with Article 14(d) in the selection of a benefit benchmark depends on whether or not the investigating authority properly evaluated whether the 
prices proposed as the benefit benchmark are market determined such that they can be used to 
establish whether the remuneration is less than adequate. Thus, while we agree with China that 
there is a single definition of the term "governm ent" for purposes of the SCM Agreement, it does 
not follow that, in determining the appropriate benefit benchmark under Article 14(d), 
investigating authorities are required to limit their analysis to an examination of the role played in the market by government-related entities that have been properly found to constitute 
government in the narrow sense or public bodies.  
                                               
551 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , fn 754 to para. 4.157. (emphasis added) 
552 We note that, depending of the particular circumstances at hand, an investigating authority may not 
be required to conduct a market analysis addressing a ll the elements mentioned above as examples of relevant 
inquiries. Such situations may include where the government is the sole provider of the good in question, and where the government administra tively controls all of the pr ices for the goods at issue. 
553 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.153. 
554 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
555 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
556 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.66.  We turn next to examine China's claim that  the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of 
the DSU in its examination of China's benefit claims.  
4.2.2.2  China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU 4.67.  China argues that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU in finding that 
China had failed to establish the "factual premis e" of its claims, i.e. that the USDOC actually 
treated SOEs as public bodies and thus as part of the government in the collective sense in the context of the benefit analysis in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe 
countervailing duty investigations.
557 
4.68.  China submits that it had established a prima facie  case of inconsistency before the Panel, 
which, under a proper interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, required establishing that: (i) the USDOC's price distortion findings we re predicated on its equation of SOEs with 
government; and (ii) the USDOC's equation of SOEs  with government was not made in accordance 
with the legal standard articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) .
558 China adds that, given the Panel's acknowledgement that China had brought 
12 separate "as applied" claims, the Panel should have concluded with regard to each of these 
claims that China had established a prima facie  case of inconsistency under the correct legal 
interpretation of Article 14(d). 
4.69.  China contends that the Panel's conclusion that China had failed to establish the factual 
premise for each of its "as applied" claims is contradicted by the Panel's own intermediate factual findings in respect of the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations. In particular, the Panel had found that, "in a few cases", the USDOC's findings of a predominant role of the government in the 
relevant market referred to the SOEs as "public bodies".
559 As China notes, these "few cases", 
which include the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations, "were thus ones in which the evidence before the Panel did 'support China's assertion'".
560 With respect to the benefit analysis in the 
Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe investigations, China argues that the Panel did not individually address 
whether China had established the factual premise of its claims.561 China asserts that it had 
presented a sufficient evidentiary basis to establish a prima facie  case with respect to the benefit 
analysis in the Pressure Pipe562 and Line Pipe563 investigations. 
4.70.  The United States responds that the Panel did not act inconsistently with Article 11 of the 
DSU in evaluating China's claims under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. The United States 
argues that China's claim under Article 11 must fail because China misunderstands the elements 
necessary for a claim under this provision and misinterprets the Panel's finding at issue. The 
United States notes that, for China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU to succeed, "China must demonstrate that the Panel committed 'an egregious error that calls into question the [Panel's] 
good faith'."
564 The Appellate Body has "emphasized that 'a claim that a panel failed to comply 
with its duties under Article 11 of the DSU must st and by itself and should not be made merely as 
a subsidiary argument or claim in support of a claim that the panel failed to apply correctly a 
                                               
557 China's appellant's submission, para. 61. 
558 China's appellant's submission, paras. 70 and 71. 
559 China's appellant's submission, para. 65 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.180). 
560 China's appellant's submission, para. 66 (quoting  Panel Report, para. 7.180). (emphasis original) 
561 China's appellant's submission, para. 81. 
562 Regarding the Pressure Pipe investigation, China submits that the evidence on the record shows that 
the USDOC's finding that the relevant market was distor ted by "the government's overwhelming involvement" 
in that market was predicated exclusively  on the market shares of govern ment-controlled firms. (China's 
appellant's submission, paras. 90 and 91 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.186, in turn referring to 2009 Pressure 
Pipe Issues and Decision Memo randum (Panel Exhibit CHI-12))) 
563 With respect to the Line Pipe investigation, Chin a argues that the Issues and Decision Memorandum 
shows that the USDOC's finding that the market wa s distorted by "the gove rnment's overwhelming 
involvement" in that market was predicated exclusiv ely on its finding that "government-owned producers" 
manufactured all the relevant products in China during the period of investigation. (China's appellant's submission, paras. 97 and 98 (quoting 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit 
CHI-19), pp. 18-19)) 
564 United States' appellee's submission, para. 55 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , 
para. 133). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 provision of the covered agreements.'"565 The United States contends that China has failed to meet 
the high standard for establishing that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU. 
4.71.  In addition, the United States argues that China's contention that the Panel failed to comply 
with its obligations under Article 11 in four of the challenged investigations is unfounded. The 
United States argues that the Panel's finding that China had failed to establish the factual premises 
for its claims with respect to the OCTG and Solar Panels investigations is not contradicted by the Panel's intermediate factual findings. With respect to the Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe 
investigations, the United States rejects China's argument that the Panel failed to evaluate China's 
"as applied" claims separately and on their own merits. The United States maintains that, "[w]hile the Panel's discussion of the Pressure Pipe and Line  Pipe investigations is succinct, it is also 
sufficient."
566 The Panel explained that it had reviewed the issues and decisions memoranda for all 
of the investigations at issue and found that most of them did not even refer to SOEs as public 
bodies in the context of the benefit benchmark analysis. 
4.72.  We understand China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU to be premised on its 
interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agr eement. Indeed, China considers that, "under the 
correct interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement", in order to establish a prima facie  
case of inconsistency, a complainant must establish that: (i) the USDOC's price distortion findings 
were predicated on its equation of SOEs with government; and (ii) the USDOC's equation of SOEs 
with government was not made in accordance with the legal standard articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China)  for a lawful finding that such entities 
constitute "public bodies".
567 As explained above, we do not agree with China's interpretation of 
Article 14(d).568 In order to establish a prima facie  case of inconsistency under Article 14(d), it is 
neither necessary nor sufficient to demonstrate that the SOEs at issue were equated with government without meeting the legal standard for a finding that such entities constitute "public 
bodies" articulated by the Appellate Body in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) . 
Rather than hinging on whether an SOE has been properly found to be a "public body", a finding of inconsistency with Article 14(d) in the selection of benefit benchmarks depends on whether or not 
the investigating authority properly evaluated whet her prices proposed as a benefit benchmark are 
market determined such that they can be used to establish whether remuneration is less than adequate. 
4.73.  Having rejected China's arguments concerning the Panel's findings regarding the legal 
predicate of China's claims, we see no need to make additional findings with respect to China's 
claim regarding the factual predicate of its claims under Article 11 of the DSU in order to provide a positive solution to this dispute.  
4.74.  We now turn to examine China's claim that the Panel erred in its application of Article 14(d) 
of the SCM Agreement to the determinations at issue. 
4.2.2.3  The Panel's application of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement  
4.75.  China argues that the Panel erred in its a pplication of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement to 
the 12 USDOC determinations at issue in this dispute by applying the reasoning that the Appellate Body provided in upholding the USDOC's benefit findings in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) . In China's view, the Appellate Body's reasoning in that dispute 
"cannot provide a lawful basis" for the Panel's conclusion that China had failed to establish that the 
relevant USDOC's benefit determinations are inconsistent with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement.
569 For this reason, China requests us to reverse the Panel's finding, in 
paragraph 7.195 of the Panel Report, upholding the USDOC's rejection of private prices as 
potential benchmarks in the challenged investigations on the grounds that such prices were distorted.
570 China also requests us to reverse the Panel's finding, in paragraph 7.197, and the 
                                               
565 United States' appellee's submission, para. 55 (quoting Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners 
(China) , para. 442). 
566 United States' appellee's submission, para. 74. 
567 China's appellant's submission, paras. 70 and 71. 
568 Supra , para. 4.61. 
569 China's appellant's submission, para. 59. 
570 China's Notice of Appeal, para. 7; appellant's submission, para. 104. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Panel's ultimate finding, in paragraph 8.1.iv of the Panel Report, that China had failed to establish 
that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by re jecting in-country private prices as benefit 
benchmarks in respect of the countervailing duty investigations in OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure 
Pipe, and Line Pipe.
571 
4.76.  We begin by noting the Panel's statement that the Appellate Body in US – Softwood 
Lumber IV "did not provide an exhaustive list of the circumstances under which an authority can 
resort to out-of-country benchmarks".572 We recall that, in the light of  the issues presented in that 
dispute, the Appellate Body limited  its examination to the situation of government predominance 
in the market, and merely noted  the panel's additional examples of situations in which it would not 
be possible to use in-country prices, i.e.: (i) where the government is the only supplier of the 
particular goods in the country; and (ii) where the government administratively controls all of the 
prices for those goods in the country.573  
4.77.  Moreover, in rejecting China's argument th at "SOE presence in the market could support a 
distortion finding only if the SOEs at issue were  properly found to be public bodies within the 
meaning of Article 1.1(a)(1)"574, the Panel found support in the reasoning set out in the Appellate 
Body report in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) .575 This is in line with the 
Appellate Body's findings in that case, to the extent that the Panel understood these findings as 
indicating that the selection of a benchmark for th e purposes of Article 14(d) cannot, at the outset, 
exclude consideration of in-country prices from any particular source, and that a proper finding that recourse to an alternative benchmark is justified requires an investigating authority to 
properly evaluate whether the proposed benchmark prices are market determined or distorted by 
governmental intervention.
576  
4.78.  Nonetheless, we do not consider that the Panel applied the standard required by 
Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement, as properly in terpreted, to the determinations challenged by 
China.577 Instead, without properly examining the USDOC's analysis in each of the challenged 
determinations, the Panel found that China had failed to establish that "the USDOC could, 
consistently with Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreemen t, determine that private prices were distorted 
and could not be used as benchmarks for assessing the adequacy of remuneration".578 It further 
found that China had not established that the USDO C acted inconsistently with the obligations of 
the United States under Article 14(d) or Articl e 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in-
country private prices in China as benchmarks for the relevant challenged investigations. 
4.79.  The Panel failed to examine properly each of the challenged determinations in the light of 
the legal standard applicable under Article 14(d). In particular, the Panel failed to conduct a 
case-by-case analysis of whether the USDOC had properly examined whether the relevant in-
country prices were market determined or were distorted by governmental intervention. The Panel simply assumed that, because the Appellate Body had faced a similar situation in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , China had failed to establish that the USDOC 
acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. In the light of our interpretati on of Article 14(d) set out above, the Panel's 
analysis and reasoning is not sufficient to support a conclusion that the USDOC properly rejected 
                                               
571 China's Notice of Appeal, para. 9; appellant's submission, para. 106. 
572 Panel Report, para. 7.192. 
573 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 98. 
574 Panel Report, para. 7.162 (referring to China's opening statement at the second Panel meeting, 
para. 17). 
575 The Panel noted that "the Appell ate Body's benchmark findings [in that dispute] did not concern 
whether or not SOEs are public bodies (and thus government) but rather whether the extent of SOE 
involvement in a marketplace supports a determination co nsistent with [A]rticle 14(d) that prices in that 
market were distorted and thus the use of out-of-country benchmarks was appropriate." (Panel Report, 
para. 7.194 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , 
paras. 425-458 and 611)) 
576 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
577 Supra , paras. 4.44-4.53. 
578 Panel Report, para. 7.195 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , para. 456). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 in-country prices in China as benchmarks for purposes of the benefit analysis in the challenged 
investigations.  
4.80.  For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Panel's finding, in paragraph 7.195 of the Panel 
Report, upholding the USDOC's rejection of private prices as potential benchmarks in the 
investigations under challenge on the grounds that such prices were distorted. We also reverse the 
Panel's conclusion, in paragraph 7.197 of the Panel Report, that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or 
Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in -country private prices in China as benchmarks 
for the relevant challenged investigations. Conseq uently, we reverse the Panel's ultimate finding, 
in paragraph 8.1.iv of the Panel Report, that Ch ina had failed to establish that the USDOC acted 
inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement by rejecting in-country prices in China in respect of the OCTG, Solar Panels, 
Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations.579 
4.2.3  Completion of the legal analysis 
4.81.  Having reversed the Panel's finding that Ch ina had failed to establish that the USDOC acted 
inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement, we turn to examine China's reques t to complete the legal analysis and find that 
the USDOC determinations that SOEs provided inputs for less than adequate remuneration in the 
OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations are inconsistent "as applied" with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreem ent. According to China, the record evidence 
before the Panel in these four investigations was sufficient to establish a prima facie  case of 
inconsistency with Article 14(d) in each case.
580 In response, the United States argues that we 
should not complete the legal analysis with resp ect to the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and 
Line Pipe investigations, because there are insufficient undisputed facts on the record to permit us 
to do so.581 
4.82.  In previous cases, the Appellate Body has completed the legal analysis with a view to 
facilitating the prompt settlement and effective resolution of the dispute.582 The Appellate Body 
has completed the analysis when sufficient factual findings by the panel and undisputed facts on 
the panel record allowed it to do so.583 The Appellate Body has not completed the legal analysis in 
situations where the factual findings by the panel and undisputed facts on the panel record were insufficient for the Appellate Body to conduct its own analysis.
584 Other reasons that have 
prevented the Appellate Body from completing the legal analysis include "the complexity of the 
issues, the absence of full exploration of the issues before the panel, and, consequently, 
considerations for parties' due process rights".585  
                                               
579 We note that, in its Notice of Appeal and its appe llant's submission, China re quests us to reverse the 
Panel's findings, in paragraphs 7.197 and 8.1.iv of th e Panel Report, only with respect to the OCTG, Solar 
Panels, Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe countervailing duty  investigations. (See China's Notice of Appeal, para. 9; 
and appellant's submission, para. 106) 
580 China's appellant's submission, paras. 108 and 113. 
581 United States' appellee's submission, para. 78. 
582 See e.g. Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , paras. 117-136; US – Wheat Gluten , 
paras. 80-92; and Canada – Aircraft (Article 21.5 – Brazil) , paras. 43-52. 
583 See e.g. Appellate Body Reports, US – Gasoline , p. 19, DSR 1996:I, p. 18; Canada – Periodicals , 
p. 24, DSR 1997:I, p. 469; EC – Poultry , para. 156; EC – Hormones , para. 222; US – Shrimp , paras. 123 
and 124; Japan – Agricultural Products II , para. 112; US – FSC , para. 133; Australia – Salmon , paras. 117 
and 118; US – Lamb , paras. 150 and 172; US – Section 211 Appropriations Act , para. 352; EC and certain 
member States – Large Civil Aircraft , paras. 1174-1178; and US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , 
paras. 1272-1274. 
584 See e.g. Appellate Body Reports, EC – Hormones , para. 251; Korea – Dairy , paras. 92 and 102; 
Canada – Autos , paras. 133 and 145; US – Hot-Rolled Steel , paras. 180 and 236; US – Softwood Lumber IV , 
para. 118; US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , paras. 157 and 161; US – Oil Country Tubular 
Goods Sunset Reviews , paras. 219 and 220; US – Upland Cotton , para. 693; US – Zeroing (EC) , paras. 228 
and 243; EC – Selected Customs Matters , para. 286; US – Continued Zeroing , para. 194; US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 537; EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , paras. 736, 
990, and 993; and US – COOL , para. 481. 
585 Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Renewable Energy / Canada – Feed-in Tariff Program , para. 5.224 
(referring to Appellate Body Report, EC – Export Subsidies on Sugar , fn 537 to para. 339). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.83.  In the present case, we note that the question before us is whether the USDOC's benefit 
determinations at issue are consistent with Articl e 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement, 
as properly interpreted. As noted above, an analys is of this issue calls for an evaluation of the 
reasoning and explanations provided by the USDOC in its determinations. Accordingly, in 
addressing this particular issue in the present dispute, as long as we can conduct our completion 
analysis on the basis of the plain text of the USDOC's determinations, the absence of factual findings by the Panel or an evaluation by the Panel of the relevant USDOC's determinations does 
not necessarily prevent us from completing the legal analysis.  
4.84.  Regarding the legal standard to be applied under Article 14(d) and under Article 1.1(b), we 
recall, first, that the "chapeau of Article 14 requires investigating authorities to explain adequately, consistent with the guidelines set out in Article 14, the application of th e methodology applied to 
calculate the amount of benefit that is conferred by a government-provided financial 
contribution."
586 Moreover, in all cases, in arriving at a proper benchmark, an investigating 
authority must explain the basis for its conclusions in its determination. 
4.85.  Second, we recall that Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement "establishes no legal 
presumption that in-country prices from any particular source can be discarded in a benchmark analysis."
587 This is because the question of whether "a price may be relied upon for benchmarking 
purposes under Article 14(d) is not a function of its source but, rather, whether it is a market-
determined price reflective of prevailing market conditions in the country of provision."588 Prices of 
government-related entities other than the entity  providing the financial contribution at issue, 
must, therefore, also "be considered to asse ss whether they are market determined and can 
therefore form part of a proper benchmark."589  
4.86.  Third, we recall that, "[i]n conducting the necessary analysis to determine whether 
proposed in-country prices can be relied upon in arriving at a proper benchmark, an investigating 
authority may be called upon to examine various aspects of the relevant market."590 As the 
Appellate Body has explained, "what an invest igating authority must do in conducting the 
necessary analysis for the purpose of arriving at a proper benchmark will vary depending upon the 
circumstances of the case, the characteristics of the market being examined, and the nature, 
quantity, and quality of the information supplied by petitioners and respondents, including such 
additional information an investigating authority seeks so that it may base its determination on positive evidence on the record."
591 
4.87.  Turning now to the countervailing duty inve stigations at issue in the present dispute, we 
note the Panel's finding that, in each of the underlying investigations challenged by China, "the USDOC determined that the relevant input suppliers were public bodies on the grounds that these 
suppliers were majority-owned or otherwise contro lled by the [GOC], either on the basis of the 
evidence on the record or by assuming such government ownership or control when the USDOC 
applied facts available."
592 The Panel held that, in the 12 countervailing duty investigations 
challenged by China, the United States acted inconsistently with Article 1.1(a)(1) of the 
SCM Agreement in determining that the relevant "SOEs were public bodies based solely on the 
grounds that these enterprises were (majority) owned, or otherwise controlled, by the GOC."593 
The United States has not challenged these findings by the Panel on appeal. Nor does the 
United States contest that in 12 of the countervailing duty investigations at issue in this dispute 
the USDOC "applied an ownership-based control test" in determining whether Chinese SOEs were public bodies.
594  
4.88.  With these considerations in mind, we tu rn to examine the explanations provided by the 
USDOC for its price distortion findings in each of the four countervailing duty investigations with 
                                               
586 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.152. 
587 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
588 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
589 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
590 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.157. 
591 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.157. 
592 Panel Report, para. 7.61. 
593 Panel Report, para. 7.75. 
594 See Panel Report, para. 7.63. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 respect to which China requests that we complete the legal analysis, beginning with the OCTG 
countervailing duty investigation. 
4.2.3.1  The OCTG countervailing duty investigation 4.89.  In the context of the OCTG countervailing duty investigation, the USDOC reasoned that:  
Based on the GOC's failure to provide the requested information, we determine that 
the GOC has failed to act to the best of its ability and, consequently, an adverse inference is warranted in accordance with section 776(b) of the Act. As [adverse facts 
available], we are assuming that GOC owned or controlled firms dominate the steel 
rounds market in the PRC and that this results in a significant distortion of the prices there, with the result that use of an external benchmark is warranted.
595 
4.90.  The USDOC further explained that: 
[W]e are relying on [adverse facts available] to determine that GOC authorities play a 
significant role in the PRC market for steel rounds and billets and that prices for steel rounds and billets are distorted. Consequently, we determine that the prices actually 
paid in the PRC for steel rounds and billets during the [period of investigation] are not 
appropriate tier one benchmarks.
596 
4.91.  We first recall that government-related prices other than the financial contribution at issue 
must not be a priori  excluded from the possible candidates for selecting a proper benefit 
benchmark under Article 14(d). However, in this determination, the USDOC did not consider whether the prices of GOC-owned or -controlled firms "as such" were or were not market determined. The USDOC appears simply to have accepted, without any examination, that those 
government-related prices were automatically distorted by governmental intervention. 
4.92.  In addition, the USDOC's distortion findin g appears to assume that any entity "owned or 
controlled" by the GOC could be treated as a public  body (and thus "government" in the sense of 
Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement) in decidi ng whether the role of the "government" in the 
m a r k e t  a s  a  p r o v i d e r  o f  t h e  r e l e v a n t  g o o d s  w a s  " s i g n i f i c a n t " .  W e  r e c a l l ,  h o w e v e r ,  t h a t  " m e r e  ownership or control over an entity by a government, without more, is not sufficient to establish 
that the entity is a public body."
597  
4.93.  Accordingly, we find that the USDOC's an alysis and explanation for rejecting in-country 
prices in China in its benchmark analysis in the OCTG countervailing duty investigation is 
inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement.  
4.2.3.2  The Solar Panels countervailing duty investigation 4.94.  In the context of the selection of a benefit benchmark in the Solar Panels countervailing 
duty investigation, the USDOC provided the following reasoning in support of its finding of price 
distortion in the market: 
[T]he Department has preliminarily determined that all the producers of polysilicon 
purchased by the respondents during the [period of investigation] are "authorities"  
within the meaning of section 771(5)(B) of the [US Tariff Act of 1930]. Because the GOC did not provide the production volumes for any of the polysilicon producers in the PRC, the Department cannot determine, on the basis of production volumes, what 
percentage of total domestic production or total domestic consumption is accounted 
for by the producers determined to be "authorities". Therefore, we have determined 
whether polysilicon consumption in the PRC is dominated by the GOC based on the 
                                               
595 2009 OCTG Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel  Exhibit CHI-45), p. 4. See also Panel Report, 
para. 7.182. 
596 2009 OCTG Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel  Exhibit CHI-45), p. 14. See also Panel Report, 
para. 7.182. 
597 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.10. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 number of producers that are "authorities" . In addition to the 30 producers 
determined to be "authorities", the GOC reports it maintains an ownership or management interest in another seven, bringing to 37 the number of producers through which the GOC influences and distorts the domestic market for polysilicon , 
out of a total universe of 47 producers in the PRC. Therefore, we determine that the 
GOC is the predominant provider of polys ilicon in the PRC and that its significant 
presence in the market distorts all transaction prices . As such, we cannot rely on 
domestic prices in the PRC as a "tier-one" benchmark. For the same reasons, we 
determine that import prices into the PRC cannot serve as a benchmark.598 
4.95.  The essence of the above findings by the USDOC is that 37 producers (30 public bodies and 
seven entities where the GOC maintained an ownership or management interest) out of the total 
47 producers of polysilicon in China are the entities through which the GOC influenced and 
distorted the domestic market of polysilicon. Although the role of these 37 producers in the 
relevant market could, in principle, suggest that the presence in that market of these government-
related entities could be  "significant" or "predominant", we recall that, in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body emphasized that "an investigating authority 
cannot, based simply on a finding that the government is the predominant supplier of the relevant 
goods, refuse to consider evidence relating to factors other than government market share."599 
The Appellate Body further clarified that its reasoning in US – Softwood Lumber IV  excluded the 
application of a per se  rule, according to which an investigating authority could properly conclude 
in every case, and regardless of any other evidence, that the fact that the government is the 
predominant supplier means that private prices are distorted.600 The Appellate Body has therefore 
cautioned against equating the concept of government predominance with the concept of price distortion, and has highlighted that the link between the two concepts is an evidentiary one.  
4.96.   In the determination at issue, the USDOC did not explain whether and how the relevant 
37 producers possessed and exerted market power such that other in-country prices were distorted. Nor did the USDOC explain whether the prices of the 37 government-related entities 
themselves were market determined. 
4.97.  Accordingly, we find that the USDOC's an alysis and explanation for rejecting in-country 
prices in its benchmark analysis in the Solar Panels countervailing duty investigation is inconsistent 
with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement. 
4.2.3.3  The Pressure Pipe co untervailing duty investigation 
4.98.  In the context of the Pressure Pipe countervailing duty investigation, the USDOC provided 
the following reasoning in support of its finding of price distortion in the market: 
[W]e found that SOEs account for approximately 82 percent of the [Stainless Steel 
Coil] production in the PRC during the [period of investigation] (and approximately 
71 percent of production if available data on import volume are included) … 
Consequently, because of the government's overwhelming involvement in the PRC's SSC market, we found that the use of privat e producer prices in China would be akin 
to comparing the benchmark to itself … .
601 
4.99.  On this basis, the USDOC concluded that "p rices stemming from private transactions within 
China cannot give rise to a price that is sufficien tly free from the effects of the GOC's actions, and 
therefore cannot be considered to meet the stat utory and regulatory requirement for the use of 
market-determined prices to measure the adequacy of remuneration."602  
                                               
598 Panel Report, para. 7.183 (quoting 2012 Solar Panels Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination 
(Panel Exhibit CHI-105), p. 17449). (emphases added by the Panel) 
599 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 446. 
600 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , paras. 442 and 443 
(referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 100). 
601 2009 Pressure Pipe Issues and Decision Me morandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-12), p. 19. 
602 2009 Pressure Pipe Issues and Decision Me morandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-12), p. 19. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.100.  We recall, however, that Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement "establishes no legal 
presumption that in-country prices from any particular source can be discarded in a benchmark analysis."
603 In this investigation, the USDOC appears simply to have assumed that the prices of 
the government-related entities were automatically distorted due to their relationship with the 
government, given that the USDOC did not explain whether those prices were market determined 
or distorted by governmental intervention. 
4.101.  Moreover, we note that these findings  by the USDOC provide relevant information, 
including regarding the market shares of govern ment-owned entities. The market shares of the 
SOEs could, in principle, be relied upon to support a finding that the presence of the government through government-related entities is "significant" or "predominant", in line with the Appellate Body's understanding of these two situations in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) . However, we note that the USDOC did not explain in its determination whether and 
how the mentioned market shares held by SOEs actually resulted in the government's possession and exercise of market power, such that the price distortion occurred in a way that private 
suppliers aligned their prices with those of the government-provided goods. 
4.102.  Accordingly, we find that the USDOC's analysis and explanation for rejecting in-country 
prices in China in its benchmark analysis in the Pressure Pipe countervailing duty investigation is 
inconsistent with the obligations of the United St ates under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement.  
4.2.3.4  The Line Pipe countervailing duty investigation 4.103.  In the context of the Line Pipe counter vailing duty investigation, the USDOC reasoned 
that:  
… due to the GOC's refusal to provide the [USDOC] with the ownership information it 
requested concerning [hot-rolled steel] suppliers, we are unable to rely on the 
aggregate production data supplied by the GOC. As a result … we are applying 
[adverse facts available] and assuming that government-owned producers manufactured all [hot-rolled steel] produced in the PRC during the [period of 
investigation].
604 
4.104.  In the light of this finding made in the co ntext of facts available, we note that the USDOC 
found that, "because of the government's over whelming involvement in the [hot-rolled steel] 
market, the use of private producer prices in the PRC would be akin to comparing the benchmark 
to itself".605 On this basis, the USDOC concluded that "prices stemming from private transactions 
within China cannot give rise to a price that is  sufficiently free from the effects of the GOC's 
actions, and therefore cannot be considered to meet the statutory and regulatory requirement for 
the use of market-determined prices to measure the adequacy of remuneration."606 
4.105.  We note that, through the application of "adverse" facts available, the USDOC assumed 
that government-owned producers manufactured all hot-rolled steel produced in China during the 
period of investigation. The USDOC's distortion finding appears to have been predicated on the 
USDOC's determination that entities "owned or controlled" by the government can be treated as "GOC authorities", and that prices of goods prov ided by such entities can be discarded in a 
benchmark analysis solely on the basis of government ownership or control. Yet, as noted above, 
the relevant inquiry for purposes of finding a proper benchmark under Article 14(d) of the 
SCM Agreement is whether or not certain in-country prices are distorted, rather than whether such 
prices originate from a particular source (e.g. government-owned entities). In addition, a finding of 
government ownership and control of certain entities alone cannot serve as the sole basis for 
establishing price distortion. Furthermore, government-related prices cannot be discarded in a benchmark analysis without an examination of whether or not they are market determined. 
                                               
603 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.154. 
604 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 19. 
605 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 19. 
606 2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 19. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.106.  Accordingly, we find that the USDOC's analysis and explanation for rejecting "prices 
stemming from private transactions" in China in its benchmark analysis in the Line Pipe 
countervailing duty investigation is inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement.  
4.2.4  Overall conclusion 
4.107.  We recall that we have reversed the Panel's finding, in paragraph 7.195 of the Panel 
Report, upholding the USDOC's rejection of private prices as potential benchmarks in the 
investigations at issue on the grounds that such prices were distorted. We also reverse the Panel's 
conclusion, in paragraph 7.197 of the Panel Report, that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in -country private prices in China as benchmarks 
for the relevant challenged investigations. Similarly, we have reversed the Panel's ultimate finding, 
in paragraph 8.1.iv of the Panel Report, that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement by rejecting in-country private prices in China in respect of the OCTG, Solar 
Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations. We find, instead, that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) 
and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by reje cting in-country prices in China as benefit 
benchmarks in the context of the OCTG, Solar Pane ls, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing 
duty investigations. 
4.3  Article 2.1 of the SC M Agreement – Specificity  
4.108.  China challenges on appeal the Panel's analysis regarding determinations of de facto  
specificity made by the USDOC in the following 12 countervailing duty investigations: Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print 
Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels.
607 In these 
investigations, the USDOC based its determinations of de facto  specificity on the first factor listed 
in Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement, namely , the "use of a subsidy programme by a limited 
number of certain enterprises". China appeals three aspects of the Panel's analysis regarding the 
USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity. First, China argues that the Panel erred in its 
interpretation and application of Article 2.1 when it found that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 by analysing specificity 
exclusively under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement.
608 Second, China submits that the Panel 
erred in the interpretation and application of th e term "subsidy programme" in Article 2.1(c) by 
finding that the consistent provision by the SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate 
remuneration provided an objective basis for the USDOC to identify sufficiently a subsidy 
programme under Article 2.1(c).609 Third, China argues that the Panel erred in its application of 
Article 2.1 when it found that "the relevant jurisdiction was at the very least implicitly understood 
to be China"610 in the challenged investigations, and that China had therefore failed to establish 
that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by not identifying the relevant granting authority.
611 
                                               
607 See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this  Report. In each of these investigations, the USDOC 
made a finding of de facto specificity with respect to one or several inputs. 
608 China's appellant's submission, para. 5. 
609 China's appellant's submission, paras. 169 and 170. 
610 China's appellant's submission, para. 175 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.248). 
611 China's appellant's submission, para. 175. As part of its challenge before the Panel, China also 
argued that the USDOC failed to consider the factors se t out in the last sentence of Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement relating to the diversif ication of the relevant economy and th e duration of the relevant subsidy 
programme. The Panel found th at the USDOC failed to comply with Article 2.1(c) by not taking those factors 
into account in determining that the subsidies at issue are de facto  specific. (Panel Report, para. 7.256) The 
United States has not appealed this finding by the Panel. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.3.1  The USDOC's analysis of specificit y exclusively under Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement 
4.3.1.1  The Panel's findings 4.109.  Before the Panel, China argued that the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity in 
the 12 countervailing duty investigations at issue
612 are inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement because the USDOC failed to make its determinations on the basis of positive evidence establishing that the alleged provision of inputs for less than adequate remuneration was 
specific to an enterprise or industry or groups thereof.
613  
4.110.  The Panel began by examining China's ar gument that "subparagraphs (a) and (b) have 
primacy in the overall structure of Article 2.1 and must feature in any Article 2.1 analysis"614, and 
that an evaluation of "other factors" referred to in the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) is conditional 
on an appearance of non-specificity resulting from prior application of subparagraphs (a) and (b) 
of that provision.615 China explained, in this regard, that "subsidies will normally be administered 
pursuant to legislation, and it therefore makes sens e for an evaluation of specificity to start with 
any written instrument."616 
4.111.  The Panel disagreed with China, noting th at, while the structure of Article 2.1 suggests a 
sequence for the application of subparagraphs (a), (b), and (c) in which the application of the 
principles in subparagraphs (a) and (b) precedes the application of the principle in 
subparagraph (c), this "logical structure" does not, in the Panel's view, "translate into procedural rules that investigating authorities must follow in each specificity analysis under that provision".
617 
Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , 
the Panel noted, instead, that the Appellate Body recognized a "certain degree of flexibility … in 
the application of the principles in Article 2.1"618 and the importance of taking into account the 
"various legal and factual aspects of a subsidy in any given case", as well as the "nature and 
content of measures challenged in a particular case" when applying these principles.619 The Panel 
further recalled that "there may be instances in which the evidence under consideration unequivocally indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, or by reason of fact, under 
one of the subparagraphs, and that in such circumstances further consideration under the other 
subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be unnecessary".
620 
4.112.  With respect to the USDOC's specificity determinations at issue, the Panel noted that it 
was undisputed that the USDOC's findings were not based on "an explicit limitation of access by 
the granting authority or the legislation pursuant to which the granting authority operates; nor 
[were] they based on criteria or conditions that were spelled out in law, regulation, or other official document."
621 Rather, it was the "unwritten nature of the subsidies that the USDOC found to exist 
that led [the USDOC] to consider 'other factors' under subparagraph (c)."622 On this basis, the 
Panel concluded that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. 
                                               
612 China originally challenged determinations of de facto  specificity made by the USDOC in 14 
countervailing duty investigations, but the Panel found that the preliminary determinations in two of these 
investigations were outside its terms of reference. (See Panel Report, para. 7.29) China has not challenged this finding by the Panel on appeal. 
613 See Panel Report, paras. 7.218 and 7.200. 
614 Panel Report, para. 7.207 (referring to China's se cond written submission to the Panel, fn 130 to 
para. 117). 
615 Panel Report, para. 7.225 (referring to China's second written submission to the Panel, para. 125). 
616 Panel Report, para. 7.228 (referring to China's se cond written submission to the Panel, para. 119). 
The Panel noted, in this regard, that China's position wa s linked to China's view concerning what can constitute 
a "subsidy programme". (Ibid., para. 7.228) 
617 Panel Report, para. 7.229 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) , para. 796). 
618 Panel Report, para. 7.229. 
619 Panel Report, para. 7.229 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , para. 371). 
620 Panel Report, para. 7.229 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , para. 371). 
621 Panel Report, para. 7.230. 
622 Panel Report, para. 7.230. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.3.1.2  Whether the Panel er red in finding that the USDOC did not act inconsistently 
with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by  analysing specificity exclusively under 
Article 2.1(c)  
4.113.  On appeal, China argues that the Panel erred in its interpretation and application of 
Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement when it found that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. China poin ts out that, in the present case, the USDOC did 
not examine the principles set forth in subparagr aphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1, and did not 
identify an appearance of non-specificity prior to its examination of the "other factors" under subparagraph (c) of Article 2.1. China contends that the USDOC's consideration of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) in the absence of an "appearance of non-specificity" is contrary to the 
first sentence of Article 2.1(c), which conditions any examination of such "other factors" upon an 
"appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1. According to China, the Panel's contrary  conclusion resulted from "a failure to interpret 
Article 2.1(c) in accordance with its ordinary meaning and in accordance with the context of 
Article 2.1 as a whole, as well as a failure to apply relevant Appellate Body precedent".
623 
4.114.  The United States responds that the Panel correctly interpreted Article 2.1 to allow 
investigating authorities to examine specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement. The United States contends that "there is no merit to China's argument" that, in every specificity analysis under Article 2.1, an investigating authority must examine a subsidy under subparagraphs (a) and (b) before examining it under subparagraph (c).
624 In the 
United States' view, the chapeau of Article 2.1 "provides a framework for subparagraphs (a) 
through (c) and states that the 'principles' set out in those subparagraphs 'apply'; it in no way indicates that each specificity analysis proceeds on the basis of an examination of all three 
subparagraphs."
625 The United States observes that, in US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , the Appellate Body explained that a "p roper understanding of specificity under 
Article 2.1 must allow for the concurrent application of these principles to the various legal and 
factual aspects of a subsidy in any given case."626 On this basis, the United States contends that, 
"on a case-by-case basis, it is appropriate for an investigating authority to consider each of the principles 'concurrently' and decide which principle or principles apply".
627 
4.115.  Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement provides: 
Article 2 
Specificity  
2.1 In order to determine whether a subsidy, as defined in paragraph 1 of Article 1, 
is specific to an enterprise or industry or group of enterprises or industries (referred to 
in this Agreement as "certain enterprises") within the jurisdiction of the granting authority, the following principles shall apply: 
(a) Where the granting authority, or the legislation pursuant to which the granting 
authority operates, explicitly limits access to a subsidy to certain enterprises, such subsidy shall be specific. 
(b) Where the granting authority, or the legislation pursuant to which the granting 
authority operates, establishes objective criteria or conditions[*] governing the 
eligibility for, and the amount of, a subsidy, specificity shall not exist, provided that the eligibility is automatic and that such criteria and conditions are strictly adhered to. 
The criteria or conditions must be clearly spelled out in law, regulation, or other 
official document, so as to be capable of verification. 
                                               
623 China's appellant's submission, para. 121. 
624 United States' appellee's submission, para. 93. 
625 United States' appellee's submission, para. 104.  
626 United States' appellee's submission, para. 107 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping 
and Countervailing Duties , para. 371). 
627 United States' appellee's submission, para. 107. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 (c) If, notwithstanding any appearance of non-specificity resulting from the 
application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b), there are reasons 
to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific, other factors may be considered. Such factors are: use of a subsidy pr ogramme by a limited number of certain 
enterprises, predominant use by certain enterp rises, the granting of disproportionately 
large amounts of subsidy to certain enterprises, and the manner in which discretion has been exercised by the granting authority in the decision to grant a subsidy.[**] In 
applying this subparagraph, account shall be taken of the extent of diversification of 
economic activities within the jurisdiction of  the granting authority, as well as of the 
length of time during which the subsidy programme has been in operation. 
[*fn original] 2 Objective criteria or conditions, as used herein, mean criteria or conditions which 
are neutral, which do not favour certain enterprises over others, and which are economic in 
nature and horizontal in application, such as  number of employees or size of enterprise. 
[**fn original] 3 In this regard, in particular, info rmation on the frequ ency with which 
applications for a subsidy are refused or approv ed and the reasons for such decisions shall be 
considered. 
4.116.  China's appeal raises the question of whether, in certain circumstances, it may be 
permissible for an investigating authority to proceed directly to a specificity analysis under Article 2.1(c), or whether an application of the pr inciples set out in subparagraphs (a) and (b) is 
always required before an analysis can be cond ucted under subparagraph (c). Before addressing 
China's arguments on appeal, we turn to review the analytical framework and structure of the specificity analysis under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement in the light of relevant Appellate Body 
jurisprudence. 
4.117.  In US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body observed that 
the chapeau of Article 2.1 "frames the central inqu iry as a determination as to whether a subsidy 
is specific to 'certain enterprises' within the jurisdiction of the granting authority and provides that, 
in an examination of whether this is so, the 'principles' set out in subparagraphs (a) through (c) 
'shall apply'."
628 The Appellate Body emphasized that "the use of the term 'principles' – instead of, 
for instance, 'rules' – suggests that subparagraphs (a) through (c) are to be considered within an 
analytical framework that recognizes and accords appropriate weight to each principle."629 In that 
dispute, the Appellate Body also held that "a proper understanding of specificity under Article 2.1 must allow for the concurrent application of these principles to the various legal and factual 
aspects of a subsidy in any given case."
630 
4.118.  In US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , the Appellate Body indicated that "the 
structure of Article 2.1 suggests that the specificity analysis will ordinarily  proceed in a sequential 
order by which subparagraph (c) is examined fo llowing an assessment under subparagraphs (a) 
and (b)."631 The Appellate Body similarly observed that "the structure of Article 2.1 suggests a 
sequence for their application in which applicatio n of the principles in subparagraphs (a) and (b) 
precedes the application of the principle in subparagraph (c). In other words, one will normally  
reach subparagraph (c) after it has been determined that there are no explicit limitations as to 
which enterprises or industries have access to the subsidy."632 Although these passages introduce 
the notion of a sequence in conducting the specif icity analysis, the use of the words "ordinarily" 
and "normally" indicate that the Appellate Body did not consider that investigating authorities are 
required to follow a strict sequential order of subparagraphs (a) through (c) of Article 2.1 in each 
and every case . Rather, the Appellate Body emphasized that there is a logical progression in the 
type of evidence that should be examined under each subparagraph of Article 2.1 and, thus, that 
the specificity analysis should "ordinarily" proceed in a certain sequence. However, as explained in 
more detail below, the Appellate Body did not exclude the possibility that, under certain circumstances, an investigating authority could properly conduct the specificity analysis without 
examining the subparagraphs of Article 2.1 in  a strict sequential order. Indeed, in US – 
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , the Appellate Body indicated that, despite the 
fact that the specificity analysis under subparagraphs (a) through (c) will ordinarily  proceed in a 
                                               
628 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping an d Countervailing Duties (China), para. 366. 
629 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping an d Countervailing Duties (China), para. 366. 
630 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 371. 
631 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 873. (emphasis added) 
632 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 796. (emphasis added) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 sequential order, "there may be instances in which the evidence under consideration unequivocally 
indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, or by reason of fact, under one of the subparagraphs, and that in such circumstances  further consideration  under the other 
subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be unnecessary ."
633 
4.119.  The Appellate Body indicated that the specificity analysis should normally  begin by 
examining the evidence that is relevant for determining de jure  specificity pursuant to 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1. Under subparagraph (a), the inquiry focuses on 
establishing whether the granting authority, or the legislation pursuant to which the granting 
authority operates, explicitly limits access to the subsidy at issue to certain enterprises. 
Subparagraph (b), in turn, establishes that specificity "shall not exist" if the granting authority, or the legislation pursuant to which the granting authority operates, establishes objective criteria or 
conditions governing the eligibility for, and the amount of, the subsidy, provided that eligibility is 
automatic, that such criteria or conditions are strictly adhered to, and that they are clearly spelled out in law, regulation, or other official docu ment so as to be capable of verification.
634  
4.120.  In the context of determining whether a subsidy is de jure  specific, the language in 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) directs an investigating authority to scrutinize any explicit limitation of access to a subsidy or look for the existence of objective conditions or criteria governing eligibility 
for a subsidy. In cases where an examination of the nature and content of the challenged measure 
indicates that access to a subsidy is explicitly  limited to certain enterprises or, alternatively, if 
there are "criteria or conditions" governing the eligibility for a subsidy that are spelled out in law, 
regulation, or other official  document , an investigating authority will normally begin by examining 
this evidence in the light of subparagraphs (a) and (b) in order to determine whether the subsidy 
is de jure  specific. This analysis under subparagraphs (a) and (b) may lead an investigating 
authority to conclude that a subsidy is de jure  specific within the meaning of Article 2.1(a), or that 
a subsidy is not de jure  specific because there are objective criteria or conditions that are clearly 
spelled out in law, regulation, or other official document. 
4.121.  Turning to an examination of de facto specificity
635, we note that the first sentence of 
Article 2.1(c) provides that "[i]f, notwithstanding any appearance of non-specificity resulting from 
the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b), there are reasons to 
believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific, other factors may be considered." We begin by noting that the word "if", at the beginning of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c), is ordinarily used 
to introduce a condition that may either be fulfilled or not fulfilled.
636 By contrast, the preposition 
"notwithstanding", which introduces the subordinate cl ause in the first sentence of Article 2.1(c), is 
relevantly defined as "[i]n spite of, without regard to or prevention by".637 In the context of the 
first sentence of Article 2.1(c), this clause suggests that, in spite of  any appearance that a subsidy 
is not specific following an application of the principles set out in subparagraphs (a) and (b), an investigating authority may still examine "other factors" and find that the subsidy at issue is 
de facto  specific. For instance, in a situation where the evidence suggests that a subsidy is not 
de jure specific because the conditions set out in subparagraph (b) are satisfied, subparagraph (c) 
of Article 2.1 clarifies that the specificity inquiry does not necessarily end at that point because, 
                                               
633 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 371. (emphasis 
added) 
634 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 367. We note 
that footnote 2 to subparagraph (b) of Article 2.1 further explains that "[o]bjective criteria or conditions … are 
neutral, … do not favour certain en terprises over others, and … are econ omic in nature and horizontal in 
application, such as the number of employees or size of enterprise." 
635 In examining whether a measure is de facto  specific under subparagraph (c), an investigating 
authority should focus its examination on evidence that relates to the factors listed  under that provision. We 
recall that Article 2.1(c) lists the following factors for consideration: (i) use of a subsidy programme by a 
limited number of certain enterprise s; (ii) predominant use by certain enterprises; (iii) the granting of 
disproportionately large amounts of subsidy to certain enterprises; and (i v) the manner in which discretion has 
been exercised by the granting authority in the decision to grant a subsidy. 
636 The term "if" is defined as "intro ducing a condition where the question  of fulfilment or non-fulfilment 
is left open: given the hypothesis or proviso that, in the event that." ( Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 
6th edn, A. Stevenson (ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2007), Vol. 1, p. 1321) An investigating authority must also consider the two factors referred to in the last sentence of Article 2.1(c). 
637 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 6th edn, A. Stevenson (ed.) (O xford University Press, 2007), 
Vol. 2, p. 1952. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 94 - 
 
 "notwithstanding any appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the application of Article 2.1(a) 
and (b), a subsidy may nevertheless be found to be "in fact" specific.638 
4.122.  Looking further at the structure of Article 2.1(c), we note that the clause "notwithstanding 
any appearance of non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in 
subparagraphs (a) and (b)" is a subordinate clause, suggesting to us that the word "if" at the 
beginning of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) do es not relate directly to the "appearance of non-
specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b)". 
Thus, the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b) does not necessarily 
constitute a condition that must be met in order to consider "other factors" under subparagraph (c). This, in our view, is also confir med by the use of the term "appearance" in this 
clause, as opposed to the term "finding" or "determination", which suggests that an examination of 
the factors listed in subparagraph (c) does not presuppose a formal finding or determination under 
subparagraphs (a) and (b) by an investigating auth ority applying the principles laid out in these 
subparagraphs. We thus consider that the word "if" in the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) relates to 
the phrase "there are reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific". Thus, as held by 
the Appellate Body in US – Large Civil Aircraft (2
nd complaint) , "[t]he analysis under Article 2.1(c) 
proceeds where there are 'reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific'."639 
4.123.  Moreover, as noted above, the Appellate Body has indicated that, despite the fact that the 
specificity analysis under subparagraphs (a) through (c) will ordinarily  proceed in a sequential 
order, "there may be instances in which the evidence under consideration unequivocally indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, or by reason of fact, under one of the 
subparagraphs, and that, in such circumstances  further consideration  under the other 
subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be unnecessary ."
640 The Appellate Body has therefore clarified 
that, in certain situations, investigating authorities are not required to examine specificity with 
respect to the subsidy at issue under all three su bparagraphs. Rather, depending on the type of 
evidence that is present in a given case, an investigating authority may be able to limit the specificity analysis to de jure  elements under subparagraphs (a) and (b) or to de facto  elements 
under subparagraph (c). However, we consider it important to emphasize that, in previous 
disputes, the Appellate Body has also "cautioned against examining specificity on the basis of the 
application of a particular subparagraph of Article 2.1, when the potential for application  of other 
subparagraphs is warranted  in the light of the nature and content of measures challenged in a 
particular case".
641  
4.124.  With these considerations in mind, we now turn to examine China's arguments regarding 
the interpretation of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. China argues that the USDOC's 
consideration of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement in the absence of 
an "appearance of non-specificity" is contrary to the first sentence of Article 2.1(c), which conditions any examination of these factors upon an "appearance of non-specificity" resulting from 
the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 2.1. According to China, the Panel's 
contrary conclusion resulted from "a failure to interpret Article 2.1(c) in accordance with its ordinary meaning and in accordance with the context of Article 2.1 as a whole, as well as a failure to apply relevant Appellate Body precedent".
642 
4.125.  In essence, China's interpretative position is that the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) 
conditions  an examination of de facto  specificity upon an "appearance of non-specificity" resulting 
from the application of subparagraphs (a) and (b). We recall that the word "if" in the first sentence 
of subparagraph (c) relates to the phrase "there are reasons to believe that the subsidy may in 
fact be specific", rather than to the subordinate clause "notwithstanding any appearance of non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b)". Thus, the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) and (b) does not 
necessarily constitute a condition that must be fulfilled in order to examine "other factors" under subparagraph (c). We further recall that "there may be instances in which the evidence under 
                                               
638 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 370. 
639 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 797. 
640 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 371. (emphasis 
added) 
641 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 945 (referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). (emphasis added) 
642 China's appellant's submission, para. 121. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 consideration unequivocally indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, or by reason of 
fact, under one of the subparagraphs, and that in such circumstances  further consideration  under 
the other subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be unnecessary ."643 We therefore do not agree with 
China that the first sentence of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement conditions an assessment of 
the de facto  factors listed under that subparagraph upon the application of subparagraphs (a) 
and (b). 
4.126.  We note that the Panel found that "[t]he word 'if' in Article 2.1(c) refers to the clause 
'there are reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific'."644 In this regard, the Panel 
further observed that "Article 2.1(c) conditions the possibility to consider other factors upon the existence of 'reasons to believe that the subsidy may in fact be specific'".
645 Moreover, with 
respect to the interpretation of the subordinate clause "notwithstanding any appearance of 
non-specificity resulting from the application of the principles laid down in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b)", the Panel indicated that such clause establishes that "the principles embodied in subparagraph (c) can be applied even if the application of the principles in subparagraphs (a) 
and (b) indicates an appearance of non-specificity, provided there are 'reasons to believe that the 
subsidy may in fact be specific'."
646 We consider that these interpretative findings by the Panel are 
in keeping with our own interpretation of the first sentence of Article 2.1(c). Accordingly, we 
disagree with China that the Panel erred in its interpretation of Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement. 
4.127.  We now turn to China's argument regarding the Panel's application of Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement to the challenged USDOC determinations. According to China, the Panel 
erroneously concluded that the "unwritten nature" of the alleged input subsidies at issue was a 
"circumstance" that allowed the USDOC to reach a finding of specificity under Article 2.1(c) in the absence of an "appearance of non-specificity" under subparagraphs (a) and (b).
647 In China's view, 
there is nothing in the nature of "unwritten su bsidies" that requires them to be examined 
exclusively under subparagraph (c). China asserts that "unwritten subsidies" can be analysed under subparagraphs (a) and (b) based on an exam ination of the granting authority's conduct in 
conditioning eligibility for the alleged subsidies.
648 
4.128.  In addressing China's claim, the Panel recalled the Appellate Body's finding that "there 
may be instances in which the evidence under consideration unequivocally indicates specificity or non-specificity by reason of law, or by reason of  fact, under one of the subparagraphs, and that in 
such circumstances further consideration under the other subparagraphs of Article 2.1 may be 
unnecessary".
649 In the Panel's view, the set of facts before it embodied the "circumstances" 
described by the Appellate Body.650 According to the Panel, it is undisputed that the USDOC's 
findings were not based on an explicit  limitation of access to the subsidy by the granting authority 
or the legislation pursuant to which the granting authority operates within the meaning of subparagraph (a); nor on criteria or conditions that are spelled out  in law, regulation, or other 
official document within the meaning of subparagraph (b). In the Panel's view, it was the 
"unwritten nature" of the subsidies that the USDOC found to exist that led it to consider "other factors" under subparagraph (c).
651 On this basis, the Panel found that the USDOC did not act 
inconsistently with Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c).652 
4.129.  While we do not preclude that there may be circumstances where "unwritten measures" 
providing subsidies may be analysed under the prin ciples set forth in subparagraphs (a) and (b), 
we note that an analysis under these provisions focuses on explicit  limitation of access to the 
subsidy to certain enterprises. While the subsidy measure at issue may be unwritten, in order to 
                                               
643 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 371. (emphasis 
added) 
644 Panel Report, para. 7.226. 
645 Panel Report, para. 7.226. 
646 Panel Report, para. 7.227. (emphasis original) 
647 China's appellant's submission, para. 154 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.230). 
648 China's appellant's submission, paras. 154 and 155. 
649 Panel Report, para. 7.229 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing 
Duties (China) , para. 371). 
650 Panel Report, para. 7.230. 
651 Panel Report, para. 7.230. 
652 Panel Report, paras. 7.231, 7.258, and 8.1.v. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 be de jure  specific, the granting authority or the legislation pursuant to which the granting 
authority operates must explicitly  limit access to the subsidy at issue. Such explicit limitation, in 
our view, would ordinarily be found in written instruments. This is borne out in subparagraph (b), which establishes that the criteria or conditions governing the eligibility for a subsidy that should 
be examined pursuant to this provision "must be clearly spelled out  in law, regulation, or other 
official document".
653 By contrast, a de facto  specificity analysis under subparagraph (c) would 
appear to be most pertinent and useful in the context of subsidies in respect of which eligibility or 
access limitations are not explicitly provided for in a law or regulation.  
4.130.  As indicated above, we do not agree with China that Article 2.1 calls for a strict sequential 
analysis of its three subparagraphs in each and every case. As we see it, in an investigation where there is no evidence that allows for a de jure  assessment, the application of Articles 2.1(a) and (b) 
would serve no purpose, and we consequently see no reason why an investigating authority would, 
in such instances, be precluded from proceeding directly to Article 2.1(c) to conduct its specificity analysis.
654 Having said that, we emphasize that, in previous disputes, the Appellate Body has also 
"cautioned against examining specificity on the basis of the application of a particular 
subparagraph of Article 2.1, when the potential for application  of other subparagraphs is warranted  
in the light of the nature and content of measures challenged in a particular case".655 
4.131.  In the present case, we recall that China challenged before the Panel the USDOC's 
determinations of de facto  specificity with respect to the provision of inputs  in 12 countervailing 
duty investigations. The Panel indicated that the unwritten nature of the subsidies led the USDOC to examine whether those subsidies are specific under the "other factors" listed in 
subparagraph (c). The Panel also observed that it is undisputed  that the USDOC's findings were 
not based on an explicit limitation of access to  the subsidy by the granting authority or the 
legislation pursuant to which the granting authority operates; nor were they based on criteria or 
conditions that are spelled out in law, regulation, or other official document.
656 Given that China 
has not pointed to any evidence that was before the USDOC of the kind that would ordinarily be examined in determining de jure  specificity under subparagraphs (a) and (b), we see no error in 
the Panel's assessment of China's claim.  
4.132.  In the light of these considerations, we uphold the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.231, 
7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel Report, that, given th e nature of the subsidies that the USDOC found 
to exist, the USDOC did not act inconsistently with Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively 
under Article 2.1(c). 
4.3.2  "Use of a subsidy programme" under  Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement 
4.3.2.1  The Panel's findings 
4.133.  The Panel turned to examine China's claim that the USDOC failed to identify a "subsidy 
programme" in any of the challenged specificity determinations. The Panel began by noting that the challenged USDOC determinations were made und er the first of the "other factors" listed in 
Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement, namely, the "use of a subsidy programme by a limited 
number of certain enterprises". The Panel attributed  significance to the use of the term "subsidy 
programme" as opposed to "subsidy". The Panel observed that the word "programme" is defined as "[a] plan or outline of (esp. intended) activities; a planned series of activities or events".
657 In 
the Panel's view, this "ordinary meaning" must be re ad in the light of the context of Article 2.1(c), 
as well as of the object and purpose of the SCM Agreement as a whole. The Panel pointed out that 
subparagraph (c) is concerned with facts, as opposed to de jure  elements under subparagraph (a), 
adding that, in Article 2, the term "pro gramme" is used only in the context of de facto  specificity 
                                               
653 Emphasis added. 
654 The fact that the financial contribution at issue is the provision of a good does not, ipso facto , mean 
that direct recourse to subparagraph (c) is necessar ily warranted. For instance, if there are written legal 
instruments regarding the provision of a good that would be relevant in assessing the specificity of the subsidy, an investigating authority would ordinarily be expected  to start its analysis under subparagraphs (a) and (b). 
655 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 945 (referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 371). (emphasis added) 
656 Panel Report, para. 7.230. 
657 Panel Report, para. 7.239 (quoting The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , L. Brown (ed.) 
(Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 2371). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 and that this, combined with the fact that the SCM Agreement provides no definition of the term, 
suggests that "subsidy programme" should be interpreted broadly given that "'subsidies can take many forms and can be provided through many different kinds of mechanisms, some more and 
some less explicit'."
658 
4.134.  The Panel noted that, in each of the ch allenged investigations, in the absence of any 
written instrument, the USDOC concluded that the consistent provision by the SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate remuneration constitu tes a type of systematic activity or series of 
activities, and that, as a result, the provision of such inputs constitutes a subsidy programme. The 
Panel found that this evidence of systematic activity (or a series of systematic activities) "provided an objective basis for the USDOC to sufficiently identify subsidy programmes for the purposes of the first of the 'other factors' under Article 2.1(c)  of the SCM Agreement in the relevant specificity 
determinations".
659 
4.3.2.2  Whether the Panel erred in its in terpretation and application of the term 
"subsidy programme" in Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement 
4.135.  China argues that the Panel erred in the in terpretation and application of the term "subsidy 
programme" in Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreemen t. China contends that any examination of the 
first of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) must begin with the identification of the relevant 
"subsidy programme". China asserts that the USDOC provided no evidentiary basis for the 
existence, scope, and content of these alleged "pro grammes". The parties agreed that the ordinary 
meaning of "subsidy programme" refers to "a plan or outline of subsidies or a planned series of subsidies".
660 Nonetheless, according to China, the Pane l "departed from the ordinary meaning of 
this term" and interpreted it in a manner that collapsed the distinction between a "subsidy" and a 
"subsidy programme".661  
4.136.  China contends that what the Panel referred to as a "systematic activity or series of 
activities" – i.e. the consistent provision by the SO Es in question of inputs for less than adequate 
remuneration – in examining the determinations at issue does not constitute a "subsidy programme"; at most, it could be a "series of subsidies".
662 Moreover, China alleges that the Panel 
did not examine whether the USDOC had identified evidence to support the conclusion that each of 
the alleged input subsidies was circumscribed in a way that distinguishes it as a planned series of subsidies. For these reasons, China submits that the Panel's interpretation and application of the term "subsidy programme" in Article 2.1(c) are in error and must be reversed. China also requests 
that we reverse the Panel's consequential finding that the specificity determinations at issue are 
consistent with Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. 
4.137.  The United States counters that the Panel correctly concluded that a "subsidy programme" 
under Article 2.1(c) may be evidenced by a systematic  activity or series of activities. In response 
to China's argument that a "subsidy programme" mu st be interpreted to require the identification 
of a formally implemented "plan or outline", the United States argues that the Panel correctly 
rejected this interpretation, finding that such a narrow interpretation is not supported by the text 
of Article 2.1, or the context of  the SCM Agreement as a whole.  
4.138.  The United States also rejects China's argument that the Panel's interpretation "collapses" 
the term "subsidy programme" into the term "subsidy".
663 In fact, according to the United States, 
the Panel correctly applied the term "subsidy programme" to the USDOC's determinations at issue 
by concluding that the provision of these inputs for less than adequate remuneration is a systematic activity or series of activities that reflects the existence of a subsidy programme under 
Article 2.1(c) in the absence of any alleged written source for the implementation of the 
                                               
658 Panel Report, para. 7.240 (quoting Panel Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 
(China) , para. 9.32). 
659 Panel Report, para. 7.243. 
660 China's appellant's submission, paras. 160-162. Chin a notes that the Panel also "agreed with a prior 
panel that 'the use of the term 'subsidy programme', as opposed to 'subsidy', is not lacking in significance and 
must be given effect'." (Ibid., para. 163) 
661 China's appellant's submission, paras. 165 and 167. 
662 China's appellant's submission, para. 169 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.242). 
663 United States' appellee's submission, para. 125. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 programme.664 The United States disagrees with China's argument that a "subsidy programme" 
under Article 2.1(c) requires more than evidence  of the systematic provision of a subsidy or 
subsidies and, thus, further evidence of a "plan" is necessary to comply with the requirements of the SCM Agreement.
665  
4.139.  The United States also disagrees with China's contention that the Panel failed to recognize 
that the USDOC "never substantiated on the ba sis of positive evidence on the record" the 
existence of subsidy programmes in the challenged investigations, and that the existence of the 
programmes was "merely asserted" by the USDOC.666 The United States argues that the USDOC 
did not "merely assert" the existence of subsidy pr ogrammes for the purposes of its analysis under 
Article 2.1(c); rather, the record demonstrates that, for each investigation, far from being "merely asserted", the existence of the subsidy progra mme is grounded in the facts on the record.
667 The 
United States notes that, in all the challenged investigations, the subsidy programmes that the 
USDOC investigated "were first identified in the application, which China does not dispute contained evidence as to the programs' existence".
668 For these reasons, the United States 
considers that the Panel arrived at a correct interpretation and application of the first factor of 
Article 2.1(c) and properly examined the USDOC's determinations. Accordingly, the United States argues that China's appeal with respect to this  aspect of Article 2.1(c) should be rejected. 
4.140.  As the Appellate Body has previously found, the starting point of an analysis of specificity 
is the measure that has been determined to constitute a subsidy under Article 1.1.
669 This is 
supported by the fact that the chapeau of Article 2.1 establishes that "a subsidy, as defined in paragraph 1 of Article 1", is the measure under scrutiny for purposes of determining whether it is 
specific.
670 A determination that a given measure constitutes a financial contribution that confers a 
benefit therefore informs the scope and content of the analysis required to establish  de facto  
specificity.671 Importantly, however, a specificity analysis under Article 2.1 focuses not only on 
whether a subsidy has been provided to particular recipients, "but focuses also on all enterprises 
or industries eligible to receive that same subsidy".672 As such, an inquiry into whether a particular 
subsidy is specific to certain enterprises may require determining "what other enterprises or 
industries also have access to that same subsidy under that subsidy scheme".673 It is relevant 
therefore to consider not only the actual , but also the past and potential  recipients of a particular 
subsidy.  
4.141.  That the de facto  specificity of a subsidy is to be assessed in an even broader analytical 
framework is borne out in the first factor listed in Article 2.1(c) – "use of a subsidy programme by 
a limited number of certain enterprises". The ordina ry meaning of the word "programme" refers to 
"a plan or scheme of any intended proceedings (whether in writing or not); an outline or abstract 
of something to be done".674 The reference to "use of a subsidy programme" suggests that it is 
relevant to consider whether subsidies have been provided to recipients pursuant to a plan or scheme of some kind. Evidence regarding the na ture and scope of a subsidy programme may be 
found in a wide variety of forms, for instance, in the form of a law, regulation, or other official 
document or act setting out criteria or conditions governing the eligibility for a subsidy. A subsidy scheme or plan may also be evidenced by a systematic series of actions pursuant to which financial contributions that confer a benefit have been provided to certain enterprises. This is so 
particularly in the context of Article 2.1(c), wher e the inquiry focuses on whether there are reasons 
                                               
664 United States' appellee's submission, para. 126. 
665 United States' appellee's submission, para. 120 (referring to China's appellant's submission, 
para. 169). 
666 United States' appellee's submission, para. 132 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, paras. 118 
and referring to para. 170). 
667 United States' appellee's submission, para. 132 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 118). 
668 United States' appellee's submission, para. 133 (r eferring to China's response to Panel question 
No. 56, para. 145). 
669 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 747. 
670 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 747. 
671 See Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 750. 
672 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 753. 
673 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 753. 
674 Oxford English Dictionary online, definition of "programme", n. entry 4, available at: 
<http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/152225?rskey=gPZpOH&result=1#eid >. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 to believe that a subsidy is, in fact, specific, even though there is no explicit limitation of access to 
the subsidy set out in, for example, a law, regulation, or other official document.  
4.142.  An examination of the existence of a plan  or scheme regarding the use of the subsidy at 
issue may also require assessing the operation of such plan or scheme over a period of time. We 
see support for this proposition in the last sentence in Article 2.1(c), which establishes that, "[i]n 
applying this subparagraph, account shall be taken of … the length of time during which the subsidy programme has been in operation." We also observe that, in the context of non-actionable 
subsidies under Part IV of the SCM Agreement, Article 8.3 established that a subsidy programme 
referred to in Article 8.2 was to be "notified in advance of its implementation".
675 Article 8.3 
indicated that Members were to provide the Committ ee "with yearly updates of such notifications, 
in particular by supplying information on global expenditure for each programme, and on any 
modification of the programme." This reference al so provides further support to our understanding 
that the term "subsidy programme", as used in the SCM Agreement, refers to a plan or scheme regarding the subsidy at issue. 
4.143.  The mere fact that financial contributions have been provided to certain enterprises is not 
sufficient, however, to demonstrate that such contributions have been granted pursuant to a plan or scheme for purposes of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement. In order to establish that the 
provision of financial contributions constitutes a plan or scheme under Article 2.1(c), an 
investigating authority must have adequate evidence of the existence of a systematic  series of 
actions pursuant to which financial contributions that confer a benefit are provided to certain enterprises. 
4.144.  In any event, we recall that the existence  of a subsidy is to be analysed under Article 1.1 
of the SCM Agreement. By contrast, Article 2.1 as sumes the existence of a financial contribution 
that confers a benefit, and focuses on the question of whether that subsidy is specific . It stands to 
reason, therefore, that the relevant "subsidy programme", under which the subsidy at issue is 
granted, often may already have been identified and determined to exist in the process of ascertaining the existence of the subsidy at issue under Article 1.1.  
4.145.  We disagree with China to the extent it sugg ests that, in order to establish that the "use of 
a subsidy programme is limited to certain enterprises", an investigating authority is required to identify a subsidy plan or scheme implemented through legislation, regulation, or explicit acts or pronouncements by a granting authority. As noted, an analysis of de jure  specificity under 
subparagraph (a) of Article 2.1 requires examin ing whether the granting authority, or the 
legislation pursuant to which the granting authority operates, explicitly  limits access to a subsidy. 
Subparagraph (b), in turn, calls for an assessment of objective criteria or conditions governing the 
eligibility for, and the amount of, a subsidy, which must be clearly spelled out in law, regulation, or 
other official document. By contrast, the focus of the analysis under the first factor of Article 2.1(c) is on de facto  specificity, the use of a subsidy programme, and, in particular, whether the use of a 
subsidy programme is by a "limited number of certain enterprises".  
4.146.  An analysis under Article 2.1(a) and Article 2.1(b) of whether a subsidy is de jure  specific 
involves a consideration of legislation or of a granting authority's acts or pronouncements that explicitly limit access to the subsidy.
676 If the examination under Articles 2.1(a) and (b) yields an 
appearance of non-specificity, we would expect that an investigating authority would normally 
have an appropriate understanding of the subsidy programme at issue when proceeding to an analysis under Article 2.1(c) of whether, notwiths tanding such appearance of non-specificity, the 
relevant subsidy programme is, in fact, used by a limited number of certain enterprises. 
Nevertheless, the fact that the first factor in Article 2.1(c) refers to a "subsidy programme" does not mean that a de facto  specificity inquiry requires identification of an explicit subsidy programme 
implemented through law or regulation, or through other explicit means. Rather, the relevant 
inquiry with respect to the first of the "other factors" under Article 2.1(c) seeks to determine 
                                               
675 Pursuant to Article 31 of the SCM Agreement Article 8 is  no longer in force. We note that Article 8, as 
part of the original disciplines set out in the SCM Agreem ent, provides an indication of the intended scope of 
the term "subsidy programme". (see Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil 
Aircraft , para. 666) 
676 The same could be said about an analysis of whethe r a granting authority, or the legislation pursuant 
to which it operates, establishes objective criteria or conditions under Article 2.1(b). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 whether the subsidy at issue is, in fact, specific by considering whether the relevant subsidy 
programme is used by a limited number of certain en terprises. By its very nature, such an analysis 
normally focuses on evidence other than of the kind found in written documents or express acts or pronouncements by a granting authority. 
4.147.  With these considerations in mind, we turn to examine China's claim that the Panel erred 
in finding that "the consistent provision by the SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate remuneration" "provided an objective basis for the USDOC to sufficiently identify subsidy 
programmes for the purposes of the first of the 'other factors' under Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement in the relevant specificity determinations".
677  
4.148.  We recall the Panel's finding that, in each of the challenged investigations, "[i]n the 
absence of any written instrument", the USDOC concluded that the consistent provision by the 
SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate  remuneration constitutes a type of systematic 
activity or series of activities, and, as a result, that the provision of such inputs constitutes a "subsidy programme".
678 The Panel found that this evidence of systematic activity (or a series of 
systematic activities) "provided an objective basis for the USDOC to sufficiently identify subsidy 
programmes for the purposes of the first of the 'other factors' under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement in the relevant specificity determinations".
679  
4.149.  We agree with the Panel to the extent it suggested that, in the absence of any written 
instrument or explicit pronouncement, evidence of  a "systematic activity or series of activities" 
may provide a sufficient basis to establish the existence of an unwritten subsidy programme in the context of assessing de facto  specificity under the first factor of Article 2.1(c) of the 
SCM Agreement.  
4.150.  We find it troubling, however, that the Panel did not provide any case-specific discussion or 
references to the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity at issue prior to reaching its 
conclusion. Indeed, the entirety of the Panel's assessment of China's "as applied" claims with 
respect to the USDOC's determinations is set out in a single paragraph, as follows: 
In each of the challenged investigations, the application alleges that a specific input is 
being provided by SOEs for less than adeq uate remuneration. In the absence of any 
written instrument or explicit pronouncement, the USDOC concluded that this type of systematic activity or series of activities  – the consistent provision by the SOEs in 
question of inputs for less than adequate remuneration – constituted a subsidy 
programme.
680 
4.151.  By not providing case-specific discussion or references to the USDOC's determinations of 
specificity challenged by China, we consider that the Panel failed to apply Article 2.1(c), as 
properly interpreted, to those determinations. Accordingly, we reverse the Panel's finding, in 
paragraphs 7.243, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel Report, that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement by failing to identify a subs idy programme in each of the specificity 
determinations at issue. 
4.152.  Having reversed the Panel's finding, we recall China's request that we complete the legal 
analysis in respect of 15 specificity determinations in the following 12 countervailing duty 
investigations: Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, 
Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels.  
4.153.  According to China, the USDOC failed to identify and substantiate the existence of a 
"subsidy programme" in the determinations at issue, as that term is properly interpreted 
                                               
677 Panel Report, paras. 7.242 and 7.243, respectively. 
678 Panel Report, para. 7.242. 
679 Panel Report, para. 7.243. 
680 Panel Report, para. 7.242. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 (i.e. a "planned series of subsidies"). China contends that, while in some determinations681 the 
USDOC purported to identify a "subsidy programme" re lating to the provision of the input at issue, 
it failed to substantiate the existence of a "subsidy programme" based on positive evidence on the record. In other determinations, according to China, the USDOC applied the first factor of 
Article 2.1(c) without even purporting to identi fy the relevant "subsidy programme", much less 
substantiating the existence of such a programme.  
4.154.  The United States responds that, if we were to reverse the Panel's findings with respect to 
the identification of the "subsidy programme", then we should not complete the legal analysis and 
should not find that the USDOC's identification of the "subsidy programme" is inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. The United Stat es disagrees with China's contention that the 
Panel failed to recognize that the USDOC "never su bstantiated on the basis of positive evidence on 
the record" the existence of subsidy programmes in the challenged investigations, and that the 
existence of such programmes was "merely asserted" by the USDOC.
682 The United States argues 
that the USDOC did not "merely assert" the existence of the subsidy programmes for the purposes 
of its analysis under Article 2.1(c); rather, according to the United States, the record demonstrates 
that, for each investigation, far from being "merely asserted", the existence of the subsidy programmes is grounded in the facts on the record. The United States notes that, in each 
challenged investigation, the subsidy programmes that the USDOC investigated "were first 
identified in the application, which China does no t dispute contained evidence as to the programs' 
existence".
683  
4.155.  The Appellate Body has, in some disputes, completed the legal analysis with a view to 
facilitating the prompt and effective resolution of a given dispute.684 However, the Appellate Body 
has done so only if the factual findings of the panel and the undisputed facts on the panel record 
provided it with a sufficient basis for conducting its own analysis.685 Thus, the Appellate Body has 
not completed the legal analysis where there were insufficient factual findings in the panel report 
or a lack of undisputed facts on the panel record.686 In addition, the Appellate Body has declined to 
complete the legal analysis in the light of the complexity of the legal issues involved, the absence 
of full exploration of the issues that were befo re the panel, and, consequently, considerations 
pertaining to the parties' due process rights.687 The Appellate Body has also declined to complete 
the legal analysis in circumstances where it would require addressing claims that the panel "had not examined at all"
688, or where completion was not required to resolve the dispute.689 
                                               
681 China's appellant's submission, para. 184 (referring to 2010 Wire Strand Issues and Decision 
Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-52), p. 83 ("Provision of Wire Rod for LTAR Program"); 2009 Pressure Pipe 
Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI- 12), p. 4 ("Provision of SSC for LTAR Program"); 
2008 Line Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-19), p. 47 ("Provision of HRS for LTAR Program"); and 2011 Aluminum Extrusions Issues and De cision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-87), p. 89 
("Provision of Primary Aluminum for LTAR Program")). 
682 United States' appellee's submission, para. 132 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 118 
and referring to para. 170). 
683 United States' appellee's submission, para. 133 (r eferring to China's response to Panel question 
No. 56, para. 145). By way of example, the United States refers to the Aluminum Extrusions determination, in 
which the application "clearly contemplated that the informal 'subsidy program' was the provision of primary 
aluminum to all users of the input , although the 'subsidy' which was the subject of the application was the 
provision of primary aluminum to the aluminum extrusions industry ". (Ibid., para. 133 (emphasis original)) 
684 See e.g. Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , paras. 117 and 118; US – Wheat Gluten , 
paras. 80-92; and Canada – Aircraft (Article 21.5 – Brazil) , paras. 43-52. 
685 See Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , paras. 209, 241, and 255; Korea – Dairy , paras. 91 
and 102; Canada – Autos , paras. 133 and 144; Korea – Various Measures on Beef , para. 128; EC – Asbestos , 
para. 79; and EC – Export Subsidies on Sugar , para. 337. 
686 See Appellate Body Reports, US – Section 211 Appropriations Act , para. 343; and EC – Asbestos , 
para. 78.  
687 See Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Renewable Energy / Feed-in Tariff Program , para. 5.224; EC – 
Export Subsidies on Sugar , para. 339 and fn 537 thereto; US – Upland Cotton , paras. 532 and 533; EC – 
Bananas III , para. 155; and Chile – Price Band System , para. 186. 
688 Appellate Body Report, EC – Asbestos , para. 79. See also Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , 
para. 107.  
689 For example, in US – Steel Safeguards , the Appellate Body noted that it had already upheld the 
panel's findings that the measures at issue in that dispute were inco nsistent with the GATT 1994 and several 
provisions of the Agreement on Safegu ards. As a result, it did not consider  it "necessary .. . to complete the 
analysis". (Appellate Body Report, US – Steel Safeguards , para. 431) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 4.156.  We note that, as part of its challenge before the Panel, China also argued that the USDOC 
failed to consider the two factors set out in the last sentence of Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement relating to the "diversification of th e economic activities within the jurisdiction of 
the granting authority" and the "length of time during which the subsidy programme has been in 
operation". The Panel found that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agr eement by failing to take these two factors into 
account in each of the determinations of de facto  specificity challenged by China. The Panel's 
findings relate to both the USDOC's identification of the "jurisdiction of the granting authority" and 
the nature and scope of the relevant "subsidy programme". These findings by the Panel were not challenged by the United States on appeal and they  therefore stand. In the light of these findings, 
and having laid out the legal standard that applies under Article 2.1(c) insofar as it relates to the 
first factor under Article 2.1(c), we see limited value, for purposes of resolving the dispute 
between the parties, in completing the legal analysis with respect to the issue of whether the USDOC sufficiently identified and substantiated the existence of a "subsidy programme" in each of 
the determinations at issue. 
4.157.  Moreover, it would seem to us that much  of the evidence regarding the existence of the 
alleged subsidy programmes in this dispute has not been subject to the Panel's scrutiny. China 
alleges, for example, that the Panel failed to examine whether the USDOC had provided an 
evidentiary basis for its "apparent assumption" that each of the allegedly subsidized inputs was provided pursuant to its own input-specific subsidy programme.
690 By "assuming" that each of 
these types of inputs was provided pursuant to its own input-specific "subsidy programme", China 
considers that "the USDOC assumed the conclusion in its premise: that because the relevant 
'subsidy programme' was limited to one type of in put, and because the end users of that single 
input were 'limited in number', it followed that the alleged subsidy was 'use[d] … by a limited 
number of certain enterprises'."691 As noted, the Panel, however, did not refer to any of the 
challenged countervailing duty determinations on the record in reaching its finding that the provision of inputs was "systematic". Nor do we consider the participants to have addressed 
sufficiently, in their submissions, the issues of whether the USDOC sufficiently identified and 
substantiated the existence of a "subsidy programme"  in each of the determinations at issue. In 
these circumstances, we do not complete the legal analysis with respect to this particular aspect of China's appeal. 
4.3.3  The "jurisdiction of the granting  authority" under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement 
4.3.3.1  The Panel's findings 
4.158.  With respect to China's allegation that the USDOC failed to identify a "granting authority" 
in each of the challenged determinations of de facto  specificity, the Panel found that the reference 
to the phrase "within the jurisdiction of the granti ng authority" in the chapeau of Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement indicates that "specificity may on ly exist within the territory of a Member" and 
that, "in certain countries, subsidies may be granted not only by the central authorities, but also by other subdivisions".
692 For the Panel, therefore, the chapeau of Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement situates the assessment of a limitation of access to a subsidy within the 
jurisdiction of the granting authority.693 
4.159.  Based on its examination of the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity in the 
underlying investigations, the Panel observed that "the relevant jurisdiction was at the very least 
implicitly understood to be China in the challenged investigations."694 For this reason, the Panel 
found that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of 
                                               
690 China's appellant's submission, para. 170. China no tes that the determinations at issue encompassed 
the provision of at least ten different types of allegedly subsidized inputs, ranging from hot-rolled steel to chemicals to polysilicon. (Ibid.) 
691 China's appellant's submission, para. 170. 
692 Panel Report, para. 7.247. 
693 Panel Report, para. 7.247. 
694 Panel Report, para. 7.248. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreem ent by failing to identify explicitly a granting 
authority and, hence, the relevant jurisdiction in the specificity determinations at issue.695 
4.3.3.2  Whether the Panel erred in finding that  the relevant jurisdiction was at the very 
least implicitly understood to be Chin a in the challenged determinations 
4.160.  China argues that the Panel erred in its a pplication of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement to 
China's claim concerning the USDOC's failure to identify a "granting authority" in the specificity determinations at issue. According to China, it is undisputed that the USDOC did not identify the 
entity (or entities) that it considered to be the granting authority (or authorities) of each of the 
alleged input subsidies. China asserts that, without identifying the granting authority (or authorities), it is not possible to identify the jurisdiction (or jurisdictions) within which to situate the specificity analysis. In China's view, this, in turn, is necessary for evaluating whether a 
particular subsidy is specific to certain enterprises "within the jurisdiction of the granting 
authority". China concludes that, because the USDOC did not identify a granting authority (or authorities), it acted inconsistently with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
4.161.  China submits that the Panel's analysis of its claim regarding the identification of a 
granting authority was "cursory in the extreme".
696 China argues that the Panel "dismiss[ed] 
China's claim in a single sentence: 'Looking at the USDOC's determinations, and the specific 
excerpts provided by the United States in particular, it appears to us that the relevant jurisdiction 
was at the very least implicitly understood to be China in the challenged investigations'."697 
According to China, the Panel's conclusion that the relevant jurisdiction was at the very least implicitly understood to be China does not answer the question of whether the USDOC properly 
identified a granting authority. In China's view , the Panel therefore had no basis to evaluate 
whether the USDOC had properly situated its analysis of specificity within the jurisdiction of that granting authority. China considers that it is the "identification" of the granting authority that 
determines the jurisdiction in which the specificity analysis is situated.
698 Therefore, China argues 
that the Panel misapplied Article 2.1 because it failed to assess whether the USDOC had identified the granting authority and its jurisdiction. Accordingly, China requests that we reverse the Panel's 
finding that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations 
of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to identify explicitly the 
granting authority, and therefore also the relevant jurisdiction, in the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity at issue. 
4.162.  The United States responds that the Panel correctly found that the USDOC's 
determinations indicate that the relevant jurisdiction for the specificity inquiry was China, and that the USDOC was not required, in addition, explicitly to identify the granting authority.
699 The 
United States rejects China's argument that, "[h]aving failed to identify the relevant granting 
authority (or authorities), it followed that the USDOC's input specificity determinations could not possibly have been consistent with Article 2.1."
700 The United States submits that China's position 
is not supported either by the text of the chapeau of Article 2.1 or by the context provided by the 
SCM Agreement. The United States notes that China inserts "a non-existent requirement into Article 2.1 when it argues that [the USDOC] must identify a 'granting authority' with respect to the 
provision of inputs for less than adequate remuneration".
701 According to the United States, "[t]he 
Panel correctly found that Article 2.1 merely requires that the jurisdiction of the [granting 
authority] be identified, where relevant ( i.e., with respect to Members that maintain sub-central 
authorities), but that the identity of the granting authority is not directly relevant to the specificity 
analysis."702  
4.163.  In addition, the United States observes that, in each determination of de facto  specificity, 
the USDOC "determined based on information provided  in the application or during the course of 
the investigation that the input was provided for less than adequate remuneration to a limited 
                                               
695 Panel Report, paras. 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v. 
696 China's appellant's submission, para. 174. 
697 China's appellant's submission, para. 174 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.248). 
698 China's appellant's submission, para. 175. 
699 United States' appellee's submission, para. 136 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 173). 
700 United States' appellee's submission, para. 139 (q uoting China's appellant's submission, para. 173). 
701 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140. 
702 United States' appellee's submission, para. 140.  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 number of users within China ".703 The United States adds that China and the interested parties in 
each investigation were therefore aware that the USDOC's analysis applied to this jurisdiction, i.e. China. The United States stresses that, in none of the challenged investigations, did China (or any interested party) challenge the USDOC's finding that China was the relevant jurisdiction for 
purposes of the de facto  specificity analysis. Nor, the United States argues, did China allege before 
the Panel or now on appeal that the USDOC erred in its conclusion that the jurisdiction of the granting authority in this case is China. 
4.164.  We begin our analysis by noting that the chapeau of Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement 
"frames the central inquiry as a determination as to whether a subsidy is specific to 'certain enterprises' within the jurisdiction of the granting authority".
704 The purpose of the inquiry under 
this provision is to determine whether the subsidy that was found to exist pursuant to Article 1.1 is 
specific. We recall that "the analysis under Arti cle 2.1 focuses on ascertaining whether access to 
the subsidy in question is limited to a particular class of eligible recipients ."705 An essential part of 
the specificity analysis requires the proper identification of the jurisdiction  of the granting 
authority. 
4.165.  In situations where the granting authority is the central government, the scope of the 
jurisdiction is usually the entire territory of the relevant Member. Conversely, in a situation where 
the granting authority is a regional or local government, the scope of the jurisdiction is usually 
limited to the territory of that regional or local government. It is important to determine whether the jurisdiction at issue covers the entire territory of the relevant WTO Member or is limited to a designated geographical region within that territory because, as indicated by the panel in EC and 
certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , "if the granting authority was a regional government, 
a subsidy available to enterprises throughout the territory over which that regional government had jurisdiction would not be specific."
706 Conversely, if the granting authority was the 
central government, a subsidy available to the very same enterprises would be specific.  
4.166.  The above considerations, in our view, suggest that an essential part of the specificity 
analysis under Article 2.1 requires a prop er determination of whether the relevant jurisdiction  is 
that of the central government or whether it is that of a regional or local government, and whether 
the granting authority therefore operates at a central, regional, or local level. 
4.167.  We recall that the chapeau of Article 2.1 defines the specificity inquiry as one that seeks 
"to determine whether a subsidy, as defined in paragraph 1 of Article 1, is specific" to certain 
enterprises within the jurisdiction of the granting authority. By explicitly linking this provision with 
Article 1.1 of the SCM Agreement, the chapeau of  Article 2.1 indicates that an investigating 
authority's determination under Article 1.1 as to the existence of a subsidy will inform  the 
assessment of whether such subsidy is specific to certain enterprises "within the jurisdiction of the 
granting authority". Indeed, in determining whether a financial contribution exists, investigating authorities must inquire into the nature of the financial contribution at issue and determine 
whether such contribution was provided by the "government", by "any public body within the 
territory of a Member", or by a "private body" entrusted or directed by the government. Such 
assessment, in our view, will inform the identificati on of the jurisdiction of the granting authority. 
4.168.  We understand China to argue that an investigating authority must determine the identity 
of the granting authority involved in the distribution of subsidies before  it can identify the relevant 
jurisdiction of the granting authority. While an anal ysis of the jurisdiction of the granting authority 
could start with an identification of the granting authority, we do not see why the order of analysis 
suggested by China would always be required. Ra ther, as we see it, the identification of the 
jurisdiction of the granting authority involves a holistic analysis of the relevant facts and evidence in each case. Indeed, the notion of jurisdiction is linked to, and does not exist in isolation from, the 
granting authority. Thus, a proper identification of  the jurisdiction of the granting authority will 
require an analysis of both the "granting authority" and its "jurisdiction" in a conjunctive manner. We therefore do not read Article 2.1 in a manner that focuses on the identity of the "granting 
authority" independently from its "jurisdiction". A holistic analysis of the jurisdiction of the granting 
                                               
703 United States' appellee's submission, para. 141. (emphasis original) 
704 Appellate Body Report, US – Anti-Dumping and Coun tervailing Duties (China) , para. 366. 
705 Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint) , para. 756. (emphasis original) 
706 Panel Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 7.1231. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 authority is what provides the framework within which specificity is to be analysed. In sum, 
provided that an investigating authority adequately substantiates any finding it makes as to whether the jurisdiction covers the entire territory of the relevant WTO Member or is limited to a designated geographical region within that territory, in conducting this holistic assessment it would 
normally also identify the granting authority.
707 
4.169.  We also consider that the chapeau of Arti cle 2.1 does not require an investigating authority 
to identify the jurisdiction of the granting authority in an explicit manner or in any specific form, as 
long as it is discernible from the determination. This identification of the jurisdiction of the granting 
authority is merely a preliminary step providing a framework to conduct the specificity analysis. In this regard, it has to be kept in mind that the analysis of specificity focuses on the question of whether access  to a subsidy is limited to a particular class of recipients. 
4.170.  With these considerations in mind, we recall that China requests that we reverse the 
Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel Report, that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under 
Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to identify explicitly a granting authority, and ergo the 
relevant jurisdiction, in the specificity determinations at issue. While we have disagreed above with China's argument that identification of the jurisdiction for purposes of the specificity analysis must 
always be preceded by identification of the granti ng authority, we agree with China that the Panel 
conducted an extremely cursory analysis in assessing China's claim. As noted by China, in applying Article 2.1 to the USDOC's specificity determinations, the Panel "dismiss[ed] China's claim in a single sentence".
708 Referring to excerpts of the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity 
provided by the United States, the Panel reasoned simply that "it appear[ed]  … that the relevant 
jurisdiction was at the very least implicitly understood to be China in the challenged investigations."
709 This was the only basis for the Panel's ultimate conclusion that China had failed 
to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing 
to identify explicitly the relevant granting authority, and ergo the relevant jurisdiction, in the 
specificity determinations at issue.710 
4.171.  We find it troubling that, in addressing China's "as applied" claims in relation to the 
USDOC's determinations at issue, the Panel concluded that the relevant jurisdiction was "at the very least implicitly understood to be China in the challenged investigations"
711 without any 
case-specific discussion of the USDOC's determinations at issue or any other evidence on the 
record, despite the fact that relevant evidence had been presented to the Panel.712  B y  n o t  
providing case-specific discussion or references to the USDOC's determinations of specificity challenged by China, we consider that the Panel failed to apply Article 2.1(c), as properly 
interpreted, to those determinations. Accordingly, we reverse the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 
7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v. of the Panel Report, that China had failed to establish that the USDOC 
acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the 
SCM Agreement by failing to identify a granting authority, and ergo the relevant jurisdiction, in 
each of the specificity determinations at issue. 
4.172.  Having reversed the Panel's finding, we now turn to examine whether we are in a position 
to complete the legal analysis. China requests us to complete the legal analysis in respect of 
15 determinations of de facto specificity in the following 12 countervailing duties investigations: 
                                               
707 Similarly, we note that th e Appellate Body indicated in US – Large Civil Aircraft (2nd complaint)  that, 
"[w]hile the scope and operation of the granting authority is relevant to the question of whether such an access limitation with respect to a partic ular class of recipients exists, it is important to keep in mind that it is 
not the purpose of a specificity analysis to determine wh ether the authorities involved in granting the subsidies 
constitute a single subsidy grantor  or several grantors ." (Appellate Body Report, US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2
nd complaint) , para. 756 (emphasis original)) 
708 China's appellant's submission, para. 174. 
709 Panel Report, para. 7.248. See also para. 7.246. 
710 Panel Report, paras. 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v. 
711 Panel Report, para. 7.248. 
712 We note that the Panel even ackn owledged that relevant evidence ha d been submitted to it when it 
indicated that "[i]n support of this claim, the United States refers to specific excerpts from applications, 
initiation checklists, questionnaires and questions pose d by the USDOC, preliminary determinations, Issues and 
Decision Memoranda, and final determinations, some of which are contained in Exhibit CHI-122." (Panel Report, para. 7.246) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitc hen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, 
Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels.713 In particular, 
China argues that each of these specificity determinations is inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement because the USDOC did not identify  a granting authority in its evaluation of 
whether each of the alleged input subsidies was specific to certain enterprises located "within the 
jurisdiction of the granting authority".
714 
4.173.  We recall the Panel's finding that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of 
the United States under Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement by failing to take into account, in 
each of the determinations of de facto  specificity challenged by China, "the extent of diversification 
of the economic activities within the jurisdiction of the granting authority" and the "length of time 
during which the subsidy programme has been in operation". In the light of these findings by the 
Panel, which relate both to the USDOC's identificati on of the jurisdiction of the granting authority 
and to the nature and scope of the relevant "sub sidy programme", and, having laid out the legal 
standard that applies under Article 2.1(c) insofar as it relates to the first factor under 
Article 2.1(c), we see limited value, for purposes of resolving the dispute between the parties, in 
completing the legal analysis with respect to the issue of whether the USDOC sufficiently identified 
the jurisdiction of the granting authority in each of the determinations at issue. 
4.4  Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement – Facts available 
4.4.1  Introduction  4.174.  China seeks review by the Appellate Body of the Panel's analysis of China's claims under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. China argues that the Panel acted inconsistently with its 
obligations under Article 11 of the DSU in concluding that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by not relying on facts available on the record.
715 In particular, according to 
China, the Panel failed to examine, with respec t to each challenged "adverse" facts available 
determination716, whether there was a reasoned and adequate explanation, discernible from the 
USDOC's published determination, providing the factual basis for the USDOC's conclusion. China 
therefore requests that we reverse the Panel's finding that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in the 42 challenged instances.
717 China further requests that we complete the 
legal analysis and find, instead, that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in each of the 42 challenged instances by 
not relying on the facts available on the record with respect to the 13 countervailing duty investigations at issue, namely, Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groomers, OCTG, Wire 
Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel 
Cylinders, and Solar Panels.
718  
4.175.  In response, the United States argues that the Panel made an objective assessment of 
China's claims, as required under Article 11 of the DSU, and properly evaluated whether the 
USDOC " actually applied facts in its application of 'facts available'".719 Given that "the standard of 
review to be applied in a given case is also a function of the substantive provisions of the specific covered agreements that are at issue in the dispute"
720, "and the particular claims made"721, the 
United States submits that the Panel rightly found that the USDOC had applied facts that were 
                                               
713 China's appellant's submission, para. 179. See table of USDOC investigations at p. 5 of this Report. 
714 China's appellant's submission, para. 188. 
715 Panel Report, para. 7.325. 
716 China explained at the hearing that it uses the term "'adverse' facts available" in the sense it is used 
by the USDOC. See also China's first written submission to the Panel, paras. 143-145.  
717 Panel Report, paras. 7.325 and 8.1.vii. 
718 See table of USDOC investigatio ns at p. 5 of this Report. 
719 United States' appellee's submission, para. 158 (ref erring to China's first written submission to the 
Panel, paras. 145 and 155; and second written submis sion to the Panel, para. 177). (emphasis original) 
720 United States' appellee's submission, para. 164 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 95, in turn referring to Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing 
Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 184). 
721 United States' appellee's submission, para. 164 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93). (underlining added by the United States) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 available on the USDOC's administrative record.722 The United States further maintains that the 
Panel considered all the evidence presented to it, and ensured that its factual findings had a proper basis in that evidence.
723 According to the United States, the Panel correctly opted to 
review the "full Issues and Decision Memoranda and Preliminary Determinations"724, as well as 
facts that were cited in Exhibit USA-94, rather than just the excerpts cited by China in its 
submissions and exhibits. The United States submit s moreover that China has failed to identify 
specific errors regarding the objectivity of the Panel's assessment and to explain why any of the 
alleged errors rise to an error of law under Article 11 of the DSU. 
4.176.  Regarding the meaning of Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, the Panel observed that the 
provision is "an essential tool which permits authorities to carry out investigations despite the non-cooperation of interested parties by replacing missing information with the facts available".
725 
Quoting from the Appellate Body report in Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , the Panel 
recalled that "Article 12.7 is intended to ensure that the failure of an interested party to provide necessary information does not hinder an agency's investigation" and "permits the use of facts on 
record solely for the purpose of replacing information that may be missing in order to arrive at an 
accurate subsidization or injury determination."
726  
4.177.  Turning to the applicable standard of review, the Panel referred to the Appellate Body 
reports in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS and US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada)  and recalled that "panel[s] should examine whether the investigating 
authority's determination is 'reasoned and adequate', based on the information contained in the record and the explanations given by the authority in its published report."
727 The Panel described 
its task therefore as being "to consider whether the USDOC provided sufficient explanation of the 
challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC based these determinations on facts".
728 The Panel reasoned that, for the purposes of assessing China's claims 
under Article 12.7, "the level of explanation re quired is that sufficient to assess whether the 
USDOC based its adverse facts available determinations on facts."729 The Panel did not see any 
"requirement in the text of Article 12.7 in and of itself for an investigating authority to explicitly 
cite each fact on the basis of which it makes facts available determinations".730  
4.178.  Having set out the Panel's approach in this case, we recall that the Appellate Body stated 
in Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice and in US – Carbon Steel (India) that Article 12.7 
"permits the use of facts on record solely for the purpose of replacing information that may be 
missing, in order to arrive at an accurate subsidization or injury determination".731 Accordingly, the 
Appellate Body has explained that "there has to be a connection between the 'necessary information' that is missing and the particular 'facts available' on which a determination under 
Article 12.7 is based."
732 Therefore, "an investigating authority must use those 'facts available' 
that ' reasonably replace the information that an interested party failed to provide', with a view to 
                                               
722 United States' appellee's submission, para. 166. According to the United States, the USDOC 
explained in its determinations that it was relying on "facts available", including relying on an "adverse inference" in selecting from among the "facts available". The United States maintains that there were, as was demonstrated in Panel Exhibits USA-94 through USA-133, facts available on the record relevant to the 
determinations for which "facts av ailable" were applied. (Ibid.) 
723 United States' appellee's submission, para. 173 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Retreaded 
Tyres , para. 185). 
724 United States' appellee's submission, para. 182 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.316). 
725 Panel Report, para. 7.308. 
726 Panel Report, para. 7.308 (quoting Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , 
para. 293). 
727 Panel Report, para. 7.310 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS , paras. 186-188; and US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5-Canada) , para. 93).  
728 Panel Report, para. 7.311. 
729 Panel Report, para. 7.311. Both parties agree with this statement by the Panel. (China's appellant's 
submission, paras. 190 and 220; United St ates' appellee's submission, para. 165) 
730 Panel Report, para. 7.311. According to the Panel, "[w]hether the USDOC has disclosed in 'sufficient 
detail the findings and conclusions reached on all issues of  fact' or 'all relevant information on matters of fact' 
is a separate question which concer ns Article 22 of the SCM Agreement, and is not within the terms of 
reference of this Panel." (Ibid.) 
731 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.416 (quoting Appellate Body Report, 
Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 293).  
732 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.416. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 arriving at an accurate determination."733 The Appellate Body has further explained that "the facts 
available" refers to those facts that are in the po ssession of the investigating authority and on its 
written record.734 As determinations made under Article 12.7 are to be made on the basis of "the 
facts available", "they cannot be made on the basis of non-factual assumptions or speculation."735 
Furthermore, in reasoning and evaluating which facts available can reasonably replace the missing 
information, "all substantiated facts on the record must be taken into account" by an investigating authority.
736  
4.179.  The Appellate Body has explained that a scertaining the "reasonable replacements for the 
missing 'necessary information' involves a process of reasoning and evaluation" on the part of the investigating authority.
737 Where there are several facts available to an investigating authority that 
it needs to choose from, "it would seem to follow naturally that the process of reasoning and 
evaluation would involve a degree of comparison" in order to arrive at an accurate 
determination.738 The evaluation of the "facts available" that is required, and the form it may take, 
depend on the particular circumstances of a given case, including the nature, quality, and amount 
of evidence on the record and the particular determinations to be made.739 Whereas the 
explanation and analysis provided in a published report must be sufficient to allow a panel to assess how and why the "facts available" employed by the investigating authority are "reasonable" 
replacements for the missing "necessary informat ion", the nature and exte nt of the explanation 
and analysis required will necessarily vary from determination to determination.
740  
4.4.2  Whether the Panel acted inconsis tently with Article 11 of the DSU  
4.180.  Regarding the scope of China's appeal, we note that China does not appeal the Panel's 
interpretation of Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.741 Nor does China take issue with the 
standard of review or the "analytica l framework" identified by the Panel.742 Instead, China argues 
that the Panel engaged in a "cursory analysis" that was inconsistent with the Panel's obligations 
under Article 11 of the DSU.743 In particular, China faults the Panel for failing to examine each of 
the 42 instances of the USDOC's use of "adverse" facts available in order to determine whether the USDOC had disclosed how its conclusions were supported by facts on the record. According to 
China, the Panel made only limited references to the "adverse" facts available determinations 
subject to challenge, and "selectively used" the few instances in which it disagreed with China's characterization of a particular "adverse" facts available determination in order to reject all of China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.
744 China further contends that the Panel's 
analysis of China's claims bears no relationship to the "in-depth" examination that was required in 
respect of each of the instances challenged by China.745 Finally, China asserts that the Panel acted 
inconsistently with Article 11 of the DSU by relying on evidence provided by the United States in 
Exhibit USA-94 on an ex post basis in order to justify the USDOC's determinations.746 China 
                                               
733 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.416 (quoting Appellate Body Report, 
Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 294). (emphasis added in US – Carbon Steel (India) ) 
734 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.417. 
735 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.417 (referring to Panel Report, China – 
GOES , para. 7.302). (additional fn text omitted). We note, in this regard, that Article 12.6 of the 
SCM Agreement permits an investigating authority to carry out investigations in the territory of other Members and on the premises of a firm, provided that the respec tive conditions specified in that provision are met. 
736 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.419 (referring to Appellate Body Report, 
Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 294). 
737 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.424. 
738 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , paras. 4.431 and 4.435. The Appellate Body also 
stated that determinations under Article 12.7 cannot be made on the basis of proced ural circumstances alone, 
such as non-cooperation, and that Article 12.7 should  not be used to punish non-cooperating parties by 
intentionally choosing adverse facts for that  purpose. (Ibid., paras. 4.419 and 4.422) 
739 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
740 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
741 China's appellant's submission, para. 189.  
742 China's appellant's submission, pa ra. 221. See also paras. 190 and 220. 
743 China's appellant's submission, para. 191. 
744 China's appellant's submission, para. 222. 
745 China's appellant's submission, para. 222. 
746 China's appellant's submission, paras. 228 an d 229 (referring to Panel Report, para. 7.316). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 emphasizes, in this regard, that there was no indication that the USDOC actually relied "in any of 
the challenged determinations" on the evidence submitted by the United States to the Panel.747  
4.181.  Although China does not appeal the arti culation of the standard of review and the 
"analytical framework" identified by the Panel, China argues that, in the context of reviewing 
"factual components  of the findings made by investigating authorities", a panel is required to 
examine whether an investigating authority's conclusions are "reasoned and adequate".748 
Referring to the Appellate Body report in US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , China 
observes that "the adequacy of an investigating authority's determination will depend, in part, on 
whether 'the explanations given disclose how the investigating authority treated the facts and evidence in the record and whether there was positi ve evidence before it to support the inferences 
made and conclusions reached by it.'"
749 China submits, therefore, that "[i]t is only by reviewing 
the investigating authority's published explanation for its determination that a panel can discern 
whether an investigating authority properly 'appl[ied] facts that are "available"'. "750 
4.182.  We agree with China that, in the context of reviewing " factual components  of the findings 
made by investigating authorities", a panel is required to examine whether an investigating 
authority's conclusions are "reasoned and adequate".  We recall, however, that the Appellate Body 
in US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada)  and in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation 
on DRAMS  explained that "the standard of review to be applied in a given case is also a function of 
the substantive provisions of the specific covere d agreements that are at issue in the dispute."751 
The Appellate Body has further explained that "[w]ha t is 'adequate' will inevitably depend on the 
facts and circumstances of the case and the particular claims made".752 The standard of review to 
be applied by a panel therefore depends, in pa rt, on the particular provision of a covered 
agreement that is at issue – in this case, Arti cle 12.7 of the SCM Agreement – and the specific 
claim(s) put forth by a complainant. In the present case, in order to comply with the requirements 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, the USDOC was required to provide an explanation that 
was sufficient to establish that it had engaged in  a process of reasoning and evaluation of the 
various facts before it in order to determine which of the facts available could reasonably replace 
the missing "necessary" information. While the explanation and analysis provided must be 
sufficient to establish that the "facts availabl e" employed by the investigating authority are 
"reasonable" replacements for the missing "necessary information", the nature and extent of the explanation and analysis required will necessarily vary from determination to determination.
753  
4.183.  At the oral hearing in this appeal, China clarified that it was claiming that the USDOC did 
not demonstrate that its "adverse" facts available determinations were actually based on the facts on the record before it. China explained that, if the determinations at issue were not based at all 
on facts on the record, then the question of whether those facts are the best or most appropriate 
and fitting facts would not even arise. China's clarifications are consistent with the Panel's statement that its task was to "consider whether the USDOC provided sufficient explanation of the 
challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC based these 
determinations on facts".
754  
4.184.  With these considerations in mind, we further note that China stated in its panel request 
that its "as applied" challenge under Article 12.7 ar ises "in respect of each instance in which the 
USDOC used facts available, including 'adverse' facts available, to support its findings of financial 
contribution, specificity, and benefit in the investigations and determinations identified in Appendix 1" to the panel request.
755 The Panel found that the "specific measures at issue" in 
                                               
747 China's appellant's submission, para. 229. 
748 China's appellant's submission, para. 202 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93 (emphasis original)).  
749 China's appellant's submission, para. 202 (quoting Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI 
(Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93).  
750 China's appellant's submission, para. 208 (quoting United States' first written submission to the 
Panel, para. 326; and referring to Panel Report, para. 7.309). (emphasis added by China) 
751 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 95 (referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 184). 
752 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93. 
753 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
754 Panel Report, para. 7.311. 
755 China's panel request, fn 10.  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 relation to China's claims under Article 12.7 "are the 19 final and three preliminary countervailing 
duty determinations listed in Appendix 1 to the panel request".756 In relation to these measures, 
the Panel held that "the panel request is clear that all 'instances' of the use of facts available will be challenged".
757 Subsequently, in its first written submission, China limited its claims under 
Article 12.7 to the instances of the use of "adverse " facts available by the USDOC. As noted by the 
Panel, "China's challenge specifically concerns whether the USDOC based 42 'adverse facts available' determinations on facts."
758 Moreover, China's claims under Article 12.7 were brought 
"on an 'as applied' basis, with respect to each of the 42 challenged adverse facts available 
determinations".759  
4.185.  China alleged that, in each of the 42 inst ances of the use of "adverse" facts available by 
the USDOC, the USDOC either "assumed" the ultimate legal conclusion of its inquiry, or "based its 
conclusion on evidence or conclusions drawn from a different investigation", without relying on 
facts available on the record.760 China further argued that "the mere existence of a particular fact 
on the record of an investigation is insufficient to  fulfil the requirements of Article 12.7", and that, 
instead, "it was the USDOC's obligation as the investigating authority to provide a reasoned and 
adequate explanation of how the evidence on the record supported its application of facts available under Article 12.7."
761  
4.186.  The United States argues on appeal that the question before the Panel was not whether 
the USDOC was justified in resorting to facts available, or whether it relied on facts that were the most appropriate.
762 Instead, according to the United States, China's claim raised the "far more 
basic" question of whether the USDOC relied on " any facts at all "763, and, as a result, the Panel 
was not required to assess whether the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations were 
"reasoned and adequate".764  
4.187.  While China's challenge focuses on whether the USDOC's "adverse" facts available 
determinations were based, at all, on the facts on the record, it does not follow from this that the 
Panel was not required to scrutinize the analys is and explanation provided by the USDOC in 
support of its facts available determinations. As discussed above, the Panel stated that, "under the 
applicable standard of review, a panel should examine whether the investigating authority's 
determination is 'reasoned and adequate'"765, and, in the light of this standard of review, the 
Panel's task in the present case was to "consider whether the USDOC provided  sufficient 
explanation of the challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC 
based these determinations on facts".766 The United States does not take issue with these 
statements by the Panel. Contrary to what the United States appears to suggest, the question before the Panel was not whether there were any facts on the record that could have supported 
the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations; rather, as the Panel explicitly stated, the 
question was whether the USDOC based  its 42 "adverse" facts available determinations on facts.
767 
The latter question necessitates an assessment of the explanation and analysis provided by the 
USDOC as the basis for its "adverse" facts available determinations. We therefore disagree with 
the United States that the Panel was not required to examine whether the USDOC provided a "reasoned and adequate" explanation of its "adverse" facts available determinations in order to evaluate China's claims under Article 12.7. As no ted above, the explanation in the determinations 
                                               
756 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.2. 
757 Preliminary Ruling, para. 4.5. 
758 Panel Report, para. 7.307. (emphasis original) China initially challenged 48 instances of the USDOC's 
use of "adverse" facts available; howe ver, the Panel found that the prelimin ary determinations of the USDOC in 
the Wind Towers and Steel Sinks invest igations were outside its terms of re ference. As a result, the number of 
instances challenged by China and falling within the Panel's terms of reference was reduced to 42. (Ibid., fn 357 to para. 7.284) 
759 Panel Report, para. 7.315. 
760 Panel Report, para. 7.290 (referring to China's firs t written submission to the Panel, paras. 128-156). 
761 Panel Report, para. 7.296 (referring to China's response to Panel question No. 103, para. 53). 
762 United States' appellee's submission, para. 163. 
763 United States' appellee's submission, para. 163. (emphasis original) 
764 United States' appellee's submission, para. 163 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, US – Softwood 
Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada)  and US – Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS. 
765 Panel Report, para. 7.310 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS, paras. 186-188; and US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93).  
766 Panel Report, para. 7.311. (emphasis added) 
767 Panel Report, para. 7.307. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 should be sufficient to allow a panel to assess how and why the available facts employed by the 
investigating authority were reasonable replacements for the missing information.  
4.188.  As we see it, China's claim under Article 11 of the DSU essentially relies on three 
arguments. First, China argues that the Panel failed to examine and address each of the 42 
instances challenged by China. Second, China asserts that, in the instances that it did examine, 
the Panel's analysis falls short of the "objective assessment" that it was required to make under Article 11. Finally, China submits that the Panel ac ted inconsistently with Article 11 to the extent 
that it relied on examples of record evidence  supporting the USDOC's determinations at issue 
provided by the United States on an ex post basis. Before turning to address China's claim, we 
recall that panels are required to assess the consistency of facts available determinations with the SCM Agreement in accordance with the standard of  review set out in Article 11 of the DSU, as 
informed in this case by Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.
768 Article 11 of the DSU requires a 
panel to make an "objective assessment of the ma tter before it". The Appellate Body has stated 
that the "matter" before the panel in the context of Article 11 is the same as the " matter referred 
to the DSB" for the purpose of Article 7 of the DS U, and comprises of "the measure at issue (and 
the claims made by the complaining Member)".769 The Appellate Body has further explained that, 
in accordance with Article 11 of the DSU, a panel, in reviewing an investigating authority's actions, 
"must take care not to assume itself the role of initial trier of facts, nor to be passive by 'simply 
accept[ing] the conclusions of the competent authorities'".770  
4.189.  Although the precise contours of the standard  of review to be applied in a given case are a 
function of the substantive provisions of the covere d agreements at issue, as well as the particular 
claims made, Article 11 of the DSU requires, inter alia , that panels scrutinize whether the 
reasoning of an investigating authority is coherent and internally consistent, and carry out an "in-depth examination" of the explanations provided by an investigating authority.
771 In the 
context of Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, su ch an "in-depth examination" by a panel would 
entail, inter alia , assessing whether an investigating authority's published report provided an 
explanation that sufficiently disclosed its process of reasoning and evaluation such that the panel 
could assess how the authority chose from the facts available those that could reasonably replace 
the missing information. As we see it, China's claims in the present case do not relate to the USDOC's process of reasoning and evaluation and its consistency with the requirements of Article 12.7; instead, they focus on whether the USDOC engaged at all in a process of reasoning 
and evaluation in selecting reasonable replacements for the missing information. 
4.190.  With respect to China's first argument in support of its claim under Article 11, it appears to 
us that, instead of examining China's arguments and evidence in relation to the 42 instances it 
challenged, the Panel limited its analysis to only some  instances of the USDOC's use of "adverse" 
facts available. For example, the Panel noted that  "one of the 42 instances challenged by China 
[did] not apply adverse facts available."
772 Similarly, relying on certain examples from the 42 
challenged instances, the Panel found that "the terminology  used in the conclusions of the 
determinations" was not as homogenous as China suggested.773 The Panel added that, in certain 
"adverse" facts available determinations, the term "adverse inferences" was used in the context of formulations that did not render it obvious that the determination concerned was not based on 
facts.
774 Based on its analysis, the Panel found that it was not "evident on the face of the evidence 
provided by China that one and the same lega l standard was applied across the 42 challenged 
adverse facts available determinations."775 The Panel explained that, "[s]ince it is not entirely 
evident  that one and the same legal standard was applied across the 42 challenged adverse facts 
available determinations, China's failure to address the specific facts of each of the challenged 
                                               
768 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 91 (referring to 
Appellate Body Report, US – Lead and Bismuth II , para. 51).  
769 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , para. 176. (emphasis original) 
770 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93 (quoting 
Appellate Body Report, US – Lamb , para. 106 (emphasis original)). 
771 Appellate Body Report, US – Softwood Lumber VI (Article 21.5 – Canada) , para. 93. 
772 Panel Report, para. 7.317 (referring to 2011 Drill Pipe Issues and Decisi on Memorandum (Panel 
Exhibit CHI-80), p. 10, designated as Instance 33 by China in Panel Exhibit CHI-125).  
773 Panel Report, para. 7.318. (emphasis added) 
774 Panel Report, paras. 7.319 and 7.320. 
775 Panel Report, para. 7.317 (referring to China's response to Panel question No. 7, para. 24).  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 investigations is problematic for its claim."776 Such statements by the Panel suggest that the 
Panel's analysis was primarily directed at ascert aining whether China had successfully established 
that the USDOC applied the same "legal standard " across the 42 instances of the use of "adverse" 
facts available. It is clear, however, that China' s claims were brought on an "as applied" basis and 
that the Panel did not address each of the in stances of the USDOC's use of "adverse" facts 
available challenged by China. 
4.191.  We note, however, and as China points out in its appellant's submission, that China placed 
all of the relevant issues and decisions memoranda and notices relating to the preliminary 
determinations, in their entirety, on the Panel record.777 China also provided the Panel with a table 
(Exhibit CHI-2) listing the pages in the memoranda where, according to China, the USDOC discussed each challenged instance of the use of "adverse" facts available. Moreover, China 
provided a further table (Exhibit CHI-125) listing relevant excerpts from the USDOC's issues and 
decisions memoranda and the notices relating to the preliminary determinations that, in its view, demonstrate that the USDOC "consistently use[d]" its findings of non-cooperation to reach "the 
legal conclusion at issue without any reference to facts on the record".
778 China also provided 
"some case-specific discussion in support of its claim with regard to three of the challenged investigations, namely Line Pipe, OCTG and Print Graphics."
779 Responding to China's allegations, 
the United States provided the Panel with severa l exhibits (Exhibits USA-94 through USA-133) that 
identified "facts that were available on the record of the investigations at issue", and which were, according to the United States, "demonstrably relevant to the determinations for which necessary information was missing due to the noncooperation of interested parties".
780  
4.192.  In the light of the arguments and evidence provided by the parties, the Panel was required 
to scrutinize each instance of the use of "adverse " facts available challenged by China in order to 
address properly China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.  
4.193.  As a further argument in support of its claim under Article 11 of the DSU, China submits, 
with regard to instances of the use of "adverse" facts available that the Panel did discuss in its Report, that the Panel's analysis does not amount to the "in-depth examination" required under 
Article 11 of the DSU.
781 Instead, according to China, the Panel simply accepted the USDOC's 
"references to the use of the term 'facts av ailable'" without inquiring whether the USDOC " actually 
applie[d] " the facts available.782 For its part, the United States submits that the Panel determined 
that the evidence put forth by China was insufficient to support its claim, and that, in doing so, the 
Panel took into account all of the evidence an d arguments presented by the parties, and its 
assessment met or even exceeded the re quirements of Article 11 of the DSU.783 The United States 
further argues that the Panel went further and considered all of China's arguments only to find 
that the facts did not support China's characterizations of the USDOC's determinations. 
4.194.  Focusing on the language used by the USDOC in its "adverse" facts available 
determinations, the Panel concluded that "the terminology used in the conclusions of the 
determinations, on which China relies heavily, is not as homogenous as China suggests."784 The 
Panel pointed out that not all conclusions of the "adverse" facts available determinations challenged by China refer to "assumptions" , "adverse inferences", or similar terms.
785 Thus, in one 
instance, the Panel observed that the USDOC stated that it was making an " adverse finding "786, 
                                               
776 Panel Report, para. 7.323 (referring to China's response to Panel question No. 7, para. 24). 
(emphasis added) 
777 China's appellant's submission, para. 231. 
778 China's appellant's submission, para. 231 (quoting  China's response to Panel question No. 73, 
para. 181; and referring to Panel Exhibit CHI-125, comprising a table of relevant excerpts from the USDOC's "adverse facts available" findings).  
779 Panel Report, para. 7.289 (referring to China's firs t written submission to the Panel, paras. 147-153; 
and opening statement at the first Pa nel meeting, paras. 70-72 and 76). 
780 United States' appellee's submission, para. 189. (fn omitted) 
781 China's appellant's submission, para. 222. 
782 China's appellant's submission, para. 227. (emphasis original) 
783 United States' appellee's submission, para. 175.  
784 Panel Report, para. 7.318. 
785 Panel Report, para. 7.318. 
786 Panel Report, para. 7.318 (quoting 2009 Lawn Groom ers Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel 
Exhibit CHI-31), p. 15, designated as Instance 11 in Panel Exhibit CHI-125). (emphasis added by the Panel) WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 and in six other instances the USDOC referred only to "the application of adverse facts 
available".787 The Panel also noted that: 
7.319. Secondly, certain adverse facts available determinations that do use the term 
"adverse inferences" use it in the context of one of the following formulations: " in 
selecting from among the facts otherwise available , we have employed adverse 
inferences";[402] "we have employed adverse inferences in selecting from among the 
facts otherwise available ";[403] "we have employed an adverse inference in selecting 
from among the facts otherwise available ";[404] and "we have applied an adverse 
inference in our choice of the facts available ".[405] 788 
7.320. We do not consider it evident on the face of the statement "we have applied an 
adverse inference in our choice of the facts available"[406], for instance, that the 
determination concerned is not based on facts. That statement, on its face, suggests 
exactly the opposite. China attempts to address such variations in terminology by stating, without reference to the anal ysis carried out by the USDOC, that, 
"[n]otwithstanding [the USDOC's] repeated assertions that it is applying facts 
available, the "facts" are conspicuously absent from its analysis".
[407]  
[fns original]  
402 Pressure Pipe, Exhibit CHI-12,  p. 42, designated as inst ance 2 in Exhibit CHI-125. 
(emphasis added) 
403 Line Pipe, Exhibit CHI-19, p. 6, designated as instances 5 and 6 in Exhibit CHI-125. 
(emphasis added) 
404 Citric Acid, Exhibit CHI-24, p. 8, designated as instance 9 in Exhibit CHI-125. 
(emphasis added) 
405 Steel Cylinders, Exhibit CHI-99, p. 10, designated as instance 38 in Exhibit CHI-125. 
(emphasis added) 
406 Steel Cylinders, Ex hibit CHI-99, p. 10. 
407 China's opening statement at the fi rst meeting of the Panel, para. 71. 
 
4.195.   Based on the above, it seems to us that the Panel focused, in large part, on the words employed by the USDOC in its determinations rather than on whether the USDOC acted 
inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in 
connection with the challenged instances of the use of "adverse" facts available that were discussed by the Panel in its Report. In its analys is of the terminology used by the USDOC, the 
Panel appears to suggest that it was responding to China's arguments contained in its second 
written submission, wherein China "relie[d] heav ily" on the terminology used by the USDOC.
789 
We, however, do not see China's arguments before the Panel as being confined to the terminology used by the USDOC. In paragraph 177 of its seco nd written submission, for example, China stated 
that the USDOC "repeatedly relies on 'assumptions', 'adverse inferences', and similar terminology 
in order to reach a particular conclusion".
790 However, China further explained that, "[i]n none of 
the 48 instances at issue does the USDOC identify a single 'fact' that was 'available' on the record 
to support the conclusion that it reached".791  
4.196.  Yet, rather than assessing whether the USDOC had "provided sufficient explanation of the 
challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC based these 
determinations on facts"792, as it set out to do, the Panel focused on the language and the 
formulations used by the USDOC in its determinations. The Panel stated, for example, that it did "not consider it evident on the face  of the statement 'we have app lied an adverse inference in our 
                                               
787 Panel Report, para. 7.318 (referring to 2010 Wire Strand Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel 
Exhibit CHI-52), p. 13, designated as Instances 17-19 in Panel Exhibit CHI-125; 2011 Drill Pipe Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel Exhibit CHI-80), p. 10, de signated as Instance 33 in Panel Exhibit CHI-125; and 
2012 Solar Panels Preliminary Affirmative CVD Determination (Panel Exhibit CHI-105), p.p. 17451 and 17445, designated as Instances 39 and 42 in Panel Exhibit CHI-125). 
788 Emphasis original. 
789 Panel Report, para. 7.318. 
790 China's second written submission to the Panel, para. 177. 
791 China's second written submission to the Panel, para. 177. 
792 Panel Report, para. 7.311. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 choice of the facts available' … that the determination concerned is not based on facts."793 The 
Panel did not, however, critically examine such statements in the USDOC's determinations and memoranda in order to assess whether the USDOC had complied with the obligations under Article 12.7. The Panel also stated that it did not consider China "to have established that each 
reference to 'adverse inferences' in the challenged determinations in fact equates  to an 
'assumption'".
794 The Panel was required to assess whether the USDOC's analysis in the underlying 
investigations was sufficient to establish that its "adverse" facts available determinations were 
made on the basis of the facts available as required under Article 12.7. Instead of conducting this 
analysis, the Panel appears to have simply relied on language in the USDOC's determination referring to application of facts available in order to reject China's claims. 
4.197.  Regarding China's argument that the Panel also acted inconsistently with Article 11 of the 
DSU to the extent that it relied on evidence provided by the United States on an ex post  basis, we 
note that, based on its review of Exhibit USA-94 (setting out the facts available on the record, which, according to the United States, are "rel evant to the determinations for which 'facts 
available' were applied"
795, as well as the relevant excerpts from the USDOC's documents 
identified by the United States) and the full set of issues and decisions memoranda and the notices 
relating to the preliminary determinations provided by China as exhibits, the Panel observed that 
"the USDOC's adverse facts available determinations go well beyond the conclusions cited by 
China" and "were made in a wide va riety of different factual scenarios".796 The Panel did not 
specify what it meant when it referred to "a wide variety of different factual scenarios". Nor is it clear whether, if at all, the Panel relied on the references to the facts on the record provided by 
the United States in Exhibit USA-94. We therefor e consider the Panel's discussion of Exhibit USA-
94 to be a further example of the cursory nature of its analysis. 
4.198.  For the foregoing reasons, we find that the Panel acted inconsistently with its obligations 
under Article 11 of the DSU in assessing China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. 
Consequently, we reverse the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.325 and 8.1.vii of the Panel Report, 
that China had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by not relying on facts available on the 
record. 
4.4.3  Completion of the legal analysis 4.199.  Should we find that the Panel erred in finding that China had not established that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement by not relying on facts available on the record, China requests us to complete the legal analysis and find that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreem ent in each of the 42 instances of the use of 
"adverse" facts available challenged by China.
797 Having reversed the Panel's findings under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, we now turn to consider whether we can complete the legal 
analysis as requested by China. 
4.200.  The Appellate Body has, in some disputes, completed the legal analysis with a view to 
facilitating the prompt and effective resolution of the dispute.798 However, the Appellate Body has 
done so only if the factual findings of the panel and the undisputed facts on the panel record 
provided it with a sufficient basis to do so.799 Thus, the Appellate Body has not completed the legal 
analysis where there were insufficient factual findings in the panel report or a lack of undisputed 
                                               
793 Panel Report, para. 7.320 (quoting 2012 Steel Cyli nders Issues and Decision Memorandum (Panel 
Exhibit CHI-99), p. 10). (emphasis added) 
794 Panel Report, para. 7.322. (emphasis added) 
795 United States' appellee's submission, para. 166. 
796 Panel Report, para. 7.316.  
797 China's appellant's submission, paras. 238-241. 
798 See Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , paras. 117 and 118; US – Wheat Gluten , paras. 80-
92; and Canada – Aircraft (Article 21.5 – Brazil) , paras. 43-52. 
799 See Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , paras. 209, 210, 241, and 255; Korea – Dairy , 
paras. 91 and 102; Canada – Autos , paras. 133 and 144; Korea – Various Measures on Beef , para. 128; EC – 
Asbestos , para. 79; and EC – Export Subsidies on Sugar , para. 337. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 facts on the panel record.800 In addition, the Appellate Body has declined to complete the legal 
analysis in the light of the complexity of the legal issues involved, the absence of full exploration of the issues before the panel, and, consequently, considerations pertaining to the parties' due process rights.
801 The Appellate Body has also declined to complete the legal analysis in 
circumstances where it would require addressing claims "which the panel had not examined at 
all"802, or where completion was not required to resolve the dispute.803  
4.201.  Turning to the case before us, China argues that, "in a circumstance where the 
investigating authority's compliance with a WTO agreement provision is evident, and in fact must 
be evident, on the face of its own determinations, then those determinations provide more than 
sufficient undisputed facts on the record to permit  the Appellate Body to complete the analysis."804 
China considers this to be the case in the present dispute given that, in its view, the United States 
failed to identify a single instance where the USDOC provided a "reasoned and adequate" 
explanation for its "adverse" facts available conclusi ons, and given that the United States took the 
position that the USDOC was not required to "explicitly cite" facts in its determinations.805 
Following an exposition of why the Appellate Body can and should complete the legal analysis in 
the present case, China sets out to demonstrate, with respect to each of the 42 challenged instances, that the USDOC failed to provide an explanation that was "sufficient to assess whether 
the USDOC based its adverse facts available determinations on facts".
806 
4.202.  The United States, conversely, submits that we should reject China's request to complete 
the legal analysis because China did not present before the Panel arguments about each instance 
in which the USDOC used "adverse" facts available and thereby deprived the Panel from 
performing its role as a "trier of facts" with respect to each challenged instance.807 The 
United States also points out that, in the event we were to agree to China's request for completion, we would have to examine, not only the limited excerpts from the USDOC's 
determinations identified by China, but also the evidence cited and reproduced in Exhibit USA-94 
and Exhibits USA-95 through USA-133.
808 According to the United States, in order to complete the 
legal analysis, therefore, we would have to evalua te each of the 42 challenged instances of the use 
of "adverse" facts available, including issues th at were not sufficiently addressed by the parties 
before the Panel, such as the probative value of  certain pieces of evidence, the relevance of 
particular facts, and inferences that may be reasonably drawn from an analysis of the evidence in its totality.
809  
4.203.  Finally, the United States points out that the entire body of the USDOC's administrative 
record for each investigation at issue was not placed before the Panel, and that, in responding to China's claim that the USDOC did not base itself on facts on the record in the 42 challenged 
instances, the Panel sought only to disprove China's limited assertion by pointing to some, but not 
all, of the facts on the record before the USDOC.
810 According to the United States, in the absence 
of a complete record of the investigations and the shifting focus of China's claims under 
                                               
800 See Appellate Body Reports, US – Section 211 Appropriations Act , para. 343; and EC – Asbestos , 
paras. 78 and 81.  
801 See Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Renewable Energy / Feed-in Tariff Program , para. 5.224; EC – 
Export Subsidies on Sugar , para. 339 and fn 537 thereto. 
802 Appellate Body Report, EC – Asbestos , para. 79.  
803 For example, in US – Steel Safeguards , the Appellate Body noted that it had already upheld the 
panel's findings that the measures at issue were inco nsistent with the GATT 1994 and several provisions of the 
Agreement on Safeguards. As a result, it did not consider it "neces sary ... to complete the analysis and 
determine whether the USITC report pr ovided a reasoned and adequate ex planation that imports of tin mill 
products and stainless steel wire had increase d within the meaning of Article 2.1 of the  Agreement on 
Safeguards ". (Appellate Body Report, US – Steel Safeguards , para. 431) 
804 China's appellant's submission, para. 241. (emphasis original) 
805 China's appellant's submission, para. 241. 
806 China's appellant's submission, para. 242 (quoting Panel Report, para. 7.311). 
807 United States' appellee's submission, paras. 205 and 206.  
808 United States' appellee's submission, para. 208. 
809 United States' appellee's submission, paras. 209 and 210 (referring to Appellate Body Report, US – 
Countervailing Duty Investigation on DRAMS , para. 197). 
810 United States' appellee's submission, para. 212. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Article 12.7, there is insufficient evidence for us to evaluate whether the USDOC's "adverse" facts 
available determinations were "reasoned and adequate".811 
4.204.  With respect to China's arguments, we note that, on appeal, China presents an instance-
by-instance discussion of why, in its view, the USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 12.7 in each 
of the 42 instances it challenged.812 Before the Panel, however, China did not present detailed 
argumentation with respect to each of these instances. Instead, it advanced some general arguments relating to the USDOC's use of "adverse " facts available, including a discussion of two 
instances of the USDOC's practice in the OCTG and Line Pipe investigations as examples, and 
submitted Exhibit CHI-2 wherein it provided citations to the portions of the USDOC's "adverse" facts available determinations where, in its view, a discussion of the relevant facts would have been expected.
813  
4.205.  At the same time, we do not agree with the United States that all that it was required to 
do in order to rebut China's claims under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement was to point to some evidence on the USDOC's record that supported the USDOC's "adverse" facts available 
determinations.
814 The issue before the Panel was not whether there were any facts on the record 
that supported the USDOC's determinat ions but, instead, "whether the USDOC provided sufficient 
explanation  of the challenged adverse facts available determinations to assess whether the USDOC 
based these determinations on facts."815  
4.206.  We note that China requests us to complete the legal analysis with respect to all the 42 
instances across the 13 investigations that were at issue before the Panel. We recall, in this regard, that the evaluation of the "facts available" that is required, and the form it may take, 
depends on the particular circumstances of a given case, including the nature, quality, and amount 
of the evidence on the record and the particular determinations to be made.
816 Moreover, whereas 
the explanation and analysis provided in a published report must be sufficient to allow a panel to 
assess how and why the "facts available" employed by the investigating authority are "reasonable" 
replacements for the missing "necessary informat ion", the nature and exte nt of the explanation 
and analysis required will necessarily vary from determination to determination.817  
4.207.  We also note that the 42 instances challe nged by China, and with respect to which it 
requests that we complete the legal analysis, include several instances wherein the USDOC relied on "adverse" facts available in support of its public  body, benefit, specificity and export restraints 
determinations. The Panel found, however, with respect to China's claim under Article 1.1(a)(1) of 
the SCM Agreement, that "in the 12 countervailing duty investigations challenged by China the 
United States acted inconsistently with Articl e 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement when the USDOC 
found that SOEs were public bodies based solely on the grounds that these enterprises were 
(majority) owned, or otherwise controlled, by the Government of China."
818 The Panel also found 
that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obliga tions of the United States under Article 2.1(c) 
of the SCM Agreement in making its specific ity determinations in the context of these 
investigations.819 The United States does not challenge these findings on appeal. Nor does the 
United States challenge the Panel's finding that "the USDOC's initiation of two countervailing duty investigations [–i.e. Magnesia Bricks and Seamless Pipe–] in respect of certain export restraints is inconsistent with Article 11.3 of the SCM Agreement."
820 These findings therefore stand. 
Furthermore, we have found above that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in making its benefit 
                                               
811 United States' appellee's submission, paras. 211-213. 
812 The 42 instances challenged by China, and discussed in its appellant's submission, relate to the 
following 13 investigations: Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groomers, OCTG, Wire Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels. (China's appellant's submission, paras. 244-440) 
813 China's first written submission to the Panel, para s. 143-156; Panel Exhibit CHI-2, comprising a table 
of citations for China's "adverse" facts available claims . See also China's appellant's submission, para. 245.  
814 United States' appellee's submission, para. 212. 
815 Panel Report, para. 7.311. (emphasis added)  
816 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
817 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
818 Panel Report, para. 7.75. 
819 Panel Report, para. 8.1.v. 
820 Panel Report, para. 7.406. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 determinations in the context of the investigations in OCTG, Line Pipe, Pressure Pipe, and Solar 
Panels. Consequently, having laid out the legal standard that applies under Article 12.7, we see limited value, for purposes of resolving the dispute between the parties, in completing the legal analysis with respect to the instances in which the USDOC used "adverse" facts available in the 
investigations at issue. 
4.208.  We further recall our finding above that the Panel acted inconsistently with Article 11 of 
the DSU in finding that China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement. We do not consider that 
the participants have addressed sufficiently, in their submissions, the issues that we might need to examine if we were to complete the legal analysis in this case, including, for example, whether the USDOC's evaluation of the "facts available" was sufficient in the light of the particular 
circumstances of each case, including the nature, quality, and amount of the evidence and 
information on the record and the particular determinations to be made.
821 Completing the legal 
analysis in such circumstances would, in our view, raise due process concerns. 
4.209.  For all these reasons, we do not complete the legal analysis with respect to each of the 42 
instances of the use of "adverse" facts available challenged by China. 
4.5  Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement – Consequential claims 
4.210.  In the event that we reverse the Panel's findings and complete the legal analysis with 
respect to any of the claims of error raised by China on appeal, China further requests that we complete the legal analysis with respect to China's claims of consequential violations under Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement.
822 
4.211.  We recall our finding above that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in-country prices in China as benefit benchmarks in the cont ext of the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and 
Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations.
823 We note that the Appellate Body has treated claims 
under Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement as consequential claims in the sense that, where it has not been established that the essential elements of the subsidy within the meaning of 
Article 1 of the SCM Agreement are present, the right to impose a countervailing duty has not 
been established and, as a consequence, the countervailing duties imposed are inconsistent with Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement.
824 Accordingly, we find that the USDOC's benefit 
determinations in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe investigations, which we 
have found to be inconsistent with Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement, are also 
inconsistent with the United States' obligations under Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement. 
5  FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 
5.1.  For the reasons set out in this Report, the Appellate Body: 
a. upholds the Panel's finding, in paragraph 5.1 of the Panel's Preliminary Ruling and 
paragraph 1.16 of the Panel Report, that China's panel request, as it relates to its claims 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement, is not inconsistent with Article 6.2 of the DSU 
and that China's claims under Article 12.7 were thus within the Panel's terms of reference; 
                                               
821 Appellate Body Report, US – Carbon Steel (India) , para. 4.421. 
822 China's Notice of Appeal, para. 18. In the Notice  of Appeal, China requests the Appellate Body to 
complete the legal analysis with respect to China's claims of consequential violations under Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement "in respect of which the Panel exercised judicial economy". (Ibid.) We note, however, that the Panel did not exercise judicial economy with respect to China's claims of consequential violations under Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreem ent. The Panel found, in paragraphs 7.413 and 8.1.x. 
of the Panel Report, that the United States had acted inconsistently with Articles 1, 2, and 11 of the SCM Agreement, and that, as a consequence, the United States had also acted inconsistently with Articles 10 and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement. (See Panel Report, para. 7.413) 
823 Supra , para. 4.107.  
824 Appellate Body Reports, US – Softwood Lumber IV , para. 143; US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Duties (China) , para. 358. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 b. with respect to the Panel's findings, in paragraphs 7.195, 7.197, and 8.1.iv of the Panel 
Report, on the USDOC's determinations of benefit in the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels countervailing duty 
investigations: 
i. reverses the Panel's finding, in paragraph 7.195 of the Panel Report, upholding the 
USDOC's rejection of private prices as potential benchmarks in the investigations at 
issue on the grounds that such prices were distorted;  
ii. reverses the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.197 and 8.1.iv of the Panel Report, that 
China had failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations 
of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by 
rejecting in-country prices in China as benefit benchmarks in the OCTG, Solar Panels, 
Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations at issue; and 
iii. completes the legal analysis and finds that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and Article 1.1(b) of the 
SCM Agreement in the OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe, and Line Pipe countervailing duty investigations and, consequently, with Article 10 and Article 32.1 
of the SCM Agreement; 
c. with respect to the Panel's findings, in paragraphs 7.231, 7.243, 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v 
of the Panel Report, on the USDOC's determinations of de facto  specificity under 
Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement in resp ect of the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn 
Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill 
Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels countervailing duty investigations: 
i. upholds the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.231, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel 
Report, that the USDOC did not act inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under 
Article 2.1(c) of the SCM Agreement; 
ii. reverses the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.243, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel 
Report, that China had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to 
identify a "subsidy programme"; and finds that it is unable to complete the legal 
analysis in this regard; and  
iii. reverses the Panel's finding, in paragraphs 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel 
Report, that China had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the 
obligations of the United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement by failing to identify a "granting authority"; and finds that it is unable to complete the legal 
analysis in this regard; and 
d. with respect to the Panel's findings, in paragraphs 7.325 and 8.1.vii of the Panel Report, 
in respect of the USDOC's use of "adverse" facts available in the Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groomers, OCTG, Wire Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless Pipe, 
Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders, and Solar Panels 
countervailing duty investigations, reverses the Panel's finding that China had not 
established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States 
under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by not relying on facts available on the record; 
and finds that it is unable to complete the legal analysis in this regard. 
5.2.  The Appellate Body recommends that the DSB request the United States to bring its 
measures found in this Report, and in the Panel Report as modified by this Report, to be inconsistent with its obligations under the SCM Agreement into conformity with its obligations under that Agreement. WT/DS437/AB/R 
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Signed in the original in Geneva this 12th day of December 2014 by: 
Ujal Singh B'hatia 
Member Peter Van d.>R-'. ssche 
Presidifl'§ Member WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 ANNEX 1 
  
  
WT/DS437/7  
 
28 August 2014  
(14-4945)  Page: 1/7  
  Original: English  
 
UNITED STATES – COUNTERVAILING DUTY MEASURES  
ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS FROM CHINA 
NOTIFICATION OF AN APPEAL BY CHINA 
UNDER ARTICLE 16.4 AND ARTICLE 17 OF THE UNDERSTANDING ON RULES 
AND PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SE TTLEMENT OF DISPUTES (DSU),  
AND UNDER RULE 20(1) OF THE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR APPELLATE REVIEW 
The following notification, dated 22 August 2014, fr om the Delegation of the People's Republic of 
China, is being circulated to Members. 
  
_______________ 
 1. Pursuant to Articles 16.4 and 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing 
the Settlement of Disputes ("DSU") and Rule 20 of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review 
(WT/AB/WP/6) ("Working Procedures"), China hereby  notifies the Dispute Settlement Body of its 
decision to appeal certain issues of law and legal interpretation in the Panel Report in United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products From China (WT/DS437) 
("Panel Report").  
2. The measures at issue are certain preliminary and final countervailing duty measures 
identified in Appendix 1. These measures were issued by the United States Department of 
Commerce ("USDOC"). The measures include the determination by the USDOC to initiate the 
identified countervailing duty investigations, the conduct of those investigations, any preliminary or final countervailing duty determinations issued in those investigations, any definitive countervailing duties imposed as a result of those investigations, as well as any notices, annexes, 
decision memoranda, orders, amendments, or othe r instruments issued by the United States in 
connection with the countervailing duty measures identified in Appendix 1.  
3. The issues that China raises in this appeal relate to the Panel's findings and conclusions in 
respect of the consistency of the challenged measures with various provisions of the Agreement on 
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ("SCM Agreement"), as set forth herein.  
4. Pursuant to Rules 20(1) and 21(1) of the Working Procedures, China files this Notice of 
Appeal together with its Appellant's Submission with the Appellate Body Secretariat.  
5. Pursuant to Rule 20(2)(d)(iii) of the Working Pr ocedures, this Notice of Appeal provides an 
indicative list of the paragraphs of the Panel Repo rt containing the alleged errors of law and legal 
interpretation by the Panel in its report, without prejudice to China's ability to rely on other 
paragraphs of the Panel Report in its appeal. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 I.  Review of the Panel's Findings under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement 
6. China seeks review by the Appellate Body of the Panel's interpretation and application of 
Article 14(d) and Article 1(b) of the SCM Agreement as they relate to the USDOC's decision in the 
determinations at issue to reject in-country private prices in China as benchmarks on the grounds 
that such prices were distorted. The Panel's errors of law and legal interpretation include: 
 The Panel erred in concluding that the legal standard for determining what constitutes a 
"government" provider for purposes of the financial contribution inquiry under 
Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement does not also apply for purposes of determining 
what constitutes a "government" provider for purposes of a distortion inquiry under Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement. As a consequence, the Panel erred in concluding that China's benefit-related claims failed on the g r o u n d s  t h a t  t h e y  r e s t e d  o n  a n  e r r o n e o u s  
interpretation of Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement.
1 
  
 The Panel erred in applying the Appellate Body's reasoning in US – Anti-Dumping and 
Countervailing Measures (China)  to uphold the USDOC's rejection of private prices as 
potential benchmarks in the cases under challenge on the grounds that such prices were distorted.
2  
 
 The Panel failed to make an objective assessment of the matter before it, including an 
objective assessment of the facts of the case, as required by Article 11 of the DSU, in 
concluding that China failed to establish the factual premise for its claims in respect of four 
of the USDOC determinations under challenge: OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe and 
Line Pipe.3 
 
7. For these reasons, China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's finding in 
paragraph 7.195 of the Panel Report upholding the USDOC's rejection of private prices as potential 
benchmarks in the cases under challenge on the grounds that such prices were distorted, as well 
as the Panel's finding in 7.196 of the Panel Report that China's claims "rest on an erroneous 
interpretation of Article 14(d)". 
8. China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's finding in paragraphs 7.188 and 
7.196 of the Panel Report that China did not sufficiently substantiate the factual premises of its "as 
applied" claims in respect of four of the USDOC determinations under challenge: OCTG, Solar 
Panels, Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe. 
9. Accordingly, China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's finding in paragraph 
7.197 and the Panel's ultimate finding in paragraph 8.1(iv) of the Panel Report that China failed to 
establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) or Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreem ent by rejecting in-country private prices as 
benchmarks in respect of four of the USDOC dete rminations under challenge: OCTG, Solar Panels, 
Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe.  
9. China requests that the Appellate Body complete the legal analysis to find, instead, that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 14(d) and 
Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement by rejecting in -country private prices in China in respect of 
four of the USDOC determinations under challenge: OCTG, Solar Panels, Pressure Pipe and Line Pipe. 
 
II.  Review of the Panel's Findings under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement 
10. China seeks review by the Appellate Body of the Panel's interpretation and application of 
Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreement as it relates to the USDOC input specificity determinations under 
challenge. In particular, the Panel's errors of law and legal interpretation include: 
                                               
1 Panel Report, paras. 7.189-7.196. 
2 Panel Report, paras. 7.194-7.195.  
3 Panel Report, paras. 7.179-7.188, 7.196. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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  The Panel erred in its interpretation and application of Article 2.1 when it found that "the 
USDOC did not act inconsistently with Article 2.1 by analysing specificity exclusively under Article 2.1(c)".
4  
 
 The Panel erred in its interpretation and application of the term "subsidy programme" in 
Article 2.1(c) when it found that "the consistent provision by the SOEs in question of inputs for less than adequate remuneration" provided an objective basis for the USDOC to 
sufficiently identify subsidy programmes for the purposes of the first of the "other factors" 
under Article 2.1(c) in the relevant specificity determinations.
5  
 
 The Panel erred in its application of Article 2.1 when it found that "the relevant jurisdiction 
was at the very least implicitly understood to be China in the challenged investigations", 
and that China had therefore failed to establish that the USDOC acted inconsistently with Article 2.1 by failing to identify the relevant granting authority.
6 
 
11. For these reasons, China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's findings in 
paragraphs 7.231, 7.243, 7.249, 7.258, and 8.1.v of the Panel Report in relation to the three 
aforementioned errors.  
12. Accordingly, China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's finding in 
paragraph 7.258 and the Panel's ultimate finding in paragraph 8.1(v) of the Panel Report that 
China had not established that the USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the 
United States under Article 2.1 of the SCM Agreem ent by failing to apply the first of the "other 
factors" under Article 2.1(c) in light of a prior "appearance of non-specificity" resulting from the 
application of subparagraphs (a) and (b); by fail ing to identify a "subsidy programme"; or by 
failing to identify a "granting authority", with respect to 12 countervailing duty investigations, 
namely Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers,  Kitchen Shelving, OCTG , Wire Strand, Seamless 
Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Ex trusions, Steel Cylinders and Solar Panels. 
13. If the Appellate Body were to reverse any or all of the Panel's findings and conclusions in 
respect of China's claims under Article 2.1(c), China requests that the Appellate Body complete the 
legal analysis in respect of those claims to find, instead, that the USDOC acted inconsistently with 
the obligations of the United States under Articl e 2.1 of the SCM Agreement in respect of 15 input 
specificity determinations in Pressure Pipe, Line Pipe, Lawn Groomers, Kitchen Shelving, OCTG, 
Wire Strand, Seamless Pipe, Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders and Solar Panels.
7 
III.  Review of the Panel's Findings under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement 
14. China seeks review by the Appellate Body of the Panel's analysis of China's claims under 
Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement.  
15. The Panel failed to make an objective assessment of the matter before it as required by 
Article 11 of the DSU in concluding that China had not established that in 42 challenged instances the USDOC acted inconsistently with the United States' obligations under Article 12.7 by not relying on facts available on the record.
8 In particular, the Panel failed to apply the proper 
standard of review by failing to examine, with resp ect to each challenged "adverse facts available" 
determination, whether there was a reasoned an d adequate explanation, discernible from the 
published determination itself, providing the factual basis for the USDOC's conclusion.9 
                                               
4 Panel Report, paras. 7.224-7.231. 
5 Panel Report, paras. 7.232-7.243. 
6 Panel Report, paras. 7.244-7.249. 
7 Before the Panel, China challenged a single input specificity determination in each investigation except 
for Drill Pipe, where it challenged two input specificity determinations, and Steel Cylinders, where it challenged three input specificity determinations. The same 15 input specificity determinations are the subject of China's appeal. 
8 Panel Report, para. 7.325. 
9 Panel Report, paras. 7.307-7.325. WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 16. Accordingly, China requests that the Appellate Body reverse the Panel's finding in 
paragraph 7.325 and the Panel's ultimate finding in paragraph 8.1(vii) of the Panel Report that 
China had not established that in 42 instances the USDOC acted inconsistently with the United States' obligations under Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement by not relying on facts 
available on the record with respect to 13 countervailing duty investigations, namely Pressure 
Pipe, Line Pipe, Citric Acid, Lawn Groomers, OC TG, Wire Strand, Magnesia Bricks, Seamless Pipe, 
Print Graphics, Drill Pipe, Aluminum Extrusions, Steel Cylinders and Solar Panels.
10  
17. China requests that the Appellate Body complete the legal analysis to find, instead, that the 
USDOC acted inconsistently with the obligations of the United States under Article 12.7 of the 
SCM Agreement by not relying on facts available on the record in each of the 42 challenged 
instances in the aforementioned 13 countervailing duty investigations. 
IV.  Consequential Violations 
18. If the Appellate Body reverses the Panel's findings and completes the legal analysis with 
respect to any of the foregoing claims of error, China further requests that the Appellate Body 
complete the analysis with respect to China's claims of consequential violations under Articles 10 
and 32.1 of the SCM Agreement in respect of which the Panel exercised judicial economy. 
 
 
_______________ 
  
                                               
10 Panel Report, para. 8.1(vii). WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 APPENDIX 1 
Investigation C-570-931 ("Pressure Pipe") 
 Circular Welded Austenitic Stainless Pressure  Pipe from the People's Republic of China : 
Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 74 Federal Register 4936 (28 January 
2009). 
 
 Circular Welded Austenitic Stainless Pressure  Pipe from the People's Republic of China : 
Countervailing Duty Order, 74 Federal Register 11712 (19 March 2009). 
 Investigation C-570-936 ("Line Pipe") 
 Certain Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from  the People's Republic of China : 
Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 73 Federal Register 70961 
(24 November 2008).  
 Certain Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from  the People's Republic of China : 
Notice of Amended Final Affirmative Counter vailing Duty Determination and Notice of 
Countervailing Duty Order, 74 Federal Register 4136 (23 January 2009). 
 
Investigation C-570-938 ("Citric Acid") 
 Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative 
Countervailing Duty Determination, 74 Federal Register 16836 (13 April 2009). 
 
 Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From the People's Republic of China : Notice of 
Countervailing Duty Order, 74 Federal Register 25705 (29 May 2009). 
 
Investigation C-570-940 ("Lawn Groomers") 
 Certain Tow Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic 
of China : Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty De termination, 74 Federal Register 29180 
(19 June 2009).  
 Certain Tow Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic 
of China : Countervailing Duty Order, 74 Federal Register 38399 (3 August 2009). 
 Investigation C-570-942 ("Kitchen Shelving") 
 Certain Kitchen Appliance Shelving and Racks from the People's Republic of China : Final 
Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 74 Federal Register 37012 (27 July 2009).  
 Certain Kitchen Appliance Shelving and Racks from the People's Republic of China : 
Countervailing Duty Order, 74 Federal Register 46973 (14 September 2009). 
 Investigation C-570-944 ("OCTG") 
 Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative 
Countervailing Duty Determination, Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination, 74 Federal Register 64045 (7 December 2009). 
 
 Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the People's Republic of China : Amended Final 
Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 75 Federal 
Register 3203 (20 January 2010). 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
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 Investigation C-570-946 ("Wire Strand") 
 Pre-Stressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand from the People's Republic of China : Final 
Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 75 Federal Register 28557 (21 May 2010).  
 Pre-Stressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand from the People's Republic of China : Notice of 
Amended Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Notice of Countervailing Duty Order, 75 Federal Register 38977 (7 July 2010). 
 
Investigation C-570-955 ("Magnesia Bricks") 
 Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks From the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative 
Countervailing Duty Determination, 75 Federal Register 45472 (2 August 2010). 
 
 Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks from the People's Republic of China : Countervailing Duty 
Order, 75 Federal Register 57442 (21 September 2010). 
 
Investigation C-570-957 ("Seamless Pipe") 
 Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Stan dard, Line, and Pressure Pipe from the 
People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, Final 
Affirmative Critical Circumstances Determination, 75 Federal Register 57444 (21 September 2010).  
 Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Stan dard, Line, and Pressure Pipe from the 
People's Republic of China : Amended Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination 
and Countervailing Duty Order, 75 Federal Register 69050 (10 November 2010). 
 
Investigation C-570-959 ("Print Graphics") 
 Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-Quality Print Graphics Using Sheet-Fed Presses 
From the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 
75 Federal Register 59212 (27 September 2010).  
 Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-Quality Print Graphics Using Sheet-Fed Presses 
From the People's Republic of China : Amended Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty 
Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 75 Federal Register 70201 (17 November 2010). 
 
Investigation C-570-966 ("Drill Pipe") 
 Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty 
Determination, Final Affirmative Critical Circumstances Determination, 76 Federal Register 
1971 (11 January 2011).  
 Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of China : Countervailing Duty Order, 76 Federal 
Register 11758 (3 March 2011). 
 Investigation C-570-968 ("Aluminum Extrusions") 
 Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative Countervailing 
Duty Determination, 76 Federal Register 18521 (4 April 2011).  
 Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China : Countervailing Duty Order, 
76 Federal Register 30653 (26 May 2011). 
 Investigation C-570-978 ("Steel Cylinders") 
 High Pressure Steel Cylinders From the People's Republic of China : Initiation of 
Countervailing Duty Investigation, 76 Federal Register 33239 (8 June 2011). 
 WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 126 - 
 
  High Pressure Steel Cylinders From  the People's Republic of China : Final Affirmative 
Countervailing Duty Determination, 77 Federal Register 26738 (7 May 2012).   
 High Pressure Steel Cylinders  From the People's Republic of China : Countervailing Duty 
Order, 77 Federal Register 37384 (21 June 2012). 
 Investigation C-570-980 ("Solar Panels") 
 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the 
People's Republic of China : Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 76 Federal 
Register 70966 (16 November 2011). 
 
 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the 
People's Republic of China : Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 
77 Federal Register 17439 (26 March 2012). 
 
* * * 
 
For the avoidance of doubt, the measures incl ude any modifications or amendments to the 
measures identified above, even if those modificati ons or amendments are not specifically listed.   
  
_______________ 
  WT/DS437/AB/R 
 
- 127 - 
 
 ANNEX 2 
  
  
WT/DS437/8  
 
28 August 2014  
(14-4949)  Page: 1/1  
  Original: English  
 
UNITED STATES – COUNTERVAILING DUTY MEASURES  
ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS FROM CHINA 
NOTIFICATION OF AN OTHER APPEAL BY THE UNITED STATES 
UNDER ARTICLE 16.4 AND ARTICLE 17 OF THE UNDERSTANDING ON RULES 
AND PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SE TTLEMENT OF DISPUTES (DSU),  
AND UNDER RULE 23(1) OF THE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR APPELLATE REVIEW 
The following notification, dated 27 August 2014, fr om the Delegation of the United States, is 
being circulated to Members. 
 
_______________ 
 
 Pursuant to Article 16 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of 
Disputes  ("DSU") and Rule 23 of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review , the United States 
hereby notifies its decision to appeal to the Appellate Body certain issues of law covered in the 
Report of the Panel on United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from 
China  (WT/DS437/R and Add.1).  
 
The United States seeks review by the Appellate  Body of the Panel’s legal conclusion that 
section B.1.(d) of China’s panel request is not inconsistent with Article 6.2 of the Understanding on 
Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes  ("DSU").
1 This finding is in error and is 
based on an erroneous application of Article 6.2 of  the DSU to China’s panel request. In particular, 
the Panel erred in finding that China’s panel request provided a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly. The panel request’s description of the 
applications of facts available it intended to challenge, together with the description of the 
obligation at issue, were not sufficient to meet th e requirement of Article 6.2. The United States 
respectfully requests the Appellate Body to reverse the Panel’s findings and conclude that 
section B.1.(d) of China’s panel request is not cons istent with DSU Article 6.2. As a consequence, 
the United States further requests the Appellate Body to declare moot the Panel’s findings with respect to Article 12.7 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
2 as these 
claims were outside the terms of reference of the Panel.  
 
__________ 
 
                                               
1 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, WT/DS437/4, para. 4.20, as incorporated by Panel Report, 
para. 1.16; Panel Report, Annex A-8, WT/DS437/R/Add.1. 
2 See Panel Report, paras. 7.307-7.325, 8.1(vii).