WT/DS438/R  
WT/DS444/R  
WT/DS445/R  
 
22 August 2014  
(14-4794)  Page: 1/170  
  Original: English  
 
 ARGENTINA – MEASURES AFFECTING THE IMPORTATION 
OF GOODS 
REPORTS OF THE PANEL 
 
   
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
  
 
Note by the Secretariat: 
 
These Panel Reports are in the form of a single document constituting three separate Panel 
Reports: WT/DS438/R, WT/DS444/R and WT/DS445/R. The cover page, preliminary pages, 
sections 1 through 6 are common to the three Repo rts. The page header throughout the document 
bears the three document symbols WT/DS438/R, WT/DS444/R and WT/DS445/R, with the 
following exceptions: section 7 on pages EU-165 and EU-166, which bears the document symbol 
for and contains the Panel's conclusions and recommendations in the Panel Report WT/DS438/R; section 7 on pages USA-167 and USA-168, which bear s the document symbol for and contains the 
Panel's conclusions and recommendations in the Panel Report WT/DS444/R; and section 7 on 
pages JPN-168 and JPN-170, which bears the document symbol for and contains the Panel's conclusions and recommendations in the Panel Report WT/DS445/R. The annexes, which are a part of the Panel Reports, are circulated in a separate document (WT/DS438/R/Add.1, 
WT/DS444/R/Add.1 and WT/DS445/R/Add.1). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
1   INTROD UCTION  ........................................................................................................ 39  
1.1   Complaints by the European Un ion, the United St ates and Japan ..................................... 39 
1.2   Panel establishm ent and comp osition .......................................................................... 40 
1.3   Panel proceedings ..................................................................................................... 41 
1.3.1   Genera l ............................................................................................................... . 41 
1.3.2   Request for enhanc ed third party rights .................................................................... 41 
1.3.3   Special Procedures for the prot ection of confiden tial information ................................... 42 
1.3.4   Prelim inary rulings ................................................................................................. 43 
1.3.5   Consultation with the Wo rld Customs Organi zation (WCO) ........................................... 45 
2   PARTIES' REQUESTS FOR FI NDINGS AND RECO MMENDATIONS ................................ 45  
3   ARGUMENTS OF  THE PARTIES ................................................................................... 46  
4   ARGUMENTS OF TH E THIRD PA RTIES ........................................................................ 46  
5   INTERIM REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 47  
5.1   Introduction ............................................................................................................. 47 
5.2   Comments on the Pa nel's Interi m Reports .................................................................... 47 
5.2.1   Gene ral comments ................................................................................................. 47 
5.2.2   Specific comments ................................................................................................. 48 
5.2.2.1   Judicial economy ................................................................................................. 48 
5.2.2.2   T RRs meas ure .................................................................................................... 48 
5.2.2.3   DJAI procedure ................................................................................................... 49 
6   FIND INGS ................................................................................................................. 49 
6.1   Genera l issues ......................................................................................................... 49 
6.1.1   Special and differential treatment ............................................................................. 49 
6.1.2   Issues related to th e Panel's terms of refe rence ......................................................... 50 
6.1.3   The Panel's duty to make an objective assessment of the matter and the 
treatment of evidence ...................................................................................................... 53 
6.1.3.1   The Panel's function and the parties' duties ............................................................. 53 
6.1.3.2   The Panel's objective assessment of the facts .......................................................... 55 
6.2   The Trade-Related Requirements (TRRs) ...................................................................... 74 
6.2.1   Preliminar y consider ations ...................................................................................... 74 
6.2.1.1   Parties' description of the measure at issue ............................................................. 74 
6.2.1.2   Description of the claims ...................................................................................... 77 
6.2.1.3   Order of analysis ................................................................................................. 78 
6.2.2   Existence and operation of the trade-related requirements ........................................... 81 
6.2.2.1   The individual trade-related requirements ............................................................... 81 
6.2.2.2   The single  TRRs me asure ................................................................................... 102  
6.2.3   Legal analysis ..................................................................................................... 10 5 
6.2.3.1   Whether the TRRs measure is incons istent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 ........... 105  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.3.2   Whether the TRRs measure, with respect to the requirement to incorporate local 
content, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 .................................................. 111  
6.2.3.3   Whether the TRRs measure is incons istent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 ............ 116  
6.2.3.4   Whether the TRRs measure "as such" is inconsistent with Articles XI:1, III:4 and 
X:1 of the GATT 1994 ..................................................................................................... 117  
6.3   The Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI)  procedure ............................................. 124  
6.3.1   Preliminary considerat ions .................................................................................... 124  
6.3.1.1   Description of the claims .................................................................................... 124  
6.3.1.2   Order of analysis ............................................................................................... 125  
6.3.2   Description of the DJAI procedure .......................................................................... 128  
6.3.2.1   The DJAI requirement ........................................................................................ 128  
6.3.2.2   The DJAI procedure ........................................................................................... 128  
6.3.2.3   Regist ered status .............................................................................................. 130  
6.3.2.4   Observed status ................................................................................................ 130  
6.3.2.5   Exit  status  ....................................................................................................... 1 39 
6.3.2.6   Voided status ................................................................................................... 140  
6.3.2.7   Cancelled status ............................................................................................... 140  
6.3.3   Legal analysis ..................................................................................................... 14 0 
6.3.3.1   Whether the DJAI procedure is incons istent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 .......... 140  
6.3.3.2   Whether the DJAI procedure is incons istent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 ........... 154  
6.3.3.3   Whether the administration of the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with 
Article X:3(a) of  the GATT 1994 ....................................................................................... 155  
6.3.3.4   Claims against the DJAI procedur e under the Import Licensing Agreement ................ 157  
7   CONCLUSIONS AN D RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................... EU-165 
7.1   Complaint by the European Union (DS438) ............................................................ EU-165  
7.2   Complaint by the United States (DS444) ............................................................. USA-167  
7.3   Complaint by Japan (DS445) .............................................................................. JPN-169 
 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  LIST OF ANNEXES 
ANNEX A 
WORKING PROCEDURES OF THE PANEL 
Contents Page 
Annex A Working Procedures of the Panel A-1 
ANNEX B 
ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES 
EUROPEAN UNION 
Contents Page 
Annex B-1 First part of the executive summary of the arguments of the European Union B-2 
Annex B-2  Second part of the executive summary of  the arguments of the European Union B-13 
UNITED STATES 
Contents Page 
Annex B-3 First part of the executive summary of the arguments of the United States B-25 
Annex B-4  Second part of the executive summary of  the arguments of the United States B-37 
JAPAN 
Contents Page 
Annex B-5 First part of the executive summary of the arguments of Japan B-48 
Annex B-6  Second part of the executive summary of the arguments of Japan B-60 
ARGENTINA 
Contents Page 
Annex B-7 First part of the executive su mmary of the arguments of Argentina B-72 
Annex B-8  Second part of the executive summary of the arguments of Argentina B-83 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  ANNEX C 
ARGUMENTS OF THE THIRD PARTIES 
Contents Page 
Annex C-1 Executive summary of the arguments of Australia C-2 
Annex C-2 Executive summary of the arguments of Canada C-6 
Annex C-3 Executive summary of the arguments of Israel C-9 
Annex C-4 Executive summary of the arguments of the Republic of Korea C-10 
Annex C-5 Executive summary of the arguments of Norway C-12 
Annex C-6 Executive summary of the arguments of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia C-16 
Annex C-7 Executive summary of the arguments of Chinese Taipei C-19 
Annex C-8 Executive summary of the arguments of Turkey C-21 
ANNEX D 
PRELIMINARY RULINGS 
Contents Page 
Annex D-1 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, 16 September 2013 D-2 
Annex D-2 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, 20 November 2013 D-14 
 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  WTO CASES CITED IN THESE REPORTS 
Short title Full case title and citation 
Argentina – Footwear (EC) Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Safeguard Measures on Imports of 
Footwear , WT/DS121/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:I, p. 515 
Argentina – Hides and Leather Panel Report, Argentina – Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides 
and Import of Finished Leather , WT/DS155/R and Corr.1, adopted 
16 February 2001, DSR 2001:V, p. 1779 
Argentina – Textil es and Apparel Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Measures Affecting Imports of 
Footwear, Textiles, A pparel and Other Items , WT/DS56/AB/R and Corr.1, 
adopted 22 April 1998,  DSR 1998:III, p. 1003 
Argentina – Textil es and Apparel Panel Report, Argentina – Measures Affect ing Imports of Footwear, 
Textiles, Apparel and Other Items , WT/DS56/R, adopted 22 April 1998, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report  WT/DS56/AB/R, DS R 1998:III, p. 1033 
Australia – Apples Panel Report, Australia – Measures Affectin g the Importation of Apples 
from New Zealand , WT/DS367/R, adopted 17 December 2010, as modified 
by Appellate Body Report WT/DS367/AB/R, DSR 2010:VI, p. 2371 
Australia – Automotive Leather II Panel Report, Australia – Subsidies Provided to Producers and Exporters of 
Automotive Leather , WT/DS126/R, adopted 16 June 1999, DSR 1999:III, 
p. 951 
Australia – Salmon Appellate Body Report, Australia – Measures Affecting Importation of 
Salmon , WT/DS18/AB/R, adopted 6 No vember 1998, DSR 1998:VIII, 
p. 3327 
Brazil – Aircraft Panel Report, Brazil – Export Financing Programme for Aircraft , 
WT/DS46/R, adopted 20 August 1999, as modified by Appellate Body 
Report WT/DS46/AB/R , DSR 1999:III, p. 1221 
Brazil – Retreaded Tyres Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded 
Tyres , WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted 17 December 2007, DSR 2007:IV, 
p. 1527 
Brazil – Retreaded Tyres Panel Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres , 
WT/DS332/R, adopted 17 December 2007, as modified by Appellate Body 
Report WT/DS332/AB/R, DSR 2007:V, p. 1649 
Canada – Aircraft Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian 
Aircraft , WT/DS70/AB/R, adopted 20 August 1999, DSR 1999:III, p. 1377 
Canada – Autos Panel Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive 
Industry , WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R, adopted 19 June 2000, as modified 
by Appellate Body Report WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R, 
DSR 2000:VII, p. 3043 
Canada – Wheat Exports and 
Grain Imports Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat 
and Treatment of Imported Grain , WT/DS276/AB/R, adopted 
27 September 2004, DSR 2004:VI, p. 2739 
Canada – Wheat Exports and 
Grain Imports Panel Report, Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and 
Treatment of Imported Grain , WT/DS276/R, adopted 27 September 2004, 
upheld by Appellate Body Report WT/DS276/AB/R, DSR 2004:VI, p. 2817 
Chile – Alcoholic Beverages Appellate Body Report, Chile – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages , 
WT/DS87/AB/R, WT/DS110/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:I, p. 281 
Chile – Price Band System 
(Article 21.5 – Argentina) Appellate Body Report, Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures 
Relating to Certain Agricultural Produc ts – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the 
DSU by Argentina , WT/DS207/AB/RW, adopted 22 May 2007, 
DSR 2007:II, p. 513 
China – Auto Parts Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile 
Parts, WT/DS339/AB/R / WT/DS340/AB/R / WT/DS342/AB/R, adopted 
12 January 2009, DSR 2009:I, p. 3 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Short title Full case title and citation 
China – Auto Parts Panel Reports, China – Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts , 
WT/DS339/R / WT/DS340/R / WT/DS342/ R / Add.1 and Add.2, adopted 
12 January 2009, upheld (WT/DS339/R) and as modified (WT/DS340/R / 
WT/DS342/R) by Appellate Body Reports WT/DS339/AB/R / 
WT/DS340/AB/R / WT/DS342/AB/R, DSR 2009:I, p. 119 
China – Intellectual Property 
Rights Panel Report, China – Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement 
of Intellectual Property Rights , WT/DS362/R, adopted 20 March 2009, 
DSR 2009:V, p. 2097 
China – Publications and 
Audiovisual Products Appellate Body Report, China –  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and 
Distribution Services for Certai n Publications and Audiovisual 
Entertainment Products , WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 19 January 2010, 
DSR 2010:I, p. 3 
China – Publications and 
Audiovisual Products Panel Report, China –  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Di stribution 
Services for Certain Publications an d Audiovisual Entertainment Products , 
WT/DS363/R and Corr.1, adopted 19 January 2010, as modified by 
Appellate Body Report WT/DS3 63/AB/R, DSR 2010:II, p. 261 
China – Raw Materials Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of 
Various Raw Materials , WT/DS394/AB/R / WT/DS395/AB/R / 
WT/DS398/AB/R, adopted 22 February 2012, DSR 2012:VII, p. 3295 
China – Raw Materials  Panel Reports, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw 
Materials , WT/DS394/R / WT/DS395/R / WT/DS398/R / Add.1 and Corr.1, 
adopted 22 February 2012, as modified by Appellate Body Reports WT/DS394/AB/R / WT/DS395/AB/R / WT/DS398/AB/R, DSR 2012:VII, 
p. 3501 
Colombia – Ports of Entry Panel Report, Colombia – Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of 
Entry , WT/DS366/R and Corr.1, adopted 20 May 2009, DSR 2009:VI, 
p. 2535 
Dominican Republic – Import and 
Sale of Cigarettes Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic – Measures Affecting the 
Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes , WT/DS302/AB/R, adopted 19 
May 2005, DSR 2005:XV, p. 7367 
Dominican Republic – Import and 
Sale of Cigarettes Panel Report, Dominican Republic – Measures  Affecting the Importation 
and Internal Sale of Cigarettes , WT/DS302/R, adopted 19 May 2005, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS302/AB/R, DSR 2005:XV, 
p. 7425 
EC – Approval and Marketing of 
Biotech Products Panel Reports, European Communities – Measur es Affecting the Approval 
and Marketing of Biotech Products , WT/DS291/R / WT/DS292/R / 
WT/DS293/R / Add.1 to Add.9 and Corr.1, adopted 21 November 2006, 
DSR 2006:III, p. 847 
EC – Asbestos Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting 
Asbestos and Asbestos -Containing Products , WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 
April 2001, DSR 2001:VII, p. 3243 
EC – Asbestos Panel Report, European Communities – Measur es Affecting Asbestos and 
Asbestos-Containing Products , WT/DS135/R and Add.1, adopted 5 
April 2001, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS135/AB/R, DSR 2001:VIII, p. 3305 
EC – Bananas III Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Regime for the 
Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas , WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted 
25 September 1997, DSR 1997:II, p. 591 
EC – Bananas III (Ecuador) Panel Report, European Communities – Regime  for the Importation, Sale 
and Distribution of Banana s, Complaint by Ecuador , WT/DS27/R/ECU, 
adopted 25 September 1997, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:III, p. 1085 
EC – Bananas III (US) Panel Report, European Communities – Regime  for the Importation, Sale 
and Distribution of Bananas, Complaint by the United States , 
WT/DS27/R/USA, adopted 25 September 1997, as modified by Appellate 
Body Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:II, p. 943 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Short title Full case title and citation 
EC – Hormones Appellate Body Report, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products 
(Hormones) , WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, adopted 13 February 1998, 
DSR 1998:I, p. 135 
EC – IT Products Panel Reports, European Communities and it s member States – Tariff 
Treatment of Certain Information Technology Products , WT/DS375/R / 
WT/DS376/R / WT/DS377/R, adopted 21 September 2010, DSR 2010:III, 
p. 933 
EC – Poultry Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting the 
Importation of Certain Poultry Products , WT/DS69/AB/R, adopted 23 July 
1998, DSR 1998:V, p. 2031 
EC – Poultry Panel Report, European Communities – Measur es Affecting the Importation 
of Certain Poultry Products , WT/DS69/R, adopted 23 July 1998, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS69/AB/R, DSR 1998:V, p. 2089 
EC – Sardines Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Trade Description of 
Sardines , WT/DS231/AB/R, adopted 23 Oc tober 2002, DSR 2002:VIII, p. 
3359 
EC – Selected Customs Matters Panel Report, European Communities – Selected Customs Matters , 
WT/DS315/R, adopted 11 December 2006, as modified by Appellate Body 
Report WT/DS315/AB/R, DSR 2006:IX, p. 3915 
EC and certain member States – 
Large Civil Aircraft Appellate Body Report, European Communities and Certain Member States 
– Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft , WT/DS316/AB/R, 
adopted 1 June 2011, DSR 2 011:I, p. 7 
EC and certain member States – 
Large Civil Aircraft Panel Report, European Communities and Certain Member States – 
Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft , WT/DS316/R, adopted 1 
June 2011, as modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS316/AB/R, DSR 
2011:II, p. 685 
India – Autos Panel Report, India – Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector , 
WT/DS146/R, WT/DS175/R and Corr.1, adopted 5 April 2002, DSR 2002:V, p. 1827 
India – Patents (US) Appellate Body Report, India – Patent Protection  for Pharmaceutical and 
Agricultural Chemical Products , WT/DS50/AB/R, adopted 16 January 1998, 
DSR 1998:I, p. 9 
India – Quantitati ve Restrictions Panel Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions  on Imports of Agricultural, 
Textile and Industrial Products , WT/DS90/R, adopted 22 September 1999, 
upheld by Appellate Body Report WT/DS90/AB/R, DSR 1999:V, p. 1799 
Indonesia – Autos Panel Report, Indonesia – Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile 
Industry , WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/D S59/R, WT/DS64/R and Corr.1 
and Corr.2, adopted 23 July 1998, and Corr.3 and 4, DSR 1998:VI, p. 
2201 
Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II Appellate Body Report, Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages , 
WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, p. 97 
Japan – Apples Appellate Body Report, Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of 
Apples , WT/DS245/AB/R, adopted 10 December 2003, DSR 2003:IX, 
p. 4391 
Japan – Apples Panel Report, Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples , 
WT/DS245/R, adopted 10 December 2003, upheld by Appellate Body Report WT/DS245/AB/R, DSR 2003:IX, p. 4481  
Japan – Film Panel Report, Japan – Measures Affecting Cons umer Photographic Film and 
Paper , WT/DS44/R, adopted 22 April 1998, DSR 1998:IV, p. 1179 
Korea – Alcoholic Beverages Appellate Body Report, Korea – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages , 
WT/DS75/AB/R, WT/DS84/AB/R, adopted 17 February 1999, DSR 1999:I, p. 3 
Korea – Alcoholic Beverages Panel Report, Korea – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages , WT/DS75/R, 
WT/DS84/R, adopted 17 February 1999, as modified by Appellate Body 
Report WT/DS75/AB/R, WT/DS84/AB/R, DSR 1999:I, p. 44 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Short title Full case title and citation 
Korea – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Korea – Definitive Safegu ard Measure on Imports 
of Certain Dairy Products , WT/DS98/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, 
DSR 2000:I, p. 3 
Korea – Various Measures on 
Beef Appellate Body Report, Korea – Measures Affect ing Imports of Fresh, 
Chilled and Frozen Beef , WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 
January 2001, DSR 2001:I, p. 5 
Mexico – Taxes on Soft Drinks Panel Report, Mexico – Tax Measures on Soft  Drinks and Other Beverages , 
WT/DS308/R, adopted 24 March 2006, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS308/AB/R, DSR 2006:I, p. 43 
Thailand – Cigarettes 
(Philippines) Appellate Body Report, Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures on 
Cigarettes from the Philippines , WT/DS371/AB/R, adopted 15 July 2011, 
DSR 2011:IV, p. 2203 
Thailand – Cigarettes 
(Philippines) Panel Report, Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from 
the Philippines , WT/DS371/R, adopted 15 July 2011, as modified by 
Appellate Body Report WT/DS371/AB/R, DSR 2011:IV, p. 2299 
Turkey – Rice Panel Report, Turkey – Measures Affectin g the Importation of Rice , 
WT/DS334/R, adopted 22 October 2007, DSR 2007:VI, p. 2151 
US – 1916 Act Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Act of 1916 , 
WT/DS136/AB/R, WT/DS162/AB/R, adopted 26 September 2000, DSR 2000:X, p. 4793 
US – Continued Zeroing Appellate Body Report, United States – Continued Existence and 
Application of Zeroing Methodology , WT/DS350/AB/R, adopted 
19 February 2009, DSR 2009:III, p. 1291 
US – COOL Appellate Body Reports, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling 
(COOL) Requirements , WT/DS384/AB/R / WT/DS386/AB/R, adopted 
23 July 2012, DSR 2012:V:, p. 2449 
US – COOL Panel Reports, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) 
Requirements , WT/DS384/R / WT/DS386/R, adopted 23 July 2012, as 
modified by Appellate Body Reports WT/DS384/AB/R / WT/DS386/AB/R, 
DSR 2012:VI, p. 2745 
US – Corrosion-Resistant Steel 
Sunset Review Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Review of Anti-Dumping 
Duties on Corrosion-Resistant Carb on Steel Flat Products from Japan , 
WT/DS244/AB/R, adopted 9 January 2004, DSR 2004:I, p. 3  
US – Countervailing and 
Anti-Dumping Measures (China) Panel Report, United States – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures 
on Certain Products from China , WT/DS449/R, adopted 22 July 2014, as 
modified by Appellate Body Re port WT/DS449/AB /R and Corr.1 
US – Countervailing Duty 
Investigation on DRAMS Panel Report, United States – Countervailing Duty Investigation on 
Dynamic Random Access Memory Se miconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , 
WT/DS296/R, adopted 20 July 2005, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS296/AB/R, DSR 2005:XVII, p. 8243 
US – Export Restraints Panel Report, United States – Measures Trea ting Exports Restraints as 
Subsidies , WT/DS194/R and Corr.2, adopted 23 August 2001, 
DSR 2001:XI, p. 5767 
US – FSC 
(Article 21.5 – EC) Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for "Foreign Sales 
Corporations" – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities , WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted 29 January 2002, DSR 2002:I, 
p. 55 
US – Gasoline Appellate Body Report, United States – Standards for Reformulated and 
Conventional Gasoline , WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:I, 
p. 3 
US – Gasoline Panel Report, United States – Standards for Reformulated and 
Conventional Gasoline , WT/DS2/R, adopted 20 May 1996, as modified by 
Appellate Body Report WT/D S2/AB/R, DSR 1996:I, p. 29 
US – Large Civil Aircraft 
(2nd complaint) Panel Report, United States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil 
Aircraft (Second Complaint) , WT/DS353/R, adopted 23 March 2012, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS353/AB/R, DSR 2012:II, p. 649 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Short title Full case title and citation 
US – Lead and Bismuth II Appellate Body Report, United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties 
on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismut h Carbon Steel Products Originating 
in the United Kingdom , WT/DS138/AB/R, adopted 7 June 2000, 
DSR 2000:V, p. 2595 
US – Oil Country Tubular Goods 
Sunset Reviews Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Reviews of Anti-Dumping 
Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods from Argentina , WT/DS268/AB/R, 
adopted 17 December 2004, DSR 2004:VII, p. 3257 
US – Poultry (China) Panel Report, United States – Certain Meas ures Affecting Imports of 
Poultry from China , WT/DS392/R, adopted 25 October 2010, DSR 2010:V, 
p. 1909 
US – Shrimp Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain 
Shrimp and Shrimp Products , WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, 
DSR 1998:VII, p. 2755 
US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp 
from Viet Nam , WT/DS404/R, adopted 2 September 2011, DSR 2011:X, 
p. 5301 
US – Tuna II (Mexico) Panel Report, United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, 
Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products , WT/DS381/R, adopted 
13 June 2012, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS381/AB/R, 
DSR 2012:IV, p. 1837, DSR 2012:IV, p. 1837 
US – Underwear Panel Report, United States – Restrictions  on Imports of Cotton and 
Man-made Fibre Underwear , WT/DS24/R, adopted 25 February 1997, as 
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS24/AB/R, DSR 1997:I, p. 31 
US – Upland Cotton Appellate Body Report, United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton , 
WT/DS267/AB/R, adopted 21 March 2005, DSR 2005:I, p. 3 
US – Wheat Gluten Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive  Safeguard Measures on 
Imports of Wheat Gluten fro m the European Communities , 
WT/DS166/AB/R, adopted 19 January 2001, DSR 2001:II, p. 717 
US – Wool Shirts and Blouses Appellate Body Report, United States – Measur e Affecting Imports of 
Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India , WT/DS33/AB/R, adopted 23 
May 1997, and Corr.1, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 
US – Zeroing (EC) Appellate Body Report, United States – Laws, Regulations and 
Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins ("Zeroing") , 
WT/DS294/AB/R, adopted 9 May 2006, and Corr.1, DSR 2006:II, p. 417 
US – Zeroing (EC) Panel Report, United States – Laws, Regu lations and Methodology for 
Calculating Dumping Margins ("Zeroing") , WT/DS294/R, adopted 9 May 
2006, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS294/AB/R, 
DSR 2006:II, p. 521 
US – Zeroing (Japan) Panel Report, United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset 
Reviews , WT/DS322/R, adopted 23 January 2007, as modified by 
Appellate Body Report WT/DS3 22/AB/R, DSR 2007:I, p. 97 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 11 - 
 
  GATT CASES CITED IN THESE REPORTS 
Short title Full case title and citation 
Canada – FIRA  GATT Panel Report, Canada – Administration of the Foreign Investment 
Review Act , L/5504, adopted 7 February 1984, BISD 30S, p. 140 
Canada – Provincial Liquor 
Boards (EEC)  GATT Panel Report, Canada – Import, Distributi on and Sale of Alcoholic 
Drinks by Canadian Prov incial Marketing Agencies , L/6304, adopted 
22 March 1988, BISD 35S, p. 37 
Canada – Provincial Liquor 
Boards (US)  GATT Panel Report, Canada – Import, Distributi on and Sale of Certain 
Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies , DS17/R, adopted 
18 February 1992, BISD 39S, p. 27 
EEC – Minimum Import Prices  GATT Panel Report, EEC – Programme of Minimum Import Prices, Licences 
and Surety Deposits for Certain Processed Fruits and Vegetables , L/4687, 
adopted 18 October 1978, BISD 25S, p. 68 
EEC – Oilseeds I  GATT Panel Report, European Economic Comm unity – Payments and 
Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related 
Animal-Feed Proteins , L/6627, adopted 25 January 1990, BISD 37S, p. 86 
EEC – Parts and Components  GATT Panel Report, European Economic Comm unity – Regulation on 
Imports of Parts and Components , L/6657, adopted 16 May 1990, BISD 
37S, p. 132 
Japan – Semi-Conductors  GATT Panel Report, Japan – Trade in Semi-Conductors , L/6309, adopted 
4 May 1988, BISD 35S, p. 116 
US – Section 337 Tariff Act  GATT Panel Report, United States Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 , 
L/6439, adopted 7 November 1989, BISD 36S, p. 345 
US – Superfund  GATT Panel Report, United States – Taxes on Petroleum and Certain 
Imported Substances , L/6175, adopted 17 June 1987, BISD 34S, p. 136 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 12 - 
 
  ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THESE REPORTS 
Abbreviation Description 
AFIP Federal Public Revenue Administration 
AmCham American Chamber of Commerce in Argentina 
ANMAT National Drugs, Food and Me dical Technology Administration 
ARS Argentine Peso 
BCI Business confidential information 
CADELTRIP Argentine Chamber of Producers of Natural Casing 
CAFMA Argentine Chamber of Produc ers of Agricultural Machinery 
CUIT Taxpayer identification code 
DGA Directorate-General of Customs of th e Federal Public Revenue Administration 
DGI Directorate-General of Revenue of the Federal Public Revenue Administration 
DGRSS Directorate-General for Re venues from Social Security of  the Federal Public Revenue 
Administration 
DJAI Advance Sworn Import Declaration 
DSB Dispute Settlement Body 
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes 
FOB Free on board 
GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 
ICJ International Court of Justice 
ILA Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures 
INTI National Institute of Industrial Te chnology of the Ministry of Industry 
INV National Grape-Growing and Wine Production Institute 
PEI 2020 Industrial Strategic Plan 2020 
ROI Import Operations Registry 
RTRRs Restrictive Trade-Related Requirements 
SAFE Framework World Customs Organiza tion's SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate 
Global Trade 
SCI Secretariat of Domestic Trade 
SEDRONAR Planning Secretariat for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight Against Drug 
Trafficking 
SENASA National Agriculture and Food Quality and Health Service 
SIM MARIA informatic system 
TRIMs Agreement Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures 
TRRs Trade-Related Requirements 
UCESCI Unit on Coordination and Evaluati on of Subsidies on Internal Consumption 
US United States of America 
USD United States' Dollar 
USTR Office of the United States Trade Representative 
WCO World Customs Organization 
WTO World Trade Organization 
WTO Agreement Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 13 - 
 
  EXHIBITS REFERRED TO IN THESE REPORTS 
Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
ARG-3 Ley 22.415 (Código Aduanero)  (Law 22,415 
Argentina's Customs Code), 2 March 1981  Law 22,415, Customs Code  
ARG-12 Guías paso a paso. Sistema MARIA: ¿Cómo hacer la 
Declaración Jurada Anti cipada de Importación 
(DJAI)?  (Step-by-Step Guides. MARIA SYSTEM: 
How to Submit the Advance Sworn Import 
Declaration (DJAI))  MARIA System, Step-by-Step Guides: 
How to Submit a DJAI 
ARG-13 Resolución General AFIP 333/99  (AFIP General 
Resolution 333/99), 15 January 1999  AFIP General Resolution 333/99 
ARG-16 Administración Pública Nacional, Decreto 
2085/2011 (National Public Administration, Decree 
2085/2011), 7 December 2011  Decree 2085/2011 
ARG-26 Decreto 1490/92, Créase la Administración 
Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica, ANMAT  (Decree 1490/92, creation of 
ANMAT), 20 August 1992  Decree 1490/92, creation of ANMAT 
ARG-27 Ley N° 23.737 (Código Penal) (Law 23,737 Criminal 
Code), 21 September 1989; Decreto 623/96 (Plan 
Federal de Prevención Integral de la 
Drogadependencia y de Control del Tráfico Ilícito de 
Drogas) , (Decree 623/96, Federal Plan of integral 
prevention of drug dependency and control of the 
illicit traffic of drugs), 7 June 1996; Decreto 
1.095/96 (Control de precursores y sustancias 
químicas esenciales para la elaboración de 
estupefacientes)  (Decree 1,095/96, Control of 
precursors and essential ch emical products for the 
manufacture of drugs); Decreto 1119/96 (Creación 
de un Comité de Trabajo Conjunto para la 
Prevención de la Drogadicción y la Lucha contra el 
Narcotráfico)  (Decree 1119/96, Creation of a joint 
working group for the prevention of drug addiction 
and the fight against drug trafficking), 3 October 
1996; Decreto 1161/2000 (Actualización de lista de 
precursores y productos químicos)  (Decree 
1161/2000, Update of the list of precursors and 
essential chemical products), 6 December 2000); 
Resolución 216/2010 (Registro Nacional de 
Precursores Químicos)  (Resolution 216/2010, 
National Registry of Chemical Precursors), 
17 March 2010 Law 23,737, Criminal Code; Decree 
623/96, Federal Plan of integral 
prevention of drug dependency and 
control of the illicit traffic of drugs; 
Decree 1,095/96, Control of 
precursors and essential chemical 
products for the manufacture of 
drugs; Decree 1119/96, Creation of a 
joint working group for the 
prevention of drug addiction and the 
fight against drug trafficking; Decree 
1161/2000, Update of the list of 
precursors and essential chemical 
products; Resolution 216/2010, 
National Registry of Chemical 
Precursors 
ARG-30 Presidencia de la Nación, Ministerio de Economía y 
Finanzas Públicas, Secretaría de Comercio Interior, "Papel Prensa: La Verdad"  (Office of the President 
of Argentina, Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Secretariat of Domestic Trade: Report on Papel Prensa: The Truth), August 2010  Office of the President, Ministry of 
Economy and Public Finance, Secretariat of Domestic Trade, "Report on Papel Prensa", August 2010 
ARG-32 Ley No 22.802 (Ley de Lealtad Comercial)  (Law 
22,802 on Fair Trade), 5 May 1983; Ley No 19.227 
(Ley de Mercados de Interés Nacional)  (Law 19,227 
on Markets of National Interest), 9 September 
1971; Ley No 19.511 (Ley de Metrología Legal) 
(Law 19,511 on Legal Metrology), 2 March 1972; 
Ley No 24.240 (Ley de Defensa del Consumidor) 
(Law 24,240 on Consumer Protection), 
22 September 1993  Law 22,802 on Fair Trade; 
Law 19,227 on Markets of National 
Interest; Law 19,511 on Legal 
Metrology; Law 24,240 on Consumer 
Protection WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 14 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
ARG-38 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 
Exportación, importación y saldo por zonas económicas y principales países, Años 2007-2011  
(National Institute for Statistics and Census, Argentina's imports,  exports and balance, by region 
and main countries 2007-2011)  National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's imports, exports 
and balance, by region and main countries 2007-2011 
ARG-40 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, INDEC 
Informa, Año 18, No. 7, Julio de 2013  (National 
Institute for Stat istics and Census, INDEC Informa, 
Year 18, No. 7, July 2013)  Journal: INDEC Informa , Year 18, No. 
7, July 2013 
ARG-41 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, Balanza 
comercial argentina, total y variaciones porcentuales, datos mensuales desde 1990 en adelante  (National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's trade balance, totals and 
percentage changes, monthly data since 1990)  National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's monthly trade data 
ARG-42 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 
Intercambio Comercial Argentino: Datos provisorios 
del año 2012 y cifras estimadas del primer 
semestre de 2013  (National Institute for Statistics 
and Census, Argentina' s trade exchanges, 
Provisional 2012 data and projections for 2013 – 
1st semester)  National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's trade exchanges, 
Provisional 2012 data and projections 
for 2013 – 1st semester 
ARG-44 Ley N° 26.045 (Ley del Registro Nacional de 
Precursores Químicos)  (Law 26,045 on the National 
Registry of Chemical Precursors), 8 June 2005  Law 26,045 on the National Registry 
of Chemical Precursors 
ARG-45 Decreto 1.095/96 (Control de precursores y 
sustancias químicas esenci ales para la elaboración 
de estupefacientes)  (Decree 1,095/96, Control of 
precursors and essential ch emical products for the 
manufacture of drugs), 26 September 1996  Decree 1,095/96, Control of 
precursors and essential chemical 
products for the manufacture of drugs 
ARG-46 Resolución SEDRONAR 216/ 2010 ( Registro Nacional 
de Precursores Químicos)  (SEDRONAR Resolution 
216/2010, National Registry of Chemical Precursors), 17 March 2010  SEDRONAR Resolution 216/2010, 
National Registry of Chemical Precursors 
ARG-47 Convenio de Adhesión al Régimen de Ventanilla 
Única Electrónica del Comercio Exterior 
SEDRONAR – RG No. 3252 y 3255 (AFIP): 
Convenio Específico de Adhesión al Régimen de 
Declaración Jurada Anticipada de Importación y 
Ventana Única R.G. No. 3.252 y 3.255 (AFIP) 
(Accession Agreement to the Single Electronic 
Window for Foreign Trade Regime SEDRONAR – RG 
No. 3252 and 3255 (AFIP): Specific Accession 
Agreement to the Advance Sworn Import 
Declaration and Single Window Regime R.G. No. 
3,252 and 3,255 (AFIP)), 22 February 2012  SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement 
ARG-48 Convenio de Adhesión al Régimen de Ventanilla 
Única Electrónica del Comercio Exterior – RG No. 3252 y 3255 (AFIP): Convenio de Adhesión entre Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica y la Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos  (Accession Agreement 
to the Single Electronic Window for Foreign Trade Regime – RG No. 3252 and 3255 (AFIP): Accession Agreement between the National Drugs, Food and Medical Technology Administration and the Federal Public Revenue Administration), 8 February 2012 ANMAT's Accession Agreement WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 15 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
ARG-49 Convenio de Adhesión al Régimen de Ventanilla 
Única Electrónica SENASA – RG No. 3252 y 3255 
(AFIP): Convenio Especí fico de Adhesión al 
Régimen de Declaración Jurada Anticipada de 
Importación y Ventanilla Única R.G. No. 3.252 y 
3.255 (AFIP)  (Accession Agreement to the Single 
Electronic Window Regime SENASA – R.G. No. 3252 
and 3255 (AFIP): Specific Accession Agreement to 
the Advance Sworn Import Declaration and Single 
Window Regime R.G. No. 3,252 and 3,255 (AFIP)), 
14 February 2012  SENASA's Accession Agreement 
ARG-50 Convenio de Adhesión al Régimen de Ventanilla 
Única Electrónica INV – RG No. 3252 y 3255 (AFIP): Convenio Especí fico de Adhesión al 
Régimen de Declaración Jurada Anticipada de 
Importación y Ventanilla Única R.G. No. 3.252 y 
3.255 (AFIP)  (Accession Agreement to the to the 
Single Electronic Window Regime INV – RG No. 3252 and 3255 (AFIP): Specific Accession Agreement to the Advance Sworn Import Declaration and Single Window Regime R.G. No. 3,252 and 3,255 (AFIP)), 16 February 2012  INV's Accession Agreement 
ARG-51 Ministerio de Industria , Plan Estratégico Industrial  
2020 (Ministry of Industry, Strategic Industrial Plan 
2020), 4 October 2011  Ministry of Indu stry, Strategic 
Industrial Plan 2020 
ARG-52 List of products subjec t to review and observation 
by ANMAT  Products subject to review and 
observation by ANMAT 
ARG-53 List of products subject to review and observation 
by SEDRONAR Products subject to review and 
observation by SEDRONAR 
ARG-54 Radio Nacional, Entrevista  Presidente de AGCO 
Argentina  (Radio Nacional , Interview to AGCO 
Argentina President), 2 October 2013 Radio Nacional , Interview to AGCO 
Argentina President), 2 October 2013 
ARG-55 La Nación, Entrevista / Agustín Melano "Me llevó 
dos años convencer a Converse de fabricar en el 
país" (La Nación , Interview, "It took me two years 
to convince Converse to produce in Argentina"), 
31 December 2011 La Nación , Interview, "Two years to 
convince Converse to produce in 
Argentina"), 31 December 2011 
ARG-56 Apertura.com, Sergio Marchionne, CEO de Fiat y 
Chrysler: "Europa no es el lugar más atractivo para 
invertir"  (Apertura.com , Interview to Fiat & 
Chrysler CEO: "Europe is not the most attractive place to invest"), 5 August 2013  Apertura.com , Interview to Fiat & 
Chrysler CEO: "Europe is not the 
most attractive pl ace to invest", 
5 August 2013  
ARG-58 Movilsur, Entrevista a Mirko Aksentijevic, CEO de 
Nokia Argentina , by Nicolás Falcioni ( Movilsur , 
Interview to Mirko Aksentijevic, Nokia Argentina 
CEO), 5 July 2011  Movilsur , Interview to Mirko 
Aksentijevic, Nokia Argentina CEO, 5 
July 2011  
ARG-60 The Wall Street Journal , Peugeot Citroen CEO 
Reaffirms 2013 Cash Flow Guidance at Motor Show, by David Pearson, 10 September 2013 Wall Street Journal , Peugeot Citroen 
CEO Reaffirms 2013 Cash Flow Guidance, 10 September 2013  
ARG-62 Cronista.com, CEO de Toyota: "Si no podemos 
operar donde hay inflación, no podemos ser 
globales"  (Cronista.com , Toyota CEO: "If we cannot 
operate where there is inflation, we cannot be 
global"), 22  September 2013  Cronista.com , Toyota CEO: "If we 
cannot operate where there is 
inflation, we cannot be global", 
22 September 2013  
ARG-63 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar) , Mercedes-
Benz fabricará la nueva Vito en la Argentina  
(Argentina Autoblog , Mercedes-Benz will produce 
new Vito in Argentina), 5 October 2012  News item:  Argentina Autoblog , 
Mercedes-Benz will produce new Vito  
in Argentina), 5 October 2012  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 16 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
ARG-65 Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, Centro 
de Economía Internacional, Determinantes del nivel 
de importaciones en la economía argentina en el 
período 1993-2012  (Ministry of External Relations 
and Worship, Center of International Economics, 
Factors affecting the level of Argentine imports in 
the period 1993-2012), November 2013  Study:  Centro de Economía 
Internacional , Factors affecting the 
level of Argentine imports in 1993-
2012, November 2013  
ARG-E4 Audiencia Pública celebrada en el Congreso de la 
Nación Argentina antes de sancionarse la Ley No. 26.736 – Pasta celulosa y papel para diarios  (Public 
Hearing of the Argentine Congress on the adoption of Law 26,736 – Newsprint), 16 September 2010 Public Hearing of the Argentine 
Congress on a Bill on Newsprint, 16 September 2010 
ARG-E7 Secretaría de Comercio Interior, Imputación a la 
firma PAPEL PRENSA S.A. I.C.F. y de M. por 
presunta infracción de la Ley No. 26.736 
(Secretariat of Domestic Trade, PAPEL PRÈNSA 
S.A.I.C.F. y de M. is char ged with an alleged breach 
of Law 26,736), 19 February 2013 Secretariat of Domestic Trade, Papel 
Prensa  is charged with alleged breach 
of Law 26,736, 19 February 2013 
ARG-E8 Newspaper articles, st atements made by the Chief 
Executive Officer of Grupo Clarín  Newspaper articles, statements made 
by the Chief Executive Officer of Grupo Clarín 
EU-418+ Clément Comercio Exterior , Informe Técnico, DJAI: 
Su evolución  (Clément Foreign Trade, Technical 
Report, DJAI: Its Evolution), 13 December 2012 Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , 
DJAI: Its Evolution, 13 December 
2012 
JE-1, JE-398 
and EU-84 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Una importadora 
automotriz podrá compensar exportando  (Argentine 
Republic Press Office, An automobile importer may compensate by exporting), 25 March 2011  News item: Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina , An automobile importer 
may compensate by exporting, 25 March 2011 
JE-2 Juguetes y Negocios , Cómo liberar Declaraciones 
de Importación (Toys and Business: How to 
Release Import Declarations), 6 March 2012 News item: Juguetes y Negocios , How 
to Release Import Declarations, 
6 March 2012 
JE-3 Buenos Aires Económico , Moreno aclaró que sus 
controles sobre las importaciones se aplicarán a cien empresas que consumen 80% de las divisas (Buenos Aires Económico , Moreno clarified that his 
import controls will apply to one hundred companies that use 80% of available foreign 
exchange), 31 January 2012  Buenos Aires Económico , Import 
controls will apply to one hundred companies, 31 January 2012 
JE-4 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi, Boudou y Moreno 
subscribieron el plan de exportaciones e 
importaciones de General Motors  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General 
Motors export-import plan), 2 May 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign 
General Motors export-import plan, 
2 May 2011  
JE-5 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Compromiso de 
automotriz para equiparar su balanza  (Argentine 
Republic Press Office, Automaker pledges to 
balance its trade), 6 April 2011  News item: Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina , Automaker pledges to 
balance its trade, 6 April 2011  
JE-6 Perfil, Faltarán más ropa, juguetes y electrónicos 
importados , by Pedro Ylarri ( Perfil, Clothes, toys, 
and electronic products wi ll be in short supply), 
17 July 2011  Perfil, Clothes, toys, and electronic 
products will be in short supply, 
17 July 2011 
JE-7, JE-322 
and EU-8 Ministerio de Industria , Amplían el universo de 
productos importados monitoreados por el sistema de licencias no automáticas  (Ministry of Industry, 
List of products subject to monitoring by non-automatic licences is increased), 15 February 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, List 
of products subject to non-automatic licences is increased, 15 February 2011 
JE-8 Debate , El Plan 2012 , by  Roberto Navarro 
(Interview with the Secretary of Domestic Trade 
(Debate , The Plan 2012), 27 January 2012  Debate , The Plan 2012, 27 January 
2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 17 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-9 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "Este Gobierno cree 
y aplica administración del comercio " (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi: "This Administration believes in and is implementing trade management"), 25 February 2011 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "This Administration believes in and is implementing trade management", 25 February 2011 
JE-13 AFIP, Manual de Uso para el Registro y Afectación 
de la "Declaración Ju rada Anticipada de 
Importación (DJAI) " (User Manual for Registration 
and Assignment of the "Advance Sworn Import 
Declaration (DJAI)"), July 2012  AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 
JE-14 and 
ARG-11 Resolución General AFIP 3256/2012  (AFIP General 
Resolution 3256/2012), 26 January 2012  AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, 
26 January 2012 
JE-15 and 
ARG-6 Resolución General AFIP 3252/2012  (AFIP General 
Resolution 3252/2012), 5 January 2012 AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 
5 January 2012 
JE-16 and 
ARG-7 Resolución General AFIP 3255/2012  (AFIP General 
Resolution 3255/2012), 20 January 2012  AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 
20 January 2012 
JE-40 Banco Central de la República Argentina , 
Comunicación "A" 5274  ( C e n t r a l  B a n k  o f  t h e  
Argentine Republic, Communication "A" 5274), 
30 January 2012  Central Bank of the Argentine 
Republic, Communication "A" 5274, 
30 January 2012 
JE-41 and 
ARG-15 Resolución SCI 1/2012  (SCI Resolution 1/2012), 
11 January 2012  SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 
2012 
JE-43 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Sedronar e INV 
adhirieron a la ventanill a única electrónica y DDJJ 
anticipada para importaciones  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar) , 
SEDRONAR and INV adhered to the single 
electronic window and the Advanced Sworn Import 
Declaration), 27 February 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina, 
SEDRONAR and INV adhered to the 
single electronic window and the 
DJAI, 27 February 2012 
JE-46 Unión Industrial del Oeste , Boletín Informativo, 
Declaraciones Juradas Anti cipadas de  Importación 
(Industrial Union of the West: Information Bulletin, Advance Sworn Import Declarations), 21 March 2012  Information note: Unión Industrial del 
Oeste , Advance Sworn Import 
Declarations, 21 March 2012 
JE-47 GM Comex Estudio de Comercio Exterior, DJAI 
Observada "Intervención de la SCIN"  (GM Comex 
Foreign Trade Bureau, Observed DJAI "Intervention 
by the SCI"), 22 February 2012 Information note : GM Comex, 
Observed DJAI, Intervention by SCI, 
22 February 2012 
JE-48 Consultores Industriales Asociados , Defensa de 
Mercado: DJAI  (Industrial Consultants Associates, 
Market Defense: DJAI), 2012 Information note: Consultores 
Industriales Asociados , Market 
Defense: DJAI, 2012 
JE-49 United Logistic Company, Newsletter 369: DJAI 
Observada  (United Logistic Company, Newsletter 
369: Observed DJAI) Newsletter: United Logistic Company, 
Observed DJAI 
JE-50 Cámara Argentina de Comercio: Comisión de 
Importaciones y Exportaciones , Declaración Jurada 
Anticipada de Importación (DJAI) (Argentine 
Chamber of Commerce, Export and Import 
Commission, Advance Sworn Import Declaration, DJAI) Slides: Argentine Chamber of 
Commerce, Advance Sworn Import Declaration, DJAI 
JE-51 SIQAT S.R.L., Instrucciones sobre D.J.A.I., 
Declaración Jurada Anti cipada de Importación 
(SIQAT SRL, Instructions on the DJAI, Advance 
Sworn Import Declaration)  Information note: SIQAT SRL, 
Instructions on the DJAI 
JE-52 Cámara Argentina de la Industria Plástica , 
Secretaría de Comercio Interior: Procedimiento por DJAI "Observadas" (Argentine Chamber of the 
Plastic Industry, Secretariat of Domestic Trade: Procedure for DJAIs in "Observed" Status), February 2012  Newsletter: Argentine Chamber of the 
Plastic Industry, Procedure for Observed DJAIs, February 2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 18 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-54 Clément Comercio Exterior,  Procedimiento DJAI 
bloqueadas  (Clément Foreign Trade, Procedure for 
Blocked DJAIs)  Information note: Clément Comercio 
Exterior , Procedure for Blocked DJAIs 
JE-55 Cámara de Comercio Exterior de Córdoba , Circular 
Operativa Nº 01/2012, DJAI: Observadas por Secretaría de Comercio Interior / Manual para 
registro y afectación de las DJAIs – Última versión 
disponible  (Córdoba Foreign Trade Chamber, 
Operative Circular Nº 01/2012, DJAI: Observed by the Secretariat of Domest ic Trade / Manual for 
registration and assignment of DJAIs – Last available version), 1 March 2012 Information note: Córdoba Foreign 
Trade Chamber, DJAIs Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 1 March 2012 
JE-56 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, "Report on the U.S. 
Chamber of Commerce's survey on Argentina's 
DJAI system", 3 March 2013 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Report 
on survey on Argentina's DJAI 
system, 3 March 2013 
JE-57 Sala Contencioso Admini strativo No. 2, Causa 
1674/2012, Zatel Adrian Ramon c/en M° Economia SCI Resol 1/12-AFIP-Resol 3252 3255/12 S/Medida cautelar (autonoma)  (National Court for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Zatel Adrian Ramon v. Ministry of Economy SCI Resolutions 1/12 AFIP 3252 3255/12, Preliminary injunction), 23 August 2012 National Court for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Zatel Adrian 
Ramon v. Ministry of Economy , 
23 August 2012  
JE-58 Sala Contencioso Admini strativo No. 4, Causa 
16137/2012, Wabro SA c/en M° Economia Resol 
3252/12 3255/12 S/Proceso en conocimiento  
(National Court for Federal Administrative Disputes, 
Wabro SA v. Ministry of Economy Resolutions 
3252/12 3255/12, Confirmation procedure), 
2 October 2012 National Court for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Wabro SA v. 
Ministry of Economy , 2 October 2012  
JE-59 Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Contencioso 
Administrativo Federal, Yu digar Argentina S.A. c/ 
e n  M º  d e  E c o n o m í a  s /  A m p a r o - L e y  N º  1 6 . 9 8 6  (National Court of Appeals for Federal Administrative Disputes, Yudigar Argentina S.A. v. Ministry of Economy / Injunction Law 16,986), 16 August 2012  National Court of Appeals for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Yudigar 
Argentina S.A. v. Ministry of Economy , 16 August 2012  
JE-64 BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  Los importadores 
financian y subsidian exportaciones para 
compensar sus balanzas , by Patricia Valli ( BAE 
Argentina (Diariobae),  Importers finance and 
subsidize exports to offset their balances), 7  August 
2012 News item:  BAE Argentina 
(Diariobae),  Importers finance and 
subsidize exports to offset their 
balances, 7  August 2012  
JE-80 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Boudou habló del éxito 
de la política de sustitución de importaciones  (Sala 
de Prensa República Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar), Boudou spoke about 
the success of the import substitution policy), 18 March 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina, Boudou 
spoke about the success of the import substitution policy, 18 March 2011  
JE-81 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , La comercializadora de 
Porsche acordó compensar importaciones con 
exportaciones de vinos y aceites (Argentine 
Republic Press Office, Porsche's trading company 
agreed to compensate imports with exports of wine 
and oil), 30 March 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Porsche's trading company agreed to 
compensate imports with exports of 
wine and oil, 30 March 2012  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 19 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-82 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , La automotriz Chery 
acordó con el Gobierno revertir su balanza comercial en 2012  (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , The 
automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade balance in 2012), 19 May 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 
JE-84 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Economía, Industria y 
Comercio firmaron el acuerdo de Mercedes Benz 
para equilibrar su balanza comercial (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , [Ministries of] 
Economy, Industry and Trade sign an agreement 
with Mercedes Benz to even out its trade balance), 
7 April 2011 News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Economy, industry and trade sign an 
agreement with Mercedes Benz to 
even out its trade balance, 7 April 
2011 
JE-85 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  Ya son 5 las 
automotrices que acordaron con el Gobierno aportar u$s 2.200 millones a la balanza comercial  
(Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Five car producers have 
signed an agreement with the Government to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade), 20 April 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Five 
car producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 
JE-86 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  La automotriz Hyundai 
acordó con el Gobierno compensar su balanza 
comercial  (Ministry of Industry, Car Manufacturer 
Hyundai reaches agreement with Government on 
offsetting its trade balance), 13 June 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Car 
producer Hyundai agrees to offset its 
trade balance, 13 June 2011 
JE-87 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , También la automotriz 
KIA se comprometió a equilibrar su balanza comercial  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Car manufacturer KIA 
also pledged to even out its trade balance), 15 June 2011 News item: Prensa Argentina , Car 
manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out its trade balance, 15 June 2011 
JE-88 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Fiat, otra automotriz 
que firmó ante el Gobierno su compromiso de 
equiparar la balanza comercial  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar) , 
Fiat: Another automaker signs an agreement with 
the Government to ensure trade balance), 
5 May 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Fiat: 
Another automaker signs an 
agreement with the Government to 
ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
JE-89 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Nissan acordó un nuevo 
plan de equilibrio de balanza comercial  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Nissan agreed to a new 
trade balancing plan), 19 October 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Nissan 
agreed to a new trade balancing plan, 19 October 2011  
JE-90 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Renault, Mitsubishi, 
Nissan y Volvo también firmaron un plan para 
alcanzar el superávit comercial en 2012  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Renault, Mitsubishi, 
Nissan and Volvo also sign ed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012), 5 August 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo 
also signed a plan to achieve a trade 
surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 20 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-91 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , La empresa Subaru 
acordó con Industria equilibrar su balanza comercial  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Subaru agreed with the 
Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance), 
29 August 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Subaru 
agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 
JE-92 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Industria anticipó que 
BMW equilibrará su balanza comercial en 2012  
(Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Ministry of Industry 
announced that BMW will balance imports and 
exports in 2012), 13 October 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Ministry of Indust ry announced that 
BMW will balance imports and exports 
in 2012, 13 October 2011 
JE-95 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar), Ford exportará más e 
importará menos, (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Ford will 
export more and import less, 23 May 2011 News item: Prensa Argentina , Ford 
w i l l  e x p o r t  m o r e  and import less, 
23 May 2011 
JE-101 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Scania le informó a la 
Presidenta que invertirá u$s 40 millones en la 
Argentina  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Scania informed the 
President it will invest USD 40 million in Argentina), 
21 November 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Scania 
informed the President it will invest 
USD 40 million in Argentina, 
21 November 2011 
JE-102 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , El Gobierno firmó un 
convenio con la automotriz  Thermodyne Vial para 
aumentar exportaciones  (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , The 
Government signed an agreement with automaker Thermodyne Vial to increa se exports), 1 February 
2012 News item: Prensa Argentina , The 
Government signed an agreement with automaker Thermodyne Vial to increase exports, 1 February 2012 
JE-103 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Renault Trucks anunció 
al Gobierno que aument ará sus exportaciones  (Sala 
de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Renault Trucks 
announced to the Government it will increase its 
exports), 7 February 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina , Renault 
Trucks announced to the Government 
it will increase its exports, 7 February 
2012 
JE-104 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar) , Exclusivo: 
pesificada y exportando vinos, Harley-Davidson vuelve a la carga  (Argentina Autoblog, Exclusive: 
Valued in Pesos and exporting wines, Harley-Davidson makes a come back), 29 June 2012  News item: Argentina Autoblog, 
Valued in Pesos and exporting wines, Harley-Davidson makes a come back, 29 June 2012  
JE-105 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar) , ¿Qué 
despachó Juki Argentina rumbo a Ucrania y Estados 
Unidos?  (Argentina Autoblog , What did Juki 
Argentina dispatch to Ukraine and the 
United States?) , 27 April 2012  News item: Argentina Autoblog , What 
did Juki Argentina dispatch to Ukraine 
and the United States? , 27 April 2012 
JE-106 Ámbito Financiero , Juki exporta vinos  (Ámbito 
Financiero , Juki exports wine), 23 April 2012 News item: Ámbito Financiero , Juki 
exports wine, 23 April 2012 
JE-107 La Nación , En dos ruedas  (La Nación , On two 
wheels), 26 May 2012 La Nación , On two wheels, 26 May 
2012 
JE-108 La Moto (lamotodigital.com.ar) , Ante la crisis, Juki 
exporta vinos  (La Moto (lamotodigital.com.ar) , 
Faced with the crisis, Juki exports wine), 2 May 2012 News item:  La Moto 
(lamotodigital.com.ar) , Faced with 
the crisis, Juki exports wine, 2 May 2012 
JE-110 Ámbito Financiero , Suzuki Motos Argentina exporta  
(Ámbito Financiero , Suzuki Motos Argentina 
Exports), 31 May 2012  News item:  Ámbito Financiero , Suzuki 
Motos Argentina Exports, 31 May 
2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 21 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-111 La Moto (lamotodigital.com.ar) , Suzuki cerró la 
primera fase de exportación  (La Moto 
(lamotodigital.com.ar) , Suzuki closed the first 
phase of exportations), 31 May 2012  News item:  La Moto 
(lamotodigital.com.ar) , Suzuki closed 
the first phase of exportations, 31 May 2012  
JE-112 motomax.com.ar , Suzuki Motos exporta desde 
Argentina  (motomax.com.ar , Suzuki Motos exports 
from Argentina), 1 June 2012  News item:  motomax.com.ar , Suzuki 
Motos exports from Ar gentina, 1 June 
2012 
JE-113 tiempomotor.com , Suzuki Motos concretó primera 
fase de exportación de mosto  (tiempomotor.com , 
Suzuki Motos completed its first phase of grape-must exports), 1 June 2012  News item:  tiempomotor.com , Suzuki 
Motos completed its first phase of grape-must exports, 1 June 2012  
JE-114 iProfesional.com , Vino por motos: Motomel 
construirá una bodega y una planta de mosto para 
compensar su balanza comercial  (iProfesional.com , 
Motomel will construct a winery and a grape-must 
plant to compensate its trade balance), 8 June 
2012 News item:  iProfesional.com , 
Motomel will construct a winery and a 
grape-must plant to compensate its 
trade balance, 8 June 2012  
JE-115 La Nación , Una fábrica de motos deberá exportar 
vino y mosto para poder importar insumos  (La 
Nación , A motorcycle factory will have to export 
wine and grape-must to  b e  a b l e  t o  i m p o r t  
supplies), 11 June 2012 News item:  La Nación , A motorcycle 
factory will have to export wine and grape-must to be able to import supplies), 11 June 2012  
JE-117 La Voz (lavoz.com.ar) , Más fábricas de motos 
exportan vino  (La Voz (lavoz.com.ar) , More 
motorcycle factories export wine), 9 June 2012 News item:  (La Voz (lavoz.com.ar) , 
More motorcycle factories export 
wine) , 9 June 2012  
JE-119 tiempomotor.com , Motomel exporta vino y mosto 
para importar piezas  (tiempomotor.com , Motomel 
exports wine and grape must in order to import motoparts), 10 June 2012  News item:  tiempomotor.com , 
Motomel exports wine and grape must in order to import motoparts, 10 June 2012 
JE-121 La Moto (lamotodigital.com.ar) , Motomel sigue 
exportando  (La Moto (lamotodigital.com.ar) , 
Motomel continues exporting), 11 June 2012 News item:  La Moto 
(lamotodigital.com.ar) , Motomel 
continues exporting, 11 June 2012  
JE-122 enretail.com , "Zanella ha cumplido y se ha alineado 
a todas las exigencias del Gobierno Nacional " 
(enretail.com , "Zanella has complied with and 
fulfilled all the demands from the National Government"), 2 October 2012  News item:  enretail.com , Zanella has 
fulfilled all the demands from the National Government, 2 October 2012  
JE-123 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar) , Zanella: "No 
sabemos por qué se hacen estas diferencias " 
(Argentina Autoblog , Zanella: "We do not know 
why there is different treatment"), 5 March 2012 News item:  Argentina Autoblog 
(autoblog.com.ar) , Zanella: "We do 
not know why there is different 
treatment", 5 March 2012  
JE-128 Presidencia, La empresa de maquinaria agrícola 
Claas acordó con el Gobier no un plan con equilibrio 
de balanza comercial  (Office of the President of 
Argentina, Agricultural Machinery Company Claas agreed with the Government on a plan with trade balance), 1 April 2011  News item:  Office of the President, 
Agricultural Machinery Company Claas agreed with the Government on a plan with trade balance, 1 April 2011 
JE-129 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Editoriales acuerdan 
equilibrar la balanza comercial  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar) , 
Publishing Companies Agree to Restore Trade 
Balance), 31 October 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Publishing Companies Agree to 
Restore Trade Balance, 31 October 
2011 
JE-131 Clarín , Liberarían los libros en las próximas 48 
horas , by Patricia Kolesnicov ( Clarín , Books to be 
released in the next 48 hours), 1 November 2011  News item: Clarín , Books to be 
released in the next 48 hours, 1 November 2011 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 22 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-133 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi y Moreno 
firmaron acuerdo con libreros para compensar 
importaciones  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi and Moreno 
Signed an Agreement with Booksellers to Offset 
Their Imports), 11 November 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Giorgi 
and Moreno Signed an Agreement 
with Booksellers to Offset Their 
Imports, 11 November 2011 
JE-137 Presidencia,  Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación 
Cristina Fernández en el ac to de cierre de ronda de 
negocios "Argentina Exporta Audiovisual " (Office of 
the President of Argentina, Address by the President, Cristina Fernández, in the closing ceremony of the business round " Argentina Exporta 
Audiovisual "), 6 December 2011  Office of the President, Address by 
the President, Cristina Fernández, in the closing ceremony of the business round " Argentina Exporta 
Audiovisual " 
JE-145 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Directivos de Electrolux 
anunciaron a Cristina qu e comenzarán a exportar 
electrodomésticos a Brasil  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar) , 
Electrolux executives announced to [President] 
Cristina [Fernández] that they will begin exporting 
small appliances to Brazil), 25 August 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Electrolux executives announced to 
President Cristina Fernández that 
they will begin exporting small 
appliances to Brazil, 25 August 2011 
JE-149 La Nación , Moreno une el agua con el aceite , by 
Luján Scarpinelli ( La Nación , Moreno mixes water 
and oil), 6  May 2012  News item: La Nación , Moreno mixes 
water and oil, 6  May 2012  
JE-158 El Cronista, Zegna ayuda a exportar lana y reabre 
(El Cronista , Zegna reopens by helping to export 
wool), 2 August 2012 News item: El Cronista, Zegna 
reopens by helping to export wool, 
2 August 2012 
JE-159 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Nike anunció una 
inversión de casi U$S5 millones para incrementar la producción en el país  (Ministry of Industry, Nike 
announces a USD 5 million investment to increase local production), 5 April 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Nike 
announces a USD 5 million investment to increase local production, 5 April 2011 
JE-160 Cronista.com , Vende mobiliario a las sucursales de 
otros país para cumplir con los pedidos de Moreno , 
by Matías Bonelli ( Cronista.com , [Adidas] sells 
furniture to other countries' stores to comply with 
Moreno's orders), 22  July 2011  News item: Cronista.com , Adidas 
sells furniture to other countries' 
stores to comply with Moreno's 
orders, 22  July 2011 
JE-163 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2012 Cencosud SA 
Earnings Conference Call – Final ", 4 September 2012 Cencosud SA Earnings Conference 
Call (Q2 2012), 4 September 2012  
JE-164 infobae.com , Tras varios meses,  Guillermo Moreno 
permite importar la muñeca Barbie  (infobae.com , 
After several months, Moreno allows the 
importation of Barbie dolls), 18 August 2011  News item: infobae.com , After 
several months, Moreno allows the 
importation of Barbie dolls, 18 August 
2011 
JE-165 La Nación , Moreno flexibiliza el ingreso de más 
productos importados , by Alfredo Sainz ( La Nación , 
Moreno increases flexibility for more imported products), 18
 August 2011 News item: La Nación , Moreno 
increases flexibility for more imported products, 18
 August 2011  
JE-166 26 Noticias , Las Barbies vuelven a las jugueterías 
gracias a Rasti  (26 Noticias , Barbie dolls come back 
to toy shops thanks to Rasti), 18  August 2011 News item: 26 Noticias , Barbie dolls 
come back to toy shops thanks to 
Rasti, 18  August 2011  
JE-167 iProfesional.com , Entran muñecas, salen ladrillitos: 
las Barbies vuelven a cambio de Rastis  
(iProfesional.com , Dolls come in, bricks go out: 
Barbie dolls come back in exchange for Rastis), 18 August 2011 News item: iProfesional.com , Barbie 
dolls come back in exchange for Rastis, 18 August 2011  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 23 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-168 Presidencia, En 2020 se podrán producir en el país 
1.350 millones de unidades de medicamentos y 
generar 40 mil nuevos empleos en el sector  (Office 
of the President of Argentina, In 2020, this country 
will be able to produce 1. 35 billion medication units 
and generate 40 thousand new jobs in the sector), 
10 May 2011  News item: Office of the President, In 
2020, this country will be able to 
produce 1.35 billion medication units 
and generate 40 thousand new jobs 
in the sector, 10 May 2011  
JE-172 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q3 2012 Lojack Corp 
Earnings Conference Call – Final", 1 November 2012 Lojack Corp Earnings Conference Call 
(Q3 2012), 1 November 2012 
JE-188 Cronista.com , Fiat comienza a producir 
cosechadores en el país , by Julieta Camandone 
(Cronista.com , Fiat starts produc ing harvesters in 
Argentina),  20 December 2011 News item: Cronista.com , Fiat starts 
producing harvesters in Argentina,  
20 December 2011 
JE-197, JE-539 
and EU-225 Ministerio de Industria , Exigen al sector de 
maquinaria agrícola sustituir importaciones por 
US$450 millones  (Ministry of Industry, The 
agricultural machinery sector is required to substitute imports amounting to USD 450 million) , 
10 February 2011 News item: Ministry of Industry, The 
agricultural machinery sector is 
required to substitute imports amounting to USD 450 million , 
10 February 2011 
JE-199 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q4 2011 AGCO Corp Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 7 February 2012  AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call 
(Q4 2011), 7 February 2012 
JE- 201 Ministerio de Industria, Gi orgi acordó con el Grupo 
Fiat desarrollar proveedores locales para la fabricación de maquinaria agrícola y motores (Giorgi agreed with Fiat Group to develop domestic suppliers for the production of agricultural machinery and motors), 26 February 2012   News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi agreed with Fiat to develop domestic suppliers for the production of agricultural machinery and motors, 26 February 2012 
JE-202 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi exigió a fabricantes 
d e  m a q u i n a r i a  a g r í c o l a  p r e s e n t a r  e n  u n  m e s  
proyectos concretos de integración  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi demanded that agricultural 
machinery manufacturers submit specific 
integration projects within a month), 21 March 
2012 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi demanded th at agricultural 
machinery manufacturers submit 
specific integration projects within a 
month, 21 March 2012 
JE-203 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "el que más rápido 
integre piezas nacionales es el que más va a ganar " 
(Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "whoever integrates 
national parts faster will gain most"), 22 March 
2012 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "whoever integrates national parts faster will gain most", 22 March 
2012 
JE-204 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi reunió a fabricantes 
de maquinaria agrícola y agripartistas para 
aumentar la integració n de piezas nacionales  
(Ministry of Industry, Giorgi brought together 
agricultural machiner y manufacturers and 
agroparts manufacturers to increase the integration 
of national supplies), 24 April 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi brought together agricultural 
machinery manufacturers and 
agroparts manufacturers, 24 April 
2012 
JE-205 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi exhortó a los 
agripartistas a sustituir importaciones  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi urged agroparts manufacturers to substitute imports), 12 June 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi urged agroparts manufacturers to substitute imports, 12 June 2012 
JE-207 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi ratificó que se 
prorrogarán beneficios para producir maquinaria 
agrícola en el país  (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi ratified 
the extension of benefits to manufacture 
agricultural machinery in the country), 
19 November 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina , Giorgi 
ratified the extension of benefits to 
manufacture agricultural machinery in 
the country, 19 November 2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 24 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-209 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Tres metalmecánicas 
comprometieron inversiones y que no girarán utilidades  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Three metallurgical 
companies committed investments and will not transfer profits), 23 December 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , Three 
metallurgical companies committed investments and will not transfer profits, 23 December 2011  
JE-210 Ministerio de Industria , La Ministra Giorgi se reunió 
con empresarios mineros  (Ministry of Industry, 
Minister Giorgi met with representatives of the 
mining industry), 11 August 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Minister Giorgi met with 
representatives of the mining 
industry, 11 August 2011 
JE-211 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi sostuvo que la 
minería debe generar más empleo y crecimiento local desarrollando proveedores nacionales  
(Ministry of Industry, Gi orgi declared that the 
mining sector must generate more employment 
and local growth by develo ping national suppliers), 
28 March 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi declared that  the mining sector 
must generate more employment and local growth by developing national 
suppliers, 28 March 2012 
JE-213 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi con mineras: impulso 
a la fabricación local de bienes de capital para el 
sector  (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi with mining 
companies: boost to local manufacturing of capital 
goods for the sector), 22 April 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi with mining companies: boost 
to local manufacturing of capital 
goods for the sector, 22 April 2012 
JE-214 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi se reunió con 
directivos de minera La Alumbrera para que desarrollen más proveedores locales  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi met wi th executives of La 
Alumbrera mining company to ask them to develop 
more local suppliers), 26 April 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi asks executives of La Alumbrera mining company to develop more local suppliers, 26 April 2012 
JE-216 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi reunió a mineras 
y proveedores para avanzar en un plan de 
sustitución de importaciones por más de u$s 200 
millones  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Giorgi met with mining 
companies and suppliers to move forward a plan to 
substitute over USD 200 million in imports), 27 
August 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina , Giorgi 
met with mining companies and 
suppliers to move forward a plan to 
substitute over USD 200 million in 
imports, 27 August 2012 
JE-217 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "Consolidar la 
industrialización de un insumo es caminar hacia la real soberanía minera " (Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "Consolidating the industrialization of an input means walking towards real sovereignty in the mining sector"), 25 September 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "Consolidating the industrialization of an input means walking towards real sovereignty in the mining sector", 25 September 2012 
JE-222 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q3 2012 Pan American Silver 
Earnings Conference Call – Final", 8 November 
2012 Pan American Silver Earnings 
Conference Call (Q3 2012), 
8 November 2012 
JE-223 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q4 2011 Pan American Silver 
Earnings Conference Call – Final", 23 February 2012 Pan American Silver Earnings 
Conference Call (Q4 2011), 23 February 2012 
JE-226 Goldcorp, Management's disc ussion and analysis of 
financial condition and results of operations for the 
three and six months ended, 25 July 2012 Goldcorp, Management's discussion 
and analysis of financial condition and 
results of operations 
JE-227 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q1 2012 Goldcorp Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 26 April 2012  Goldcorp Earnings Conference Call 
(Q1 2012), 26 April 2012 
JE-229 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi se reunió con 
automotrices y planteó acciones para integrar 
piezas locales y diversificar exportaciones  (Ministry 
of Industry, Giorgi met wi th car manufacturers and 
laid out actions to integrate local parts and diversify 
exports), 24 April 2012 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi met with car manufacturers 
and laid out actions to integrate local 
parts and diversify exports, 24 April 
2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 25 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-230 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi reunió a 
automotrices y autopartistas con productores y forjadores de aceros espe ciales para avanzar en 
una mayor integración en esa cadena de valor  
(Ministry of Industry, Giorgi gathered automakers and auto part producers with special-steel manufacturers to advance in the integration within that value chain), 2 May 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi gathered automakers and auto part producers with special-steel manufacturers, 2 May 2012 
JE-231 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi y Moreno acordaron 
con terminales, autopartistas y forjadores sustituir 
importaciones de aceros especiales  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi and Moreno agreed with 
automakers, auto part pr oducers and steel makers 
to substitute imports of special steels), 19 June 
2012 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi and Moreno agreed with 
automakers, auto part producers and 
steel makers to substitute imports of 
special steels, 19 June 2012 
JE-232 Ministerio de Industria , "El desafío es agregar valor 
a las exportaciones de cueros ", aseguró Giorgi 
(Ministry of Industry, Giorgi declared: "The challenge is to add value to leather exports"), 19 June 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "The challenge is to add value to leather exports", 19 June 2012 
JE-234 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi impulsa la sustitución 
de importaciones y el aumento de las exportaciones 
de software en la industria automotriz  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi fosters import substitution and 
increased exports of software in the automobile 
industry), 9 October 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi fosters import substitution and 
increased exports of software in the 
automobile industry, 9 October 2012 
JE-236 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , La inversion que GM 
hará en el país le permitirá revertir su balanza comercial  (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , GM's investments in 
Argentina will help it reverse its trade deficit), 15 June 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , GM's 
investments in Argentina will help it reverse its trade deficit, 15 June 2011 
JE-237 Presidencia, La mitad de las motos que se venden 
en el país tienen mano de obra argentina  (Office of 
the President of Argentina, Half of the motorcycles 
sold in the country have Argentine labor), 
4 June 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Half of the motorcycles sold in the 
country have Argentine labor, 4 June 
2011 
JE-241 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Procter & Gamble 
anunció a la Presidenta inversiones por $557 millones y un plan de sust itución de importaciones  
(Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Procter & Gamble 
announces to the President ARS 557 million in investments and an import  substitution plan), 
5 September 2012 News item: Prensa Argentina , Procter 
& Gamble announces ARS 557 million in investments and an import substitution plan, 5 September 2012 
JE-242 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Marcó del Pont destacó 
el crecimiento de la inversión en la Argentina  (Sala 
de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Marcó del Pont 
highlighted investment growth in Argentina), 
14 November 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina , Marcó 
del Pont highlighted investment 
growth in Argentina, 14 November 
2012 
JE-244 Presidencia , Anuncio de nuevas inversiones en GM: 
discurso de la Presidenta  (Office of the President of 
Argentina, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Address by the President), 15 November 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Announcement of New Investments in GM: Address by the President, 15 November 2011 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 26 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-245 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Peugeot acordó con el 
Gobierno equilibrar su balanza comercial  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Peugeot agrees with the 
Government to balance its trade), 17 November 
2011 News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Peugeot agrees with the Government 
to balance its trade, 17 November 
2011 
JE-252 Ministerio de Industria , Argentina ya sustituyó 
importaciones por 4.000 millones de dólares en el primer semestre del año  (Ministry of Industry, 
Argentina already substituted imports amounting to USD 4 billion in the first semester of the year), 23 August 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Argentina already substituted imports amounting to USD 4 billion in the first semester of the year, 23 August 2011 
JE-254 Presidencia, Honda invertirá 3 millones de dólares 
para comenzar a producir motos en su planta de 
Campana (Office of the President of Argentina, 
Honda will invest 3 million dollars to begin 
producing motorcycles in its Campana factory), 
27 June 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Honda will invest USD 3 million to 
begin producing mo torcycles in its 
Campana factory, 27 June 2011 
JE-255 La Nación , BMW exportará arroz para poder 
ingresar sus vehículos al país , by Juan Pablo De 
Santis ( La Nación , BMW will export rice so that its 
cars can enter the country), 13 October 2011  News item: La Nación , BMW will 
export rice so that its cars can enter the country, 13 October 2011 
JE-259 Clarín , Argentina retuvo un millón de libros  (Clarín , 
Argentina retained a mil lion books), 26 September 
2011 News item: Clarín , Argentina retained 
a million books, 26 September 2011  
JE-265 Página 12 , El abastecimiento tiene remedio, by 
Javier Lewkowicz ( Página 12, Supply has a 
remedy), 25 April 2012  News item: Página 12, Supply has a 
remedy, 25 April 2012  
JE-267 Ministerio de Industria , Bridgestone Argentina 
ratificó su compromiso para sustituir importaciones 
y aumentar exportaciones  (Ministry of Industry, 
Bridgestone Argentina rati fied its commitment to 
substitute imports and increase exports), 22 
August 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Bridgestone Argent ina ratified its 
commitment to substitute imports 
and increase exports, 22 August 2012  
JE-268 Cámara Argentino-China de la Producción, la 
Industria y el Comercio , Procedimiento para 
Desbloqueo de DJAI Observadas  (Argentine-
Chinese Chamber of Production, Industry and 
Commerce, email communication sent to members: "Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs"), 11 December 2012  Information note: Argentine-Chinese 
Chamber, Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012  
JE-269 Ámbito Financiero , Lo que hay que saber sobre 
nuevo régimen (Ámbito Financiero , What you 
should know about the new rules), 1 February 2012 Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , 
What you should know about the new 
rules, 1 February 2012  
JE-276 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  El Gobierno avanza con 
medidas para proteger el sector textil de la competencia desleal  (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar),  The 
Government moves forward with measures to protect the textile industry from unfair competition), 31 January 2012  News item: Prensa Argentina,  The 
Government moves forward with measures to protect the textile industry from unfair competition, 31 January 2012  
JE-277 Ministerio de Industria , Ford presentó su nuevo 
modelo de pick up, en el marco del plan de 
inversiones por US$250 millones presentado al 
Ministerio de Industria  (Ministry of Industry, Ford 
debuted its new pickup model, under the USD 250 
million investment plan submitted to the Ministry of 
Industry), 3 July 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, Ford 
debuted its new pickup model, under 
the USD 250 million investment plan 
submitted to the Ministry of Industry, 
3 July 2012  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 27 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-288 Diario BAE, Giorgi instó a fabricantes de maquinaria 
agrícola para que aceleren la sustitución de partes (Diario BAE , Giorgi called on producers of 
agricultural machinery to accelerate substitution of parts), 22 March 2012 Newspaper article: Diario BAE, Giorgi 
called on producers of agricultural machinery to accelerate substitution of parts, 22 March 2012 
JE-298 Representación Comercial de ProChile en Mendoza , 
Estudio de Mercado: Proveedores para la 
Vitivinicultura en Argentina  (Commercial 
Representation of ProChi le in Mendoza, Market 
Study of Vitiviniculture: Suppliers in Argentina), 
May 2012 Market study: Commercial 
Representation of ProChile in 
Mendoza, Vitiviniculture Suppliers in 
Argentina, May 2012  
JE-300 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi analizó el crecimiento 
productivo de Ford Argent ina con directivos de la 
empresa  (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi analyzed Ford 
Argentina's production growth with the company's 
executives), 15 March 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi analyzed Ford Argentina's production growth with the company's executives, 15 March 2013 
JE-302 Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Contencioso 
Administrativo Federal, Causa 33616/2012 Fity SA 
–Inc Med- c/ en M Economia Resol 251/09 (DJAI 
50033S/12) S/Medida cautelar (autonoma) 
(National Court of Appeals for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Fity SA –Inc Med- v. 
Ministry of Economy Resolution 251/09 DJAI 
50033S/12), 22 November 2012  National Court of Appeals for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Fity SA v. 
Ministry of Economy , 22 November 
2012 
JE-304 Letter from Company X to the Secretary of 
Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012  Letter from Company X to the 
Secretary of Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012 
JE-305 E-mail communication from Company X to the 
Secretary of Domestic Trade, 11 April 2012 E-mail communication from Company 
X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 
11 April 2012  
JE-306 Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 
12 July 2012 Sworn affidavit from Vice President of 
Company X, 12 July 2012 
JE-307 Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 
2013 Sworn affidavit from officer of 
Company X, 10 April 2013 
JE-312 Government of Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade 
and Industry, "DS445: Summary of Survey Results", 24 December 2012 Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and 
Industry, Summary of Survey Results, 24 December 2012 
JE-312-2 Government of Japan, Mini stry of Economy, Trade 
and Industry, "DS445: Summary of Survey 
Results" (Rev), 4 December 2013 Government of Japan, Ministry of 
Economy, Trade and Industry, 
Summary of Survey Results (Rev), 
4 December 2013 
JE-315 and 
EU-1 Presidencia , Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación 
Cristina Fernández en el Ac to de Inauguración de la 
Segunda Etapa de las Obra s de Construcción del 
Estadio Polideportivo, en Villa Adelina, Partido de Vicente López  (Office of the President of Argentina, 
Address by the President, Cr istina Fernández, in the 
inauguration of the second phase of construction works of the sports center in Villa Adelina, Partido of Vicente López), 16 October 2008 News item: Office of the President, 
Address by the President, in the inauguration of the second phase of construction works of the sports center in Villa Adelina, 16 October 2008 
JE-316, EU-2 
and EU-5 Presidencia , Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación 
Cristina Fernández en el Acto de Entrega de 
Aportes no Reintegrables a Parques Industriales, en 
el Salón de las Mujeres Argentinas del Bicentenario  
(Office of the President of Argentina, Address by 
the President, Cristina Fernández, in the 
presentation ceremony of non-refundable 
contributions to industrial parks at the Hall of the 
Argentine Women of the Bicentenary), 
14 December 2011 News item: Office of the President, 
Address by the President, in the 
presentation ceremony of non-
refundable contributions to industrial 
parks, 14 December 2011 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 28 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-317 and 
EU-3 Presidencia , Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación, 
Cristina Fernández, en e l  a c t o  d e  l a  p r i m e r a  
declaración del pr oyecto Gas Plus  (Office of the 
President of Argentina, Address by the President, Cristina Fernández, in th e first declaration of the 
Gas Plus project), 9 October 2008  News item: Office of the President, 
Address by the President, in the first declaration of the Gas Plus project, 
9 October 2008 
JE-318 and 
EU-4 Presidencia , Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación, 
Cristina Kirchner, en el  Centro Municipal de 
Viedma, provincia de Río Negro  (Office of the 
President of Argentina, Address by the President, 
Cristina Kirchner, at th e Municipal Center of 
Viedma, province of Río Negro), 15 October 2008 News item: Office of the President, 
Address by the President, at the 
Municipal Center of  Viedma, province 
of Río Negro, 15 October 2008 
JE-320 and 
EU-6 Ministerio de Industria , Débora Giorgi inauguró dos 
plantas industriales y supe rvisó el desarrollo de una 
tercera que totalizan inversiones por $44 M  
(Ministry of Industry, Dé bora Giorgi inaugurated 
two industrial plants  and supervised the 
development of a third plant, which represent a total investment of ARS $44M), 24 January 2012 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Débora Giorgi inaugurated two industrial plants and supervised the 
development of a third plant, 
24 January 2012 
JE-321 and 
EU-7 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: " Rechazamos esta 
declaración contra Argentina. Tenemos una 
economía dos veces más abierta que en los '90"  
(Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We reject this 
statement against Argentina. We have an economy 
twice as open as in the 90s"), 30 March 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "We have an economy twice 
as open as in the 90s", 30 March 
2012 
JE-323 and 
EU-9 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "No dejaremos el 
mercado interno en manos de la competencia desleal " (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We will not 
leave the internal market in the hands of unfair competition"), 16 February 2011 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "We will not leave the internal market in the hands of unfair competition", 16 February 2011 
JE-328 and 
EU-14 Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, Notarial 
certification, 13 June 2013 Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, 
Notarial certification, 13 June 2013 
JE-368 and EU-54 Ministerio de Industria , La empresa nacional Pauny 
anunció a Giorgi que alcanzará una producción de 2.500 tractores para 2014  (Ministry of Industry, 
The national company Pauny announced to Giorgi that it will reach a production of 2,500 tractors in 2014), 8 April 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Pauny announced to Giorgi that it will reach a production of 2,500 tractors in 2014, 8 April 2013 
JE-369 and 
EU-55 Presidencia , Bajo el compromiso de sustituir 
importaciones, Giorgi ratificó que se prorrogarán 
beneficios para producir maquinaria agrícola  (Office 
of the President of Argentina, Giorgi confirmed that 
benefits to produce agricultural machinery will be 
extended under the commitment of substituting 
imports), 19 November 2012  News item: Office of the President, 
Giorgi confirmed that benefits to 
produce agricultural machinery will be 
extended under the commitment of 
substituting imports, 19 November 
2012 
JE-370 and 
EU-56 Latercera.com,  Afirman que Argentina fija 
restricciones a importaciones de supermercados  
(Latercera.com,  Argentina said to impose 
restrictions on supermarkets imports), 15 June 2009 News item: Latercera.com,  Argentina 
said to impose restrictions on supermarkets imports, 15 June 2009 
JE-371 and 
EU-57 BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  El Gobierno liberaría 
más permisos de importaciones , by Darío Gannio 
(BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  The Government would 
release more import permits), 20 March 2013  News item: BAE Argentina 
(Diariobae),  The Government would 
release more import permits, 20 
March 2013  
JE-374 and 
EU-60 La Nación , Quejas de las empresas por las nuevas 
reglas para importar , by Oliver Galak ( La Nación , 
Companies complain about new import rules), 18 July 2011  News item: La Nación , Companies 
complain about new import rules, 18 July 2011  
JE-378 and 
EU-64 Página 12 , Si quieren importar tendrán que 
exportar , by Javier Lewkowicz ( Página 12 , If they 
want to import, they will have to export), 23 
February 2012  News item: Página 12 , If they want to 
import, they will have to export, 
23 February 2012  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 29 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-379 and 
EU-65 Clément Comercio Exterior, Informe Técnico, 
Alternativas para Exportar  (Clément Foreign Trade, 
Technical Report, Alternat ives for exporting), 17 
December 2012  Clément Comercio Exterior , 
Alternatives for exporting, 17 December 2012 
JE-381 and 
EU-67 Cronista.com , Por el control a importaciones surge 
un mercado negro de permis os para el comercio 
exterior , by Natalia Donato ( Cronista.com , A black 
market of foreign trade permits arises due to 
import controls), 28 February 2012  News item: Cronista.com , A black 
market of foreign trade permits arises 
due to import controls, 28 February 
2012 
JE-383 and 
EU-69 iProfesional.com, El mercado paralelo no sólo es 
para el dólar: crece con fuerza el negocio de la "exportación blue ", by Juan Diego Wasilevsky 
(iProfesional.com , The parallel market is not only 
for the dollar: the "Exportación blue" business is booming), 16 April 2012  News item:  iProfesional.com , The 
"Exportación blue" business is booming, 16 April 2012 
JE-387 and 
EU-73 Clément Comercio Exterior, Maraña de reglas 
aduaneras, tips para ex portadores e importadores  
(Clément Foreign Trade, A tangle of customs 
regulations, tips for ex porters and importers), 9 
August 2012  Clément Comercio Exterior , A tangle 
of customs regulations, tips for 
exporters and importers, 9 August 
2012 
JE-396 and 
EU-82 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Las automotrices 
importarán por el valor que exporten  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Automakers will import 
as much as they export), 11 March 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Automakers will import as much as they export, 11 March 2011  
JE-397 and 
EU-83 Tiempo Argentino, Ultimátum oficial a automotrices 
sin plan , by Mariano Beristain ( Tiempo Argentino, 
Official ultimatum to automakers without a plan), 
11 April 2011 News item: Tiempo Argentino, Official 
ultimatum to automakers without a 
plan, 11 April 2011 
JE-400 and 
EU-86 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  General Motors se 
comprometió a equilibrar su balanza comercial en 2012 (Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  General Motors 
committed to even out its trade balance in 2012), 2 May 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina,  
General Motors committed to even out its trade balance in 2012, 2 May 2011 
JE-401 and 
EU-87 iProfesional.com , Por las trabas oficiales, BMW 
suspendió el envío de autos a la Argentina  
(iProfesional.com , BMW suspended the shipment of 
cars to Argentina because of official obstacles), 
17 April 2011  News item: iProfesional.com , BMW 
suspended the shipment of cars to 
Argentina because of official 
obstacles, 17 April 2011  
JE-403 and 
EU-89 infobae.com , Por trabas, cierran concesionarias 
BMW y dejan de vender Harley Davidson  
(infobae.com , BMW authorised dealers are shutting 
down and Harley Davidson are no longer sold, due to restrictions), 21 September 2011  News item: infobae.com , BMW 
authorised dealers are shutting down and Harley Davidson are no longer sold, due to restrictions, 21 September 2011  
JE-405 and 
EU-91 La Nación , Se frenan las ventas de autos de lujo 
por las trabas de importar , by Juan Pablo De Santis 
(La Nación , Sales of deluxe cars halt because of 
import obstacles), 5 December 2011 News item: La Nación , Sales of 
deluxe cars halt because of import 
obstacles, 5 December 2011  
JE-411 and 
EU-97 Presidencia , Scania anunció a la Presidenta que 
invertirá U$S40 millones en el país  (Office of the 
President of Argentina, Scania has informed the President that it will invest USD 40 million in Argentina), 21 November 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Scania has informed the President that it will invest USD 40 million in Argentina, 21 November 2011  
JE-412 and 
EU-98 MotoMundo , Editorial  (MotoMundo , Editorial), May 
2012, Year XXI, Number 241, Month 18, p. 3  News item: MotoMundo , Editorial, 
May 2012 
JE-413 and 
EU-99 MotoMundo , JUKI exporta vinos a Ucrania  
(MotoMundo , Juki exports wine to Ukraine), May 
2012, Year XXI, Number 241, Month 18, p. 5  News item: MotoMundo , Juki exports 
wine to Ukraine, May 2012  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 30 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-414 and 
EU-100 Los Andes (losandes.com.ar) , Los libreros firman 
un acuerdo para liberar títulos retenidos en aduana  
(Los Andes , Booksellers sign an agreement to 
release books blocked at customs), 12 November 
2011 News item: Los Andes , Booksellers 
sign an agreement to release books 
blocked at customs, 12 November 
2011 
JE-415 and 
EU-101 C l u b  d e  T r a d u c t o r e s  L i t e r a r i o s  d e  B u e n o s  A i r e s  
(Clubdetraductoresliterar iosdbaires.blogspot.be) , 
Más sobre los libros retenidos en la aduana  (Club 
de Traductores Literarios de Buenos Aires, More 
about the books blocked at Customs), 2 December 2011 Club de Traductores Literarios de 
Buenos Aires, More about the books 
blocked at Customs, 2 December 2011 
JE-417 and 
EU-103 El Diario (eldiario.com.ar) , Sigue trabado el ingreso 
de libros y revi stas extranjeros (El Diario 
(eldiario.com.ar) , The entry of foreign books and 
magazines remains blocked), 29 September 2011 News item: El Diario 
(eldiario.com.ar) , The entry of foreign 
books and magazines remains 
blocked, 29 September 2011  
JE-419 and 
EU-105 iProfesional.com , A rezarle a "San Moreno": en otra 
arremetida insólita, ahora trabó la entrada de Biblias a la Argentina  (iProfesional.com , Go pray to 
"Saint Moreno": in an unprecedented drive, Moreno blocked the entry of Bibles into Argentina), 22 November 2011 News item: iProfesional.com , In an 
unprecedented drive, Moreno blocked the entry of Bibles into Argentina, 22 November 2011  
JE-423 and 
EU-109 BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  Importadores de motos 
critican la doble exigencia oficial , by Francisco 
Martirena Auber ( BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  
Motorcycle importers critic ise the two-fold official 
requirements), 22 February 2012  News item: BAE Argentina 
(Diariobae),  Motorcycle importers 
criticise the two-fold official 
requirements, 22 February 2012  
JE-424 and 
EU-110 Presidencia , Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación 
Cristina Fernández en el ac to de inauguración de la 
ampliación de la planta Pirelli neumáticos, en Merlo, provincia de Buenos Aires  (Office of the President 
of Argentina, Address by the President, Cristina 
Fernández, in the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli tyre plant in Merlo, province of Buenos 
Aires), 9 March 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Address by the President, in the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 
JE-435 and 
EU-121 Los Andes (losandes.com.ar) , Más multinacionales 
se asocian a bodegas para poder importar  (Los 
Andes , More multinationals form partnerships with 
wineries to be able to import), 8 July 2012  News item: Los Andes , More 
multinationals form partnerships with 
wineries to be able to import, 8 July 
2012 
JE-436 and 
EU-122 infobae.com , Newsan una fábrica del fin del mundo  
(infobae.com , Newsan: a factory of the end of the 
world), 4 March 2013 News item: infobae.com , Newsan: a 
factory of the end of the world, 4 March 2013 
JE-438 and 
EU-124 biodiesel.com.ar , Airoldi pone en marcha una 
planta de biodiesel para  poder seguir importando  
(biodiesel.com.ar , Airoldi puts into operation a 
biodiesel plant in order to  be able to continue 
importing), 7 March 2012 News item: biodiesel.com.ar , Airoldi 
puts into operation a biodiesel plant 
in order to be able to continue 
importing, 7 March 2012 
JE-439 and 
EU-125 Diario de Cuyo , Una buena: crecen exportaciones , 
by Hugo D. Carmona Torres ( Diario de Cuyo , Good 
news: exports increase), 16 July 2012  News item: Diario de Cuyo , Good 
news: exports increase, 16 July 2012 
JE-441 and 
EU-127 Letter to the Secretary of Domestic Trade from the 
Unión de la Industria Cárnica Argentina, UNICA  
(Union of the Argentine Meat Industry), the Cámara 
Argentina de la Industria de Chacinados y Afines, 
CAICHA  (Argentine Chamber of the Pressed Meat 
and Related Industries), the Asociación Argentina 
de Productores de Porcinos, AAPP  (Argentine 
Association of Pork Producers) and the Consejo 
Argentino de Productores, CAP  (Argentine Council 
of Producers), 7 May 2012  Letter from the Argentine meat and 
pork industry to the Secretary of 
Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012  
JE-442 and 
EU-128 La Voz, Preocupación de  empresas uruguayas por 
la medida K  (La Voz , Uruguayan companies 
concerned about K measure), 16 May 2010 News item: La Voz , Uruguayan 
companies concerned about K 
measure, 16 May 2010 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 31 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-443 and 
EU-129 Perfil, Limitarán importación de alimentos  (Perfil, 
Importation of foodstuff will be limited), 6 May 
2010 News item: Perfil, Importation of 
foodstuff will be limited, 6 May 2010 
JE-444 and 
EU-130 La Nación , Sigue vigente la restricción a la 
importación de alimentos , by Alfredo Sainz ( La 
Nación , Restrictions on the importation of foodstuff 
are still in force), 19 May 2010 News item: La Nación , Restrictions on 
the importation of foodstuff are still in force, 19 May 2010  
JE-446 and 
EU-132 lapoliticaonline.com , Moreno va por las 
importaciones de alimentos y los supermercadistas 
piden precisiones  (lapoliticaonline.com , Moreno 
targets food imports and the supermarket sector 
requests clarifications), 10 May 2010  News item: lapoliticaonline.com , 
Moreno targets food imports and the 
supermarket sector requests 
clarifications, 10 May 2010  
JE-447 and 
EU-133 Fortunaweb , El Gobierno frenaría la importación de 
alimentos a partir del 1° de Junio  (Fortunaweb , The 
Government would curb food imports from the 1st 
of June), 6 May 2010  News item: Fortunaweb , The 
Government would curb food imports from the 1st of June, 6 May 2010  
JE-448 and 
EU-134 infoalimentacion.com , Moreno, con la lupa en 
alimentos importados  (infoalimentacion.com , 
Moreno: with the magnifying glass on imported 
food), 13 May 2010 News item: infoalimentacion.com , 
Moreno: with the magnifying glass on 
imported food, 13 May 2010 
JE-450 and 
EU-136 Página12 , Cuando la industria tiene quién la 
proteja , by Javier Lewkowicz ( Página12 , When the 
industry has someone to protect it), 16 February 2011 News item: Página12 , When the 
industry has someone to protect it, 16 February 2011  
JE-453 and 
EU-139 La Nación , El Gobierno quiere frenar la importación 
de alimentos , by Alfredo Sainz ( La Nación , The 
Government wants to restrain the importation of 
foodstuff), 6 May 2010 News item: La Nación , The 
Government wants to restrain the 
importation of foodstuff, 6 May 2010 
JE-455 and 
EU-141 La Nación , Moreno vuelve a frenar el ingreso de 
bienes importados , by Alfredo Sainz ( La Nación , 
Moreno again restrains the entry of imported goods), 17 January 2011 News item: La Nación , Moreno again 
restrains the entry of imported goods, 17 January 2011 
JE-459 and 
EU-145 BAE Argentina (Diariobae),  Por pedido de Moreno, 
los supermercados paralizaron todas las compras 
externas , by Francisco Martirena Auber ( BAE 
Argentina (Diariobae) , At Moreno's request, 
supermarkets paralysed al l external purchases), 
16 November 2011 News item: BAE Argentina 
(Diariobae) , At Moreno's request, 
supermarkets paraly sed all external 
purchases, 16 November 2011 
JE-461 and 
EU-147 Página12 , No importar nada que se produzca acá , 
by Javier Lewkowicz ( Página12 , Not to import 
anything that is produced here), 5 January 2012  News item: Página12 , Not to import 
anything that is produced here, 5 January 2012  
JE-462 and 
EU-148 infobae. com , Moreno se reunió con los 
supermercados para regular las importaciones  
(infobae. com , Moreno met with the supermarkets 
to regulate imports), 4 January 2012  News item: infobae. com , Moreno 
met with the supermarkets to 
regulate imports, 4 January 2012  
JE-463 and 
EU-149 La Nación , Moreno controlará más la importación , 
by Alfredo Sainz ( La Nación , Moreno will further 
control importation), 4 January 2012  News item: La Nación , Moreno will 
further control impo rtation, 4 January 
2012 
JE-465 and 
EU-151 ámbito.com , Rige compre nacional en los 
supermercados , by Sergio Dattilo ( ámbito.com , 
"Buy national" in force in supermarkets), 5 January 
2012 News item: ámbito.com , "Buy 
national" in force in supermarkets, 
5 January 2012  
JE-466 and 
EU-152 Cronista.com , Moreno prohibió importar a los súper 
y fijó las pautas de au m e n t o s  p a r a  e s t e  a ñ o , by 
Pablo Fernández Blanco ( Cronista.com , Moreno 
banned supermarkets from importing and established the guidelines for price increases this year), 4 January 2012  News item: Cronista.com , Moreno 
banned supermarkets from importing and established the guidelines for price increases this year, 4 January 2012 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 32 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-467 and 
EU-153 iProfesional.com , Moreno: "Los productos que 
entran al país, no deben ser producidos a nivel 
local" (iProfesional.com , Moreno: "The products 
entering the country must not be produced 
domestically"), 3 January 2012  News item: iProfesional.com , Moreno: 
"Products entering the country must 
not be produced domestically", 
3 January 2012  
JE-473 and 
EU-159 iProfesional.com , Para descomprimir los precios, 
Moreno flexibiliza el "cepo" para alimentos, juguetes y textiles  (iProfesional.com , In order to lift 
the pressure on prices, Moreno increases the flexibility of the exchange rate "trap" for foodstuff, toys and textiles), 2 August 2012  News item: iProfesional.com , In order 
to lift the pressure on prices, Moreno increases the flexibility of the exchange rate "trap" for foodstuff, toys and textiles, 2 August 2012  
JE-474 and 
EU-160 La Nación , Abren el cepo para los alimentos , by 
Alfredo Sainz ( La Nación , The trap has been opened 
for foodstuff), 2 August 2012  News item: La Nación , The trap has 
been opened for foodstuff, 2 August 
2012 
JE-475 and 
EU-161 24siete.info , Autorizarían más importaciones a los 
supermercados y podrían flexibilizar requisitos  
(24siete.info , The Government would authorize 
more imports to supermarkets and may add some flexibility to the requirements), 4 August 2012  News item: 24siete.info , The 
Government would authorize more 
imports to supermarkets and may add some flexibility to the requirements, 4 August 2012  
JE-476 and 
EU-162 Urgente24.com , A Moreno se le aflojaron las trabas  
(Urgente24.com , Moreno's restrictions loosened), 
2 August 2012 News item: Urgente24.com , Moreno's 
restrictions loosened, 2 August 2012  
JE-477 and 
EU-163 Ministerio de Industria , Buscan reducir en un 20% 
la importación de vehículos de terceros países  
(Ministry of Industry, [Government] Seeks to reduce third-country car imports by 20%), 
10 December 2010  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Government seeks to reduce third-country car imports by 20%, 10 December 2010  
JE-478 and 
EU-164 iProfesional.com , El Gobierno avanza con el 
"corralito" a los autos im portados y consumidores 
ya lo sienten en el bolsillo , by Juan Diego 
Wasilevsky ( iProfesional.com , The Government 
advances with the "corrali to" [freeze] on imported 
cars and consumers can already feel it in their 
pockets), 3 February 2011  News item: iProfesional.com , The 
Government advances with the 
"corralito" on imported cars and 
consumers can already feel it in their 
pockets, 3 February 2011 
JE-483 and 
EU-169 Cronista.com , Por trabas para importar sacan de la 
venta hasta 2012 las motos Harley-Davidson , by 
David Cayón ( Cronista.com , Harley Davidson 
motorcycles are withdrawn from sale until 2012 
because of import obstacles), 21 September 2011  News item: Cronista.com , Harley 
Davidson motorcycles are withdrawn from sale until 2012 because of import obstacles, 21 September 2011  
JE-488 and 
EU-174 "La Asociación Argentina Productores de Porcinos y 
las entidades que nuclean la cadena de valor 
porcina sellaron un acuerdo para permitir la 
importación " in Porcinos , Revista de la Asociación 
Argentina Productores de Porcinos  ("The Argentine 
Association of Pork Producers and other entities 
within the pork value chain sealed an agreement to 
allow importation", in Porcinos , Magazine of 
Asociación Argentina Productores de Porcinos ), 
June 2012, Number 826, p. 6  Magazine:  Porcinos , The Argentine 
Association of Pork Producers and 
other entities within the pork value 
chain sealed an agreement to allow 
importation, June 2012  
JE-499 and 
EU-185 Consumidor.gov.ar, Wallmart y Vea-Cencosud 
reafirman su compromiso con el congelamiento de precios (Consumidor.gov.ar , Secretariat of 
Domestic Trade, Press notes from Walmart and 
Vea-Cencosud, Walmart and Vea-Cencosud reaffirm 
their commitment to freeze prices), February 2013 Secretariat of Domestic Trade, Press 
notes from Walmart and Vea-Cencosud, February 2013 
JE-501 and 
EU-187 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar), Ratifican concepto de 
"tolerancia cero" a suba de precios  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar), 
Government reaffirms concept of "zero tolerance" 
against price increases), 21 February 2013 News item: Prensa Argentina, Zero 
tolerance on price increases, 
21 February 2013 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 33 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-509 and 
EU-195 Página12 , Sin cambios de origen en la góndola , by 
Javier Lewkowicz ( Página12 , No changes of the 
origin on the store shelves), 2 April 2013  News item: Página12 , No changes of 
the origin on the store shelves, 2 April 2013  
JE-512 and 
EU-198 ámbito.com , Moreno II: promete más importados , 
by Carlos Burgueño ( ámbito.com , Moreno II: 
Promises more imported products), 25 February 
2013 News item: ámbito.com , Moreno II: 
Promises more imported products, 
25 February 2013  
JE-517 and 
EU-203 Presidencia , Presentación del Plan Estratégico 
Industrial 2020: Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación  (Office of the President of Argentina, 
Presentation of the Strategic Industrial Plan 2020: Address by the President), 4 October 2011  News item: Office of the President, 
Presentation of the Strategic Industrial Plan 2020, 4 October 2011  
JE-521 and 
EU-207 Ministerio de Industria , Plan de Desarrollo de 
Proveedores y Sustitución de Importaciones en la 
minería de la Argentina  (Ministry of Industry, Plan 
for the Development of Suppliers and Import 
Substitution in the Argentine mining sector), 
26 November 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, Plan 
for the Development of Suppliers and 
Import Substitution in the Argentine 
mining sector, 26 November 2012 
JE-523 and 
EU-209 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Casos mineros de 
sustitucion de importaciones  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar), 
Cases of import substitution in the mining sector), 6 April 2013  Prensa Argentina, Cases of import 
substitution in the mining sector, 6 April 2013 
JE-525 and 
EU-211 Resolución 54/2012 (Reglamento para la aplicación 
de las Resoluciones Nros. 12/2012 y 13/2012 
(Resolution 54/2012, Regulations for the 
application of Resolutions 12/2012 and 13/2012), 
27 November 2012  Resolution 54/2012, Regulations for 
the application of Resolutions 
12/2012 and 13/2012, 27 November 
2012 
JE-527 and 
EU-213 Ley 24.196  (Ley de Inversiones Mineras ) (Law 
24,196 on Mining Investments), 28 April 1993  Law 24,196 on Mining Investments, 
28 April 1993  
JE-528 and 
EU-214 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Fiat, otra automotriz 
que firmó ante el Gobierno su compromiso de 
equiparar la balanza comercial  (Argentine Republic 
Press Office, Fiat: anothe r automaker that signed 
before the Government its commitment to even out 
its trade balance), 5 May 2011 News item: Prensa Argentina , Fiat: 
another automaker that signed before 
the Government its commitment to 
even out its trade balance, 5 May 
2011 
JE-530 and 
EU-216 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi acordó con 
automotrices acelerar  la sustitución de 
importaciones  (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi agreed 
with automakers to accelerate import substitution), 22 November 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi agreed with automakers to accelerate import substitution, 22 November 2012  
JE-534 and 
EU-220 Ministerio de Industria , Sustitución de 
importaciones: En reunión con Giorgi, se definieron 
autopartes que pueden comenzar a producirse en la 
Argentina  (Ministry of Industry, Import 
substitution: In a meeting with Giorgi, auto parts 
that can start being produced in Argentina were 
defined), 19 February 2013 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Import substitution: Auto parts that 
can start being produced in Argentina 
are defined, 19 February 2013 
JE-537 and 
EU-223 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "No financiaremos 
tractores ni cosechadoras que no alcancen un nivel 
de integración nacional aceptable " (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi: "We will not fund tractors or harvesters that do not reac h an acceptable level of 
national integration"), 27 March 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "We will not fund tractors or harvesters that do not reach an acceptable level of national integration", 27 March 2013 
JE-538 and 
EU-224 Ministerio de Industria,  Piden duplicar la producción 
de maquinaria agrícola nacional en 2011 para 
sustituir importaciones  (Ministry of Industry, The 
Government requests to do uble the production of 
national agricultural machinery in 2011 to 
substitute imports), 9 February 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, The 
Government requests  to double the 
production of national agricultural 
machinery in 2011 to substitute 
imports, 9 February 2011 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 34 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-541 and 
EU-227 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi ratificó que desde 
2013 habrá una integración de piezas nacionales de 55 a 60% en maquinaria agrícola  (Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi confirmed that from 2013 there will be a level of integration of national supplies in agricultural machinery of around 55-60%), 6 November 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi confirmed that from 2013 there will be a 55-60% level of integration of national supplies in agricultural machinery, 6 November 2012 
JE-543 and 
EU-229 Ministerio de Industria , Terminales de maquinaria 
agrícola que producen en la Argentina incorporarán 
ejes y transmisiones fabricados en el país  (Ministry 
of Industry, Agricultural machinery manufacturers 
in Argentina will incorporate axles and 
transmissions produced in the country), 
27 February 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Agricultural machinery manufacturers 
in Argentina will incorporate axles 
and transmissions produced in the 
country, 27 February 2013 
JE-549 and 
EU-235 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , Prometen aumentar la 
integración local de maquinaria agrícola  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar), Agricultural machinery 
manufacturers commit to incr ease the level of local 
integration), 13 April 2013  News item: Prensa Argentina, 
Agricultural machinery manufacturers 
commit to increase level of local integration, 13 April 2013 
JE-550 and 
EU-236 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar) , La maquinaria agrícola 
fabricada en el país de berá tener entre un 40% y 
un 50% de piezas nacionales  (Sala de Prensa 
República Argentina (pre nsa.argentina.com.ar) , 
Agricultural machinery manufactured in the country 
must have 40-50% of national parts), 23 May 2013  News item: Prensa Argentina , 
Agricultural machinery manufactured 
in the country must have 40-50% of 
national parts, 23 May 2013 
JE-551 and 
EU-237 Ley 26.457 (Régimen de incentivo a la inversión 
local para la fabricación de motocicletas y motopartes ) (Law 26,457 on incentives for local 
investment for the produc tion of motorcycles and 
motorcycle parts), 15 December 2008  Law 26,457 on incentives for local 
investment for the production of motorcycles and motorcycle parts, 15 December 2008  
JE-553 and 
EU-239 Ministerio de Industria, Aumentará la producción 
nacional de motos y motopartes (Ministry of 
Industry, Domestic produc tion of motorcycles and 
parts will increase), 26 November 2009  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Domestic production of motorcycles 
and parts will increase, 26 November 
2009 
JE-555 and 
EU-241 Ministerio de Industria , Débora Giorgi se reunió con 
autoridades de la Cámara Industrial de 
Motocicletas, Bicicletas, Rodados y Afines  (Ministry 
of Industry, Débora Giorgi met with the authorities of the Industrial Chamber of Motorcycles, Bycicles, 
Wheeled Vehicles and Related Industries), 
2 November 2009  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Débora Giorgi met with the 
authorities of the Industrial Chamber of Motorcycles, Bycicles, Wheeled Vehicles and Related Industries, 2 November 2009 
JE-556 and 
EU-242 Ministerio de Industria , Débora Giorgi se reunió con 
los fabricantes de motos y motocicletas  (Ministry of 
Industry, Débora Giorgi  met with motorcycle 
manufacturers), 4 December 2009 News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Débora Giorgi met with motorcycle 
manufacturers, 4 December 2009 
JE-557 and 
EU-243 Cronista.com , Prohiben importar a los fabricantes 
de motos que no sumen componentes locales , by 
Natalia Donato ( Cronista.com , Import ban on 
motorcycle manufacturers that do not increase the use of local components), 20 March 2013  News item: Cronista.com , Import ban 
on motorcycle manufacturers that do not increase the use of local components, 20 March 2013 
JE-560 and 
EU-246 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi: "Intereses de 
importadores buscan debilitar la industria 
electrónica de Tierra del Fuego, donde trabajan 
12.000 personas " (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: 
"Importers' interests seek to weaken the 
electronics industry in Tierra del Fuego, where 
12,000 people work"), 11 October 2011  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi: "Importers' interests seek to 
weaken the electronics industry in 
Tierra del Fuego, where 12,000 
people work", 11 October 2011  
JE-561 and 
EU-247 Resolución 12/2013  (Resolution 12/2013), 
22 February 2013  Resolution 12/2013, 22 February 
2013 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 35 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-562 and 
EU-248 Resolución 13/2013  (Resolution 13/2013), 
22 February 2013  Resolution 13/2013, 22 February 
2013 
JE-564 and 
EU-250 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi anunció que todos 
los equipos de audio y ac ondicionadores de aire 
fabricados en Tierra del Fuego tendrán más componentes nacionales (Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi announced all audio and air conditioning equipment manufactured in Tierra del Fuego will have more domestic components), 22 March 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi announced all audio and air conditioning equipment manufactured in Tierra del Fuego will have more domestic components, 22 March 2013 
JE-569 and 
EU-255 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi destacó la alta 
integración de la industria argentina de bicicletas  
(Ministry of Industry, Gior gi highlighted the high 
level of integration of the Argentine bicycle 
industry), 5 April 2013  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi highlighted the high level of 
integration of the Argentine bicycle 
industry, 5 April 2013 
JE-573 and 
EU-259 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar),  Suzuki 
armará motos en el país para evitar trabas a las 
importaciones  (Argentina Autoblog , Suzuki will 
assemble motorcycles in the country to avoid import restrictions), 26 April 2011  News item: Argentina Autoblog , 
Suzuki will assemble motorcycles in 
the country to avoid import restrictions, 26 April 2011 
JE-577 and 
EU-263 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  Invertirán US$ 140 
millones para producir tractores  (Ministry of 
Industry, USD 140 million will be invested in 
producing tractors), 21 October 2011 News item: Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina , Ministry of Industry, USD 
140 million will be invested in 
producing tractors, 21 October 2011  
JE-579 and 
EU-265 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  Walmart Argentina 
anunció a la Presidenta que invertirá US$110 millones en 2012  (Sala de Prensa República 
Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar), Walmart 
Argentina anounced to the President it will invest USD 110 millions in 2012), 16 November 2011  News item: Prensa Argentina, 
Walmart Argentina anounced to the President it will invest USD 110 millions in 2012, 16 November 2011 
JE-582 and 
EU-268 Ministerio de Industria , Giorgi inauguró dos plantas 
en General Rodríguez  (Ministry of Industry, Giorgi 
inaugurated two plants in General Rodríguez), 
24 January 2012  News item: Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi inaugurated two plants in 
General Rodríguez, 24 January 2012 
JE-590 and 
EU-276 Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas,  Firma de 
acuerdo con Renault Trucks Argentina  (Ministry of 
Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed 
with Renault Trucks Argentina), 7 February 2012 News item: Ministry of Economy and 
Public Finance, Agreement signed with Renault Trucks Argentina, 
7 February 2012  
JE-594 and 
EU-280 Diario La Prensa,  Giorgi y Lorenzino acordaron con 
Renault incrementar las exportaciones  (Diario La 
Prensa,  Giorgi and Lorenzino agreed with Renault 
to increase exports), 7 February 2012 News item:  D i a r i o  L a  P r e n s a ,  Giorgi 
and Lorenzino agreed with Renault to 
increase exports, 7 February 2012  
JE-595 and 
EU-281 Intereconomia.com,  Argentina llega a un acuerdo 
con Renault Trucks para solucionar el déficit comercial  (Intereconomia.com , Argentina reaches 
an agreement with Renault Trucks to solve trade deficit), 7 February 2012 News item:  Intereconomia.com , 
Argentina reaches an agreement with Renault Trucks to solve trade deficit, 7 February 2012  
JE-596 and 
EU-282 Tiempomotor.com, Otro qu e cierra: Renault Trucks 
Aumentará Exportaciones  (Tiempomotor.com , 
Another company reaches an agreement: Renault 
Trucks will increase exports), 7 February 2012 News item:  Tiempomotor.com , 
Another company reaches an 
agreement: Renault Trucks will 
increase exports, 7 February 2012  
JE-598 and 
EU-284 ámbito.com,  Gobierno firmó acuerdo con 
Volkswagen para equilibrar su balanza comercial  
(ámbito.com , Government signed an agreement 
with Volkswagen to even out its trade balance), 18 March 2011 News item:  ámbito.com , Government 
signed an agreement with Volkswagen to even out its trade balance, 18 March 2011  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 36 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-605 and 
EU-291 iProfesional.com,  Cosas extrañas pasan por estos 
días: Porsche deberá expo rtar vinos para poder 
importar vehículos  (iProfesional.com,  Strange 
things happening these days : Porsche will have to 
export wine in order to import cars), 31 March 
2011 News item:  iProfesional.com,  Porsche 
will have to export wine in order to 
import cars, 31 March 2011  
JE-608 and 
EU-294 areadelvino.com , En Argentina Porsche vende vino 
y BMW vende arroz  (areadelvino.com , In Argentina, 
Porsche sells wine and BMW sells rice), 14 May 2013 News item:  areadelvino.com , In 
Argentina, Porsche sells wine and BMW sells rice, 14 May 2013  
JE-609 and 
EU-295 BBC Mundo, Por qué en Argentina BMW vende 
arroz y Porsche vende vino (BBC Mundo , Why in 
Argentina BMW sells rice and Porsche sells wine), 
10 November 2011 News item: BBC Mundo , Why in 
Argentina BMW sells rice and Porsche 
wine, 10 November 2011 
JE-610 and 
EU-296 La Gaceta (Lagaceta.com. ar), Porsche exportará 
vinos a cambio de importar autos  (La Gaceta , 
Porsche will export wine in exchange for importing cars), 31 March 2011  News item:  La Gaceta , Porsche will 
export wine in exchange for importing 
cars, 31 March 2011  
JE-611 and 
EU-297 UNO (Diariouno.com.ar) , Grupo Pulenta exportará 
vinos e importará Porsche  (UNO, Grupo Pulenta will 
export wines and import Porsche), 31 March 2011 News item:  UNO , Grupo Pulenta will 
export wines and import Porsche, 
31 March 2011  
JE-613 and 
EU-299 Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas Publicas,  
Boudou, Giorgi y Moreno, firmaron un acuerdo con Mercedes Benz  (Ministry of Economy and Public 
Finance, Boudou, Giorgi and Moreno signed an agreement with Mercedes  Benz), 7 April 2011  News item: Ministry of Economy and 
Public Finance, Boudou, Giorgi and Moreno signed an agreement with Mercedes Benz, 7 April 2011  
JE-614 and 
EU-300 Cronista.com,  Mercedes Benz suma un nuevo turno 
para fabricar más Sprinter y chasis de colectivos , 
by David Cayón ( Cronista.com,  Mercedes-Benz 
adds a new shift to increase manufacturing of 
Sprinter and bus chassis), 21 April 2011 News item:  Cronista.com,  Mercedes-
Benz adds a new shift to increase 
manufacturing of Sprinter and bus 
chassis, 21 April 2011  
JE-616 and 
EU-302 Argentina Autoblog (autoblog.com.ar),  Mercedes-
Benz también destrabó las importación de sus autos de alta gama  (Argentina Autoblog , Mercedes-
Benz also unlocked the importation of its high-end cars), 6 April 2011 News item:  Argentina Autoblog , 
Mercedes-Benz also unlocked the importation of its high-end cars, 6 April 2011  
JE-620 and 
EU-306 Página12, En camino de reinvertir utilidades , by 
Cristian Carrillo ( Página12, On the way to reinvest 
profits), 18 November 2011  Página12, On the way to reinvest 
profits  
JE-625 and 
EU-311 Reuters, Alfa Romeo Argentina compensará 
importación con venta biodiesel (Reuters , Alfa 
Romeo Argentina will compensate with sales of biodiesel), 20 April 2011 News item: Reuters , Alfa Romeo 
Argentina will compensate with biodiesel sales , 20 April 2011 
JE-636 and 
EU-322 Infobae.com, El Grupo Fiat mejoró en US$800 
millones su balanza comercial (Infobae.com , Fiat 
Group improved its trade balance in US$800 
million), 5 May 2011 News item: Infobae.com , Fiat Group 
improved its trade balance in US$800 
million 
JE-649 and 
EU-335 Autos.com.ar , Balanza comercial: Renault, Nissan, 
Ditecar y Mitsubishi alcan zaron el acuerdo con el 
gobierno ( Autos.com.ar , Trade balance: Renault, 
Nissan, Ditecar and Mitsubishi reached an agreement with the Government) News item: Autos.com.ar , Trade 
balance: Renault, Nissan, Ditecar and Mitsubishi reached an agreement with the Government 
JE-664 and 
EU-350 Cámara Argentina del Libro , Acuerdo con la 
Secretaría de Comercio  (Cámara Argentina del 
Libro, Agreement with the Secretariat of Domestic 
Trade)  Cámara Argentina del Libro , 
Agreement with the Secretariat of 
Domestic Trade  
JE-665 and 
EU-351 Página12 , El 80 por ciento de los libros se importa , 
by Javier Lewkowicz ( Página12 , 80% of books are 
imported), 26 October 2011  News item: Página12 , 80% of books 
are imported, 26 October 2011  WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 37 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-670 and 
EU-356 BAE Argentina (Diariobae) , Editoriales buscan 
compensar su balanza comercial para liberar libros , 
by Pablo Waisberg ( BAE Argentina (Diariobae) , 
Publishing houses seek to compensate their trade 
balance to release books), 21 October 2011  News item: BAE Argentina 
(Diariobae) , Publishing houses seek 
to compensate their trade balance to 
release books, 21 October 2011  
JE-693 and 
EU-379 Buenos Aires Económico , Más controles para el 
ingreso de medicamentos y exigen equilibrar la balanza comercial , by Mariana Prado ( Buenos Aires 
Económico , More controls over the entry of 
medicines and demands to even out the trade balance)  News item: Buenos Aires Económico , 
More controls over entry of medicines 
JE-695 and 
EU-381 PharmaBIZ Sudamérica (pharmabiz.net) , Moreno: 
frenos en la aduana y Neira en CAEME  (PharmaBIZ 
Sudamérica (pharmabiz.net) , Moreno: obstacles at 
customs and Neira in CAEME), 27 April 2011  PharmaBIZ Sudamérica , Moreno: 
obstacles at customs and Neira in 
CAEME  
JE-719 and 
EU-405 AmCham Argentina (American Chamber of 
Commerce in Argentina), " DJAI Declaración Jurada 
Anticipada de Importació n: Estado de Situación " 
(AmCham Argentina, Survey: "Advance Sworn Import Declaration: Current status"), March 2012  AmCham Argentina, Survey, 
"Advance Sworn Import Declaration: Current status", March 2012  
JE-720 and 
EU-406 AmCham Argentina (American Chamber of 
Commerce in Argentina), " DJAI Declaración Jurada 
Anticipada de Importació n: Estado de Situación " 
(AmCham Argentina, Survey: "Advance Sworn 
Import Declaration: Current status"), April 2012 AmCham Argentina, Survey, 
"Advance Sworn Import Declaration: 
Current status", April 2012 
JE-726 and 
EU-412 AmCham Argentina (American Chamber of 
Commerce in Argentina), " COMEX: Situación del 
Comercio Exterior " (AmCham Argentina, Survey: 
"Current status of Foreign Trade"), August 2012 AmCham Argentina Survey, "Current 
status of Foreign Trade", August 2012 
JE-729 and 
EU-415 Cámara Argentina del Papel y Afines , ¿Qué hacer 
ante una DJAI Observada? (Argentine Chamber of 
Paper and Related Goods, What to do in the case of 
an Observed DJAI?), 9 May 2012  Information note: Argentine Chamber 
of Paper and Related Goods, What to 
do in the case of an Observed DJAI, 
9 May 2012  
JE-730 and 
EU-416 Oklander y Asociados,  DJAI Observadas. 
Procedimiento para desbloquearlas  (Oklander and 
Associates, Observed DJAI s. Procedure to unblock 
them)  Information note: Oklander y 
Asociados , Observed DJAIs. 
Procedure to unblock them 
JE-736 Fair Disclosure Wire, "D iageo PLC Brunchtime Call 
with the Presidents – Final", 10 June 2013  Diageo PLC Brunchtime Call with the 
Presidents, 10 June 2013  
JE-737 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2013 Valmont Industries 
Inc Earnings Conference Call – Final", 18 July 2013 Valmont Industries Inc Earnings 
Conference Call (Q2 2013), 18 July 2013 
JE-738 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2013 Scania AB Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 19 July 2013 Scania AB Earnings Conference Call 
(Q2 2013), 19 July 2013 
JE-739 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2013 AGCO Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 31 July 2013 AGCO Earnings Conference Call (Q2 
2013), 31 July 2013 
JE-740 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2013 Essilor International 
SA Earnings and Sales Presentation – Final", 
29 August 2013 Essilor International SA Earnings and 
Sales Presentation (Q2 2013), 
29 August 2013 
JE-749 Ministerio de Industria , Plan Estratégico Industrial  
2020 (Ministry of Industry, Strategic Industrial Plan 
2020), 4 October 2011  Ministry of Indu stry, Strategic 
Industrial Plan 2020, 4 October 2011  
JE-750 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, "U.S. Chamber of 
Commerce's survey on Argentina's DJAI system", 3 
March 2013 (Questionnaire)  U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 
Questionnaire for Survey on 
Argentina's DJAI system, 3 March 
2013 
JE-751 Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 
12 July 2012  Sworn affidavit from Vice President of 
Company X, 12 July 2012 
JE-752 Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 
10 April 2013  Sworn affidavit from officer of 
Company X, 10 April 2013 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 38 - 
 
  Panel Exhibit Title Short Title 
JE-754 Government of Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade 
and Industry, "Survey", 4 December 2013, (Questionnaire) Government of Japan, Ministry of 
Economy, Trade and Industry, Questionnaire for Survey, 4 December 2013 
JE-755 Cámara Argentina de Comercio: Comisión de 
Importaciones y Exportaciones , Detalle de 
Normativas y Experiencias sobre las Actuales 
Operatorias de Comercio Exterior (Argentine 
Chamber of Commerce, Export and Import 
Commission, Detail of the Rules and Experiences 
regarding Current Foreign Trade Practices), October 
2013 Report: Argentine Chamber of 
Commerce, Rules and Experiences on 
Current Foreign Tr ade Practices, 
October 2013  
JE-759 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  Moreno ratificó que 
seguirá la política de administración del comercio 
exterior por instrucciones presidenciales  (Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina (prensa.argentina.com.ar), Moreno confirmed that 
the policy of trade administration will continue as per presidential instructions), 3 November 2013  News item: Prensa Argentina, Moreno 
confirmed that the policy of trade administration will continue as per 
presidential instructions, 3 November 
2013 
JE-760 Presidencia , Yamaha anunció a la Presidenta una 
inversión de $120 millones para fabricar motos  
(Office of the President of Argentina, Yamaha 
announced to the President an investment of ARS 
120 million to manufacture motorcycles), 31 July 
2013 News item: Office of the President, 
Yamaha announced to the President 
an investment of ARS 120 million to 
manufacture motorcycles, 31 July 
2013 
JE-794 and 
EU-444 Presidencia , Inauguración de nueva planta de Fiat 
Argentina en Córdoba: Palabras de la Presidenta de la Nación  (Office of the President of Argentina, 
Inauguration of a new plan t of Fiat Argentina in 
Córdoba: Address by the President of Argentina), 4 June 2013  News item: Office of the President, 
Inauguration of a new plant of Fiat Argentina in Córdoba: Address by the President of Argentina, 4 June 2013  
JE-799 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2011 Agco Corp Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 28 July 2011  AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call 
(Q2 2011), 28 July 2011  
JE-800 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q1 2012 AGCO Corp Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 1 May 2012 AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call 
(Q1 2012), 1 May 2012 
JE-802 Fair Disclosure Wire, "AGC O at RBC Capital Market 
Global Industrials Conference – Final", 
12 September 2012 AGCO at RBC Capital Market Global 
Industrials Conferen ce, 12 September 
2012 
JE-803 Fair Disclosure Wire, "AGCO at Goldman Sachs 
Industrials Conference – Final", 14 November 2012 AGCO at Goldman Sachs Industrials 
Conference, 14 November 2012 
JE-804 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Q2 2013 AGCO Earnings 
Conference Call – Final", 31 July 2013 AGCO Earnings Conference Call (Q2 
2013), 31 July 2013 
JE-821 Fair Disclosure Wire, "Deere & Company at 
JPMorgan Diversified Industries Conference – Final", 7 June 2011 Deere & Company at JPMorgan 
Diversified Indust ries Conference, 
7 June 2011 
JE-827 Sala de Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar),  Giorgi acordó con las 
cámaras de electrónicos y de automotores reducir 
un 20% las divisas de exportación  (sic) ( Sala de 
Prensa República Argentina 
(prensa.argentina.com.ar), Giorgi agreed with 
electronic and automotive industries to reduce 
foreign currency for ex ports (sic) by 20%), 11 
December 2013 News item: Prensa Argentina, Giorgi 
agreed with electronic and 
automotive industries to reduce 
foreign currency for exports by 20%, 
11 December 2013 
US-2 Monthly data on Argentina's imports from US and 
US's exports to Argentina (2010-2013) Monthly data on Argentina's imports 
from US and US's exports to Argentina, 2010-2013  
US-3 Data on Argentina's imports of motor vehicles from 
the US (2008-2012) Data on Argentina's imports of motor 
vehicles from the US, 2008-2012 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 39 - 
 
  1  INTRODUCTION 
1.1  Complaints by the European Union, the United States and Japan 1.1.  On 25 May 2012, the European Union requested consultations with Argentina pursuant to 
Articles 1 and 4 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of 
Disputes (DSU), Article XXII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), 
Article 19 of the Agreement on Agriculture, Ar ticle 6 of the Agreement on Import Licensing 
Procedures (ILA), Article 8 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures 
(TRIMs Agreement), and Article 14 of the Agreement on Safeguards, with respect to certain 
measures imposed by Argentina on the importation of goods.
1 
1.2.  The following Members asked to join the consultations requested by the European Union: 
Turkey (on 31 May 2012)2; the United States and Ukraine (on 7 June 2012)3; Australia, Canada, 
Guatemala and Japan (on 8 June 2012)4; and Mexico (on 3 July 2012).5 Argentina subsequently 
informed the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) that  it had accepted the requests of Australia, 
Canada, Guatemala, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, Ukraine and the United States to join the 
consultations.6 
1.3.  On 21 August 2012, the United States requested consultations with Argentina pursuant to 
Articles 1 and 4 of the DSU, Article XXII of the GATT 1994, Article 6 of the ILA, Article 8 of the 
TRIMs Agreement, and Article 14 of the Agreement on Safeguards, concerning certain measures 
imposed by Argentina on the importation of goods.7 
1.4.  The following Members asked to join the consultations requested by the United States: 
Mexico (on 24 August 2012)8; Turkey (on 29 August 2012)9; the European Union and Guatemala 
(on 30 August 2012)10; and, Australia, Canada and Japan (on 31 August 2012).11 Argentina 
subsequently informed the DSB that it had accepted the requests of Australia, Canada, the European Union, Guatemala, Japan, Mexico and Turkey to join the consultations.
12 
1.5.  On 21 August 2012, Japan requested consultations with Argentina pursuant to Articles 1 and 
4 of the DSU, Article XXII of the GATT 1994, Article 6 of the ILA, Article 8 of the TRIMs Agreement, 
and Article 14 of the Agreement on Safeguards, with respect to certain measures imposed by 
Argentina on the importation of goods.13 
1.6.  The following Members asked to join the consultations requested by Japan: Mexico (on 
24 August 2012)14; Turkey (on 29 August 2012)15; the European Union and Guatemala (on 
                                               
1 Request for Consultations by the European Union, WT/DS438/1, 30 May 2012. 
2 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Turkey, WT/DS438/2, 4 June 2012. 
3 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from the United States, WT/DS438/3, 11 June 2012; 
Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Ukraine, WT/DS438/4, 11 June 2012. 
4 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Australia, WT/DS438/8, 13 June 2012; Request 
to Join Consultations – Communication from Canada, WT/DS438/6, 12 June 2012; Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Guatemala, WT/DS4 38/7, 12 June 2012; Request to Join Consultations – 
Communication from Japan, WT/DS438/5, 11 June 2012. 
5 Request to Join Consultations – Communic ation from Mexico, WT/DS438/9, 6 July 2012. 
6 Acceptance by Argentina of the Requests to Join Consultations, WT/DS438/10, 10 July 2012. 
7 Request for Consultations by the United States, WT/DS444/1, 23 August 2012. 
8 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Mexico, WT/DS444/2, 28 August 2012. 
9 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Turkey, WT/DS444/3, 30 August 2012. 
10 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from the European Union, WT/DS444/4, 
31 August 2012; Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Guatemala, WT/DS444/8, 5 September 2012. 
11 Request to Join Consultations – Communicatio n from Australia, WT/DS444/5, 3 September 2012; 
Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Canada, WT/DS444/7, 4 September 2012; Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Japan, WT/DS444/6, 4 September 2012. 
12 Acceptance by Argentina of the Requests to Join Consultations, WT/DS444/9, 20 September 2012. 
13 Request for Consultations by Japan, WT/DS445/1, 23 August 2012. 
14 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Mexico, WT/DS445/2, 28 August 2012. 
15 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Turkey, WT/DS445/3, 30 August 2012. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 40 - 
 
  30 August 2012)16; and, Australia, Canada and the United States (on 31 August 2012).17 
Argentina subsequently informed the DSB that it had accepted the requests of Australia, Canada, 
the European Union, Guatemala, Mexico, Turkey an d the United States to join the consultations.18 
1.7.  The European Union held consultations with Argentina on 12 and 13 July 2012.19 
1.8.  The United States held consultati ons with Argentina on 20 and 21 September 2012.20 
1.9.  Japan held consultations with Argentina on 20 and 21 September 2012.21 
1.10.  None of these consultations led to a mutually satisfactory solution.22 
1.2  Panel establishment and composition 
1.11.  On 6 December 2012, the European Union, the United States and Japan separately 
requested the establishment of a panel with standard terms of reference pursuant to Article 6 of the DSU.
23 At its meeting on 28 January 2013, the DSB established a single panel pursuant to the 
requests of the European Union in document WT/DS438/11, the United States in document 
WT/DS444/10, and Japan in document WT/DS445/10, in accordance with Article 9.1 of the DSU.24 
1.12.  The Panel's terms of reference are the following: 
To examine, in the light of the relevant pr ovisions of the covered agreements cited by 
the parties to the dispute, the matter referred to the DSB by the European Union in document WT/DS438/11, the United States in document WT/DS444/10, and Japan in 
document WT/DS445/10, and to make such findings as will assist the DSB in making 
the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in those agreements.
25 
1.13.  On 15 May 2013, the European Union, the United States and Japan requested the Director-
General to determine the composition of the panel, pursuant to Article 8.7 of the DSU.26 On 27 
May 2013, the Director-General composed the Panel as follows: 
Chairperson: Ms Leora Blumberg 
 
Members:  Ms Claudia Orozco 
   Mr Graham Sampson27 
 
1.14.  Australia, Canada, China, Ecuador, the European Union (for WT/DS444 and WT/DS445), 
Guatemala, India, Israel, Japan (for WT/DS438 and WT/DS444), the Republic of Korea, Norway, 
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States 
                                               
16 Request to Join Consultations – Communication from the European Union, WT/DS445/4, 
31 August 2012; Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Guatemala, WT/DS445/7, 
5 September 2012. 
17 Request to Join Consultations – Communicatio n from Australia, WT/DS445/5, 3 September 2012; 
Request to Join Consultations – Communication from Canada, WT/DS445/6, 4 September 2012; Request to Join Consultations – Communication from the United States, WT/DS445/8, 5 September 2012. 
18 Acceptance by Argentina of the Requests to Join Consultations, WT/DS445/9, 20 September 2012. 
19 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by th e European Union, WT/DS438/11, 7 December 2012. 
20 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States, WT/DS444/10, 7 December 2012. 
21 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by Japan, WT/DS445/10, 7 December 2012. 
22 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by th e European Union, WT/DS438/11, 7 December 2012; 
Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the Unit ed States, WT/DS444/10, 7 December 2012; Request for 
the Establishment of a Panel by Japan, WT/DS445/10, 7 December 2012. 
23 Request for the Establishment of a Panel by th e European Union, WT/DS438/11, 7 December 2012; 
Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the Unit ed States, WT/DS444/10, 7 December 2012; Request for 
the Establishment of a Panel by Japan, WT/DS445/10, 7 December 2012. 
24 See WT/DSB/M/328, para. 3.13. 
25 Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European Union, the United States and 
Japan – Note by the Secretariat, WT/DS438/12, WT/DS444/11, WT/DS445/11, 28 May 2013. 
26 Ibid. 
27 Ibid. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 41 - 
 
  (for WT/DS438 and WT/DS445), notified their interest in participating in the Panel proceedings as 
third parties.28 
1.3  Panel proceedings 1.3.1  General 
1.15.  The Panel held its organizational meeting with the parties on 5 June 2013. After consultation 
with the parties, the Panel adopted its Working Procedures on 14 June 2013
29 and its timetable on 
27 June 2013.30 
1.16.  The complainants filed their separate first written submissions on 3 July 2013. Argentina 
filed its first written submission on 7 August 20 13. Third-party submissions were received on 28 
August 2013 from Australia, Israel, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Chinese Taipei, and Turkey. 
1.17.  The Panel held a first substantive meetin g with the parties from 24 to 26 September 2013. 
A session with the third parties took place on 25 September 2013. Upon request of the parties, on 
26 September 2013, the Panel extended for one day the deadline to receive the parties' written responses to questions posed by the Panel after the first substantive meeting. Written responses 
to questions posed by the Panel were received on 11 October 2013. 
1.18.  The parties filed their second written submissions on 14 November 2013. 1.19.  The Panel held a second substantive meeting with the parties on 10 and 11 December 2013. 
Written responses to questions posed by the Panel were received on 14 January 2014. Comments 
by the parties on responses provided by the ot her parties were received on 4 February 2014. 
1.20.  On 5 March 2014, the Panel issued the descriptive sections of its draft reports to the 
parties.
31 Parties provided comments to the descriptive sections of the Panel Reports on 
19 March 2014. 
1.21.  The Panel issued its Interim Reports to the parties on 21 May 2014. On 4 June 2014, parties 
separately requested the revision of specific aspects of the Interim Reports; on 11 June 2014, 
parties made comments on other parties' requests. The Panel issued its Final Reports to the 
parties on 26 June 2014. 
1.22.  One third party submission was made outs ide of the deadlines prescribed by the Working 
Procedures adopted by the Panel.32 The Panel stresses the importance of all parties, including third 
parties, adhering to the time-limits for filing documents, in the interests of fairness and the orderly conduct of panel proceedings. 
1.3.2  Request for enhanced third party rights 
1.23.  On 4 June 2013, the Panel received a communication from Canada requesting enhanced 
third party rights to: (a) receive copies of all su bmissions and statements of the parties preceding 
the issuance of the interim report, including respon ses to panel questions; and, (b) be present for 
the entirety of all substantive meetings of th e panel with the parties. During the Panel's 
organizational meeting on 5 June 2013, the Panel invited the parties to provide initial comments on Canada's request by 10 June 2013. In their respective responses, none of the parties fully 
supported Canada's request for enhanced third party rights and two of the parties (the 
United States and Argentina) rejected the request. 
                                               
28 Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the European Union, the United States and 
Japan – Note by the Secretariat, WT/DS438/12, WT/DS444/11, WT/DS445/11, 28 May 2013. 
29 Working Procedures of the Panel, Annex A. 
30 Communication from the Panel, 27 June 2013. 
31 In the timetable originally adopted by the Panel, the descriptive sections should have been issued to 
the parties on 26 February 2014. The Panel postponed this date after having consulted the parties. 
32 Turkey submitted hard copies of the executive su mmary of its arguments, as presented in its third 
party submission and its oral statement,  five working days after the deadline specified in the Panel's timetable. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 42 - 
 
  1.24.  In considering Canada's request, the Panel took into account the DSU rules, the 
circumstances of the present case, the relevant decisions of previous panels and the Appellate 
Body33, and the views expressed by the parties. On 1 July 2013, the Panel informed Canada that it 
had declined its request for enhanced third party rights. In reaching its decision, the Panel 
considered that the reasons advanced by Canada in support of its request (i.e. a considerable 
systemic interest in the outcome of the dispute and in how the panel may interpret certain Covered Agreements) did not constitute a specific situation that would justify the granting of 
enhanced third party rights additional to those accorded in the DSU and the Working Procedures. 
In particular, Canada had not explained why the matter at issue would have a significant economic or trade policy effect for Canada , different from that for other World Trade Organization (WTO) 
Members. In addition, the Panel considered that Canada did not explain why the third party rights 
provided for in the DSU would not be sufficient to allow Canada's interests, including its systemic 
concerns regarding this dispute, to be fully take n into account during the panel process. Moreover, 
consulted by the Panel, none of the parties in this dispute unconditionally supported Canada's 
request for enhanced third party rights and two of the parties explicitly rejected the request.
34 
1.3.3  Special Procedures for the prot ection of confidential information 
1.25.  During the Panel's organizational meeting on 5 June 2013, the parties suggested that it 
would be desirable that the Panel adopt additional procedures for the protection of business 
confidential information (BCI) provided by the part ies in the course of the proceedings. The parties 
asked the Panel to include language in the working procedures that would allow the adoption of such additional rules and informed the Panel that they intended to submit a joint proposal for the 
additional procedures. In view of the joint reques t of the parties, the Panel included the following 
language in paragraph 2 of the Working Procedures adopted on 14 June 2013: 
The Panel may, after consultation with the parties, adopt additional procedures for the 
protection of business confidential informat ion (BCI) provided by the parties in the 
course of these proceedings. 
1.26.  None of the parties subsequently proposed the adoption of additional procedures for the 
protection of BCI. 
1.27.  On 22 October 2013, the Panel sent a communication to the parties.
35 In its communication, 
the Panel noted that the parties had failed to pr ovide certain evidence and information requested 
in the Panel's written questions after the first substantive meeting. The Panel reminded the parties 
of the requirement for their collaboration in the presentation of the facts and evidence that are 
relevant for the Panel to discharge its functions. It also reminded the parties of the Panel's authority to draw appropriate inferences from a Member's refusal to provide information. The 
Panel noted the concerns expressed by the complainants with respect to the reluctance of 
companies involved to make available some of the information required, and the concerns expressed by Argentina with respect to the prob ative value of some evidence provided by the 
complainants. 
1.28.  In view of arguments made by the partie s, the Panel proposed the adoption of special 
procedures to allow them to submit evidence and information that had been requested. These 
procedures would have contemplated the following: (a) the Panel would appoint an independent 
expert to assist the Panel in establishing the content of certain documents when a party 
considered that aspects of the information should be confidential and not accessible to other parties; (b) the Panel would designate, as an independent expert, a notary public based in or near 
Geneva with working knowledge of the Spanish and English languages; (c) before appointing the 
independent expert, the Panel would identify suitab le experts and allow parties the opportunity to 
indicate whether there was any conflict of interest or any other compelling reason that would 
preclude the appointment of any of those person s as an independent expert; (d) the independent 
expert would be subject to the WTO DSU rules of conduct, would confirm in writing, before being 
                                               
33 See, for example, Appellate Body Reports, EC – Hormones , para. 154; and, US – 1916 Act , para. 150. 
Panel Reports, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , paras. 7.166-7.168; US – Large Civil 
Aircraft (2nd complaint) , paras. 7.16-7.18; and, US – Poultry (China) , para. 7.58. 
34 Communication from the Panel, 1 July 2013. 
35 Communication from the Panel, 22 October 2013. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 43 - 
 
  appointed by the Panel, the lack of any conflict of interest (the statement would be similar to those 
signed by WTO panelists pursuant to the DSU Rules of Conduct), and would maintain strict confidentiality of the information provided by any of the parties; the confidentiality obligation would continue following the end of the proceedi ngs; (e) once informed by the Panel of the 
appointment of the independent expert, parties would bring to this expert, individually or jointly, 
the information requested by the Panel; (f) the co nfidential evidence provided to the independent 
expert would not become part of the record; (g) on  the basis of the confidential evidence provided 
by any of the parties, the independent expert would be asked to respond to a questionnaire 
prepared by the Panel after having consulted the parties; (h) parties could propose questions to be incorporated into the questionnaire, but the Panel would be ultimately responsible for drafting the questionnaire; (i) the independent expert would be limited to responding in writing to the 
questions addressed by the Panel in the ques tionnaire; (j) the Panel would forward the 
independent expert's responses to the parties and parties would be invited to comment on the independent expert's responses; (k) the Panel would retain at all times final authority to assess 
the facts of the case; (l) there would be no meeting of the Panel with the independent expert and 
the parties; (m) during the course of the proc eedings of the current dispute, the independent 
expert would have no contact with officials of any of the parties involved or their representatives, 
except for the purpose of receiving and examinin g the confidential evidence provided; (n) the 
independent expert would report to the Panel;  and, (o) if the independent expert had any 
questions or doubts regarding the discharge of its function, he/she would request instructions from the Panel. 
1.29.  The Panel invited the parties to comment on the proposed special procedures. The parties 
provided their comments on 30 October 2013. In th eir responses, none of the parties expressed 
support for the adoption of the proposed special procedures; moreover, the United States, Japan, 
and Argentina expressed concerns about the proposed special procedures, their consistency with 
the rules of the DSU, and their systemic implications.
36 
1.30.  In view of the arguments raised by the parties, on 6 November 2013 the Panel informed the 
parties that it had decided not to adopt the proposed special procedures.37 In its communication, 
the Panel reiterated its request to the parties to provide the evidence and information identified in 
the Panel's written questions after the first substa ntive meeting. The Panel noted that (other than 
the European Union's statement that the adoption of usual BCI procedures would not be sufficient 
to ensure protection for the identity of the co mpanies concerned), the complainants failed to 
indicate the type of procedural rules that the Panel should adopt to protect information in a manner that would enable the submission of such information. The Panel reminded the parties of 
the requirement for their collaboration in the pr esentation of the facts and evidence that are 
relevant for the Panel proceedings. It also reminded the parties of the Panel's authority to draw appropriate inferences from a Member's refusal to provide information. The Panel invited parties to 
address these issues in their second written submissions. 
1.31.  The Panel will revert to the issue of the treatment of evidence in the findings section of 
these reports. 
1.3.4  Preliminary rulings 
1.32.  In its first written submission on 7 Augu st 2013, Argentina requested the Panel to issue a 
preliminary ruling that the so-called "Restrictive Trade Related Requirements" (RTRRs) identified in the panel requests submitted by the European Union, the United States and Japan fell outside the 
Panel's terms of reference.
38 Argentina's request raised three main issues with respect to the 
alleged RTRRs, namely: (a) whether the RTRRs were identified by the complainants as a measure at issue in their respective requests for consultations; (b) whether the reference to the RTRRs as a 
broad unwritten "overarching measure" in the co mplainants' panel requests "expanded the scope" 
and "changed the essence" of the dispute; and, (c) whether the complainants identified, either in 
                                               
36 Communication from the European Union, 30 October 2013; Communication from the United States, 
30 October 2013; Communication from Japan, 30 October 2013; Communication from Argentina, 30 October 2013. 
37 Communication from the Panel, 6 November 2013. 
38 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 15, 112-146, and 360. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 44 - 
 
  their respective requests for consultations or in their panel requests, the measures that are subject 
to their claims against the RTRRs "as applied". 
1.33.  On 9 August 2013, the Panel invited the complainants to respond in writing to Argentina's 
request for a preliminary ruling by 10 September 2013. In the same letter, the Panel invited the 
third parties to comment on Argentina's request in their written submissions, due on 
28 August 2013. Australia and Chinese Taipei pr ovided comments in their third-party written 
submissions. The complainants submitted their respective responses to Argentina's request on 
10 September 2013. 
1.34.  On 16 September 2013, the Panel issued its first preliminary ruling to the parties, copying 
the third parties. This ruling addressed the broader issue raised by Argentina in its preliminary ruling request, i.e. whether the alleged RTRRs are part of the Panel's terms of reference.
39 In its 
ruling, the Panel concluded that the alleged RTRRs are within the Panel's terms of reference and 
that the characterization of the alleged RTRRs as a single "overarching measure" in the complainants' panel requests did not expand the sc ope or change the essence of the dispute. The 
Panel decided that it would address the third issue raised by Argentina, i.e. whether the 
complainants' "as applied" claims against the alleged RTRRs are outside the Panel's terms of reference, as appropriate, in the light of the pa rties' arguments in the course of the proceedings. 
The Panel invited the parties to express their vi ews regarding the circulation of the preliminary 
ruling to the Members. 
1.35.  On 17 September 2013, the complainants submitted a joint communication to the Panel 
expressing no objection to the circulation of the preliminary ruling, based on the understanding 
that circulation would only occur if there was no objection by any of the parties and if parties were 
given an opportunity to comment on the preliminary ruling at the time of the interim review.
40 On 
19 September, Argentina submitted a communication to the Panel opposing the circulation of the 
preliminary ruling.41 In its written questions after the first substantive meeting sent on 
30 September 2013, the Panel asked Argentina to explain why, in its opinion, the Panel should not circulate to WTO Members the preliminary ruling adopted on 16 September.
42 In its response 
submitted on 11 October, Argentina stated that it would seem premature to circulate the 
preliminary ruling to WTO Members because the Panel had not ruled on two of the arguments raised by Argentina related to the complainants' claims regarding specific instances of application of the alleged RTRRs.
43 
1.36.  On 20 November 2013, the Panel issued a second preliminary ruling to address the pending 
issues raised by Argentina's request.44 In its ruling, the Panel reiterated that the alleged RTRRs are 
part of the Panel's terms of reference. The Panel also concluded that: (a) whether Japan presents 
enough arguments and evidence in the course of the proceedings to sustain its request for findings 
on those measures "as such" and "as applied" is a matter that would be addressed by the Panel in its final report; and, (b) the 23 measures described by the European Union in its first written 
submission as "specific instances" of application of alleged RTRRs do not constitute "measures at 
issue" in the present dispute. The Panel requ ested the views of the parties regarding the 
circulation of the two preliminary rulings. On 26 November, the complainants submitted a joint communication to the Panel expressing no objection to the circulation of the preliminary rulings, 
based on the understanding that the parties would have the opportunity to comment on the report 
during the interim review.
45 On 26 November, Argentina sent a communication to the Panel 
objecting to the circulation of the two preliminary rulings.46 The Panel decided that the rulings 
would be incorporated as an integral part of the Panel's findings in these reports, subject to any 
changes that may be necessary in the light of comments received from the parties during the interim review.
47 
                                               
39 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (16 September 2013). 
40 Complainants' joint e-mail communication to the Panel, 17 September 2013. 
41 Argentina's e-mail communication to the Panel, 19 September 2013. 
42 Panel question No. 4. 
43 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 4. 
44 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (20 November 2013). 
45 Complainants' joint e-mail communication to the Panel, 26 November 2013. 
46 Argentina's e-mail communication to the Panel, 26 November 2013. 
47 The two preliminary rulings of the Panel have been incorporated in Annex D of these Reports. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 45 - 
 
  1.3.5  Consultation with the World Customs Organization (WCO) 
1.37.  On 13 November 2013, the Panel sent a communication to the parties proposing to seek the 
assistance of the World Customs Organization's Secretariat (WCO Secretariat) to clarify certain aspects related to the SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE 
Framework).
48 The Panel attached a draft letter to be addressed to the WCO Secretariat together 
with the draft list of questions to be addressed.  On 19 November 2013, the parties submitted their 
comments on the proposed course of action and on  the list of questions to be addressed to the 
WCO Secretariat. 
1.38.  On 26 November 2013, having taken the parties' comments into consideration, the Panel 
sent a communication with a list of questions to  the WCO Secretariat. On 2 December 2013, the 
WCO responded to the Panel. The Panel invited the parties to express their views on the responses 
received from the WCO. On 14 January 2014, the Panel received the parties' comments on the 
responses from the WCO Secretariat, as part of the parties' responses to the questions posed by 
the Panel after the second substantive meeting. 
2  PARTIES' REQUESTS FOR FI NDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
2.1.  The European Union requests that the Panel find that: 
a. The requirement for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration ( Declaración Jurada 
Anticipada de Importación , DJAI) is inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under 
Articles XI:1, X:1, and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994, as well as under Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.5(f) of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
49; and, 
b. The Restrictive Trade Related Requirements (RTRRs) are inconsistent with Argentina's 
obligations under Articles XI:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994, as well as under Article X:1 
of the GATT 1994; alternatively, the application of one or more RTRRs in certain specific instances is inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under Articles XI:1 and/or III:4 of 
the GATT 1994.
50 
2.2.  The European Union further requests that  the Panel recommend that Argentina bring its 
measures into conformity with its WTO obligations.51 
2.3.  The United States requests that the Panel find that: 
a. The requirement for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI) is inconsistent with 
Argentina's obligations under Articles XI:1 and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994, as well as under Articles 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5(f), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 of the Agreement on 
Import Licensing Procedures
52; and, 
b. The Restrictive Trade Related Requirements (RTRRs) are inconsistent with Argentina's 
obligations under Articles XI:1 and X:1 of the GATT 1994.53 
2.4.  Japan requests that the Panel find that: 
a. The requirement for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI) is inconsistent with 
Argentina's obligations under Articles XI:1, X:3(a), and X:1 of the GATT 1994, as well as 
                                               
48 Communication from the Panel, 13 November 2013. 
49 European Union's first written submission, paras. 21 and 491. 
50 Ibid. paras. 22, 328, 385, and 491; European Union's response to Panel question No. 1. 
51 European Union's second written submission, para. 162. 
52 United States' first written submission, paras. 3 and 211; United States' second written submission, 
para. 128. 
53 United States' first written submission, paras. 3 and 211; United States' second written submission, 
paras. 5 and 128. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 46 - 
 
  under Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3. 5(f), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 of the Agreement 
on Import Licensing Procedures54; and, 
b. The Restrictive Trade Related Requirement (RTRR) is inconsistent with Argentina's 
obligations under Articles XI:1, III:4, and X:1 of the GATT 1994, in each of the following 
three respects: (i) the RTRR as an unwritten rule or norm as such; (ii) the RTRR as an 
unwritten practice or policy, as confirmed by the systematic application of the measure; and, (iii) the RTRR's application in particular instances, as identified in the complainants' 
submissions.
55 
2.5.  Argentina requests that the Panel reject the complainants' claims in this dispute in their 
entirety. In Argentina's view: 
a. The Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI) is a customs formality established in 
accordance with Article VIII of the GATT 1994 and the World Customs Organization's 
SAFE Framework.56 Alternatively, Argentina argues that the complainants have failed to 
establish that the DJAI procedure is a quantitative restriction under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 or is in breach of Articles X:3(a) and X:1 of the GATT 199457; 
b. Argentina also argues that the DJAI is not an import licence, but even if it were found to 
be an import licence, it is a procedure that is used for customs purposes and is therefore 
not within the scope of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures.58 Alternatively, 
Argentina also argues that the complainants have failed to establish that the DJAI is in breach of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
59; 
c. With respect to the alleged Restrictive Trade Related Requirements (RTRRs), Argentina 
initially argued that these measures are outside the Panel's terms of reference.60 
Argentina has subsequently argued that the complainants have failed to prove the existence of an unwritten "overarching" measure of general and prospective application 
that would support their claims against the alleged RTRRs.
61 
3  ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES 3.1.  The arguments of the parties are reflecte d in their executive summaries, provided to the 
Panel in accordance with paragraph 19 of the Working Procedures adopted by the Panel (see 
Annexes B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4,  B-5, B-6, B-7, and B-8). 
4  ARGUMENTS OF THE THIRD PARTIES 4.1.  The arguments of Australia, Canada, Israel, Korea, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Chinese Taipei, 
and Turkey are reflected in their executive summa ries, provided in accordance with paragraph 20 
                                               
54 Japan's first written submission, para. 218; Japan's second written submission, paras. 7, 39, and 134; 
Japan's response to Panel question No. 3. 
55 Japan's first written submission, para. 218; Japan's second written submission, paras. 7, 20, and 134; 
Japan's response to Panel question Nos. 2 and 44. 
56 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 14, 18, 164, 191, 195, 196-217, 257, and 263; 
Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of th e Panel, paras. 52-61; Arge ntina's response to Panel 
question Nos. 21, 34, and 40; Argentina's second  written submission, paras. 125-135 and 199-200; 
Argentina's opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 47-61. 
57 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 21, and 313-359; Argentina's opening statement at the 
first meeting of the Panel, paras. 74-83; Argentina's second written submission, paras. 136-161, and 202-206; 
Argentina's closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 7. 
58 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 268, and 273-296; Argentina's opening statement at the 
first meeting of the Panel, paras. 62-73; Argentina's second written submission, paras. 165-201; Argentina's 
opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 62-75; Argentina's closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 8-9. 
59 Argentina's first written submission, para. 269; Argentina's second written submission, para. 162; 
Argentina's opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 75-77. 
60 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 15, and 113-146. 
61 Argentina's opening statement at the first meetin g of the Panel, paras. 40, and 42-48; Argentina's 
second written submission, paras. 72-117; Argentina's op ening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, 
paras. 13-45; Argentina's closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 3-6. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  of the Working Procedures adopted by the Panel (see Annexes C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7, 
and C-8). China, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Swit zerland, and Thailand did not submit written or 
oral arguments to the Panel. 
5  INTERIM REVIEW 
5.1  Introduction 
5.1.  On 21 May 2014, the Panel submitted its Interim Reports to the parties. On 4 June 2014, the 
European Union, the United States, Japan, and Argentina each submitted written requests for the 
review of precise aspects of the Interim Reports pursuant to Article 15.2 of the DSU. On 11 June 
2014, the European Union, the United States, and Japan submitted comments on a number of requests for review presented by Argentina. On the same date, Argentina submitted comments on a number of requests for review presented by the European Union, the United States, and Japan. 
None of the parties requested an interim review meeting with the Panel. 
5.2.  In accordance with Article 15.3 of the DSU,  this section of the panel reports sets out the 
Panel's response to the arguments made by the parties at the interim review stage, providing 
explanations where necessary. The Panel thoroughly  reviewed and considered the parties' requests 
for review before issuing these final reports. As explained below, the Panel modified aspects of its reports in the light of the parties' comments where it considered it appropriate to do so. The Panel 
turns now discuss the parties' comments on the Panel's Interim Reports. 
5.3.  Before doing so, however, we make the following observations. First, the numbering of 
paragraphs and footnotes in the final reports ha s changed from the Interim Reports. The text 
below refers to the paragraph numbers in the Interim Reports. Moreover, the Panel notes that this 
section forms an integral part of its findings in the present case. 
5.2  Comments on the Panel's Interim Reports 5.2.1  General comments 
5.4.  The parties submitted several editorial revisions as well as other linguistic changes, which 
were not contested by the other parties. The Panel made these adjustments. The Panel also made minor editorial and non-substantive consequential changes as a result of other adjustments. The 
Panel also corrected typographical errors and made other editorial amendments throughout the 
reports, including those identified by the parties in paragraphs 1.16, 2.46, 6.11, 6.19, 6.28, 6.68, 6.98, 6.116, 6.144, 6.156, 6.158, 6.161, 6.164, 6.197, 6.200, 6.228, 6.230, 6.241, 6.243, 6.248, 6.258, 6.261, 6.301, 6.313, 6.317, 6.363, 6.366, 6.393, 6.426, 6.428, 6.451, 6.454, 6.456, 
6.473, and 6.720. 
5.5.  In addition, the parties pointed to a number of wording errors in the Panel's findings. The 
parties also made a number of specific suggestions to improve wording. The Panel adjusted its 
reports accordingly and also made related changes, including in paragraphs 1.36, 6.15, 6.19, 6.21, 
6.45, 6.61, 6.62, 6.64, 6.67, 6.119, 6.165, 6.171, 6.196, 6.256, 6.358, 6.372, 6.413, 6.425, 6.426, 6.427, 6.435, 6.474, 6.483, 6.497, and 6.498. 
5.6.  In specific cases, the parties requested that  the Panel adjust its reports to more fully and/or 
accurately reflect their arguments on specific po ints. The Panel generally accepted these requests, 
and made related changes including in paragraphs 3.1, 6.2, 6.49, 6.62, 6.95, 6.97, 6.117, 6.136, 6.270, 6.307, 6.328, 6.431, 6.491, and 6.512. 
5.7.  The parties requested that the Panel clarify the description of certain aspects of the measures 
at issue. The Panel adjusted its reports accordingly and made a number of related changes, including in paragraphs 6.57, 6.61, 6.176, 6.207, 6.211, 6.225, 6.340, 6.387, 6.388, 6.390, 
6.397, 6.401, 6.407, and 6.410. 
5.8.  The United States and Japan pointed to some errors in the section containing the Panel's 
legal conclusions. The Panel adjusted its reports accordingly in paragraphs 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 and 7.9, in 
the reports corresponding to the complaints by the United States and by Japan. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 48 - 
 
  5.2.2  Specific comments 
5.2.2.1  Judicial economy 5.9.  The United States requested that the Pane l refrain from exercising judicial economy with 
respect to its claim under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 against the TRRs measure. In its view, 
"Argentina is to publish measures of this type, regardless of whether the measures are consistent 
with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994".
62 In the United States' view, absent a finding by the Panel on 
this claim, there may be a lack of clarity as to whether Argentina must publish any measures 
taken to comply in a manner consistent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994.63 
5.10.  Similarly, Japan requested that the Panel refrain from exercising judicial economy with 
respect to its claims under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 against the DJAI procedure and the TRRs measure.
64 
5.11.  Argentina disagreed with these requests, stating that the United States and Japan have not 
explained why the Panel's findings under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 would lead to a partial resolution of the present dispute. 
5.12.  In the Panel's view, in the light of the Panel's findings regarding the TRRs measure and the 
DJAI procedure, additional findings regarding the same measures under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 were not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue. Moreover, given the 
Panel's findings that the TRRs measure and the DJAI procedure constitute restrictions on the 
importation of goods and are thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, as well as the Panel's finding in the complaint brought by Japan that the TRRs measure, with respect to its local content requirement, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994, whether Argentina 
published its measures in a manner consistent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 was no longer 
relevant for purposes of resolving this dispute. 
5.13.  Accordingly, the Panel declined to revise its findings and conclusions at paragraphs 6.305, 
6.489, 7.5, 7.9, and 7.10 of its Interim Reports. 
5.2.2.2  TRRs measure 5.14.  The European Union requested that the Panel clarify in footnote 289 to paragraph 6.156 of 
its reports that the 29 agreements to which it re fers correspond to the same 30 agreements that 
the Panel asked Argentina to provide copies of in Panel questions Nos. 63 to 92.
65 The Panel made 
adjustments accordingly. The 29 agreements identified in footnote 289 correspond to the 30 agreements that the Panel requested copies of in Panel questions Nos. 63 to 92. Although the 
Panel originally referred to 30 agreements in its questions, there is no evidence on record to 
suggest that the Argentine Government signed more than one agreement with the supermarket 
sector, with the result that the total number of agreements relevant to our reports is 29. 
5.15.   The United States requested that the last sentence of paragraph 6.207 be adjusted so as to 
cover the automotive, agricultural machinery, and pharmaceutical sectors.
66 Argentina rejected 
this request, stating that the complainants' eviden ce was not sufficient to establish that an alleged 
"import substitution requirement" operated as a condition for the importation of goods into 
Argentina. In its Interim Reports, the Panel indicated one sector in which the local content requirement was imposed as a condition to import, namely, the motorcycles sector. The evidence on record, however, and particularly the exhibits pointed out by the United States in its request, 
demonstrate in the Panel's view that the local co ntent requirement has also been imposed on the 
agricultural machinery sector as a condition to import. The Panel made adjustments accordingly in paragraph 6.207. 
                                               
62 United States' comments on the Panel's Interim Reports, para. 29. 
63 Ibid. 
64 Japan's comments on the Panel's Interim Reports, pp. 1-3. 
65 European Union's comm ents on the Panel's Interim Reports, p. 2. 
66 United States' comments on the Pa nel's Interim Report s, paras. 19-23. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  5.2.2.3  DJAI procedure 
5.16.  The United States requested that the Panel review its description of how a DJAI acquires 
"registered" status in paragraph 6.370 of the Panel's Interim Reports. According to the United States, "it is not the importer who designates the DJAI as 'registered', but rather it occurs 
through the SIM system". In the United States' view, "[i]t is unclear whether this happens 
automatically, or after AFIP or another agency takes an action to assign the 'registered' designation".
67 Argentina rejected this suggestion, stating that the United States' description of the 
DJAI procedure is factually incorrect. In Argentina's view, the Panel accurately described the DJAI 
procedure in the first sentence of paragraph 6.370 of its Interim Reports in noting that the declarant may choose the option "Register" ( Oficializar ) to formally register a DJAI. The Panel 
agrees with Argentina. The Panel thus declined to make the amendment requested by the 
United States. 
5.17.  Argentina requested that the Panel adjust the text of paragraphs 6.373 and 6.377 of its 
Interim Reports to better reflect that participating agencies must follow the model agreement 
foreseen in AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, that the SCI became part of the DJAI procedure 
through SCI Resolution 1/2012, and that both legal instruments were published in Argentina's official gazette. All three complainants reject Argentina's request. In their view, there are a 
number of crucial aspects that are not contained in  the model agreement foreseen in AFIP General 
Resolution 3256/2012 (such as the scope of operat ion covered by the participating agencies, the 
list of goods the agency can review, and the time -period during which the participating agencies 
can enter observations). The Panel made some adjustments to paragraphs 6.373 and 6.377 to 
take into account both Argentina's requested amendments and the complainants' comments in this 
respect. 
6  FINDINGS 
6.1  General issues 
6.1.1  Special and differential treatment 6.1.  Pursuant to Article 12.11 of the DSU: 
[W]here one or more of the parties is a developing country Member, the panel's report 
shall explicitly indicate the form in which account has been taken of relevant provisions on differential and more-favou rable treatment for developing country 
Members that form part of the covered agreements which have been raised by the 
developing country Member in the course of the dispute settlement procedures. 
6.2.  In the course of these proceedings, Argentina has referred to objectives that guide its 
economic policy, such as the growth of foreign demand and of its domestic market, strong 
industrial and productive development, the promotion of social inclusion, improved income 
distribution, poverty alleviation, and the reduction of unemployment.
68 
6.3.  Objectives such as those cited by Argentina are common to many WTO Members, who have 
recognized in the preamble to the WTO Agreement that trade and economic relations, 
[S]hould be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full 
employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while 
allowing for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective 
of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment 
and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with [the] respective 
                                               
67 United States' comments on the Panel's Interim Reports, para. 34. 
68 Argentina's first written submission, para. 46; Arge ntina's opening statement at the first meeting of 
the Panel, para. 8; Argentina's re sponse to Panel question No. 8. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 50 - 
 
  needs [of WTO Members] and [their] concerns at different levels of economic 
development …69 
6.4.  In addition, the preamble to the WTO Agreem ent recognizes that the reciprocal and mutually 
advantageous arrangements entered into by WTO Members can contribute to the achievement of 
these objectives. The preamble also recognizes the need for positive efforts designed to ensure 
that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate wi th the needs of their economic development.
70 
6.5.  In other words, the WTO agreements highlight the positive role international trade can play 
as part of the development policies of developing and least developed country Members. This realization explains why sovereign nations, such as Argentina, voluntarily accept the international obligations that are the result of subscribing to  the WTO Agreement and becoming Members of the 
World Trade Organization. As noted by the Appellate Body: 
It is self-evident that in an exercise of their sovereignty, and in pursuit of their own 
respective national interests, the Member s of the WTO have made a bargain. In 
exchange for the benefits they expect to derive as Members of the WTO, they have 
agreed to exercise their sovereignty according to the commitments they have made in the WTO Agreement .
71 
6.6.  At the same time, the WTO agreements contain provisions that allow for differential and 
more favourable treatment for developing countries, as well as provisions that allow Members to deviate from their WTO obligations under certain spec ified conditions in order to pursue legitimate 
objectives. 
6.7.  Argentina did not raise, in the course of th e proceedings, any of the provisions that allow for 
differential and more favourable treatment for developing countries, nor does any of them appear 
to be relevant for the resolution of the specific matter in the dispute. 
6.8.  In any event, nothing in the Panel's rulings calls into question the ability of WTO Members to 
pursue their development policies, such as those identified by Argentina, in a manner consistent with the overall objectives stated in the preamble of the WTO Agreement and their commitments 
under the WTO agreements. 
6.9.  Finally, the DSU provides in Article 12.10 that: 
[I]n examining a complaint against a developing country Member, the panel shall 
accord sufficient time for the developing country Member to prepare and present its 
argumentation. 
6.10.  When adopting the timetable for the procee dings, the Panel took into account the need to 
allow all parties, and especially Argentina as a developing country respondent, sufficient time to 
prepare and submit their respective arguments. The Panel noted in this regard that Argentina 
would be responding to arguments submitted by three different complainants. Accordingly, at its request, Argentina was given five weeks after ha ving received the complainants' first written 
submissions to file its own first submission, instead of the two to three weeks envisioned in 
Appendix 3 of the DSU.
72 
6.1.2  Issues related to the Panel's terms of reference 6.11.  The current dispute has raised issues concerning the Panel's terms of reference. As 
explained above
73, during the course of the proceedings, Argentina requested the Panel to rule 
that certain aspects of the measures challenged by the complainants fall outside the Panel's terms 
                                               
69 WTO Agreement, preamble, first recital. 
70 Ibid. preamble, second recital. 
71 Appellate Body Report, Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II , p. 15, DSR 1996:I, 97, at p. 108. 
72 See Panel's timetable, adopted on 27 June 2013. 
73 See para. 1.32 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  of reference.74 Argentina originally raised the matter in its first written submission, asking the 
Panel to resolve the issue by means of a preliminary ruling.75 
6.12.  Argentina's request raised three main issues with respect to the complainants' claims 
relating to the alleged "restrictive trade-related requirements" (RTRRs): (a) whether the alleged 
RTRRs were identified by the complainants as a measure at issue in their requests for 
consultations; (b) whether the reference to the alleged RTRRs as a broad unwritten "overarching measure" in the complainants' panel requests "exp anded the scope" and "changed the essence" of 
the dispute; and, (c) whether the complainants iden tified, either in their requests for consultations 
or in their panel requests, the measures subject to their claims against the alleged RTRRs "as applied". 
6.13.  In its request for a preliminary ruling, Argentina requested the Panel to resolve these issues 
"preferably after the First Substantive Meeting of the Panel with the Parties, in a manner that 
effectively preserves Argentina's due process rights".
76 Argentina also noted it would not address 
in its first submission any of the complainants ' arguments regarding the so-called RTRRs, because 
in Argentina's opinion this measure was not part of the Panel's terms of reference.77 
6.14.  As explained above78, in response to Argentina's request, the Panel issued two separate 
preliminary rulings, the first one on 16 September 2013 (before the first meeting with the parties), 
and the second one on 20 November 2013 (before the second meeting with the parties). In its first 
preliminary ruling, the Panel concluded that: (a) the complainants properly identified the alleged RTRRs in their requests for consultations and panel requests, as measures at issue in the present dispute and, therefore, these measures form  part of the Panel's terms of reference
79; and (b) the 
characterization of the alleged RTRRs as a single  "overarching measure" in the European Union's 
panel request does not expand the scope or change the essence of the dispute.80 In its second 
preliminary ruling, the Panel further concluded that (a) whether Japan presents enough arguments 
and evidence in the course of the proceedings to sustain its request for findings on those measures 
"as such" and "as applied" is a matter that would be addressed by the Panel in its final report81; 
and (b) the 23 measures described by the European Union in Section 4.2.4 of its first written 
submission as "specific instances" of application of alleged RTRRs had not been identified as 
"specific measures at issue" in the European Unio n's panel request and, therefore, are not part of 
the Panel's terms of reference.82 
6.15.  As noted in paragraph 1.36 above and as in dicated at the time when they were issued, both 
preliminary rulings constitute an integral part of these reports. Although the rulings were provided 
to the parties at the time of their adoption (16 September and 20 November 2013), and the first preliminary ruling was also copied to the third parties, the Panel considers it useful to make the 
following additional comments.
83 
6.16.  The issues raised by Argentina concern the Panel's jurisdiction over certain claims advanced 
by the complainants with respect to certain measures . The Panel is of the view that a resolution of 
these issues is essential before the Panel can address the substance of the complainants' 
allegations. 
6.17.  As noted above84, in its first written submission, Argentina requested that a preliminary 
ruling be issued by the Panel "preferably after the First Substantive Meeting of the Panel" and "in a 
                                               
74 See, for example, Argentina's first written submission, paras. 15, 112-146 and 360. 
75 See, for example, ibid. paras. 15, 146 and 360. 
76 Ibid. para. 146. 
77 Ibid. 
78 See paras. 1.34 and 1.36 above. 
79 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (16 September 2013), paras. 3.12-3.28 
and 4.1. 
80 Ibid. paras. 3.29-3.33 and 4.1. 
81 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (20 November 2013), paras. 4.25-4.28. 
82 Ibid. paras. 4.34-4.38 and 5.1. 
83 In view of the objections expressed by Argentina, the Panel did not circulate the preliminary rulings 
as separate documents. The first preliminary ruling, dated 16 September 2013, was copied to third parties. 
84 See para. 6.13 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  manner that effectively preserves Argentina's due process rights".85 The Panel issued its first 
preliminary ruling after having heard the views of all parties (and those third parties that expressed an opinion), but before the first meeting with the parties (the first preliminary ruling was issued eight days before the meeting with the parties took place). 
6.18.  At the first meeting with the Panel, Argent ina expressed its disagreement with what it called 
"the Panel's very summary decision to issue a preliminary ruling without first providing [Argentina] with an opportunity to respond to the complainants' submissions".
86 Argentina added it "had a 
legitimate expectation that it would have more than a single opportunity to express its views with 
respect to its preliminary objection".87 
6.19.  The DSU does not contain rules on preliminary rulings nor on the procedures that panels 
should follow when dealing with this type of request from any of the parties.88 Paragraph 6 is the 
only provision in the Panel's Working Procedures dealing explicitly with preliminary ruling requests; 
it does not set out any rules regarding the timing of the Panel's decision. Moreover, there are no grounds for Argentina's assertion that it "had a legitimate expectation that it would have more 
than a single opportunity to express its views with respect to its preliminary objection".
89 There is 
no support for such an expectation, either in th e relevant rules of the DSU or the Panel's Working 
Procedures, or in the practice of previous WTO panels dealing with requests concerning a panel's 
terms of reference.90 Nothing would have prevented the Panel or any of the parties from proposing 
special procedures for the adjudication of the issu es raised by Argentina's request for a preliminary 
ruling, if that was justified.91 No such special procedures were proposed by any of the parties or 
considered necessary by the Panel. 
6.20.  In the Panel's view, there were sound reasons to address the issues raised by Argentina 
through a separate preliminary ruling. Once the Panel had heard all parties (as well as those third parties who expressed an opinion on the issue) and had sufficient information so as to be able to 
issue an early ruling on the matters raised by Argentina's request, it would have been unnecessary 
to delay issuing its ruling. An early decision would allow parties to focus on the issues determined to form part of the Panel's terms of reference.
92 Moreover, the Panel noted Argentina's decision 
not to address in its first submission any of th e complainants' arguments regarding one of the two 
measures at issue in the dispute (the alleged RTRRs), given its view that these fell outside the Panel's terms of reference.
93 In light of Argentina's decision, the Panel considered that an early 
preliminary ruling would be instrumental in ensu ring a proper development of the proceedings. 
6.21.  Accordingly, the Panel issued its first preliminary ruling, dealing with the broader issue 
raised by Argentina, namely whether the alleged RT RRs are part of the Panel's terms of reference, 
as soon as it had the necessary elements to do so. Argentina has not explained how its due 
process rights would have been served by delaying  a decision on this preliminary issue. On the 
contrary, the Panel's first preliminary ruling ensured that Argentina could address the complainants' arguments regarding the alleged RTRRs from the time of the Panel's first meeting. 
Had the Panel delayed ruling on this issue, Arge ntina might not have provided arguments on this 
issue until much later in the proceedings, on the assumption that the alleged RTRRs were not part of the Panel's terms of reference. 
6.22.  Argentina stated in its first written submission that it would not respond to the 
complainants' arguments regarding the alleged RTRRs because, in its view, this measure was not 
part of the Panel's terms of reference.
94 This was not the decisive factor in the content or 
                                               
85 Argentina's first written submission, para. 146. 
86 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 31. 
87 Ibid. 
88 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (20 November 2013), para. 3.14. 
89 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 31. 
90 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (20 November 2013), para. 3.20. As 
noted by the Panel, it cannot be asserted that in mo st cases panels have offe red parties more than one 
opportunity to make submissions before issuing a preliminary ruling. See ibid. para. 3.18. 
91 Ibid. para. 3.16. 
92 Ibid. para. 3.8. 
93 Argentina's first written submission, para. 146. 
94 Ibid. paras. 145-146. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  procedure of the Panel's preliminary ruling. It was, however, a consideration that further justified 
an early resolution of the matter. As noted by the Panel in its first preliminary ruling: 
In the Panel's view, an early preliminary ruling is appropriate in the interest of due 
process, and especially in order to allow parties and third parties to engage in a 
substantive discussion of the claims raised by the complainants with respect to the 
RTRRs.95 
6.23.  The Panel therefore disagrees with Argentina' s characterization of the first preliminary ruling 
as a "very summary decision" (" sumarísima decisión ").96 In the Panel's view, the preliminary ruling 
issued on 16 September 2013 was a well-reasoned decision (contained in 13 pages), based on arguments received from Argentina, those of all three complainants, the views expressed by third 
parties who made comments (Australia
97 and Chinese Taipei98), and the Panel's own evaluation. 
6.24.  The remaining issues raised by Argentina concerning the Panel's terms of reference 
(namely, whether the Panel's terms of referenc e covered the complainants' separate claims 
against the alleged RTRRs "as applied", as well as 23 specific measures identified by the European 
Union in its first written submission as "instances of application" of the alleged RTRRs) were 
similarly resolved as soon as the Panel had the necessary elements to enable it to make a decision. The resolution of these remaining issues required the Panel to gain a better 
understanding of the nature of the complainants' claims and of Argentina's concerns than that 
which the Panel had acquired by the time of the first preliminary ruling. It was unclear to the Panel, by the time of the first preliminary ruling: (a) whether any of the complainants was requesting separate rulings on the alleged RTRRs "as applied"; and (b) whether and how the 23 
measures identified by the European Union in its first written submission related to the measures 
that had been identified in the European Unio n's request for consultations and panel request. 
These issues were debated in the course of the Panel's first meeting with the parties and were 
explored through the Panel's questions to parties during and after the meeting.
99 After receiving 
additional clarifications from the parties, the Panel issued its second preliminary ruling. 
6.1.3  The Panel's duty to make an ob jective assessment of the matter and the 
treatment of evidence 
6.25.  In the following section the Panel will describe its function under the DSU, explain the 
respective duties of the parties in the proceedings  and articulate some of the challenges the Panel 
confronted when assessing the facts of the case. 
6.1.3.1  The Panel's function and the parties' duties 
6.26.  According to Article 11 of the DSU: 
The function of panels is to assist the DSB in discharging its responsibilities under this 
Understanding and the covered agreements. Accordingly, a panel should make an 
objective assessment of the matter before it, including an objective assessment of the facts of the case and the applicability of and conformity with the relevant covered 
agreements, and make such other findings as will assist the DSB in making the 
recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in the covered agreements. 
6.27.  As articulated by the Appellate Body, the general rule in dispute settlement procedures is 
that the burden of proof rests upon the party, whether complaining or defending, who asserts the 
affirmative of a particular claim or defence.
100 Following this principle, the Appellate Body has 
                                               
95 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (16 September 2013), para. 3.44. 
96 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 31. 
97 Australia's third-party submission, paras. 6-11. 
98 Chinese Taipei's third-party submission, paras. 2-8 and 15. 
99 See Argentina's opening statement at the first me eting of the Panel, para. 33; European Union's 
response to Panel question No. 1; Japan's response to Panel question No. 2; European Union's second written 
submission, paras. 112 and 160, and fns 102 and 127; Japa n's second written submission, paras. 7, 9-20 and 
100-134; Argentina's second written submission, paras. 48, 53-71 and 207. 
100 Appellate Body Report, US – Wool Shirts and Blouses , p. 14, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at p. 335. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  explained that the complaining party in any given case should establish a prima facie case of 
inconsistency of a measure with a provision of th e WTO covered agreements, before the burden of 
showing consistency with that provision or defending it under an exception is to be undertaken by the defending party.
101 In other words, "a party claiming a violation of a provision of the 
WTO Agreement  by another Member must assert and prove its claim."102 
6.28.  According to the Appellate Body, a prima facie  case is "one which, in the absence of 
effective refutation by the defending party, requires a panel, as a matter of law, to rule in favour 
of the complaining party presenting the prima facie case."103 To establish a prima facie case, the 
party asserting a particular claim must adduce evid ence sufficient to raise a presumption that what 
is claimed is true. If the complaining party "adduces evidence sufficient to raise a presumption that what is claimed is true, the burden then shifts to the other party, who will fail unless it adduces 
sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption."
104 In this regard, the Appellate Body has stated 
that: 
[P]recisely how much and precisely what kind of evidence will be required to establish 
such … [presumptions] will necessarily vary from measure to measure, provision to 
provision, and case to case.105 
6.29.  In this dispute, the initial burden of proof rests upon the complainants to establish a 
prima facie case that the measures at issue are inconsistent with the provisions they have 
identified from the WTO covered agreements. If th e Panel finds the complainants have established 
a prima facie case of inconsistency of the challenged measures with the relevant provisions, the 
burden will then fall on Ar gentina to rebut such claims. 
6.30.  As noted by the Appellate Body, the above: 
[D]oes not imply that the complaining party is responsible for providing proof of all 
facts raised in relation to the issue of determining whether a measure is consistent 
with a given provision of a covered agre ement. In other words, although the 
complaining party bears the burden of proving its case, the responding party must prove the case it seeks to make in response.
106 
6.31.  Collaboration from parties to a dispute is essential for a panel to be able to discharge its 
function of making "an objective assessment of the matter before it". Article 3.10 of the DSU provides that: 
It is understood that … the use of the dispute settlement procedures should not be 
intended or considered as contentious acts and that, if a dispute arises, all Members 
will engage in these procedures in good faith in an effort to resolve the dispute. 
6.32.  In order to exercise their function of making "an objective assessment of the matter" and 
especially of making "an objective assessment of the facts of the case", panels are granted, 
pursuant to Article 13.1 of the DSU, the authority "to seek information and technical advice from any individual or body which [they deem] appropriate". The same provision adds that "[a] Member 
should respond promptly and fully to any request by a panel for such information as the panel 
considers necessary and appropriate". 
6.33.  In Canada – Aircraft , the Appellate Body referred to "the duty of a Member to comply with 
the request of a panel to provide information", no ting that under Article 13.1 of the DSU "Members 
                                               
101 Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , para. 104. 
102 Appellate Body Report, US – Wool Shirts and Blouses , p. 16, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at p. 337. 
103 Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , para. 104. 
104 Appellate Body Report, US – Wool Shirts and Blouses , p. 14, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at p. 335. (footnote 
omitted) 
105 Appellate Body Report, US – Wool Shirts and Blouses , p. 14, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at p. 335. 
106 Appellate Body Report, Japan – Apples , para. 154. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  are ... under a duty and an obligation to 'respond pr omptly and fully' to requests made by panels 
for information".107 
6.34.  In the absence of such collaboration, an d pursuant to its duty to make an objective 
assessment of the facts of the case, a panel is entitled to draw appropriate inferences. In this 
context, the Appellate Body has stated that: 
Where a party refuses to provide information requested by a panel under Article 13.1 
of the DSU, that refusal will be one of th e relevant facts of record, and indeed an 
important fact, to be taken into account in determining the appropriate inference to be 
drawn.108 
6.35.  The Appellate Body further clarified that pa nels are to draw inferences taking into account 
all the relevant facts .109 As noted by the Appellate Body: 
The DSU does not purport to state in what detailed circumstances inferences, adverse 
or otherwise , may be drawn by panels from infinitely varying combinations of facts. 
Yet, in all cases , in carrying out their mandate and seeking to achieve the "objective 
assessment of the facts" required by Article 11 of the DSU, panels routinely draw 
inferences from the facts placed on the record . The inferences drawn may be 
inferences of fact: that is, from fact A and fa ct B, it is reasonable to infer the existence 
of fact C. Or the inferences derived may be inferences of law: for example, the 
ensemble  of facts found to exist warrants the characterization of a "subsidy" or a 
"subsidy contingent … in fact … upon export performance". The facts must, of course, 
rationally support the inferences made, but inferences may be drawn whether or not 
the facts already on the record deserve the qualification of a prima facie case . The 
drawing of inferences is, in other words, an inherent and unavoidable aspect of a panel's basic task of finding and characterizing the facts making up a dispute.
110 
(emphasis added) 
6.36.  Such inferences may inform the Panel's consideration of the facts and evidence on the 
record in determining whether either the complainants or the respondent have met their 
respective burdens of proof. 
6.1.3.2  The Panel's objective assessment of the facts 6.37.  In the present case, the Panel's task of making an objective assessment of the facts has 
been especially challenging for two reasons. 
6.38.  Firstly, one of the two broad measures at issue in the dispute (the alleged RTRRs) is 
unwritten. Determining the existence, nature, and characteristics of this measure has required 
careful consideration by the Panel. Secondly, despite repeated requests from the Panel, the parties 
failed to provide certain documents and informat ion that were relevant for the Panel's task. 
6.1.3.2.1  Unwritten measure 6.39.  In their panel requests, the complainants id entify a measure that consists of a combination 
of actions that they refer to as the "Restrictive  Trade-Related Requirements" (RTRRs). Neither the 
existence nor the nature and characteristics of the alleged measure are contained in any law, 
regulation, administrative act or official publication. 
6.40.  Argentina asserts that in US – Zeroing (EC)  the Appellate Body established a high standard 
for challenging unwritten measures (such as the measure constituted by the alleged RTRRs). 
According to Argentina, this legal standard consists of three elements that a complainant must 
                                               
107 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 187. 
108 Appellate Body Report, US – Wheat Gluten , para. 174. 
109 Ibid. 
110 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft, para. 198. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  prove: (a) that the measure is attributable to a WTO Member; (b) the precise content of the 
measure; and, (c) the general and prospective application of the measure.111 
6.41.  Previous WTO panels and the Appellate Bo dy have recognized that unwritten measures can 
be challenged in WTO dispute settlement. As held by the Appellate Body in US – Corrosion-
Resistant Steel Sunset Review , "[i]n principle, any act or omission attributable to a WTO Member 
can be a measure of that Member for purposes of dispute settlement proceedings".112 In US – 
Zeroing (EC) , referring to a challenge against rules or norms "as such", the Appellate Body found 
no basis to conclude that these measures could be challenged " only if they are expressed in the 
form of a written instrument".113 Accordingly, nothing prevents a Member from challenging an 
unwritten measure through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. 
6.42.  In EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , the Appellate Body commented that, 
"when a challenge is brought against an unwritten measure , the very existence and the precise 
contours of the alleged measure may be uncertain".114 Accordingly, complainants are expected "to 
identify such [alleged unwritten] measures in their panel requests as clearly as possible".115 In 
turn, when considering a challenge against an unwritten measure, a panel must: first, ascertain 
the existence of the measure; and, second, examine the consistency of the measure with the relevant provisions of the covered agreements.
116 Panels and the Appellate Body have also 
referred to the challenges of proving the existe nce of unwritten measures in dispute settlement 
proceedings and to the need for the complainants  to clearly establish, through arguments and 
supporting evidence, at least: (a) that the measure is attributable to the responding Member; and (b) its precise content. Additionally, if a complainant requests a finding about a measure "as such", 
it also needs to establish that the measure has general and prospective application.
117 Therefore, 
in the Panel's view, a determination that a measure has general and prospective application is not essential in all challenges against unwritten measures, but only if a challenge is against the 
measure "as such". 
6.1.3.2.2  The Panel's treatment of the evidence 6.43.  The Panel was confronted with a large number of exhibits provided by the parties 
(approximately 900 exhibits, of which more than 90% were submitted by the complainants).
118 
These exhibits include, inter alia , copies of domestic laws, regulations and policy documents; 
communications addressed to Argentine officials by private companies; statements by Argentine officials and notes posted on websites of the Argentine Government
119; articles in newspapers and 
magazines, mostly published in Argentina; statem ents by company officials; data from industry 
surveys; reports prepared by market intelligence entities; trade statistics; and information regarding the economic performance of Argentina in recent years. The Panel has considered each 
of the exhibits provided by the parties on it s own merits, in order to assess its appropriate 
relevance, credibility, weight and probative value. As has been noted by the Appellate Body, a panel enjoys discretion in assessing whether a given piece of evidence is relevant for its 
                                               
111 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 73-97. 
112 Appellate Body Report, US – Corrosion-Resistant  Steel Sunset Review , para. 81. 
113 Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 193. (emphasis original) While this statement 
referred to rules or norms, in the Panel's view it applies more broadly to any acts or omissions attributable to a 
WTO Member. 
114 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 792. (emphasis 
original) 
115 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 792. 
116 Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 203. 
117 See, for example, Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 198; Panel Report, US – Zeroing 
(Japan) , paras. 7.48-7.50. 
118 In addition to the exhibits submit ted individually by some of the pa rties, the complainants have also 
relied on a common set of exhibits to sustain their re spective claims. The complainants' joint exhibits have 
been numbered JE-1, JE-2, etc., in accordance wi th paragraph 10 of the Panel's Working Procedures. 
119 Such as the official website of the Argentine Secretaría de Comunicación Pública  (Secretariat for 
Public Communications) – Sala de Prensa República Argentina , and the websites of the Office of the President 
of Argentina and the Ministry of Industry. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  reasoning120 and a panel is not required to discuss, in its report, each and every piece of evidence 
provided by the parties.121 
6.44.  Notwithstanding the abundance of evidence, the Panel's task of establishing the existence 
and precise contours of the unwritten measure at issue has required considerable time, effort and 
careful analysis. According to the complainants, the requirement imposed on importers and other 
economic operators that they undertake certain trade-related commitments as a condition to import into Argentina is reflected in agreements between the Argentine Government and the 
respective importers or economic operators, or in  letters addressed by the importers or economic 
operators to the Argentine Government, which describe the specific commitments. Ideally, the Panel should have been provided access to these documents to verify the existence, nature and characteristics of the alleged restrictive trade-related requirements (RTRRs).
122 The Panel, 
however, had access to copies of only some of the relevant letters.123 The Panel requested the 
parties, on several occasions, to provide copies of certain specific agreements. It also asked the complainants to provide copies of letters addressed by economic operators in Argentina to officials 
in the Argentine Government on which the complainants relied. These requests were addressed to 
the parties in the Panel's list of questions after the first substantive meeting (dated 30 September 
2013), in its communication to the parties dated 6 November 2013, and in its list of questions 
after the second substantive meeting (dated 19 December 2013).
124 
6.45.  In response to the Panel's request after the first substantive meeting, the European Union 
stated that, although it was in possession of various agreements signed between the Argentine 
Government and importers or economic operators,  it had not been authorized by the private 
companies concerned to divulge the agreem ents or to provide their identities.125 The European 
Union added that Argentina is in possession of the agreements and letters and is in a better position to provide them to the Panel.
126 The United States declared it was not in possession of any 
agreements or documents containing trade-rela ted commitments beyond what they had already 
provided to the Panel127; the United States also stated that "[a]ll such agreements, letters and 
emails are in the possession of individual companies and Argentina".128 Japan indicated that the 
evidence requested was in Argentina's sole possession; Japan also stated that, "in most instances, 
Argentina is the only party to this dispute with direct access to the documents, and it is also the only party in a position to assuage the fears of individual economic operators that are reluctant to reveal the details of their commitments undertaken pursuant to the RTRR".
129 Indeed, all the 
complainants indicated, as a reason to refrain from providing the copies of the agreements and 
letters requested by the Panel, that the importer s and economic operators that are signatories of 
these agreements and letters had not authorized th e complainants to provide copies to the Panel. 
The complainants argue that, given the discretiona ry nature of Argentina's import system, the 
importers and economic operators fear retaliatory actions from the Argentine Government, including concerning pending or future import applications, if their identities are disclosed.
130 
                                               
120 Appellate Body Reports, EC – Hormones, para. 132; Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, para. 202. 
121 Appellate Body Reports, Chile – Price Band System  (Article 21.5 – Argentina) , para. 240; EC – 
Hormones , para. 138; Brazil – Retreaded Tyres , para. 202. 
122 As noted below, for the purpose of  these Reports, the Panel will refer to the five actions identified by 
the complainants described above as the Trade-Related Requirements (TRRs). The single measure that the complainants are asserting will be referred to as the Trade-Related Requirements measure (the TRRs 
measure). References to the alleged "Restrictive Trade-Related Requirements" (RTRRs) have been kept in direct quotations from the parties' submissions. See para. 6.131 below. 
123 See Letter from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-304); 
E-mail communication from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 11 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-305); Letter from the Argentine meat and pork industry to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-441/EU-127). 
124 See Panel question Nos. 16 and 93; Comm unication from the Panel, 6 November 2013. 
125 European Union's response to Panel question No. 19, para. 39. 
126 European Union's second written submission, para. 157. 
127 United States' second written submission, Annex 1, para. 19. 
128 United States' response to Pa nel question No. 19, para. 24. 
129 Japan's response to Panel question No. 19, para. 31; and second written submission, paras. 5, 27, 
35, 37 and 38. 
130 European Union's response to Panel question No. 19, paras. 39-41; European Union's second written 
submission, para. 159; United States' second written submission, Annex 1, paras. 17-19; United States' comments on Argentina's response to Panel question No. 93, para. 22; Japan's response to Panel question 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.46.  Argentina, for its part, stated it "has not denied or called into question the existence" of the 
30 agreements that were listed by the Panel in its written questions.131 However, in its response to 
the request made by the Panel after the first subs tantive meeting to provide copies of agreements 
between the Argentine Government and the import ers or economic operators identified in an 
Annex, Argentina stated that: 
[E]ven if the evidence were accepted in its entirety, and notwithstanding its 
inadequacies, it would not be sufficient to establish that the alleged "overarching" 
RTRR measure constitutes a single, unwritten measure with precise content, 
attributable to the State and with general and prospective application. These are the essential elements of the complainants' case, and the evidence submitted by the 
complainants is insufficient to establish them.
132 
6.47.  Argentina provided an identical response to the Panel's request for information published in 
notes posted on websites of the Argentine Government concerning trade-related commitments announced by economic operators, as well as to a request concerning alleged trade-related 
demands ( exigencias ) made by the Argentine Government to economic operators.
133 
6.48.  In its response to the request made by the Panel after the second substantive meeting to 
provide copies of specific agreements between the Argentine Government and the importers or 
economic operators identified by the Panel, Argentina stated it has no obligation to make the case 
for the complainants.134 It further added that, as affirmed by  the complainants, the copies of these 
agreements are not necessary for the settlement of the dispute.135 
6.49.  On 22 October 2013, the Panel proposed the adoption of special procedures to address the 
concerns that had been expressed by the compla inants about the reluctance of importers and 
economic operators to divulge the agreements th ey had signed or provide their identities. The 
procedures would enable the complainants to subm it the information requested by the Panel in the 
confidence that the identity of the company or economic entity involved would not be disclosed. 
These procedures would have allowed parties to  submit documents to an independent expert 
appointed by the Panel. This independent expert would have been asked to respond to a 
questionnaire prepared by the Panel after having consulted the parties on its contents. Neither the 
Panel nor any of the other parties would have had access to the documents submitted. The information about the content of the documents would have been provided through responses by the independent expert to Panel questions.
136 Neither the complainants nor the respondent 
supported the adoption of these special procedures , and three of the parties (the United States, 
Japan, and Argentina) objected to them.137 I n  v i e w  o f  t h i s  l a c k  o f  s u p p o r t  a n d  t h e  o b j e c t i o n s  
raised, on 6 November 2013 the Panel informed the parties it had decided not to adopt the 
proposed special procedures.138 
6.50.  After deciding not to adopt the proposed special procedures, the Panel reiterated its request 
for copies of the agreements signed between the Argentine Government and importers or 
economic operators, both in its communication of  6 November 2013, and in its list of questions 
after the second substantive meeting, dated 19 December 2013.139 
                                                                                                                                               
No. 19, para. 29; Japan's second written submission, para. 27; Japan's opening statement at the second 
meeting of the Panel, para. 27. 
131 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 63-92,  para. 20. See also Argentina's response to Panel 
question No. 16. 
132 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 16. 
133 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 17 and 18. 
134 Argentina's response to Pane l question No. 93, para. 22. 
135 Argentina's response to Pane l question No. 93, para. 23. 
136 Communication from the Panel, 22 October 2013. 
137 The European Union considered the proposed specia l procedures were unnecessary since in its view 
the Panel was already entitled to draw inferences from Argentina's refusal to cooperate. However, the 
European Union expressed that, if the Panel adopted th e proposed procedures, it would endeavour to provide 
the information requested and made specific suggestions to the Panel's proposed procedures. See European Union's letter of 30 October 2013 and European Union's second written submission, paras. 155-161. 
138 Communication from the Panel, 6 November 2013. 
139 See Panel question Nos. 63-93. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.51.  In its communications of 22 October 2013 and 6 November 2013, the Panel reminded the 
parties of the requirement under the DSU for their collaboration in submitting the information requested by the Panel; it also reminded the part ies of the Panel's authority to draw appropriate 
inferences from a Member's re fusal to provide information.
140 
6.52.  In EC – Hormones , the Appellate Body noted that Article 13 of the DSU enables panels to 
seek information and advice "as they deem appropriate in a particular case".141 In Argentina – 
Textiles and Apparel , the Appellate Body added that the same provision grants discretionary 
authority to panels enabling them to seek information from any relevant source.142 In US – 
Shrimp , the Appellate Body referred to the "comprehen sive nature" of a panel's authority to seek 
information and technical advice from "any individual or body" it may consider appropriate, to ascertain the acceptability and relevance of the information or advice received, and to decide what 
weight to ascribe to that  information or advice.
143 
6.53.  As noted by the Appellate Body in Canada – Aircraft : 
It is clear from the language of Article 13 that the discretionary authority of a panel 
may be exercised to request and obtain info rmation, not just "from any individual or 
body" within the jurisdiction of a Member of the WTO, but also from any Member , 
including a fortiori  a Member who is a party to a dispute before a panel.144 (emphasis 
original) 
6.54.  Regarding the responding party's role in the proceedings, the panel in Argentina – Textiles 
and Apparel  stated that: 
Another incidental rule to the burden of proof is the requirement for collaboration of 
the parties in the presentation of the fact s and evidence to the panel and especially 
the role of the respondent in that process. It is often said that the idea of peaceful settlement of disputes before international tribunals is largely based on the premise of 
co-operation of the litigating parties. In th is context the most important result of the 
rule of collaboration appears to be that the adversary is obligated to provide the tribunal with relevant documents which are in its sole possession. This obligation does 
not arise until the claimant has done its best to secure evidence and has actually 
produced some prima facie  evidence in support of its case.
145 
6.55.  Notwithstanding the last part of the statement of the panel in Argentina – Textiles and 
Apparel , the Appellate Body has clarified that: 
"[The] discretionary authority [of a panel] to seek and obtain information is not made 
conditional by this, or any other provision, of the DSU upon the other party to the dispute having previously established, on a prima facie  basis, such other party's claim 
or defence. Indeed, Article 13.1 imposes no conditions  on the exercise of this 
discretionary authority.
146 
                                               
140 Communications from the Panel dated 22 October and 6 November 2013. 
141 Appellate Body Report, EC – Hormones , para. 147. See also, Appellate Body Reports, Argentina – 
Textiles and Apparel , para. 84; and Canada – Aircraft , para. 184. 
142 Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Textil es and Apparel , para. 84. See also, A ppellate Body Report, 
Canada – Aircraft , para. 184. 
143 Appellate Body Report, US – Shrimp , para. 104. See also, Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , 
para. 184. 
144 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 185. 
145 Panel Report, Argentina – Textil es and Apparel , para. 6.40. 
146 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 185. (emphasis original) WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.1.3.2.3  General comments on the evidence provided by the parties 
6.1.3.2.3.1  Agreements, letters and other information requested by the Panel 6.56.  As noted above
147, the Panel made repeated attempts to obtain copies of specific 
agreements between the Argentine Government and importers or economic operators and of 
letters addressed by the importers or economic  operators to the Argentine Government, which 
allegedly described specific trade-related commitments. Access to these documents would have facilitated the Panel's task of verifying the exis tence, nature and characteristics of the alleged 
trade-related requirements imposed by the Argentine Government. 
6.57.  The Panel requested all parties for copies of those agreements and letters. The Panel also 
asked Argentina for information concerning trade-related commitments announced by Argentine officials and reflected on the web page of Government agencies, as well as alleged trade-related 
demands ( exigencias ) made by the Argentine Government to economic operators. Notwithstanding 
these requests, the parties provided the Panel with  copies of only a few letters addressed to the 
Argentine Government by economic operators.
148 The complainants also provided a certification by 
a notary public attesting to having been shown four agreements signed between Argentine 
government officials and private entities, as well as four documents signed by representatives of 
private companies established in Argentina and addressed to the Argentine Secretary of Domestic 
Trade. This certification also describes the content of various trade-related commitments contained 
in these documents.149 
6.58.  The Panel is of the view that it was in cumbent upon Argentina to provide copies of the 
agreements signed between the Argentine Govern ment and importers or economic operators and 
of letters addressed by importers or economic operators to the Argentine Government, pursuant to 
the duty of collaboration stipulated in Article 13 of the DSU and confirmed by the Appellate Body 
on a number of occasions. As a party to these ag reements and as the recipient of the letters, the 
Panel is of the view that Argentina was in the best position to do so.150 
6.59.  Argentina's responses to the Panel that the evidence submitted by the complainants is 
insufficient to establish their case, or that Argentina is under no obligation to make the case for 
the complainants, are misplaced. There is nothing in the DSU that supports the proposition that, 
faced with a panel's request for specific information, a Member can decide whether that information is relevant for the settlement of a dispute or whether the other party has already made a prima facie  case that would justify the panel's request. As noted above
151, Members are 
under a duty and an obligation "to respond prompt ly and fully" to requests made by panels for 
information under Article 13.1 of the DSU.152 Otherwise, Article 13.1 of the DSU would be rendered 
meaningless and any party to a dispute "could, at will, thwart the panel's fact-finding powers and 
take control itself of the information-gathering pr ocess that Articles 12 and 13 of the DSU place in 
the hands of the panel". Such a situation would "prevent a panel from carrying out its task of finding the facts constituting the dispute before it and, inevitably, from going forward with the 
legal characterization of those facts".
153 
6.60.  The complainants also failed to provide co pies of agreements signed between the Argentine 
Government and importers or economic operators or  copies of letters addressed by importers or 
economic operators to the Argentine Government, which had been requested by the Panel. The 
c o m p l a i n a n t s  g a v e  d i f f e r e n t  r e s p o n s e s  a s  t o  w h e t h e r  t h e y  w e r e  i n  p o s s e s s i o n  o r  n o t  o f  t h e s e  
documents. As noted above154, the European Union stated it is in possession of various of the 
                                               
147 See paras. 6.44-6.51 above. 
148 See, Letter from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-304); 
E-mail communication from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 11 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-305); Letter from the Argentine meat and pork industry to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-441/EU-127). 
149 Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, Notarial certification, 13 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-328/ EU-14). 
150 Panel Report, Argentina – Textil es and Apparel , para. 6.40. 
151 See para. 6.33 above. 
152 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 187. 
153 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Aircraft , para. 188. See also, Appellate Body Report, US – Shrimp , 
para. 106. 
154 See para. 6.45 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  requested agreements155; the United States declared it is not in possession of any agreements or 
documents of the type requested, beyond what it already provided to the Panel156; and Japan 
indicated that the evidence requested is in Argentina's "sole possession"157 and that, "in most 
instances, Argentina is the only party to this dispute with direct access to the documents".158 All 
complainants declared that they had not been auth orized by the importers or economic operators, 
who are signatories to these agreements and letters , to provide copies of these documents to the 
Panel or to divulge their identities, this for fear of possible retaliatory actions from the Argentine 
Government.159 
6.61.  The Panel must assume that WTO Members engage in dispute settlement in good faith, as 
required under Article 3.10 of the DSU. Therefore,  in the circumstances of this case, the Panel 
must assume that the complainants' explanation has been provided in good faith and that they are 
genuinely prevented from providing the informat ion requested by the refusal of the private 
companies that are signatories to the agreements and letters to let them do so.160 Whether or not 
the concerns expressed by the private companies in withholding this authorization are valid is a 
separate issue, one on which the Panel does not need to rule. 
6.62.  In its questions to the complainants, th e Panel asked them to indicate the type of 
procedural rules that could be adopted by the Panel to protect information in a manner that would 
enable the submission of such information.161 The complainants responded that the type of rules 
for the protection of confidential information adop ted by previous panels would be inadequate to 
address the concerns expressed by the private companies.162 The United States and Japan also 
objected to the special procedures proposed by  the Panel on 22 October 2013, described above, 
including on the basis of considerations related to procedural fairness [due process].163 
6.63.  The complainants have failed to provide co pies of the agreements and letters requested by 
the Panel. However, in contrast to Argentina, the complainants: (a) submitted information to prove 
the existence and content of those agreements an d letters; (b) are not party to these agreements 
or letters, and can therefore not be presumed to have direct access to these documents; and, (c) put forward a plausible motive for their failure to provide the requested copies, i.e. that they 
lacked authorization from the companies to release these documents. 
6.64.  Due to the lack of cooperation or the inab ility to provide documentation on the part of the 
parties, the Panel has limited direct evidence of the agreements signed between the Argentine 
Government and importers or economic operators and of the letters addressed by importers or 
economic operators to the Argentine Government, that allegedly contain certain trade-related 
commitments. The Panel notes, as indicated above, that Argentina "has not denied or called into question" the existence of these agreements.
164 In any event, the Panel has established the 
features of the trade-related requirements imposed by the Argentine Government from evidence, 
such as copies of domestic laws, regulations and policy documents; communications addressed to Argentine officials by private companies; statemen ts by Argentine officials and notes posted on 
                                               
155 European Union's response to Panel question No. 19, para. 39. 
156 United States' second written submission, Annex 1, para. 19. 
157 Japan's second written submission, para. 5. 
158 Japan's response to Panel question No. 19, para. 31. 
159 European Union's response to Panel question No . 19, para. 39; European Union's second written 
submission, para. 159; United States' second written submission, Annex 1, paras. 17-19; Japan's response to Panel question No. 19, para. 29; Japan's second writ ten submission, para. 27. See also Japan's opening 
statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 27. 
160 Indeed, a notarized statement by a company official on record indicates that it is being submitted to 
the United States Trade Representative (USTR) "with the express understanding that USTR will maintain the 
confidentiality of our company's identity as well as the identity of the affiant and any other details of our business activities that could identify our company or any individual." Sworn affidavit from officer of 
Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). See also Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, Notarial certification, 13 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-328/EU-14). 
161 See Panel question No. 19. 
162 European Union's response to Panel question No . 19, para. 41; European Union's second written 
submission, para. 159; United States' second written submission, Annex 1, paras. 16-19. 
163 See paras. 1.29 and 6.49 above. See also United States' communication to the Panel, 
30 October 2013; Japan's communication to the Panel, 30 October 2013; Japan's second written submission, para. 35. 
164 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 63-92, para. 20. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  websites of the Argentine Government; articles in newspapers and magazines; statements by 
company officials; data from industry surveys; and reports prepared by market intelligence entities. 
6.65.  There are some additional points to be made with respect to evidentiary matters. Argentina 
has questioned some of the documentary evidence  provided by the complainants (articles from 
newspapers and magazines; statements by Argentine officials; statements by company officials; data from industry surveys; and reports prepared by market intelligence entities). The Panel will 
discuss below Argentina's objections. 
6.1.3.2.3.2  Articles from  newspapers and magazines 
6.66.  Argentina has objected to the probative value in these proceedings of articles provided by 
the complainants from newspapers and magazines. Argentina indicated that the printed media 
referred to by the complainants "are connected directly or indirectly" with two media companies 
that "are engaged in an open conflict with the Argentine Government and in an attempt to discredit it".
165 
6.67.  In its questions posed after the first meeting with the parties, the Panel asked Argentina 
whether its objections extended to press releases and articles provided by the complainants from 28 media outlets different from the two newspaper groups initially objected to by Argentina.
166 In 
its response, Argentina indicated that: (a) none of the evidence presented by the complainants is 
relevant to the Panel's task; (b) journalistic material, regardless of its source, cannot be "considered to have any probative value", because it can only be treated "as opinion pieces tainted with the ideology of those who wrote them and collected from third sources"; (c) "in Argentina 
there are few print media that are not integrated in to the structure … or editorially aligned" with 
the two media companies identified by Argentina; and, (d) numerous press articles provided by 
the complainants refer to information originally published by the two companies identified by 
Argentina.
167 Argentina did not provide specific comments in respect of the 28 specific media 
outlets identified in the Panel's question, nor did it clarify whether and how any of these 28 specific media outlets is in its view "integrated into the structure" or "editorially aligned" with the two 
newspaper groups objected to by Argentina.
168 
6.68.  In its questions posed after the second meeting with the parties, the Panel again asked 
Argentina to clarify whether the objections it had expressed extended to any of the 28 media outlets that were the source of exhibits provid ed by the complainants, different from the two 
media groups that had been identified by Argentina.
169 In its response, Argentina reiterated its 
view that "[m]edia articles can … only be treated as journalistic opinion pieces … because they conform to an editorial line and the interests and ideology of the author and, in many cases, are 
derived from third sources". Argentina added that  at least eight media outlet sources of the 
articles provided by the complainants (out of th e 28 identified in the Panel's questions) simply 
compile information produced by sources such as the two companies to which it had objected. 
Finally, Argentina asserted that one of the two media groups it had objected to exerts "a decisive 
influence on the information published by [other] media" in Argentina.
170 
                                               
165 Argentina's first written submission, para. 8. S ee also, Argentina's opening statement at the first 
meeting of the Panel, paras. 5-6. 
166 See Panel question No. 42. 
167 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 42. S ee also, Argentina's opening statement at the first 
meeting of the Panel, para. 5. 
168 In its response to Panel question  No. 42, Argentina refers to three media companies that seem to be 
part of the 28 media outlets identified in the Panel ques tion (i.e., Los Andes and TN).  Argentina argues in its 
response that these media companies are part of a mono poly controlled by Grupo Clarín, one of the two media 
companies objected to by Argentina. However, Argentina provided no furt her explanation in this regard. As 
noted in paragraph 6.68 below, in its question No. 99, the Panel asked Argentina to clarify its views with respect to the 28 media outlets, but Argentina di d not provide any further specific information. 
169 See Panel question No. 99. 
170 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 99. See also Argentina's first written submission, para. 9; 
Office of the President, Mi nistry of Economy and Public  Finance, Secretariat of Do mestic Trade, "Report on 
Papel Prensa", August 2010 (Exhibit AR G-30); Public Hearing of the Argentine Congress on a Bill on Newsprint, 
16 September 2010 (Exhibit ARG-E4); Secretariat of Domestic Trade, Papel Prensa  is charged with alleged 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.69.  Previous panels have taken into account information contained in articles published in 
newspapers or magazines.171 In some cases, however, the probative value of the information 
contained in press articles has been rejected; for example, because the information was "too little and too random"
172, it consisted of a "single, anecdotal newspaper article"173, or it was limited to 
foreign press or originated from non-authoritative sources of information on the country at 
issue.174 
6.70.  Newspapers or magazine articles may sometimes be a reflection of personal opinions by 
their authors. However, they can be useful source s of information, particularly when dealing with 
unwritten measures and when corroborating facts asserted through other forms of evidence.175 
Indeed, notwithstanding Argentina's blanket rejectio n of the appropriateness of newspaper articles 
as evidence, Argentina has itself provided newspaper articles, including at least one article from 
one of the two newspaper groups it had previously objected to, as evidence of some of its own 
assertions.176 
6.71.  A panel must assess the credibility and persuasiveness of newspapers or magazine articles 
submitted as evidence177, taking into account that the articles may reflect personal opinions, and 
assess the information contained in those articles contrasting it with the other evidence on the record. Ultimately, the Panel's task of making an objective assessment of the facts of the case 
consists in a holistic consideration of all the available evidence that has probative value. 
Furthermore, if an article submitted as evidence  by one party is thought to contain incorrect 
information, nothing prevents another party from presenting evidence to rebut that information or to seek to demonstrate that it is incorrect. 
6.72.  Accordingly, in the absence of sound legal reasons to disregard specific exhibits, the Panel 
rejects Argentina's argument that journalistic material, regardless of its source, cannot be "considered to have any probative value". 
                                                                                                                                               
breach of Law 26,736, 19 February 2013 (Exhibit ARG-E7); and Newspaper articles, statements made by the 
Chief Executive Officer of Grupo Clarín (Exhibit ARG-E8). 
171 See, for example, Panel Reports, Brazil – Aircraft , para. 7.84; US – Countervailing Duty Investigation 
on DRAMS , para. 7.117; Australia – Automotive Leather II , para. 9.65 and fn 210; Turkey – Rice , fn 367. See 
also the description of the practice of international tribunals in this respect, in Panel Report, Australia – 
Automotive Leather II , fn 210. 
172 Panel Report, China – Intellectual Property Rights , para. 7.617. 
173 Ibid. para. 7.658. 
174 Ibid. paras. 7.628-7.629. 
175 In one case, for example, the International Cour t of Justice (ICJ) accorded probative value to 
information contained inter alia  in newspaper, radio and te levision reports considerin g that the information "is 
wholly consistent and concordant as to the main facts and circumstances of the case". The ICJ also took into 
account that the facts had not been denied or called  into question by the ot her party. ICJ, Judgment, 
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran  (United States v. Iran) (1980), para. 13. In another 
case, the ICJ indicated it had "been careful to treat [repor ts in press articles] with great caution; even if they 
seem to meet high standards of objectivity, the Court regards them not as evidence  capable of proving facts, 
but as material which can nevertheless contribute, in so me circumstances, to corrobo rating the existence of a 
fact, i.e., as illustrative material additional to other so urces of evidence". ICJ, Meri ts, Military and Paramilitary 
Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) (1986), para. 62. 
176 See La Nación , Interview, "Two years to convince Converse to produce in Argentina"), 
31 December 2011 (Exhibit ARG-55). See also Radio Nacional , Interview to AGCO Argentina President), 
2 October 2013 (Exhibit ARG-54); Apertura.com , Interview to Fiat & Chrysler CEO: "Europe is not the most 
attractive place to invest", 5 August 2013 (Exhibit ARG-56); Movilsur , Interview to Mirko Aksentijevic, Nokia 
Argentina CEO, 5 July 2011 (Exhibit ARG-58); Wall Street Journal , Peugeot Citroen CEO Reaffirms 2013 Cash 
Flow Guidance, 10 September 2013 (Exhibit ARG-60); Cronista.com , Toyota CEO: "If we cannot operate where 
there is inflation, we cannot be global", 22  September 2013 (Exhibit ARG-62); Argentina Autoblog , Mercedes-
Benz will produce new Vito  in Argentina), 5 October 2012 (Exhibit ARG-63); and Newspaper articles, 
statements made by the Chief Executiv e Officer of Grupo Clarín (Exhibit ARG-E8). Note, however, that, when 
providing some of these exhibits Argent ina reaffirmed its view that "no kind  of journalistic material, regardless 
of its source, can be considered to have any probat ive value". See Argentina's second written submission, 
para. 35. 
177 Panel Reports, Australia – Automotive Leather II , fn 210 to para. 9.65; and China – Intellectual 
Property Rights , para. 7.629. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.1.3.2.3.3  Statements by Argentine officials 
6.73.  The complainants referred in their submissions to numerous statements by high-ranking 
Argentine officials, including the President, the Minister of Economy and Public Finance, the Minister of Industry, the Minister of Agricult ure, the Secretary of Domestic Trade, and the 
President of the Central Bank of Argentina.
178 
6.74.  Argentina has objected to the probative value of these statements. With respect to the 
quoted statements from Argentina's President, Argentina indicated that: 
[I]t cannot be assumed or asserted that declarations made by a president with 
respect to policy objectives will necessarily be translated into a specific measure, and even if they were, there is no reason to expect that that measure would be implemented in such a way as to violate the national and multilateral legal system.
179 
6.75.  More generally, with respect to statements made by various high-ranking officials, Argentina 
indicated that: 
[I]t cannot be maintained that, simply by having been made, these statements will 
result in the adoption of measures inconsistent with the multilateral commitments 
undertaken by the Argentine Republic.180 
6.76.  Argentina also noted that: 
Political statements about general guidelines of economic policy made by various 
Argentine officials are not essentially different from those normally made by most of the leaders and officials of other countries.
181 
6.77.  Argentina added that "statements by the President of Argentina are binding under Argentine 
law only when made under the powers granted to her by Article 99 of the National Constitution 
and not when made in addresses or speeches. The same applies to the officials whom the complainants seek to include in their arguments as all being authorities forming part of the 
Executive Power."
182 
6.78.  In the Panel's view, caution is warran ted when assessing the probative value of any 
statement, including those made by public officials. Having said that, previous panels have 
considered that public statements of government officials, even when reported in the press, may 
serve as evidence to assess the facts in dispute.183 
                                               
178 See, for example, European Union's first written submission, paras. 3-4, 70, 78, 86, 94-95, 97, 99, 
103-104, 107, 121-122, 133-134, 138-140, 166, 169, 179, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 200, 202-204, 207-218, 220-223, 225-227, 229, 234, 391, 404, 413, 425, 438, 450-451, and 464; United States' first written submission, paras. 10-12, 39, 41, 52, 54-55, 58, 62, 66, 68, 70, 72-73, 82-83, 87, 90, 92-93, 95-97, 99, 107, 
and 129; Japan's first written submission, para. 4, 35-36, 42-43, 47-48, 56-57, 64-71, 74, 77, 82-86, 91, 
93-95, 98, 105, 146, and 151. 
179 Argentina's second written submission, para. 41. 
180 Argentina's second written submission, para. 43. 
181 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 8. See also, Argentina's second written submission, 
paras. 37-39 and 41-45. 
182 Argentina's second written submission, para. 44. 
183 See, for example, Panel Reports, Australia – Automotive Leather II , fn 210 to para. 9.65; EC – 
Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products , para. 7.532; Mexico – Taxes on Soft Drinks , paras. 8.76-8.77; 
Turkey – Rice , paras. 7.78-7.79 and fn 367. Other international courts, such as the ICJ, for example, also 
accord value to public statements by  government officials. The ICJ has said that "statements of this kind, 
emanating from high-ranking official political figures, so metimes indeed of the highest rank, are of particular 
probative value when they acknowledge facts or conduct unfavourable to the State represented by the person 
who made them. They may then be cons trued as a form of admission. Howe ver, it is natural also that the 
Court should treat such statements with caution… The Court must take account of the manner in which the 
statements were made public; evidently, it cannot treat them as having the same va lue irrespective of whether 
the text is to be found in an official national or inte rnational publication, or in a book or newspaper." ICJ, 
Merits, Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Agai nst Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 
(1986), paras. 64-65. See also, ICJ, Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway) (1951), pp. 23-24. In its 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.79.  Consistent public statements made on the record by a public official cannot be devoid of 
importance, especially when they relate to a topic in which that official has the authority to design or implement policies. That is the case for the Arge ntine officials that have been cited, such as the 
President, the Minister of Economy and Public Fina nce, the Minister of Industry, the Minister of 
Agriculture, the Secretary of Domestic Trade, and the President of the Central Bank of Argentina. 
It is appropriate for the Panel to assume that these officials have authority to make statements in the matters that relate to their respective comp etences. In many cases, the statements were 
prepared speeches delivered at formal events or we re contained in notes issued by the press office 
of agencies of the Argentine Government; these cannot be dismissed as casual statements.
184 
While the Panel notes Argentina's assertion that statements made by public officials, and even by the President of Argentina, have limited legal value, "a panel must not lightly cast doubt on the 
good faith underlying governmental declarations and on the veracity of these declarations".
185 
Indeed, Argentina itself cited and relied upon statements made by its high-ranking officials, including some made by the Argentine President.
186 
6.80.  Moreover, as has been noted by the International Court of Justice, statements made by 
public officials, "are of particular probative value when they acknowledge facts or conduct unfavourable to the State represented by the person who made them".
187 Additionally, account 
must be taken as to the manner in which the statements are made, including the medium in which 
they are made public188, but also whether the statements are unambiguous and, in the case of 
plural statements, whether they are consistent and repeated over time.189 
6.81.  Accordingly, the Panel will not disregard th e evidence of public statements made by high-
ranking officials. 
6.1.3.2.3.4  Statements from company officials 
6.82.  The complainants have submitted statements  made by the officials of companies operating 
in Argentina, as evidence of the existence of tr ade-related requirements imposed by the Argentine 
Government, as well as of the operation of the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI). Some of these statements have been witnessed by notaries public
190, while others are contained in 
                                                                                                                                               
judgment on Nuclear Tests , the ICJ accorded legal value to "a numbe r of consistent publ ic statements" made 
by certain French authorities (such as the President of th e French Republic and the Office of the President; the 
Minister for Foreign Affairs; the Mini ster of Defence; and, the French Em bassy in Wellington); some of these 
statements had been made in speeches, at press conferences, or in interviews on television. ICJ, Judgment, Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) (1974), paras. 33-44. In its judgment on Armed Activities, the ICJ 
considered the legal value of a statement made by Rw anda's Minister of Justice at the United Nations 
Commission on Human Rights. The IC J rejected Rwanda's argument that  the Minister could not, by her 
statement, bind the Rwandan State internationally. The ICJ noted in this regard that the statement had been made in the officer's capacity as Minister and on behalf  of her country, and that th e subject matter fell within 
the purview of the minister. The ICJ subsequently cons idered the circumstances and the terms in which the 
statement had been made (including whether the terms were clear and specific. The ICJ concluded that the statement could only be taken as a declaration of intent , very general in scope. ICJ,  Jurisdiction of the Court 
and Admissibility of the Application, Armed Activities on  the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the 
Congo v. Rwanda), (2006), paras. 45-55. In a judgment on a frontier dispute, the ICJ found that a single 
statement made by Mali's head of Stat e during an interview, in light of the factual circumstances in which it 
occurred, did not constitute a unilateral act with legal implications in the case. ICJ, Judgment, Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Mali) (1986), paras. 36-40. 
184 Panel Report, EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products , para. 7.532. 
185 Panel Report, EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products , para. 7.480. 
186 See, for example, Argentina's fi rst written submission, para. 45. 
187 International Court of Justice, Me rits, Military and Paramilitary Ac tivities In and Against Nicaragua 
(Nicaragua v. United States of America) (1986), para. 64. 
188 Ibid. para. 65. 
189 The panel in China – Intellectual Property Rights  rejected the probative value of certain information 
that was considered to be "too little and too random" to serve as evidence. It also rejected certain press 
articles that were printed in the fo reign press or in foreign-language media that was "not claimed to be 
authoritative sources of information" on China. As well as "a single, anecdotal news paper article". Panel Report, 
China – Intellectual Property Rights , paras. 7.617, 7.628-7.629 and 7.658. See also, International Court of 
Justice, Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway) (1951), p. 26. 
190 Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751); 
Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752); Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, Notarial certification, 13 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-328/EU-14). See also, European Union's first written 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  transcripts of earnings conference calls organi zed by public companies (earnings conference 
calls).191 
6.83.  One such exhibit is a certification by a nota ry public in the canton of Geneva (Switzerland) 
dated 13 June 2013. The notary attests to having been shown copies of eight documents from the 
years 2011 and 2012, which include four agreemen ts signed between representatives of private 
companies established in Argentina and Argentine public officials (such as the Minister of Industry, the Minister of Economy and Public Finance, an d the Secretary of Domestic Trade) and four 
documents signed by representatives of private companies established in Argentina and addressed 
to the Argentine Secretary of Domestic Trade. The notary describes the content of various trade-related commitments contained in these documents.
192 
6.84.  A second exhibit is a statement made by the Vice President of an unidentified private 
company, witnessed by a notary public in the State of Michigan (United States) dated 12 July 
2012. The notary certifies that the declarant (a) has personally appeared before her; (b) is known to be the person identified in the statement; an d, (c) has sworn that the facts described in the 
statement "are true to the best of his informat ion, knowledge and belief". The statement describes 
the "operational difficulties" experienced by th e declarant's company "as a result of informal 
restrictions on imports imposed by the Argentinean government".
193 
6.85.  The third exhibit is a statement made by "a duly authorized officer [the Chief Financial 
Officer] and member of the board of directors of a multinational consumer product company", witnessed by a notary public in the State of New Jersey (United States) dated 10 April 2013. The 
notary certifies that the declarant signed this statement before her and swore that the facts 
described therein were true. The statement describes difficulties faced by the company's affiliate in 
Argentina since 2012. The declarant ends his statement by noting that the Argentine affiliate company "has been advised by counsel that any di rect challenge to the requirements imposed as a 
result of [Resolution 3252/2012 of January 2012] could result in retaliation by the [Argentine] 
government". The declarant adds that "[a]ccordingly, we are submitting this affidavit to USTR [the Office of the United States Trade Representative] with the express understanding that USTR will 
maintain the confidentiality of our company's identity as well as the identity of the affiant and any 
other details of our business activities that could identify our company or any individual."
194 
6.86.  With respect to these notarized statements, Argentina initially declared it would "not 
address the evidence produced by the complainants  in alleged support of their assertions, because 
                                                                                                                                               
submission, para. 72; European Unio n's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 40; 
European Union's response to Panel question No. 19, paras. 39-40; European Union's second written 
submission, paras. 127, 140-141, 143 and 158; United St ates' first written submission, paras. 45, 130 and 
187, 190; United States' opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 56; United States' response to Panel question Nos. 9, 15, 19 and 22, paras. 14, 23, 25 and 28-30; United States' second written submission, para. 109 and Annex 1, paras. 8-9, 10-12 an d 62; United States' response to Panel question No. 
94, para. 25; Japan's response to Panel question No. 12, para. 26; Japan's second written submission, 
paras. 2, 37, and 120-126, and fn 6 to para. 3; Japan's response to Panel question Nos. 50 and 54, paras. 33-
34, 46 and 49. 
191 See Cencosud SA Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2012), 4 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-163); Lojack 
Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 1 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-172); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference 
Call (Q4 2011), 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-199); Pan American Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 8 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-222); Pan American Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q4 2011), 23 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-223); Goldcorp Earnings Co nference Call (Q1 2012), 26 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-227); 
Diageo PLC Brunchtime Call with the Presidents, 10 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-736); Valmont Industries Inc 
Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 18 July 2013 (Exhibit  JE-737); Scania AB Earnings Conference Call (Q2 
2013), 19 July 2013 (Exhibit JE-738); AGCO Earn ings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 31 July 2013 
(Exhibit JE-739); Essilor International SA Earnin gs and Sales Presentation (Q2 2013), 29 August 2013 
(Exhibit JE-740); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2011), 28 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-799); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q1 2012), 1 May 2012 (Exhib it JE-800); AGCO at RBC Capital Market Global 
Industrials Conference, 12 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-8 02); AGCO at Goldman Sachs Industrials Conference, 
14 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-803); AGCO Earn ings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 31 July 2013 
(Exhibit JE-804); and, Deere & Company at JPMorg an Diversified Industries Conference, 7 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-821). 
192 Brechbul & Rodriguez Notaires, Notarial certification, 13 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-328/EU-14). 
193 Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751). 
194 Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  even if that evidence were accepted in its entirety, and notwithstanding its inadequacies, it would 
not be sufficient to establish [the essential elements of the complainants' case]".195 
6.87.  More specifically, in the case of the notarial certification contained in one of the exhibits 
(exhibit EU-14/JE-328), Argentina argued that "the Panel should exercise caution when evaluating 
whether, and to what extent, assertions made by public notaries should be given any evidentiary 
weight in the absence of any ability by the Panel to corroborate those assertions".196 Argentina 
added that (a) the notary was only able to ex amine copies and not originals of the relevant 
documents; (b) the identity of the declarant is  unknown both to Argentina and to the notary; 
(c) the notary did not attest to the presence of an yone; (d) the date of the document registered by 
the notary is unclear; and, (e) the copies supplied to the notary had no legal effect in the country 
in which the notary registered them.197 
6.88.  In the case of the notarized affidavits from officials of private companies contained in 
exhibits provided by the complainants (exhibit s JE-306, JE-307, JE-751 and JE-752), Argentina 
argued that "the Panel should exercise caution when evaluating whether, and to what extent, 
assertions made by anonymous sources should be given any evidentiary weight in the absence of 
any ability by the Panel to corroborate the underlying assertions".198 Argentina added that the 
notaries have only attested to the fact that a pe rson made a statement, and not to the accuracy of 
the statements themselves, including the purp orted representativeness of the declarants. 
Therefore, in Argentina's view, the evidence  "is totally lacking in probative value".199 
6.89.  The complainants also submitted 17 transcrip ts of earnings conference calls from companies 
that operate in Argentina, which took place in the months of June 2011, July 2011, February 2012, 
April 2012, May 2012, September 2012, November 2012, June 2013, July 2013, and August 
2013.200 In these conference calls, public company officials discuss the company's financial 
performance and provide future performance estimates. The officials also take questions from 
participants.201 In the conference calls, company officials describe the impact of policies and 
measures instituted by the Argentine Government on the operation of their companies.202 
6.90.  With respect to the earnings conference ca lls, Argentina has not disputed the veracity of the 
facts described in the statements. Argentina has, however, argued that these transcripts do not 
                                               
195 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos.  13 and 14. See also, Argentina's first written 
submission, para. 358. 
196 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 13. 
197 Ibid. 
198 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 14. 
199 Ibid. 
200 See Cencosud SA Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2012), 4 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-163); Lojack 
Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 1 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-172); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference 
Call (Q4 2011), 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-199); Pan American Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 
8 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-222); Pan American Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q4 2011), 23 
February 2012 (Exhibit JE-223); Goldcorp Earnings Co nference Call (Q1 2012), 26 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-227); 
Diageo PLC Brunchtime Call with the Presidents, 10 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-736); Valmont Industries Inc 
Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 18 July 2013 (Exhib it JE-737); Scania AB Earnings Conference Call 
(Q2 2013), 19 July 2013 (Exhibit JE-738); AGCO Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 31 July 2013 (Exhibit JE-739); Essilor International SA Earnin gs and Sales Presentation (Q2 2013), 29 August 2013 
(Exhibit JE-740); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2011), 28 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-799); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q1 2012), 1 May 2012 (Exhib it JE-800); AGCO at RBC Capital Market Global 
Industrials Conference, 12 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-8 02); AGCO at Goldman Sachs Industrials Conference, 
14 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-803); AGCO Earn ings Conference Call (Q2 2013), 31 July 2013 
(Exhibit JE-804); and, Deere & Company at JPMorg an Diversified Industries Conference, 7 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-821). 
201 See "Definition of earnings conference call", in Financial Times Lexicon , available at 
http://lexicon.ft.com (consulted on 7 March 2014). 
202 See, for example, European Union's comments on Argentina's response to Panel question No. 100; 
United States' first written submission, paras. 83, 89, 92, 100, 113, and 129; United States' opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 5; United States' opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 57; United States' comments on Argentina's response to Panel question No. 100; Japan's first written submission, paras. 88 and 92; Japan's comments on Argentina's response to Panel question No. 100. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  assist the complainants in demonstrating that the alleged trade-restrictive measure exists, the 
precise content of this measure, as well as its general and prospective application.203 
6.91.  The Panel will exercise caution in considering the probative value of all of these documents 
with respect to the facts described therein.204 At the same time, the Panel finds no reason to 
completely disregard the notarized statements or the transcripts of earnings conference calls as 
evidence. Indeed, Argentina has not specifically challenged the veracity of the facts described in these documents, nor offered valid reasons for the Panel to disregard the statements. The Panel 
notes that previous panels have considered evidence submitted in the form of statements and 
affidavits.
205 
6.1.3.2.3.5  Industry surveys 6.92.  The complainants produced data from survey s to serve as evidence of the situation faced by 
private companies in Argentina with respect to the alleged trade-related requirements and the 
requirement for the DJAI.
206 
6.93.  First, they produced results from a survey on the DJAI, dated March 2012, commissioned by 
the American Chamber of Commerce in Argentina (AmCham), of "more than 100 companies 
members of AmCham Argentina", "most of which correspond to different manufacturing sectors".
207 Second, they produced results from a survey on the Advance Sworn Import 
Declaration, dated April 2012, commissioned by AmCham of "32 member companies of different 
sectors and sizes, all active in importing both inputs as well as finished products for final consumers".
208 Third, the complainants produced results from a survey of companies "of different 
sectors and sizes, all active in importing both inputs as well as finished products for final 
consumers", dated August 2012, also commissioned by AmCham.209 Fourth, they produced results 
from a survey, dated 24 December 2012, commissioned by the Government of Japan, of 10 Japanese companies (mostly manufacturing companies) operating in Argentina.
210 Fifth, they 
produced a report on a survey of more than 45 companies operating in Argentina in "a wide range 
                                               
203 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 100. 
204 The Panel agrees with Argentina's statement that "the Panel should exercise caution" in considering 
the probative value of the notarized statements and other statements from company officials. Indeed, neither the Panel nor the respondent had an opportunity to pose qu estions to the declarants or, in the case of some of 
the documents, to have information on the declarants' identity. At the same time, the Panel must assume that the complainants have provided these documents in good  faith. As noted by the Appellate Body, in dispute 
settlement, "every Member of the WT O must assume the good faith of ev ery other Member". Appellate Body 
Report, EC – Sardines , para. 278. Moreover, as noted above, despite its attempts to seek more information 
from the parties and even a proposal for special procedures , the Panel has been stymied in its efforts to obtain 
additional evidence related to the matters dealt with in the report. See paras. 6.44-6.51 above. 
205 For example, the panel in US – COOL  took into account affidavits su bmitted as exhibits, as evidence 
of certain facts. These findings we re appealed and not reversed by th e Appellate Body. See Panel Report, US – 
COOL , paras. 7.364-7.368; and Appellate Body Report, US – COOL , para. 310. 
206 European Union's first written submission, para s. 63 and 381; European Union's opening statement 
at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 40; European Union's response to Panel question No. 10, para. 32; 
European Union's second written submission, para. 127;  European Union's opening statement at the second 
meeting of the Panel, para. 81; United States' first written submission, paras. 9, 27, 44, 113, 119 and 209; United States' opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 56; United States' response to Panel question Nos. 12 and 22, paras. 22, 30, 35 and 37; Unit ed States' second written submission, para. 109, and 
Annex 1, para. 62; United States' opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 31-34 and 68; Japan's first written submission, paras. 2, 12, 18, 30, 39-40, 52-53, 58, 117, 151, 176, 182, and 186-188; Japan's response to Panel question Nos. 10, 12 and 19, paras. 20, 26 and 29; Japan's second written submission, paras. 2, 37 and 100; Japan's opening statem ent at the second meeting of the Panel, paras. 18, 
28, 50-52; Japan's closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 4. 
207 AmCham Argentina, Survey, "Advance Sworn Im port Declaration: Current status", March 2012 
(Exhibit JE-719/EU-405). 
208 AmCham Argentina, Survey, "Advance Sworn Import Declaration: Current status", April 2012 
(Exhibit JE-720/EU-406). 
209 AmCham Argentina Survey, "Current status of Foreign Trade", August 2012 (Exhibit JE-726/EU-412). 
210 Government of Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Su mmary of Survey Results (Rev), 
4 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-312-2). See also Japan' s first written submission , para. 52; and opening 
statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 52. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  of industry sectors" dated 4 March 2013, co mmissioned by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce 
(USCC).211 
6.94.  In its first written submission, the Euro pean Union asserted that the August 2012 AmCham 
survey "indicated that in order to convince the Secretariat for Domestic Trade to remove its 
objection (' Observation ') from the DJAI system, 44% of importing companies had presented to the 
government of Argentina commitments of 'compensation' ( compensaciones) ."212 In its responses 
to the Panel's questions after the first meetin g, the European Union added that the surveys 
constituted "evidence that, until the month of Au gust 2012, approximately 44% of the importing 
companies, whose imports had been blocked through the DJAI, had presented to the government of Argentina commitments on 'compensation'."
213 
6.95.  Japan initially stated that: 
An industry survey conducted by the Am erican Chamber of Commerce in Argentina 
("AmCham") also confirms that DJAIs are regularly not approved. … The survey responses indicated that only 42.8 percent of DJAIs transitioned to "exit" or 
"cancelled" status. Among the remainder were DJAIs that were observada  
("observed", 27 percent), anulada ("annulled", i.e., withdrawn, 1.5 percent), or in 
"another state" (22 percent). The survey ma kes clear that delays in the approval of 
DJAIs have affected the productivity levels of more than 20 percent of companies 
surveyed, and forced more than 10 percent to partially or completely shut down a 
production line.
214 
6.96.  In its statements at the second meeting of the Panel, Japan also asserted that the Japanese 
Government's survey "shows that the RTRR is actually imposed on nine out of ten companies".215 
6.97.  In other sections of its first written submission, Japan referred, not to proportions of total 
DJAI applications, but only to proportions of survey respondents: 
A survey of American companies conducte d in March 2012 found that out of over 100 
companies surveyed, roughly 40% of import licensing requests that they had submitted were not approved or were in "diverse pending states"; and a later survey 
found that for 30% of survey respondents,  more than 75% of their import license 
applications were left pending for more than 60 days. A Japanese Government survey performed in September 2012, moreover, finds that in numerous instances, no explanation for such delays was provided at all, while in two instances where an 
explanation was provided, the explanation was that DJAIs would not be approved 
unless the importer agreed to increase exports out of Argentina at the same time.
216 
6.98.  In response to questions posed by the Panel after the first substantive meeting, the 
United States and Japan provided information regarding the methodology used for the surveys 
provided with the complainants' first written submissions.217 According to the responses provided, 
the March 2013 USCC survey was sent to more than 3 million companies that are USCC members 
worldwide; some of these companies export to Ar gentina. Forty-five of those companies completed 
the survey. The proportion of Argentine imports that these companies represent is unknown, and 
so is the proportion that these companies represent of filed Advance Sworn Import Declarations.218 
The 24 December 2012 survey commissioned by the Government of Japan is based on the 
                                               
211 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Report on survey on Argentina's DJAI system, 4 March 2013 
(Exhibit JE-56). 
212 European Union's first wr itten submission, para. 63. 
213 European Union's response to Panel question No. 10, para. 32. 
214 Japan's first written submission, para. 30. (footnotes omitted) See also Japan's first written 
submission, paras. 40, 52, 117 and 182. 
215 Japan's closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 4. 
216 Japan's first written submission, para. 2. (foot notes omitted) See also, Japan's first written 
submission, paras. 18, 39, 53, 58, 117, 151 and 186. 
217 United States' response to Pane l question Nos. 31-32, paras. 46-55; Japan's response to Panel 
question No. 31, paras. 41-46. 
218 United States' response to Pa nel question No. 32, paras. 47-55. See also U.S. Chamber of 
Commerce, Questionnaire for Survey on Argentina's DJAI system, 3 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-750). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  responses voluntarily provided by ten Japanese companies that manufacture automobiles, auto 
parts, electronic products, appliances, and chem icals. Those companies represent approximately 
22% of total imports by Japanese companies into Argentina in the period covered by the survey, 
and account for 356 applications for Import Certificates ( Certificados de Importación , CIs, between 
February 2011 and July 2012) and 762 DJAI app lications (between February and July 2012). The 
proportion of filed DJAI and CI applications that these companies represent, however, is unknown.
219 
6.99.  In contrast, in its first written submission, the United States referred only to the proportions 
of the respondents to the surveys, and not to a proportion of all importing companies. In the 
United States' words: 
In March 2013, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce conducted a survey on the experience 
of U.S. companies in using the DJAI system. Nearly one in three respondents reported 
that it took over 60 days to receive a denial or approval of 75 percent or more of their DJAI applications. Another 20 percent of respondents waited 60 days or more for 
action on between 50-75 percent of their DJAI applications. One participating 
company states "[o]f all the countries we ship to, Argentina is the most complicated and time consuming[;] [i]t takes the longest to get the import license (sometimes 3 to 
4 weeks" and another stated "[i]t seems the Government simply wants to wait us out, 
hoping that we will stop trying to import product until we increase exports."
220 
6.100.  After the first substantive meeting, the Panel asked Argentina to comment on these 
surveys. In response, Argentina said it would provide its comments once the complainants had 
responded to the questions posed by the Panel.221 In its second written submission, Argentina 
argued that the surveys provided by the complain ants are "not genuine studies and, consequently, 
are fatally flawed as evidence".222 Argentina added that, given the sh ortcomings in the surveys, "it 
is impossible to determine whether they are representative and statistically significant as far as 
the firms' experience with the DJAI procedure is concerned".223 In Argentina's view, the surveys 
neither purport to show, nor provide any evidentiary support for the claim that the DJAI procedure 
has imposed a quantitative restriction on imports.224 
6.101.  In response to Argentina's comments, the complainants stated that the surveys "are not, 
and do not purport to be, scientific. Nor do they set out to demonstrate that all applications made 
through the DJAI system are delayed or denied, or that a certain percentage is delayed or 
denied."225 The United States describes the USCC survey as "an informal voluntary survey 
circulated by the U.S. Chamber to its members". The United States considers, nevertheless, that the information contained in the surveys "is probat ive of the general experience of U.S. companies 
exporting to Argentina and [of] Argentina's restrictive application of the DJAI Requirement and 
imposition of RTRRs."
226 In the United States' view, the surveys "demonstrate that Argentine 
officials do in fact withhold permission to import through the DJAI system either to extract RTRR 
commitments from importers or for other reasons."227 
6.102.  Likewise, Japan states that the Japanese Government survey illustrates the situation of "10 
specific Japanese companies' ability to import (as well as their experience of being subject to 
                                               
219 Japan's response to Panel question No. 31, para s. 41-46; and opening statement at the second 
meeting of the Panel, para. 52; Gove rnment of Japan, Ministry of Econ omy, Trade and Industry, Summary of 
Survey Results (Rev), 4 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-312-2); Government of Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Questionnaire for Survey, 4 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-754). See also Japan's first written submission, paras. 52 and 58. 
220 United States' first written submission, para. 27. (footnotes omitted) See also United States' first 
written submission, paras. 44, 119 and 209 (footnotes omi tted); United States' response to Panel question 
No. 22, paras. 30, 35 and 37. 
221 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 33. 
222 Argentina's second written submission, para. 154. 
223 Ibid. para. 157. 
224 Ibid. paras. 154-158. See also, Argentina's comments on the complainants' responses to Panel 
question No. 126. 
225 United States' response to Panel question No. 126, para. 30. 
226 United States' opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 33. 
227 United States' response to Panel question No. 126, para. 30. (emphasis original) WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  RTRR-related demands)". In Japan's view, "Argentina's criticism of the sample of companies 
covered by the survey does not contradict the fa ct that the DJAI Requirement actually restricts 
certain importations".228 
6.103.  In certain instances, industry surveys can be a useful source of information for a panel's 
analysis. In the present case, the Panel notes that the data from surveys submitted by the 
complainants "are not, and do not purport to be, scientific" and that they are not used to try to demonstrate that a certain percentage of firms in Argentina are affected by trade-related 
requirements or by delays or rejections of their Advance Sworn Import Declarations.
229 
Accordingly, they are not to be taken as proving that any particular percentage of companies in 
Argentina is affected by the DJAI requirement and the alleged RTRRs. The Panel considers that the data from surveys provided by the complainants have limited value in allowing it to reach general 
conclusions regarding the operation of the measures at issue. They may, however, serve as 
background information illustrating the impact of  the DJAI requirement and the alleged RTRRs on 
specific companies. 
6.1.3.2.3.6  Documents prepared by market intelligence entities 
6.104.  Amongst the information submitted by the complainants are documents prepared by 
market intelligence entities or by an export promotion office informing clients or affiliated 
members of the information and requirements imposed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade (SCI) 
whenever this agency enters observations on DJ AIs. The authors of these documents include five 
chambers of commerce
230, six consulting firms specialized in international trade231, three 
specialized magazines232, one regional industrial union233 and one export promotion office.234 
6.105.  Argentina requested the Panel not to accord any probative value to these documents since 
they concern "communications from business chambers and their opinions on and/or interpretation of trade policy".
235 
6.106.  As with the Panel's conclusion with respect to articles published in newspapers or 
magazines, the Panel sees no reason to reject a priori  documents prepared by market intelligence 
entities or export promotion offices for their cl i e n t s  o r  a f f i l i a t e d  m e m b e r s ,  a s  d e v o i d  o f  a n y  
evidentiary value. We agree with Argentina that caution must be exercised in seeking to rely 
without more on these documents to prove the ex istence of the unwritten measure. Nevertheless, 
the documents can be an important source of information, especially with respect to unwritten 
                                               
228 Japan's opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 50. 
229 United States' response to Panel question No. 126. 
230 Slides: Argentine Chamber of Commerce, Advance Sworn Import Declaration, DJAI  (Exhibit JE-50); 
Report: Argentine Chamber of Commer ce, Rules and Experiences on Current Foreign Trade Practices, October 
2013 (Exhibit JE-755); Newsletter: Argentine Chamber of the Plastic Industry, Procedure for Observed DJAIs, 
February 2012 (Exhibit JE-52); Information note: Córdoba Foreign Trade Chamber, DJAIs Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 1 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-55); Information note: Argentine-Chinese Chamber, 
Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-268); Information note: Argentine 
Chamber of Paper and Related Goods, What to do  in the case of an Observed DJAI, 9 May 2012 
(Exhibit JE-729/EU-415). 
231 Information note: GM Comex, Observed DJAI, Intervention by SCI, 22 February 2012 
(Exhibit JE-47); Newsletter: United Logistic Company, Observed DJAI (Exhibit JE-49); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 (Exhibit JE-48); Information note: SIQAT SRL, 
Instructions on the DJAI (Exh ibit JE-51); Information note: Clément Comercio Exterior , Procedure for Blocked 
DJAIs (Exhibit JE-54); Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , DJAI: Its Evolution, 13 December 2012 
(Exhibit EU 418+); Information note: Oklander y Asociados , Observed DJAIs. Procedure to unblock them 
(Exhibit JE-730/EU-416). 
232 News items: Juguetes y Negocios , How to Release Import Declarations, 6 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-2); 
Porcinos , The Argentine Association of Pork Producers and othe r entities within the pork value chain sealed an 
agreement to allow importation, June 2012 (Exhibit JE-488/EU-174); Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , 
What you should know about the new rules, 1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-269). 
233 Information note: Unión Industrial del Oeste , Advance Sworn Import Declarations, 21 March 2012 
(Exhibit JE-46). 
234 Market study: Commercial Representation of Pr oChile in Mendoza, Vitiviniculture Suppliers in 
Argentina, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-298). 
235 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 123. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  aspects of a measure.236 Moreover, in the circumstances of this case, the documents submitted by 
the complainants may have more relevance and weight than an article published in a newspaper or in a magazine, because they have been prepared by professional entities on a narrow subject of 
trade policy for a specialized audience (normally, su bscribers of a service). In any event, if any of 
these documents submitted as evidence is believed to contain incorrect information, nothing would 
have prevented any of the parties from submitting  evidence presenting a contrasting view. None 
did so. 
6.1.3.2.3.7  Trade statistics  and other economic data 
6.107.  Finally, Argentina submitted uncontested trade statistics, as well as information regarding 
the economic performance of the country in recent years. 
6.108.  According to the information provided by Argentina, between 2004 and 2008 foreign direct 
investment (FDI) in Argentina increased at an average annual rate of around 24%, while domestic 
investment grew by 21%. In 2008, FDI inflows in Argentina amounted to USD 9.7 billion. FDI 
inflows into Argentina fell in 2009 by around 59%, recovering in 2010 and 2011, at an average 
annual rate of 66%. In 2011, FDI capital inflows totalled USD 10.7 billion (equivalent to around 
2.4% of Argentina's gross domestic product).
237 
6.109.  The stock of FDI in Argentina has increased since 2004 by some USD 39.14 billion, an 
average annual growth rate of 9%. Over the period 2004-2011, the stock of FDI in Argentina 
increased by 126.8%, as compared with the period 1992-1999. By 31 December 2011, the stock of FDI in Argentina reached a record high of USD 96.09 billion.
238 
6.110.  Between 2009 and 2012 Argentina's imports grew 77% in value (from USD 38.7 billion in 
2009 to USD 68.5 billion in 2012), while its exports grew 45% (from USD 55.6 billion in 2009 to 
USD 80.9 billion in 2012). This led to a 395% overall growth in the value of Argentina's imports between 2003 and 2012 and a 170% growth in the value of its exports.
239 
6.111.  Between 2001 and 2011, Argentina mainta ined an uninterrupted trade surplus with the 
European Union. The record annual trade surplus in the period was USD 4.13 billion in the year 2008. In 2012, however, Argentina's balance of trad e with the European Union showed a deficit of 
USD 0.39 billion. The trend continued into the first half of 2013, when Argentine exports to the 
European Union fell by 20% in value and its impo rts grew by 8%. While European Union exports to 
the world grew 94% in value between 200 3 and 2012, and 26% between 2009 and 2012, its 
exports to Argentina grew by 218.5% betw een 2003 and 2012, and 92% between 2009 and 
2012.
240 
6.112.  In 2012 Argentina had a record trade deficit with the United States of USD 4.3 billion.241 
Energy comprises a significant share of Argentine imports from the United States; energy products 
were between 5% to 45% of the total monthly va lue of United States exports to Argentina in 
2012.242 While United States' exports to the world grew by 113.7% in value between 2003 and 
                                               
236 As noted above, despite its attempts to seek mo re information from the parties and even a proposal 
for special procedures, the Panel has been stymied in its efforts to obtain additional evidence related to the 
matters dealt with in the report. See paras. 6.44-6.51 above. 
237 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 14-17. 
238 Ibid. paras. 18-19. 
239 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 51-52 and 66; and opening statement at the first 
meeting of the Panel, para. 15. See also National Instit ute for Statistics and Census, Argentina's monthly trade 
data (Exhibit ARG-41). 
240 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 69- 72, 76-79; National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's imports, exports and balance, by  region and main countries 2007-2011 (Exhibit ARG-38); 
Journal: INDEC Informa , Year 18, No. 7, July 2013 (Exhibit ARG-40); and National Institute for Statistics and 
Census, Argentina's trade exchanges, Provisional 2012 data and projections for 2013 – 1st semester (Exhibit ARG-42). See also European Union's response to Panel question No. 6; Argentina's opening statement at the 
first meeting of the Panel, para. 21. 
241 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 92; op ening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, 
para. 24. See also Journal: INDEC Informa , Year 18, No. 7, July 2013 (Exhibit ARG-40). 
242 United States' response to Pane l question No. 6. See also Monthl y data on Argentina's imports from 
US and US's exports to Argentina, 2010-2013 (Exhibit US-2); Data on Argentina's imports of motor vehicles from the US, 2008-2012 (Exhibit US-3). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  2012, and 46.5% between 2009 and 2012, its expo rts to Argentina grew by 324.4% between 
2003 and 2012, and 85.9% between 2009 and 2012.243 
6.113.  In 2012 Argentina had an annual deficit of USD 285 million in its trade with Japan. While 
Japanese exports to the world grew by 17% in  value between 2003 and 2012, and 18% between 
2009 and 2012, its exports to Argentina grew  by 195% between 2003 and 2012, and 60% 
between 2009 and 2012.244 
6.114.  The Panel will consider this uncontested information on Argentina's trade and economic 
performance, where relevant and together with other evidence, in its findings.245 
6.1.3.2.3.8  Conclusion with resp ect to the treatment of evidence 
6.115.  As indicated above246, to determine whether the complainants have successfully 
established a prima facie  case and, if so, whether Argentina has successfully rebutted such a case, 
the Panel has examined all the sources of evidence  provided by the parties on their own specific 
merits. In examining the evidence, the Panel has considered its appropriate relevance, credibility, weight and probative value. The Panel has exercise d caution in its assessment of the facts of the 
case, especially because of the unwritten nature of the alleged RTRRs. 
6.116.  The Panel has also taken into account that Argentina has not disputed the basic facts 
concerning the existence and operation of the alleged RTRRs. With respect to the RTRRs, 
Argentina has only stated in generic terms that the complainants have presented a false 
description of Argentina's trade policy and business environment
247 and made three assertions. 
First, that the complainants have not produced ev idence of the existence of a single "overarching" 
measure that has general and prospective application.248 Second, that the complainants have at 
most proven the existence of a series of indivi dual one-off and isolated actions that concern a 
limited number of individual economic operators in a limited number of sectors, whose content varies considerably and lacks anything resembling general and specific application.
249 Third, that 
the description of the facts made by the complainants is unsupported by Argentina's trade data 
and by the experience of companies in Argentina.250 Argentina has failed to produce evidence to 
dispute the facts asserted by the complainants; it has only submitted economic data in support of 
its statement that its economy is highly dependent on imports and that in past years there has 
been a direct correlation between economic growth in Argentina and an increase in imports.251 
6.117.  In the course of the proceedings, the Panel asked the parties for copies of specific 
agreements between the Argentine Government and importers or economic operators, which 
allegedly described trade-related commitments imposed by the government. The Panel also asked 
the complainants to produce copies of letters addr essed by the importers or economic operators to 
the Argentine Government, which allegedly describe those commitments. Despite repeated 
requests from the Panel, the parties failed to provide the requested information. The Panel also 
proposed the adoption of special procedures to address the concerns expressed by the complainants and to facilitate the submission of the information. None of the parties supported the 
                                               
243 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 96-98.  See also Argentina's opening statement at the 
first meeting of the Panel, paras. 24-25. 
244 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 84-86; and opening statement at the first meeting of the 
Panel, paras. 22-23; Journal: INDEC Informa , Year 18, No. 7, July 2013 (Exhibit ARG-40). See also, Japan's 
response to Panel question No. 6. 
245 See para. 6.43 above. 
246 See para. 6.43 above. 
247 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 3-6. 
248 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 13, 14, 16, 17, and 18. 
249 Argentina's second written submission, para. 106; opening statement at the second meeting of the 
Panel, para. 25; and closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 5. 
250 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 6-40; opening statement at the second meeting of the 
Panel, para. 4. 
251 See, for example, National Institute for Statis tics and Census, Argentin a's monthly trade data 
(Exhibit ARG-41); Centro de Economía Internacional del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la 
República  Argentina, Determinantes del nivel de importaciones en la economía argentina en el período 
1993-2012  (National Directorate Centre for International Econ omy – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship of 
the Argentine Republic, Factors determining the level of imports in the Argentine economy in the period 1993-2012), November 2013, Exhibit ARG-65. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  adoption of these special procedures, and three of them (the United States, Japan, and Argentina) 
objected to the procedures.252 The Panel notes that Argentina is the only party that is a signatory 
to the agreements requested by the Panel and can be  therefore presumed to have direct access to 
these documents. Argentina did not deny the existe nce of the agreements and it did not provide a 
valid reason for its failure to submit the documents. 
6.118.  Despite the failure to provide the requ ested copies of agreements and letters, the 
complainants submitted a large number of exhibits with the objective of proving the existence and 
precise content of the alleged RTRRs. This evidence includes, inter alia , copies of domestic laws, 
regulations and policy documents; communications addressed to Argentine officials by private companies; statements by Argentine officials and notes posted on websites of the Argentine Government; articles in newspapers and magazines; statements by company officials; data from 
industry surveys; and reports prepared  by market intelligence entities. 
6.119.  The Panel has examined the information av ailable and has assessed all the evidence in a 
holistic manner in order to reach its conclusions. As a result, the Panel is persuaded on the basis of 
the totality of the evidence of the following general facts, as well as of the specific facts that are 
discussed in sections 6.2 and 6.3 below. First, high-ranking Argentine Government officials have announced in public statements and speeche s a policy of so-called "managed trade" ( comercio 
administrado ), with the objectives of substituting imports for domestically-produced goods and 
reducing or eliminating trade deficits. Second, since at least 2009 the Argentine Government has 
imposed a combination of TRRs
253 on prospective importers as a condition to import or to receive 
certain benefits. Third, these TRRs have been imposed on importers covering a broad range of 
sectors such as foodstuffs, automobiles, motorcycles, mining equipment, electronic and office 
products, agricultural machinery, medicines, publications, and clothing. Fourth, the TRRs are in some cases reflected in agreements signed between specific economic operators and the Argentine 
Government and in other cases contained in letters addressed by economic operators to the 
Argentine Government. Fifth, the Argentine Government has on occasion required compliance with TRRs as a condition for lifting observations entered into DJAI applications. Sixth, statements made 
by high-ranking Argentine Government officials, in cluding the President, the Minister of Industry 
and the Secretary of Trade, suggest that the TR Rs seek to implement the policy of so-called 
"managed trade" explained above. 
6.120.  Each of these conclusions will be descri bed and developed in the following section, with 
reference in each case to the supporting evidence considered by the Panel. 
6.2  The Trade-Related Requirements (TRRs) 6.2.1  Preliminary considerations 
6.2.1.1  Parties' descriptio n of the measure at issue 
6.121.  In their panel requests, the complainants identify a number of actions that they refer to as 
the "Restrictive Trade-Related Requirements" (RTR Rs). According to the complainants, Argentina 
requires economic operators to undertake certain specific actions as part of a policy seeking to 
eliminate trade balance deficits and substitute imports for domestically-produced goods.
254 The 
actions identified by the complainants are255: 
                                               
252 The European Union considered the proposed specia l procedures were unnecessary since in its view 
the Panel was already entitled to draw inferences from Argentina's refusal to cooperate. However, the 
European Union expressed that, if the Panel adopted th e proposed procedures, it would endeavour to provide 
the information requested and made specific suggestions to the Panel's proposed procedures. See European Union's letter of 30 October 2013 and European Union's second written submission, paras. 155-161. 
253 As noted before, for the purpose of  these Reports, the Panel will refer to the five actions identified by 
the complainants described above as the Trade-Related Requirements (TRRs). The single measure that the complainants are asserting will be referred to as the Trade-Related Requirements measure (the TRRs 
measure). References to the alleged "Restrictive Trade-Related Requirements" (RTRRs) have been kept in direct quotations from the parties' submissions. 
254 European Union's requ est for the establishment of a pane l, p. 3; Japan's request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 3; United States' request for the establishment of a panel, p. 4. 
255 Ibid. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  a. to export a certain value of goods from Argentina related to the value of imports; 
b. to limit the volume of imports and/or reduce their price; 
c. to refrain from repatriating funds from Argentina to another country; 
d. to make or increase investments in Argentina (including in production facilities); and/or, 
e. to incorporate local content into domestically produced goods. 
6.122.  In their first written submissions, the European Union and Japan indicated that the list of 
requirements that are part of the single measure is not exhaustive.256 
6.123.  The complainants allege that these requir ements are enforced by "withholding permission 
to import, inter alia , by withholding the issuance of DJAI or CI approvals".257 
6.124.  The European Union adds in its panel request that the specific requirements may be 
viewed as an "overarching measure" aiming at eliminating trade balance deficits and/or 
substituting imports by domestic products.258 
6.125.  The three complainants affirm that the measure at issue: (a) consists of a combination of 
one or more of the five identified trade-related requirements259; (b) is an unwritten measure "not 
stipulated in any published law or regulation"260; (c) is imposed on economic operators in 
Argentina as a condition to import or to obtain certain benefits261; (d) is enforced, inter alia , 
through the DJAI requirement262; and, (e) is imposed by the Argentine Government with the 
objective of eliminating trade deficits and increasing import substitution.263 The complainants also 
assert that, to meet these trade-related requirem ents, "economic operators normally either submit 
a statement or conclude an agreement with Argentina setting out the actions they will take."264 
6.126.  The European Union has emphasized that the content of the "overarching measure" at 
issue is different from that of the five indivi dual trade-related requirements. In the European 
Union's view: 
                                               
256 European Union's first written submission, fn 105 to para. 69; Japan's first written submission, 
para. 41. 
257 European Union's requ est for the establishment of a pane l, p. 3; Japan's request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; United States' request for the establishment of a panel, p. 4. 
258 European Union's re quest for the establishment of a panel, p.  4. In its panel request, the European 
Union also referred to 29 "separate measures" listed in  Annex III of the request. In its second preliminary 
ruling, the Panel decided that 23 measures described by the European Union in its first written submission as "specific instances of application" of the restrictiv e trade-related requirements , which according to the 
European Union, correspond to the 29 "separate measures " listed in Annex III of the European Union's panel 
request, do not constitute "measures at issue" in  this dispute. Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – 
Import Measures  (20 November 2013), paras. 4.34-4.38 and 5.1. 
259 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japa n's request for the establishment of a panel, p. 3. See also European 
Union's first written submission, para. 325; United States' second written submission, para. 111; Japan's first written submission, paras. 4 and 41; Japan's second written submission, paras. 112-113. 
260 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japan's requ est for the establishment of a panel, p. 4. 
261 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japa n's request for the establishment of a panel, pp. 3-4. See also European 
Union's first written submission, paras. 9 and 69; European Union's second written submission, para. 117; United States' first written submission, para. 49; United States' opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 58; Japan's first writte n submission, paras. 4, 41 and 43. 
262 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japa n's request for the establishment of a panel, p. 4. See also European 
Union's first written submission, para. 12; United States' first written submission, para. 128; Japan's first written submission, paras. 49-60. 
263 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japa n's request for the establishment of a panel, p. 3. See also European 
Union's second written submission, para. 117; Japan's first written submission, para. 41. 
264 European Union's requ est for the establishment of a pane l, p. 3; Japan's request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; United States' request for the establishment of a panel, p. 4. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  [T]he overarching measure implies the existence of a single unwritten measure 
whereby Argentina seeks to impose certain trade-restrictive actions on economic operators with a view to achieving two specific objectives, i.e., eliminating trade balance deficits and achieving the substitution of imported products by domestic 
products.
265 
6.127.  The United States refers to a measure that consists of: 
[T]he decision by high-level Argentine offici als to require commitments of importers to 
export a certain dollar value of goods; reduce the volume or value of imports; 
incorporate local content into products; make or increase investments in Argentina; and/or refrain from repatriating profits, as a prior condition for permission to import goods.
266 
6.128.  In turn, Japan considers that: 
[T]he RTRR is not merely five independent requirements. The RTRR is a 
comprehensive and general measure and consistent practice that restricts imports by 
imposing a practical threshold on importer s and limits competitive opportunities of 
imports vis-à-vis the situation in the absence of the RTRR."267 
6.129.  In its first written submision, Argentina requested a preliminary ruling as it considered 
that, by including in their panel requests claims  against the so-called trade-related requirements, 
the complainants had expanded the scope of the dispute because in its view this measure was not identified in their requests for consultations. Consequently, Argentina contended that this measure did not fall within the Panel's terms of reference.
268 In its first preliminary ruling, the Panel 
concluded that the "so-called 'Restrictive Trade Related Requirements' (RTRRs) were identified by 
the complainants as a measure at issue in their re quests for consultations" and, therefore, these 
requirements are within the Panel's terms of reference.269 The Panel also noted in that preliminary 
ruling that the characterization of the RTRRs as a single global measure (which the European 
Union has referred to as an "overarching measure") in the complainants' panel requests did not expand the scope or change the essence of the dispute as it was originally described in the 
requests for consultations.
270 
6.130.  Following the Panel's first preliminary ruling, in its second written submission, Argentina 
argues that the complainants have failed to make a prima facie  case of the existence of a single 
global measure. In Argentina's view, the complain ants' characterization of the measure is "broad, 
amorphous and ill-defined".271 Argentina contends that there is a high threshold to be met by the 
complainants in order to prove the existence of an unwritten measure such as the alleged RTRRs measure alleged by the complainants. More particularly, Argentina alleges that the complainants 
have failed to establish the precise content and the general and prospective application of the 
TRRs measure.
272 According to Argentina, the evidence provided by the complainants at most 
demonstrates "a series of unrelated 'one-off' actions whose content varies so widely that it is 
insufficient even to demonstrate the content of a se ries of distinct requirements, let alone a single 
'overarching' RTRR measure".273 
                                               
265 European Union's second written submission, para. 117. 
266 United States' second written submission, para. 5. See also ibid. para. 111 and United States' 
opening statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 62. In its first written submission, the United States referred to the RTRRs as "measures" (in plural) and stated that "the RTRRs can be viewed as 
distinct measures that cause trade restrictions". United States' first written submission, para. 126. See also United States' first written submission, paras. 127 and 168. 
267 Japan's second written submission, para. 113. 
268 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 113-114. 
269 Preliminary Ruling by the Panel, Argentina – Import Measures  (16 September 2013), para. 4.1(a). 
270 Ibid. para. 3.33. 
271 Argentina's second written submission, para. 49. 
272 Ibid. paras. 98-117. 
273 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 45. See also Argentina's 
second written submission, para. 106. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.131.  For the purpose of these Reports, the Panel will refer to the five actions identified by the 
complainants described above as the Trade-Relate d Requirements (TRRs). The single measure that 
the complainants are asserting will be referred to as the Trade-Related Requirements measure (the TRRs measure). References to the alleged "Restrictive Trade-Related Requirements" (RTRRs) 
have been kept in direct quotations from the parties' submissions. 
6.2.1.2  Description of the claims 6.132.  The complainants have presented claims in respect of the TRRs measure under 
Articles XI:1, X:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
6.133.  First, the complainants allege that the TRRs measure imposed by Argentina has a limiting 
effect on the economic operators' ability to im port and, therefore, constitutes a violation of 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.134.  Second, the complainants argue that the TRRs measure is inconsistent with Article X:1 of 
the GATT 1994 because Argentina has failed to pub lish promptly the measure, thereby preventing 
governments and traders from becoming acquainted with it. 
6.135.  The European Union and Japan further contend that the TRRs measure, in respect of the 
local content requirement, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994, because it requires economic operators to use domestic, instead of imported, products to achieve a specified level of 
local content. In their view, this requirement im proves the competitive position of domestically 
produced goods in the Argentine market vis-à-vis like imported products.
274 
6.136.  In addition, Japan requests separate findings concerning Articles XI:1, III:4 and X:1 of the 
GATT 1994 in respect of the TRRs measure "as such" and "as applied".275 Japan has clarified it 
seeks that the Panel issue three sets of findings: "(i) findings against the RTRR as an unwritten 
rule or norm as such; (ii) findings against the RTRR as an unwritten practice or policy, as confirmed by the systematic application of the measure ( i.e., the RTRR's application as a whole – 
i.e., the systematic application of the RTRR); and (iii) findings against individual applications of the 
RTRR ( i.e., the RTRR's application in each and every individual instance)".
276 
6.137.  For its part, Argentina argues that the co mplainants have failed to prove the existence of 
an unwritten "overarching" measure, with precise content and general and prospective application, 
that would support the complainants' claims against the TRRs measure. 
                                               
274 The United States has not developed this claim in its written submissions, although it included it in 
its panel request. In the European Union's and Japan' s panel requests, the claims against the TRRs measure 
under Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 refer to two requirements encompassed by the TRRs measure: the one-to-one requirement and the local content requirement. Eu ropean Union's request for establishment of a panel, 
p. 4; Japan's request for establishm ent of a panel, p. 4. In their re spective submissions, however, the 
European Union and Japan only raise claims under Articl e III:4 of the GATT 1994 in respect of the local content 
requirement as part of the TRRs measure. European Union's first written submission, paras. 360-369; Japan's 
first written submission, paras. 199-212. However, it is worth noting that Japan refers to the one-to-one 
requirement in its first written submission when it argues  that "Argentina improves the competitive position of 
domestically produced goods because (i) domestically produced goods can be purchased freely, and to the 
extent that a company purchases domest ically produced goods, it would not be subject to the RTRR at all; and 
(ii) only domestically produced goods can be used to satisfy the local content requirement, and thus augment 
the purchaser's importation rights". See Ja pan's first written submission, para. 199. 
275 Japan's second written submission, para. 7; see also  Japan's first written subm ission, footnote 357 to 
para. 186 (explaining that Japan's claims with respect to  the "RTRR" apply "equally to the general requirement 
… and to any and each of those requirements separa tely or in combination"). The European Union has 
expressly stated that, in its submissions, it "does not mean to refer to the 'as such/as applied' distinction". See European Union's response to Panel question No. 1, pa ra. 1. Argentina, however, considers that the three 
complainants are challenging the TRRs measure as such. See Argentina's second written submission, footnote 35 to para. 72. 
276 Japan's second written submission, para. 20. S ee also Japan's opening statement at the second 
meeting with the Panel, paras. 12, 20, 29 and 31; Japa n's response to Panel ques tion No. 44. In earlier 
submissions, Japan asked the Panel to make two types of findings: (a) findings against the TRRs measure as an unwritten rule or norm "as such"; and (b) findings ag ainst individual applications of the TRRs measure. See 
Japan's response to Panel question No. 2, para. 1. See also, Japan's first written submission, paras. 185, 198 
and 218. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.1.3  Order of analysis 
6.2.1.3.1  The existence of a single measure 6.138.  The Panel will first assess whether there is evidence of the existence of the TRRs. Since it 
is uncontested by the parties that the TRRs measure is unwritten
277, the threshold issue of 
ascertaining the existence of the TRRs and the pu rported single measure is especially important. 
As noted by the Appellate Body in EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , "when a 
challenge is brought against an unwritten  measure, the very existence and the precise contours of 
the alleged measure may be uncertain."278 
6.139.  As noted, the complainants are challenging the existence of a single measure consisting of 
a combination of one or more of the five TRRs. Previous panels have been confronted with the need to determine the existence of a single broa d measure constituted by a number of individual 
requirements that work in combination. In these cases, panels have considered whether a 
measure consisting of various elements should be  examined as a single measure or as separate 
measures. 
6.140.  In US – Export Restraints , the complainant argued that certain "elements" that had been 
identified separately in its panel request consti tuted a measure at issue both individually and 
collectively. In the complainant's view, those elements operated both individually and taken 
together. In that case, the panel considered that a measure could be considered separately in 
order to assess whether it individually gives rise to a violation of WTO obligations if "[it] operates in some concrete way in its own right [meaning] that each measure would have to constitute an instrument with a functional life of its own, i.e., that it would have to do something concrete, 
independently of any other instruments."
279 Accordingly, the panel in US – Export Restraints  
started by considering each measure on its own to assess whether it was operational and subsequently examining how, if at all, the measures operated "taken together".
280 
6.141.  Other panels have also treated a number of individual requirements or legal provisions as 
a single measure. As noted by the panel in Japan – Apples : 
[P]anels and the Appellate Body have in the past considered as one single "measure" 
legal requirements comprised of several obligations, some simply prohibiting 
importation, some allowing importation under certain conditions.281 
6.142.  In Japan – Apples the complainant had identified nine requirements in its panel request, 
which in its view restricted the importation of United States' apples into Japan. The panel in that 
case found that there was "no legal, logical or factual obstacle" to treating those requirements as 
one single phytosanitary measure. In the panel's view, the requirements cumulatively constituted 
the measures actually applied by Japan to the im portation of US apple fruit, to protect itself 
against certain phytosanitary risks. The panel also noted in this regard the fact that both parties 
had presented the requirements as a single measure.282 
6.143.  In US – Tuna II (Mexico) , the panel considered whether it was appropriate to assess 
certain measures jointly in the analysis of the complainant's claims, and make findings based on 
the combined operation of the measures, rather than on the basis of each individual measure 
separately. Based on its analysis of how the various instruments cited by the complainant functioned and related to each other, the panel found it was not clear that some of the separate 
measures could be operational or totally indepe ndent on their own. Accordingly, the panel saw 
merit "in considering these closely related instruments together as a single measure for the purposes of [the] dispute".
283 Citing the earlier panel decisions in Japan – Apples  and Australia – 
                                               
277 See para. 6.125 above and Argentina's second written submission, para. 72. 
278 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , para. 792. 
279 Panel Report, US – Export Restraints , para. 8.85. (emphasis original) 
280 Ibid. paras. 8.85-8.86. 
281 Panel Report, Japan – Apples , para. 8.14 (referring to Appellate Body Reports, Australia – Salmon , 
para. 98; EC – Asbestos , para. 64). 
282 Panel Report, Japan – Apples , paras. 8.15-8.17. 
283 Panel Report, US- Tuna II (Mexico) , paras. 7.19-7.24. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Apples,  the panel in US – Tuna II (Mexico)  saw "no 'legal, factual or logical obstacle' to treating 
the various interrelated legal instruments identified by Mexico as the basis for its claims … as a single measure for the purposes of [its] findings."
284 
6.144.  In assessing whether to examine certain instruments as one single measure or individual 
separate measures, the panel in US – COOL  summarized the main factors considered by previous 
panels and the Appellate Body in relation to this question as follows: 
(i) the manner in which the complainant pr esented its claim(s) in respect of the 
concerned instruments285; (ii) the respondent's position; and (iii) the legal status  of 
the requirements or instrument(s), including the operation of, and the relationship between, the requirements or instruments, namely whether a certain requirement or instrument has autonomous status.
286, 287 
6.145.  In the current dispute, in order to facilitate its analysis, the Panel will start by determining 
whether the evidence available demonstrates the exis tence of each of the five TRRs identified by 
the complainants. Were the Panel to conclude that one or more of the five TRRs exist, and given 
that the complainants have not requested separate findings as to the inconsistency of each of the 
TRRs with provisions in the covered agreements, the Panel shall proceed to assess whether, as argued by the complainants, the TRRs operate as a single measure.
288 The Panel will examine the 
precise content and operation of that alleged single TRRs measure and whether it can be attributed 
to Argentina. 
6.2.1.3.2  Order of analysis between the claims 6.146.  If the single TRRs measure described by the complainants were found to exist, the Panel 
would examine its consistency with the WTO provisions raised by the complainants, namely, 
Articles XI:1, X:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
6.147.  As regards the order of analysis between the three provisions referred to by the 
complainants, it is worth recalling that the Appellate Body in Canada – Wheat Exports  and Grain 
Imports  noted that: 
As a general principle, panels are free to structure the order of their analysis as they 
see fit. In so doing, panels may find it useful to take account of the manner in which a 
claim is presented to them by a complainin g Member … At the same time, panels must 
                                               
284 Ibid. para. 7.26, with reference to Panel Reports, Japan – Apples , para. 8.17; Australia – Apples , 
paras. 7.113-7.115. 
285 (footnote original) In US – Export Restraints , the panel describes Canada's, the complainant in that 
dispute, arguments as follows: "each of the elements that [Canada] cites (the statute, the SAA; the Preamble, and US practice) individually constitu tes a measure that is susceptible to dispute settlement, and that, 'taken 
together' as well, these elements constitute a measure. Further, ... these measures individually and collectively 
require a particular treatment of ex port restraints". The United States , as the respondent, disagreed with 
Canada and argued that "it is dangerous for the Pane l to seek to analyse an ill-defined 'measure' as a 
'package'". In light of Canada's posi tion, the Panel decided to first analyse each concerned measure separately 
and subsequently in light of other measures  to the extent necessary. (Panel Report, US – Export Restraints , 
paras. 8.82-8.131) 
In Japan – Film , the United States argued that Japan's appl ication of the eight distribution "measures" 
encouraged and facilitated the creation of a market stru cture for photographic film and paper in Japan in which 
imports are excluded from traditional distribution channe l. Japan was of the view that each measure must be 
examined on its own merit. The panel proceeded to examine each of the eight distribution measures individually. Regarding the United States' claim that certain measures in combination nullify or impair benefits accruing to the United States, the panel noted that for US theory to have factual releva nce in that case, it must 
be based on a detailed justification and convincing evidence of record. But the panel considered that the United States failed to make such a showing. (Panel Report, Japan – Film , paras. 10.90-10.94, 10.350-10.367) 
286 (footnote original) A ppellate Body Report, EC – Asbestos , para. 64; Panel Report, US – Export 
Restraints , para. 8.85. The panel in US – Export Restraints explains that "it would have to do something 
concrete, independently of any other inst ruments, for it to be able to give rise independently to a violation of 
WTO obligations". It then examined the status of each measure under US law to determine whether such measure is operational on its own. 
287 Panel Report, US – COOL , para. 7.50. 
288 See paras. 6.125-6.127 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  ensure that they proceed on the basis of a properly structured analysis to interpret 
the substantive provisions at issue. As the Appellate Body found in US – Shrimp  and 
Canada – Autos , panels that ignore or jump over a prior logical step of the analysis 
run the risk of compromising or invalidating later findings. This risk is compounded in 
the case of two legally interrelated provisions, where one of those provisions must, as 
a matter of logic and analytical coherence, be analyzed before the other …289 
6.148.  In the same case, the Appellate Body indicated that the  nature of the relationship between 
two provisions "will determine whether there exists a mandatory sequence of analysis which, if not 
followed, would amount to an error of law".290 
6.149.  Considering first the claims raised under the substantive provisions of Articles XI:1 and 
III:4 of the GATT 1994, the Panel does not consider that the relationship between these provisions 
imposes any specific order of analysis. Indeed, previous panels in which claims under Articles XI:1 
and III:4 of the GATT 1994 were raised in respec t of the same measure have approached the 
order of analysis differently depending on the spec ific circumstances. In some disputes, the order 
of analysis was determined by the fact that the complainants brought a claim in the alternative.291 
In those cases, the panels started with the analysis of the main claim. In other cases, the complainants raised cumulative claims under both Articles XI:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994.
292 For 
example, in India – Autos , the panel started its analysis with Article XI "because both the 
European Communities' and the United States' claims seek to bring the entire measure within Article XI and because the European Communities addresses a wider range of effects under that 
Article than under Article III".
293 
6.150.  The Panel will start its analysis with Ar ticle XI:1 of the GATT 1994, which is the provision 
invoked by all three complainants. It will continue by examining the claim under Article III:4, which was only raised by the European Union and Japan and affects a limited aspect of the TRRs 
measure (the local content requirement). 
6.151.  All three complainants have also raised claims under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994. As 
noted by the Appellate Body: 
Article X relates to the publication  and administration  of "laws, regulations, judicial 
decisions and administrative rulings of general application", rather than to the substantive content  of such measures…
294 (emphasis original) 
6.152.  If the Panel finds that the purported single TRRs measure is in breach of substantive 
obligations under either Article XI:1 or Article III:4 of the GATT 1994, it will consider whether 
findings under Article X:1 concerning the publication of the measure are necessary or useful for the resolution of the matter between the parties. The Panel notes that, pursuant to the principle of 
judicial economy, panels are allowed to address only those claims that are necessary to resolve 
the dispute.
295 However, there is no obligation for a panel to exercise judicial economy. It is within 
a panel's discretion to decide which claims it is going to rule upon296, as long as it addresses 
"those claims on which a finding is necessary in order to enable the DSB to make sufficiently 
precise recommendations and rulings so as to allow for prompt compliance by a Member with those recommendations and rulings 'in order to ensure effective resolution of disputes to the benefit of all Members'".
297 
                                               
289 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , paras. 126-127. 
290 Ibid. para. 109. 
291 See Panel Reports, Dominican Republic – Import  and Sale of Cigarettes , para. 3.1 (a claim under 
Article III:4 was made in the alternative); Brazil – Retreaded Tyres , para. 4.349 (the European Union and 
Japan made alternative claims under Article III:4); Turkey – Rice , para. 7.192 (the United States made an 
alternative claim under Article XI:1). 
292 Panel Reports, EC – Asbestos  and India – Autos . 
293 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.216. 
294 Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , para. 115. 
295 Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , para. 133; US – Wool Shirts 
and Blouses , pp. 18-19, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at pp. 339-340. 
296 Appellate Body Report, US – Lead and Bismuth II , para. 71. 
297 Appellate Body Report, Australia – Salmon , para. 223. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.153.  Finally, the Panel shall decide whether it considers it necessary or useful to make the 
additional findings about the purported single TRRs measure "as such" requested by Japan.298 
There are two reasons why the Panel will deal with Japan's claims against the TRRs measure "as such" at a later stage. First, because the TRRs measure is unwritten, the evidence used for 
considering all claims concerning this measure will necessarily relate to its application. Second, if a 
finding of inconsistency is made with regard to the initial claims raised by all complainants, the Panel would only need to move a step further to complete the examination of Japan's claims 
against the TRRs measure "as such" by determining, mainly, whether the measure has general 
and prospective application.
299 
6.154.  Finally, it should be noted that the comp lainants have indicated that, although in some 
cases the DJAI procedure may serve to implement certain TRRs, they are challenging the DJAI 
procedure and the TRRs measure as separate measures.300 Therefore, the Panel will address both 
measures separately in these Reports. 
6.2.2  Existence and operation of  the trade-related requirements 
6.2.2.1  The individual trade-related requirements 
6.155.  Having examined thoroughly and with du e caution the variety and extensive evidence on 
record described above and having drawn inferences from the refusal of Argentina to provide 
evidence in its possession which it has not denied, the Panel concludes that, at least since 2009, 
the Argentine Government has required from certain importers and other economic operators that they undertake one or more of the following trade-related commitments: (a) offsetting the value of their imports with, at least, an equivalent value of exports (one-to-one requirement); (b) 
limiting their imports, either in volume or in value (import reduction requirement); (c) reaching a 
certain level of local content in their domestic production (local content requirement); (d) making investments in Argentina (investment requirement); and, (e) refraining from repatriating profits 
from Argentina (non-repatriation requirement). We explain our conclusion below, linking it to the 
various pieces of evidence before us. 
6.156.  These TRRs are in some cases reflected in agreements signed between specific economic 
operators and the Argentine Government and in other cases contained in letters addressed by 
economic operators to the Argentine Government.
301 There is evidence on record of the existence 
                                               
298 See para. 6.136 above. 
299 See para. 6.42 above and Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 198. 
300 European Union's response to Panel question No . 10; United States' response to Panel question 
Nos. 9 and 10; Japan's response to Panel question No. 10. 
301 News items: Prensa Argentina , An automobile importer ma y compensate by exporting, 
25 March 2011 (Exhibits JE-1 and JE-398/EU-84); iProfesional.com,  Porsche will have to export wine in order 
to import cars, 31 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-605/EU-291); La Gaceta , Porsche will export wine in exchange for 
importing cars, 31 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-610/EU-296); UNO, Grupo Pulenta will export wines and import 
Porsche, 31 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-611/EU-297); Argentina Autoblog , Mercedes-Benz also unlocked the 
importation of its high-end cars, 6 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-616/EU-302); Prensa Argentina , Automaker pledges 
to balance its trade, 6 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-5); Prensa Argentina , Porsche's trading company agreed to 
compensate imports with exports of wine and oil, 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-81); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: 
another automaker that commited to even out it s trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-528/EU-214); Prensa 
Argentina , USD 140 million will be invested in producing tractors, 21 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-577/EU-263); 
Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed with Renault Trucks Argentina, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-590/ EU-276); Diario La Prensa,  Giorgi and Lorenzino agreed with Renault to increase exports, 7 
February 2012 (Exhibit JE-594/EU-280); Intereconomia.com , Argentina reaches an agreement with Renault 
Trucks to solve trade deficit, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-595/EU-281); Tiempomotor.com , Another company 
reaches an agreement: Renault Trucks will increase exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-596/EU-282); ámbito.com , Government signed an agreement with Volkswag en to even out its trade balance, 18 March 2011 
(Exhibit JE-598/EU-284); areadelvino.com , In Argentina, Porsche sells wine and BMW sells rice, 14 May 2013 
(Exhibit JE-608/EU-294); Ministry of Economy and Publ ic Finance, Boudou, Giorgi and Moreno signed an 
agreement with Mercedes Benz, 7 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-613/EU-299); Cronista.com,  Mercedes-Benz adds a 
new shift to increase manufacturing of Sprinter an d bus chassis, 21 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-614/EU-300). See 
also Letter from the Argentine meat and pork industry to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-441/EU-127); Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751); Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 82 - 
 
  of at least the following 29 agreements302 signed between the Argentine Government and: (i) the 
Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas Terminales de Electrónica  (Afarte) and the Cámara Argentina de 
Industrias Electrónicas, Electromecánicas y Luminotécnicas  (Cadieel)303; (ii) General Motors304; 
(iii) AGCO305; (iv) Renault Trucks Argentina306; (v) Claas307; (vi) Mercedes Benz308; 
(vii) Volkswagen309; (viii) Alfa Romeo310; (ix) Porsche311; (x) Peugeot Citroën312; (xi) Fiat313; 
                                               
302 As noted above, the Panel made repeated requests to the parties for copies of these agreements. 
See paras. 6.44-6.51 above. (The 29 agreements identi fied correspond to the 30 ag reements the Panel asked 
Argentina to provide a copy of. See Panel question Nos. 63 to 93.) 
303 News item: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi announced all audio and air conditioning equipment 
manufactured in Tierra del Fuego will have more domestic components, 22 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-564/EU-250). 
304 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its 
trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset 
its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even 
out its trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to 
ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, 
Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa 
Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry  to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 
(Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that  BMW will balance imports and exports 
in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 
23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95); Prensa Argentina , GM's investments in Argentina will help it reverse its trade 
deficit, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-236); Office of the President, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Speech by the President, 15 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-244); and Prensa Argentina,  General Motors 
committed to even out its trade balance in 2012, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-400/EU-86). 
305 News item: Prensa Argentina , USD 140 million will be invested in producing tractors, 
21 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-577/EU-263). 
306 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Renault Trucks announced to the government it will increase its 
exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-103); and Ministry  of Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed 
with Renault Trucks Argentina, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-590/EU-276). 
307 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Three metallurgical companies committed investments and will not 
transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209); an d Office of the President, Agricultural Machinery 
Company Claas agreed with the Government on a plan  with trade balance, 1 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-128). 
308 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker pledges to balance its trade, 6 April 2011 
(Exhibit JE-5); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade balance 
in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Economy, industry and trad e sign an agreement with 
Mercedes Benz to even out its trade balance, 7 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-84); Prensa Argentina , Five car 
producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); 
Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out its trade balance, 15 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a 
plan to achieve a trade surplus in  2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with 
the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , 
Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-92); Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95); and 
Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Boudou, Giorgi  and Moreno signed an agre ement with Mercedes Benz, 
7 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-613/EU-299). 
309 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker pledges to balance its trade, 6 April 2011 
(Exhibit JE-5); Prensa Argentina, Boudou spoke about the success of the import substitution policy, 
18 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-80); Prensa Argentina , Porsche's trading company ag reed to compensate imports 
with exports of wine and oil, 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-81); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with 
the Government to revert its trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Five car 
producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); 
Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out its trade balance, 15 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a 
plan to achieve a trade surplus in  2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with 
the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , 
Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-92); and Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95). 
310 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its 
trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Five car producers have agreed to 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 83 - 
 
  (xii) Hyundai314; (xiii) Ford315; (xiv) KIA316; (xv) Nissan317; (xvi) Renault318; (xvii) Chery319; 
(xviii) Alfacar  (Mitsubishi )320; (xix) Ditecar  (Volvo , Jaguar  and Land Rover )321; (xx) Volvo 
                                                                                                                                               
contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); Prensa Argentina , Car 
producer Hyundai agrees to offset its tr ade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car 
manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out it s trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , 
Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade ba lance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); 
Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 
5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Minist ry of Industry to restore its 
trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW 
will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); and Prensa Argentina , Ford will 
export more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95). 
311 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker pledges to balance its trade, 6 April 2011 
(Exhibit JE-5); Prensa Argentina , Porsche's trading company agreed to compensate imports with exports of 
wine and oil, 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-81); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government 
to revert its trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Five car producers have 
agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); Prensa Argentina , 
Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car 
manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out it s trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , 
Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade ba lance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); 
Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 
5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Minist ry of Industry to restore its 
trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW 
will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); and Prensa Argentina , Ford will 
export more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95). 
312 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General Motors export-import 
plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its 
trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Five car producers have agreed to 
contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); Prensa Argentina , Car 
producer Hyundai agrees to offset its tr ade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car 
manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out it s trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , 
Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade ba lance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); 
Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 
5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Minist ry of Industry to restore its 
trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW 
will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); Prensa Argentina , Ford will export 
more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95); and Prensa Argentina , Peugeot agrees to balance its trade, 
17 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-245). 
313 News items: Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade 
balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its 
trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out 
its trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automake r agrees to ensure 
trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan 
and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa 
Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry  to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 
(Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that  BMW will balance imports and exports 
in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 
23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95); and Ministry of Industry, Fiat  Group will develop local suppliers for the production 
of agricultural equipment and engines, 26 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-201). 
314 News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 
13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pl edged to even out its trade 
balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan  and Volvo also signed a 
plan to achieve a trade surplus in  2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with 
the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , 
Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-92). 
315 News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 
13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pl edged to even out its trade 
balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan  and Volvo also signed a 
plan to achieve a trade surplus in  2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with 
the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , 
Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-92); and Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95). 
316 News items: Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out its trade balance, 
15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to 
achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry 
announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Trucks322; (xxi) Tatsa323; (xxii) Indumotora Argentina  (Subaru )324; (xxiii) BMW325; (xxiv) Pirelli326; 
(xxv) Thermodyne Vial327; (xxvi) supermarkets328; (xxvii) the Cámara Argentina de 
Publicaciones329; (xxviii) the Cámara Argentina del Libro330; and, (xxix) representatives of the 
automobile and autoparts industry331. 
6.157.  Neither the requirement on economic op erators to undertake these commitments, nor the 
details of the specific trade-related commitments, are explicitly stipulated in any Argentine law, regulation or administrative act. According to the evidence on record, the Argentine Government 
informs economic operators individually of the specific commitment or commitments it should 
undertake, depending on the particular circumstances of the respective operator.
332 
                                                                                                                                               
317 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Nissan agreed to a new trade balancing plan, 19 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-89); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade 
surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry 
to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry 
announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
318 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of 
Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of 
Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
319 News items: Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade 
balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its 
trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledged to even out 
its trade balance, 15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also 
signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru 
agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa 
Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 
13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); and Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 23 May 2011 
(Exhibit JE-95). 
320 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of 
Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of 
Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
321 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of 
Industry to restore its trade balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of 
Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
322 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Three metallurgical companies committed investments and will not 
transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209). 
323 Ibid. 
324 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade 
balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); and Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will 
balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
325 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry announced that BMW will balance imports and 
exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). 
326 Office of the President, Speech by the President in  the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli 
tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110). 
327 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Automaker Thermodyne Vial agrees to increase exports, 
1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-102). 
328 News items: Secretariat of Domestic Trade,  Press notes from Walmart and Vea-Cencosud, 
February 2013 (Exhibit JE-499/EU-185); Prensa Argentina , Zero tolerance on price increases, 21 February 
2013 (Exhibit JE-501/EU-187); La Voz , Uruguayan companies concerned about K measure, 16 May 2010 
(Exhibit JE-442/EU-128). 
329 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Publishing Companies Agree to Restore Trade Balance, 
31 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-129). 
330 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Giorgi and Moreno signed an agre ement with booksellers to offset 
imports, 11 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-133). 
331 News item: Ministry of Industry, Automakers  agree to accelerate import substitution, 
22 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-530/EU-216). 
332 News items:  La Nación , Companies complain about new import rules, 18 July 2011 
(Exhibit JE-374/EU-60); infoalimentacion.com , Moreno: with the magnifying  glass on imported food, 
13 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-448/EU-134); La Nación , The Government wants to re strain the importation of 
foodstuff, 6 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-453/EU-139); La Nación , Moreno again restrains the entry of imported 
goods, 17 January 2011 (Exhibit JE-455/EU-141); and BAE Argentina , At Moreno's request, supermarkets 
paralysed all external purchases, 16 November 2011 (E xhibit JE-459/EU-145). See also Sworn affidavit from 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.158.  The TRRs cover a broad range of economic  sectors and economic operators. The evidence 
shows that such commitments have been required from producers and/or importers of, inter alia , 
foodstuffs, automobiles, motorcycles, mining equipment, electronic and office products, 
agricultural machinery, medicines, publications, and clothing. These sectors correspond to at least 
six out of the 11 industrial sectors (value chains) individually addressed in Argentina's Industrial 
Strategic Plan 2020 ( Plan Estratégico Industrial 2020 , PEI 2020), published in 2011.333 
6.159.  As will be discussed below, evidence also shows that, irrespective of size and domicile, a 
variety of economic operators have been affected by these requirements, and that the 
requirements are not equally imposed on all economic operators or importers. 
6.160.  The Argentine Government has stated that it monitors the implementation of the 
commitments undertaken by economic operators.334 
6.161.  The TRRs imposed by the Argentine Govern ment seem in line with three of the five 
economic objectives or "macroeconomic guidelines" set out in PEI 2020: (a) protection of the domestic market and import substitution; (b) increase of exports; and, (c) promotion of productive 
investment.
335 
6.162.  Within the context of the objectives laid out in PEI 2020, the Argentine Government has 
proclaimed a policy of "managed trade" ( comercio administrado ).336 Elements of this policy seem 
to have been part of the productive model developed in Argentina since 2003.337 In late 2013, the 
                                                                                                                                               
Vice President of Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751); Sworn affidavit from officer of 
Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). 
333 Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2 011 (Exhibits ARG-51 and JE-749). The 11 industrial 
sectors are: (a) foodstuffs; (b) automobile and autoparts; (c) capital goods; (d) leather, shoes and other leather goods; (e) agricultural machinery; (f) construc tion material; (g) medicine s; (h) forestry industry; 
(i) chemical and petrochemical; (j) software; and, (k) textiles. Ibid. pp. 42-43. PEI 2020 explains that these 11 industrial sectors were sele cted for the following reasons:  (a) historic weight in th e industrial gr oss product; 
(b) competitive natural resources; (c) linkages with suppliers and buyers; (d) technology diffusion; (e) domestic market; (f) import substitution  and export potential. Ibid., p. 41. 
334 News items: Office of the President, Speech by the President in the inauguration of the enlargement 
of the Pirelli tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110); Debate , Interview with the Secretary 
of Domestic Trade, 27 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-8); Prensa Argentina , Publishing Companies Agree to 
Restore Trade Balance, 31 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-129); Prensa Argentina , Giorgi and Moreno signed an 
agreement with booksellers to offset imports, 11 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-133); and Argentina Autoblog , 
Suzuki will assemble motorcycles in the country to av oid import restrictions, 26 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-573/ 
EU-259). In one official press release, the Government refers to the monitoring of "the current productive activity of the firm, progress on the degree of integration of local content and the relationship with local suppliers". The press release does not specifically indicate  that the monitoring refers to TRRs accepted by the 
company. See Ministry of Industry, Giorgi analyzed Fo rd Argentina's production growth with the company's 
executives, 15 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-300). However, in light of the available evidence, including the fact that this company had signed in May 2011 an agreement with the same Argentine officials to export more, import less, and invest in its local plants – See News item: Prensa Argentina , Ford will export more and import less, 
23 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-95) – it is reasonable to infer that the subsequent monitoring is related to the TRRs. 
335 Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2011 (Exhibits  ARG-51 and JE-749), pp. 33-35. 
336 News items: Ministry of  Industry, Débora Giorgi inaugurated tw o industrial plants and supervised the 
development of a third, 24 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-320/EU-6); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We will not leave the internal market in the hands of unfair competition" , 16 February 2011 (Exhibit JE-323/EU-9); Ministry of 
Industry, List of products subject to non-automatic lice nces is increased, 15 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-7 and 
JE-322/EU-8); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "This Admi nistration believes in and is implementing trade 
management", 25 February 2011 (Exhibit JE-9); and Ministry  of Industry, Giorgi: "Whoever integrates national 
parts faster will gain most", 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-203). See also, Office of the President, Speech by the President, in the inauguration of the second phase of co nstruction works of the sports center in Villa Adelina, 
16 October 2008 (Exhibit JE-315/EU-1); Office of the President, Speech by the President, in the presentation ceremony of non-refundable contributions to industrial parks, 14 December 2011 (Exhibits JE-316/EU-2 and EU-5); Office of the President, Speech by the Presiden t, in the first declaration of the Gas Plus project 
(Exhibit JE-317/EU-3); Office of the President, Speech by the President, at the Municipal Center of Viedma, 
province of Río Negro (Exhibit JE-318/EU-4); News item: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We have an economy twice as open as in the 90s", 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-321/EU-7); and News item: Prensa Argentina , Giorgi 
inaugurated two plants in General Rodríguez, 24 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-582/EU-268). 
337 News item: Ministry of Industry , Ministry of Industry, List of products subject to non-automatic 
licences is increased, 15 February 2011, 15 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-7 and JE-322/EU-8); and Office of the President, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Speech by the President, 15 November 2011 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 86 - 
 
  Secretary of Domestic Trade indicated in an offici al press release that this policy of "managed 
trade" would continue to be applied as per instructions from the President of Argentina.338 
6.163.  There is evidence on the record that the DJAI is another tool of Argentina's "managed 
trade" policy and one of the mechanisms used to enforce the TRRs measure. As explained 
below339, the SCI requires that economic operators submit the company's estimates of imports and 
e x p o r t s  a s  p a r t  o f  t h e  c o n d i t i o n s  t o  l i f t  o b s e r v a t i o n s  o n  D J A I s  w i t h  " o b s e r v e d "  s t a t u s .  I n  s o m e  cases the SCI also requires prospective importers to commit to export
340 or to comply with other 
TRRs.341 
6.164.  Before addressing how the TRRs operate, it is worth recalling that, despite several 
requests from the Panel342, as explained above343, neither the complainants nor the respondent 
have provided copies of the agreements or the letters addressed by economic operators to the 
Argentine Government, which presumably reflect the trade-related commitments.344 Nevertheless, 
Argentina has indicated it "has not denied or called into question the existence" of the 30 agreements that were listed by the Panel in its written questions.
345 
6.165.  In any event, the Panel has received ev idence of the existence, the nature and the 
characteristics of the TRRs imposed by the Argentine Government. As noted in a previous section
346, this evidence includes, inter alia : copies of domestic laws, regulations and policy 
documents; communications addressed to Argentine officials by private companies; statements by 
Argentine officials and notes posted on government websites; articles in newspapers and magazines, mostly published in Argentina; statem ents by company officials; data from industry 
surveys; and reports prepared by market intelli gence entities. As explained above, the Panel 
examined all of the evidence in a holistic mann er and based on the totality of the facts has 
determined that Argentina imposes a combination of TRRs on importers as a condition to import or receive benefits.
347 In particular, having examined the variety of, and extensive, evidence on 
record, and having drawn inferences from the refusal of Argentina to provide evidence in its 
possession which it has not denied, the Panel has concluded that, at least since 2009, the Argentine Government has required from certain importers and other economic operators that 
they undertake one or more of the five TRRs.
348 Further, the following sections discuss evidence of 
specific instances of application of each of the individual TRRs. 
6.2.2.1.1  The one-to-one requirement 6.166.  Economic operators have been required to  compensate imports annually with exports of at 
least the same value, thereby achieving a trade balance, as a condition to import.
349 In some 
                                                                                                                                               
(Exhibit JE-244). See also Argentina' s first written submission, para. 46; Argentina's opening statement at the 
first meeting of th e Panel, para. 8. 
338 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Moreno confirmed that policy of trad e administration will continue as 
per presidential instructions, 3 November 2013 (Exhibit JE-759). 
339 See paras. 6.393 and 6.395 below. 
340 News items: BAE Argentina,  The Government would release more import permits, 20 March 2013 
(Exhibit JE-371/EU-57); Clément Comercio Exterior , A tangle of customs regulati ons; tips for exporters and 
importers, 9 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-387/EU-73); and PharmaBIZ Sudamérica , Moreno: Obstacles at customs 
and Neira in CAEME, 27 April 2011 (Exhibits JE-695/EU-381). 
341 Government of Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Su mmary of Survey Results (Rev), 
4 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-312-2). 
342 The Panel requested the parties to provide copies of  the agreements in its list of questions after the 
first and the second substantive meetings, as well  as in its communication to the parties dated 
6 November 2013. See Panel question Nos. 16 and 93, Communication from the Panel, 6 November 2013. 
343 See paras. 6.44-6.51 above. 
344 Among the exceptions are: (a) the Letter from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 
3 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-304); (b) the E-mail communicat ion from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic 
Trade, 11 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-305); and, (c) the Letter from the Argentine meat and pork industry to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-441/EU-127). 
345 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 63-92, para. 20. 
346 See para. 6.64 above. 
347 Para.6.119 above. See also section 6.2.2.2 below. 
348 Para.6.155 above. See also section 6.2.2.2 below. 
349 Exhibits JE-306/JE-751 and JE-307/JE-752 reflect the difficulties experienced by two companies that 
committed to comply with TRRs in or der to have their DJAIs approved. Sworn affidavit from Vice President of 
Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751); Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  cases, economic operators committed to achieving an export surplus.350 The details about the one-
to-one requirements applicable to specific economic operators are usually contained in agreements, and/or letters that individual economic operators subscribe or submit to the Argentine Government.
351 
6.167.  The evidence on record shows that there are three main ways for economic operators to 
increase exports so as to comply with the one-to-one requirement.352 First, an economic operator 
may use an exporter as an intermediary to sell products to a buyer in a third country (exportation 
"por cuenta y orden "). Second, an economic operator may directly export Argentine products that 
the economic operator (or any other company) produces. And third, the economic operator may conclude an agreement with an exporter so that the exporter's transactions may be considered as 
the economic operator's own transactions.
353 
6.168.  Any of these three options may result in additional costs for economic operators because: 
(a) the requirement may force economic operators to undertake activities outside of their normal business; and (b) exporters willing to provide these services charge fees to the economic 
operators in need of achieving a trade balance. Evidence shows that these fees range between 5% 
and 15% of the total value of the export operation.
354 
6.169.  Examples on the record of companies op erating in sectors outside their normal business 
activities as a result of the imposition of a one-to-one requirement are automobile manufacturers, 
such as Nissan , exporting soy flour, soy oil and biodiesel from Argentina355; Alfacar  (importer of 
Mitsubishi  automobiles), exporting animal feed, peanuts and premium mineral water from 
Argentina356; Hyundai , exporting peanuts, wine, biodiesel and soy flour from Argentina357; and 
Indumotora  (importer of Subaru ), exporting poultry feed from Argentina.358 Evidence with respect 
to other companies similarly operating in sectors outside their normal business activities, as a result of the imposition of a one-to-one requ irement, include sporting equipment producer Nike, 
exporting furniture from Argentina for its stores in Latin America
359; Juki (importer of Kawasaki  
                                                                                                                                               
10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). See also, Lojack Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 
1 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-172); AGCO Corp Earnings Conference Call (Q2 2011), 28 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-799); and AGCO at Goldman Sachs Industrials Conference, 14 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-803). 
350 This is the case of Volkswagen , Mercedes Benz , Peugeot-Citroen , Casa Milano-Alfa Romeo , General 
Motors , Fiat, Chery , Ford, Hyundai , Kia, and Renault . See para. 6.171 below. 
351 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Automakers will import as much as they export, 11 March 2011 
(Exhibit JE-396/EU-82); and Prensa Argentina , An automobile importer ma y compensate by exporting, 
25 March 2011 (Exhibits JE-1 and JE-398/EU-84). See also, News item:  La Nación , Companies complain about 
new import rules, 18 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-374/EU-60); News item: Tiempo Argentino, Official ultimatum to 
automakers without a plan, 11 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-397/EU-83); News item:  Diario de Cuyo , Good news: 
exports increase, 16 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-439/EU-125); Sworn affidavit from Vice President of Company X, 12 July 2012 (Exhibits JE-306 and JE-751); Sworn affida vit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits 
JE-307 and JE-752). 
352 Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , Alternatives for exporting, 17 December 2012 
(Exhibit JE-379/EU-65). See also Report: Argentine Ch amber of Commerce, Rules and Experiences on Current 
Foreign Trade Practices, October 2013 (Exhibit JE-755), pp. 4-5; and News item:  BAE Argentina,  Importers 
finance and subsidize exports to offset thei r balances, 7 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-64). 
353 Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 (Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). 
354 News item:  Cronista.com , A black market of foreign trade perm its arises due to import controls, 
28 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-381/EU-67); News item:  iProfesional.com , The "Exportación blue" business is 
booming, 16 April 2012, (Exhibit JE-383/EU-69); Sworn affidavit from officer of Company X, 10 April 2013 
(Exhibits JE-307 and JE-752). 
355 News item: Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
356 Ibid. 
357 News item: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-86). 
358 News item: Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade 
balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91). 
359 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Nike announces USD 5 million investment to increase local production, 
5 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-159). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  and Mondial  motorcycles) , exporting concentrated white grape juice from Argentina360; and tyre 
producer Pirelli , exporting honey from Argentina.361 
6.170.  Evidence available shows that the Argentine Government has imposed a one-to-one 
requirement on the following sectors: automobiles,  trucks, motorcycles, cultural products, tyres, 
agricultural machinery, clothing, toys, pork meat products, pharmaceutical products and electronic 
products. The following paragraphs provide more information on the operation of the one-to-one 
requirement as it affects the automotive, truck and motorcycles, and cultural products sectors. 
6.171.  Automotive sector . The automotive sector is the economic sector for which there is the 
earliest evidence showing the imposition of a one-to-one requirement. Since March 2010, the 
Argentine Government has signed agreements with car manufacturers and importers whereby they commit to achieve trade balance.
362 In March 2011, the Argentine Government announced to 
companies in the sector that their imports would be limited to the volume of their exports.363 
Between March 2011 and October 2011, 17 car importers and/or manufacturers concluded agreements with the Argentine Government in which they committed to even out their trade 
deficits.
364 At least 11 of these 17 importers and manufacturers also committed to achieve an 
export surplus: Volkswagen365, Mercedes Benz366, Peugeot-Citroen367, Casa Milano-Alfa Romeo368, 
                                               
360 News items:  Argentina Autoblog , What did Juki Argentina dispatch to Ukraine and the United States? , 
27 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-105); Ámbito Financiero , Juki exports wine, 23 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-106); La 
Nación , On two wheels, 26 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-107); La Moto , Faced with the crisis, Juki exports wine, 
2 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-108); and MotoMundo , Juki exports wine to Ukraine, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-413/EU-99), 
p. 5. 
361 Office of the President, Speech by the President in  the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli 
tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110). 
362 News items: Prensa Argentina , Porsche's trading company agreed  to compensate imports with 
exports of wine and oil, 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-81); and Prensa Argentina , Automakers will import as much 
as they export, 11 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-396/EU-82). 
363 The Minister of Industry and the Secretary of Do mestic Trade made this announcement in a meeting 
with representatives of Cidoa (Chamber of  Car Importers and Authorized Dealers – Cámara de Importadores y 
Distribuidores Oficiales de Automotores -), Mercedes Benz, Renault, BMW, Volkswagen, Fiat, Hyundai, Alfacar 
(importer of Mitsubishi), Chry sler, Isuzu, Chery, Kia, Centro Milano (i mporter of Alfa Romeo), Ditecar (importer 
of Jaguar, Volvo and Land Rover) and Indumotora  Argentina (importer of Subaru). News item:  Prensa 
Argentina , Automakers will import as much as they export, 11 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-396/EU-82). See also 
News items:  Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Gove rnment to revert its trade balance 
in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade 
balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); La Nación , BMW will export rice so that its cars can enter the country, 
13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-255); iProfesional.com , BMW suspended the shipment of cars to Argentina 
because of official obstacles, 17 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-401/EU-87); and La Nación , Sales of deluxe cars stop 
because of import obstacles, 5 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-405/EU-91). 
364 Ford, Chery, General Motors, Volk swagen, Mercedes Benz, Porsche, Fiat, PSA Peugeot Citröen, Alfa 
Romeo, Hyundai, Renault, BMW and th e importers Alfacar (Mitsubishi), Dite car (Volvo, Jaguar y Land Rover), 
Nissan, Kia and Indumotora Argent ina (Subaru). See, News item: Prensa Argentina , Ministry of Industry 
announced that BMW will balance imports and exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92). See also 
News items:  Prensa Argentina, Boudou spoke about the success of the import substitution policy, 
18 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-80); Prensa Argentina,  General Motors committed to even out its trade balance 
in 2012, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-400/EU-86); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi, Boudou, and Moreno Sign General 
Motors export-import plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo 
also signed a plan to achieve a trade su rplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Scania 
informed the President it will invest USD 40 million in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-101); Prensa 
Argentina , Automaker Thermodyne Vial agrees to increase exports, 1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-102); Prensa 
Argentina , Electrolux executives announced to President th at they will begin exporting small appliances to 
Brazil, 25 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-145); Ministry of Indu stry, Giorgi demanded that agricultural machinery 
manufacturers submit specific integration projects within a month, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-202); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "Whoever integrates national parts faster will gain most", 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-203); 
Prensa Argentina , GM's investments in Argentina will help it reverse its trade deficit, 15 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-236); and Ministry of Industry, Argentina subs tituted imports amounting to USD 4 billion in the first 
semester of the year, 23 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-252). 
365 News items: Prensa Argentina, Boudou spoke about the success of the import substitution policy, 
18 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-80); Prensa Argentina,  General Motors committed to even out its trade balance 
in 2012, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-400/EU-86); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: another automaker that commited to 
even out its trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-528/EU -214); and Ministry of Indu stry, Giorgi, Boudou, and 
Moreno Sign General Motors export-import plan, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-4). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  General Motors369, Fiat370, Chery371, Ford372, Hyundai373, Kia374, and Renault .375 In order to achieve 
these objectives, importers and manufacturers committed to increase exports, including exports not related to the automotive sector.
376 Some importers and manufacturers also committed to 
make or increase investments in production facilities377, increase the level of local content of their 
products378 or make irrevocable capital contributions to the industry.379 
6.172.  The Argentine Government gives economic operators a specified period, such as one year, 
to achieve a trade balance.380 If the level of exports committed to  by the economic operator is not 
ultimately achieved, the economic operator can either limit its imports or, alternatively, make an 
irrevocable investment in the local operations of the firm, in the form of a contribution to its capital, to compensate for the value of the imports
381 (this has been described by the complainants 
as the investment requirement and will be discussed below).382 
                                                                                                                                               
366 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina,  General Motors committed to even out its trade 
balance in 2012, 2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-400/EU-86). 
367 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Peugeot agrees to balance its trade, 17 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-245). 
368 News item: Prensa Argentina , Five car producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the 
balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85). 
369 News item: Prensa Argentina,  General Motors committed to even out its trade balance in 2012, 
2 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-400/EU-86). 
370 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214). 
371 News item: Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the Government to revert its trade 
balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82). 
372 News item: Ministry of Industry, Ford presente d its new pickup model, under the USD 250 million 
investment plan submitted to the Ministry  of Industry, 3 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-277). 
373 News item: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-86). 
374 News item: Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledge d to even out its trade balance, 
15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87). 
375 News item: Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
376 Exports of soy flour, soy oil and biodiesel by Ni ssan (Exhibit JE-90); animal feed, peanuts and water 
by Alfacar (Exhibit JE-90), peanuts, wine, biodiesel and soy flour by Hyundai (Exhibit JE-86) and poultry feed 
by Indumotora (Exhibit JE-91). See para. 6.169 above. 
377 Renault, General Motors and Fiat. See, News items:  Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker 
agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Car 
producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trad e balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); and Prensa Argentina , 
Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a pl an to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 
(Exhibit JE-90). 
378 Renault, Fiat, and Ford. See, News items from Prensa Argentina : Fiat: Another automaker agrees to 
ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset 
its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); and Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan 
to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
379 Renault, Nissan, Ditecar (Volvo, Jaguar, Land Ro ver), Hyundai, Indumotora (Subaru) and Chery (if 
projected level of exports is not achieved). News items: Prensa Argentina , Automaker Chery agreed with the 
Government to revert its trade balance in 2012, 19 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-82); Prensa Argentina , Car producer 
Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Renault, 
Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan  to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 
(Exhibit JE-90); and Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 
29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91). 
380 Exports during this grace period given by Argentina count in the calculations with a view to achieve 
trade balance. See, News items from Prensa Argentina : An automobile importer ma y compensate by exporting, 
25 March 2011 (Exhibits JE-1 and JE-398/EU-84); Porsche's trading company agreed to compensate imports with exports of wine and oil, 30 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-81); and Automaker pledges to balance its trade, 6 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-5). 
381 News items from Prensa Argentina : An automobile importer ma y compensate by exporting, 
25 March 2011 (Exhibits JE-1 and JE-398/EU-84); Five car producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85); and Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86). 
382 See section 6.2.2.1.4 below. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.173.  Truck and motorcycle sectors . In the truck sector, Scania383, Thermodyne Vial  (importer of 
Mack trucks)384, and Renault Trucks385 also undertook commitments with the Argentine 
Government to achieving a trade balance or an export surplus. In the motorcycle sector, Harley 
Davidson386, Juki (which represents Kawasaki  and Mondial )387, Suzuki388, Motomel389, and 
Zanella390 all committed to even out their trade balance as well. Similar to what happened in the 
automotive sector, export commitments were often made in sectors unrelated to the core business activities of these companies.
391 
6.174.  Cultural products sector . Producers and importers of publications392, books393, and 
audiovisual products394 also committed to achieving a trade balance. In the case of books and 
publications, the Argentine Chamber of Books ( Cámara Argentina del Libro ) and the Argentine 
Chamber of Publications ( Cámara Argentina de Publicaciones ) signed agreements with the 
Argentine Government in the last quarter of 2011 whereby they committed to even out their trade 
balance by the end of 2012.395 In order to do so, members of these two Chambers committed to 
increase domestic printing and exports of  books and publications from Argentina.396 
6.175.  In mid-September 2011 (some weeks before the agreements between the Argentine 
Government and the Argentine Chamber of Books an d the Argentine Chamber of Publications were 
signed), local newspapers reported that over a million imported books were detained at Argentine 
                                               
383 News item: Office of the President, Scania informed the President that it will invest USD 40 million in 
Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-411/EU-97). 
384 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Automaker Thermodyne Vial agrees to increase exports, 
1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-102). 
385 News items: Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed with Renault Trucks 
Argentina, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-590/EU-276); and Prensa Argentina , Renault Trucks announced to the 
government it will increase its exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-103). 
386 News item:  Argentina Autoblog, Valued in Pesos and exporting wines, Harley-Davidson makes a 
come back, 29 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-104). 
387 News items:  Argentina Autoblog , What did Juki Argentina dispatch to Ukraine and the United States? , 
27 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-105); La Moto , Faced with the crisis, Juki exports wine, 2 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-108); 
and MotoMundo , Juki exports wine to Ukraine, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-413/EU-99). 
388 News items:  tiempomotor.com , Suzuki Motos completed its first phase of grape-must exports, 
1 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-113); Ámbito Financiero , Suzuki Motos Argentina Exports, 31 May 2012 
(Exhibit JE-110); and La Moto , Suzuki closed the first phase of exports, 31 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-111); News 
item:  motomax.com.ar , Suzuki Motos exports from Argentina, 1 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-112). 
389 News items:  iProfesional.com , Motomel will construct a winery  and a grape-must plant to 
compensate its trade balance, 8 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-114); La Nación , Motorcycle factory will have to export 
wine and grape-must to be able to import supplies), 11 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-115); La Voz , More motorcycle 
factories export wine, 9 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-117); tiempomotor.com , Motomel exports wine and grape must 
in order to import motoparts, 10 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-119); and La Moto , Motomel continues exporting, 
11 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-121). 
390 News items:  enretail.com , Zanella has complied with all demands from the National Government, 
2 October 2012 (Exhibit JE-122); and Argentina Autoblog , Zanella: "We do not know why there is different 
treatment", 5 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-123). 
391 News items:  La Nación , Moreno mixes water and oil, 6 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-149); and MotoMundo , 
Juki exports wine to Ukraine, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-413/EU-99). 
392 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Publishing Companies Agree to Restore Trade Balance, 
31 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-129); Los Andes , Booksellers sign an agreement to release books blocked at 
customs, 12 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-414/EU-100); and iProfesional.com , In an unprecedented drive, 
Moreno blocked entry of Bibles into Argentina, 22 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-419/EU-105). 
393 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Giorgi and Moreno signed an agre ement with booksellers to offset 
imports, 11 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-133); Los Andes , Booksellers sign an ag reement to release books 
blocked at customs, 12 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-414/EU-100); and iProfesional.com , In an unprecedented 
drive, Moreno blocked entry of Bibles into Argentina, 22 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-419/EU-105); Cámara 
Argentina del Libro , Agreement with the Secretariat of Domestic Trade (Exhibits JE-664/EU-350). 
394 Office of the President, Speech by the President, Cristina Fernández, in the closing ceremony of the 
business round " Argentina Exporta Audiovisual ", 6 December 2011 Exhibit JE-137. 
395 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Publishing Companies Agree to Restore Trade Balance, 
31 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-129); Prensa Argentina , Giorgi and Moreno signed an agreement with booksellers 
to offset imports, 11 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-133); and Cámara Argentina del Libro , Agreement with the 
Secretariat of Domestic Trade (Exhibits JE-664/EU-350). 
396 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Giorgi and Moreno signed an agre ement with booksellers to offset 
imports, 11 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-133); Los Andes , Booksellers sign an ag reement to release books 
blocked at customs, 12 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-414/EU-100); and Cámara Argentina del Libro , Agreement 
with the Secretariat of Domestic Trade (Exhibits JE-664/EU-350). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  customs.397 According to articles published in the Ar gentine press, the commitment to achieve a 
trade balance, contained in the agreements with the Argentine Government signed by the book and publication chambers, was a condition for releasing these books detained at customs.
398 
6.176.  Other sectors . Other sectors in which economic operators undertook one-to-one 
commitments are tyres399, agricultural machinery400, clothing401, toys402, pharmaceutical403 and 
electronic products.404 As a result, some companies operating in these sectors have committed to 
start exporting Argentine products or increase such exports.405 
6.177.  The evidence cited above leads the Panel to  conclude that the commitments relating to the 
one-to-one requirement have not been undertaken by economic operators on their own initiative, but have been accepted in order to ensure their right to import or to continue importing certain 
goods into Argentina. 
6.2.2.1.2  The requirement to limit the volume or value of imports 
6.2.2.1.2.1  Scope of the requirement 6.178.  Before describing in detail this requir ement, the Panel will examine the scope of the 
requirement, given the different interpretations prov ided by the complainants in their submissions. 
6.179.  In their panel requests, the complainants listed among the five actions that Argentina 
allegedly requires from economic operators in order to attain the objectives of elimination of trade 
                                               
397 News items:  Clarín , Argentina retained a million books, 26 September 2011 (Exhibit JE-259); and 
Clarín , Books to be released in the next 48 hours, 1 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-131). 
398 News items:  Página12 , 80% of books are imported, 26 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-665/EU-351); BAE 
Argentina , Publishing houses seek to compensate their trade balance to release books, 21 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-670/EU-356); Clarín , Books to be released in the next 48 hours, 1 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-131); Club de Traductores Literarios de Buenos Aires, More about the books blocked at Customs, 2 
December 2011 (Exhibit JE-415/EU-101); and El Diario , Entry of foreign books and magazines remains 
blocked, 29 September 2011 (Exhibits JE-417/EU-103). 
399 Office of the President, Speech by the President in  the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli 
tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110). 
400 News items: Ministry of Industry, The agricultural machinery sector is required to substitute imports 
amounting to USD 450 million , 10 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225); Prensa Argentina , 
USD 140 million will be invested in producing tractors, 21 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-577/EU-263); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "Whoever integrates national parts faster will gain most", 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-203); 
and Office of the President, Agricultural Machinery Comp any Claas agreed with the Go vernment on a plan with 
trade balance, 1 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-128). 
401 News items: Prensa Argentina,  The Government moves forward with  measures to protect the textile 
industry from unfair competition, 31 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-276); Cronista.com , Adidas sells furniture to 
other countries' stores to comply with Mo reno's orders, 22 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-160); El Cronista , Zegna 
Reopens and Helps to Export Wool, 2 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-158). 
402 News items: Perfil, Imported clothes, toys, and electronic  products will be in short supply, 
17 July 2011 (Exhibit JE-6), pp. 22-23; infobae.com , After several months, Moreno  allows the importation of 
Barbie dolls, 18 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-164); La Nación , Moreno increases flexibility for more imported 
products, 18 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-165); 26 Noticias , Barbie dolls come back to toy shops thanks to Rasti, 
18 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-166); and iProfesional.com , Barbie dolls come back in exchange for Rastis, 
18 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-167). 
403 News item:  Office of the President, In 2020, this country will be able to produce 1.35 billion 
medication units and generate 40 thousand new jobs in the sector, 10 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-168). 
404 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Electrolux executives announced to President that they will begin 
exporting small appliances to Brazil, 25 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-145); Los Andes , More multinationals form 
partnerships with wineries to be able to import, 8 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-435/EU-121); infobae.com , Newsan: a 
factory of the end of the world, 1 March 2013 (Exhibits JE-436/EU-122); biodiesel.com.ar , Airoldi puts into 
operation a biodiesel plant in order to be able to continue importing, 7 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-438/EU-124); Diario de Cuyo , Good news: exports increase, 16 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-439/EU-125); and, Cronista , Newsan 
begins to export fish to compensate for imports, 7 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-148). 
405 For instance, the tyre manufacturer Pirelli starte d to export Argentine hone y. See, Office of the 
President, Speech by the President in the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli tyre plant in Merlo, 
9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110). For some other examples, see para. 6.169 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  balance deficits and import substitution, to "limit the volume of imports and/or reduce their 
price".406 The complainants have explained the co ntent of this requirement differently. 
6.180.  The European Union divides the requirement to limit "the volume of imports and/or reduce 
their price" into two distinct requirements: (a) a requirement to limit the volume of imported 
products (a so-called "import reduction requirement");407 and (b) a requirement to freeze or 
reduce prices of products sold domestically (a so-called "price control requirement").408 The 
United States and Japan do not refer to a price control requirement in their submissions.409 
Instead, they assert only the existence of requir ements "to limit the volume of imports or – less 
frequently – to limit the unit price of imports. According to the United States, both of these requirements serve to reduce the overall value of the import transaction".
410 
6.181.  In response to a Panel question411, the United States indicated that the requirement to 
reduce the price of imports identified in its panel request and its submissions refers to a reduction 
in the unit price value of such imports. The United States added that a reduction in either the unit price or the volume of imports might result in a reduction in the total value of imports.
412 In 
response to a subsequent Panel question, the United States argued that a reduction in the unit 
price of imports might affect the market price of the products and asserted that "the requirement impacts both import and market prices".
413 Likewise, Japan asserted that "'the reduction of the 
price of imports' (…) refers to (a) the unit price of imports, as well as (b) the total value of 
imports".414 Japan also alleged that a reduction in either the unit price or the total value of imports 
could lead to a reduction in the market price of imports.415 
6.182.  Only the European Union has asserted that the requirement to reduce the price of imports 
identified in its panel request should be interpreted to include a price control requirement, i.e. a 
commitment from economic operators to freeze or reduce prices of products sold domestically. This interpretation
416 was subsequently confirmed in its responses to the Panel, where the 
European Union asserted that the term "imports" should be interpreted as "imported products" as 
a result of a joint reading of the European Union's panel request and its first written submission.417 
6.183.  Argentina affirms that the price control re quirement identified by the European Union is 
different from an alleged requirement to limit "the volume of imports and/or reduce their price". In 
Argentina's view, by arguing the existence of a pr ice control requirement, the European Union is 
attempting to rewrite the terms of its panel request in order to make it conform to the evidence it 
has submitted to the Panel, which only refers to a purported price control requirement.418 
Argentina notes also that the alleged objective pursued by the price control requirement is "to 
control inflation and not impede imports".419 
                                               
406 European Union's reques t for the establishment of a panel, p.  3; United States ' request for the 
establishment of a panel, p. 4; Japan's requ est for the establishment of a panel, p. 3. 
407 European Union's first written submission, paras. 161-175. 
408 Ibid. paras. 176-182. 
409 Although in the section relating  to the import reduction requirem ent, Japan and the United States 
have not referred to the price control requirement identifi ed by the European Union, they both include evidence 
referring to price freezes for certain clothing retailers that, as Japan and the European Union have indicated, 
seems to refer to limits on the prices at which the products are sold in the domestic market. European Union's 
response to Panel question No. 52, para. 15; Japan's response to Panel question No. 52, paras. 41-42. The 
United States considers that the interpretation of the phrase "halt in prices" in the evidence listed by the Panel in Question No. 52 is not clear but it  asserts that an interpre tation "consistent with the other evidence with 
respect to this requirement" could lead to the conclusion that the references to "halt in prices" refer to the unit 
price of imports. See United States' response to Panel question No. 52, para. 21. 
410 United States' first written submis sion, para. 84. (footnote omitted) 
411 Panel question Nos. 12 and 52. 
412 United States' response to Pa nel question No. 12, para. 21. 
413 United States' response to Pa nel question No. 52, para. 21. 
414 Japan's response to Panel question No. 12, para. 26. 
415 Japan's response to Panel question No. 52, para. 42. 
416 European Union's first written submission, para. 176; and second written submission, para. 113. 
417 European Union's response to Panel question No. 43. 
418 Argentina's comments on the complainants' response s to Panel question No. 43, paras. 1-2. See also 
Argentina's comments on the complainants' responses to Panel question No. 52, paras. 33-35. 
419 Argentina's second written submission, para. 113. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.184.  In the Panel's view, the terms used by the three complainants in their panel requests do 
not clearly identify a price control requirement as on e of the measures at issue in the dispute. It is 
unclear from the terms used in the panel requests  (that economic operators are required by the 
Argentine Government to "limit the volume of imports and/or reduce their price") that this TRR 
refers to a price control requirement. Furthermore, it is unclear how a price control requirement 
would be related to the Argentine Government's purported policy objectives of eliminating trade balance deficits and substituting imports, which in the panel requests are identified as the common 
objectives to each of the five TRRs. As noted ab ove, of the three complainants, only the European 
Union asserts that a price control requirement is covered by the terms used in the panel requests. The Panel has already recalled the Appellate Body's statement that, when a challenge is brought against an unwritten measure, the complainants are expected to identify such measures in their 
panel requests "as clearly as possible".
420 
6.185.  In light of the above, the Panel concludes that the alleged requirement to limit "the volume 
of imports and/or reduce their price" identified in the complainants' panel requests refers only to a 
requirement to limit the volume or value of imported products (an "import reduction 
requirement"). The price control requirement referr ed to by the European Union in its submissions 
is not covered by the complainants' panel requests and consequently does not constitute a 
measure at issue in the present dispute. 
6.2.2.1.2.2  Description 6.186.  The Argentine Government has required certain economic operators to limit their imports 
(either in volume or in value). This requirement has often been imposed on economic operators 
along with other TRRs, such as the one-to-one  requirement or the local content requirement.
421 
6.187.  Supermarket chains, automobile and motorcycle producers and importers, producers of 
pork products, and producers of electronic and of fice equipment, have committed to restrict their 
imports into Argentina. In the paragraphs that follow the Panel will provide details on how this 
requirement has operated. 
6.188.  Supermarket sector . In May 2010, the Argentine Secretary of Domestic Trade met with 
representatives of local supermarkets to inform them that they would not be able to continue 
importing goods equivalent to products produced domestically.422 Argentine authorities also 
specifically required supermarkets to sell domestic products instead of imported ones (a local content requirement that will be discussed below).
423 There is no evidence on record of the list of 
the products covered by the import reduction requ irement. Brazilian products, which were initially 
affected by this measure, were  excluded from the scope of application a few months later.424 
6.189.  In November 2011, the Secretary of Domestic Trade requested supermarkets to refrain 
from selling certain imported products (mainly household appliances and some food products) for 
                                               
420 See para. 6.42 above (citing Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil 
Aircraft , para. 792). 
421 There are examples of the application of the impo rt reduction requirement to gether with other TRRs. 
See, in the motorcycle sector, News item:  Argentina Autoblog, Valued in Pesos and exporting wines, Harley-
Davidson makes a come back, 29 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-104); and, in the supermarket sector, News item:  
Página12 , When the industry has someone to protect it, 16 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-450/EU-136). 
422 News items:  La Nación , The Government wants to restrain the importation of foodstuff, 6 May 2010 
(Exhibit JE-453/EU-139); lapoliticaonline.com , Moreno targets food imports and the supermarket sector 
requests clarifications, 10 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-446/EU-132); infoalimentacion.com , Moreno: with the 
magnifying glass on imported food, 13 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-448/EU-134); La Nación , Restrictions on the 
importation of foodstuff are still in force, 19 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-444/EU-130); and La Voz , Uruguayan 
companies concerned about K measure,  16 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-442/EU-128). 
423 News items:  La Nación , The Government wants to restrain the importation of foodstuff, 6 May 2010 
(Exhibit JE-453/EU-139); lapoliticaonline.com , Moreno targets food imports and the supermarket sector 
requests clarifications, 10 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-446/EU-132); infoalimentacion.com , Moreno: with the 
magnifying glass on imported food, 13 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-448/EU-134); and La Nación , Restrictions on the 
importation of foodstuff are still in force, 19 May 2010 (Exhibit JE-444/EU-130). 
424 In May 2010, Brazilian products were affected by the import reduction requirement on supermarkets. 
According to reports dated January 2011, they were subsequently excluded. See, News item:  La Nación , 
Moreno again restrains the entry of imported  goods, 17 January 2011 (Exhibit JE-455/EU-141). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  at least one month.425 In early 2012, the Secretary of Domestic Trade informed supermarkets that 
they should stop importing and selling foreign products when there was an equivalent domestic product.
426 This requirement was applied throughout 2012, although by mid-2012 the measure 
was relaxed, particularly for foodstuffs, toys and textiles.427 In April 2013, the Secretary of 
Domestic Trade allowed for an increase of import s within the context of an agreement between the 
Argentine Government and several supermarkets.428 
6.190.  Automotive and motorcycle sector . In 2011, with a view to reversing their trade deficits, 
economic operators in the automobile and motorcycle sectors were required to reduce their 
imports by 20% and 40% respectively.429 In the case of the automobile sector, the Argentine 
Government subsequently imposed additional TRRs  such as an investment requirement, a non-
repatriation requirement and a requirement to increase the level of local content in domestically 
produced goods.430 
6.191.  In December 2013, the Minister of Industry reached an agreement with car manufacturers 
and importers to reduce their imports by around  20% in value in the first quarter of 2014; a 
percentage based on their level of imports in 2013.431 The 20% decrease in the value of imports 
demanded by the Ministry of Industry was an av erage for the sector; the actual percentage of 
import reduction varied depending on the trade balance of each car manufacturer or importer. 
According to evidence, the reduction could reach up to 27.5% for those car manufacturers with a 
higher trade deficit and for net car importers.432 
                                               
425 News item:  BAE Argentina , At Moreno's request, supermarkets paralysed al l external purchases, 
16 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-459/EU-145). 
426 News items:  Página12 , Do not import anything that is produced here, 5 January 2012 
(Exhibit JE-461/EU-147); infobae. com , Moreno met with the supermarkets to regulate imports, 
4 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-462/EU-148); La Nación , Moreno will further control importation, 4 January 2012 
(Exhibit JE-463/EU-149); ámbito.com , "Buy national" in force in supermarkets, 5 January 2012 
(Exhibit JE-465/EU-151); Cronista.com , Moreno banned supermarkets fro m importing and established the 
guidelines for price increases this year, 4 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-466/EU-152); and iProfesional.com , 
Moreno: "Products entering the country must not be produced domestically", 3 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-467/EU-153). 
427 A 20% increase of the volume of imports was pe rmitted by the Secretary of Domestic Trade. See 
News items:  iProfesional.com , In order to lift the pressure on prices , Moreno increases the flexibility of the 
exchange rate "trap" for foodstuff, toys and textiles, 2 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-473/EU-159); La Nación , The 
trap has been opened for foodstuff, 2 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-474/EU-160); 24siete.info , The Government 
would authorize more imports to supermarkets an d may add some flexibility to the requirements, 
4 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-475/EU-161); and Urgente24.com , Moreno's restrictions loosened, 2 August 2012 
(Exhibit JE-476/EU-162). 
428 News items:  Página12 , No changes of the origin on the store shelves, 2 April 2013 
(Exhibit JE-509/EU-195); and ámbito.com , Moreno II: Promises more imported products, 25 February 2013 
(Exhibit JE-512/EU-198). 
429 For examples of import reduction in the automotive sector, see News items:  Ministry of Industry, 
Government seeks to reduce third-country car imports by 20%, 10 December 2010 (Exhibit JE-477/EU-163); and iProfesional.com , The Government advances with the "corra lito" on imported cars and consumers can 
already feel it in their pockets, 3 February 2011 (Exhibit JE-478/EU-164). For examples in the motorcycle 
sector, see, News item:  Cronista.com , Harley Davidson motorcycles are withdrawn from sale until 2012 
because of import obstacles, 21 September 2011 (Exhibit JE-483/EU-169). 
430 See, News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 
13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees  to ensure trade balance, 
5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); and Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo 
also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012,  5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). Economic operators in 
the motorcycle sector also committed to even out their trade balances by increasing exports or the amount of local content in their products. See, News item:  BAE Argentina,  Motorcycle importers criticise the two-fold 
official requirements, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-423/EU-109). 
431 The entities that reached this agreement with the Argentine Government are the Association of 
Argentine Manufacturers of Electronic Terminals ( Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Terminales de 
Electrónica , Afarte), the Argentine Chamber of Office and Commercial Equipment ( Cámara Argentina de 
Máquinas de Oficina, Comerciales y Afines , Camoca), the Associatio n of Car Manufacturers ( Asociación de 
Fábricas de Automotores , Adefa), and the Chamber of Car Importers and Authorized Dealers ( Cámara de 
Importadores y Distribuidores Oficiales de Automotores , Cidoa). News item:  Prensa Argentina, Giorgi agreed 
with electronic and automotive industries to reduce  foreign currency for exports by 20%, 11 December 2013 
(Exhibit JE-827). 
432 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Giorgi agreed with electronic and automotive industries to reduce 
foreign currency for exports by 20%, 11 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-827). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.192.  Pork producers . Following a meeting with the Secretary of Domestic Trade, in May 2012, 
four entities representing the pork products value chain proposed a number of trade-related commitments relating to the importation of pork cuts
433: (a) not to import pork cuts with bone-in 
nor finished products; only pork meat and fat may be imported; (b) only companies in the 
pressed-meat industry with a valid SENASA author ization may import; (c) imports for the following 
annual period (from 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2013) would be limited to 80% of the volume of 
imports made by each company in 2011; (d) the pressed-meat industry would submit its list of 
prices for 2010-2011 within seven days; (e) the pressed-meat industry would submit its annual 
import-export commitments; and, (f) the signing entities would inform their members about the current import procedures, which involve the filing of the DJAI with the Federal Administration of Public Revenues ( Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos , AFIP ), the Import Operations 
Registry ( Registro de las Operaciones de Importación , ROI) and the Unit on Coordination and 
Evaluation of Subsidies on Internal Consumption ( Unidad de Coordinación y Evaluación de 
Subsidios al Consumo Interno , UCESCI), and the submission of price lists and import-export 
commitments to the Secretariat of Domestic Trade.
434 
6.193.  In the same document, representatives of  the industry also made two petitions to the 
Argentine Government: (a) the release of pork products and inputs loaded before 
31 January 2012, which were still at the Argentine customs, ports or fiscal warehouses; and 
(b) the prohibition for the importation of natural bovine intestines. The last petition was in support of the request made earlier by the Argentin e Chamber of Producers of Natural Casing ( Cámara 
Argentina de Elaboradores de Tripas Naturales , CADELTRIP), who committed to substitute these 
imports with national products sold at the price authorized by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade.
435 
6.194.  Electronic and office equipment . In December 2013, electronic and office equipment 
producers436 met with the Minister of Industry and the Secretary of Domestic Trade and agreed to 
reduce their imports in the first quarter of 2014 by 20% as compared to the previous year.437 
6.195.  Evidence on record indicates that these commitments to limit the volume or value of 
imports were undertaken by economic operators i n  r e s p o n s e  t o  r e q u e s t s  f r o m  t h e  A r g e n t i n e  
Government. In certain instances (such as in the pork sector) compliance with these commitments 
constituted a condition for operators to import goods into Argentina. 
6.2.2.1.3  The local content requirement 6.196.  The Argentine Government has required certain economic operators to reach a higher level 
of local content in their products by substituting imports with products that are produced or could 
be produced in Argentina. 
                                               
433 Argentina has acknowledged receipt of the propos al. See Argentina's response to Panel question 
No. 55. The four entities submitting the proposal  are the Union of the Argentine Meat Industry ( Unión de la 
Industria Cárnica Argentina , UNICA), the Argentine Chamber of the Pressed Meat and Related Industries 
(Cámara Argentina de la Industria de Chacinados y Afines , CAICHA), the Argentine Association of Pork 
Producers ( Asociación Argentina de Productores de Porcinos , AAPP) and the Argentine Council of Producers 
(Consejo Argentino de Productores , CAP). See Letter from the Argentin e meat and pork industry to the 
Secretary of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-441/EU-127). See also, News item:  Porcinos , The 
Argentine Association of Pork Producers and other entities  within the pork value chain sealed an agreement to 
allow importation, June 2012 (Exhibit JE-488/EU-174), p. 6. 
434 Letter from the Argentine meat an d pork industry to the Secretar y of Domestic Trade, 7 May 2012 
(Exhibit JE-441/EU-127). 
435 Ibid. 
436 The entities that reached this agreement with the Argentine Government are the Association of 
Argentine Manufacturers of Electronic Terminals ( Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Terminales de 
Electrónica , Afarte), the Argentine Chamber of Office and Commercial Equipment ( Cámara Argentina de 
Máquinas de Oficina, Comerciales y Afines , Camoca), the Associatio n of Car Manufacturers ( Asociación de 
Fábricas de Automotores , Adefa) and the Chamber of Car Im porters and Authorized Dealers ( Cámara de 
Importadores y Distribuidores Oficiales de Automotores , Cidoa). News item:  Prensa Argentina, Giorgi agreed 
with electronic and automotive industries to reduce  foreign currency for exports by 20%, 11 December 2013 
(Exhibit JE-827). 
437 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Giorgi agreed with electronic and automotive industries to reduce 
foreign currency for exports by 20%, 11 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-827). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.197.  The Argentine Government stated that import substitution is a state policy and one of the 
main tools to reindustrialize the country.438 It has referred to this objective in numerous 
statements439, as well as in its Industrial Strategic Plan 2020 (PEI 2020).440 The President of 
Argentina stated in October 2011 that the final objective of the Government is to domestically 
substitute around 45% of imports.441 
6.198.  The PEI 2020 refers to 11 Working Groups ( Mesas de Implementación ) in the following 
sectors (value chains): (a) leather and footwear; (b) wood; (c) textile and apparel; (d) automotive 
and auto parts; (e) construction materials; (f) software; (g) agricultural machinery; (h) medicines 
for human consumption; (i) capital goods; (j) poultry, pork and dairy products; and, (k) chemical and petrochemical.
442 In these Working Groups, manufacturers, potential local suppliers and 
government representatives are to meet regularly with a view to discussing the development of 
these respective sectors. As described below,  subsequent discussions have given rise to 
agreements on which imported products can be substituted by domestic production. 
6.199.  Argentine authorities stated that the level of import substitution reached USD 9.2 billion in 
2010443 and USD 4 billion in the first half of 2011.444 The percentage of local content to be reached 
by economic operators has varied in the different sectors for which there is available evidence (mining equipment, agricultural machinery, moto rcycles, and electronic products), and even 
between producers within the same sector. 
6.200.  Mining Equipment . In August 2011, the Minister of Industry met with industry 
representatives and urged them to substitute imports. In her statement, the minister highlighted that Argentina possessed the sixth largest mineral reserves and such endowment should lead the 
country to develop domestically the capital goods needed for the extraction industry.
445 In 2012, 
the Argentine Government established a system for regular meetings between mining companies, potential national suppliers, and government representatives aimed at developing the value chain 
for this sector. In addition, it requested to representatives of mining companies that they strive to 
increase the use of locally produced goods and services.
446 The Minister of Industry stated that it 
should be possible to substitute imports in the mining sector by USD 200 million.447 In the 
particular case of ball mills, the minister estimate d the development of the industry could result in 
the substitution of imports valued in USD 80 million.448 The Ministry of Industry established a 
                                               
438 The Minister of Industry has indicated that import substitution in the agricultural machinery sector is 
a State policy. See, News item: Office of the President, Giorgi confirmed that benefits to produce agricultural 
machinery will be extended under a commitment to substituting imports, 19 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-369/EU-55). 
439 See, for example, News items: Mi nistry of Industry, Minister Giorgi  met with representatives of the 
mining industry, 11 August 2011 (Exhibit  JE-210); and Ministry of Industry, Giorgi met with car manufacturers 
and laid out actions to integrate local parts and diversify exports, 24 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-229). 
440 Since 2003, import substitution is one of the five pillars of Argentina's macroeconomic policies. See, 
Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2011 (Exhibits ARG-51 and JE-749), p. 33. 
441 Office of the President, Presentation of the Strate gic Industrial Plan 2020, Speech by the President, 
4 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-517/EU-203). See also Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2011 (Exhibits ARG-51 and JE-749), p. 38. 
442 European Union's first written submission, para. 186. See also " Mesas de Implementación " (Working 
Groups), in Ministry of Industry's website, available at http://www.industria.gob.ar/plan-estrategico-industrial-
2020/mesas-de-implementacion/ (consulted on 7 March 2014). European Union's first written submission, fn 253 to para. 186. 
443 News item: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We will no t leave the internal market in the hands of unfair 
competition", 16 February 2011 (Exhibit JE-323/EU-9). 
444 News item: Ministry of Industry, Argentina substituted imports amounting to USD 4 billion in the first 
semester of the year, 23 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-252). 
445 News item:  Ministry of Industry, Minister Giorgi met wi th representatives of the mining industry, 
11 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-210). 
446 News items:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi declared that  the mining sector must generate more 
employment and local growth by developing national suppliers, 28 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-211); Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi asks executives of La Alumbrera mining company to develop more local suppliers, 
26 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-214); and Ministry of Industry , Giorgi with mining companies: boost to local 
manufacturing of capital goods for the sector, 22 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-213). 
447 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Giorgi met with mining companies and suppliers to move forward a 
plan to substitute over USD 200 million in imports, 27 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-216). 
448 News item:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "Consolidating  the industrialization of an input means 
walking towards real sovereignty in the mining sector", 25 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-217). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  system to monitor developments in this regard.449 Argentina provides certain fiscal benefits to 
mining companies (such as fiscal stability, credits on their income tax for exploration expenses and other investments, tax exemptions on purchases of certain goods and services, duty- and tax-free importation of capital goods and other inputs necessary for their mining activity).
450 In order to 
enjoy these benefits, mining companies must establish an internal department for import 
substitution and, through this department, submit their purchase plans to the government for approval 120 days before purchasing the products. When a company is planning to purchase 
imported products or services, it must indicate in its purchase plans the reason why it is not 
possible to buy domestic products or services. A technical evaluation working group will assess the 
purchase plan and determine whether it complies with import substitution targets.
451 
6.201.  Automotive sector . In April 2012, the Minister of Industry urged car manufacturers to 
achieve a larger integration of domestically produced parts and a greater development of national 
suppliers, so as to allow the exportation of domestically produced parts.452 The Argentine 
Government reached agreements with certain car manufacturers whereby they committed to 
produce certain car models in Argentina and increase local content in their production 
processes.453 The Ministry of Industry also organized m eetings with sectors providing inputs to the 
automotive sector other than auto-parts, such as leather454, steel455 or software456, to foster the 
incorporation of local content in cars manufactured in Argentina.457 
6.202.  Agricultural machinery . Since February 2011, the Argentine Government has asked 
producers of agricultural machinery to increase their production (mainly of tractors and harvesters) and to submit import substitution plans to incorporate more local agro-parts into their 
final products.
458 To support this effort, the Ministry of Industry established a Working Group 
(Mesa de Integración Nacional de Maquinaria Agrícola ) to launch negotiations between producers 
of agricultural machinery and local producers of agro-parts.459 The main objective pursued by the 
government is to advance in the integration of local content by manufacturers purchasing agro-
                                               
449 News item: Prensa Argentina, Cases of import substitution in the mining sector, 6 April 2013 
(Exhibit JE-523/EU-209). 
450 Law 24,196 on Mining Investments, 28 April 1993 (Exhibit JE-527/EU-213). 
451 Resolution 54/2012 (Regulations for the application of Resolutions 12/2012 and 13/2012), 
27 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-525/EU-211). For a company' s perspective, see Goldcorp Earnings Conference 
Call (Q1 2012), 26 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-227). 
452 News item:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi met with car ma nufacturers and laid out actions to integrate 
local parts and diversify exports, 24 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-229). 
453 News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 
13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees  to ensure trade balance, 
5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also 
signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Ministry of 
Industry announced that BMW will balance imports an d exports in 2012, 13 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-92); and 
Ministry of Industry, Honda will inve st USD 3 million to begin producing motorcycles in its Campana factory, 
27 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-254). 
454 News item:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "The challe nge is to add value to leather exports", 
19 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-232). 
455 News items:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi gathered automa kers and auto part pr oducers with special-
steel manufacturers, 2 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-230); and Mini stry of Industry, Giorgi and Moreno agreed with 
automakers, auto part producers and steel makers to substitute imports of special steels, 19 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-231). 
456 News item:  Ministry of Industry, Giorgi fosters import su bstitution and increased exports of software 
in the automobile industry, 9 October 2012 (Exhibit JE-234). 
457 News items: Ministry of In dustry, Automakers agree to a ccelerate import substitution, 
22 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-530/EU-216); Ministry of Industry, Import substitution: Auto parts that can start being produced in Argentina are defined, 19 February 2013 (Exhibit JE-534/EU-220); and Ministry of Industry, Giorgi and Moreno agreed with automakers, auto part producers and st eel makers to substitute 
imports of special steels, 19 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-231). 
458 News item: Ministry of Industry, The agricultural machinery sector is required to substitute imports 
amounting to USD 450 million , 10 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225); AGCO Corp Earnings 
Conference Call (Q4 2011), 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-199). 
459 News items: Ministry of  Industry, Giorgi demanded that agricu ltural machinery manufacturers submit 
specific integration projects within a month, 21 Marc h 2012 (Exhibit JE-202); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: 
"Whoever integrates national parts faster will gain most ", 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE -203); Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi brought together agricultural machinery ma nufacturers and agroparts manufacturers, 24 April 2012 
(Exhibit JE-204); and Ministry of Industry, Giorgi ur ged agroparts manufacturers to substitute imports, 
12 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-205). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  parts from domestic producers.460 The Minister of Industry, who participates in the meetings, has 
set targets for degrees of local integration and ur ged economic operators to submit their import 
substitution plans.461 Compliance with import substitution plans is monitored by the Ministry of 
Industry.462 For agricultural machinery, the goal was to achieve between 55-60% of local content 
in 2013463, although this percentage varies according to the product.464 These policies seem to be 
accompanied by the eligibility for soft loans granted for example by the Banco Nación .465 
6.203.  Motorcycle sector . The local content requirement has also been applicable to motorcycle 
producers. In November 2009, news items posted on government websites reported the adoption 
of legislation requiring substitution of imported parts to a level of 30% of the unit value of production within a period of five years and announcing fiscal credits for companies that achieve the proposed targets.
466 The Argentine Government established a tax benefit for those companies 
submitting an export-import plan and a producti on plan to be approved by the "competent 
authority".467 Pursuant to Law 26,457 of 15 December 2008, on the Regime of Incentives for Local 
Investment in the Motorcycles and Motoparts Industry ( Régimen de Incentivo a la Inversión Local 
de Emprendimientos de Motocicletas y Motopartes ), the production plan should contain a 
programme for the progressive integration of local content into final products, subject to approval by the Argentine Government. In June 2011, the Ministry of Industry required motorcycle 
manufacturers either to produce motorcycles with at least one-half domestic motoparts or, 
                                               
460 News items: Ministry of  Industry, Giorgi demanded that agricu ltural machinery manufacturers submit 
specific integration projects within a month, 21 Marc h 2012 (Exhibit JE-202); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: 
"Whoever integrates national parts faster will gain most ", 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE -203); Ministry of Industry, 
Giorgi brought together agricultural machinery ma nufacturers and agroparts manufacturers, 24 April 2012 
(Exhibit JE-204); and Ministry of Industry, Giorgi ur ged agroparts manufacturers to substitute imports, 
12 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-205). 
461 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, The Government requests to do uble the production of national 
agricultural machinery in 2011 to substitute imports, 9 February 2011 (Exhibit JE-538/EU-224); Ministry of Industry, The agricultural machinery sector is requir ed to substitute imports amounting to USD 450 million , 10 
February 2011 (Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225); Mi nistry of Industry, Agricultural machinery 
manufacturers in Argentina will incorporate axles and tr ansmissions produced in th e country, 27 February 2013 
(Exhibit JE-543/EU-229); and Ministry of Industry, Giorgi  demanded that agricultural machinery manufacturers 
submit specific integration projects within a month, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-202). 
462 News item: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi demanded  that agricultural machin ery manufacturers submit 
specific integration projects within a month, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-202). 
463 News items: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi confirmed that from 2013 there will be a 55-60% level of 
integration of national supplies in agricultural machinery, 6 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-541/EU-227); Office of the President, Giorgi confirmed that  benefits to produce agricultural machinery will be extended under a 
commitment to substituting imports, 19 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-369/EU-55); Prensa Argentina , Giorgi 
ratified the extension of benefits to manufacture agricultural machinery in the country, 19 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-207); Ministry of Industry, Agricultural ma chinery manufacturers in Argentina will incorporate axles 
and transmissions produced in the country, 27 Febr uary 2013 (Exhibit JE-543/EU-229); and Ministry of 
Industry, Pauny announced to Giorgi that it will reach a production of 2,500 tractors in 2014, 8 April 2013 (Exhibit JE-368/EU-54). 
464 For harversters, the objective of local content fo r the first trimester of 2014 is 20% and 40% for the 
first trimester of 2015. In respect of tractors, the object ive of local content is 35% for the first trimester of 
2014 and 50% in early 2015. See News item: Prensa Argentina , Agricultural machinery manufactured in the 
country must have 40-50% of national parts, 23 May 2013 (Exhibit JE-550/EU-236). 
465 News items: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "We will not fund trac tors or harvesters that do not reach 
an acceptable level of national integration", 27 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-537/EU-223); Prensa Argentina, 
Agricultural machinery manufacturers commit to increase level of local integration, 13 April 2013 
(Exhibit JE-549/EU-235); and Prensa Argentina , Agricultural machinery manufact ured in the country must have 
40-50% of national parts, 23 May 2013 (Exhibit JE-550/EU- 236). See also News items: Office of the President, 
Giorgi confirmed that benefits to produce agricultural machinery will be  extended under a commitment to 
substituting imports, 19 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-369/EU-55); Prensa Argentina , Giorgi ratified the 
extension of benefits to manufacture agricultural machinery in the country, 19 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-207); Ministry of Industry, Giorgi conf irmed that from 2013 there will be a 55-60% level of 
integration of national supplies in agricultural machinery, 6 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-541/EU-227); and Ministry of Industry, Agricultural machinery manuf acturers in Argentina will incorporate axles and 
transmissions produced in the country, 27 February 2013 (Exhibit JE-543/EU-229). 
466 News item: Ministry of Indust ry, Domestic production of moto rcycles and parts will increase, 
26 November 2009 (Exhibit JE-553/EU-239). 
467 Article 3, Law 26,457 on incentives for local investment for the production of motorcycles and 
motorcycle parts, 15 December 2008 (Exhibit JE-551/EU-237). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  alternatively, to assemble two motorcycles in the country for each imported motorcycle.468 
Negotiations between motorcycle manufacturers and producers of motoparts have reportedly taken place on a regular basis to advance the import substitution process in this sector.
469 In 
March 2013, the Secretary of Domestic Trade is reported to have declared that motorcycle 
producers would not be able to import unless they complied with the Government's integration 
plan.470 
6.204.  Electronic products . The Argentine Government adopted Resolution 12/2013 for audio 
systems and equipment and Resolution 13/2013 for window- and split-type air conditioning 
systems that establish a minimum level of local content as a condition to benefit from certain tax and customs benefits.
471 A Working Group ( Mesa de Desarrollo de Proveedores de Material y 
Equipos Eléctricos y Electrónicos ) was established to serve as a forum for dialogue between 
manufacturers, input suppliers and the government.472 
6.205.  Pharmaceutical sector . In May 2011, the Minister of Industry declared that, in order to 
enjoy access to the Argentine market, pharmaceutical laboratories would have to engage in local 
production. The Minister announced that by 2020 Argentina should increase domestic production of 
medicines from less than 500 million units to 1.35 billion, thereby creating 40 thousand new jobs and achieving an export surplus of USD 1.5 billion.
473 
6.206.  Bicycle sector . In April 2013, the Argentine Government launched a Working Group for the 
bicycle sector ( Mesa Nacional de Integración de la Industria de Bicicletas ) with the objective to 
increase the production of domestic bicycle part s in order to strengthen the Argentine bicycle 
industry. This sector is reported to have a level of approximately 55-60% local content.474 
6.207.  The available evidence leads the Panel to conclude that in some economic sectors a local 
content requirement has been set by the Argentine Government as a condition for economic operators to benefit from tax incentives or soft loans.
475 In addition, in at least two sectors the 
Argentine Government seems to have imposed this requirement as a condition for economic 
operators to import or to continue importing goods into Argentina.476 
                                               
468 News item:  Office of the President, Half of the motorcyc les sold in the country have Argentine labor, 
4 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-237). 
469 News item: Cronista.com , Import ban on motorcycle manufactur ers that do not increase the use of 
local components, 20 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-557/EU-243). 
470 Ibid. 
471 Ministry of Industry, Resolution 12/2013, 22 February 2013 (Exhibit JE-561/EU-247); Ministry of 
Industry, Resolution 13/2013, 22 February 2013 (Exhibit JE-562/EU-248). 
472 News item: Ministry of Industry, Giorgi: "Importers' interests seek to weaken the electronics industry 
in Tierra del Fuego, where 12,000 people work", 11 October 2011 (Exhibit JE-560/EU-246). 
473 News item:  Office of the President, In 2020, this country will be able to produce 1.35 billion 
medication units and generate 40 thousand new jobs in the sector, 10 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-168). 
474 News item: Ministry of Industry , Giorgi highlighted the high level of integration of the Argentine 
bicycle industry, 5 April 2013 (Exhibit JE-569/EU-255). 
475 News items: Prensa Argentina , Giorgi ratified the extension of be nefits to manufacture agricultural 
machinery in the country, 19 November  2012 (Exhibit JE-207); Ministry of Industry, Débora Giorgi met with 
the authorities of the Industrial Ch amber of Motorcycles, Bycicles, Whee led Vehicles and Related Industries, 
2 November 2009 (Exhibit JE-555/EU-241); Ministry of Industry, Débora Giorgi met with motorcycle manufacturers, 4 December 2009 (Exhibit JE-556/EU- 242); and Ministry of Industry, The agricultural 
machinery sector is required to substitute imports amounting to USD 450 million , 10 February 2011 
(Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225). See also Article 3, Law 26,457 on incentives for local investment for the production of motorcycles and motorcycle parts, 15 December 2008 (Exhibit JE-551/EU-237); Office of the President, Inauguration of a new plan t of Fiat Argentina in Córdoba: Sp eech by the President of Argentina, 
4 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-794/EU-444). 
476 News items: Cronista.com , Import ban on motorcycle manufacture rs that do not increase the use of 
local components, 20 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-557/EU-243) ; Diario BAE, Giorgi called on producers of 
agricultural machinery to accelerate substitution of parts, 22 March 2012 (Exhibit JE 288); and, Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi demanded that agri cultural machinery manufacturers submit specific integration projects 
within a month, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-202). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.2.1.4  The investment requirement 
6.208.  The Argentine Government requires certain companies to make or increase investments in 
Argentina. This requirement is usually linked to the one-to-one requirement477 or to the local 
content requirement.478 
6.209.  With respect to the one-to-one requirement, the Argentine Government has required 
economic operators to undertake investments in the form of irrevocable capital contributions, when their level of imports exceeds that of their exports.
479 With respect to the local content 
requirement, the Argentine Government has required certain economic operators to undertake 
investments in order to commence manufacturing processes in Argentina or to increase or improve manufacturing capacity.
480 
6.210.  There is evidence that economic operators in the automotive sector have been required by 
the Argentine Government to make investments related to their manufacturing output, in order to 
increase existing levels of production or produce new models in Argentina. Companies like Renault
481, Nissan482, Ditecar483, Fiat484, General Motors485, Indumotora (Subaru)486, Honda487, 
Centro Milano (Alfa Romeo)488 and Hyundai489 have committed to make such capital contributions. 
                                               
477 In the context of the one-to-one requirement, see, News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer 
Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Renault, 
Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan  to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 5 August 2011 
(Exhibit JE-90); Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade balance, 
29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91); Prensa Argentina , Scania informed the President it will invest USD 40 million 
in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-101); Prensa Argentina , Renault Trucks announced to the 
government it will increase its exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-103); and Prensa Argentina , Three 
metallurgical companies committed investments and will not transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209). 
478 For investment commitments within the context of the local content requirement, see, News items: 
Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); 
Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and 
JE-528/EU-214); Office of the President, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Speech by the President, 15 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-244); and Ministry of Industry, Honda will invest USD 3 million to begin producing motorcycles in its Campana factory, 27 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-254). 
479 News items:  Página12, On the way to reinvest profits, 18 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-620/EU-306); 
Prensa Argentina , An automobile importer may compensate by exporting, 25 March 2011 (Exhibits JE-1 and 
JE-398/EU-84); and Prensa Argentina , Car manufacturer KIA also pledge d to even out its trade balance, 
15 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-87). 
480 News items: Ministry of Indust ry, Argentina substituted imports am ounting to USD 4 billion in the 
first semester of the year, 23 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-252); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to 
offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to 
ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 (Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); and Office of the President, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Speech by  the President, 15 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-244). 
481 News item: Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
482 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Nissan agreed to a new trade balancing plan, 19 October 2011 
(Exhibit JE-89). 
483 News item: Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volv o also signed a plan to achieve a 
trade surplus in 2012, 5 Au gust 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
484 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214); Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade 
balance, 13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86). 
485 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Fiat: Another automaker agrees to ensure trade balance, 5 May 2011 
(Exhibits JE-88 and JE-528/EU-214). 
486 News item: Prensa Argentina , Subaru agreed with the Ministry of Industry to restore its trade 
balance, 29 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-91). 
487 News item: Ministry of Industry, Honda will invest USD 3 million to begin producing motorcycles in 
its Campana factory, 27 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-254). 
488 News item: Prensa Argentina , Five car producers have agreed to contribute USD 2.2 billion to the 
balance of trade, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-85). 
489 News item: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 13 June 2011 
(Exhibit JE-86). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.211.  The investment requirement has also been imposed on producers of trucks ( Scania490, 
Renault Trucks491), motorcycles492, agricultural machinery493 and clothing ( Nike494). Notes posted 
on government websites report that companies such as Walmart  and Procter & Gamble  have 
announced investments combined with other commitments such as import substitution or non-
repatriation of profits.495 
6.212.  On the basis of the evidence cited in the section above, the Panel concludes that the 
Argentine Government has imposed on some economic operators a requirement to make 
investments in Argentina, in combination with the one-to-one requirement or with the local 
content requirement. 
6.2.2.1.5  The requirement to refrain from repatriating profits fr om Argentina abroad 
6.213.  The European Union considers that this commitment is linked to an investment 
requirement, whereas the United States and Japa n distinguish between an investment requirement 
and a non-repatriation requirement.496 
6.214.  The Argentine Government has required certain economic operators to refrain from 
repatriating profits abroad.497 There is no evidence on the record to suggest that a non-
repatriation requirement has been imposed by th e Argentine Government in and of itself as a 
condition to import. However, the evidence suggests that a commitment to refrain from 
repatriating profits is linked to the one-to-one requirement or to the local content requirement. 
These combinations are found in the agreements between the Argentine Government and several truck manufacturers ( Scania
498, Renault Trucks499 and Volvo Trucks500), car manufacturers 
(Ford501, General Motors502 and Peugeot-Citroen503) and agricultural machinery manufacturers 
(Claas504). Mining companies have also been subject to this requirement.505 
                                               
490 News items: Office of the President, Scania informed the President that it will invest USD 40 million 
in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-411/EU-97); and Prensa Argentina , Scania informed the President 
it will invest USD 40 million in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-101). 
491 News items: Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed with Renault Trucks 
Argentina, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-590/EU-276); and Prensa Argentina , Renault Trucks announced to the 
government it will increase its exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-103). 
492 News items: Argentina Autoblog , Suzuki will assemble motorcycles in the country to avoid import 
restrictions, 26 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-573/EU-259); and Office of the President, Yamaha announced to the President an investment of ARS 120 million to manufacture motorcycles, 31 July 2013 (Exhibit JE-760). 
493 News items:  Prensa Argentina , Three metallurgical companies committed investments and will not 
transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209); Cronista.com , Fiat starts producing harvesters in 
Argentina,  20 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-188); and, Ministry of Industry, John Deere informed Industry that in 
August it will formally introduce its Argentina-manuf actured line of tractors and harvesters, 27 June 2012 
(Exhibit JE-279). 
494 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Nike announces USD 5 million investment to increase local production, 
5 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-159). 
495 News item: Prensa Argentina, Walmart Argentina anounced to the President it will invest USD 110 
millions in 2012, 16 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-579/EU-265); News item:  Prensa Argentina , Procter & Gamble 
announces ARS 557 million in investments and an  import substitution plan, 5 September 2012 
(Exhibit JE-241). 
496 European Union's first wr itten submission, para. 9; United States' first written submission, para. 9; 
Japan's first written submission, para. 4. 
497 News item:  BAE Argentina , At Moreno's request, supermarkets paralysed al l external purchases, 
16 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-459/EU-145); Pan Americ an Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q3 2012), 
8 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-222); News item:  Página12, On the way to reinvest profits, 18 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-620/EU-306). 
498 News items: Office of the President, Scania informed the President that it will invest USD 40 million 
in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-411/EU-97); Prensa Argentina , Scania informed the President it 
will invest USD 40 million in Argentina, 21 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-101). 
499 News items: Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, Agreement signed with Renault Trucks 
Argentina, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-590/EU-276); Prensa Argentina , Renault Trucks announced to the 
government it will increase its exports, 7 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-103). 
500 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Three metallurgical companies committed investments and will not 
transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209). 
501 News item: Ministry of Industry, Ford presente d its new pickup model, under the USD 250 million 
investment plan submitted to the Ministry  of Industry, 3 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-277). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.215.  In November 2012, the President of the Cent ral Bank of Argentina stated that "in view of 
the international uncertainty and with the need to have dollars to finance growth", the Argentine Government had requested companies to refrain from repatriating profits. In her statement, she indicated that this situation had only occurred in 2012, because in previous years multinational 
companies had been able to transfer profits to their headquarters.
506 
6.216.  As in the case of the investment requir ement, the available evidence persuades the Panel 
that, in combination with the one-to-one and the local content requirements, the Argentine 
Government has imposed on certain economic operators a requirement not to repatriate profits 
abroad. 
6.2.2.2  The single TRRs measure 6.2.2.2.1  Preliminary considerations 
6.217.  Argentina argues that the complainants ha ve not produced evidence of the existence of a 
single "overarching" measure that has general an d prospective application. In Argentina's view, 
even if the Panel were to accept the complainants' characterization of the evidence relating to the 
TRRs, at most this might indicate the existence of a series of individual one-off and isolated actions 
that concern a limited number of individual economic operators in a limited number of sectors, whose content varies considerably and lacks anything resembling general and prospective 
application.
507 
6.218.  Argentina's argument raises two issues that will be dealt separately by the Panel: 
(a) whether there is evidence of the existence of a single measure as described by the complainants; and, if so, (b) whether there is evidence that this measure has general and 
prospective application. 
6.219.  With respect to the first point, the Panel will determine whether the five TRRs imposed by 
Argentina and described above apply and operate in a combined manner and as part of a single 
measure. This single measure would consist of Argentina's imposition of one or more TRRs on 
economic operators as a condition to import goods or to obtain certain benefits. 
6.220.  With respect to the second point (the ge neral and prospective application of the measure), 
the Panel will deal with this issue subsequently, and only if it considers that a finding about that 
measure "as such" becomes necessary or useful for the resolution of the matter between the parties.
508 
6.2.2.2.2  Existence and content of the TRRs measure 
6.221.  As noted in the preceding sections, the Panel has found evidence that demonstrates that, 
at least since 2009, Argentina has required from importers and other economic operators to undertake one or more of the following trade-rela ted commitments, as a condition to import goods 
                                                                                                                                               
502 Office of the President, Announcement of New Investments in GM: Speech by the President, 
15 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-244); News item:  Página12, On the way to reinvest profits, 18 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-620/EU-306). 
503 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Peugeot agrees to balance its trade, 17 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-245); News item:  Página12, On the way to reinvest profits, 18 November 2011 
(Exhibit JE-620/EU-306). 
504 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Three metallurgical companies committed investments and will not 
transfer profits, 23 December 2011 (Exhibit JE-209). 
505 Pan American Silver Earnings Conference Ca ll (Q3 2012), 8 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-222); Pan 
American Silver Earnings Conference Call (Q4 2011), 23 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-223); Goldcorp, Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, 25 July 2012 (Exhibit JE-226). 
506 News item:  Prensa Argentina , Marcó del Pont highlighted inve stment growth in Argentina, 
14 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-242). 
507 Argentina's second written submission, para. 106; opening statement at the second meeting of the 
Panel, para. 25; and closing statement at the second meeting of the Panel, para. 5. See also para. 6.130 above. 
508 See para. 6.42 above and Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 198. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  or to obtain certain benefits: (a) offsetting the value of their imports with, at least, an equivalent 
value of exports (one-to-one requirement); (b) limiting their imports, either in volume or in value (import reduction requirement); (c) reaching a certain level of local content in their domestic production (local content requirement); (d) making investments in Argentina (investment 
requirement); and, (e) refraining from repatria ting profits from Argentina (non-repatriation 
requirement).
509 The Panel has also found that Argentina has imposed one or more of these five 
TRRs in different combinations.510 
6.222.  To determine whether the five TRRs operate in a manner such that they constitute a single 
measure, the Panel will take into account three factors: (a) the manner in which the complainants have presented their claims in respect of the concerned measures; (b) the respondent's position; and (c) the manner in which the TRRs operate and are related to each other, in order to determine 
whether they can be considered to be autonomous or independent.
511 If the Panel finds that a 
single measure exists, it will examine the content of the measure and whether it can be attributed 
to Argentina. 
6.223.  As explained above512, the determination of the existence and content of the individual 
TRRs was the first step in determining the existence and content of a single measure (the TRRs measure). The Panel's examination of the existence,  nature and characteristics of the individual 
TRRs was based on evidence such as copies of domestic laws, regulations and policy documents; 
communications addressed to Argentine officials by private companies; statements by Argentine officials and notes posted on websites of the Argentine Government; articles in newspapers and specialized publications; and statements by company officials.
513 
6.224.  With respect to the parties' arguments, the complainants have identified the five 
requirements as elements of the TRRs measure.514 The complainants have clarified that they are 
not seeking from the Panel separate determinations  w i t h  r e g a r d  t o  e a c h  T R R  b e c a u s e ,  i n  t h e i r  
view, there is only one measure at issue.515 Argentina, in turn, contends that the complainants 
have failed to determine the precise content of the TRRs measure because (a) the complainants have provided a non-exhaustive list of requirem ents that the TRRs measure encompasses; and (b) 
the alleged requirements are not the same for different economic operators.
516 In Argentina's 
view, the single measure the complainants have identified has been artificially created for the purpose of this dispute.
517 In light of this difference in view, the Panel will examine the manner in 
which the TRRs operate and how they are related to each other. 
6.225.  With respect to the operation of the measure, in many cases for which there is evidence, 
Argentina has imposed a combination of TRRs on economic operators. It appears that the TRRs operate in combination such that more than one TRR has been imposed at a given time on a 
specific economic operator. For example, in the automotive and motorcycle sectors, the one-to-
one requirement has often operated in combination with other requirements such as the investment requirement or the local content requirement.
518 The Panel notes that the one-to-one 
requirement, the import reduction requirement and the local content requirement have been 
imposed separately and not necessarily in combination with other TRRs.519 In any event, the 
resulting combination of requirements imposed on individual economic operators at a given time seems to depend on the features of the operator and on the contribution of the requirement to the 
attainment of Argentina's policy of substituting imports and reducing or eliminating trade deficits. 
                                               
509 See para. 6.155 above. 
510 See para. 6.157 above. 
511 See para. 6.144 above. 
512 See para. 6.145 above. 
513 See para. 6.165 above. 
514 See para. 6.121 above. 
515 See paras. 6.124-6.128 above.  
516 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 75 and 103-106. 
517 Argentina's second written submission, para. 102. 
518 See, for example, News items: Sala de Prensa República Argentina , An automobile importer may 
compensate by exporting, 25 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-1); tiempomotor.com, Suzuki Motos completed its first phase of grape-must exports, 1 June 2012 (Exhibit JE- 113); and, Argentina Autoblog, Suzuki will assemble 
motorcycles in the country to avoid import restrictions, 26 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-573/EU-259). 
519 See sections 6.2.2.1.1, 6.2.2.1.2 and 6.2.2.1.3 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.226.  Statements made by Argentine officials confirm that TRRs are imposed according to the 
particular situation of economic operators. For ex ample, in an official press release posted on a 
government website dated 11 December 2013, the Minister of Industry explained that the exact 
percentage by which local producers and importers of automotive products would be required to 
reduce their imports of finished products for the first quarter of 2014 would depend on the trade 
balance of each manufacturer. The press release states that companies having an export surplus would be able to continue importing as much as in 2013, whereas companies with higher trade 
deficits should reduce their car purchases abroad by up to 27.5%.
520 
6.227.  The fact that the TRRs can be imposed separately does not mean that a single global 
measure does not exist. Even the imposition of a single requirement on a specific operator would 
not convert a global measure into an individual one. If the Argentine Government imposed five 
requirements at once on a specific economic operator, this would not make the TRRs measure in 
that particular case any more "global" as compared to a TRRs measure that consisted of a single requirement. The TRRs measure would remain a single measure regardless of the number of 
requirements imposed in a specific case because, in all instances of application, it implies the 
imposition of one or more requirements. The fina l decision by the Argentine Government in each 
specific case to impose one or more requirements would not affect the inherent nature of the TRRs 
measure, nor would it make the individual requirements autonomous or independent. 
6.228.  In addition, it appears that the requiremen ts constitute different elements that contribute 
in different combinations and degrees – as part of a single measure – towards the realization of common policy objectives that guide Argentina's "managed trade" policy, i.e. substituting imports 
and reducing or eliminating trade deficits. A sepa rate consideration of each of the TRRs would 
therefore go against the nature of the measure, dr awing an artificial segmentation that would not 
reflect accurately the way in which the measure operates in practice. Moreover, an individual 
consideration of the requirements would not capture some of the main features of the TRRs 
measure, namely, its flexibility and versatility. 
6.229.  Lastly, Argentina has not provided evid ence and arguments to rebut the complainants' 
assertions that there is a single measure made up of constituent elements, nor to support its 
contention that the evidence provided by the co mplainants at most demonstrates "a series of 
unrelated 'one-off' actions whose content varies so widely that it is insufficient even to demonstrate the content of a series of distinct requirements, let alone a single 'overarching' RTRR 
measure".
521 
6.230.  Finally, the Panel notes that Argentina has not disputed the attribution of the TRRs 
measure. Argentina has only stated that "the complainants have failed to establish the precise 
content of the alleged 'overarching measure' they are contesting or that the measure is of general 
and prospective application".522 Although the TRRs measure is unw ritten, the evidence shows that 
it implements a policy that has been announced  in public statements and speeches and on 
government websites by high-ranking Argentine Go vernment officials, including the President, the 
Minister of Industry and the Secretary of Trade. High-ranking Argentine officials have also referred to the imposition of TRRs on specific companie s and sectors. The evidence suggests that these 
TRRs will continue to be imposed, until and unle ss the policy is repealed or modified. By way of 
example, the Argentine Secretary of Domestic Trad e expressed in an official press release issued 
in late 2013 that the policy of "managed trade" would continue to be applied in the future as per the instructions from the President of Argentina.
523 
6.231.  The Panel concludes that the Argentine auth orities' imposition on economic operators of 
one or more of the five requirements identified by the complainants as a condition to import or to obtain certain benefits, operates as a single measure (the TRRs measure) attributable to 
Argentina. 
                                               
520 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Giorgi agreed with electronic and automotive industries to reduce 
foreign currency for exports by 20%, 11 December 2013 (Exhibit JE-827). 
521 See para. 6.217 above. 
522 Argentina's second written submission, para. 98. 
523 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Moreno confirmed that policy of trad e administration will continue as 
per presidential instructions, 3 November 2013 (Exhibit JE-759). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.3  Legal analysis 
6.2.3.1  Whether the TRRs measure is incons istent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.2.3.1.1  Arguments of the parties 6.232.  Of the three complainants, only the Euro pean Union argues that each of the TRRs is 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, since each one prohibits or restricts the 
importation of goods into Argentina.
524 
6.233.  The European Union alleges that the one-to-one requirement "has a limiting condition on 
the importation of products into Argentina" because economic operators must even out their trade 
balance in order to import.525 This limits the freedom of economic operators to import as much as 
they wish. To support its argument, the European Union refers to the findings of the panel in India – Autos  that a similar requirement (a trade balancing requirement) was inconsistent with 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
526 The European Union further supports its allegation by referring to 
paragraph 2(a) of the Illustrative List contained in the Annex to the TRIMs Agreement. Pursuant to this provision, "measures which are mandatory or enforceable under domestic law or under 
administrative rulings, or compliance with which is  necessary to obtain an advantage, and 'which 
restrict the importation by an enterprise of products used in or related to its local production, generally or to an amount related to the volume or value of local production that it exports '" are 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
527 
6.234.  The European Union submits that the import reduction requirement is inconsistent with 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 because "the importation of certain products is totally banned (like the case of the pork industry) or restricted (like the case of automobiles and motorcycles) as a 
condition to continue importing the same or other products into Argentina".
528 
6.235.  Concerning the local content requirement, the European Union considers that the 
Argentine Government is breaching Article XI:1 "by requiring entities to engage with a particular 
level of domestic content in order to import products".529 
6.236.  Finally, the European Union also considers the investment requirement530 to be 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 because it is imposed as a condition to import.531 
6.237.  In the European Union's view, each of the five TRRs imposes "a limiting condition on the 
importation of products" and, therefore, the TRRs measure resulting from the imposition of one or 
more of these requirements, as an overarching me asure, is also inconsistent with Article XI:1.532 
6.238.  The United States alleges that the TRRs measure is a limitation on imports because 
"importers are restricted in the amount of goods that they may import based on their ability to 
satisfy the RTRRs" imposed by Argentina.533 Like the European Union, the United States also 
supports its argument on the finding of inconsistency with Article XI:1 of a "trade balancing" 
requirement in the India – Autos dispute.534 The United States considers that the TRRs measure 
acts as a "practical limit on the volume of imports due to the conditions Argentina places on the importation".
535 
                                               
524 European Union's first written submission, para. 329. 
525 Ibid. para. 352. 
526 Ibid. para. 350. 
527 Ibid. para. 353. (emphasis original) 
528 Ibid. para. 356. 
529 Ibid. para. 362. 
530 According to the European Union,  the investment requirement covers both the requirement to make 
investments in Argentina an d to refrain from repatriating profits ab road. See European Union's first written 
submission, para. 325. 
531 European Union's first written submission, para. 371. 
532 Ibid. paras. 329, 352, 356, 362 and 371. 
533 United States' first written submission, para. 132.  See also second written submission, para. 121. 
534 United States' first written submission, para. 132; and second written submission, para. 122. 
535 United States' first written submission, para. 133. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.239.  The United States further argues that the imposition of the TRRs measure is a disincentive 
to import because it results in extra costs that must be borne by economic operators. Moreover, 
failure to comply with the conditions set by Argentina can lead to the inability to import.536 
6.240.  In Japan's view, the requirements imposed through the TRRs measure "operate as 
practical thresholds on the importer's ability to  import" and increase the burden on economic 
operators to import thereby functioning as a disincentive. In line with the panel in India – Autos , 
Japan considers that economic operators are not free to import as much as they wish due to the 
imposition of the TRRs measure.537 
6.241.  Argentina has not addressed this specific claim. Argentina has argued, however, that the 
c o m p l a i n a n t s  h a v e  f a i l e d  t o  m a k e  a  prima facie  case of inconsistency with respect to a single 
"overarching" TRRs measure. In Argentina's view , in order to challenge an unwritten measure, a 
complainant must clearly establish (a) that the alleged measure is attributable to the responding 
Member; (b) the precise content of the measure;  and, (c) that the measure has general and 
prospective application. Argentina argues that th is standard has been applied for determining the 
existence of an unwritten measure, even when the unwritten measure was not challenged "as 
such".538 Argentina asserts that the complainants have failed to establish the precise content of 
the TRRs measure that they are challenging and its general and prospective application.539 
Argentina submits that: 
[E]ven if the Panel were to accept the complainants' characterization of the evidence 
relating to the alleged "requirements" in full, the most this might indicate is a series of specific "one-off" actions that concern a limited number of individual "economic 
operators", whose particular content varies greatly and lacks anything resembling the 
general and prospective application one would expect to find in the operation of an unwritten rule or regulation.
540 
6.242.  Argentina has also provided evidence that  there is a direct correlation between economic 
growth in Argentina and an increase in imports.541 By way of example, Argentina alleges that 
United States' exports to Argentina increased by 324% between 2003 and 2012.542 
6.2.3.1.2  Legal analysis 
6.243.  Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 provides that: 
No prohibitions or restrictions other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether 
made effective through quotas, import or ex port licences or other measures, shall be 
instituted or maintained by any contracting party on the importation of any product of 
the territory of any other contracting party or on the exportation or sale for export of any product destined for the territory of any other contracting party. 
6.244.  The Panel will examine whether, in the lig ht of the available evidence, the complainants 
have made a prima facie  case that the TRRs measure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994. The Panel's analysis will focus on two elements: (a) whether the TRRs measure 
constitutes "quotas, import or export licences or other measures"; and (b) whether the TRRs 
measure constitutes a "prohibition or restriction … on the importation of any product of the territory of any other contracting party". 
                                               
536 United States' first written submission, para. 134. 
537 Japan's first written submission, paras. 197-198. 
538 Argentina's second written submis sion, para. 79 (citing Panel Report, EC and certain member States 
– Large Civil Aircraft , para. 7.519; and Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 198). See also ibid. 
paras. 77-97. 
539 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 98-117. 
540 Ibid. para. 106. 
541 Study:  Centro de Economía Internacional , Factors affecting the level of Argentine imports in 
1993-2012, November 2013 (Exhibit ARG-65), p. 2. 
542 Argentina's second written submission, para. 40. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.3.1.2.1  Whether the TRRs measur e constitutes an "other measure" 
6.245.  For a prohibition or restriction on importation to be covered by Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994, it must be "made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures". The TRRs measure, on its face, does not qualify as a quota or an import or export 
licence. Therefore, the Panel will analyse whether it qualifies as an "other measure" within the 
meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.246.  Concerning the term "other measures", the panel in Argentina – Hides and Leather  
interpreted this term as a "broad residual category".
543 A broad interpretation of the term "other 
measures" is also supported by a GATT panel in Japan – Semi-Conductors , in which "[t]he Panel 
noted that this wording was comprehensive: it applied to all measures instituted or maintained by a contracting party prohibiting or restricting the importation, exportation or sale for export of 
products other than measures that take th e form of duties, taxes or other charges".
544 
6.247.  By way of example, the Panel notes that in the GATT panel Japan – Semi-Conductors , a 
non-mandatory government action in the form of an administrative guidance was considered an 
"other measure" inconsistent with Article XI:1.545 In India – Autos , the panel concluded that a 
Public Notice and Memorandums of Understanding at issue were "measures" in the sense of Article XI:1. In this regard, the panel in India – Autos  saw "no reason to interpret the more 
general notion of 'measure' under Article XI:1 more restrictively" than under Article III:4 since the 
terms of Article III:4 are more specific ("laws, re gulations or requirements") and especially as 
these two provisions, as the GATT Superfund panel stated, have "'essentially the same rationale, 
namely to protect expectations of the contracting parties as to the competitive relationship 
between their products and those of the other contracting parties'".
546 
6.248.  The Panel agrees with the broad scope accorded to the term "other measures" in past case 
law and considers that the TRRs measure, described  above, meets the broad criteria referred to by 
previous panels. Therefore, the Panel finds that the TRRs measure constitutes an "other measure" 
within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.2.3.1.2.2  Whether the TRRs measure cons titutes a "prohibition or restriction" 
6.249.  The second element that the Panel will examine under Article XI:1 is whether the TRRs 
measure constitutes a "prohibition or restriction on imports". 
6.250.  The meaning of the term "restriction" under Article XI:1 of the GATT has been addressed 
by a number of panels and the Appellate Body.547 
6.251.  The panel in India – Quantitative Restrictions  noted that the scope of the term "restriction" 
contained in Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is very broad and that it applies "to all measures 
instituted or maintained by a [Member] prohibiting or restricting the importation, exportation, or 
sale for export of products other than measures that take the form of duties, taxes or other 
                                               
543 Panel Report, Argentina – Hides and Leather , para. 11.17. 
544 GATT Panel Report, Japan – Semi-Conductors , para. 104. 
545 The measure at issue in that dispute (a third country market monitoring system) consisted of several 
elements. The Japanese Government requested Japanese producers and ex porters of semi-conductors not to 
export semi-conductors at prices below company-specific costs to contracting parties other than the 
United States. This request was "com bined with the statutory requirement for exporters to submit information 
on export prices and the systematic monitoring of comp any and product-specific costs and export prices by the 
Government". This was "backed up with the use of su pply and demand forecasts to impress on manufacturers 
the need to align their production to appropriate levels ". The panel in that case considered that all these 
elements "constituted a coherent system restricting the sale for export of monitore d semi-conductors at prices 
below company-specific costs to markets other than the United States, inconsistent with Article XI:1". See 
GATT Panel Report, Japan – Semi-Conductors , paras. 108-109 and 132.A. 
546 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.250. See also GATT Panel Report, US – Superfund , para. 5.2.2. 
547 See, for example, Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 319; Panel Reports, India – 
Quantitative Restrictions , para. 5.128; India – Autos , para. 7.270. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  charges".548 The same panel stated that a "restriction" can be defined as "a limitation on action, a 
limiting condition or regulation".549 The panel in India – Autos  endorsed this view and concluded 
that "any form of limitation imposed on, or in relation to importation constitutes a restriction on 
importation within the meaning of Article XI:1".550 Both panels opted for an interpretation based 
on the ordinary meaning of the term "restricti on" that emphasized the limiting effects of the 
measure at issue.551 The Appellate Body in China – Raw Materials  also based its interpretation of 
the term restriction on the ordinary meaning of the term.552 
6.252.  In India – Autos , the panel asserted that the expression "limiting conditions" used by the 
panel in India – Quantitative Restrictions : 
[S]uggests the need to identify not merely a condition placed on importation, but a 
condition that is limiting, i.e. that has a limiting effect. In the context of Article XI, 
that limiting effect must be on importation itself.553 
6.253.  The idea that not any condition placed on importation is inconsistent with Article XI, but 
only those that have a limiting effect on imports, found further support in the China – Raw 
Materials  dispute. In that case, the panel stated that: 
[R]equiring an applicant to satisfy a cert ain prerequisite before being granted an 
import or export licence would not necessarily offend Article XI:1. The requirement to 
satisfy a prerequisite would be prohibited under Article XI:1 only if the prerequisite 
itself created a restriction or limiting effect on importation or exportation.554 
6.254.  The Panel shares the views expressed by previous panels and the Appellate Body and will 
examine the complainants' contention that the TRRs measure constitutes a "limiting condition" 
that has restrictive effects on importation.555 
6.255.  It appears from the evidence on the record that in certain instances companies are not 
allowed to import unless they achieve a trade balance or an export surplus. There are several ways 
whereby companies might do this: (a) by increasing exports; (b) by reducing imports; (c) by 
increasing the level of local content of domestic production through import substitution (either by purchasing from domestic producers or by developing local manufacture); or, (d) by making 
capital contributions or not repatriating funds, with a view to evening out a negative trade balance. 
The Panel will assess these options below to determine whether they have a limiting effect on imports. 
6.256.  For those companies that, in order to continue importing, opt for increasing their level of 
exports, their right to import is contingent up on their level of exports and, therefore, the 
requirement constitutes a "limiting condition" on imports, hence, a restriction under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. The limiting effects stem from the fact that, by imposing such a requirement, 
Argentina imposes an artificial threshold which restricts the level of imports of economic operators 
irrespective of commercial considerations. This conclusion is consistent with the findings of the panel in India – Autos  with regard to a so-called "trade balancing condition" by which the Indian 
Government "effectively limit[ed] the amount of imports that a manufacturer may make by linking 
imports to [a] commitment to undertake a certain amount of exports".
556 The India – Autos panel 
concluded that such a "trade balancing condition" amounted to an import restriction inconsistent 
                                               
548 Panel Report, India – Quantitati ve Restrictions , para. 5.128. (emphasis added) See also Panel 
Reports, Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.233; and Dominican Republic – Import  and Sale of Cigarettes , 
para. 7.248. 
549 Panel Report, India – Quantitati ve Restrictions , para. 5.128. 
550 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.265. (emphasis original) 
551 See also Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials , paras. 319-320. 
552 Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 319. 
553 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.270. See also Panel Report, India – Quantitati ve Restrictions , 
para. 5.142. 
554 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 7.917. 
555 European Union's first written submission, paras. 329, 352-372; United States' first written 
submission, paras. 132-135; United States' second wr itten submission, paras. 121 and 123; Japan's first 
written submission, para. 197; Japan's second written submission, para. 113. 
556 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.320. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, since there would necessarily be a practical threshold to the 
amount of exports that each manufacturer could expect to make, which in turn would determine the amount of imports that could be made.
557 Similarly, in the present case, for those importers 
who opt for increasing their exports as the mean s to achieve trade balance, the value of goods 
they are allowed to import is conditioned to the value of their exports. In the Panel's view, this 
restriction imposes a limiting condition on imports since importers are not free to import as much as they desire or need without regard to their export performance. 
6.257.  The import reduction requirement involves per se  a limitation on imports. A measure that 
requires economic operators to reduce the level of imports is by definition imposing a limit on imports. There is evidence on the record that supermarket chains, automobile and motorcycle producers and importers, pork producers, and electronic and office equipment producers have all 
committed to reduce imports.
558 For example, in May 2012, economic operators in the pork 
industry submitted a letter to the Argentine Secretary of Domestic Trade with a proposal to self-limit imports.
559 This letter notes that the proposal is the result of a meeting between the pork 
industry and the Secretary of Domestic Trade.560 In addition to the proposal to self-limit imports, 
the letter also included a request from the pork industry that the Argentine Government release pork raw materials and other products shipped up to 31 January 2012, that had been detained at 
customs, ports or fiscal warehouses. From the content of this letter, the Panel infers that the 
commitments to limit imports undertaken by the pork industry are linked to the request for the release of shipments detained at the border.
561 
6.258.  The required increase of local content, eith er by purchasing from domestic producers or by 
developing local manufacture, has a direct limiting effect on imports, because the measure is 
designed to force the substitution of imports in line with policies set by Argentina in the 
PEI 2020.562 Economic operators in the motorcycle or the agricultural machinery sectors have been 
required to replace a specified amount of imports with domestic products in order to continue 
importing.563 In addition, economic operators in the automotive sector have been required to 
invest in new production facilities or in expanding existing ones.564 
6.259.  Operators have also been required to make irrevocable capital contributions or refrain from 
repatriating profits when their level of exports is not sufficient to compensate for their imports.565 
There is no evidence on record that these requirements have been applied as stand-alone conditions to import. However, both requirements have been imposed on economic operators in 
combination with other requirements, such as the local content requirement, as a condition to 
import.
566 The investment and the non-repatriation requirements have a limiting effect on imports 
because the right to import is linked to making capital investments and/or refraining from 
repatriating profits. 
6.260.  The uncertainty generated by the unwritte n and discretionary nature of the requirements 
is an additional and significant element in limiting imports. As reflected above567, the TRRs 
measure is not written and the mix of requirements that Argentina imposes varies amongst 
                                               
557 Ibid. paras. 7.277-7.281. 
558 See section 6.2.2.1.2.2 above. 
559 Commitments proposed by the Un ión de la Industria Cárnica Ar gentina ("UNICA"); the Cámara 
Argentina de la Industria de Chacinad os y Afines ("CAICHA"); Asociación Ar gentina de Productores de Porcinos 
("AAPP"); and the Consejo Argentino de Productores ("CA P") (Exhibit EU 127). See Argentina's response to 
Panel question No. 55. 
560 Commitments proposed by the Un ión de la Industria Cárnica Ar gentina ("UNICA"); the Cámara 
Argentina de la Industria de Chacinad os y Afines ("CAICHA"); Asociación Ar gentina de Productores de Porcinos 
("AAPP"); and the Consejo Argentino de Productores ("CAP") (Exhibit EU 127). 
561 On the use of inferences, see paras. 6.34-6.36 above. 
562 Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2011 (Exhibits ARG-51 and JE-749), p. 27. 
563 News items: Cronista.com , Import ban on motorcycle manufacture rs that do not increase the use of 
local components, 20 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-557/EU-243); Diario BAE , Giorgi called on producers of 
agricultural machinery to accelerate substitution of parts, 22 March 2013 (Exhibit JE-288); and Ministry of 
Industry, Giorgi demanded that agri cultural machinery manufacturers submit specific integration projects 
within a month, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-202). 
564 See para. 6.171 above. 
565 See para. 6.209 and section 6.2.2.1.5 above. 
566 See sections 6.2.2.1.4 and 6.2.2.1.5 above. 
567 See para. 6.157 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  economic operators without regard to any known criteria. There is no certainty as to what TRRs 
will be imposed, when the economic operator will be required to comply with them, or whether the requirements will be imposed as a temporary or  permanent measure. This uncertainty creates 
additional negative effects on imports, for it negatively impacts business plans of economic 
operators who cannot count on a stable environment in which to import and who accordingly 
reduce their expectations as well as their planned imports into the Argentine market. While the circumstances in the present case are different, the fact that uncertainties can constitute 
"restrictions" under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 was analysed by the panel in Colombia – Ports 
of Entry .
568 We agree with that panel's analytical approach in that regard. 
6.261.  Furthermore, the TRRs may result in costs unrelated to the business activity of the 
particular operator. Extra costs as a general matter will discourage importation and, thus, will have 
an additional limiting effect on imports. While th e circumstances in the present case are different, 
the fact that a measure may constitute a restriction on importation within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 when it acts to discourage importation by penalizing it and making it 
prohibitively expensive, was analysed by the panel in Brazil – Retreaded Tyres .
569 We agree with 
the panel's analytic approach in that case. 
6.262.  Evidence shows that, to comply with th e requirement to export, companies have engaged 
in activities unrelated to their respective bu siness activity. For instance, companies from the 
automotive sector have exported peanuts,  water, wine, soy products and biodiesel570; companies 
from the motorcycle sector exported grape juice and wine571; tyre producers exported honey572 
and clothing brands have exported wool.573 Other companies have engaged in export activities 
within their sector to even out their trade balanc e. For example, bible importers exported children 
books574 and multinational toy companies exported domestic toys produced by unrelated 
companies.575 In addition, at the behest of the Argentine Government, operators have made 
investments and refrained from repatriating profits, both of which result in additional costs for 
economic operators. 
6.263.  These new export activities and limitations on repatriation of profits did not come about as 
a result of business decisions. Rather, as the Panel has found in paragraphs 6.177 and 
6.216 above, they were brought about in response to requirements imposed by Argentina. 
6.264.  Finally, with respect to the data on trade flows provided by Argentina, the Panel notes that 
it is not necessary to establish actual negative effects on the overall level of imports to find that a 
measure violates Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. The panel in Argentina – Hides and Leather  stated 
that "Article XI:1, like Articles I, II and III of the GATT 1994, protects competitive opportunities of 
imported products, not trade flows".576 This interpretation was confirmed by the panel in Colombia 
– Ports of Entry , which stated that to the extent that a complainant is able to demonstrate a 
violation of Article XI:1 based on the measure's design, structure, and architecture, "it would not 
                                               
568 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry,  para. 7.240. 
569 Panel Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres , paras. 7.370-7.374. 
570 News items: Prensa Argentina , Car producer Hyundai agrees to offset its trade balance, 
13 June 2011 (Exhibit JE-86); La Nación , Companies complain about new import rules, 18 July 2011 
(Exhibit JE-374/EU-60); La Nación , Sales of deluxe cars stop because of import obstacles, 5 December 2011 
(Exhibit JE-405/EU-91); BBC Mundo , Why in Argentina BMW sells rice and Porsche sells wine, 
10 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-609/EU-295); Autos.com.ar , Trade balance: Renault, Nissan, Ditecar and 
Mitsubishi reached an agreement with the Government (Exhibit JE-649/EU-335); Reuters Argentina , Alfa 
Romeo Argentina will compensate its imports with biodiesel sales, 20 April 2011 (Exhibit JE-625/EU-311); and Prensa Argentina , Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo also signed a plan to achieve a trade surplus in 2012, 
5 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-90). 
571 News items:  Argentina Autoblog , What did Juki Argentina dispatch to Ukraine and the United States? , 
27 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-105); and tiempomotor.com , Suzuki Motos completed its first phase of grape-must 
exports, 1 June 2012 (Exhibit JE-113). 
572 Office of the President, Speech by the President in  the inauguration of the enlargement of the Pirelli 
tyre plant in Merlo, 9 March 2011 (Exhibit JE-424/EU-110). 
573 News item: El Cronista , Zegna Reopens and Helps to Export Wool, 2 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-158). 
574 News item:  iProfesional.com , In an unprecedented drive, More no blocked entry of Bibles into 
Argentina, 22 November 2011 (Exhibits JE-419/EU-105). 
575 News items:  La Nación , Moreno mixes water and oil, 6 M AY 2012 (Exhibit JE-149); and 
iProfesional.com , Barbie dolls come back in exchange for Rastis, 18 August 2011 (Exhibit JE-167). 
576 Panel Report, Argentina – Hides and Leather , para. 11.20. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  be necessary to consider trade volumes or a causal link between the measure and its effects on 
trade volumes".577 Likewise, the panel in China – Raw Materials  found that "the very potential  to 
limit trade is sufficient to constitute a 'restriction …'".578 Accordingly, the Panel is unpersuaded by 
Argentina's argument that the complainants' description of the facts cannot be taken into account 
in determining the consistency of the TRRs measure with Argentina's WTO obligations because it is 
not supported by trade data.579 
6.2.3.1.3  Conclusion 
6.265.  For the reasons stated above, the Panel considers that the TRRs measure has limiting 
effects on the importation of goods into Argentina. In addition to these direct limiting effects on imports, the TRRs measure is characterized by a lack of transparency and predictability, which 
further discourages imports. Therefore, the Panel finds that the TRRs measure, consisting of the 
Argentine authorities' imposition of one or more of the five requirements identified by the 
complainants as a condition to import, constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.2.3.2  Whether the TRRs measure, with resp ect to the requirement to incorporate local 
content, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 
6.2.3.2.1  Arguments of the parties 
6.266.  The European Union contends that the re quirement to incorporate local content (local 
content requirement) is also inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994, because it requires 
economic operators to use domestic instead of imported products to achieve a certain level of local content in order to obtain certain benefits  (such as tax benefits or soft loans).
580 
6.267.  Japan argues that: 
Argentina improves the competitive position of domestically produced goods because 
(i) domestically produced goods can be purchased freely, and to the extent that a 
company purchases domestically produced goods, it would not be subject to the RTRR 
at all; and (ii) only domestically produced goods can be used to satisfy the local content requirement, and thus augment the purchaser's importation rights.
581 
6.268.  Japan contends that Argentina imposes the local content requirement on economic 
operators: (a) in order to lower the level of imported products, thereby achieving a trade surplus; or, (b) as a condition for economic operators "to benefit from tax incentives or other types of 
support".
582 
6.269.  The United States has not developed this claim in its written submissions, although it 
included it in its panel request. 
6.270.  Argentina has not addressed this specific claim.583 As noted above, however, Argentina has 
argued that the complainants have failed to make a prima facie  case of inconsistency with respect 
to a single "overarching" TRRs measure.584 
6.2.3.2.2  Legal analysis 
6.271.  Article III:4 of the GATT provides in relevant part that: 
                                               
577 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry , paras. 7.252. 
578 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 7.1081. 
579 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 6 and 39. 
580 European Union's first written submission, paras. 77, 217, 219, 363. 
581 Japan's first written submission, para. 199. See also Ibid. para. 45. 
582 Ibid. para. 45. (footnote omitted) 
583 See, for example, Japan's second written submission, para. 108. 
584 See para. 6.241 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of 
any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, 
distribution or use… 
6.272.  The Panel will examine whether, in the lig ht of the available evidence, the complainants 
have made a prima facie  case that the TRRs measure, with respect to the local content 
requirement, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. In this regard, the Panel will 
consider the legal standard established by the Appellate Body in Korea – Various Measures on 
Beef
585: (a) whether imported and domestic products are "like products"; (b) whether the measure 
at issue is a "law, regulation, or requirement affecting" the "internal sale, offering for sale, 
purchase, transportation, distribution, or use" of  the like products; and, (c) whether imported 
products are granted less favourable treatment th an that accorded to li ke domestic products. 
6.2.3.2.2.1  Whether imported and do mestic products are "like products" 
6.273.  The European Union and Japan argue that , when the difference in the treatment between 
domestic and imported products is based exclusively on the products' origin, all products should be considered to be "like".
586 
6.274.  A number of WTO panels have established that when origin is the only factor distinguishing 
between imported and domestic products, there is no need to conduct a likeness analysis on the basis of the traditional likeness criteria established in the GATT panel report on Border Tax 
Adjustments . In these cases, imported and domestic products may be considered to be alike under 
Article III:4.
587 
6.275.  The local content requirement focuses on the origin of the product. The only distinguishing 
feature between an imported product and a domestic one, in terms of the application of this 
requirement, is its origin. Only the use of domestic products will enable a producer to comply with 
the local content requirement demanded by the Argentine Government. 
6.276.  Therefore, the Panel concludes that, as far as the TRRs measure is concerned, with respect 
to the local content requirement, imported and do mestic products are "like" for the purposes of 
Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
6.2.3.2.2.2  Whether the TRRs measure, with respect to the local content requirement, is 
a law, regulation, or requirem ent affecting internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, 
transportation, distribution or use 
6.277.  Regarding whether the TRRs measure, with respect to the local content requirement, is a 
"law, regulation or requirement", the complainants assert that the measure is a "requirement" that 
is not stipulated in writing. The panel in Canada – Autos  found that the term "requirement" under 
Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 covers both mandatory measures and "conditions that an enterprise 
accepts in order to receive an advantage".588 This idea is reflected in earlier GATT and WTO panel 
reports.589 The panels in India – Autos590 and China – Auto Parts591 also found that measures need 
not be mandatory to be subject to Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
                                               
585 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Various Measures on Beef , para. 133. 
586 European Union's first written submission, para. 364 (citing Panel Report,  Turkey – Rice , para. 7.214, 
and the cases cited therein); Japan's first written submission, para. 203 citing Panel Reports, India – Autos , 
para. 7.174; and China – Auto Parts , paras. 7.234-7.235). 
587 Panel Reports, India – Autos , para. 7.174; Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , para. 6.164; 
Canada – Autos , para. 10.74; Turkey – Rice , paras. 7.214-7.216; China – Auto Parts , paras. 7.216-7.217 and 
7.235; China – Publications and Audiovisual Products , paras. 7.1444-7.1447; and Thailand – Cigarettes 
(Philippines) , paras. 7.661-7.662. 
588 Panel Report, Canada – Autos , para. 10.73. 
589 GATT Panel Reports, Canada – FIRA , para. 5.4; and EEC – Parts and Components , para. 5.21. 
590 Panel Report, India – Autos , paras. 7.183-7.186. 
591 Panel Report, China – Auto Parts , para. 7.240. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.278.  The complainants argue that compliance with  the local content requirement is necessary to 
benefit from tax advantages or soft loans, or to be  entitled to import. In this respect, it is worth 
recalling that the panel in China – Auto Parts  stated that the advantage obtained by undertaking 
commitments voluntarily could consist of the right to import a product.592 
6.279.  In a number of speeches by the President of Argentina as well as in news items posted on 
government websites, the local content requirem ent has been presented as a policy that the 
Argentine Government has been systematically implementing, by requiring importers to engage in 
import substitution plans, and granting tax incent ives and soft loans to economic operators that 
achieve a certain level of local content.593 The PEI 2020 considers import substitution as one of the 
pillars of Argentina's macroeconomic policy.594 
6.280.  In the Panel's view, the evidence makes clear that the achievement of a certain level of 
local content is required by the Argentine Government in order for economic operators to import 
and for them to obtain certain advantages. This constitutes a "requirement" within the meaning of Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
6.281.  Regarding whether the TRRs measure, with respect to the local content requirement, 
affects internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use, the European Union argues that economic operators are not free to use imported products in their production 
processes as a result of the local content requirem ent. In the European Union's view, their import 
decisions are therefore not merely made on the basis of commercial considerations.
595 In turn, 
Japan submits that the TRRs measure influences domestic manufacturers' choices between imported and domestic input products because (a) only domestic production helps meet import 
substitution commitments; and (b) purchases of domestically produced goods do not need to be 
offset under the one-to-one requirement.
596 
6.282.  In EC – Bananas III , the Appellate Body found that the term "affecting" must be 
interpreted according to its ordinary meaning, i.e. having "an effect on".597 This interpretation 
results in the term being ascribed a broad scope going beyond more restrictive definitions like "governing" or "regulating".
598 The panels in Canada – Autos , India – Autos  and China – Auto Parts  
followed the approach adopted by the Appellate Body in EC – Bananas III  and also opted for a 
broad scope of the term "affecting" based on its ordinary meaning.599 
6.283.  Further clarification was provided by the panel in China – Publications and Audiovisual 
Products , which stated that "the word 'affecting' covers not only measures which directly regulate 
or govern the sale of domestic and imported like products, but also measures which create 
incentives or disincentives with respect to the sale, offering for sale, purchase, and use of an imported product 'affect' those activities".
600 On appeal, the Appellate Body clarified that "effects 
on those who sell, purchase, transport, distribute, or use the products are not beyond scrutiny 
under Article III:4."601 
6.284.  Evidence shows that the Ministry of Indu stry informed the Argentine Chamber of Producers 
of Agricultural Machinery ( Cámara Argentina de Fabricantes de Maquinaria Agrícola , CAFMA) of the 
import substitution policy aiming at securing at least a quarter of the domestic market for locally-
                                               
592 Ibid. footnote 486 (citing Panel Report, EC – Bananas III (US) , para. 4.385). 
593 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 57-58; News item: Prensa Argentina , Agricultural 
machinery manufactured in the country must have 40-50% of national parts, 23 May 2013 
(Exhibit JE-550/EU-236);  Office of the President, Inauguration of a new plant of Fiat Argentina in Córdoba: 
Speech by the President of Argentina, 4 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-794/EU-444). 
594 Ministry of Industry, PEI 2020, 4 October 2011 (Exhibits ARG-51 and JE-749), p. 33. 
595 European Union's first written submission, para. 366. 
596 Japan's first written submission, para. 208. 
597 Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III , para. 220. 
598 Panel Report, EC – Bananas III (Ecuador) , para. 7.175. 
599 Panel Reports, Canada – Autos , para. 10.83; India – Autos , para. 7.305; and China – Auto Parts , 
para. 7.251. 
600 Panel Report, China – Publications and Audiovisual Products , para. 7.1450 (footnote omitted). 
601 Appellate Body Report, China – Publications and Audiovisual Products , para. 305 (footnote omitted). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  produced goods.602 It also shows that, subsequently, the manufacturers of agricultural machinery 
committed to submit plans to increase their production capacities.603 News items posted on 
government websites demonstrate that the Minister of Industry demanded domestic manufacturers of agricultural machinery to reach a level of 55% of import substitution by the end 
of 2013.
604 The Minister of Industry also stated that increasing the level of local content would be a 
condition to be elegible for soft loans granted by the Banco Nación .605 
6.285.  The requirement to reach a level of local content has had "an effect on" the level of 
imports purchased and/or used. As a result of th e requirement, the level of imports that would 
otherwise have occurred decreases, as manufacturers that would have used imported products are required to or artificially encouraged to use domestically-produced like products. 
6.286.  In light of the above, the Panel concludes that the TRRs measure, with respect to the local 
content requirement imposed by the Argentine Go vernment on economic operators, affects the 
purchase and use of imported products. 
6.2.3.2.2.3  Whether imported products are granted less favourable treatment than that 
accorded to like domestic products 
6.287.  The European Union and Japan contend that the Argentine Government modifies the 
conditions of competition to the detriment of imported products because it sets levels of local 
content that have to be reached either to operate in Argentina or to benefit from certain 
advantages.
606 
6.288.  The panel in US – Gasoline  recalled that GATT panels had determined that the words 
"treatment no less favourable" called for effectiv e equality of opportunities for imported products 
in respect of laws, regulations and requirements affecting the internal sale, offering for sale, 
purchase, transportation, distribution or use of products.607 
6.289.  In Korea – Various Measures on Beef , the Appellate Body found that the analysis of less 
favourable treatment must focus on whether the measure at issue "modifies the conditions of 
competition  in the relevant market to the detriment of imported products".608 Based on that 
interpretation, the Appellate Body in Dominican Republic – Import and Sale of Cigarettes  stated 
that "a measure accords less favourable treatment to imported products if it gives domestic like 
products a competitive advantage in the market over imported like products".609 
6.290.  The relationship that must exist between the measure at issue and the imported products 
allegedly granted less favourable treatment was addressed by the Appellate Body in Thailand – 
Cigarettes (Philippines) . In that case, the Appellate Body stated that, to support a finding that 
imported products are treated less favourably, there must be a genuine relationship between the measure at issue and its adverse impact on competitive opportunities for imported versus like 
domestic products.
610 T he Ap p e llate  Body c omme nted  that s uc h analys is  ne e d  not b e  b ase d  on 
                                               
602 News item: Ministry of Industry, The agricultural machinery sector is required to substitute imports 
amounting to USD 450 million , 10 February 2011 (Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225). 
603 Ibid. 
604 News item: Ministry of Industry, Agricultural ma chinery manufacturers in Argentina will incorporate 
axles and transmissions produced in the country, 27 February 2013 (Exhibit JE-543/EU-229). 
605 News item: Prensa Argentina, Agricultural machinery manufacturers commit to increase level of local 
integration, 13 April 2013 (Exhibit JE-549/EU-235). See also News item: Prensa Argentina , Agricultural 
machinery manufactured in the country must have 40-50% of national parts, 23 May 2013 
(Exhibit JE-550/EU-236). 
606 European Union's first written submission, para . 367, Japan's first written submission, para. 209. 
607 Panel Report, US – Gasoline , para. 6.10 (referring to GATT Panel Report,  US – Section 337 Tariff Act , 
para. 5.11). See also Panel Reports, Japan – Film , para. 10.379; and Korea – Alcoholic Beverages , para. 10.95. 
608 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Various Measures on Beef , para. 137 (emphasis original). 
609 Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic – Import  and Sale of Cigarettes , para. 93 (referring to 
the Appellate Body Reports, Korea – Various Measures on Beef , para. 137 and EC – Asbestos , para. 100). 
610 Appellate Body Report, Thailand – Cigarettes (Philippines) , para. 134. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  empirical evidence as to the actual effects of th e measure at issue in the internal market of the 
Member concerned.611 
6.291.  Government measures providing incentives for the use of domestic over imported input 
products have been found to be inconsistent with Article III:4 by several panels.612 The panel in 
India – Autos  found that an indigenization requirement imposed by the Indian Government on car 
manufacturers modified the conditions of competit ion in the Indian market to the detriment of 
imported products and was, therefore, in  violation of Article III:4 of the GATT 1994.613 
6.292.  The Argentine Government requires economic operators to achieve a certain level of 
domestic content in order to be eligible to import or to benefit from certain advantages.614 This 
necessarily results in a preference for the purchase and/or use of domestic over imported like products. Indeed, the use of domestic products will contribute to reaching the specified level of 
local content, thereby making the economic operator eligible for benefits. In contrast, economic 
operators using imported products will not become eligible for the benefits. 
6.293.  Argentina has a programme of soft loans for manufacturers of agricultural machinery to 
encourage import substitution.
615 The Bicentenario  Program ( Programa Fondo del Bicentenario ), 
which has import substitution as one of its main objectives, has been used in the agricultural machinery sector as well as in the automotive industry.
616 In addition, an incentive scheme called 
Bonos de Bienes de Capital K  (K Capital Goods Bonds) is available for manufacturers of "capital 
goods, information technology (IT) and telecommunications" products and provides tax credits that can be applied against the payment of domestic taxes. Those tax credits increase depending on local content.
617 
6.294.  Consequently, the local content requirement imposed by the Argentine Government affects 
the conditions of competition of imported products in the Argentine market. First, because economic operators that use domestic over imported products are granted advantages, thereby 
providing an incentive for the use of domestic over imported products. Second, because imports 
must be compensated with exports in accordance with the one-to-one requirement. 
6.2.3.2.3  Conclusion 
6.295.  In light of the above, the Panel concludes that the TRRs measure, with respect to the local 
content requirement, modifies the conditions of  competition in the Argentine market to the 
detriment of imported products. Therefore, im ported products are granted less favourable 
treatment than like domestic products within the meaning of Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
Accordingly, the TRRs measure, with respect to th e local content requirement, is inconsistent with 
Article III:4 of the GATT 1994. 
6.296.  This conclusion is further supported by reference to paragraph (a) of Article 1 of the Annex 
to the TRIMS Agreement. This paragraph contains an Illustrative List of investment measures 
related to trade in goods, and provides that measures, mandatory or enforceable under domestic law or under administrative rulings, or compliance with which is necessary to obtain an advantage, 
                                               
611 Ibid. para. 129. See also Appellate Body Report, US – FSC  (Article 21.5 – EC),  para. 215. 
612 Appellate Body Reports, US – FSC (21.5-EC) , para. 220; and China – Auto Parts , paras. 195-197; 
Panel Report, US – COOL , paras. 7.357-7.359. 
613 Panel Report, India – Autos , paras. 7.201-7.203 (for the indigenization requirement) and 
7.308-7.309 (for the trade balancing requirement). 
614 See para. 6.207 above. 
615 Exhibits EU-235, EU-236 
616 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 57, para . 3. See also News items:  Ministry of Industry, 
The agricultural machinery sector is required to  substitute imports amounting to USD 450 million , 10 
February 2011 (Exhibits JE-197 and JE-539/EU-225); Office of the President, Inauguration of a new plant of 
Fiat Argentina in Córdoba: Speech by the President of Argentina, 4 June 2013 (Exhibit JE-794/EU-444); Página12, On the way to reinvest profits, 18 November 2011 (Exhibit JE-620/EU-306); Infobae, Fiat Group 
improved its trade balance in USD 800 million, 5 May 2011 (Exhibit JE-636/EU-322). 
617 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 58, paras. 6-7. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  and which require the purchase or use by an enterpri se of products of domestic origin or from any 
domestic source are inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994.618 
6.2.3.3  Whether the TRRs measure is inco nsistent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.2.3.3.1  Arguments of the parties 
6.297.  The European Union considers that the TRRs measure violates Article X:1 of the 
GATT 1994 because Argentina did not publish the requirements promptly.619 The European Union 
further argues in this regard that the TRRs measure (a) is a measure of general application, 
because the requirements are not isolated cases,  but are part of an overarching measure that 
applies to a wide range of situations and to a variety of economic operators and sectors; (b) is made effective by Argentina; and, (c) pertains to the category of "requirements, restrictions or prohibitions on imports", as it imposes certain requirements as a condition to import products or 
as a condition to use imported products in Argentina.
620 
6.298.  The United States argues that the TRRs measure, when applied in conjunction with the 
DJAI requirement, constitutes regulations or administrative rulings of general application for two 
reasons. First, because it affects importers in general and, second, because it is imposed by the 
Argentine officials that have authority, control and influence over import transactions and importers. This second element determines, in the United States' view, the "degree of 
authoritativeness" necessary to qualify as "regulations or administrative rulings", because 
Argentine officials widely apply the TRRs to DJAI  applicants and use their authority, control and 
influence to condition the approval of DJAIs upon compliance with the TRRs.
621 
6.299.  The United States further states that the TRRs measure (a) "pertain[s] to requirements, 
restrictions or prohibition on imports"622; (b) has been made effective by Argentina623; (c) has not 
been published promptly, since the measure has been in force at least since 2010, first operating together with the requirement for Import Certific ates (CIs) and later, from 1 February 2012, in 
conjunction with the DJAI requirement
624; and, (d) has not been published in a manner that would 
enable governments and traders to become acquainted with it.625 
6.300.  Japan recalls that the panel in EC – IT Products  considered the "exercise of influence" by 
certain administrative bodies as part of the instruments (laws, regulations, judicial decisions and 
administrative rulings) covered by Article X:1 of the GATT 1994.626 Japan argues that the TRRs 
measure is covered by Article X:1 because "[a]t a minimum, the RTRR constitutes the 'exercise of influence' by Argentine administrative bodies".
627 Japan asserts that the Argentine Government 
has acknowledged the existence of the TRRs measure (f or example, in official press releases and in 
the PEI 2020), but it has failed to publicly articula te the precise content of the measure, its precise 
scope of application, or the methods it uses to enforce the measure, in a manner that would allow 
governments and traders to become acquainted with it.628 
6.301.  Argentina has not addressed this specific claim. As noted above, however, Argentina has 
argued that the complainants have failed to make a prima facie  case of inconsistency with respect 
to a single "overarching" TRRs measure.629 
                                               
618 On the relevance of Article 1 of the Annex to the TRIMS Agreement regarding Article III:4 of the 
GATT 1994, see Panel Report, India – Autos, para. 7.157. 
619 European Union's first written submission, paras. 373-384. 
620 European Union's first written submission, paras. 379-382. 
621 United States' first written submission, para. 168. 
622 Ibid. paras. 171-172. 
623 Ibid. paras. 177-178. 
624 Ibid. paras. 179-180. 
625 Ibid. paras. 173-176. 
626 Japan's first written submission, para. 215 (citing Panel Report, EC – IT Products , 
paras. 7.1026-7.1027). 
627 Japan's first written submission, para. 216. 
628 Ibid. para. 217. 
629 See para. 6.241 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.2.3.3.2  Legal analysis 
6.302.  The first sentence of Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 reads as follows: 
Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application, 
made effective by any contracting party, pertaining to the classification or the 
valuation of products for customs purposes , or to rates of duty, taxes or other 
charges, or to requirements, restrictions or prohibitions on imports or exports or on the transfer of payments therefor, or affecting their sale, distribution, transportation, 
insurance, warehousing inspection, exhibition, processing, mixing or other use, shall 
be published promptly in such a manner as to enable governments and traders to 
become acquainted with them. 
6.303.  The Appellate Body has indicated that "Article X relates to the publication and 
administration of laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general 
application, rather than to the substantive content of such measures".
630 
6.304.  As noted above631, pursuant to the principle of judici al economy, panels are allowed to 
address only those claims that are necessary to resolve the dispute.632 I t  i s  w i t h i n  a  p a n e l ' s  
discretion to decide which claims it is going to rule upon633, as long as it addresses "those claims 
on which a finding is necessary in order to enable the DSB to make sufficiently precise 
recommendations and rulings so as to allow for prompt compliance by a Member with those 
recommendations and rulings 'in order to ensure effe ctive resolution of disputes to the benefit of 
all Members'".634 
6.305.  The Panel has found that the TRRs measure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994.635 An additional finding regarding the same measure under Article X:1 of the 
GATT 1994 is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue. Accordingly, guided by the 
principle of judicial economy, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this 
particular claim. 
6.2.3.4  Whether the TRRs measure "as such" is inconsistent with Articles XI:1, III:4 
and X:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.306.  After having determined the inconsistency of the TRRs measure with Articles XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994, as well as with Article III:4 of the GATT  with respect to the local content requirement, 
the Panel will address Japan's claim that the measure "as such" is inconsistent with Articles XI:1, III:4 and X:1 of the GATT 1994. As mentioned abov e, Japan is the only complainant to request 
separate findings with respect to the TRRs measure "as such". In the section dealing with the 
order of analysis, the Panel explained it would address at a later stage the claims advanced by Japan against the measures "as such" for two reasons: (a) because the TRRs measure is 
unwritten, the evidence of its existence and content necessarily relates to the application of the 
measure; and (b) because if a finding of inconsistency were made with regard to the joint claims raised by all three complainants, the Panel would only need to move a step further to complete the 
examination of Japan's claims against the measure "as such" by determining, mainly, whether the 
measure has general and prospective application.
636 
6.2.3.4.1  Arguments of the parties 6.307.  Japan asks the Panel to issue separate rulings about the TRRs "as such" and "as 
applied".
637 Japan argues that, to prevent the Argentine Government from imposing these 
                                               
630 Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , para. 115. 
631 See para. 6.152 above. 
632 Appellate Body Reports, Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , para. 133; US – Wool Shirts 
and Blouses , pp. 18-19, DSR 1997:I, p. 323 at pp. 339-340. 
633 Appellate Body Report, US – Lead and Bismuth II , para. 71. 
634 Appellate Body Report, Australia – Salmon , para. 223. 
635 See para. 6.265 above. 
636 See para. 6.153 above. 
637 See para. 6.136 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  requirements in the future, with respect to any sector, company, or product, it is "critically 
important"638 that the Panel formulate its findings in such a way as to ensure that any future effort 
to enforce, extend or maintain the TRRs measure will be WTO consistent. Japan considers that a finding about the measure "as such" would be "the most clear-cut and effective way to prevent 
Argentina from continuing to apply or reapplying  the RTRR or some form of it in the future".
639 
6.308.  The European Union notes that its request for the Panel to issue rulings with respect to a 
single "overarching" TRRs measure and with respect to 23 specific instances of applications of 
alleged RTRRs does not refer to an "as such"/"as applied" distinction. In its view, all its claims 
refer to "cases" or "measures" taken by Argentina that are contrary to the GATT 1994.640 The 
United States does not request separate findings about the TRRs measure "as such". 
6.309.  Argentina contends that all three complainants are challenging the TRRs measure "as 
such", but only Japan "has been forthright in acknowledging that this is the case". In Argentina's 
view, the United States has remained silent about the exact nature of its claims, but has not refuted Argentina's characterization of its claims being against the measure "as such"; while the 
European Union has not offered a coherent explanation regarding the nature of its claims against 
the TRRs measure, and its explanations that it is not pursuing a claim against the measure "as such" is implausible and inconsistent with the way in which the European Union has framed its 
case.
641 
6.310.  As noted above642, Argentina asserts that there is a high legal standard for challenging 
unwritten measures (such as the TRRs measure) consisting of three elements: (a) that the measure is attributable to a WTO Member; (b) the precise content of the measure; and, (c) the 
general and prospective application of the measure.
643 Argentina contends that the complainants 
have neither acknowledged this legal standard nor demonstrated the precise content of the TRRs measure and its general and prospective application.
644 Therefore, in Argentina's view, the 
complainants have not successfully made a prima facie  case of the existence of the TRRs 
measure.645 The United States rejects the idea that there is a separate and higher burden placed 
on a party that alleges the existence of an unwritten measure. In the United States' view, the 
usual rules apply and a complainant must provide sufficient evidence. For an unwritten measure, 
"additional evidence may be required", but this does not imply a higher standard of proof.646 
6.311.  Regarding the first element of the legal standard cited by Argentina (attribution to a WTO 
Member), the complainants argue that the TRRs measure is imposed by the Argentine Government 
on economic operators, who undertake commitments, not because they freely decide to do so, but 
as a response to a demand from Argentine officials.647 The attribution of the TRRs measure made 
by the complainants has not been disputed by Argentina. 
6.312.  Regarding the second element of the legal standard proposed by Argentina (precise 
content), the European Union asserts it has made a detailed description of the TRRs measure, indicating not just the requirements challenged bu t also the objectives pursued by the overarching 
measure: eliminating trade deficits and su bstituting imports by domestic products.
648 The 
United States asserts that there is a large volume  of evidence on the precise content of the TRRs 
measure, including statements by Argentine officials and press releases issued by the Argentine Government.
649 Japan argues that it identified the TRRs measure with precision in its panel request 
                                               
638 Japan's second written submission, para. 13. 
639 Ibid. 
640 European Union's response to Pa nel question No. 1, paras. 1-6. 
641 Argentina's second written submission, footnote 35 to para. 72. 
642 See para. 6.40 above. 
643 Argentina's second written submission, paras. 73-79. See also ibid. paras. 80-97. 
644 Ibid. paras. 73, 74 and 98. 
645 Ibid. paras. 72-76, 98-117. 
646 United States' second written submission, paras. 102-109. 
647 European Union's first written submission, paras.  69, 352 and 366; European Union's second written 
submission, paras. 114-115; United States' first written submission, para. 135; Japan's first written submission, paras. 185 and 198; Japan's second written submission, paras. 12, 34, 109. 
648 European Union's second written submission, paras. 114-115. See also European Union's first written 
submission, paras. 325-327. 
649 United States' second written submission, para. 112. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  and its first written submission. Japan adds that it was unable to provide a closed list of the 
actions that are part of the TRRs measure due to the measure's lack of transparency.650 In 
response, Argentina contends that the complainants have not established the precise content of the measure because (a) the list of requirements that the TRRs measure allegedly comprises is not 
exhaustive
651; and (b) the complainants argue that the measure "includes 'one or more' of a total 
of five, and maybe more, distinct alleged requirements".652 In Argentina's view, the measure 
described by the complainants is broad and am orphous and therefore insufficiently precise.653 
6.313.  Regarding the third element of the lega l standard cited by Argentina (general and 
prospective application), the European Union argues that the TRRs measure has general application because it does not constitute isolated actions undertaken by the Argentine Government, but instead applies to a wide range of sectors and economic operators and can 
potentially apply to all goods.
654 In the European Union's view, the TRRs measure is applied 
prospectively because the imposition of the requirements responds to "a systemic approach and coordinated efforts" and this leads to the presumptio n that they will continue to be applied in the 
future, as long as Argentina's po licy objectives remain unchanged.
655 As noted above, the 
United States has not asked for separate find ings about the TRRs measure "as such". The 
United States argues that, with respect to its challenge against the TRRs measure there is no basis 
for requiring an additional showing of "general an d prospective application", but, were the Panel to 
require proof thereof, the complainants have me t their burden of proof by providing extensive 
evidence on the "repeated and systematic application of the RTRRs measure".656 Japan considers 
that the TRRs measure applies generally because it is applied in a number of sectors, on a wide 
range of economic operators, and its application is not isolated or limited to a few cases.657 In 
Japan's view, the general application of the TRRs measure reinforced by elements, such as (a) the 
submission of request notes ( notas de pedido ) is required by SCI to unblock DJAI applications for 
"practically all goods to be imported into Argentina"658; (b) official news items refer to the TRRs 
measure in a general manner659; and, (c) PEI 2020, which the TRRs measure is designed to 
facilitate, covers most Argentine economic sectors.660 Japan argues that the measure is 
prospective, because it seeks to achieve "trade balancing" and "import substitution" objectives 
contained in PEI 2020 that will continue to be policy goals for the Argentine Government. In Japan's view, the general and prospective nature of the TRRs measure is also demonstrated by: (a) the systematic and coordinated application of the requirements across sectors; (b) the 
repeated public statements of Argentine official s implying the existence of the requirements; (c) 
the consistency between the requirements and Arge ntina's broader economic policy goals; (d) the 
absence of any evidence that the requirements ar e being imposed at the initiative of individual, 
low-level officials; and, (e) the absence of any motivation on the part of private parties to conclude 
agreements related to such requirements.
661 
6.314.  Argentina considers that, even if the Panel were to accept the characterization of the TRRs 
measure made by the complainants, it does not have sufficient evidence to conclude on the 
general and prospective application of the requir ements because they "do not have any normative 
content at all, since they neither require nor entail prospective courses of action".662 In Argentina's 
view, the Panel would find, at most, isolated actions relating to a limited number of economic 
                                               
650 Japan's second written submission, paras. 111-115. 
651 The complainants use the phrase " inter alia " when identifying the T RRs in their request for 
consultations and panel requests. See European Union's fi rst written submission, para. 69; Japan's first written 
submission, para. 41. 
652 Argentina's second written submission, para. 104. 
653 Ibid. 
654 European Union's first written submission, para. 379; and second written submission, 
paras. 123-124. 
655 European Union's second written submission, paras. 126-129. 
656 United States' second written submission, paras.  116-117. See also opening statement at the second 
meeting of the Panel, paras. 82-83. 
657 Japan's closing statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 5; second written submission, 
paras. 101, 107; response to Panel question No. 51, para. 38. 
658 Japan's second written submission, para. 101. 
659 Ibid. 
660 Ibid. 
661 Japan's closing statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 6; second written submission, 
para. 102. 
662 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 47. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  operators. Moreover, there would not even be a co mmon content to all actions, nor any indication 
that the TRRs measure is generally or prospectively applied.663 
6.2.3.4.2  Legal analysis 6.315.  It is established practice in WTO dispute settlement that Members can challenge, not only 
the application of measures in specific circumstances, but also rules or norms of general and 
prospective application, irrespective of their actual application. In this respect, as stated by the Appellate Body: 
[T]he distinction between "as such" and "as applied" claims … has been developed in 
the jurisprudence as an analytical tool to facilitate the understanding of the nature of a measure at issue. This heuristic de vice, however useful, does not define 
exhaustively the types of measures that may be subject to challenge in WTO dispute 
settlement. In order to be susceptible to challenge, a measure need not fit squarely 
within one of these two categories, that is, either as a rule or norm of general and prospective application, or as an individual instance of the application of a rule or 
norm.
664 
6.316.  Challenges against a measure "as such" can be brought independently or simultaneously 
with challenges against a measure "as applied".665. 
6.317.  The Appellate Body has noted that "as such" challenges against a Member's measure in 
WTO dispute settlement proceedings (that seek to prevent Members ex ante  from engaging in 
certain conduct) are especially serious challenges, because they have more far-reaching implications than "as applied" claims: 
By definition, an "as such" claim challenges laws, regulations, or other instruments of 
a Member that have general and prospective application, asserting that a Member's conduct—not only in a particular instance that has occurred, but in future situations as 
well—will necessarily be inconsistent with that Member's WTO obligations. In essence, 
complaining parties bringing "as such" challenges seek to prevent Members ex ante  
from engaging in certain conduct.
666 
6.318.  Unwritten measures, like the TRRs measure at issue in this dispute, can also be challenged 
"as such". The Appellate Body has noted in this regard that: 
Particular rigour is required on the part of a panel to support a conclusion as to the 
existence of a "rule or norm" that is not expressed in the form of a written document. 
A panel must carefully examine the concrete instrumentalities that evidence the 
existence of the purported "rule or norm" in order to conclude that such "rule or norm" can be challenged, as such.
667 (footnote omitted) 
6.319.  As the Appellate Body held in US – Zeroing (EC)  with respect to the possibility to bring an 
"as such" claim against an unwritten measure: 
When bringing a challenge against such a "rule or norm" that constitutes a measure of 
general and prospective application, a complaining party must clearly establish, 
through arguments and supporting evidence, at least that the alleged "rule or norm" is attributable to the responding Member; its precise content; and indeed, that it does have general and prospective application.
668 
                                               
663 Argentina's second written submission, para. 106. 
664 Appellate Body Report, US – Continued Zeroing,  para. 179. 
665 Appellate Body Report, US – 1916 Act , para. 61. In the present dispute, Japan has specifically 
requested that the Panel examine the TRRs measure both  "as such" and "as applied". For further details on 
Japan's request for findings , see Japan's second written submission, paras. 9-20. 
666 Appellate Body Report, US – Oil Country Tubular Goods Sunset Reviews , para. 172. 
667 Appellate Body Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 198. 
668 Ibid. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.320.  The Panel agrees with Argentina that th e assessment of the three elements of the legal 
standard set out by the Appellate Body in US – Zeroing (EC)  is warranted when examining Japan's 
claims against the TRRs measure "as such". The European Union and Japan have argued in this regard that the unwritten TRRs measure they are challenging has general and prospective 
application.
669 The United States, in turn, has stated that, although "there is no basis for requiring 
an additional showing of 'general  and prospective application'", were the Panel to require proof 
thereof, the complainants have met their burden of proof by providing extensive evidence on the 
"repeated and systematic application of the RTRRs measure".670 
6.321.  The Panel will therefore examine the three elements proposed by Argentina, in order to 
consider Japan's request for findings that the TRRs measure "as such" is inconsistent with Articles XI:1, III:4 and X:1 of the GATT 1994. Althou gh this test is not applicable to examine all 
claims against unwritten measures, as noted in the previous paragraph it is pertinent in the 
context of a challenge against an unwritten measure "as such". 
6.2.3.4.2.1  Whether the TRRs meas ure is attributable to Argentina 
6.322.  The Panel has already concluded that the TRRs measure is attributable to Argentina.
671 The 
Panel has also noted that the attribution of the TRRs measure made by the complainants has not been disputed by Argentina, which has stated only that "the complainants have failed to establish 
the precise content of the alleged 'overarching meas ure' they are contesting or that the measure is 
of general and prospective application".
672 
6.2.3.4.2.2  The precise co ntent of the TRRs measure 
6.323.  The Panel agrees with the United States that challenging an unwritten measure does not 
involve a different burden of proof than when challenging a written measure, although it may 
result in a larger volume of evidence necessary to prove the existence of the measure.673 As the 
Appellate Body indicated in EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , "[w]hen a 
challenge is brought against an unwritten measure,  the very existence and the precise contours of 
the alleged measure may be uncertain".674 
6.324.  The panel in US – Zeroing (EC)  recognized that "norms are not always susceptible of such 
a clear definition" and that the type of evidence  needed to determine the precise content of a 
measure can vary.675 In EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , the panel found that 
the content of a challenged measure was sufficiently precise on the basis of the complainant's arguments and submissions although the description thereof was "not always… crystal clear".
676 
The panel in EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products  used a similar reasoning when it 
stated that "the informal nature of a governmental measure may affect the degree of precision with which a measure can be set out in a panel request".
677 
6.325.  Were panels to request an extremely high le vel of detail in the definition of the content of 
unwritten measures, this could make it almost impossible in practice to challenge such types of measures. This is more so in cases where one of  the purported characteristics of the challenged 
measure is precisely its lack of transparency and the broad discretion that the authorities have in 
its implementation.
678 This could affect the right of WTO Members to bring a challenge against a 
measure under the DSU. In any event, what is crucial is that, based on the available evidence, both a panel and the respondent party have a clear understanding of the components and the 
operation of the challenged measure. 
                                               
669 European Union's second written submission, paras. 122-129; United States' second written 
submission, paras. 116-117 and 125; Japan's second written submission, para. 107. 
670 United States' second written submission, paras. 116-117. 
671 See para. 6.231 above. 
672 Argentina's second written submission, para. 98. See para. 6.230 above. 
673 United States' second written submission, paras. 102 and 108. 
674 Appellate Body Report, EC and certain Member States – Large Civil Aircraft, para. 792. 
675 Panel Report, US – Zeroing (EC) , para. 7.102. 
676 Panel Report, EC and certain Member Stat es – Large Civil Aircraft, para. 7.527. 
677 Panel Report, EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, para. 7.47. 
678 See, for example, Japan's second written submission, para. 115. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.326.  The Panel notes that the complainants identified the same five requirements as the 
constituent elements of the TRRs measure impo sed by the Argentine Government on economic 
operators. The fact that the list provided by th e European Union and Japan is not exhaustive does 
not constitute an obstacle to considering the measure as one composed of several requirements as 
described by the complainants and demonstrated through the evidence. As indicated above, the 
complainants have requested findings about a single global or overarching measure that consists in the Argentine authorities' imposition on economic operators of one or more of those 
requirements as a condition to import goods into Argentina.
679 
6.327.  The Panel considers that the available evid ence provides it with sufficient elements to 
establish the existence and the precise content of  the challenged measure, notwithstanding the 
fact that the measure is unwritten. 
6.2.3.4.2.3  General applic ation of the TRRs measure 
6.328.  The complainants contend that the TRRs measure is an unwritten measure with normative 
value680, or constitutes rules of general application for controlling importation and regulating the 
conduct of importers.681 This argument has been contested by Argentina, who asserts that "the 
alleged commitments described by the complainants do not have any normative content at all, since they neither require nor entail prospective courses of action".
682 It is therefore for the Panel 
to assess whether the complainants have provided  enough evidence of the general application of 
the TRRs measure. 
6.329.  The concept of "general application" has been interpreted by previous panels in the context 
of Article X of the GATT. The panel in US – Underwear  found that: 
If, for instance, the restraint was addressed to a specific company or applied to a 
specific shipment, it would not have qualified as a measure of general application. However, to the extent that the restraint affects an unidentified number of economic 
operators, including domestic and foreign producers, we find it to be a measure of 
general application.
683 
6.330.  Subsequent panels interpreting this term, such as Japan – Film , EC – Poultry and Thailand 
– Cigarettes (Philippines) , adopted a similar approach. In Japan – Film , the panel established that 
"administrative rulings addressed to specific individuals or entities" did not have general application and, therefore, they did not fall under the publication requirement set forth in Article X:1 of the GATT 1994.
684 In EC – Poultry , the panel stated that "licences issued to a specific 
company or applied to a specific shipment cannot be considered to be a measure of general 
application".685 
6.331.  In EC – Selected Customs Matters , the panel also examined this issue and concluded that 
laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application are those 
"that apply to a range of situations or cases, rather than being limited in their scope of application".
686 In that dispute, the panel found that the Explanatory Notes to the Combined 
Nomenclature  were of general application because they were "not limited to a single import or a 
single importer."687 Another dispute in which this issue was raised was China – Raw Materials , 
                                               
679 Similarly, the panel in China – Raw Materials , asserted that an open-ended list included in the panel 
request was not a problem in terms of determining the content of the measure at issue because the panel was only going to consider the measures explic itly listed. Communication from the Panel, China – Raw Materials , 
WT/DS394/9, WT/DS395/9, WT/DS398/8, 18 May 2010, p. 1. 
680 European Union's second written submission para. 122; United States' second written submission, 
para. 125; Japan's second written submission, para. 104. 
681 United States' second written submission, para. 125. 
682 Argentina's opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, para. 47. 
683 Panel Report, US – Underwear , para. 7.65. 
684 Panel Report, Japan – Film , para. 10.385. 
685 Panel Report, EC – Poultry , para. 269. 
686 Panel Report, EC – Selected Customs Matters , para. 7.116. 
687 Ibid. para. 7.778. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  where the panel considered that "a measure that has the potential to affect trade and traders" was 
of general application.688 
6.332.  In some previous disputes, measures that apply in all cases have been found to have 
"general application".689 As noted above, however, the term "general application" does not 
necessarily imply a requirement that the measure at issue "apply to all cases". In the Panel's view, 
limiting "general application" to application in all cases would result in an inappropriately narrow interpretation. 
6.333.  In a recent dispute, US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , the panel 
reviewed two aspects when assessing whether a la w or another relevant measure is of "general 
application" within the meaning of Article X:1: (a) the subject-matter or content; and (b) the persons or entities to whom it applies, or the situations or cases in which it applies.
690 
6.334.  Concerning the subject-matter of the measur e at issue, the Panel has found that the TRRs 
measure affects a wide range of sectors such as  foodstuffs, automobiles, motorcycles, mining 
equipment, electronic and office products, agricu ltural machinery, medicines, publications, and 
clothing.691 Furthermore, the Panel has found that the measure could affect any economic sector 
because trade in any good can contribute to achieving a trade balance or surplus and import substitution. The Panel has also noted that Argent ina has not provided evidence and arguments to 
support its contention that the TRRs can at most be characterized as a series of unrelated one-off 
and isolated actions.
692 Indeed, the Panel has found that the TRRs measure seeks to implement a 
policy announced by high-ranking Argentine Government officials.693 The Panel has also found that 
the TRRs measure is not limited to a single import or a single importer, but is part of a policy 
implemented by the Argentine Government.694 
6.335.  With regard to the persons or entities to  whom the measure applies or the situations or 
cases in which it applies, the Panel has found that the TRRs measure can apply to any economic 
operator, regardless of the sector in which it op erates and its size. The flexibility of the TRRs 
measure, which allows the Argentine Government to adapt it to the specific characteristics of any economic operator, supports the Panel's conclusion. In the Panel's view, the fact that the type and 
content of the specific TRRs imposed by the Arge ntine Government varies depending on the sector 
and the economic operator does not detract from  our conclusion that the requirements have 
"general application". 
6.336.  For the reasons explained above, the Panel concludes that the TRRs measure has general 
application. 
6.2.3.4.2.4  Prospective app lication of the TRRs measure 
6.337.  With respect to the prospective application of the TRRs measure, the Appellate Body in 
US – Continued Zeroing  found that: 
The density of factual findings in these cases, regarding the continued use of the 
zeroing methodology in a string of successive proceedings pertaining to the same 
anti-dumping duty order, provides a sufficient basis for us to conclude that the zeroing 
methodology would likely continue to be applied in successive proceedings…
695 
6.338.  The Panel is aware that mere repetition is not sufficient to demonstrate the prospective 
application of a measure. Nevertheless, as stated by the panel in China – Publications and 
                                               
688 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 7.1098. 
689 See, for example, Panel Reports, EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products , para. 7.1272; 
Thailand – Cigarettes (Philippines) , para. 7.773. 
690 Panel Report, US – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures (China) , para. 7.35. 
691 See para. 6.158 above. 
692 See para. 6.229 above. 
693 See para. 6.230 above. 
694 See paras. 6.157-6.158 above. 
695 Appellate Body Report, US– Continued Zeroing , para. 191. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Audiovisual Products , repetition can create an "expectation" that a certain behaviour will be 
followed in the future.696 
6.339.  The concept of "deliberate policy" was also addressed by the panel in Thailand – Cigarettes 
(Philippines) . In that dispute, the panel rejected the argument by the Philippines that the measure 
had prospective application because it did not find "evidence showing a deliberate policy by the 
Thai Government of maintaining a general rule".697 In line with this finding, the panel in US – 
Shrimp (Vietnam)  considered that "the zeroing methodology may be found to have general and 
prospective application if the USDOC is shown to have a deliberate policy of applying that 
methodology, going beyond the simple repetition of  the application of that methodology in specific 
cases."698 In that dispute, since the measure was unwritten, the panel's conclusions "rest on 
inferences drawn from evidence in the form, inter alia , of expert opinions, statements by the 
authorities concerned, or other evidence which indirectly supports the view that the application by 
the authorities of the methodology at issue reflects a 'deliberate policy'".699 
6.340.  Argentina's imposition of the TRRs measure reflects a deliberate policy, as it constitutes 
repeated actions, coordinated by the highest author ities, including the President, the Minister of 
Industry and the Secretary of Trade. The TRRs measure has been applied to a wide range of economic sectors and economic operators.
700 The related policy has also been publicly announced 
in public statements and speeches and posted on government websites. It is part of a stated policy 
implemented by the Argentine Government at the highest level.701 
6.341.  Evidence on the record suggests that these commitments will continue to be required, 
unless and until the policy is repealed or modified . By way of example, the Argentine Secretary of 
Domestic Trade expressed in an official press release in late 2013 that the policy of "managed 
trade" would continue to be applied in the future  as per the instructions from the President of 
Argentina.702 
6.342.  In light of the above, the Panel finds that  the imposition of the TRRs measure is a policy 
tool that has been applied at least since 2009. The repeated imposition of the TRRs measure for several years encompassing a number of sectors and undefined economic operators supports the 
view that the TRRs measure could potentially affect any sector and any economic operator. 
Accordingly, the Panel concludes that the TRRs measure has prospective application. 
6.2.3.4.3  Conclusion 6.343.  Having determined the inconsistency of the TRRs measure with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994, as well as with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 with respect to the local content 
requirement, and that the TRRs measure is of general and prospective application, the Panel 
concludes that the TRRs measure is also inconsistent with the above-mentioned provisions "as 
such". 
6.3  The Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI) procedure 
6.3.1  Preliminary considerations 
6.3.1.1  Description of the claims 
6.344.  The complainants have presented two different lines of argument in their claims against 
the DJAI procedure. 
                                               
696 Panel Report, China – Publications and Audiovisual Products , para. 7.198. 
697 Panel Report, Thailand – Cigarettes (Philippines) , para. 7.132. 
698 Panel Report, US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) , para. 7.112. (footnote omitted) 
699 Ibid. (footnote omitted) 
700 See paras. 6.334 and 6.335 above. 
701 See paras. 6.230 and 6.334 above. 
702 News item:  Prensa Argentina, Moreno confirmed that policy of trad e administration will continue as 
per presidential instructions, 3 November 2013 (Exhibit JE-759). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.345.  First, the complainants argue that, irrespective of whether the Panel considers the DJAI 
procedure to be an import licence: (a) the DJAI procedure is an import restriction inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; (b) the DJAI procedure is administered in a manner inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under Article X:3(a) of  the GATT 1994; and, (c) Argentina has failed to 
publish promptly information relating to the operation of the DJAI procedure in the manner 
required by Article X:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.346.  Second, if the Panel considers the DJAI procedure to be an import licence, the 
complainants argue that: (a) the DJAI procedure is an import restriction, made effective through 
an import licence, inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; (b) the DJAI procedure is administered in a manner inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under Articles 1.3, 1.6, 3.2, and 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement; (c) Ar gentina has failed to publish promptly information 
relating to the operation of the DJAI procedure in the manner required by Articles 1.4(a) and 3.3 
of the Import Licensing Agreement; and, (d) Argent ina has failed to notify the DJAI procedure in 
the manner required by Articles 1.4(a), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.347.  Argentina contends that the Import Licensing Agreement and Articles XI:1, X:1 and X:3(a) 
of the GATT 1994 are not applicable to the DJAI  procedure. In Argentina's view, the DJAI 
procedure is a formality or requirement imposed in connection with importation and is therefore 
subject to Article VIII of the GATT 1994. While Argentina put forward a number of other counter 
arguments to respond to the complainants claims under Articles XI:1, X:1 and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 and under Article 3.2 of the Import Lice nsing Agreement, it did not address the claims 
that were raised by the complainants under other provisions of the Import Licensing Agreement 
cited by the complainants (Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.3, 3.5(f), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4). 
6.3.1.2  Order of analysis 6.348.  As noted above, the Appellate Body has observed that, as a general principle, panels are 
free to structure the order of their analysis as they see fit and, in doing so, they may find it useful 
to take account of the manner in which claims are presented to them by a complaining Member.
703 
6.349.  The three complainants request that th e Panel examine their claims under the GATT 1994 
prior to their claims under the Import Licensing Agreement.704 In the European Union's view, the 
Panel would only need to analyse the complainants' claims under the Import Licensing Agreement if the Panel determined that the DJAI procedure constitutes an import licence within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the event th e Panel finds that the DJAI procedure constitutes 
an import licence for the purpose of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the European Union argues that 
its claim under Article 1.3 of the Import Licens ing Agreement should be examined before that 
under Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994. In support of its argument, the European Union refers to 
the Appellate Body's statement in EC – Bananas III  that Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing 
Agreement and Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 have "identical coverage", but the Import Licensing Agreement "deal[s] specifically and in de tail with the administration of import licensing 
procedures".
705 
6.350.  In turn, the United States indicates that "[t]he co-complainants are challenging the DJAI 
not so much as a set of [import licensing procedures] than as a restriction on imports imposed through import licensing". As a result, it is not the case that the Import Licensing Agreement is the 
more specific agreement in relation to the claims  advanced by the co-complainants. Rather, it is 
the GATT 1994, and Article XI in particular, that more specifically and in detail deals with the 
nature of the matter raised in this dispute. Therefore, the United States requests that the Panel 
start its analysis with the GATT 1994.
706 
                                               
703 See para. 6.147 above (referring to Appellate Body Report, Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain 
Imports , para. 126). 
704 European Union's response to Panel question No. 20, para. 43; United States' opening statement at 
the first substantive meeting, paras. 47-48; Japan's response to Panel question No. 20, paras. 32-33. 
705 European Union's response to Panel question No. 20, paras. 48-49; first written submission, 
para. 291 (referring to Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III , para. 204). 
706 United States' opening statement at the first meeting of the Panel, paras. 47-48. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.351.  Japan also considers that the Panel should first analyse the claims against the DJAI 
procedure under the GATT 1994, and afterwards address the claims against the DJAI procedure 
under the Import Licensing Agreement. According to  Japan, this order of analysis would be more 
logical for the following reasons: (a) Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 "deals more specifically with 
the matter before the Panel"; (b) it would allow the Panel to first address the DJAI procedure itself, 
and then to review the manner in which it is ad ministered under the Import Licensing Agreement, 
which is consistent with the approach adopted by the panel in Turkey – Rice ; and (c) under 
Article XI:1, the Panel would be able to analyse the DJAI procedure and its substantive content as 
a whole and in isolation from other measures; in contrast, under the Import Licensing Agreement (in particular, under Article 3.2 of the Import Li censing Agreement) the focus of the inquiry would 
require that the Panel review the DJAI procedure in relation to the "restriction" it implements.
707 
6.352.  On the other hand, Argentina considers that "[a]ny examination of claims relating to 
formalities or requirements of importation, such as the DJAI procedure, must begin with Article VIII of the GATT 1994".
708 In Argentina's view, if the Panel were to find that the DJAI 
procedure can be examined under provisions other than Article VIII of the GATT 1994, particularly 
under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, it should ex amine the complainants' claims under the Import 
Licensing Agreement first709, since "[t]he threshold issue for the Panel … is whether the DJAI 
procedure is subject to the provisions  of the [Import Licensing Agreement]".710 
6.353.  Certain parties have further expressed their preferences as to the order of analysis the 
Panel should adopt with regard to the two different  lines of argument raised by the complainants' 
under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. As noted ab ove, the complainants argue that (a) the DJAI 
procedure constitutes an import restriction made effective through an import licence inconsistent 
with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994711; and (b) irrespective of whether it constitutes an import 
licence, it amounts to an import restriction that is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994.712 
6.354.  The European Union indicates it would prefer that the Panel commence its analysis by 
examining whether the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, 
irrespective of whether it constitutes an import licence. In the European Union's view, "[i]n these 
circumstances, the Panel will not even need to determine whether the DJAI procedure constitutes an import licence given that, for purposes of Ar ticle XI of the GATT, the category of 'other 
measures' is broader than the category of 'import licences'".
713 The United States states that 
"[t]he co-complainants are challenging the DJAI not so much as a set of procedures imposing 
import licensing than as a restriction on imports imposed through import licensing".714 
6.355.  In contrast, neither Japan nor Argentina expr ess any preference as to which of the lines of 
argument advanced by the complainants under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 should be examined 
by the Panel first. 
6.356.  Argentina argues, however, that Article XI:1  of the GATT 1994 is not applicable to import 
formalities such as the DJAI procedure.715 In Argentina's view, "[b]ecause formalities and 
requirements subject to Article VIII cannot be evaluated as quantitative restrictions under 
Article XI … the complainants' claims under Article XI in respect of the DJAI procedure must fail".
716 Argentina submits that, if the Panel finds th at the DJAI procedure can be examined under 
provisions other than Article VIII, it should ex amine the complainants' claims under the Import 
Licensing Agreement before their claims under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.717 Only if the Panel 
                                               
707 Japan's response to Panel question No. 20, paras. 32-33. 
708 Argentina's first written submission, para. 161. See also ibid. para. 191. 
709 Ibid. paras. 266-269. 
710 Ibid. para. 267. 
711 European Union's first written submission, paras. 281-290; United States' first written submission, 
paras. 102, 121-125; Japan's first written submission, paras. 107-119. 
712 European Union's first written submission, paras. 237-251; United States' first written submission, 
paras. 102-120; Japan's first written submission, paras. 107, 120-123. 
713 European Union's response to Pa nel question No. 20, paras. 43-45. 
714 United States' opening statement at the first substantive meeting, para. 48. 
715 See, for example, Argentina's first written submission, paras. 181 and 299. 
716 Ibid. para. 299. 
717 Ibid. paras. 266-269. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  were to conclude that the DJAI procedure is not subject to the provisions of the Import Licensing 
Agreement, the Panel should examine the comp lainants' claims under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994.718 
6.357.  Regarding the order of analysis to be undertaken by the Panel in respect of the DJAI 
procedure, the Panel will first consider whether the DJAI is a customs formality imposed in 
connection with importation subject to Articl e VIII of the GATT 1994 and, if so, whether 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and the Import  Licensing Agreement are not applicable. 
6.358.  In the event that Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and the Import Licensing Agreement are 
found to be applicable, the question then becomes: 
a. what order of analysis the Panel should follow among the claims raised by the 
complainants under: (i) Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; (ii) the provisions of the Import 
Licensing Agreement cited by the complainants; and, (iii) Articles X:1 and X:3(a) of the 
GATT 1994; and, 
b. which of the lines of argument advanced by the complainants under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 (i.e. whether the DJAI procedure is a restriction made effective through an 
import licence or rather whether it is made effective through another measure) should be examined first. 
6.359.  The Panel will deal first with the issue of what order of analysis it should follow among the 
claims raised by the complainants under (i) Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; (ii) the provisions of the Import Licensing Agreement cited by the complainan ts; and, (iii) Articles X:1 and X:3(a) of the 
GATT 1994. The Panel notes in this regard that Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 imposes a 
substantive obligation on Members to refrain from imposing prohibitions or restrictions on the 
importation or the exportation of goods. In cont rast, Articles X:1 and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 
deal with the publication and administration of trade measures, as opposed to the substantive 
content of such measures.
719 
6.360.  With respect to the complainants' claims under Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5(f), 
5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement, the Appellate Body interpreted in EC – 
Bananas III  that: 
As a matter of fact, none of the provisions of the Licensing Agreement  concerns 
import licensing rules, per se . As is made clear by the title of the Licensing 
Agreement , it concerns import licensing procedures . The preamble of the Licensing 
Agreement  indicates clearly that this agreement relates to import licensing procedures 
and their administration, not to import licensing rules. Article 1.1 of the Licensing 
Agreement  defines its scope as the administrative procedures  used for the operation 
of import licensing regimes.720 (italics original) 
6.361.  Accordingly, the Panel will commence its analysis with the complainants' claims under 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 since this is the only provision among the ones raised by the 
complainants that deals with trade measures of a substantive nature. After having considered the 
complainants' claims under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, and depending on the nature of any findings made, the Panel will decide whether any additional findings under Articles X:1 and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 and the provisions of the Import  Licensing Agreement cited by the complainants 
would be necessary or useful for the resolution of the matter between the parties. 
6.362.  The Panel turns to the issue of which of  the two lines of argument advanced by the 
complainants under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 should be analysed first. 
6.363.  The expression "whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other 
measures " used in Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 implies that the provision covers all measures 
                                               
718 Ibid. para. 270. 
719 Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , para. 115. 
720 Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III , para. 197. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  that constitute import "prohibitions or restrictions" regardless of the means by which they are 
made effective. The reference to "quotas, import or export licences" is only indicative of some 
means by which import prohibitions or restrictions may be made effective. This does not imply that the scope of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is limited to prohibitions or restrictions that are made 
effective through quotas or import or export licences. What is relevant when examining a measure 
under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is whether a measure prohibits or restricts trade, rather than the means by which such prohibition or restriction is made effective. In light of this reasoning, the 
Panel will commence by examining the claims raised by the complainants under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 irrespective  of whether this measure constitutes an import licence. 
6.3.2  Description of the DJAI procedure 6.3.2.1  The DJAI requirement 
6.364.  With the exception of certain limited cases listed in the Annex of AFIP General 
Resolution 3255/2012
721, importers are required to file an Advance Sworn Import Declaration 
(DJAI) for any imports for consumption in Argentina.722 Importers are required to submit a DJAI 
providing the stipulated information prior to the issuance of an order form, purchase order, or 
similar document issued to purchase items from abroad that are destined for consumption in Argentina.
723 The filing of a DJAI by the importer initiates the DJAI procedure. As will be described 
below, in order to import goods into Argentina, an importer must attain a DJAI in "exit" status. 
6.3.2.2  The DJAI procedure 6.365.  The DJAI procedure was implemented by Argentina's Federal Public Revenue 
Administration ( Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos , AFIP) on 5 January 2012 by means of 
AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012
724, which entered into force on 1 February 2012.725 AFIP 
General Resolution 3252/2012 is complemented by other legal instruments, including AFIP General Resolutions 3255/2012
726 and 3256/2012.727 The Argentine Government has issued publications 
that detail and explain the operation of the DJAI, such as the "User Manual for Registration and 
Assignment of the 'Advance Sworn Import  Declaration (DJAI)'" (DJAI User Manual)728 and the 
"Step-by-Step Guide" on "How to Submit an Advance Sworn Import Declaration"729 
6.366.  Argentina has not notified to the WTO either the DJAI procedure, or the sources in which 
the rules and information related to the DJAI procedure are to be published.730 
                                               
721 These exemptions are: (a) imports under the re-i mportation regime; (b) importation or exportation 
to compensate for defici ent merchandise; (c) donations; (d) samples; (e) diplom atic exemptions; 
(f) merchandise with duty and tax exemptions; (g) postal shipments; (h) courier shipments; and, (i) imports by the Secretary General of the Presidency. See Updated Annex at Section B, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13). 
722 Article 1, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). See also 
Argentina's first written submission, para. 219; Europe an Union's first written submission, paras. 37-38; 
United States' first written submis sion, para. 18 and fn. 43; Japan's first written submission, para. 21 and 
fn. 47. 
723 Article 2, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); 
Article 91(1), Law 22,415, Customs Code, 2 March 1981 (Exhibit ARG-3). 
724 AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). 
725 Ibid. article 9. 
726 AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). 
727 AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, 26 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-14 and ARG-11). 
728 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13). 
729 MARIA System, Step-by-Step Guides: How to Submit a DJAI (Exhibit ARG-12). 
730 From the date of adoption of the DJAI requirement on 5 January 2012, Argentina has made two 
notifications pursuant to Article 5 of the ILA. First, Argentina notified Resolution 304/2012 of the Ministry of 
Economy and Public Finance, which concerns a model ce rtificate required for applications for non-automatic 
import licences. See Committee on Import Licensing, Notification under Article 5, Argentina, G/LIC/N/2/ARG/25, 28 September 2012. Second, Argentina notified Resolution 11/2013 of the Ministry of Economy and Public Finance, by wh ich Argentina repealed a number of prior resolutions that imposed non-
automatic import licences. See Committ ee on Import Licensin g, Notification under Article 5, Argentina, 
G/LIC/N/2/ARG/26, 31 January 2013. Neither of these notifications refers to the DJAI procedure. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.367.  As described below, some fundamental features of the DJAI procedure must be inferred 
from how the measure operates in practice because they are not expressed in the relevant laws and regulations. 
6.368.  To initiate the DJAI procedure, the customs broker (or the importer, if that person is 
registered in accordance with AFIP General Resolution 333/99) submits a sworn declaration 
through AFIP's electronic portal, known as the MARIA informatics system ( Sistema Informático 
MARIA , SIM), or the SIM system.
731 Declarants must submit this sworn declaration before the 
importation takes place and prior to the issuance of purchase orders or similar documents.732 For 
each DJAI, the declarant must provide the following information: 
a. Name and taxpayer identification code ( Clave Única de Identificación Tributaria , CUIT) of 
the importer, where applicable; 
b. Name and ID code of the customs broker, where applicable; 
c. Customs office of registration; 
d. Quantity, codes, capacity and type of containers; 
e. Total and per-item "free on board" (f.o.b.) value, and corresponding currency; 
f. Customs classification; 
g. Type and quantity of marketing units; 
h. Condition of the merchandise; 
i. Country of origin; 
j. Approximate shipping date; and, 
k. Approximate arrival date.733 
6.369.  In addition, a declarant may provide information concerning the means of transport, the 
identity of the seller, the value of freight and in surance, and any adjustments to be included or 
deducted from the customs value.734 
6.370.  Once the information has been entered into the SIM system, the declarant can choose the 
"Register"  (Oficializar ) option to formally register the declaration. After a DJAI is filed, the 
procedure may transit through the following stages, each of which is referred to as a "status" 
(estado ): (a) registered ( oficializada ); (b) observed  (observada ); (c) exit ( salida ); (d) cancelled 
(cancelada ); and, (e) voided ( anulada ).735 
6.371.  The electronic system automatically assi gns a control number to the declaration, which 
serves the purpose of tracking the state of that declaration for both users and authorities. Once 
entered into the system, the following informatio n may not be amended: (a) name and CUIT of 
the importer; (b) f.o.b. value and corresponding cu rrency; (c) tariff classification; (d) type and 
quantity of marketing units; (e) condition of the merchandise; (f) country of origin; (g) name of 
                                               
731 MARIA System, Step-by-Step Guides: How to Submit a DJAI (Exhibit ARG-12); AFIP General 
Resolution 333/99, 15 January 1999 (Exhibit ARG-13). 
732 Article 2, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). 
733 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-1 3); Updated Annex at Section E, AFIP General 
Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, para. 223; Argentina's response to Panel question No. 116(c). 
734 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13 ); Argentina's first written submission, para. 224. 
735 Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, paras. 221 and 223-238. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  the declarant; and, (h) customs office of registration.736 I n  t h e  c a s e  o f  c l e r i c a l  e r r o r ,  o r  t o  
subsequently modify a declaration, the declarant must cancel the DJAI at issue and register a new one.
737 
6.3.2.3  Registered status 
6.372.  Once a DJAI has been registered in the SIM system, it enters the "registered" ( oficializada) 
status738 and, thereafter, the importer has 180 days to import the authorized goods into 
Argentina.739 
6.3.2.4  Observed status 
6.3.2.4.1  The entering of observations in DJAI applications 6.373.  Once a DJAI attains registered status, AFIP and a number of governmental agencies may 
review the information entered into the SIM system and are entitled to enter observations. 
Pursuant to AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, to participate in the DJAI procedure, 
governmental agencies must sign an accession agreement with AFIP.
740 Participating agencies may 
review the information entered into the SIM syst em and are entitled to enter observations "in 
accordance with their functions" and "based on  the type of goods being imported or other 
conditions established by such institutions or by AFIP".741 Accession agreements signed between 
AFIP and the participating agencies have not been published or otherwise made available to 
traders, but Argentina has indicated that, pursuant to AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, those 
accession agreements must follow the model contained in the Annex to Resolution 3256/2012.742 
The model agreement contained in AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, however, does not specify: (a) the scope of the operations that can be reviewed and observed by the relevant 
acceding agency; (b) the additional informatio n that the acceding agency may request from 
importers; or, (c) the time-frame for the acceding agency to enter observations on a DJAI application.
743 As noted previously, the SCI became part of the DJAI procedure through SCI 
Resolution 1/2012.744 
6.374.  The following agencies currently participate in the DJAI procedure: 
a. The Federal Public Revenue Administration (AFIP)745; 
b. The Secretariat of Domestic Trade ( Secretaría de Comercio Interior , SCI)746; 
c. The National Drugs, Food and Medical Technology Administration ( Administración 
Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica , ANMAT)747; and, 
                                               
736 Updated Annex at Section E, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7). 
737 Updated Annex at paragraph 14 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 
(Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July  2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 12; Argentina's first written 
submission, para. 225. 
738 Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7). 
739 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 119. 
740 AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012, 26 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-14 and ARG-11). See also 
Argentina's response to Panel question No. 104. 
741 Article 3, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). See also 
Article 2, AFIP General Resolution  3255/2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). 
742 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 104. 
743 See Clause 2, AFIP General Resolution 3256/ 2012, 26 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-14 and ARG-11). 
744 See para. 6.389 above. 
745 Updated Annex at paragraph 5 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 
(Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). 
746 SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). 
747 ANMAT's Accession Agreement, 8 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-48). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  d. The Planning Secretariat for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight Against Drug 
Trafficking ( Secretaría de Programación para la Prevención de la Drogadicción y la Lucha 
contra el Narcotráfico , SEDRONAR).748 
6.375.  The Secretariat of Domestic Trade ( Secretaría de Comercio Interior , SCI) has not signed 
an accession agreement with AFIP. Argentina has explained that the SCI participates in the DJAI 
procedure as a result of SCI Resolution 1/2012, which predates AFIP General Resolution 3256/2012.
749 
6.376.  The National Agriculture and Food Quality and Health Service ( Servicio Nacional de 
Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria , SENASA)750 and the National Grape-Growing and Wine 
Production Institute ( Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura , INV)751 have signed accession 
agreements. Argentina has explained that these agencies have not yet been integrated into the 
SIM system and thus cannot review the information entered by applicants nor enter observations 
on DJAIs.752 
6.377.  The DJAI procedure does not allow importers to know which agencies may review and 
enter observations on a DJAI. First, the relevant laws and regulations do not contain a list of 
governmental agencies that can participate in the DJAI procedure. Second, although AFIP General Resolutions 3252/2012 and 3256/2012 seem to allow any governmental agency to participate in 
the DJAI procedure, provided that the agency signs an accession agreement
753, these signed 
agreements have not been published or otherwise made available to importers.754 
6.378.  Moreover, when a specific DJAI has been registered, the information displayed in the SIM 
system is not sufficient to identify the agencies that may enter observations.755 Argentina provided 
a screen shot of the site showing a sample DJAI in "registered" status. This screen shot lists 
participating agencies through the following codes: (a) "BI15-INTERV. SEC. COM. INT. 1"; (b) "BI17-INTERVENCION AFIP 1"; (c) "BI18-INTERVENCION AFIP 2"; (d) "BI20-INTERV. ANMAT 
TEC. MED."; (e) "BI30-INTERV. DJAI FISCALIZACION"; (f) "BI31-INTERV.DJAI SUBDIR. GRAL. 
CTRL.A"; and, (g) "BI33-INTERV. DJAI DI ISSM".
756 In the course of the proceedings, the parties 
provided information that allows the Panel to infer from the screen shot that the SCI, the AFIP and 
the ANMAT are among the agencies that may revi ew and observe the specific DJAI used in 
Argentina's example.757 However, there is no evidence on record that such information is publicly 
available to importers. BI30 is the only code identified in a publicly-available document (the DJAI User Manual) as referring to the intervention of AFIP in the DJAI procedure.
758 
                                               
748 SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-47). 
749 SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE -41 and ARG-15). See also Argentina's response 
to Panel question No. 109. 
750 SENASA's Accession Agreement, 14 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-49). 
751 INV's Accession Agreement, 16 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-50). 
752 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 105. 
753 AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); AFIP General 
Resolution 3256/2012, 26 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-14 and ARG-11). 
754 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 104. The SCI became part of the DJAI procedure, not 
through an accession agreement, but through SCI Resolution 1/2012, which was published in Argentina's official gazette. See SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January  2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). Note also that, 
although ANMAT's accession instrument is not available to importers, the DJAI User Manual identifies the ANMAT, as well as the SCI, as entities that are part of the DJAI procedure. This Manual is accesible to the 
general public. See AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE 13). However, there is no such indication in respect of SEDRONAR, SENASA or INV, which are also part of the DJAI procedure.  
755 See European Union's comments on Argentina's resp onse to Panel question No. 125; United States' 
comments on Argentina's response to Panel question No. 125. 
756 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 125. 
757 Argentina explained that the codes BI18 and BI31 re fer to the intervention of AFIP's Directorate-
General of Customs ( Dirección General de Aduanas , DGA); BI15 is the code for the SCI; BI20 is the code for 
ANMAT; BI33 is the code for AFIP's Directorat e-General for Revenues from Social Security ( Dirección General 
de los Recursos de la Seguridad Social , DGRSS). See Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23. It is 
unclear what agency of AFIP corresponds to the code BI17. On the use of inferences, see 
paras. 6.34-6.36 above. 
758 See AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13). See also Argentina's response to Panel 
question No. 23. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.379.  Participating agencies review the informat ion entered into the SIM system in accordance 
with their respective statutory authority.759 An agency may enter an observation when it considers 
that the information provided is "insufficient, faulty or incomplete" to demonstrate compliance with requirements under the domestic legislatio n that the agency concerned administers.
760 Argentina 
provided copies of the legislation administered by each agency. None of the legal instruments 
provided contains the specific criteria that the relevant agency may apply to enter observations.761 
Argentina clarified that, when the DJAI procedure was instituted, "it was not considered necessary 
to establish specific rules to determine the criteria that agencies have to follow for the evaluation 
of the information required through the DJAI procedure".762 
6.380.  If a governmental agency enters an observation on a DJAI, the DJAI procedure will enter 
"observed" ( observada ) status.763 A single DJAI may be observed by any of the participating 
agencies.764 When a DJAI is "observed" by more than one agency, each observation must be dealt 
with by the importer separately.765 A DJAI will leave observed status, and proceed to "exit" status 
only after all observations are lifted by the respective agencies.766 
6.381.  Unless an accession agreement provides for a different time-frame, the rules indicate that 
a participating agency can enter an observation within 72 hours after a DJAI has been registered.
767 T h i s  7 2 - h o u r  p e r i o d  m a y  b e  e x t e n d e d  u p  t o  a  m a x i m u m  o f  t e n  c a l e n d a r  d a y s  i n  
cases where "the specific jurisdiction of the adhering agency justifies it".768 Exceptionally, the SCI 
has 15 working days to enter observations.769 
6.382.  Goods covered by a DJAI in observed status cannot be imported into Argentina.770 If a 
DJAI is in observed status, prospective importers are required to (a) identify the entity that 
entered the observation; (b) contact such agency in order to be informed of the supplementary 
documents or information that must be provided; and, (c) provide the information required.771 
Although the relevant rules contain a list of information that must be provided when filing a DJAI 
application772, there is no indication which supplementary documents or information may be 
required by a participating agency that enters an observation on a DJAI.773 Argentina has stated 
that any supplementary information required w ill depend on "the reasons [that led to] the 
                                               
759 Article 2, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); 
Articles 3 and 4, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); Argentina's response to Panel question No. 110. 
760 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 110, 111 and 112. See also Argentina's response to 
Panel question No. 3.4 posed orally at the first substantive meeting. 
761 Argentina explained that the reason s for entering observations are "dir ectly related to deficiencies or 
inadequacies of the information provided through a DJ AI". According to Argentina, these deficiencies or 
inadequacies are to be detected by each agency, when as sessing whether an importer is in compliance with the 
domestic laws that each agency administers. See Ar gentina's response to Panel question Nos. 110, 111 and 
112. 
762 See Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 110, 111 and 112. 
763 Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7). See also Argentina's firs t written submission, diagram in para. 238; European Union's first written 
submission, para. 48; United States' first written su bmission, para. 15; Japan's first written submission, 
para. 27. 
764 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 124. 
765 Ibid. 
766 Updated Annex at Section F, AFIP General Re solution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7); AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 9; Argentina's response to Panel question No. 28; Argentina's first written submission, diagram in para. 238. 
767 Article 4, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); Articles 2 
and 4 and Updated Annex at paragraph 5 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, para. 228. 
768 Article 2, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); 
Argentina's response to Panel question No. 28; Argentina's first written submission, para. 228. 
769 Article 2, SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). 
770 Articles 2 and 5, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). 
See also Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP Gene ral Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, diagram in para. 238. 
771 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 24; Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 22, 110, 
111 and 112. 
772 See paras. 6.368-6.369 above. 
773 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 22, 24, 110, 111 and 112. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  observation".774 Only after the additional information is provided by the declarant is the 
observation lifted and the DJAI can proceed to exit status.775 
6.383.  In the case of observations made by the AFIP's Directorate-General of Revenue ( Dirección 
General de Ingresos , DGI), the reason that led to an observation is communicated through the 
SIM system.776 In the case of observations made by other agencies, however, the precise reason 
that led to an observation, as well as the additional documents or information required to lift the observation are not communicated through the SIM system.
777 A declarant will not know the 
reasons for the observation, or the additional documents or information that it must provide for 
the observation to be lifted, until the declarant approaches the agency that entered the observation, which as explained above is sometimes not identifiable.
778 
6.384.  Prospective importers have challenged in Argentine courts DJAI procedures in which import 
operations were being impeded as a result of observations made by the Secretariat of Domestic 
Trade. These domestic courts concluded that the challenged DJAI procedures had: 
a. unreasonably delayed the approval of DJAIs beyond the time limits indicated in the 
legislation; 
b. made it impossible for applicants to move the procedure forward inasmuch as 
observations are neither produced in hard copy nor communicated through the website 
portal; and, 
c. affected the applicants' right of defence "inasmuch as the circumstances give rise to a 
prohibition – albeit a temporary one – on the import operation, without valid legal grounds".
779 
6.3.2.4.2  The Federal Public Revenue Administration (AFIP) 
6.385.  AFIP administers the DJAI procedure. AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012 recognizes 
AFIP's authority to enter observations on DJAIs.780 Three sub-agencies within the AFIP can enter 
observations on DJAIs: (a) the Directorate-General of Revenue ( Dirección General de Ingresos , 
DGI); (b) the Directorate-General of Customs ( Dirección General de Aduanas , DGA); and, (c) the 
Directorate-General for Revenues from Social Security ( Dirección General de los Recursos de la 
Seguridad Social , DGRSS).781 The three AFIP sub-agencies have authority to enter observations on 
all DJAIs, regardless of the products covered782; each of the sub-agencies has 72 hours after a 
DJAI has been registered to enter observations.783 
                                               
774 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
775 Argentina's first written submission, para. 234. See also Argentina's second written submission, 
para. 181, where Argentina states that "[ t]he action of the importer is crucial for lifting the observation. It is 
the private instance which conditions the action of the Administration". 
776 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 25. See also Argentina's response to Panel 
question Nos. 22 and 23. 
777 Argentina has stated that: " [o]nce the importer/customs broker contacts the agency , he is informed 
of the reasons for the observation and given details of  the supplementary information needed to conduct the 
risk assessment" (emphasis added). See Argentina's response to Panel question No. 22. 
778 See Argentina's response to Panel question No . 22. See also European  Union's first written 
submission, paras. 303 and 317; United States' first written submission, paras. 31 and 161; Japan's first written submission, para. 28. 
779 See judicial decisions in National Court of  Appeals for Federal Administrative Disputes, Yudigar 
Argentina S.A. v. Ministry of Economy , 16 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-59); National Court for Federal 
Administrative Disputes, Zatel Adrian Ramon v. Ministry of Economy , 23 August 2012 (Exhibit JE-57); National 
Court for Federal Administrative Disputes, Wabro SA v. Ministry of Economy , 2 October 2012 (Exhibit JE-58); 
and National Court of Appeals for Federal Administra tive Disputes, Fity SA v. Ministry of Economy , 
22 November 2012 (Exhibit JE-302). 
780 Updated Annex at paragraph 5 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 
(Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). 
781 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
782 Ibid. 
783 Article 2 and Updated Annex at paragraph 5 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 
January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); Argentina's resp onse to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.386.  Observations made by the AFIP's DGI will  be indicated in the SIM system by the code 
"BI30". If DGI enters an observation, the declarant may select the option "Reasons" ( Motivos ) in 
the SIM system, and be informed of th e reason that led to the observation.784 There are 13 
reasons, each identified by a separate sub-code.785 The reasons (with their respective sub-codes) 
are: 
a. The taxpayer ID code (also known as CUIT) is in passive/inactive state (BI30-F01); 
b. The CUIT is listed in the registry of unreliable taxpayers (false invoices) (BI30-F02); 
c. The CUIT is registered as bankrupt (BI30-F03); 
d. There are inconsistencies in the domicile (BI30-F04); 
e. The CUIT is not registered for the VAT (BI30-F05); 
f. The CUIT is not registered for the income tax (BI30-F06); 
g. The CUIT for one or more members of the company is not registered for the income tax 
(BI30-F07); 
h. No income tax return filed for the most recent period (BI30-F08); 
i. No VAT return has been filed within the 12 most recent monthly fiscal periods (BI30-
F09); 
j. No personal property return has been filed for the most recent period (BI30-F10); 
k. No social security return has been filed within the 12 most recent monthly fiscal periods 
(BI30-F11); 
l. Inconsistencies were found in the VAT returns in the six most recent monthly fiscal 
periods (BI30-F12); or, 
m. The CUIT is currently being audited or verified (BI30-F13).786 
6.387.  In addition, AFIP's DGA can enter an observation if an importer is in violation of 
Argentina's Customs Code.787 These observations are identified by codes "BI31" or "BI18".788 
6.388.  Finally, AFIP's DGRSS is entitled to enter observations if it finds inconsistencies in the 
Social Security record of the applicant or if the applicant is subject to an ongoing social security 
audit.789 These observations are identified by codes "BI33-S01" or "BI33-S03".790 
                                               
784 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 25. 
785 Ibid. See also Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
786 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13). See also Argentina's response to Panel question 
No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
787 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4); Law 22,415, Customs Code, 
2 March 1981 (Exhibit ARG-3). 
788 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). See also para. 6.378 above. 
789 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
790 Ibid. See also para. 6.378 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.2.4.3  The Secretariat of Domestic Trade (SCI)791 
6.389.  The Secretariat of Domestic Trade (SCI) became part of the DJAI procedure on 
11 January 2012 through SCI Resolution 1/2012.792 The preamble of SCI Resolution 1/2012 
indicates it is "necessary" for the SCI to have access to the information provided in the DJAI 
procedure in order "[to perform] analyses aimed at preventing negative effects on the domestic 
market, since the qualitative and/or quantitative importance of imports to be made has the effect of impacting domestic trade".
793 
6.390.  The SCI is entitled to enter observations relating to the importation of any type of 
product.794 These observations are identified by code "BI15".795 
6.391.  Argentina made the following statements concerning the role of the SCI in the DJAI 
procedure. First, "[t]he risks that the SCI seeks to prevent are those arising from breaches of the 
law governing domestic trade, for which [the SCI] is the implementing authority".796 Second, the 
reasons by which the SCI may enter observations on DJAIs are set out in797: Decree 2085/2011798, 
Law 22,802 on Fair Trade, Law 19,227 on Market s of National Interest, Law 19,511 on Legal 
Metrology, and Law 24,240 on Consumer Protection.799 Finally, intervention by the SCI is 
"necessary" to verify a priori if the declarant has complied with these laws.800 Argentina explained 
that these laws grant the SCI authority concerning: domestic trade, internal and international 
economic integration, strategic trade promotion, consumer protection, metrology, internal supply 
and antitrust issues. Argentina also explained that the SCI can "assess, control, make proposals and take measures to improve market organization, transparency and the harmonious development of markets, in the light of the public interest".
801 
6.392.  In the event the SCI enters an observation,  the importer or declarant must contact the SCI 
to enquire about the reasons and may be requ ired by the SCI to submit supplementary 
information.802 
6.393.  According to evidence on record803, the SCI systematically imposes on declarants 
requirements that are neither set out in any laws nor indicated in official publications explaining the operation of the DJAI. Such requirements include providing the following: 
                                               
791 In its responses to Panel questions after the seco nd substantive meeting, Argentina informed that, 
by Decree 2136/2013 of 12 December 2013, the Secretariat of Domestic Trade (SCI) has been replaced by a Secretariat of Trade ( Secretaría de Comercio ). The competence to intervene in  the DJAI procedure previously 
held by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade would hencef orth be exercised by the Secretariat of Trade. See, 
Argentina's response to Panel questions after the second substantive meeting, 14 January 2014 (preliminary clarification). 
792 SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). 
793 Third Recital at Preamble, SCI Resolution 1/2012, 11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). 
794 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (inc luding Annex 4); Article 2, SCI Resolution 1/2012, 
11 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-41 and ARG-15). 
795 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). See also para. 6.378 above. 
796 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 25. 
797 Argentina's response to Panel question s No. 23 (including Annex 4) and No. 110. 
798 National Public Administration, Decree 2085/2011, 7 December 2011 (Exhibit ARG-16). 
799 Law 22,802 on Fair Trade, 5 May 1983; Law 19,227 on Markets of National Interest, 
9 September 1971; Law 19,511 on Legal Metrology, 2 March 1972; Law 24,240 on Consumer Protection, 22 September 1993 (Exhibit ARG-32). 
800 Argentina's response to Panel question 3.4 po sed orally at the first substantive meeting. 
801 Argentina's first written submission, para. 231. 
802 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 24. 
803 This evidence includes: reports prepared by market  intelligence entities or by an export promotion 
office to inform their clients or a ffiliated members of the information an d requirements imposed by the SCI; 
letters of companies addressed to the SCI; company reports; press articles; as well as interviews and public 
statements by the Secretary of Domestic Trade. See Slides: Argentine Chamber of Commerce, Advance Sworn 
Import Declaration, DJAI  (Exhibit JE-50); Report: Arge ntine Chamber of Commerce, Rules and Experiences on 
Current Foreign Trade Practices, October 2013 (Exhibit JE-755) , pp. 3-4; Newsletter: Argentine Chamber of the Plastic Industry, Procedure for Observed DJAIs, Fe bruary 2012 (Exhibit JE-52); Information note: Córdoba 
Foreign Trade Chamber, DJAIs Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 1 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-55); Information note: Argentine-Chinese Chamber, Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-268); Information note: Argentine Chamber of Paper and Related Goods, What to do in the case of 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 136 - 
 
  a. a formal letter addressed to Argentina's Secretary of Domestic Trade, bearing the 
company's letterhead and signed by the highest authority of the company or a legal representative. This letter should report the company's estimates of total imports and exports, in United States' Dollars (USD), for the ongoing year; 
b. a price list of all goods traded in the domestic market (not only of those to be imported). 
This list shall be provided in hard copy and CD; 
c. the contact details of the person signing the letter; and, 
d. a spread sheet (also called "request note" or " nota de pedido ") containing the following 
data per item: 
i. description of the product; 
ii. quantity; 
iii. unit of measure; 
iv. price per unit; 
v. total price; 
vi. origin; 
vii. tariff classification; 
viii. expected date of shipping from exporting country; and, 
ix. expected date of arrival in Argentina.
804 
                                                                                                                                               
an Observed DJAI, 9 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-729/EU-415 ); Information note: GM Comex, Observed DJAI, 
Intervention by SCI, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-47); Newsletter: United Logistic Company, Observed DJAI (Exhibit JE-49); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 
(Exhibit JE-48); Information note: SI QAT SRL, Instructions on the DJAI (Exhibit JE-51); Information note: 
Clément Comercio Exterior , Procedure for Blocked DJAIs (Exhibit JE-54); Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , 
DJAI: Its Evolution, 13 December 2012 (Exhibit EU 418+), pp. 8-10; Information note: Oklander y Asociados , 
Observed DJAIs. Procedure to unblock them (Exhibit JE-730/EU-416); News item: Juguetes y Negocios , How to 
Release Import Declarations, 6 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-2); Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , What you 
should know about the new rules, 1 Februa ry 2012 (Exhibit JE-269); Information note: Unión Industrial del 
Oeste , Advance Sworn Import Declarations, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-46); Market study: Commercial 
Representation of ProChile in Mendoza, Vitiviniculture Suppliers in Argentina, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-298). In 
one letter addressed to the SCI, Company X commits to: (a) export merchandise in the amount of USD 1 
million; (b) analyse the commercial possibility of increa sing the value of its exports in order to maintain the 
equilibrium in its trade balance; (c) report any variatio ns in its trade balance. See, Letter from Company X to 
the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-304). In one email communication, Company X refers to an "Agreement commitment " and to a price list, both presented to the SCI, which have been 
approved, and requests the release of observed DJAIs id entified in the communication. E-mail communication 
from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 11 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-305); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 (Exhibit JE-48). See also, News item:  Página 
12, Supply has a remedy, 25 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-265); Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , Alternatives for 
exporting, 17 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-379/EU-65) (the report suggests several alternatives by which importers can comply with the export co mmitment imposed by the SCI); News item:  BAE Argentina , More 
controls over entry of medicines (Exhibit JE-693/EU-379); News item:  Buenos Aires Económico , Import 
controls will apply to one hundred companies, 31 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-3) ; Debate , Interview with the 
Secretary of Domestic Trade, 27 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-8); and News item:  Página 12 , If they want to 
import, they will have to export, 23 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-378/EU-64). 
804 News item: Juguetes y Negocios , How to Release Import Declarations, 6 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-2); 
Information note: Unión Industrial del Oeste , Advance Sworn Import Declarations, 21 March 2012 
(Exhibit JE-46); Information note: GM Comex, Obse rved DJAI, Intervention by SCI, 22 February 2012 
(Exhibit JE-47); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 
(Exhibit JE-48); Newsletter: United Logistic Company, Observed DJAI (Exhibit JE-49); Slides: Argentine 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 137 - 
 
  6.394.  A hard copy of the aforementioned document s must be filed with the SCI and an electronic 
version of the spread sheet ("request note" or " nota de pedido ") must be sent to: 
notadepedido@mecon.gov.ar (which corresponds to the domain of the Ministry of Economy and Public Finance).
805 
6.395.  Evidence demonstrates that, as a condition to lift observations on DJAIs, in certain 
instances the SCI requires prospective importers to commit to increase their exports or to start exporting, so as to achieve a trade balance.
806 
                                                                                                                                               
Chamber of Commerce, Advance Sw orn Import Declaration, DJAI  (Exhibit JE-50); Information note: SIQAT 
SRL, Instructions on the DJAI (Exhibit JE-51); Ne wsletter: Argentine Chamber of the Plastic Industry, 
Procedure for Observed DJAIs, February 2012 (Exhibit JE-52); Information note: Clément Comercio Exterior , 
Procedure for Blocked DJAIs (Exhibit JE-54); Inform ation note: Córdoba Foreign Trade Chamber, DJAIs 
Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 1 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-55); Information note: Argentine-Chinese Chamber, Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-268); Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , What you should know about the new rules, 1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-269); 
Market study: Commercial Representation of ProChile in Mendoza, Vitiviniculture Suppliers in Argentina, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-298); Information note: Argentine Chamber of Paper and Related Goods, What to do in the case of an Observed DJAI, 9 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-729/EU-415); Information note: Oklander 
y Asociados , Observed DJAIs. Procedure to unblock them (Exhibit JE-730/EU-416); Report:  Clément Comercio 
Exterior , DJAI: Its Evolution, 13 December 2012 (Exhibit EU 418+), pp. 8-10; Report: Argentine Chamber of 
Commerce, Rules and Experiences on Current Foreign Trade Practices, October 2013 (Exhibit JE-755), pp. 3-4. 
805 News item: Juguetes y Negocios , How to Release Import Declarations, 6 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-2); 
Information note: Unión Industrial del Oeste , Advance Sworn Import Declarations, 21 March 2012 
(Exhibit JE-46); Information note: GM Comex, Obse rved DJAI, Intervention by SCI, 22 February 2012 
(Exhibit JE-47); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 
(Exhibit JE-48); Newsletter: United Logistic Company, Observed DJAI (Exhibit JE-49); Slides: Argentine Chamber of Commerce, Advance Sw orn Import Declaration, DJAI  (Exhibit JE-50); Information note: SIQAT 
SRL, Instructions on the DJAI (Exhibit JE-51); Ne wsletter: Argentine Chamber of the Plastic Industry, 
Procedure for Observed DJAIs, February 2012 (Exhibit JE-52); Information note: Clément Comercio Exterior , 
Procedure for Blocked DJAIs (Exhibit JE-54); Inform ation note: Córdoba Foreign Trade Chamber, DJAIs 
Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 1 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-55); Information note: Argentine-Chinese Chamber, Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-268); Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , What you should know about the new rules, 1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-269); 
Market study: Commercial Representation of ProChile in Mendoza, Vitiviniculture Suppliers in Argentina, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-298); Information note: Argentine Chamber of Paper and Related Goods, What to do in the case of an Observed DJAI, 9 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-729/EU-415); Information note: Oklander 
y Asociados , Observed DJAIs. Procedure to unblock them (Exhibit JE-730/EU-416); Clément Comercio Exterior , 
DJAI: its Evolution, pp. 8-10; Repo rt: Argentine Chamber of Commerce, Rules and Experiences on Current 
Foreign Trade Practices, October 2013 (Exhibit JE-755), pp. 3-4. 
806 News item: Juguetes y Negocios , How to Release Import Declarations, 6 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-2); 
Buenos Aires Económico , Import controls will apply to one hundre d companies, 31 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-3); 
Debate , Interview with the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 27 September 2012 (Exhibit JE-8); Information note: 
Unión Industrial del Oeste , Advance Sworn Import Declarations, 21 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-46); Information 
note: GM Comex, Observed DJAI, Intervention by SCI, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-47); Information note: Consultores Industriales Asociados , Market Defense: DJAI, 2012 (Exhibit JE-48); Newsletter: United Logistic 
Company, Observed DJAI (Exhibit JE-49); Slides: Ar gentine Chamber of Commer ce, Advance Sworn Import 
Declaration, DJAI  (Exhibit JE-50); Information note: SIQAT SRL, Instructions on the DJAI (Exhibit JE-51); 
Newsletter: Argentine Chamber of the Plastic Industry, Procedure for Observed DJAIs, February 2012 (Exhibit JE-52); Information note: Clément Comercio Exterior , Procedure for Blocked DJAIs (Exhibit JE-54); 
Information note: Córdoba Foreign Tr ade Chamber, DJAIs Observed by the Secretariat of Domestic Trade, 
1 March 2012 (Exhibit JE-55); News item:  Página 12, Supply has a remedy, 25 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-265); 
Information note: Argentine-Chinese Chamber, Procedure to Unblock Observed DJAIs, 11 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-268); Newspaper article:  Ámbito Financiero , What you should know about the new rules, 
1 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-269); Market study: Comm ercial Representation of ProChile in Mendoza, 
Vitiviniculture Suppliers in Argentina, May 2012 (Exhibit JE-298); Report:  Clément Comercio Exterior , 
Alternatives for exporting, 17 December 2012 (Exhibit JE-379/EU-65); News item:  Página 12 , If they want to 
import, they will have to export, 23 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-378/EU-64); News item:  BAE Argentina , More 
controls over entry of medicines (Exhibit JE-693/EU- 379); Information note: Argentine Chamber of Paper and 
Related Goods, What to do in the case of an Obse rved DJAI, 9 May 2012 (Exhibit JE-729/EU-415); Information 
note: Oklander y Asociados , Observed DJAIs. Procedure to unblock them (Exhibit JE-730/EU-416); Report:  
Clément Comercio Exterior , DJAI: Its Evolution, 13 December 2012 (Exhibit EU 418+), pp. 8-10; Report: 
Argentine Chamber of Commerce, Rules and Experience s on Current Foreign Trade Practices, October 2013 
(Exhibit JE-755), pp. 3-4. See also Letter from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 3 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-304); E-mail communication from Company X to the Secretary of Domestic Trade, 11 April 2012 (Exhibit JE-305). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.2.4.4  The National Drugs, Food and Medical Technology Administration (ANMAT) 
6.396.  On 8 February 2012, as a result of an accession agreement signed with the AFIP pursuant 
to AFIP General Resolutions 3252/2012, 3255/2012 and 3256/2012, the National Drugs, Food and Medical Technology Administration (ANMAT) began participating in the DJAI procedure.
807  
6.397.  ANMAT is entitled to review and ob serve DJAIs involving imports of: (a) medical 
technology products, including medicines; and (b) foodstuffs.808 Once a DJAI is registered, ANMAT 
has four working days to enter observations, which will be identified by code "BI20".809 
6.398.  Argentina indicated that Decree 1490/92 and, in particular, paragraphs (a) and (e) of 
Article 3, contain the reasons for which an observation may be made by ANMAT.810 These 
provisions state that ANMAT has the authority to: (a) implement and supervise the implementation of health and quality controls relating to any product used in human medicine; and (b) control the 
supply, production, elaboration, division, importat ion, exportation, deposit and trading of goods 
that are used in human medicine, food and cosmetics.
811 
6.399.  According to the DJAI User Manual, pursuant to ANMAT's accession agreement, DJAIs 
concerning medical technology products must indicate the Model Name code ("NOMBRE.MODELO") 
and the applicable Certificate Number code ("NRO.CERTIFICADO", i.e. "PM number") for each product.
812 
6.3.2.4.5  The Planning Secretariat for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight 
Against Drug Trafficking (SEDRONAR) 
6.400.  Pursuant to its accession agreement with AFIP, the Planning Secretariat for the Prevention 
of Drug Addiction and the Fight Against Drug Trafficking (SEDRONAR) began participating in the 
DJAI procedure on 22 February 2012.813 
6.401.  SEDRONAR is entitled to enter observations on DJAIs that involve imports of chemical 
precursors.814 Such observations must be entered within 72 hours after a DJAI has been 
registered815 and will be identified by code "BI32".816 
6.402.  Argentina indicated that SEDRONAR may enter observations if prospective importers act 
inconsistently with Law 23,737 (Criminal Code); La w 26,045 on the National Registry of Chemical 
Precursors; Decree 1095/1996 (particularly Articles 1 and 14 thereof); or Resolution 
SEDRONAR 213/2010.817 
                                               
807 ANMAT's Accession Agreement, 8 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-48). 
808 List of products subject to review and observ ation by ANMAT (Exhibit ARG-52); ANMAT's Accession 
Agreement, 8 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-48); AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 9. 
809 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), pp. 9-10; Argentina's response to Panel question 
No. 23 (including Annex 4). See also para. 6.378 above. 
810 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (i ncluding Annex 4); Decree 1490/92, creation of 
ANMAT, 20 August 1992 (Exhibit ARG-26). 
811 Decree 1490/92, creation of ANMAT, 20 August 1992 (Exhibit ARG-26). 
812 AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit JE-13), p. 10. 
813 SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-47). 
814 Ibid. clause 2; Products subject to review and observation by SEDRONAR (Exhibit ARG-53); 
Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
815 Clause 2, SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-47); Argentina's 
response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
816 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). See also para. 6.378 above. 
817 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4); Law 23,737, Criminal Code, 
21 September 1989 (Exhibit ARG-27); Law 26,045 on the Na tional Registry of Chemical Precursors, 8 June 
2005 (Exhibit ARG-44); Decree 1,095/96, Control of precursors and essential chemical products for the manufacture of drugs, 26 September 1996 (Exhibit ARG-45); SEDRONAR Resolution 216/2010, National 
Registry of Chemical Precursors, 17 March 2010 (Exhibit ARG-46). See also Decree 623/96, Federal Plan of integral prevention of drug dependency and control of the illicit traffic of drugs, 7 June 1996; Decree 1,095/96, 
Control of precursors and essential chemical products for the manufacture of drugs; Decree 1119/96, Creation of a joint working group for the prevention of drug addi ction and the fight against drug trafficking, 3 October 
 WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
- 139 - 
 
  6.403.  Following SEDRONAR's accession to the DJAI procedure, DJAI applications concerning the 
importation of chemical precursors must indicate the import or export certificate number issued by the Chemical Precursors National Registry.
818 In addition, within five days of arrival of the goods to 
the country, AFIP must send the following information to SEDRONAR: (a) DJAI number; (b) 
importation number; (c) description of the SIM position; (d) quantity and weight of the 
merchandise; (e) country of origin; (f) import certificate number issued by the Chemical Precursors National Registry; (g) customs entry; (h ) tax-payer ID code or CUIT; and, (i) name of 
the importer.
819 
6.3.2.4.6  The National Agriculture and Fo od Quality and Health Service (SENASA) and 
the National Grape-Growing and Wine Production Institute (INV) 
6.404.  The National Agriculture and Food Quality and Health Service (SENASA) and the National 
Grape-Growing and Wine Production Institute (INV ) signed accession agreements with AFIP on 
14 and 16 February 2012, respectively.820 However, according to Argentina, these agencies cannot 
enter observations, because their accession agreements are not in operation.821 Argentina 
explained that, for practical reasons, these agencies have not yet been integrated into the 
SIM system and thus can neither access the information entered into the DJAIs nor enter observations.
822 
6.405.  SENASA's accession agreement indicates that this agency may enter observations on DJAIs 
that relate to products subject to phytosanitary and food security requirements.823 
6.406.  INV's accession agreement indicates that this  agency is entitled to enter observations "on 
the basis of its authority".824 In its first written submission, Argentina clarified that this agency will 
only assess imports of wine products.825 In an official press release dated 27 February 2012, the 
Argentine Government announced that "AFIP will ma ke available to INV information concerning the 
importer, the type and quantity of product – either  musts, wines, or ethylic or methyl alcohols – 
and the alcoholic grade".826 In accordance with INV's accession agreement, declarants seeking to 
import wine products must also indicate (a) INV registration number; (b) type of product; (c) volume (in litres for musts, wines and ethylic alcohols; and in kilos for methyl acid); and, 
(d) alcoholic grade and colour index (for wines in bulk).
827 
6.3.2.5  Exit status 6.407.  According to the relevant rules, if no governmental agency enters an observation within 
the prescribed time period, the DJAI will enter into "exit" ( salida ) status and the importer may 
proceed with the importation.
828 A DJAI will also proceed to "exit" status if an observation made by 
an agency is lifted within 180 calendar days from registration.829 Upon request, this time-frame 
                                                                                                                                               
1996; Decree 1161/2000, Update of the list of precursors and essential chemical products, 6 December 2000; 
and Resolution 216/2010, National Registry of Ch emical Precursors, 17 March 2010 (Exhibit ARG-27). 
818 Clause 2, SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-47); Argentina's 
response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
819 Clause 2, SEDRONAR's Accession Agreement, 22 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-47). Argentina's 
response to Panel question No. 106. 
820 SENASA's Accession Agreement, 14 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-49); INV's Accession Agreement, 
16 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-50). See also Argentina's first written submission, para. 227. 
821 Argentina's first written submission, para. 227 and fn. 113 and 114; second written submission, 
para. 177; and response to Panel question Nos. 113 and 114. 
822 Argentina's second written submission, para. 177. 
823 Clause 2, SENASA's Acce ssion Agreement, 14 February 2012 (Exh ibit ARG-49). See also Argentina's 
response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4); Argentina's first written submission, para. 230. 
824 INV's Accession Agreement, 16 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-50). 
825 Argentina's first written submission, para. 230. 
826 News item: Prensa Argentina, SEDRONAR and INV adhered to the single electronic window and the 
DJAI, 27 February 2012 (Exhibit JE-43). 
827 Clause 2, INV's Accession Agreement, 16 February 2012 (Exhibit ARG-50). 
828 Article 2, and Updated Annex at paragraph 12 of Section F, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 
20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). 
829 Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, para. 238; Argentina's response to Panel question No. 28. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  may be extended by an additional 180 calendar days.830  The relevant laws and regulations do not 
foresee grounds upon which such an extension ma y be granted or denied. However, Argentina has 
indicated that the validity of a DJAI may be exte nded by an additional 180 calendar days "unless 
there is no reasonability in the request to extend the deadline".831 
6.408.  Argentina indicated that "the DJAI in 'exit' status can automatically be converted into a 
customs clearance procedure".832 To initiate the customs clearance procedure, an importer must 
re-access the SIM system and formally request the importation of goods.833 W h e n  t h i s  f o r m a l  
request is made, the SIM system will ask for the DJAI number, conduct the consistency checks 
agreed with the relevant agencies and verify that the DJAI has been validated by all necessary agencies.
834 Argentina indicated that, to clear customs, an importer must provide "the clearance 
declaration (confirming the data provided through the DJAI); the commercial invoice number and 
the bill of lading, together with the informatio n and documents regarding the particular type of 
goods to be imported applicable under the tariff classification system".835 
6.409.  Exit status on the DJAI is also necessary for obtaining authorization from the Central Bank 
of Argentina to make payments in foreign currency.836 
6.3.2.6  Voided status 6.410.  If an observation is not lifted or if a DJAI in exit status is not used within 180 calendar 
days from registration
837, the DJAI will enter into "voided" ( anulada ) status. In cases where the 
180-day period is extended, the DJAI will enter the voided status following the extension period. A DJAI will also enter into voided status if an applicant withdraws its DJAI.
838 Importers are not able 
to import under a voided DJAI. 
6.3.2.7  Cancelled status 
6.411.  When a DJAI has been used – that is, when the goods it covers clear customs – the DJAI 
will enter into "cancelled" ( cancelada ) status.839 
6.3.3  Legal analysis 
6.3.3.1  Whether the DJAI procedure is inco nsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.3.3.1.1  Arguments of the parties 
6.412.  The European Union argues that the DJAI  procedure is a non-automatic import licensing 
system, inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.840 
6.413.  The European Union further argues that, even if the DJAI procedure was not considered to 
be an import licence, it would still be inconsistent with a number of GATT provisions, including 
Article XI:1. In the European Union's view, the DJAI procedure is a "quantitative restriction" since 
                                               
830 Updated Annex at Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 
and ARG-7); Argentina's first written submission, para. 221; Argentina's response to Panel question No. 28. 
831 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 117. 
832 Argentina's oral response to Panel question No. 3.2 posed at the first substantive meeting. 
833 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 30. 
834 Article 5, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6). 
835 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 30. 
836 Paras. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, and section xii) of para. 8.1.3, Central Bank of the Argentine Republic, 
Communication "A" 5274, 30 January 2012 (Exhibit JE-40); Argentina's response to Panel question No. 3.2 posed orally at the first substantive meeting. 
837 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 119. 
838 Updated Annex at paragraph h) of Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 
(Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). See also diagram in Argentina's first written submission, para. 238. 
839 Updated Annex at paragraph h) of Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 
(Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7). See also diagram in Argent ina's first written submission, para. 238; Argentina's 
first written submission, para. 221; European Union's first written submission, para. 50; United States' first written submission, para. 20; Japan's first written submission, para. 23. 
840 European Union's first written submission, paras. 237, 281-290. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  it has a "limiting effect on importation", in the sense that Argentine authorities can block an 
importation through the DJAI system. As long as the importation is blocked on the DJAI system, the customs authorities do not allow the release of  the imported goods into the Argentine market 
and the Argentine Central Bank refuses to authoriz e the opening of letters of credit, the issuance 
of bank guarantees, or the payment in foreign currency for the imported goods. All these 
characteristics and elements in the design and stru cture of the DJAI procedure limit the quantity of 
goods that can be imported, create uncertainty and affect investment plans. At the time importers 
submit the sworn declaration, they do not kn ow whether the authorities will authorise the 
importation (i.e. whether importers will achieve ex it status on their DJAI application and thereby 
secure the documents necessary to obtain financ ing to import) and, consequently, whether the 
importation will be permitted to take place.
841 
6.414.  As part of its arguments challenging the DJAI procedure, the European Union refers to the 
manner in which the Secretariat of Domestic Trade (SCI) uses the DJAI procedure as a tool to impose TRRs on prospective importers, incl uding the requirement to export goods from 
Argentina.
842 
6.415.  The United States submits that the DJAI requirement constitutes an import restriction 
made effective through an import licence within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.843 
6.416.  The United States further argues that, irrespective of whether it is made effective through 
an import licence, the DJAI requirement constitutes an import restriction that is inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
844 In the United States' view, the DJAI 
requirement is a "restriction" within the meaning of  Article XI:1, for three reasons. First, because 
DJAI applications are not granted in all cases and the DJAI requirement leaves the various 
participating agencies with wide discretion to grant or deny the approval for importation.845 
Second, because the discretionary nature of the DJ AI requirement allows Argentine authorities to 
impose TRRs on importers as a condition to import, including a limitation on the value of imports 
based on an importer's ability to export goods from Argentina.846 Third, because the approval to 
import is only granted to importers after significant delay.847 
6.417.  Japan argues that the DJAI requirement, by its very design, structure and operation, as 
well as in practice, constitutes a non-automatic import licensing measure and therefore is a measure inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. Under the DJAI procedure (a) at least six agencies have authority to suspend and prevent importation and the granting of an importation 
licence by entering observations; (b) the criteria for suspension or approval of importation are not 
specified; (c) no meaningful explanation must be provided to importers for either suspension or 
rejection of a DJAI application; (d) the requirement covers all or virtually all categories of goods; 
(e) the actual operation of the requirement results in substantial delays in or in the suspension of 
importation; (f) in practice, Argentine agencies and officials often make the grant of importation rights contingent on compliance with certain TRRs; and, (g) there is no indication that Argentina 
imposes any of these requirements for any reason other than to prevent imports and to encourage 
local investment, trade balancing and import substitution.
848 
6.418.  Japan further argues that the DJAI requirement provides the relevant Argentine 
Government agencies with an open-ended discretio n to restrict imports and, thus, leads to the 
type of uncertainty that the panel in China – Raw Materials  found to be inconsistent with 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.849 In Japan's view, the open-ended discretion and uncertainty 
inherent in the DJAI requirement is in itself an import restriction inconsistent with Article XI:1 of 
the GATT 1994.850 
                                               
841 Ibid. paras. 237, 239-251. 
842 Ibid. paras. 62-68, 248; and opening statement at the first substantive meeting, paras. 30-32. 
843 United States' first written submission, para. 121. 
844 Ibid. paras. 102-120. 
845 Ibid. paras. 105-111. 
846 Ibid. paras. 112-113. 
847 Ibid. paras. 114-120. 
848 Japan's first written submission, paras. 112-119 and 165-166. 
849 Ibid. para. 120 (referring to Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , paras. 7.948 and 7.957). 
850 Japan's first written submission, paras. 121-123. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.419.  Argentina argues that Article XI:1 only applies to measures of a substantive nature. It 
does not apply to formalities or requirements that are connected with importation, which can only be examined under Arti cle VIII of the GATT 1994.
851 In Argentina's view, given that the DJAI 
procedure is a formality connected with importation,  it can only be examined under Article VIII of 
the GATT 1994 and not under Article XI:1 or the Import Licensing Agreement.852 Argentina further 
argues that, even if Article XI:1 were to apply to customs or import formalities, Articles VIII and XI:1 are mutually exclusive provisions.
853 Due to this conflict, the more specific provisions 
foreseen in Article VIII should prevail.854 Nevertheless, should the Panel determine that import 
formalities and requirements such as the DJAI pr ocedure can be evaluated under Article XI:1 of 
the GATT 1994, the Panel should analyse the complainants' claims under the Import Licensing Agreement first, which constitutes lex specialis in relation to Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
855 
6.420.  Finally, Argentina submits that, if the Panel determines that customs formalities are 
subject to Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and/or  that the Import Licensing Agreement is not lex 
specialis  in relation to Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994,  the Panel should in any case find that the 
complainants have failed to establish a prima facie  case of inconsistency under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 under a proper interpretation of this provision. In Argentina's view, any measure that is alleged to constitute a quantitative restrict ion under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 must be 
"expressed in terms of quantity" or be "quantifiable".
856  
6.421.  In its third-party submission, Australia asserts that, "even if the Panel accepts Argentina's 
argument that the DJAI is a customs formality, the measure may still be evaluated under Article XI:1 [of the GATT 1994]".
857 Australia also notes that it "disagrees with the way in which 
the purpose and focus of Article VIII of GATT has be en characterised in Argentina's submission". In 
Australia's view, Article VIII does not primarily aim to permit and govern customs formalities, but specifically mentions import and export formalities only for the purposes of stating the need for 
Members to minimize their incidence and complexity".
858 In Australia's view, if Argentina prevails 
in its argument that trade restrictive effects of customs formalities can only be evaluated under 
Article VIII while noting that Article VIII does not impose any specific disciplines in relation to 
these procedures, this "would result in a situat ion where the trade restrictive effects of customs 
formalities would effectively not be able to be evaluated at all".859 Australia submits that the trade-
restrictive effects of the DJAI can be analysed under both the relevant provisions of the Import Licensing Agreement and under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
860 
6.422.  Israel argues that the TRRs are broader th an the DJAI. In Israel's view, the DJAI may be 
seen as one of several tools used by Argentina to implement its TRRs.861 Israel considers that the 
TRRs and the DJAI are inconsistent with Articles XI:1 of the GATT 1994, either as separate 
measures or in connection with each other. The general restriction foreseen in Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994, as well as a careful analysis of the exceptions under this Article, do not give rise to any justification of these measures.
862 
6.423.  Chinese Taipei argues that the scope of measures referred to in Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 is very broad and its applicability is  not only limited to substantive rules of 
importation.863 Chinese Taipei adds that "the interpretation that Article XI:1 does not apply to a 
                                               
851 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 161-164, 178, and 181. 
852 Ibid. paras. 155, 165-167 and 299. 
853 Ibid. para. 176. 
854 Ibid. paras. 176-180. 
855 Ibid. paras. 300-311. 
856 Ibid. paras. 331 and 334. See also Argentina's opening statement at the first substantive meeting, 
para. 79. 
857 Australia's third-party submission, para. 21. See also ibid. para. 12. 
858 Ibid. para. 29. 
859 Ibid. para. 30. 
860 Ibid. paras. 34-40. 
861 Israel's third-party submission, p. 2. 
862 Israel's third-party submission, p. 3. 
863 Chinese Taipei's third-pa rty submission, para. 13. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  measure that is not a substantive rule of importation is inconsistent with the jurisprudence under 
Article XI:1 and may further diminish a Me mber's obligation under that provision".864 
6.424.  Turkey argues that a broad category of  measures, including administrative procedures, 
either applied as a licence or not, fall within the scope of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In 
Turkey's view, the important thing is whether a measure has a "limiting" or "restrictive" effect on 
imports. "In this regard, the label given or a characterization of a rule by a WTO Member as 'substantive' or 'procedural' should not change the outcome."
865 
6.3.3.1.2  The Panel's analysis 
6.3.3.1.2.1  Whether Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and the Import Licensing Agreement 
are applicable to the DJAI procedure 
6.425.  Before examining the claims raised by the complainants, the Panel will consider, as a 
threshold issue, whether the DJAI procedure is a customs formality subject to Article VIII of the 
GATT 1994 and, if so, whether this implies that  Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and the Import 
Licensing Agreement are not applicable to the DJAI procedure. As described earlier866, Argentina 
argues that the DJAI procedure is a customs or import formality subject to Article VIII of the 
GATT 1994 and therefore not subject to Article XI :1 of the GATT 1994 or the Import Licensing 
Agreement.867 
6.426.  Argentina's contention raises the following three issues: (a) whether the DJAI procedure is 
a customs formality; (b) whether certain measures, such as customs formalities, are excluded from the scope of Article XI:1; and, (c) whether Article VIII and XI:1 are mutually exclusive. The 
Panel examines these issues in turn. 
6.427.  Argentina supports its argument that the DJAI procedure is a customs or import formality 
subject to Article VIII of the GATT 1994 on an alleged relationship between the DJAI procedure 
and the World Customs Organization's SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate 
Global Trade (WCO SAFE Framework).
868 Argentina asserts that the DJAI procedure is a "customs 
risk assessment tool"869 by which the AFIP "collects, processes and reviews information" to assess 
and manage "the risk of non-compliance with Argentina's customs laws and regulations" prior to 
custom clearance.870 According to Argentina, the DJAI procedure "implements Argentina's 
commitments under the WCO SAFE Framework"871; and the DJAI procedure is "specifically 
designed in accordance with"872, "based on"873, "aimed at bringing Argentina into line with"874, 
"entirely within the parameters of"875, "adopted in response to"876, "adopted in line with"877, and 
"aimed at implementing the standards and best practices of"878, the SAFE Framework. 
6.428.  On 26 November 2013, the Panel sought the assistance of the WCO Secretariat to clarify 
certain aspects related to the WCO SAFE Framework. The Panel sent a list of questions to the WCO 
Secretariat specifying the issues on which the Panel was seeking assistance. The WCO Secretariat 
                                               
864 Ibid. para. 14. 
865 Turkey's third-party submission, para. 17. 
866 See para. 6.419 above. 
867 As described in para. 6.419 above, Argentina has as serted at times that the DJAI procedure is an 
"import formality" and at other times that it is a "customs formality". Th e Panel understands that Argentina's 
defense has been raised on the assumption that the DJAI procedure is a customs formality, which constitutes an import formality in the sense of Article VIII of the GATT 1994. 
868 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 239-265. 
869 Ibid. para. 214. 
870 Ibid. para. 193. See also Argentina's response to Panel question No. 25. 
871 Argentina's first written submission, para. 18. 
872 Ibid. para. 192. 
873 Ibid. para. 218. 
874 Ibid. para. 287. 
875 Argentina's first written submission, para. 293. 
876 Ibid. para. 295. 
877 Ibid. para. 216. 
878 Ibid. para. 257. See also ibid. paras. 261 and 287. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  replied to the Panel on 2 December 2013. In its responses to the list of questions, the WCO 
indicated, inter alia , that: 
a. The SAFE Framework focuses on security risks related to terrorism and not on economic 
risks or other threats. Some WCO members in terpret the term "risk" as covering other 
risks that are not terrorism-related. However, Members have not reached a consensus 
on such interpretation. 
b. The risks that the SAFE Framework seeks to pr event do not cover breaches of internal 
laws and regulations governing domestic economic  affairs, public health or the quality of 
products, as interpreted by the majority  of WCO members. Some Members may, 
however, consider that to some extent the SAFE Framework also helps to protect citizens from security and safety concerns that go beyond terrorism and other security threats. 
c. Annex II of the SAFE Framework contains a list of data which has been agreed by the 
WCO members as necessary to perform a security analysis according to the SAFE Framework. Moreover, Annex II specifies the data that must be provided by exporters, 
importer or carriers. 
d. The following information may be necessary to make a security analysis according to the 
SAFE Framework: (a) volume; (b) value and condition of the merchandise; (c) tariff 
classification; (d) country of origin; (e) identi ty of importers; and, (f) estimated shipping 
and arrival dates. 
e. In no scenario should customs authorities require advance declarations to be submitted 
more than 24 hours before loading at port of departure.
879 
6.429.  Subsequent to the responses provided by the WCO Secretariat, Argentina stated that a 
customs administration can use the principles and standards provided in the SAFE Framework to combat other types of risks, such as those associ ated with counterfeited goods and issues relating 
to product safety, among others. Argentina noted that it is one of those WCO members that 
believe "that Customs should assess risks other than the risks of terrorism referred to in the SAFE Framework".
880 
6.430.  The responses provided by the WCO Secret ariat suggest that some important elements of 
the DJAI procedure do not relate to the WCO SAFE Framework, in particular (a) the risks that Argentina seeks to prevent (namely, breaches of internal laws and regulations governing domestic 
economic affairs, public health and the quality of  products) are not directly related to terrorism-
related risks; (b) the type of information that may be requested by Argentina when a DJAI is 
observed is unrelated to the information in Annex II of the WCO SAFE Framework
881; and, (c) the 
time at which Argentine importers are required to submit information (prior to the issuance of 
purchase orders) means that such information would not be useful to assess risks pursuant to the 
WCO SAFE Framework (according to the WCO SAFE Framework, customs should not require information for maritime cargo to be submitted more than 24 hours before loading at port of 
departure). 
6.431.  Argentina's argument is that the DJAI procedure is a "customs or import formality" in the 
context of Article VIII of the GATT 1994. Article VIII:4 states that: 
                                               
879 WCO Secretariat communication to the Panel (2 December 2013). 
880 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 127, para. 134. 
881 Annex II of the WCO SAFE Framework lists a number of data to be provided usually by the exporter, 
the importer and the carrier. This includes, inter alia : (a) the names and addresses of: exporter, consignor, 
carrier, importer, consignee, seller, buyer, any party to be notified, the party to whom the goods will be 
delivered, agents acting on behalf of another party, manufacturer, vannin g party, consolidator, and container 
operator; (b) classification, weight, size and description  of the goods; (c) country of origin; (d) place of 
loading, port of arrival, date and time  or arrival, and place of discharge; (e) means of transport, nationality of 
means of transport, payment method for transport char ges, and conveyance refere nce number; and, (f) the 
total invoice amount. See WCO Secretariat communication to the Panel, pp. 3-5; WCO SAFE Framework (June 2012) (Exhibit ARG-17.a). WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  The provisions of this Article shall extend to fees, charges, formalities and 
requirements imposed by governmental authorities in connection with importation and exportation, including those relating to: 
(a) consular transactions, such as consular invoices and certificates; 
(b) quantitative restrictions; 
(c) licensing; 
(d) exchange control; 
(e) statistical services; 
(f) documents, documentation and certification; 
(g) analysis and inspection; and, 
(h) quarantine, sanitation and fumigation 
6.432.  According to the ordinary meaning of the wo rd, a "formality" is "[a] small point of practice 
that, though seemingly unimportant, must [usually] be observed to achieve a particular legal result".
882 More generally, a "formality" is related to "[c]onformity to rules, propriety; rigid or 
merely conventional observance of forms".883 In the context of Article VIII of the GATT 1994, a 
formality can be considered to include all requirements that, although in appearance directed at a mere observance of forms, must be usually obse rved in connection with the importation or the 
exportation of goods. 
6.433.  Even if the Panel were to accept that the DJAI procedure is used by AFIP as a "customs 
risk assessment tool", that is not the only manner in which the DJAI procedure is used. The Panel has noted that a DJAI in exit status is a necessary pre-requisite for importing goods into 
Argentina. It has also noted that a DJAI application may be subject to "observations" that will 
prevent the application from proceeding to exit st atus. In such case, the prospective importer will 
have to contact the agencies concerned and prov ide the information that may be required. In 
some cases, the prospective importer may have to undertake certain trade-related commitments 
as a condition for the agency to lift the observation and to complete the DJAI procedure. Accordingly, the DJAI procedure is not directed at  a mere observance of forms; it is not a mere 
formality imposed by Argentina in connection with the importation of goods. Rather, it is a 
procedure by which Argentina determines the right to import. 
6.434.  Even assuming ad arguendo  that the DJAI procedure is a customs or import formality, 
subject to Article VIII of the GATT 1994, the Panel would still need to determine whether this fact 
per se  excludes the applicability of Article XI:1. 
6.435.  The Panel has already noted that the expression "or other measures" in Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994 implies that this provision covers all measures that constitute import and export 
prohibitions or restrictions regardless of the means by which they are made effective. The only 
measures that are excluded from the scope of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 are those that take the form of duties, taxes or other charges.
884 Moreover, Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 does not 
distinguish among categories of import and export prohibitions or restrictions; instead, it refers to 
import and export prohibitions or restrictions in general. Accordingly, the Panel is unconvinced that customs or import procedures or formalities are a priori  excluded from examination under 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 and therefore sees no  impediment to examine the measure at issue 
under this provision. 
                                               
882 Black's Law Dictionary , 8th edition (2004), p. 678. 
883 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 5th edition (2002), Vol. 1, p. 1015. 
884 See para. 6.246 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.436.  Concerning whether Articles VIII and XI:1 of the GATT 1994 are mutually exclusive 
provisions, the Panel notes that previous panels have noted that: 
[I]n public international law there is a presumption against conflict.649 This 
presumption is especially relevant in the WTO context since all WTO agreements, 
including GATT 1994 which was modified by Understandings when judged necessary, 
were negotiated at the same time, by the same Members and in the same forum. In 
this context we recall the principle of effective interpretation pursuant to which all 
provisions of a treaty (and in the WT O system all agreements) must be given 
meaning, using the ordinary meaning of words.885 
___________________________________ 
[footnote original] 649 In international law for a conflict to exist between two treaties, three 
conditions have to be satisfied. First, the treaties concerned must have the same parties. 
Second, the treaties must cover the same substantive subject matter. Were it otherwise, there would be no possibility for conflict. Third, the provisions must conflict, in the sense that the provisions must impose mutually exclusive obligations. "… [T]echnically speaking, there is a conflict when two (or more) treaty instruments contain obligations which cannot be complied 
with simultaneously. …  Not every such dive rgence constitute a conflict, however. … 
Incompatibility of contents is an essential condition of conflict. 
6.437.  In this context, the Appellate Body has repeatedly stated that all WTO agreements are part 
of the same treaty (i.e. the Marrakesh Agreemen t) and thus, in the light of the principle of 
effective treaty interpretation, all WTO provisions should be interpreted harmoniously and 
cumulatively whenever possible.886 Regarding the principle of effective treaty interpretation, in US 
– Gasoline  the Appellate Body noted that: 
One of the corollaries of the "general rule of interpretation" in the Vienna Convention  
is that interpretation must give meaning and effect to all the terms of the treaty. An 
interpreter is not free to adopt a reading that would result in reducing whole clauses or paragraphs of a treaty to redundancy or inutility.
887 
6.438.  Therefore, rather than assuming that Article VIII and Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 are 
mutually exclusive, the Panel should presume that the obligations contained therein apply 
harmoniously and cumulatively. Further, in the light of the principle of effective treaty interpretation, the interpreter should avoid adop ting a reading of Articles VIII and XI of the 
GATT 1994 that would reduce any of these provisions to redundancy or inutility. 
6.439.  Consequently, there is no reason to exclude a priori  that a measure may be subject to the 
disciplines of both provisions. 
6.440.  The Panel recalls that Article XI:1 imposes an obligation on Members not to institute or 
maintain import and export prohibitions or restrictions. Previous panels have interpreted this provision so as to apply to any measures instituted or maintained by a Member prohibiting or 
restricting the importation or exportation of goods other than measures that take the form of 
duties, taxes or other charges.
888 
6.441.  In turn, Article VIII of  the GATT 1994 contains disciplines regarding fees, charges, 
formalities, and requirements imposed by governmental authorities in connection with importation 
and exportation (including those relating to consular transactions, such as consular invoices and 
certificates; quantitative restrictions; licensing; exchange control; statistical services; documents, documentation and certification; analysis and inspection; and, quarantine, sanitation and 
fumigation). Article VIII provides that (a) all fees  and charges of whatever character (other than 
                                               
885 Panel Report, Indonesia – Autos , para. 14.28 and fn 649 to para. 14.28 (citing 7 Encyclopedia of 
Public International Law , North-Holland 1984, p. 468). 
886 Appellate Body Reports, US – Upland Cotton , para. 549; Korea – Dairy , para. 81; Argentina – 
Footwear (EC) , paras. 81 and 89; US – Gasoline , p. 23, DSR 1996:I, 3 at 21; Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II , 
p. 12, DSR 1996:I, 97 at 106; India – Patents (US) , para. 45. 
887 Appellate Body Report, US – Gasoline , p. 23, DSR 1996:I, 3 at 21.  
888 See para. 6.251 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  import and export duties and other than taxes within the purview of Article III) imposed by 
Members on or in connection with importation or exportation shall be limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered and shall no t represent an indirect protection to domestic 
products or a taxation of imports or exports for fiscal purposes; (b) a Member shall, upon request 
by another Member or by the Members, review the operation of its laws and regulations in the 
light of the provisions of this Article; (c) no Member shall impose substantial penalties for minor breaches of customs regulations or procedural requirements; in particular, no penalty in respect of 
any omission or mistake in customs documentation which is easily rectifiable and obviously made 
without fraudulent intent or gross negligence shall be greater than necessary to serve merely as a warning. According to Article VIII, Members also  recognize the need to reduce the number and 
diversity of fees and charges imposed by Members on or in connection with importation or 
exportation, for minimizing the incidence and complexity of import and export formalities, and for 
decreasing and simplifying import and export documentation requirements. 
6.442.  While the coverage of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is broad (any measures instituted or 
maintained by a Member prohibiting or restricting the importation or exportation of goods, other 
than measures that take the form of duties, taxes or other charges), the coverage of Article VIII is more limited in scope (fees and charges, other than import and export duties and internal taxes; 
formalities, and requirements imposed by governmental authorities in connection with importation 
and exportation). 
6.443.  Accordingly, there is no  indication that Article VIII and Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
impose mutually exclusive obligations, i.e. obligations that cannot be complied with 
simultaneously. There is no reason to assume that complying with any of the obligations contained 
in Article VIII would make it impossible for a Member to comply with the obligation in Article XI:1 to refrain from instituting or maintaining import and export prohibitions or restrictions. Contrary to 
what Argentina asserts, formalities or requirements that are connected with importation (including 
customs formalities) can also be subject to Arti cle XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In other words, the 
consistency of an import or customs formality or requirement could be assessed under either 
Article VIII or Article XI:1, or under both provisions. 
6.444.  In conclusion, the Panel finds that, irrespective of whether the DJAI procedure is 
considered to be a customs or import formality subject to the obligations contained in Article VIII of the GATT 1994, this fact per se  does not exclude the applicability of Article XI:1 to the 
examination of the measure. Therefore, there is  no impediment that prevents the Panel from 
examining the complainants' claims against the DJAI procedure under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.445.  As regards the applicability of the Import Licensing Agreement to the DJAI procedure, the 
Panel considers that even if it were to accept that the DJAI procedure is used as a "customs risk assessment tool", that is not the only manner in which the DJAI procedure is used.
889 In any case, 
consistent with the order of analysis in which the Panel decided to examine the complainants' 
claims against the DJAI procedure890, the Panel will examine the applicability of the Import 
Licensing Agreement to the DJAI procedure only if it considers that additional findings under the Import Licensing Agreement are necessary or usef ul for the resolution of the matter between the 
parties. 
6.3.3.1.2.2  Order of analysis of the complainants' claims under Article XI:1 
6.446.  The complainants raise two separate lines of argument under Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994. First, the complainants challenge the DJAI procedure as a discretionary and 
non-automatic import licence inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.
891 Second, they 
                                               
889 See para. 6.433 above. 
890 See para. 6.361 above. 
891 European Union's first written submission, paras. 237, 281-290; United States' first written 
submission, paras. 102, 121-125; Japan's first written submission, paras. 103, 107-119, 165-166. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  argue that, irrespective of whether it constitutes an import licence, the DJAI procedure constitutes 
an import restriction inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994.892 
6.447.  Argentina considers that, should the Panel agree with the complainants that the DJAI 
procedure is a non-automatic import licensing procedure, it should analyse the complainants' 
claims under the Import Licensing Agreement first, which constitutes lex specialis in relation to 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.448.  Argentina's argument that the Panel should analyse the complainants' claims under the 
Import Licensing Agreement before it examines their claims under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
rests on the assumption that the Panel considers the DJAI procedure as an import licensing procedure. The Panel previously indicated that it will commence its analysis with the arguments raised by the complainants under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 irrespective  of whether the DJAI 
procedure constitutes an import licence.
893 
6.3.3.1.2.3  Whether the DJAI procedure is a restriction on the importation of goods 
6.449.  Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 imposes a general ban on import or export restrictions or 
prohibitions.894 Therefore, in order to examine whether a measure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 
of the GATT 1994, a panel must determine whethe r the measure at issue constitutes either a 
prohibition or a restriction on the importation or exportation of goods. In the present case, the 
complainants' claim is that the DJAI procedure constitutes a restriction (rather than a prohibition); 
and that such a restriction is on the importation of goods (rather than on the exportation). Therefore, the Panel will focus its analysis on whether the DJAI procedure constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.450.  The Panel has already noted that the scope of the term "restriction" contained in 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is broad and applies to all measures instituted or maintained by a 
Member prohibiting or restricting the importation, exportation, or sale for export of products other 
than measures that take the form of duties, taxes or other charges.
895 
6.451.  The panel in China – Raw Materials indicated that, to assess whether a measure has a 
"limiting effect" or imposes a "limiting condition" on imports, a panel must examine the design and 
structure of the measure at issue. This assessment shall not be based solely on how a measure is 
labelled.896 The panel in Colombia – Ports of Entry  additionally noted that an analysis under 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 must be "based on the design of the measure and its potential to adversely affect importation".
897 
6.452.  The panel in India – Quantitative Restrictions  also noted that the ordinary meaning of the 
term "restriction" is "a limitation on action, a limiting condition or regulation".898 The panel in India 
– Autos899 and the Appellate Body in China – Raw Materials900 endorsed this interpretation. The 
Appellate Body in China – Raw Materials  added that the term "restriction" "refers generally to 
something that has a limiting effect".901 
6.453.  Moreover, in order to determine whether the measure at issue constitutes a restriction 
within the meaning of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 , it is appropriate to consider whether such a 
measure has negative effects on competitive opportunities for imports. The panel in Colombia – 
                                               
892 European Union's first written submission, paras. 237 and 243-251; United States' first written 
submission, paras. 102-120; Japan's first written submission, paras. 107 and 120-123. 
893 See para. 6.363 above. 
894 See para. 6.243 above. See also Panel Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions , para. 5.128. 
895 See para. 6.246 above. See also Panel Reports, India – Quantitative Restrictions , 
paras. 5.128-5.129; Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.233; and Dominican Republic – Import and Sale of 
Cigarettes , para. 7.248. 
896 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 7.915. 
897 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.240. 
898 Panel Report, India – Quantitati ve Restrictions , para. 5.129. 
899 Panel Report, India – Autos , paras. 7.269-7.270. 
900 Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 319. 
901 Ibid. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  Ports of Entry  established that "a measure that has identifiable negative consequences on the 
importation of a product will result in a restriction on importation under Article XI:1".902 
6.454.  Some restrictions that have been found to be covered by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
include measures that, inter alia  (a) restrict market access for imports903; (b) create 
uncertainties904; (c) make importation prohibitively costly905; and, (d) condition the right to import 
on trade balancing requirements.906 
6.455.  Finally, previous panels have made clear that Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 protects 
competitive conditions available to imported products rather than actual trade flows. The panel in 
Colombia – Ports of Entry  considered that an analysis under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 must be 
"based on the design of the measure and its potential to adversely affect importation, as opposed to a standalone analysis of the actual impact of the measure on trade flows".
907 The panel in 
Argentina – Hides and Leather recalled that "Article XI:1, like Articles I, II and III of the GATT, 
protects competitive opportunities of imported products not trade flows".908 
6.456.  The importance of protecting competitive conditions under Article XI:1 was also discussed 
prior to the establishment of the WTO. The GATT panel in EEC – Oilseeds  noted that 
"CONTRACTING PARTIES have consistently inte rpreted the basic provisions of the General 
Agreement on restrictive trade measures as provisions establishing conditions of competition". In 
the light of this reasoning, that GATT panel determined that "an import quota constitutes an 
import restriction within the meaning of Article XI:1 whether or not it actually impede[s] imports".
909 The EEC – Oilseeds  panel further recalled that "in the tariff negotiations in the 
framework of GATT, contracting parties [sought] ta riff concessions in the hope of expanding their 
exports, but the commitments they exchange[d] in such negotiations [we]re commitments on 
conditions of competition for trade, not on volumes of trade".910 In addition, the GATT panel in US 
– Superfund  interpreted that "[t]he general prohibition of  quantitative restrictions under Article XI 
… and the national treatment obligation of Article III … have essentially the same rationale, 
namely to protect expectations of the contracting parties as to the competitive relationship between their products and those of the other contracting parties. Both articles are not only to 
protect current trade but also to create the pr edictability needed to plan future trade".
911 
6.457.  The notion of protecting competitive o pportunities has been discussed extensively by the 
Appellate Body in the context of claims  under Articles I and III of the GATT 1994.912 The approach 
adopted in previous WTO and GATT cases reflects the idea that Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 
protects Members' expectations as to the competitive relationship between their products and 
those of other Members in respect of importation itself. 
6.458.  As to whether a restriction is "on the importation", the panel in  India – Autos  indicated 
that, "[i]n the context of Article XI:1 [of the GA TT 1994], the expression 'restriction … on 
importation' may … be appropriately read as meaning a restriction 'with regard to' or 'in connection with' the importation of the product".
913 The panel in  Dominican Republic – Import and 
Sale of Cigarettes  noted that "not every measure affecting the opportunities for entering the 
                                               
902 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.243. 
903 Ibid. para. 7.275; GATT Panel Reports, Canada – Provincial Liquor Boards (EEC) , paras. 4.24-4.25; 
Canada – Provincial Liquor Boards (US) , para. 5.6; and EEC – Minimum Import Prices , para. 4.9. 
904 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , paras. 7.948 and 7.957. 
905 Panel Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres , paras. 7.370-7.372. 
906 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.277. 
907 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.240. 
908 Panel Report, Argentina – Hides and Leather , para. 11.20. 
909 GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community – Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors 
and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins , L/6627, adopted 25 January 1990, BISD 37S/86, 
para. 150. 
910 GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community – Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors 
and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins , L/6627, adopted 25 January 1990, BISD 37S/86, 
para. 150. 
911 GATT Panel Report, United States – Taxes on Petroleu m and Certain Imported Substances , L/6175, 
adopted 17 June 1987, BISD 34S/136, para. 5.2.2. 
912 Appellate Body Reports, Korea – Various Measures on Beef , paras. 135-137; Korea – Alcoholic 
Beverages , paras. 119-120, 127; and Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II , p. 16. 
913 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.257. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  market would be covered by Article XI [of the GATT 1994], but only those measures that 
constitute a prohibition or restriction on the importation of products, i.e. those measures which affect the opportunities for importation itself".
914 
6.459.  The Panel will now examine the facts of the case in the light of the legal background 
described above. 
6.460.  Under the relevant Argentine law, a DJAI in exit status is necessary for obtaining 
authorization from the Central Bank of Argentina to make payments in foreign currency915 and for 
clearing customs.916 The immediate effect of a DJAI in exit status is that it grants importers the 
right to import goods into Argentina.917 A DJAI will attain exit status if either: (a) no agency of the 
Argentine Government enters an observation within  the prescribed time period; or, (b) when an 
agency has entered an observation on a DJAI, th e observation is lifted by the agency concerned 
following information provided by and/or action taken by the declarant or prospective importer. 
6.461.  Accordingly, on its face the DJAI procedure affects the opportunities for the importation of 
goods into Argentina. The requirement to obtain a DJAI in exit status is a necessary condition to 
import goods into Argentina in most cases.918 The attainment of such status is not automatic. This 
results in a restriction on the access of imports into the Argentine market. 
6.462.  Moreover, the relevant legislation does not identify (a) all the agencies that may intervene 
in the DJAI procedure; (b) the complete list of information that must be provided to complete the 
DJAI procedure; or, (c) the specific criteria on wh ich the agencies may enter and lift observations.  
6.463.  As noted above919, the DJAI procedure does not allow importers to know which agencies 
may review and enter observations on a DJAI. First, the relevant legislation does not contain a list 
of governmental agencies that can participate in the DJAI procedure. Second, although AFIP 
General Resolutions 3252/2012 and 3256/2012 seem to allow any governmental agency to participate in the DJAI procedure, provided that the agency signs an accession agreement
920, 
these agreements have not been published or otherwise made available to importers.921 
6.464.  As explained above922, not all of the participating agenci es are identifiable, even when a 
declarant files an application, because they are sometimes identified with codes that are not 
explained in any document that is publicly available to importers.923 
6.465.  As regards information necessary to complete the DJAI procedure, the Panel recalls that, 
although the relevant rules contain a list of information to be provided when filing a DJAI application
924, there is no indication of which supplementary documents or information may be 
required if a DJAI is observed.925 Argentina has stated that any supplementary information 
                                               
914 Panel Report, Dominican Republic - Import  and Sale of Cigarettes , para. 7.261. 
915 Paras. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, and section xii) of para. 8.1.3, Banco Central de la República Argentina  
(Central Bank of the Argentine Republic), Comunicación "A" 5274  (Central Bank Communication "A" 5274), 
30 January 2012, Exhibit JE--40; Argentina's response to Panel question No. 3.2 posed orally at the first 
substantive meeting. 
916 Articles 2 and 5, AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); 
Updated Annex at paragraph h) of Section D, AFIP General Resolution 3255/2012, 20 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-16 and ARG-7); Argentina's response to Panel question 3.2 posed orally during the first 
substantive meeting; Argentina's response to Panel qu estion No. 30. See also diagram in Argentina's first 
written submission, para. 238. 
917 See Argentina's response to Panel question 3.2 po sed orally during the fi rst substantive meeting: 
"the DJAI in 'exit' status can automatically be  converted into a customs clearance procedure". 
918 Only a few limited import operations are exempted  from the requirement to fi le a DJAI application. 
919 See para. 6.377 above. 
920 AFIP General Resolution 3252/2012, 5 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-15 and ARG-6); AFIP General 
Resolution 3256/2012, 26 January 2012 (Exhibits JE-14 and ARG-11). 
921 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 104. 
922 See para. 6.378 above. 
923 Only code BI30, corresponding to AFIP, is identifi ed in a publicly-available document (the DJAI User 
Manual). See AFIP, DJAI User Manual, July 2012 (Exhibit  JE-13). See also Argentina's response to Panel 
question No. 23. 
924 See para. 6.382 above. 
925 Argentina's response to Panel question Nos. 22, 24, 110, 111 and 112. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  required will depend on "the reasons [that led to an] observation".926 This creates a mismatch 
between the information that an importer is required to provide under the relevant rules and what may actually be required by the different participating agencies. The seriousness of this mismatch lies on the fact that, as stated by Argentina, an agency may observe a DJAI if the information 
provided in a DJAI application is insufficient, faulty or incomplete to demonstrate compliance with 
the legal instruments that are administered by the specific agency.
927 In addition, the respective 
legal instruments that are administered by the agencies that are entitled to enter observations 
extend to regulatory aspects that do not relate to the risk of non-compliance with Argentina's 
customs laws and regulations.928 The laws and regulations administ ered by the SCI, for example, 
relate to matters such as the labelling and marketing of products to be sold in Argentina's domestic market, consumer protection, metrology, internal suppy and antitrust issues.
929 
6.466.  As to the conditions that importers must fulfil to have observations lifted, Argentina has 
indicated that, in the event of an observation, the importer should contact the agency concerned 
"to regularize the situation"; to this end the im porter might be required to submit additional 
information.930 The relevant legislation, currently applied by four participating agencies, does not 
foresee a list of documents or information that an importer must submit to the respective agencies in the case a DJAI is observed. Argentina has merely indicated that the specific information that is 
required to lift an observation depends on "the reasons [that led to] the observation".
931 Importers 
must provide the additional information, and only after they provide such information "the observation is lifted and the DJAI proceeds to 'exit' status".
932 The Panel notes Argentina's 
statement that the causes leading to an observation are breaches of the legal instruments that are 
administered by the participating agencies, as we ll as having provided insufficient, faulty or 
incomplete information to demonstrate compliance with the legal instruments administered by such agencies.
933 Argentina has also stated that the specific information required to lift an 
observation depends on "the reasons [that led to] the observation".934 These statements imply 
that (a) the information or documents to be provided to secure a DJAI in exit status depend on shortcomings detected by the relevant agency in a particular case which may be unrelated to the 
information requested from the declarant when fi ling a DJAI application; and (b) the discretion 
granted to participating agencies to lift observations is as broad as that accorded on them to enter 
observations. 
6.467.  This discretion creates uncertainty for importers of goods, who are unable to anticipate the 
agencies that may intervene in the specific DJAI procedure, the requirements that should be met, 
or the complete list of documents that must be prov ided in the case of an observation, to secure a 
DJAI in exit status and hence their right to import. The discretion granted to participating agencies 
to enter and lift observations combined with the legal consequences of an observation creates 
uncertainty as to an applicant's ability to import goods into Argentina. This uncertainty in itself affects the opportunities for the importation of goods into Argentina. 
6.468.  The above reasoning and conclusion ar e similar to those reached by the panel in China – 
Raw Materials.  That panel concluded that one of the measures at issue amounted to a quantitative 
restriction inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 because it granted governmental agencies an "open-ended discretion" to reques t "an unqualified number of 'other' documents" 
                                               
926 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
927 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 110, 111 and 112. See also Argentina's response to Panel 
question No. 3.4 posed orally at  the first substantive meeting. 
928 The Panel notes, in this respect, that Argentina asserted in its first written submission that "[t]he 
DJAI procedure does not contain any substantive rules go verning the importation of goods into Argentina. On 
the contrary, the DJAI procedure is linked to laws and regulations contained elsewhere  in Argentina's legal 
regime" (emphasis added). See Argentina' s first written submission, para. 194. 
929 See para. 6.391 above. 
930 Argentina's response to Panel questions No. 22, 24, 110, 111 and 112. 
931 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). 
932 Argentina's first written submission, para. 234. See also Argentina's second written submission, 
para. 181, where Argentina states that "[ t]he action of the importer is crucial for lifting the observation. It is 
the private instance which conditions the action of the Administration". 
933 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 25; Argentina's response to Panel questions Nos. 110, 
111 and 112. See also Argentina's response to Panel ques tion No. 3.4 posed orally at the first substantive 
meeting. 
934 Argentina's response to Panel question No. 23 (including Annex 4). See also para. 6.382 above. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  when reviewing export licence applications.935 In the view of the panel, such open-ended discretion 
created uncertainty as to an applicant's ability to export.936 Although there are differences between 
the licensing requirement reviewed by the panel in China – Raw Materials  and the DJAI procedure, 
both measures are similar in the sense that both create uncertainty by conditioning an applicant's 
ability to either export or import upon complia nce with an unidentified number of requirements. 
6.469.  In the Panel's view, the fact that a DJAI in exit status is a necessary condition to import 
goods, coupled with the lack of clarity as to wh o the participating agencies are and the absence of 
specific criteria that they can apply to exercise their discretion has a limiting effect on the 
importation of goods. Participating agencies have a broad discretion to enter and lift observations on a DJAI, which may result in an interruption of the DJAI procedure. 
6.470.  Finally, as part of their arguments challenging the DJAI procedure, the complainants 
advanced specific arguments regarding the inte rvention of the SCI in the procedure and the 
commitments imposed by the SCI on prospective importers, including the commitment to export 
goods from Argentina.
937 As has been noted above938, the SCI imposes certain requirements on 
prospective importers as a condition to lift observations entered into DJAI applications. 
6.471.  First, the SCI requires that declarants or  importers submit a number of documents that are 
unrelated to the prospected importation: (a) the company's estimates of imports and exports; (b) 
price lists of goods traded in the domestic market ; and, (c) a spread sheet (also called "request 
note" or " nota de pedido ") containing data such as: description of the products; quantity; units of 
measure; price per unit; total price; origin; tariff classification; expected date of shipping from exporting country; and, expected date of arrival to Argentina. 
6.472.  Second, in certain cases the SCI also requires prospective importers to commit to increase 
their exports or to start exporting (if they have not yet done so) as a condition to lift observations on DJAIs.
939 This requirement is similar to the "trade balancing condition" analysed by the panel in 
India – Autos , whereby importers were required to comp ensate their imports with an equivalent 
value of exports as part of the conditions to gain the right to import certain products. That panel concluded that the "trade balancing condition" amounted to an import restriction, since there 
would necessarily be a practical threshold to the amount of exports that each manufacturer could 
expect to make, which in turn would determine the amount of imports that could be made.
940 
Similarly, the export commitment required by the SCI has two effects: (a) it makes the declarants' 
right to import conditional on their commitment to increase their exports (or to start exporting if 
they have not yet done so); and, (b) it limits the value of goods that can be imported to the value 
of their exports. In the Panel's view, these effect s place an additional restriction on importation, 
since importers are not free to import as much as  they desire or need without regard to their 
export performance. 
6.473.  In addition, the Panel recalls that increase s of transaction costs caused by a governmental 
measure have been found to have a restrictive effect on importation in violation of Article XI:1 of 
the GATT 1994 when they have had the effect of discouraging importation by making it 
"prohibitively costly".941 The Panel considers that the expo rt commitment required by the SCI 
fulfills this condition, because it imposes a significant burden on importers that is unrelated to their normal importing activity, which results in higher import costs. 
6.474.  In sum, the Panel finds that the DJAI procedure has a limiting effect on imports, and thus 
constitutes an import restriction, because it: (a) restricts market access for imported products to Argentina as obtaining a DJAI in exit status is not automatic; (b) creates uncertainty as to an 
applicant's ability to import; (c) does not allow companies to import as much as they desire or 
                                               
935 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , paras. 7.948. 
936 Panel Report, China – Raw Materials , paras. 7.948 and 7.957. 
937 European Union's first written submission, para s. 62-68, 248; European Union's opening statement 
at the first substantive meeting, paras. 30-32; United States' first written submission, paras. 32, 35-37, 41; Japan's first written submission, paras. 29, 104-105. 
938 See paras. 6.393-6.395 above. 
939 See para. 6.395 above. 
940 Panel Report, India – Autos , para. 7.277. 
941 Panel Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres , paras. 7.370-7.372. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  need without regard to their export performanc e; and, (d) imposes a significant burden on 
importers that is unrelated to their normal importing activity. 
6.3.3.1.2.4  Whether Article XI:1 requires that a measure be expressed in terms of 
quantities or in a manner that is quantifiable 
6.475.  The Panel now turns to Argentina's argument that Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 requires a 
demonstration that a measure restricts the quantity of imports or exports, either by reference to 
the manner in which the measure is expressed (i.e. "in terms of quantity") or in a way that is 
"quantifiable". In support of its argument, Argentina quotes the Appellate Body's statement in 
China – Raw Materials  that "Article XI of the GATT 1994 covers those prohibitions and restrictions 
that have a limiting effect on the quantity or amount of product being imported or exported".942 In 
Argentina's view, the Appellate Body's statement implies that a violation of Article XI:1 requires a 
demonstration that the measure at issue limits imports or exports in a quantifiable way, and that 
this quantitative limitation on imports or exports is a result of the measure.943 Argentina asserts 
that the complainants have not even suggested that the DJAI procedure imposes a restriction 
on imports that is expressed "in terms of quantity".944 
6.476.  The Panel disagrees with Argentina that the Appellate Body's statement in China – Raw 
Materials  implies that a prima facie case under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 can only be made "by 
reference to the manner in which [a] measure is expr essed (i.e. 'in terms of quantity') or in a way 
that is 'quantifiable'". The Appellate Body's statement in that case indicates that a proper interpretation of Articles XI:1 and XI:2(a) needs to take into account the whole text of these provisions including the title of Article XI. Under such an interpretation, a measure inconsistent 
with Article XI:1 must have a limiting or constraining effect on the quantity of imports. Argentina 
reads into the statement the expressions "in terms of quantity" or "in a way that is quantifiable", which the Appellate Body did not use. Indeed, there may be situations in which an import 
prohibition is imposed on products that have not been previously imported. In this case, the 
limiting effect of the prohibition would be absolute and still not quantifiable. Accordingly, the Panel does not consider it necessary that complaining parties demonstrate, as part of a claim of violation 
of Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, that the measure at  issue is expressed in terms of quantity or in 
a way that is quantifiable. 
6.477.  Additionally, as described earlier
945, previous panels have made clear that, rather than 
actual trade effects, Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 protects Members' expectations as to the 
competitive relationship between their products and those of other Members in respect of 
importation itself.946 
6.478.  The Panel, therefore, disagrees with Argentina's assertion that any measure challenged 
under Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 "must be sh own to restrict the quantity of imports (or 
exports), either by reference to the manner in which the measure is expressed (i.e. 'in terms of quantity') or in a way that is 'quantifiable'".
947 
                                               
942 Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials , para. 320. 
943 Argentina's first written submission, para. 334. See also Argentina's opening statement at the first 
substantive meeting, para. 79. 
944 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 336-337. 
945 See para. 6.455 above. 
946 Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry , para. 7.240; Panel Report, Argentina – Hides and Leather , 
para. 11.20; GATT Panel Report, European Economic Communit y – Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors  
and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins , L/6627, adopted 25 January 1990, BISD 37S/86, 
para. 150; GATT Panel Report, United States – Taxes on Petroleu m and Certain Imported Substances , L/6175, 
adopted 17 June 1987, BISD 34S/136, para. 5.2.2. Additionally, the notion of protecting competitive opportunities has been discussed extensively by  the Appellate Body in the context of claims under Articles I 
and III of the GATT 1994. See Panel Report, Dominican Republic – Import  and Sale of Cigarettes , para. 5.141; 
Appellate Body Report, Korea – Various Measures on Beef , paras. 135-137; Appellate Body Report, Korea – 
Alcoholic Beverages , paras. 119-120, 127; Appellate Body Report, Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II , p. 16. 
947 Argentina's opening statement at the first substantive meeting, para. 79. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.1.2.5  Conclusion 
6.479.  For the reasons stated above, the Panel considers that the DJAI procedure, irrespective of 
whether it constitutes an import licence, has limiting effects on the importation of goods into Argentina. In addition to the direct effects on market access for imported products in Argentina, 
the DJAI procedure creates uncertainty as to an applicant's ability to import, does not allow 
companies to import as much as they desire or need, but conditions imports to their export performance and imposes a significant burden on importers that is unrelated to their normal 
importing activity. Therefore, the Panel finds that the DJAI procedure, irrespective of whether it 
constitutes an import licence, constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. 
6.3.3.1.2.6  Whether the DJAI procedure am ounts to a restriction on the importation 
made effective through an import licence 
6.480.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure, irrespective of whether it constitutes an 
import licence, is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. An additional finding under 
Article XI:1 in respect of the DJAI procedure, considered as an import licence, is not necessary or 
useful in resolving the matter at issue. 
6.481.  Accordingly, guided by the principle of ju dicial economy, the Panel refrains from making 
any findings with respect to the additional arguments raised by the complainants under 
Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, by which they chal lenge the DJAI procedure as an import licence. 
6.3.3.2  Whether the DJAI procedure is inco nsistent with Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 
6.3.3.2.1  Arguments of the parties 
6.482.  The European Union and Japan claim that Argentina has acted inconsistently with 
Article X:1 of the GATT 1994, by failing to publish promptly several elements relating to the operation of the DJAI procedure in such a manner as to enable governments and traders to 
become acquainted with them.
948 
6.483.  According to the European Union, Argentina has failed to publish (a) a complete list of all 
governmental entities that have the right to inspect and block imports through the DJAI procedure, 
as well as the legal instruments that grant these authorities the right to review and block DJAI 
applications949; (b) the complete list of goods that each governmental entity can review and block 
through the DJAI procedure950; (c) the conditions on the basis of which several governmental 
entities can review and block imports through the DJAI procedure951; (d) the grounds for 
extending the 180-day deadline for completing the DJAI procedure952; (e) the precise reasons for 
which AFIP may block imports953; and, (f) the law, regulation or administrative ruling of general 
application that provides for the existence of request notes ( notas de pedido ).954 
6.484.  Japan argues that Argentina has failed to publish, in a manner consistent with Article X:1 
of the GATT 1994, the criteria upon which agencies can enter and lift observations on DJAI applications, as well as the law, regulation or administrative ruling of general application that 
provides for the existence of request notes ( notas de pedido ).
 955 
6.485.  Argentina considers that the European Union and Japan have failed to establish that the 
specific aspects of the DJAI procedure which they  challenge under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 
are measures "of general application". The observat ions that are entered on DJAIs depend on the 
                                               
948 European Union's first written submission, paras. 252-265; Japan's first written submission, 
paras. 103, 152-160. 
949 European Union's first written submission, paras. 254-255. 
950 Ibid. paras. 256-258. 
951 Ibid. paras. 259-260. 
952 Ibid. para. 261. 
953 Ibid. paras. 262-263. 
954 Ibid. paras. 264-265. See also European Union's second written submission, para. 64. 
955 Japan's first written submission, paras. 103, 152-160. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  particular risk factors assessed by each agency, in the light of the nature of the goods concerned 
and the agency's regulatory auth ority. Therefore, the observations made by each participating 
agency are not measures of "general application", but rather administrative requests for supplementary information that are made on a ca se-by-case basis, depending on the information 
provided by the declarant.
956 Moreover, Argentina has promptly published the statutory authority 
of each agency that participates in the DJAI pr ocedure, and a standardized model of the accession 
instrument pursuant to which each agency may adhere to the procedure. Furthermore, information 
concerning the agencies that participate in each DJAI is readily available to the customs broker or 
importer in the SIM system.957 
6.486.  Norway considers that a publication und er Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 must contain 
information that provides traders with a full picture of the relevant regulations. In Norway’s view, 
the publication requirement foreseen in Article X: 1 of the GATT 1994 entails an obligation to make 
public the process importers must follow in order to import goods, including the different steps in these proceedings and the authorities involved. Furthermore, the conditions for allowing or 
denying importation of goods must be published, including the method used by the authorities to 
determine whether the conditions are met. This includes information on any exceptions and changes to the rules.
958 Finally, according to Norway, existing case law illustrates that Members 
must publish comprehensive and unambiguous information regarding the application of rules that 
relate to the importation of goods.959 
6.3.3.2.2  The Panel's analysis 6.487.  The Panel has already noted the text of Article X:1 of the GATT 1994. It has also noted 
that, as indicated by the Appellate Body, Article X relates to the publication and administration of 
laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application, rather than to the substantive content of such measures.
960 
6.488.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994, irrespective of whether it constitutes an  import licence. In making such a finding, the 
Panel took into account that the relevant laws and regulations do not identify (a) all the agencies 
that may intervene in the DJAI procedure; (b) the complete list of information that must be 
provided to complete a DJAI procedure succesfully; and (c) the specific criteria by which participating agencies may enter and lift observations on DJAIs.
961 Likewise, the Panel has also 
found as a matter of fact that, during the stage of observations, the SCI imposes certain 
requirements on prospective importers that are not foreseen in the relevant laws and 
regulations.962 An additional finding regarding the same measure under Article X:1 of the 
GATT 1994 is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue. 
6.489.  Accordingly, guided by the principle of ju dicial economy, the Panel refrains from making 
any findings with respect to this particular claim. 
6.3.3.3  Whether the administration of th e DJAI procedure is inconsistent with 
Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 
6.3.3.3.1  Arguments of the parties 6.490.  The European Union considers that Argentina has failed to administer the DJAI procedure 
in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner.
963 It has failed to administer the DJAI procedure in 
a "uniform" manner by not publishing the grounds upon which the Argentine Government (and in 
                                               
956 Argentina's first written submission, para. 349. 
957 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 350 and 351. 
958 Norway's third-party submission, para. 16. 
959 Ibid. para. 23 (referring to Panel Reports, EC – IT Products, paras. 7.1086-7.1087; China – Raw 
Materials, para. 7.806; Dominican Republic - Import  and Sale of Cigarettes,  para. 7.414; Thailand - Cigarettes 
(Philippines ), para. 7.789). 
960 See paras. 6.302 and 6.303 above (including reference to Appellate Body Report, EC – Poultry , 
para. 115). 
961 See para. 6.462 above. 
962 See paras. 6.471-6.472 above. 
963 European Union's first written submission, paras. 266-275. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  particular the Secretariat for Domestic Trade) can block imports.964 Furthermore, Argentina has 
failed to administer the DJAI procedure in an "impartial" manner, since the DJAI procedure could be used to the advantage of some applicants an d the disadvantage of others. Argentina has also 
failed to administer the DJAI procedure in a "rea sonable" manner by requiring DJAI applicants to 
undertake trade-restrictive obligations and conditions, in order to allow their imports through the 
DJAI procedure. An administration with such characteristics is definitely not "reasonable", "proportional" or "sensible" and it is definitely "asking for too much". For these reasons, 
Argentina's administration of the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under 
Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994.
965 
6.491.  The United States argues that Argentina has failed to administer its DJAI requirement in a 
uniform and reasonable manner, as required by Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994.966 Argentina has 
failed to fulfil its obligation to administer the DJAI requirement in a "reasonable" manner. It has 
failed to comply with the limited rules and procedures it has published with respect to the operation of the DJAI requirement. The United States alleges that Argentina’s domestic courts 
have stated that: (a) Argentina has administered the system as a ban – albeit a temporary one – 
on imports, without any legal basis; (b) Argentine authorities have failed to produce the comments of the authorized agency, as required under AF IP General Resolution 3252/2012; and, (c) delays 
ranging from six to eight months without any response being given unreasonably exceeds the time 
frames established in the Resolutions.
967 In the United States' view, when an administrative 
agency acts contrary to law and violates directly relevant legal authorities, it does not act in a "reasonable" manner.
968 Similarly, Argentina has failed to administer the DJAI requirement in a 
"uniform" manner. Argentine agencies treat similar or identical import transactions in an arbitrary 
and varying manner, without regard to considerations of uniformity or consistency.969 
6.492.  Japan argues that the regulatory struct ure that Argentina has created results in a non-
uniform, unreasonable and non-impartial administration of the DJAI requirement, contrary to 
Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994.970 Argentina's measures are applied by a range of different 
agencies or offices which are virtually unconstrained in their discretionary authority to apply the 
DJAI requirement and to enter observations. This leads to an unreasonable administration of the 
DJAI requirement.971 Furthermore, the applicable legislation grants agencies an open-ended 
discretion to determine when to submit comments on DJAI applications and when to remove them. This makes it virtually certain that Argentina administers the DJAI requirement in a non-uniform 
manner.
972 Finally, the DJAI requirement and the spec ific features of the DJAI administrative 
process also result in the non-impartial administration of the law. Indeed, Argentina administers the DJAI requirement in a manner that systematically favours parties that comply with the TRRs. 
That is, while it grants DJAI applications to firms that comply with the TRRs, it rejects them when 
firms do not comply with these requirements.
973 
6.493.  In response, Argentina argues that the complainants have failed to establish a prima facie  
case that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 by administering 
the DJAI procedure in a non-uniform, partial, and unreasonable manner. Argentina's alleged failure to publish the criteria under which each participating agency may enter observations on DJAIs could only entail an inconsistency under Article X:1, which deals with publication requirements, 
and not under Article X:3(a), which imposes disciplines for the administration of measures of 
general application. In any event, each participating agency may only review and comment on information concerning merchandise that is relevant to their specific area of authority, the bases 
for which have been published in Argentina.
974 
                                               
964 Ibid. paras. 271-272. 
965 European Union's first written submission, paras. 273-275. 
966 United States' first written submission, paras. 181-191. 
967 United States' opening statement at the first substantive meeting of the Panel, para. 55. 
968 United States' first written submission, paras. 187-188. 
969 Ibid. paras. 189-191. 
970 Japan's first written submission, paras. 103, 124-151. 
971 Ibid. paras. 148-149. 
972 Ibid. para. 150. 
973 Ibid. para. 151. 
974 Argentina's first written submission, para. 356. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.494.  Argentina argues that, more importantly, the complainants' claims on Argentina's alleged 
imposition of TRRs on economic operators do not refer to the administration  of rules of general 
application, but rather to substantive  rules which allegedly govern the importation of goods into 
Argentina. As such, those claims should be examined in the light of the relevant substantive 
provisions rather than under Article X of the GATT 1994.975 
6.495.  Israel argues that Argentina is acting in breach of Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994, 
because it implements and administers the TRRs in connection with the DJAI in a non-uniform, 
partial, and unreasonable manner, as is evident fr om the examples cited by the complainants. In 
Israel's view, the economic operators cannot rely on the legal certainty afforded by a clear and transparent import mechanism, because Argentina's measures are not published or notified to the WTO, and even if they were, the contradictory nature of some of the Argentine authorities' 
decisions results in non-compliance with Article X:3(a) of the GATT.
976 
6.3.3.3.2  The Panel's analysis 6.496.  According to Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994: 
Each contracting party shall administer in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner 
all its laws, regulations, decisions and rulings of the kind described in paragraph 1 of this Article. 
6.497.  The Panel has already noted that, as indicated by the Appellate Body, Article X relates to 
the publication and administration of laws, regulati ons, judicial decisions and administrative rulings 
of general application, rather than to the substantive content of such measures.
977 
6.498.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 becomes irrelevant for the resolution of  this dispute. Given the Panel has found that 
the DJAI procedure constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods, the issue of whether 
Argentina administers this procedure in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner becomes unimportant. Accordingly, the Panel refrains from ma king any findings in respect of this particular 
claim. 
6.3.3.4  Claims against the DJAI proced ure under the Import Licensing Agreement 
6.499.  The complainants have raised a number of claims under the Import Licensing Agreement 
against the DJAI procedure. In particular, the complainants claim that (a) the DJAI procedure is 
administered or applied in a manner inconsistent with Argentina's obligations under Articles 1.3, 
1.6, 3.2, and 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement; (b) Argentina has failed to publish promptly information relating to the operation of the DJAI procedure in the manner required by 
Articles 1.4(a) and 3.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement; and, (c) Argentina has failed to notify 
the DJAI procedure in the manner required by Articles 1.4(a), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
978 
6.500.  Argentina argues that, if the Panel determ ines that import formalities and requirements 
such as the DJAI procedure can be evaluated under the Import Licensing Agreement, the complainants need to prove that the procedure at issue has trade-restricting effects in addition to the trade-restricting effects of any substantive ru le of importation that the procedure implements 
(in the complainants' view, the TRR measure), an d greater than the ordinary trade-restricting 
effects of a formality of that nature. The complainan ts, however, have failed to meet this test and 
thus the Panel should end the analysis of the DJAI procedure.
979 
                                               
975 Ibid. paras. 355 and 357. 
976 Israel's third-party submission, p. 3. 
977 See para. 6.303 above (including re ference to Appell ate Body Report, EC – Poultry , para. 115). 
978 European Union's first written submission, paras. 291-324; United States' first written submission, 
paras. 138-162 and 192-210; Japan's first written submission,paras. 161-184. 
979 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 300-311. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.4.1  Claims against the administration of the DJAI pr ocedure under Article 1.3 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement 
6.3.3.4.1.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.501.  The European Union considers that Argentina's administration of the DJAI procedure is 
inconsistent with Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement. The Appellate Body in EC – 
Bananas III found that Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 and Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing 
Agreement have identical coverage. Therefore, for the same reasons that, in the European Union's 
view, Argentina's administration of the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article X:3(a) of the 
GATT 1994, Argentina has also acted inconsistently with its obligations under Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
980 
6.502.  According to Japan, the Appellate Body has described the language in Article 1.3 of the 
Import Licensing Agreement as interchangeable, for all practical purposes, with the requirement in 
Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 to administer the measures subject to that provision in a "uniform, impartial and reasonable manner". Japan argues that Argentina fails to administer the DJAI 
requirement in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner under Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994. 
Thus, for those same reasons, Japan submits that Argentina has acted inconsistently with its obligations under Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
981 
6.503.  Argentina did not respond to the claims raised by the European Union and Japan under 
Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.1.2  The Panel's analysis 6.504.  Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agr eement provides that "[t]he rules for import 
licensing procedures shall be neutral in application and administered in a fair and equitable 
manner". 
6.505.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article 1.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for th e resolution of this dispute. Accordingly, the 
Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
6.3.3.4.2  Claims against the administration of the DJAI pr ocedure under Article 1.6 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement 
6.3.3.4.2.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.506.  The European Union submits that Argentina has failed to comply with a number of 
obligations prescribed by Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
982 First, an application 
procedure which (a) involves multiple levels of applications, (b) requires additional and separate 
contacts and applications with numerous different governmental entities, (c) requires the 
submission of documents and information that are not related to the specific goods to be imported, and (d) requires the submission of documents and information on the applicant's export activities 
while the applicant is actually requesting the authorization to import goods, is not "as simple as 
possible" for the purposes of Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
983 Second, the total 
number of "administrative bodies" that applicants may be forced to "approach" exceeds by far the 
number of three provided in Article 1. 6 of the Import Licensing Agreement.984 
6.507.  The United States considers that the DJAI requirement is inconsistent with Article 1.6 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement because importers must separately approach up to seven 
                                               
980 European Union's first written submission, paras. 291-293. 
981 Japan's first written submission, paras. 161-168. 
982 European Union's first written submission, paras. 301-308. 
983 Ibid. paras. 303-306. 
984 Ibid. para. 307. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  agencies (AFIP, SCI, ANMAT, SEDRONAR, SENASA, INV, and INTI985) to resolve their observations 
and ultimately receive authorization to import. Taking into account that Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement provides that applicants shall have to approach only one administrative body in connection with an application, and under no circumstance more than three administrative 
bodies, in the United States' view, Argentina's DJAI requirement is inconsistent with Article 1.6 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement.
986 
6.508.  Japan argues that Argentina administers the DJAI requirement in a manner inconsistent 
with the first sentence of Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement because at least six 
separate governmental agencies may comment on a single DJAI. In order to arrange for observations to be withdrawn, the importer must separately approach each agency that has made 
an observation. Thus, the DJAI procedure is not "as simple as possible.
987 Furthermore, the DJAI 
requirement is also inconsistent with the third sentence of Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing 
Agreement since DJAI applicants may be required to approach more than three administrative bodies. Moreover, the request note ( nota de pedido ) requires information that is partly redundant 
of other information that must be submitted as part of the DJAI application.
988 
6.509.  Argentina did not respond to the claims raised by the complainants under Article 1.6 of the 
Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.2.2  The Panel's analysis 
6.510.  Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement provides that: 
Application procedures and, where applicable, renewal procedures shall be as simple 
as possible. Applicants shall be allowed a reasonable period for the submission of 
licence applications. Where there is a closing date, this period should be at least 21 
days with provision for extension in circumstances where insufficient applications have been received within this period. Applicants shall have to approach only one 
administrative body in connection with an application. Where it is strictly 
indispensable to approach more than one administrative body, applicants shall not 
need to approach more than three administrative bodies. 
6.511.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article 1.6 of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for th e resolution of this dispute. Accordingly, the 
Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
6.3.3.4.3  Claims against the DJAI procedur e under Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing 
Agreement 
6.3.3.4.3.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.512.  The European Union considers that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article 3.2 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement.
989 The DJAI procedure is not used to "implement" some other 
"measure". Rather, the DJAI procedure itself is a measure by which Argentina restricts imports.990 
Additionally, the European Union considers that the DJAI procedure is more administratively burdensome than absolute necessary to administer any alleged "underlying" measure.
991 In its 
second written submission, the European Union asserted that, since Argentina had not stated that 
the DJAI is used to implement any other quantitative restriction, it did not consider it necessary to 
                                               
985 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial  (National Institute of Industrial Technology of the Ministry 
of Industry). 
986 United States' first written submission, paras. 202-206. 
987 Japan's first written submission, paras. 172-173. 
988 Ibid. para. 174. 
989 European Union's first written submission, para. 319. 
990 Ibid. paras. 309-315. 
991 Ibid. paras. 316-318. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  discuss further the application of Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing Agreement in the present 
case.992 
6.513.  The United States submits that the DJAI requirement is inconsistent with both the first and 
second sentences of Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing Agreement because it has "trade-restrictive 
or –distortive effects on imports additional to those caused by the imposition of the restriction" 
and because the DJAI licensing procedures are more "administratively burdensome than is absolutely necessary to administer the measure".
993 In the United States' view, because the DJAI 
requirement does not impose an underlying restriction, it necessarily has additional trade-
restrictive or trade-distortive effects.994 Furthermore, the DJAI requirement imposes excessive 
administrative burdens on importers. Once an importer files a DJAI, it must wait up to 15 days for information on whether the application has been approved or whether further action is needed. If 
any of the participating agencies enters an observation, the importer must approach the agency 
concerned in order to determine what further information or action is required to obtain the approval of the DJAI application at issue. However, the relevant legal instruments do not explain 
how to contact the respective agencies and do not contain the list of additional information that 
must be provided to resolve observations, and so an importer is unable to prepare a response to whatever concerns may arise.
995 
6.514.  Japan argues that the design, structure and operation of the DJAI requirement have 
created tremendous uncertainty for foreign exporters and Argentine importers. Argentina's failure to institute any safeguards limiting agencies' discretion to decide whether to approve DJAI applications, and the complete lack of transparency surrounding the entire process have distorted 
and restricted imports. Moreover, Argentina has exacerbated these effects by failing to issue DJAI 
approvals in a timely manner and withholding DJAI approvals from firms that have declined to comply with TRRs.
996 
6.515.  In Argentina's view, a complainant seeking to establish a violation of Article 3.2 of the 
Import Licensing Agreement must demonstrate that the non-automatic import licensing procedures at issue have trade-restrictive or trade-distortive effects that are additional to the 
trade effects of the substantive rule of importat ion that the procedures seek to implement. The 
trade effects of the substantive rule cannot be attr ibuted to the trade effects of the procedure, and 
vice versa.  A complainant must therefore distinguish be tween the trade effect of the procedure at 
issue and the trade effect of the underlying measure that it may implement. In the present case, 
the complainants have failed to differentiate betw een the effect of the DJAI procedure, on the one 
hand, and the effect of the alleged RTRRs that it allegedly implements, on the other. Accordingly, their claims under Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing Agreement must fail.
997 
6.3.3.4.3.2  The Panel's analysis 
6.516.  Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing Agreement reads as follows: 
Non-automatic licensing shall not have trade-restrictive or -distortive effects on 
imports additional to those caused by the imposition of the restriction. Non-automatic 
licensing procedures shall correspond in sco pe and duration to the measure they are 
used to implement, and shall be no more ad ministratively burdensome than absolutely 
necessary to administer the measure. 
6.517.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. An additional finding regarding the same measure under Article 3.2 of the Import Licensing Agreemen t is not necessary or useful in resolving the 
matter at issue. Accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this 
particular claim. 
                                               
992 European Union's second written submission, para. 79. 
993 United States' first written submission, paras. 192-193. 
994 Ibid. para. 196-198. 
995 United States' first written submission, paras. 199-201. 
996 Japan's first written submission, paras. 176 and 177. 
997 Argentina's first written submission, paras. 154, 168 and 307-311. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.4.4  Claims against the ad ministration of the DJAI proc edure under Article 3.5(f) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement 
6.3.3.4.4.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.518.  The European Union considers that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article 3.5(f) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement. Each applicatio n that is submitted by a prospective importer 
through the DJAI procedure is considered by the Argentine authorities "as and when received". This means that the period for processing the applicant's request should not exceed 30 days. 
However, the DJAI procedure is designed to grant authorization after a period much longer than 
30 days. Therefore, the design, structure and actu al operation of the DJAI procedure demonstrate 
that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement.
998 
6.519.  The United States considers that Argentina's DJAI requirement is subject to the 30-day 
time-limit foreseen in Article 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement because applications are 
not considered simultaneously but rather on a first-come first-serve basis. The individual agencies have up to 15 days to enter observations, and once an observation has been made, there is no 
time-limit for the resolution of the observation.  In practice, as demonstrated by the evidence, 
Argentine officials frequently fail to abide by the 15-day time limit. Accordingly, Argentina administers the DJAI requirement in a manner inconsistent with Article 3.5(f) of the Import 
Licensing Agreement.
999 
6.520.  Japan argues that, in the case of the DJAI requirement, the 30-day time limit to consider 
non-automatic licence applications applies, because applications are not considered simultaneously, nor is there an announced "application period". Rather, DJAIs are considered on a 
rolling basis. Therefore, the DJAI requirement is  subject to the 30-day time-limit foreseen in 
Article 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement.
1000 However, Japan asserts that the evidence on 
record demonstrates that Argentina frequently fails to abide by the 30-day time-limit.1001 
6.521.  Argentina did not respond to the claims rais ed by the complainants under Article 3.5(f) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.4.2  The Panel's analysis 
6.522.  Article 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement provides that: 
[T]he period for processing applications shall, except when not possible for reasons 
outside the control of the Member, not be longer than 30 days if applications are considered as and when received, i.e. on a first-come first-served basis, and no longer 
than 60 days if all applications are considered simultaneously. In the latter case, the 
period for processing applications shall be considered to begin on the day following the closing date of the announced application period; 
6.523.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article 3.5(f) of the 
Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for th e resolution of this dispute. Accordingly, the 
Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
                                               
998 European Union's first written submission, paras. 320-324. 
999 United States' first written submission, paras. 207-209. 
1000 Japan's first written submission, paras. 180-182. 
1001 Ibid. paras. 182-183. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.4.5  Claims under Articl e 3.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement about the lack of 
publication of elements relating to the operation of the DJAI procedure 
6.3.3.4.5.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.524.  The European Union argues that Argentina has not published any laws or regulations 
imposing quantitative restrictions on imports, no r has it published any laws or regulations stating 
that the DJAI procedure is linked to the implementation of such quantitative restrictions on imports. Moreover, Argentina has failed to publish the grounds on the basis of which certain 
Argentine agencies ‒ the SCI, the ANMAT, the SEDRONAR, the AFIP's DGRSS, the SENASA, the 
INV and the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial  (INTI) ‒ can authorize or block imports 
through the DJAI procedure. Consequently, Argentina has acted inconsistently with Article 3.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
1002 
6.525.  The United States considers that Argentina has breached its obligations under Article 3.3 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement by failing to publ ish sufficient information regarding the bases for 
granting or allocating DJAI approvals. With the exception of the fiscal-related considerations that 
are referenced in the DJAI User Manual, the only information that has been published regarding 
factors considered when granting DJAI applications consists of general statements appearing in official press announcements; these statements do not contain sufficient information to allow 
governments and traders to know the basis for gran ting DJAI approvals, and are not published in a 
manner that would allow them to do so. As a result, it is impossible for traders and Members to know the "set of underlying principles" or the "d etermining principle" upon which DJAI approvals 
are granted.
1003 
6.526.  Japan submits that Argentina has not impo sed explicit quotas for imports of all goods 
subject to the DJAI requirement. Therefore, pu rsuant to Article 3.3 of the Import Licensing 
Agreement, Argentina has an obligation to publish sufficient information with respect to the DJAI 
requirement for other Members and traders to know the basis for granting and/or allocating DJAIs. 
Argentina has failed to do so. Consequently, the DJAI requirement is inconsistent with Article 3.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
1004 
6.527.  Argentina did not respond to the claims raised by the complainants under Article 3.3 of the 
Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.5.2  The Panel's analysis 6.528.  Article 3.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement provides that: 
In the case of licensing requirements for purposes other than the implementation of 
quantitative restrictions, Members shall publish sufficient information for other Members and traders to know the basis for granting and/or allocating licences. 
6.529.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. Two of the reasons why the Panel concluded that the 
DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 are (a) that the relevant laws 
and regulations do not foresee specific criteria by which participating agencies may enter and lift 
observations on DJAIs; and (b) that these laws and regulations do not foresee a list of information and documents that importers must submit to the respective agencies in the case DJAIs are observed. An additional finding regarding the same measure under Article 3.3 of the Import 
Licensing Agreement is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue. Accordingly, the 
Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
                                               
1002 European Union's first written submission, paras. 295, 298-300. 
1003 United States' first written submission, paras. 148-152. 
1004 Japan's first written submission, paras. 178-179. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.4.6  Claims under Articl e 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement about the lack 
of publication of elements relating to  the operation of the DJAI procedure 
6.3.3.4.6.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.530.  The European Union considers that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Article 1.4(a) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement by failing to publis h in the manner required by that provision: (a) 
the complete list of all Argentine governmental en tities that have the right to review the DJAI 
applications and, eventually, block imports; and, (b) the complete list of goods, the importation of 
which can be reviewed and blocked by each of the governmental entities affiliated with the DJAI 
procedure.1005 
6.531.  The United States argues that Argentina has failed to publish – in a manner that would 
enable governments and traders to become acquai nted with them – the rules and all information 
that relate to the process for securing consideration of, and a decision on, a DJAI application, or 
any exceptions, derogations or changes to such rules. For this reason, Argentina has acted inconsistently with the publication requirement pre scribed by Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing 
Agreement.
1006 
6.532.  Japan asserts that Argentina has failed to publish all of the rules and information 
concerning the procedures for the submission of DJAIs. In particular, Argentina has failed to 
publish the criteria for determining the eligibility of particular goods and/or exporters for DJAIs. As 
a result, neither governments nor traders are able to predict the outcome of any particular DJAI application with a reasonable degree of confidence, compounding the non-uniform nature of the restriction on importation. For this reason, in Japan's view, Argentina has acted inconsistently with 
Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement.
1007 
6.533.  Argentina did not respond to the claims rais ed by the complainants under Article 1.4(a) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.6.2  The Panel's analysis 
6.534.  Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement provides that: 
The rules and all information concerning procedures for the submission of applications, 
including the eligibility of persons, firms and institutions to make such applications, 
the administrative body(ies) to be approached , and the lists of products subject to the 
licensing requirement shall be published, in  the sources notified to the Committee on 
Import Licensing provided for in Article 4 (referred to in this Agreement as "the 
Committee"), in such a manner as to enable governments3 and traders to become 
acquainted with them. Such publication shall take place, whenever practicable, 21 days prior to the effective date of the requirement but in all events not later than 
such effective date. Any exception, derogations or changes in or from the rules 
concerning licensing procedures or the list of products subject to import licensing shall also be published in the same manner and within the same time periods as specified 
above. Copies of these publications shall al so be made available to the Secretariat. 
___________________________________ 
[footnote original] 3 For the purpose of this Agreement, the term "governments" is deemed to 
include the competent authorities of the European Communities. 
6.535.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has published the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for th e resolution of this dispute. Accordingly, the 
Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
                                               
1005 European Union's first written submission, paras. 294, 297, 300. 
1006 United States' first written submission, paras 138, 153-162. 
1007 Japan's first written submission, paras. 169-171. WT/DS438/R • WT/DS444/R • WT/DS445/R 
 
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  6.3.3.4.7  Claims under Article 1.4(a) of  the Import Licensing Agreement about the 
notification of the DJAI procedure 
6.3.3.4.7.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.536.  The European Union argues that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Article 1.4(a) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement by not notifying the DJAI procedure to the WTO Committee on 
Import Licensing or the WTO Secretariat.1008 The panel in EC – Poultry found a similar omission to 
be inconsistent with Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement.1009  
6.537.  Japan submits that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Article 1.4(a) of the Import 
Licensing Agreement by not notifying any publications relevant to the DJAI procedure to the WTO Committee on Import Licensing.
1010 
6.538.  Argentina did not respond to the claims raised by the European Union and Japan under 
Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.7.2  The Panel's analysis 6.539.  The Panel has already noted the text of Article 1.4(a) of the Import Licensing 
Agreement.
1011 
6.540.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has failed to notify the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article 1.4(a) of 
the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant fo r the resolution of this dispute. Accordingly, 
the Panel refrains from making any findings  in respect of this particular claim. 
6.3.3.4.8  Claims against the lack of notifica tion under Articles 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 of 
the Import Licensing Agreement 
6.3.3.4.8.1  Argume nts of the parties 
6.541.  The United States and Japan argue that Argentina has not notified the WTO Committee on 
Import Licensing of the DJAI procedure and of the changes that this procedure has suffered, 
including the changes made by Resolution 3255/2012 and the Updated Annex to Resolution 3255/2012. As a result, Argentina has acted inconsistently with Articles 5.1, 5.2 and 
5.3 of the Import Licensing Agreement. In addi tion, Argentina has not notified the Committee of 
the publications in which the information required in Article 1.4 are published and, therefore, has also acted inconsistently with Article 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement.
1012 
6.542.  Argentina did not respond to the claims raised by the United States and Japan under 
Articles 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement. 
6.3.3.4.8.2  The Panel's analysis 6.543.  The Panel has found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994. In the light of this finding, the question of whether 
Argentina has failed to notify the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Articles 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement be comes irrelevant for the resolution of this 
dispute. Accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular 
claim. 
                                               
1008 European Union's first written submission, paras. 294, 296, 300. 
1009 Ibid. para. 296 (referring to Panel Report, EC – Poultry , paras. 242-244, 266). 
1010 Japan's first written submission, paras. 169-171. 
1011 See para. 6.534 above. 
1012 United States' first written submission, para. 210; Japan's first written submission, para. 184. WT/DS438/R  
 
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  7  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
7.1  Complaint by the European Union (DS438) 7.1.  With respect to the single Trade-Relate d Requirements measure (TRRs measure), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The complainants properly identified the alleged "Restrictive Trade Related 
Requirements" (RTRRs) in their requests for consultations as well as in their panel requests; therefore, these actions are part of the Panel's terms of reference; 
b. The characterization of the RTRRs as a single measure in the complainants' panel 
requests did not expand the scope or change the essence of the dispute; 
c. The 23 measures described by the European Union in Section 4.2.4 of its first written 
submission as "specific instances" of application of alleged RTRRs were not precisely 
identified in the European Union's panel request as measures at issue; accordingly, 
those 23 measures do not constitute "measures at issue" in the present dispute; 
d. The Argentine authorities' imposition on econ omic operators of one or more of the five 
trade-related requirements identified by the complainants as a condition to import or to 
obtain certain benefits, operates as a single measure (the TRRs measure) attributable to 
Argentina; 
e. The TRRs measure constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; 
f. The TRRs measure, with respect to its local content requirement, modifies the conditions 
of competition in the Argentine market, so that imported products are granted less 
favourable treatment than like domestic products; accordingly, the TRRs measure, with 
respect to its local content requirement, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994; and 
g. An additional finding under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 regarding the TRRs measure is 
not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this claim. 
7.2.  With respect to the procedure for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The DJAI procedure, irrespective of whether it  constitutes an import licence, constitutes 
a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994; 
b. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, 
an additional finding under the same provision regarding the DJAI procedure considered 
as an import licence, is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; 
accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this claim; 
c. An additional finding under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 regarding the DJAI procedure is 
not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains 
from making any findings with respect to this claim; 
d. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has 
administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article X:3(a) of the 
GATT 1994 or with Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from 
making any findings in respect of these claims; WT/DS438/R 
 
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  e. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, an additional finding regarding the same measure under Articles 3.2 and 3.3 of the Im port Licensing Agreement is not necessary 
or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making 
any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
f. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has 
failed to notify the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Articles 1.4(a), 5.1, 
5.2, 5.3 or 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of these particular claims. 
7.3.  Under Article 3.8 of the DSU, in cases wh ere there is an infringement of the obligations 
assumed under a covered agreement, the action is considered prima facie  to constitute a case of 
nullification or impairment of benefits under that agreement. Accordingly, the Panel concludes that 
to the extent that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Articles XI:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994, 
it has nullified or impaired benefits accruing to the European Union under this agreement. 
7.4.  Pursuant to Article 19.1 of the DSU, the Panel recommends that the Dispute Settlement Body 
request Argentina to bring the inconsistent measures into conformity with its obligations under the 
GATT 1994. WT/DS444/R  
 
- USA-167 - 
 
  7.2  Complaint by the United States (DS444) 
7.5.  With respect to the single Trade-Relate d Requirements measure (TRRs measure), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The complainants properly identified the alleged "Restrictive Trade Related 
Requirements" (RTRRs) in their requests for consultations as well as in their panel 
requests; therefore, these actions are part of the Panel's terms of reference; 
b. The characterization of the RTRRs as a single measure in the complainants' panel 
requests did not expand the scope or change the essence of the dispute; 
c. The Argentine authorities' imposition on econ omic operators of one or more of the five 
trade-related requirements identified by the complainants as a condition to import or to obtain certain benefits, operates as a single measure (the TRRs measure) attributable to 
Argentina; 
d. The TRRs measure constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; and 
e. An additional finding under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 regarding the TRRs measure is 
not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this claim. 
7.6.  With respect to the procedure for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The DJAI procedure, irrespective of whether it  constitutes an import licence, constitutes 
a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994; 
b. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, 
an additional finding under the same provision regarding the DJAI procedure considered 
as an import licence, is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; 
accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this claim; 
c. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has 
administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article X:3(a) of the GATT 1994 or with Articles 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from 
making any findings in respect of these claims; 
d. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, an additional finding regarding the same 
measure under Articles 3.2 and 3.3 of the Im port Licensing Agreement is not necessary 
or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
e. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has failed to notify the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Articles 1.4(a), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 or 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution 
of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of 
these particular claims. 
7.7.  Under Article 3.8 of the DSU, in cases wh ere there is an infringement of the obligations 
assumed under a covered agreement, the action is considered prima facie  to constitute a case of 
nullification or impairment of benefits under that  agreement. Accordingly, the Panel concludes that 
to the extent that Argentina has acted inconsiste ntly with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, it has 
nullified or impaired benefits accruing to the United States under this agreement. WT/DS444/R  
 
- USA-168 - 
 
  7.8.  Pursuant to Article 19.1 of the DSU, the Panel recommends that the Dispute Settlement Body 
request Argentina to bring the inconsistent measures into conformity with its obligations under the GATT 1994. WT/DS445/R 
 
- JPN-169 - 
 
  7.3  Complaint by Japan (DS445) 
7.9.  With respect to the single Trade-Relate d Requirements measure (TRRs measure), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The complainants properly identified the alleged "Restrictive Trade Related 
Requirements" (RTRRs) in their requests for consultations as well as in their panel 
requests; therefore, these actions are part of the Panel's terms of reference; 
b. The characterization of the RTRRs as a single measure in the complainants' panel 
requests did not expand the scope or change the essence of the dispute; 
c. The 23 measures described by the European Union in Section 4.2.4 of its first written 
submission as "specific instances" of application of alleged RTRRs were not precisely identified in the European Union's panel request as measures at issue; accordingly, 
those 23 measures do not constitute "measures at issue" in the present dispute; 
d. The Argentine authorities' imposition on econ omic operators of one or more of the five 
trade-related requirements identified by the complainants as a condition to import or to 
obtain certain benefits, operates as a single measure (the TRRs measure) attributable to 
Argentina; 
e. The TRRs measure constitutes a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus 
inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994; 
f. The TRRs measure, with respect to its local content requirement, modifies the conditions 
of competition in the Argentine market, so that imported products are granted less favourable treatment than like domestic products; accordingly, the TRRs measure, with 
respect to its local content requirement, is inconsistent with Article III:4 of the GATT 
1994; 
g. An additional finding under Article X:1 of the GATT 1994 regarding the TRRs measure is 
not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains 
from making any findings with respect to this claim; and 
h. Having found that the TRRs measure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, 
as well as with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 with respect to the local content 
requirement, and that the TRRs measure is of general and prospective application, the 
TRRs measure is also inconsistent with the above-mentioned provisions "as such". 
7.10.  With respect to the procedure for the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (DJAI), the Panel 
concludes that: 
a. The DJAI procedure, irrespective of whether it  constitutes an import licence, constitutes 
a restriction on the importation of goods and is thus inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the 
GATT 1994; 
b. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, 
an additional finding under the same provision regarding the DJAI procedure considered 
as an import licence, is not necessary or useful in resolving the matter at issue; 
accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings with respect to this claim; 
c. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has 
administered the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Article X:3(a) of the 
GATT 1994 or with Articles 1.3, 1.4(a), 1.6, 3.5(f) of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from 
making any findings in respect of these claims; 
d. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, an additional finding regarding the same WT/DS445/R 
 
- JPN-170 - 
 
  measure under Articles 3.2 and 3.3 of the Im port Licensing Agreement is not necessary 
or useful in resolving the matter at issue; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of this particular claim. 
e. Having found that the DJAI procedure is inconsistent with the substantive obligation 
prescribed by Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994, the question of whether Argentina has 
failed to notify the DJAI procedure in a manner inconsistent with Articles 1.4(a), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 or 5.4 of the Import Licensing Agreement becomes irrelevant for the resolution 
of this dispute; accordingly, the Panel refrains from making any findings in respect of 
these particular claims. 
7.11.  Under Article 3.8 of the DSU, in cases wh ere there is an infringement of the obligations 
assumed under a covered agreement, the action is considered prima facie  to constitute a case of 
nullification or impairment of benefits under that agreement. Accordingly, the Panel concludes that 
to the extent that Argentina has acted inconsistently with Articles XI:1 and III:4 of the GATT 1994, it has nullified or impaired benefits accruing to Japan under this agreement. 
7.12.  Pursuant to Article 19.1 of the DSU, the Panel recommends that the Dispute Settlement 
Body request Argentina to bring the inconsistent measures into conformity with its obligations under the GATT 1994. 
__________