COMMI SSION REGUL ATION (EU) 2023/1329 
of 29 June 2023
amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
as regards the use of polygly cerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) and the Annex to Commission Regulation 
(EU) No 231/2012 as regards specif ications for glycerol (E 422), polygly cerol esters of fatty acids 
(E 475) and polygly cerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) 
(Text with EEA relevance) 
THE EUR OPEAN COMMISSION,
Havi ng regar d to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Havi ng regard to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on 
food additives (1), and in particular Article 10(3) and Article 14 thereof,
Havi ng regard to Regulation (EC) No 1331/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008
establishing a common author isation procedure for food additives, food enzymes and food flavourings (2), and in 
particular Article 7(5) thereof,
Whereas:
(1) Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 lays down a Union list of food additives approved for use in foods and 
their conditions of use.
(2) Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 (3)lays down specific ations for food additives that are listed in Annex es 
II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.
(3) The Union lists of food additives and the specifi cations may be updat ed in accordance with the common procedure 
refer red to in Article 3(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1331/2008, either on the initiative of the Commission or followi ng 
an application.
(4) Glycerol (E 422), polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) and polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) are substances 
author ised in accordance with Annex es II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.
(5) On 15 March 2017 , the European Food Safety Auth ority (‘the Author ity’) issued a scientifi c opinion on the 
re-evaluation of glycerol (E 422) as a food additive (4), which concluded that there was no need for a numer ical 
acceptable daily intake and that the food additive was of no safety concer n for the repor ted uses. The Author ity 
recommended some modifi cations to the specifi cations for E 422 set out in Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 and that 
more information on the uses and use levels is made available to the Author ity.
(6) On 23 November 2018 , the Commission launched a public call for technical data on the food additive glycerol (E 
422), targeting the data needs identified by the Authority.
(7) Following the data submission by inter ested business operators, the Commission request ed the Author ity to provid e 
a scientific opinion to conf irm that the technical data provided by inter ested business operat ors adequat ely 
suppor ted an amendment to the specifications for the food additive glycerol (E 422) to bring them in line with 
current standards, as recommended by the Author ity.
(1)OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 16.
(2)OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 1.
(3)Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specificat ions for food additives listed in Annexes II and III 
to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 83, 22.3.2012, p. 1).
(4)EFSA Journal 2017;15(3):4720.EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 166/66 30.6.2023  (8) In its scientifi c opinion adop ted on 18 May 2022 (5), the Author ity concluded that the current specifications for 
glycerol (E 422) were to be adapt ed in particular by reducing the maximum limits for toxic elements (arsenic, lead, 
mercur y and cadmium), by deleting the identif ication method based on acrolein formation during heating, by 
deleting the test for the presence of acrolein, by including a maximum limit for acrolein and by modifying the 
definit ion of glycerol (E 422).
(9) It is theref ore appropr iate to amend the specifi cations for glycerol (E 422). The definition of the food additive should 
be amended to restr ict it to the manufactur ing processes for which data were assessed by the Authority. The current 
maximum limits for toxic elements should be reduced in accordance with the scientific opinion of the Author ity, 
taking into account the currently achi evable levels by the application of good manufactur ing practices. The 
identif ication method for glycerol based on acrolein formation during heating should be deleted consider ing that 
the cont ent of glycerol in E 422 is to be deter mined by an appropr iate analytical method. The test for the presence 
of acrolein should be delet ed and a maximum numer ical limit for acrolein should be included in accordance with 
the scientific opinion of the Author ity and taking into account the level whic h is currently achi evable by the 
application of good manuf actur ing practices.
(10) Consider ing that the Author ity did not identify an immediate health concer n linked to the presence of toxic elements 
and acrolein, it is appropr iate to allow during a transitional period the use of the food additive glycerol (E 422) 
lawfully placed on the mark et before the date of the entr y into force of this Regulation.
(11) For the same reasons, it is appropr iate that foods containing the food additive glycerol (E 422) that has been lawfully 
placed on the mark et before the date of entr y into force of this Regulation may continue to be placed on the mark et 
during a transitional period and to remain on the mark et until their date of minimum durability or ‘use-by-dat e’.
(12) On 20 December 2017 , the Author ity issued a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of polyg lycerol esters of fatty 
acids (E 475) as a food additive (6), which concluded that there was no need for a numer ical acceptab le daily intake 
and that the food additive was of no safety concer n at the repor ted uses and use levels. The Author ity 
recommended some modifi cations to the specifications for E 475 set out in Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.
(13) On 23 November 2018 , the Commission launched a public call for technical data on the food additive polyg lycerol 
esters of fatty acids (E 475), targeting the data needs identified by the Author ity.
(14) Following the data submission by inter ested business operators, the Commission request ed the Author ity to provid e 
a scientific opinion to conf irm that the technical data provided by inter ested business operat ors adequat ely 
suppor ted an amendment to the specifications for the food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) to 
bring them in line with current standards, as recommended by the Auth ority.
(15) In its scientifi c opinion adop ted on 1 Apr il 2022 (7), the Author ity concluded that the current specif ications for 
polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) were to be adap ted in particular by reducing the maximum limits for toxic 
elements, by including maximum limits for impur ities and constituents of safety concer n and by modifying the 
definit ion of polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475).
(16) It is theref ore appropr iate to amend the specifi cations for polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475). The definit ion of 
the food additive should be amended in order to restr ict the use of glycerol for the production of the food additive to 
glycerol compl iant with the specifi cations for the food additive (E 422). The current maximum limits for toxic 
elements should be reduced and maximum limits for the sum of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD 
fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD), glycidyl fatty acid esters (expressed as glycidol) and erucic acid should be 
established in accordance with the scientific opinion of the Author ity and taking into account the level whic h is 
currently achi evable by the application of good manuf actur ing practices.
(5)EFSA Journal 2022;20(6):7353.
(6)EFSA Journal 2017;15(12):5089.
(7)EFSA Journal 2022;20(5):7308.EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.6.2023 L 166/67  (17) As new manufactur ing techniques resulting in the production of the food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 
475) with lower levels of glycidyl fatty acid esters (expressed as glycidol) are being imple mented, it is appropr iate to 
provid e the manuf acturers of food additives with a transitional period to reach a maximum level of 5 mg/kg for 
glycidyl fatty acid esters (expressed as glycidol) in the food additive (E 475). However , given that glycidyl fatty acid 
esters are genot oxic and carcinog enic, an interm ediate maximum level of 10 mg/kg for glycidyl fatty acid esters 
(expressed as glycidol) should apply from the date of entr y into force of this Regulation.
(18) Consider ing that the Author ity did not identify an immediate health concer n linked to the presence of toxic 
elements, 3-monochloropr opanediol (3-MCPD), 3-MCPD fatty acid esters, erucic acid and glycidyl fatty acid esters, 
it is appropr iate to allow during a transitional period the use of the food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids 
(E 475) lawfully placed on the market before the date of entr y into force of this Regulation and to allow foods 
containing such food additive, to continue to be placed on the market for the same transitional period and to 
remain on the mark et until their date of minimum durability or ‘use-b y-date’.
(19) For the same reasons and consider ing its reduced content of glycidyl fatty acid esters, the food additive polyg lycerol 
esters of fatty acids (E 475) legally placed on the mark et after the date of entr y into force of this Regulation and 
compl ying with the reduced interm ediat e maximum level for glycidyl fatty acid esters (expressed as glycidol) should 
be allowed to be used until the exhaustion of stoc ks and foods containing such food additive should be allowed to be 
placed on the market and to remain on the mark et until their date of minimum durability or ‘use-b y-date’.
(20) On 24 March 2017 , the Author ity issued a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 
476) as a food additive (8). The Authority concluded that the data set gave reason to increase the acceptable daily 
intake to 25 mg/kg bw per day. The Author ity recommended some modifi cations to the specifi cations for E 476 set 
out in Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.
(21) On 23 November 2018 , the Commission launched a public call for technical data on the food additive polyg lycerol 
polyr icinoleat e (E 476), targe ting the data needs identif ied by the Auth ority.
(22) On 18 March 2020 , an application was submitt ed for the author isation of the use of polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 
476) as an emulsif ier in edible ices for fat and oil emulsion of water -in-oil type and emulsifi ed sauces with a fat 
conte nt of more than 20 %. The application was subsequently made available to the Member State s by the 
Commission pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1331/2008.
(23) Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 476) is capable of producing stable water -in-oil emulsions with smaller droplet sizes 
that can be frozen to produce soft, creamy , edible ices requir ing less energy in the manuf actur ing process and 
having enhanced stability in the frozen supply chain. It allows the use of low saturated fats and oils and lower 
amounts of sugars in edible ices. The level of polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) needed to achieve the intended 
technological function is 4 000 mg/kg.
(24) Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 476) also enables oil reduction in emulsified sauces (e.g. mayonnaise or salad 
dressings) without having the negative effect on mouthfeel. The currently author ised maximum level of 4 000
mg/kg is not sufficient for products with a fat cont ent of more than 20 %. The level of use of polyg lycerol 
polyr icinoleat e (E 476) needed to achieve the intende d technological function in products with a fat cont ent of 
more than 20 % is 8 000 mg/kg.
(25) Following the data submission by interested business operat ors in response to the public call for technical data and 
the submission of the application on the extension of use of polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476), the Commission 
requeste d the Author ity to provi de a scientifi c opinion to confir m that the technical data provid ed by interested 
business operators adequately suppor ted an amendment to the specif ications for the food additive polyg lycerol 
polyr icinoleat e (E 476) to bring them in line with current standards, as recommended by the Author ity.
(8)EFSA Journal 2017;15(3):4743.EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 166/68 30.6.2023  (26) In its scientific opinion adopt ed on 30 March 2022 (9), the Auth ority concluded that the proposed extension of use 
would not give rise to a safet y concer n. The Author ity also concluded that the current specifi cations for 
polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) were to be adap ted in particular by reducing the maximum limits for toxic 
elements, by including maximum limits for impur ities of safety concer n and by modifying the definition of 
polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476).
(27) It is theref ore appropr iate to author ise polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) in food cate gory 03 ‘Edible ices’ at a 
maximum level of 4 000 mg/kg, increase the author ised maximum level in food catego ry 12.6 ‘Sauces ’ to 8 000
mg/kg for emulsifi ed sauces with a fat cont ent of 20 % or more and amend its specifi cations in light of the 
Authority’s scientifi c opinion. The definition of the food additive should be amended in order to restr ict the use of 
glycerol for the production of the food additive to glycerol compl iant with the specifi cations for the food additive (E 
422). The current maximum limits for toxic elements should be reduced and maximum limits for the sum of 
3-monochloropr opanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD) and glycidyl fatty acid 
esters (expressed as glycidol) should be established in accordance with the scientific opinion of the Author ity and 
taking into account the level which is currently achi evable by the application of good manuf actur ing practices.
(28) Consider ing that the Author ity did not identify an immediate health concer n linked to the presence of toxic 
elements, 3-monochloropropa nediol (3-MCPD), 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters, it is 
appropr iate to allow during a transitional period the use of the food additive polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 476) 
lawfully placed on the mark et before the date of entr y into force of this Regulation.
(29) For the same reasons, it is appropr iate that foods containing the food additive polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e (E 476) 
that has been lawfully placed on the mark et before the date of entr y into force of this Regulation may continue to 
be placed on the market during a transitional period and to remain on the mark et until their date of minimum 
durability or ‘use-b y-date’ .
(30) Regulations (EC) No 1333/2008 and (EU) No 231/2012 should theref ore be amended according ly.
(31) The measures provid ed for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committ ee on 
Plants, Animals, Food and Feed,
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGUL ATION:
Article 1
Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 is amended in accordance with Annex I to this Regulation.
Article 2
The Annex to Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 is amended in accordance with Annex II to this Regulation.
Article 3
The food additive glycerol (E 422) that has been lawfully placed on the market before 20 July 2023 and that does not 
compl y with the maximum limits for arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium or acrolein applicable from 20 July 2023 may be 
added to food in accordance with Annex es II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 until 20 Januar y 2024 .
Foods containing the food additive glycerol (E 422) that has been lawfully placed on the market before 20 July 2023 and 
that does not compl y with the maximum limits for arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium or acrolein applicable from 20 July 
2023 may continue to be placed on the mark et until 20 Januar y 2024 and may continue to be market ed until their date of 
minimum durability or ‘use-by date’.
(9)EFSA Journal 2022;20(5):7294.EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.6.2023 L 166/69  The food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) that has been lawfully placed on the mark et before 20 July 2023
and that does not comply with the maximum limits for arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium, the sum of 3-monochloropro ­
panediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD), erucic acid or glycidyl fatty acids esters 
(expressed as glycidol) applicable from 20 July 2023 may be added to food in accordance with Annex es II and III to 
Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 until 20 Januar y 2024 .
Foods containing the food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) that has been lawfully placed on the mark et 
before 20 July 2023 and that does not comply with the maximum limits arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium, the sum of 
3-monochloropr opanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD), erucic acid or for glycidyl fatty 
acids esters (expressed as glycidol) applicable from 20 July 2023 may continue to be placed on the mark et until 20 Januar y 
2024 and may continue to be mark eted until their date of minimum durability or ‘use-b y date’.
The food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) that has been lawfully placed on the mark et after 20 July 2023
and up to 20 Januar y 2024 and that does not compl y with the maximum limits for glycidyl fatty acids esters (expressed as 
glycidol) applicable from 20 Januar y 2024 may be added to food in accordance with Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) 
No 1333/2008 until the exhaustion of stoc ks.
Foods containing the food additive polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) that has been has been lawfully placed on the 
mark et after 20 July 2023 and up to 20 Januar y 2024 and that does not compl y with the maximum limits for glycidyl 
fatty acids esters (expressed as glycidol) applicable from 20 Januar y 2024 may continue to be placed on the mark et and 
may continue to be market ed until their date of minimum durability or ‘use by date’.
The food additive polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) that has been lawfully placed on the mark et before 20 July 2023 and 
that does not comply with the maximum limits for arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium, the sum of 3-monochloropropanediol 
(3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD) or glycidyl fatty acids esters (expressed as glycidol) 
applicable from 20 July 2023 may be added to food in accordance with Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) 
No 1333/2008 until 20 Januar y 2024 .
Foods containing the food additive polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate (E 476) that has been lawfully placed on the mark et before 
20 July 2023 and that does not comply with the maximum limits for arsenic, lead, mercur y, cadmium, the sum of 
3-monochloropr opanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters (expressed as 3-MCPD) or glycidyl fatty acids esters 
(expressed as glycidol) applicable from 20 July 2023 may continue to be placed on the mark et until 20 Januar y 2024 and 
may continue to be market ed until their date of minimum durability or ‘use-by date’.
Article 4
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day followi ng that of its publication in the Official Journal of the 
European Union.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Brussels, 29 June 2023 .
For the Commission
The President
Ursula VON DER LEYENEN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 166/70 30.6.2023  ANNEX I 
Part E of Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 is amended as follows:
(1) in Categor y 03 (Edible ices), the followi ng entr y is inser ted after the entr y for E 473–474:
‘E 476 Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e 4 000 excep t sorbets ’
(2) in Categor y 12.6 (Sauces), the entr y for E 476 (Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleate) is replaced by the follo wing:
‘E 476 Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e 4 000 only emulsified sauces with a 
fat cont ent of less than 20 %
E 476 Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e 8 000 only emulsified sauces with a 
fat cont ent of 20 % or more’EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.6.2023 L 166/71  ANNEX II 
The Annex to Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 is amended as follows:
(1) the entr y for food additive E 422 Glycerol is replaced by the following:
‘E 422 GLYCER OL
Synonyms Glycerin; Glycerine
Def inition Glycerol is obtained only from vegetable oils and fats, either directly or from the 
crude glycerol obtained as a by-product of biodiesel production and undergoes 
purification processes that involve distillation, and other clean up steps to obtain 
refined glycerol.
Einecs 200-289-5
Chemical name 1,2,3-propanetr iol; Glycerol; Trihydro xypropane
Chemical formula C3H8O3
Molecular weight 92,10
Assa y Content not less than 98 % of glycerol on the anhydrous basis
Descr iption Clear , colourless hygroscopic syrupy liquid with not more than a slight 
character istic odour , whic h is neither harsh nor disagreeable
Identif ication
Specifi c gravity (25 °C/25 °C) Not less than 1,257
Refractive index [n] D20 between 1,471 and 1,474
Purity
Water cont ent Not more than 5 % (Kar l Fischer method)
Sulphate d ash Not more than 0,01 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Butanetr iols Not more than 0,2 %
Acrolein Not more than 3 mg/kg
Fatty acids and esters Not more than 0,1 % calculat ed as butyr ic acid
Chlor inated compounds Not more than 30 mg/kg (as chlor ine)
3-Monoc hloropropane-1,2-diol  
(3- MCPD)Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Mercur y Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,1 mg/kg’EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 166/72 30.6.2023  (2) the entr y for food additive E 475 Polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids is replaced by the followi ng:
‘E 475 POL YGLYCER OL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms Polyg lycerol fatty acid esters; Polyg lycerin esters of fatty acid esters
Def inition Polyg lycerol esters of fatty acids are produced by the ester ification of polyg lycerol 
with food fats and oils or with fatty acids occur ring in foods fats and oils. The 
polyg lycerol moiety is predominantly di-, tri- and tetrag lycerol and contains not 
more than 10 % of polyg lycerols equal to or higher than heptag lycerol.
The polyg lycerol is produced from glycerol complying with the specifications for E 
422.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assa y Content of total fatty acid ester not less than 90 %
Descr iption Light yellow to amber , oily to very viscous liquids; light tan to medium brown, 
plastic or soft solids; and light tan to brown , hard, waxy solids
Identif ication
Test for glycerol Passes test
Test for polyg lycerols Passes test
Test for fatty acids Passes test
Solubility The esters range from very hydrophilic to very lipophilic, but as a class tend to be 
dispersible in wate r and soluble in organic solvents and oils
Purity
Sulphate d ash Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Acids other than fatty acids Less than 1 %
Free fatty acids Not more than 6 % estimat ed as oleic acid
Total glycerol and polyg lycerol Not less than 18 % and not more than 60 %
Free glycerol and polyg lycerol Not more than 7 %
Arsenic Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 0,3 mg/kg
Mercur y Not more than 0,1 mg/kgEN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.6.2023 L 166/73  Cadmium Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Sum of 3-monochloropropanediol 
(3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid 
esters, expressed as 3-MCPDNot more than 2,5 mg/kg
Glycidyl fatty acid esters, expressed as 
glycidolNot more than 10 mg/kg. This applies from 20 July 2023 until 20 Januar y 2024 .
Not more than 5 mg/kg. This applies from 20 Januar y 2024 .
Erucic acid Not more than 2 %
Purity criteria apply to the additiv e free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, howe ver these substances may be present up 
to a maximum level of 6 % (expr essed as sodium oleate).’;
(3) the entr y for food additive E 476 Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e is replaced by the follo wing:
‘E 476 POL YGLYCER OL POL YRICINOLEA TE
Synonyms Glycerol esters of condensed castor oil fatty acids; Polyg lycerol esters of 
poly condensed fatty acids from castor oil; Polyg lycerol esters of interesteri fied 
ricinoleic acid; PGPR
Def inition Polyg lycerol polyr icinoleat e is prepared by the esterification of polyg lycerol with 
condensed castor oil fatty acids. Castor oil used for the production of polyg lycerol 
polyr icinoleat e is free of ricin.
The polyg lycerol is produced from glycerol complying with the specifications for E 
422.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assa y
Descr iption Clear , highly viscous liquid
Identif ication
Solubility Insoluble in wate r and in ethanol; soluble in ether , hydrocarbons and halog enated 
hydrocarbons
Test for glycerol Passes test
Test for polyg lycerols Passes test
Test for ricinoleic acid Passes test
Refractive index [n] D65 between 1,4630 and 1,4665
Purity
Polyg lycerols The polyg lycerol moiety shall be compo sed of not less than 75 % of di-, tri- and 
tetraglycerols and shall contain not more than 10 % of polyg lycerols equal to or 
higher than heptag lycerol
Hydro xyl value Not less than 80 and not more than 100EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 166/74 30.6.2023  Acid value Not more than 6
Arsenic Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Mercur y Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Sum of 3-monochloropropanediol 
(3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid 
esters (expressed as 3-MCPD)Not more than 2,5 mg/kg
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (expressed as 
glycidol)Not more than 1 mg/kg’EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.6.2023 L 166/75