WT/TPR/M/398  
30 November  2020 
(20-8613) Page: 1/36 
Trade Policy Review Body   
30 September and 2 October  2020  
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
ZIMBABWE  
MINUTES  OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Harald Aspelund  (Iceland ) 
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF ZIMBABWE ................................ .. 4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  8 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF ZIMBABWE  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ..... 29 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by Zimbabwe  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 398/Add.1  and will be available online at 
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTOR Y REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The third Trade Policy Review of Zimbabwe  was held on 30 September  and 2 October 2020. 
The Chairperson, H.E.  Mr. Harald Aspelund  (Iceland ), welcomed the delegation of Zimbabwe , headed 
by the Honourable Dr. David Musabayana, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International  
Trade ; H.E. Mr. Taonga M ushayavanhu , Permanent Representative of the Republic of Zimbabwe to 
the United Nations Office at Geneva ; and the discussant, H.E. Ms. Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter 
(South  Africa). 
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that , in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefit ed 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership, in 
particular of Zimbabwean  officials who could not make the jo urney from Harare  given the current 
circumstances.   
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs , and the main elements of procedure for the 
meeting. The report by Zimbabwe  was contained in document WT/TPR/G/39 8 and that of the WTO 
Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/39 8. 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: United 
Kingdom; European Union; United States; Canada ; Indonesia; China; and Thailand . The following 
delegation submitted written questions after the deadline: Iceland . 
1.5.  At the time of its previous Review in 2011, Members had commended Zimbabwe on its 
economic reform efforts, including the de facto adoption of the US dollar as legal tender in  2009, 
which brought an end to hyperinflation; and for the introduction of more discipline to its fiscal 
system. These reforms enabled the economy to break a decade -long recession. However, Members 
had also noted the challenges posed by high unemployment a nd by an external debt approaching 
unmanageable proportions; they had also voiced concerns about Zimbabwe 's controversial land 
reform and indigenization programme.  
1.6.  The Chairperson focused on developments in Zimbabwe 's trade and investment regimes since 
the previous Review. According to the Secretariat report, the Zimbabwe economy, including its 
external trade, underperformed during the review period. A survey of the advance questions 
submitted for this Review show ed the wide range of topics of interest to Members regarding 
Zimbabwe 's trade and investment regimes, including its participation in trade agreements, its 
customs procedures, and its use of trade measures such as import licensing, tariffs and other duties 
and charges. Four topics stand out among th e issues raised by Members.  
1.7.  First, several Members welcomed the elimination of the indigenization programme, but they 
queried the restrictions still maintained on foreign investment, notably in agriculture, and ask ed 
about measures to further improve the b usiness environment and kick -start the economy.   
1.8.  Second, following the re -introduction of a domestic currency 10 years after it was abolished, 
several questions focus ed on the exchange rate regime, including on the upholding of forex 
surrender requirements . 
1.9.  Third, many questions focused on state-trading entities, and the measures needed to improve 
their efficiency and achieve greater transparency, including the submission of WTO notifications on 
their activities.  
1.10.   Fourth, Zimbabwe 's TBT and SPS regimes, incl uding the purpose of its new pre -shipment 
inspection scheme, also attracted many questions.  
1.11.   In total, Zimbabwe received over 189 advance written questions from seven delegations for 
this Review, covering a broad range of topics. Prior to this meeting, Zimb abwe had already provided 
written replies to almost all of these questions , and the Chairperson  looked forward to hearing 
Zimbabwe 's updates on these issues during the Friday session.  
1.12.   This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. It was also an opportune 
moment for Zimbabwe to update the Membership on the impact of COVID -19 on its ec onomy , and WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  measures it ha d taken in response, given that the documentation prepared for this Review was 
finalized before the pandemic and does not cover it. The Chairperson looked forward to a fruitful 
exchange.  
1.13.   He closed his introductory remarks by wishin g Zimbabwe a very successful third Trade Policy 
Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF ZIMBABWE  (HON. DR. DAVID 
MUSABAYANA ) 
2.1.  Good morning Geneva. It is a lovely morning here in Harare, while I understand that it is 
getting cooler in Geneva. It  is my singular honour and pleasure to join you virtually from Harare on 
the occasion of Zimbabwe 's third Trade Policy Review.  
2.2.  At the outset, I wish to extend my sincere thanks to you, Ambassador Aspelund, for the warm 
words of welcome, and for your kind i nvitation to me to deliver my statement on the state of 
Zimbabwe 's trade policy regime, and how the international trade environment is impacting on our 
performance as a country.  
2.3.  Zimbabwe also wishes to thank the Ambassador of the Republic of South Africa t o the World 
Trade Organization, Ms. Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter, for agreeing to be the discussant for our Trade Policy 
Review. Allow me to also express our appreciation to all the WTO Members here present and those 
who posed questions to Zimbabwe for their interest on our Trade Policy Review. Thi s is very historic 
for Zimbabwe in the sense that this review takes place 9 years after the country 's second Trade 
Policy Review that was held in 2011.  
2.4.  The Government of Zimbabwe acknowledges the hard work and effort put in by the WTO 
Secretariat, and , in particular , the Trade Policies Review Division team led by Mr. Jacques Degbelo, 
to ensure that this review is a success. In the build -up to this meeting the Secretariat made 
preliminary visits to Zimbabwe and engaged several stakeholders to gather informa tion on 
Zimbabwe 's trade policy regime. The comprehensive report produced by the Secretariat is a true 
testimony to the great effort made by the team to have a report of the evolution of Zimbabwe 's 
Trade Policies since 2011.  
2.5.  Zimbabwe is committed to a wel l-functioning, stable, predictable and fair multilateral trading 
system, despite the global rise of protectionism and growing trade tensions which have added 
uncertainty to the global economic environment. It is in this context that as a country, our trade  
performance since 2011 fell short of the expected targets. The trade basket has been concentrated 
on a few products and a few trading partners. The country 's major imports in 2018 were fuel, 
electricity, fertilizer, chemicals, soya and a few other consuma bles, while exports were made up of 
tobacco, gold, nickel and chrome amongst other commodities. The country exported 
USD 4.037  billion worth of merchandise to the rest of the world in 2018 and imported 
USD 6.259  billion worth of merchandise in the same yea r, giving us a trade deficit of approximately 
USD 2.222 billion.  
2.6.  Since the last Review in 2011, Zimbabwe 's Trade Policy regime has been very eventful due to 
the unstable macroeconomic environment that prevailed. From the outset, it is important to reali ze 
that, today, the World Trade Organi zation is reviewing the trade policies of a developing country 
whose enormous economic potential has been stifled by nearly two decades of illegal sanctions 
imposed by some sections of the international community. The ill egal sanctions have contributed 
immensely to our inability to comply with some of our obligations under various treaties and 
agreements, and consequently have hindered the country 's efforts to implement social, political and 
economic reforms at the pace th at we would have wanted.  
2.7.  These sanctions create the impression of significant country -risk, resulting in many countries 
opting not to trade with us and reducing levels of new foreign investments. Some friendly countries 
which made attempts to partner with  us in the economic sphere have suffered the effects of those 
sanctions, with some transactions being intercepted and some countries even facing threats of harsh 
consequences by those who sanction . A welcome development, however, has been the removal of 
some individuals and some state companies from the sanctions list. We look forward to the 
immediate and unconditional removal of all sanctions on Zimbabwe, so that we can participate fully 
and equitably in the global trading system. I am certain that many de legates participating in our 
meeting today will agree with me that it makes absolutely no sense to maintain and even tighten 
sanctions against a low -income developing country during a global pandemic.  
2.8.  The sanctions have also resulted in bilateral creditors  and donors either reducing or suspending 
disbursements on loans to the Government and state -owned enterprises or parastatals. These same 
measures have resulted in limited access to financing facilities for the private sector for their WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  operations, leading to serious capacity -underutilization in industry across all productive sectors. 
Except for humanitarian aid, Zimbabwe has received limited developmental assistance during the 
period under review.  
2.9.  Notwithstanding the challenges bedeviling the economy, our economy has remained resilient. 
The economy grew by an average of 3.8 % between 2011 and 2019 and because of the impact of 
successive droughts, Cyclone Idai and the COVID -19 pandemic, it is expecte d to contract in 2020. 
Industrial capacity -utilization averaged 42.9% during the period under review. The main contributors 
to the low capacity - utilization were antiquated equipment, limited lines of affordable credit, drought, 
electricity and foreign cur rency shortages.  
2.10.   Agriculture remains a major driver of economic growth, with the sector growing by 8.0 % 
in 2018, but then contracting again, by 16.3%, in 2019. The sector is, however, expected to expand 
by 5% during the current year, 2020: this on the ba ck of anticipated better seasonal rainfall and 
good forward planning.  
2.11.   Mining and quarrying grew by 15.3% in 2018, contracted by 12.3% in 2019, and is projected 
to grow by 4.7 % in 2020.  
2.12.   I am delighted to inform you that the Government of Zimbabwe developed  a national 
economic development blue -print, the Transitional Stabilization Plan (2018 -2020) which has guided 
the country 's economic recovery and development efforts thus far.  
2.13.   Under the TSP, the new political dispensation has committed to speedily impleme nt political 
and economic reforms as part of its efforts to stimulate economic growth and stabilize the 
macroeconomic situation. The short -term economic blueprint highlights policy reform initiatives 
aimed at stimulating domestic production, exports, rebui lding and transforming the economy to an 
upper middle -income status by 2030. The successor policy to the TSP, a National 5 -Year 
Development Plan, is expected to be in place by the end of the coming month.  
2.14.   After extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders, Government also introduced other 
key policy instruments to promote and drive economic activity. These policy instruments include: 
The Zimbabwe National Trade Policy (2019 -2023), The National Exp ort Strategy (2019 -2023) and 
The Industrial Development Policy (2019 -2023).  
2.15.   The main thrust of these closely inter -linked policies is to transform Zimbabwe from an 
exporter of raw commodities and semi -processed products to an exporter of internationally 
competitive, high -value products. The competitiveness orientation of the National Trade Policy is 
expected to ensure that trade becomes a major engine to drive sustainable development in the 
country, creating employment, eradicating poverty and ensuring env ironmental sustainability.  
2.16.   Zimbabwe ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) on 17 October 2018, and notified 
our consolidated category A, B and C commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 
16 September 2019. The country is yet to ratify t he Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement and 
would like to indicate that it hopes the process will be completed soon, after going through all internal 
consultations.  
2.17.   On the regional and international front, Zimbabwe is a member of COMESA, SADC, the Africa 
Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), EU -ESA-iEPA and UK -ESA-EPA. We are implementing a 
number of regional programmes under these configurations. I am happy to report that during the 
period under review, Zimbabwe ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreeme nt, UK -ESA-EPA and the 
Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The country is currently participating in negotiations 
to widen and deepen the existing EU -ESA-iEPA. 
2.18.   In the Mining Sector, Government amended the Mines and Minerals Act in 2015. The 
amendm ent aims, inter alia, to promote exploration and mining through a new "use it or lose it 
policy ", by revoking unutilized claims held for speculative purposes. The law also formally recognizes 
(informal) small -scale mining, to enable the Government to suppo rt the small -scale mining sector, 
which is particularly important in gold and chrome mining.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  2.19.   The Government also undertook to improve transparency in the Mining sector through open 
bidding or the auctioning of mining rights. To this end, a Cadastre System  is being developed. The 
system will help improve transparency in the sector. Funding constraints are hampering the 
completion of the system.  
2.20.   During the period under review, Zimbabwe has undergone considerable economic 
transformation. For example, the new Administration moved quickly to repeal the Indigenization 
Policy which imposed an obligatory 51% local ownership structure on all foreign investment. This 
requirement has been removed and investors are now free to negotiate shareholding arrangements 
on a w in-win basis.  
2.21.   The Procurement Act has also been revised. A new Public Procurement and Disposal of Public 
Assets Act (Chapter 22:23) came into force on 1 January 2018, replacing the 1999 Procurement Act. 
Since 2018, the new Procurement Regulatory Authority  of Zimbabwe (PRAZ) oversees public 
procurement proceedings to ensure transparency, honesty, cost -effectiveness and competition in 
public procurement.  
2.22.   Zimbabwe 's monetary system has also undergone significant transformation over the years. 
The system based  on the use of a 'basket -of-foreign -currencies ' - introduced in 2009 as a means of 
stabilizing our -then hyper -inflationary situation - was abandoned in June 2019 by way of the re -
introduction of our own local currency. In March 2020, the Government allowed  the use of the foreign 
currency by individuals to pay for goods and services using free funds. As recently as June this year, 
the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe introduced a weekly foreign exchange auction system to determine 
the Zimbabwean dollar exchange rate . This is proving to be more effective in terms of transparency, 
efficiency and, importantly, in gaining the confidence of our business community.  
2.23.   The fully market -determined exchange rate of our dollar - which, I am pleased to say, is 
gradually strengthen ing in value - has served to significantly reduce parallel or black market forex -
dealing, has led to improved access to forex by productive sectors of our economy, has helped to 
stabilize prices and, over time, will bring down current high levels of inflat ion. 
2.24.   The Government, throughout the Trade Policy Review period of 2011 to date, has been busy 
spearheading reform of State enterprises through pursuing the following strategies as enunciated in 
the country 's Vision 2030. The reform process was undertaken t hrough Unbundling; Mergers; 
Departmentalization, Performance Reviews; and Privatization.  
2.25.   The Public Entities Corporate Governance (PECG) Act was enacted to govern operations of 
State -Owned  Enterprises (SOEs). The purpose of the Act is to ensure that SOEs implement good 
corporate governance practices in order for them to operate efficiently, comply with and meet the 
objectives of their different mandates and benefit the ordinary citizens.  
2.26.   The country also launched its Intellectual Property Rights Policy an d Implementation Strategy 
for the period (2018 -22). This strategy seeks to rely on IPRs for economic growth and development, 
in science, technology and innovation; for rural development; and the growth of SMEs. The 
implementation of the Strategy has seen o ur Higher and Tertiary institutions of learning initiate the 
process of establishing IPR and Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISC); it has also seen 
more IP filings from local applicants. Consideration is currently being given to the possibility  of 
establishing IP Clubs at Secondary School level.  
2.27.   Zimbabwe introduced the Consignment Based Conformity Assessment (CBCA) system as a 
means of protecting consumers and the environment. Further, the country also introduced food 
fortification regulations t hat will help solve the country 's micro -nutrient deficiencies such as goitre, 
anaemia, impaired vision and mental retardation.  
2.28.   The country continues to pursue a programme of Ease -of-Doing -Business reform – including : 
(i) implementation of pre -clearance req uirements; (ii) implementation of risk -management 
principles in the clearance process; (iii) the modernisation of border operations ; and (iv) reviewing 
the current system governing the operations of Authorized  Economic Operators (AEOs). These 
reforms assis ted the country to improve its ranking in the 2019 World Bank Ease of Doing Business 
index.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  2.29.   Before I conclude my statement, it would be remiss of me not to say a few words about the 
impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, and other challenges that have been a se rious draw -back on 
Zimbabwe 's economic performance during the period under review.   
2.30.   The current health pandemic visited us in the immediate wake of three successive years of 
drought and the devastation caused by Cyclone Idai which wreaked such havoc and ca used such 
destruction to lives and livelihoods in Zimbabwe as well as in Mozambique and Malawi.  
2.31.   The COVID -19 pandemic continues to exact a heavy toll on individuals, families, the country 's 
health system, the productive sectors, as well as businesses acro ss our entire society. In line with 
our National Emergency Response and Recovery Strategy, Government has implemented a number 
of containment measures to protect life, livelihoods and the economy. We have done what we can 
within our limited resources, and with the much -appreciated support of our co -operating partners, 
to ensure the provision of essential medical supplies and equipment in the battle against this deadly, 
invisible enemy. I wish to thank all our co -operating partners for their invaluable suppo rt and their 
solidarity in our time of need. We count on your continuing engagement and support in the ongoing 
confrontation with COVID -19 and as we strive to mitigate its impact upon our already hard -pressed 
people.  
2.32.   The COVID -19 pandemic has reinforced ou r belief that we can only be as strong as the 
weakest members of society. The closure of international borders and national lockdowns has 
disproportionately impacted on our women folk, the youth, the disabled and other vulnerable groups. 
Government, again,  has done its best to provide support by way of social safety nets. The 
preponderance of Zimbabwean women in the informal sector, including in cross -border trading, 
means they have been more heavily impacted than our menfolk by the containment measures 
implemented across our SADC Region. In addition, a significant number of our nationals working 
and living in neighboring  countries have been forced, by harsh economic circumstances in their 
respective host countries, to return home.  
2.33.   Allow me to thank the WTO for providing technical assistance and capacity building through 
the Institute of Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC). National and regional workshops were 
held, and our officials were capacitated in various WTO Agreements.  
2.34.   Zimbabwe, however, needs more technical assistance to help build supply -side capacity and 
trade -related infrastructure to expand trade and, in  the process, to increase employment. Aid for 
Trade should also support the SMEs sector to contribute to economic growth and development 
through enhanced productive capacity and the provision of technical support for value chain analysis 
to increase effici ency as well as address SPS, TBT and other issues.  
2.35.   I would like to take this opportunity to invite WTO Members to take advantage of the vast 
trade and investment opportunities that Zimbabwe offers in the areas of agriculture, mining, energy, 
infrastructure , tourism, communications, manufacturing, just to mention a few.  
2.36.   Zimbabwe is open for business and we have undertaken major reform to this effect. Under 
this new thrust, we are geared towards ensuring that all engagements that we undertake with any 
partne r country in the world should see us focus on economic outcomes which are mutually 
advantageous and beneficial.  
2.37.   In conclusion, I wish to thank all development partners who have assisted in undertaking 
some of our reforms and those who came to our rescue during times of need. Let me reiterate 
Zimbabwe 's commitment to meet its obligations under the rules based multilateral trading system.  
2.38.   We eagerly await a time when the shadow of sanctions hovering over us is removed, and 
when we are fully free to interact with all the partner countries in the world without any hindrance.  
2.39.   On behalf of Government, let me call upon all WTO members to take a strong position against 
these trade -distorting sanctions which have denied Zimbabwe the ability to more meaning fully 
participate in the world trading system.  
2.40.   With these few remarks, allow me once again to thank you very much for participating at our 
Trade Policy Review and for your invaluable support. I thank you.   WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  The Chair of the TPRB , Ambassador Aspelund; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
International Trade of Zimbabwe and his delegation; Ambassador Taonga Mushayvanhu and his 
team; distinguished colleagues; it is an honour and privilege to share my remarks as a discussant 
for th e Trade Policy Review of our sister country and neighbour, Zimbabwe.  
3.2.  Zimbabwe 's Trade Policy review is taking place at a time when the implications of COVID -19 
are still being assessed. What is clear is that COVID -19 is an unprecedented crisis of our time  that 
is affecting productive capacity, international trade and its implications on small and vulnerable 
economies are going to be severe. The structural economic challenges facing many developing 
countries make it difficult to implement economic recovery plans to respond to the crises and set 
their economies on a sustainable development path. While this review precedes COVID -19, 
COVID -19 has exposed the vulnerabilities of many economies, including Zimbabwe.  
3.3.  Surveillance of national trade policies is a fund amentally important activity for the work of the 
WTO. At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) which continues to 
be one of the important functions of the WTO. Zimbabwe has been reviewed three times by the 
Trade Policy Review Mechanism : in 1994, 2011 and 2020.  
3.4.  Zimbabwe has a long history as a trading nation, dating back as stated in the Secretariat report 
to the Monomotapa Empire and Great Zimbabwe and is an original WTO Member, having been a 
GATT contracting party. This demon strates Zimbabwe 's commitment to international trade.  
3.5.  The Zimbabwean economy is mainly dependent on the primary sector. Exports of agricultural 
commodities and minerals account for nearly 90% of total merchandise exports. Agriculture, mining 
and tourism ar e the main pillars of the economy and Zimbabwe has succeeded in developing strong 
export industries in each of these sectors. However, t his emphasizes the importance of 
industrialization and diversification which remains one of the key priorities for Zimba bwe. 
3.6.  The Secretariat report shows that manufacturing has been in decline since the last TPR, but we 
note that Zimbabwe retains a relatively large and diversified manufacturing base. Services contribute 
about 66% to GDP, led by wholesale and retail trade, education services, and tourism. Zimbabwe , 
however,  is a net importer of services, although the deficit h as narrowed due to a decline in services 
imports. Remittances accounted for 8% of GDP in 2018 and play an important role in supporting 
people and sustaining the economy.  
3.7.  Key reforms have been implemented by the Government of Zimbabwe, including the launch  of 
the Transitional Stabilization  Programme to restore macroeconomic stability and address structural 
issues. It comprises an agenda to reduce the fiscal deficit; currency reform; reform of the public 
service and public procurement; reform of SoEs and par astatals. In addition, a long -term strategic 
vision of transforming the country  has been set  through the 2030 Vision titled "Towards a Prosperous 
and Empowered Upper Middle -Income  Society ". This vision  recognizes the essential role of both 
domestic and for eign investment in advancing socio -economic development, industrialization and to 
put the country on a sustainable development path.  
3.8.  In terms of trade policy, Zimbabwe grants MFN treatment to all its trading partners, including 
those that are not WTO Membe rs. The simple average applied MFN tariff increased from 15.4% 
in 2011 to 15.8% in 2019. A quarter of all tariff lines are bound  at the WTO . 
3.9.  In the period under review, merchandise exports recovered by 21.2% and reached USD 4 billion 
in 2018. Zimbabwe 's export performance closely mirrors the cyclical developments in the mining 
sector, which staged a recovery following a sharp downturn in 2013 -15. Manufacturing exports 
dropped from USD 740 million in 2011 to USD 470 million in 2018, on the account of liquidi ty 
constraints and the high cost of imported raw materials, and power shortages. Tobacco is the number 
one agricultural commodity for Zimbabwe accounting for 21% of total exports in 2018, followed by 
cotton.  
3.10.   Merchandise imports declined sharply between from USD 8.6 billion  in 2011 to USD 6.3 billion 
in 2018, owing to among others the slowdown in economic growth, as well as foreign currency 
measures.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  3.11.   The Government has implemented a number of interventions aimed at promoting growth. 
This includes the new Nat ional Trade Policy, the National Industrial Development Policy and the 
National Export Strategy. The new Trade Policy recognizes that Zimbabwe 's past strategy has largely 
been inward -looking, and that the country 's trade potential has not been fully tapped  to enable it to 
meaningfully gain from trade. It specifically recognizes trade as an engine for economic growth and 
development.  
3.12.   The strategic goal of the Trade policy according to the Government 's report is to facilitate the 
growth of national exports of  goods and services by at least 10% annually from USD 4.5 billion 
in 2018 to USD 14 billion by 2030 in support of its industriali zation objectives. In order to unlock 
growth, the National Industrial Policy aims to address the structural impediments by prio ritizing 
infrastructure development, value chain development and renewable energy. It advocates for an 
industrial development path anchored on innovation, investment, export growth and the fourth 
industrial revolution.  
3.13.   Regional economic integration has be en one of the central pillars of the economy, starting 
with the membership of SADC and COMESA. In the period under review, Zimbabwe has participated 
in the negotiations of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, and the Tripartite FTA between 
COMESA –EAC–SADC. The Tripartite FTA has established a web -based facility which allows  
stakeholders to report and monitor trade barriers  that are implemented by the Members . In this 
regard, Zimbabwe has resolved over 70 trade issues and trade concerns that have been raised by 
the traders.  
3.14.   It has also , since 201 1, implemented the Interim Economic Partnership Agreement between 
the EU and the Eastern and Southern Africa group. At the time of the review, Zimbabwe together 
with other ESA Signatory states were engaged in negotiations with the European Union on deepening 
the iEPA with a view to conclude a full and comprehensive EPA which goes beyond trade in goods.  
3.15.   As a founding Member of the WTO, Zimbabwe ratified the WTO Agreement on 5 Mar ch 1995. 
The Secretariat report , however , states that the WTO Agreement has not been domesticated into 
law through the passing of enabling legislation.  
3.16.   Zimbabwe while a land -locked country is strategically located and has a critical role to play in 
the fa cilitation of intra -Africa trade with the Beitbridge border post one of the key and busiest for 
goods in transit  in the African continent . Zimbabwe has ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement (TFA) in October 2018 and has notified all its commitments  to the WTO, as well as its 
technical assistance needs for category C measures. A national trade facilitation committee (NTFC) 
in line with the TFA has been established. Some questions raised by Members relate to the 
functioning of this Committee and the progress made in the implementation of the TFA obligations.  
3.17.   In relation to transparency and notification obligations, the Secretariat report states that 
Zimbabwe has made 52 notifications to the WTO during the 2012 -19 period.  
3.18.   In relation to intellectual pr operty rights, the National Intellectual Property Policy and 
Implementation Strategy (2018 -22) was launched in 2018 and it  seeks to promote IPRs for economic 
growth and development, technology, innovation , among others. It focuses on agriculture, health, 
industry, small and medium -sized enterprises, as well as  educational, training and professional skills 
development.  
3.19.   Of key importance in the context of COVID -19, Zimbabwe is yet to accept the Protocol 
Amending the TRIPS Agreement, following the 2001 Declar ation on the TRIPS Agreement and Public 
Health. I'm sure all Members welcome the announcement by the Minister today that Zimbabwe plans 
to finalize its certification processes soon.  
3.20.   In terms of challenges, Zimbabwe is facing structural challenges in its at tempt to stabilize the 
economy, promote socio economic transformation and restructuring. This includes chronic foreign 
exchange shortages, which have necessitated the introduction of a  priority list for imports and other 
foreign currency payments , includin g the introduction of a  mandatory foreign exchange surrender 
for exporters. As a result of the trade and foreign exchange restrictions, its ratio of trade in goods 
and services to GDP has dropped from 89.5% in 2011 to about 50% in 2017.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  3.21.   Concerns raised by  Members include the implementation of trade measures under various 
statutory instruments, such as the non-automatic import licensing regime, the export licensing 
regime, quantitative restrictions, TBT, as well as some SPS requirements for agricultural pro ducts. 
It also includes MFN rates that exceed bound rates in some products and the implementation of a 
surtax levied at the general rate of 25% on imports identified by Members as key impediments to 
trade.  
3.22.   In conclusion, Zimbabwe continues to actively par ticipate in the Doha Development Round 
negotiations and global trade. However, t he over -reliance on commodities leaves Zimbabwe 
vulnerable to exogenous factors and global shocks. A number of reforms are being implemented 
aimed at maintaining an open econom y, promote trade and investment. This includes the repealing 
of the indigenization legislation. The process of structural change is central to the enhancement of 
the standards of living, reduction of poverty, inclusive growth and sustainable development. T he 
reforms implemented by the Government can be an effective driver of growth both in the short and 
long run. Members are following the implementation of these reforms with keen interest.  
3.23.   I therefore wish Members fruitful deliberations in this review and I hope my Opening Remarks 
have provided a good basis upon which to engage. I thank you.  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.1.  On behalf of the UK  Government, I am pleased to add my warm welcome to the delegation of 
Zimbabwe, led by the honourable Dr. David Musabayana, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
International Trade . 
4.2.  First, t he United Kingdom would like to thank Zimbabwe for its timely responses to the written 
questions submitted in anticipation of this meeting of the Trade Pol icy Review Body.  
4.3.  The UK is committed to supporting a more prosperous, peaceful and democratic Zimbabwe, a 
country with significant economic potential and high human capital. We welcomed the Government 
of Zimbabwe 's commitment to economic and political refo rms and hope to see more trade and 
investment with Zimbabwe in the future. We believe there is notable potential in the renewable 
energy, agriculture and financial services sectors, sectors with the potential to improve livelihoods 
and financial inclusion.  
4.4.  Whilst we recognise the challenges caused by external shocks such as Cyclone Idai and 
Covid -19, we continue to be deeply concerned by the lack of fundamental reforms. This is leading 
to the economic crisis that most Zimbabweans are facing today. Inflation  has continued rising, with 
the year on year inflation rate for the month of July 2020 standing at 838%. Extreme poverty has 
increased and humanitarian needs are rising.   
4.5.  With these challenges in mind the UK, as Zimbabwe 's second largest bilateral developm ent 
partner, is providing £74m this year of bilateral development assistance to support Zimbabwe 's 
people, focusing on poverty reduction, humanitarian assistance, standing up for human rights and 
the rule of law. The UK rapidly reprogrammed £21.24m to resp ond to the outbreak of COVID -19 to 
ensure vital health services can continue.  
4.6.  Meaningful progress on reforms, along with respect for human rights and the rule of law, are 
the only way to sustainably deal with Zimbabwe 's underlying challenges, unlock signif icant 
investment and bring about a better future for Zimbabwe 's people.  
4.7.  As noted in the reports prepared for this Review, corruption continues to hamper Zimbabwe 's 
development by capturing public and private resources, distorting economic decision making a nd 
undermining governance and accountability. We continue to urge Zimbabwe to guarantee the 
independence of the Anti -Corruption Commission and the courts and to take the necessary steps to 
address corruption, and tackle entrenched vested interests and illi cit financial flows. Within the 
mining sector, signing up to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, restarting efforts to 
digitise mining licenses and ensuring compliance with environmental impact assessment 
requirements, would go some way to r estoring the confidence of international investors.  
4.8.  We welcome the Zimbabwe Government 's commitments to resolving outstanding land issues. 
We encourage Zimbabwe to take credible steps to ensure the viability and security of tenure in the 
99-year leases, stop further farm invasions, ensure continued progress on compensation and 
guarantee respect for court decisions on property rights disputes. Taking these actions on land is 
critical to unlocking international investment into the agriculture secto r in Zimbabwe.  
4.9.  The UK also notes the move towards a fully market -based exchange rate in Zimbabwe. We 
hope that this can help remove exchange rate distortions that enable rent ‑seeking behaviour in the 
economy and create barriers to international investors r epatriating their returns on investment. It is 
also crucial that Zimbabwe guarantees transparency and fairness in addressing and resolving all 
legacy debts resulting from the previous exchange policy.   
4.10.   The UK is committed to supporting Zimbabwe 's response to the ongoing energy deficit, 
including through protecting the poor from climate shocks. Renewable energy is central to climate 
mitigation and adaptation, and as we approach COP26, the UK urges Zimbabwe to remove barriers 
to the smooth importation of rene wable energy equipment and  continue efforts to improve the 
enabling environment in the distributed power sector.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.11.   Zimbabwe is an important trade partner for the UK . Total trade between our two countries 
was £285 million in the four quarters to the end of Q1  2020, and the UK was Zimbabwe 's 19th 
largest export market. The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the UK and the Eastern 
and Southern Africa (ESA) States signed by Zimbabwe in January 2019 will enable duty -free and 
quota -free access on goods fr om Zimbabwe into the UK. We understand the Agreement is awaiting 
completion of the domestication processes. We hope Zimbabwe will complete the necessary 
processes as soon as possible to ensure that Zimbabwean exports to the UK will not face new or 
higher t ariffs, which would disrupt the horticultural sector in particular. This EPA will establish the 
long-term basis of trade arrangements between our two countries and provide the certainty our 
businesses seek.  
4.12.   Mr. Chairman, t he UK 's connections to Zimbabwe a re strong, based on shared history and 
economic ties, including an estimated 20,000 British Nationals living in Zimbabwe and a Zimbabwe 
diaspora of over 112,000 living in the UK. We remain committed to supporting the people of 
Zimbabwe and extend our best wishes to Minister Musabayana  and his team for a successful Trade 
Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.13.   On behalf of the EU, I would first like to welcome the delegation of Zimbabwe led by 
Hon. Dr. David Musabayana, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Internati onal Trade. I would also 
like to thank the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Zimbabwe for their reports and the 
discussant, H.E. Ms. Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter, Ambassador of South Africa,  for her views.  
4.14.   The original planned date for this TPR in March was p ostponed due to the COVID -19 pandemic, 
which continues to impact citizens across the world and all sectors of the economy and trade due to 
closure of borders, suspension of flights and the disruption of demand and supply value chains , and 
Zimbabwe is no exception.  
4.15.   Trade is an important component of the EU –Zimbabwe bilateral relationship. In 2018, 
Zimbabwe 's exports to the E uropean Union were EUR 455 million and imports from the EU were 
EUR 232 million, giving a trade balance of EUR 22 3 million in favour of Zimbabwe. There is potential 
to increase the volume of trade further as the current trade with the EU is only 5% of total trade.  
4.16.   There have been some significant developments in the trade relations between Zimbabwe and 
the EU since t he last TPR, notably the ratification by Zimbabwe of the Economic Partnership 
Agreement (EPA) in 2012. While the EU continued to give 100% access to the EU market to goods 
originating from Zimbabwe on a duty -free quota -free basis, Zimbabwe committed to sta rt a gradual 
process of liberalising tariffs for EU goods and is expected to have fully liberalised 80% of its trade 
with the EU by 2022.  
4.17.   After 8 years of implementing the trade agreement with the EU, Zimbabwe and its Eastern 
and Southern Africa partners1, have begun negotiations aimed at deepening the scope of the EU -
ESA EPA by including chapters on services and investment, sustainable development, technical 
barriers to trade and rules of origin. We commend Zimbabwe for its positive and constructive role  in 
the negotiations.  
4.18.   I would also like to congratulate Zimbabwe on the signing and ratification of the WTO Trade 
Facilitation Agreement in 2018 and notifying Categories A, B and C commitments. Another important 
development is the ratification by Zimbabwe of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) 
in 2019, which is an ambitious flagship project of the African Union aimed at creating the biggest 
free trade area on the planet in terms of participating countries. The EU stands ready to support 
Zimbabw e, the African Union and all the other member states in this process.   
4.19.   The EU –Zimbabwe development cooperation relationship has improved since the last review. 
The lifting of appropriate measures in 2014 paved the way for Zimbabwe to receive development 
assistance from the EU amounting to EUR 287 million financed through the 11th European 
 
1 ESA5: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Zimbabwe . WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  Development Fund (EDF), targeting mainly health, agriculture -based economic development and 
governance/institutional building.  
4.20.   At the time of the last review in 2011, economic reforms and sound macroeconomic policies 
lead to economic stabili ty and growth. However, since 2013 persistent structural challenges have 
led to a relatively moderate GDP growth. In 2019, Zimbabwe experienced a serious economic and 
humanitarian crisis and the economy is said to have shrunk by 7.2% (IMF). The economy is forecast 
to shrink further by 7.4% in 2020. The shortage of electricity, fuel and foreign currency have resulted 
in a massive decrease in industrial production and climate shocks (including the devastating impact 
of cyclone Idai) have dampened agriculture production.  
4.21.   A number of policy inconsistencies, absence of substantial progress on planned reforms and 
high level of corruption have prevented Zimbabwe from regaining the confidence of its citizens and 
international community. A direct consequence was the  discontinuation of the IMF staff monitored 
programme in early 2020. It is essential that the government continues to pursue its stated reform 
agenda both to stabilize and to reinvigorate the economy and improve governance.  
4.22.   The EU welcomes the stated inte ntions of the current government to rebuild confidence by 
restoring private property rights, ensuring macroeconomic stability and growth, achieving fiscal 
consolidation, clearing external debt arrears, and improving governance and the business 
environment.  These priorities are well reflected in the Transitional Stabilisation Programme 
(December 2018 - December 2020), which will be succeeded by five -year Development Plan 
(2021 -2025) and hopefully will follow up and consolidate the reforms initiated under the  TSP.  
4.23.   EU believes that with Zimbabwe 's massive resources of abundant land and natural resources, 
educated and skilled human capital base, and existing physical infrastructure, Zimbabwe has great 
potential to regain its position as one of the leading econo mies in Southern Africa. We wish the 
delegation of Zimbabwe a very successful TPR.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.24.   The United States is pleased to welcome Deputy Minister David Musabayana and the other 
members of the delegation to the Trade Policy Review of Zimbabwe. We wel come the Secretariat 
and Government reports and appreciate the opportunity to gain a clearer sense of the changes to 
Zimbabwe 's trade and investment policies since its last review in 2011.   
4.25.   As was the case in 2011, Zimbabwe has significant economic potenti al. The country has 
abundant natural resources, an educated workforce, dynamic young entrepreneurs, internationally 
recognized tourist attractions, extensive wildlife, and a strong agricultural base. Both reports for this 
TPR highlight the reforms underway  in Zimbabwe since 2011 as it seeks to leverage trade as a 
means to stimulate greater economic growth and development. We support these undertakings with 
the expectation that they advance a free, fair, non -discriminatory, transparent, predictable and 
stable trade and investment environment, without creating additional barriers.  
4.26.   However, numerous obstacles undermine Zimbabwe 's efforts to increase trade and harness 
its benefits, thereby impeding the country 's sustainable development. Land and property owners hip 
rights remain unclear in Zimbabwe. The country 's physical infrastructure, once one of the best on 
the continent, remains operable but has deteriorated significantly over the last two decades due to 
lack of investment. There has also been a large and co ntinued contraction in employment in the 
formal economy. These obstacles are also a main reason why Zimbabwe has struggled to attract 
FDI during the past two decades.  
4.27.   While Zimbabwe has made some improvements, we agree with the Secretariat report that 
there is significant scope for Zimbabwe to implement broader economic reforms and improve the 
business environment. Underscoring this need, the World Bank 's 2019 Doing Business rankings 
placed Zimbabwe 140 out of 190 countries. In May 2019, Zimbabwe began an I MF Staff -Monitored 
Program to support the implementation of an ambitious economic reform agenda, which we viewed 
as a positive development. However, by February 2020 , the IMF reported the program me was "off 
track". We would appreciate hearing Zimbabwe 's plan on getting the program me back on track.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.28.   Zimbabwe is an original WTO Member, having been a GATT contracting party. However, 
Zimbabwe has not yet incorporated the WTO Agreement into domestic law by passing enablin g 
legislation. We ask Zimbabwe during this TPR to provide a timeline for passing such legislation. It is 
not clear that the WTO Agreement prevails in a matter in which domestic law is not consistent with 
the WTO Agreement. In addition, while we commend Zim babwe for ratifying the WTO Trade 
Facilitation Agreement (TFA), we ask Zimbabwe to provide further information on its plans to fulfil 
certain obligations.  
4.29.   We also seek more transparency in Zimbabwe 's trade policies. For example, the Secretariat 
notes that as of this year, Zimbabwe has not notified the Interim European Partnership Agreement 
(EPA), or any underlying measures associated with the EPA to either the SPS or TBT Committees. 
In fact, since 1995, Zimbabwe has notified only five SPS measures. Moreover , Zimbabwe has yet to 
notify to the Committee on Import Licensing Procedures several procedures related to the Animal 
Health (Import) Regulation of 1989 and the "Grain Marketing Act ". Nor has it notified pertinent 
legislation to the WTO Committees on Safeg uards and Customs Valuation. We ask Zimbabwe to fulfil 
its transparency obligations and notify relevant measures and regulations in a timely manner.  
4.30.   The United States expresses serious concern that, according to the Secretariat report, 
Zimbabwe 's applied MFN tariff rate exceeds the bound rate for at least 61 tariff lines, and by as 
much as 60 percentage points. We ask Zimbabwe to specify during this TPR when and how it will 
rectify this matter. The Secretariat report also notes that Zimbabwe charges a surt ax of 25 % on 
imports of numerous products; we ask Zimbabwe to confirm that this surtax is consistent with 
Zimbabwe 's bound tariff schedule.  
4.31.   In addition to the issues raised here today, the United States has submitted advanced written 
questions in areas suc h as customs procedures, standards, and food safety. We look forward to 
receiving the Government 's replies, and we will appreciate Zimbabwe 's effort to address our 
concerns.  
4.32.   To conclude, as both President Trump and Ambassador Robert Lighthizer have affirm ed, the 
United States sees great potential in strengthening its trade and economic relationship with the 
countries of sub -Saharan Africa. We stand ready to engage and work with Zimbabwe toward 
establishing a more transparent and market -oriented trade regim e, consistent with its obligations.  
4.33.   We look forward to our dialogue with the Government, both within the WTO , as well as on a 
bilateral basis.  
CANADA  
4.34.   This year will mark the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between 
Canada and Zimbabwe – a period featuring commercial activity and investment by Canadian 
companies and the provision of over CAD 500 million in development assistance. The latter has 
included support for Zimbabwe 's economic development such as the completion of a nati onal 
geophysical survey still being used by the mining sector.  
4.35.   Canada acknowledges that Zimbabwe has much potential. It has abundant and diverse metal 
and mineral resources, the opportunity for renewable energy resources like solar, a strong history 
of agricultural production and a highly educated  work force. As a result, Zimbabwe should, but has 
not, enjoyed steady inward flows of foreign direct investment.  
4.36.   This is because the Zimbabwean economy and business climate presents a significant number 
of persi stent risks and challenges. The Global Competitiveness Index places Zimbabwe at 124 of 
137 countries evaluated.  
4.37.   The issues cited in the report, largely echoed by Canadian companies, include political 
instability; safety of investments; repatriation of div idends; foreign currency surrender regime; 
corruption; difficulties in relying on the legal system; an uncertain private land ownership system; 
and, excessive bureaucracy. For example, the increase in mine invasions has been a cause for 
concern for Canadia n investors. As well, rapidly shifting currency and foreign exchange regimes have 
lessened Zimbabwe 's attractiveness as an investment destination. This has been compounded by an 
opaque and cumbersome process for the settlement of legacy debts.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.38.   However, Can ada commends Zimbabwe for its promises to enact political and economic 
reforms in recognition of many of the challenges noted above , and in an effort to  improve the overall 
business climate. We note the removal of indigenization requirements in early 2018 and the creation 
of the Zimbabwe Investment Development Agency. We urge Zimbabwe to increase the pace of 
reform.  
4.39.   With regards to the issue of corruptio n, we recognize the recent public commitments by the 
President and the steps announced to strengthen the capacity of the Zimbabwe Anti -Corruption 
Commission. We were also encouraged by Zimbabwe 's expressed interest in the Extractive 
Industries Transparency  Initiative or EITI. Signing on to the Initiative would be a positive step 
towards increasing transparency within the mining industry and an impetus to increased investment 
in this critical sector.  
4.40.   We would note the benefits of EITI have been felt by Zimb abwe's neighbours such as Zambia, 
which became fully compliant in 2012.  
4.41.   Regarding Zimbabwe 's engagement here at the WTO, we note that its notifications to the 
WTO are not up to date  in quantitative restrictions and import licensing. Its latest full subsid y 
notification was due yet again in 2019, but it has failed to provide such a notification since 2001. 
Transparency is essential to the functioning of the WTO, and we would encourage Zimbabwe to bring 
itself into compliance. In that regard, we would also e ncourage Zimbabwe to seek assistance from 
the Secretariat.  
4.42.   We note that Zimbabwe is in arrears with regard to its assessed contributions to the WTO, 
and we urge Zimbabwe to promptly rectify this situation.  
4.43.   Building on Zimbabwe 's participation in the Joint Statement Initiative on Investment 
Facilitation, Canada also encourages Zimbabwe to consider participation in the other WTO joint 
statement initiatives, such as for MSMEs, as well as to support the Joint Declaration on Trade and 
Women 's Economic Empowermen t. 
4.44.   We submitted a number of questions touching on many of the themes just mentioned and 
thank Zimbabwe for its responses just received. We will review these carefully. In closing, Canada 
looks forward to having a constructive exchange of views on all aspec ts of Zimbabwe 's trade policy 
this week.  
INDONESIA  
4.45.   Indonesia would like to welcome and congratulate Honourable Dr. David Musabayana  and all 
delegation of Zimbabwe for their third Trade Policy Review amidst this difficult situation. Indonesia 
wishes to express our appreciation to H.E. Ms. Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter as discussant, as well as the 
WTO Secretariat for the detailed and comprehensi ve reports.  
4.46.   Referring to the Secretariat report, Indonesia notes that Zimbabwe is facing multi -dimension 
challenges such as macroeconomic imbalances, socio -politics and human development issues as well 
as lack of food and energy. Nevertheless, regardless c hallenges that Zimbabwe faced, the economy 
of Zimbabwe is growing well which reflect in an increase of its real GDP.  
4.47.   Indonesia also notes that this improvement attained as result on the adoption of measures, 
including the Transitional Stabilization Progra m start from October 2018 to the end of this year. 
Hence, Indonesia applaud Zimbabwe for its efforts in addressing their challenges.  
4.48.   On bilateral trade front, Indonesia and Zimbabwe have been engage through Economic and 
Technical Cooperation Agreement sinc e 1992. We established a joint commission for bilateral 
cooperation in 2015 as effort to enhance our bilateral trade cooperation. Despite trade between both 
countries is fairly limited, total trade between the two countries continue to increase in the peri od 
of 2015 –2018. This positive of trade development, however, is not in favour  to Indonesia as we are 
facing a trade deficit during that period. In this context, we are hoping that Zimbabwe could facilitate 
more Indonesia 's products to enter Zimbabwe 's mar ket. To deepening our understanding on 
Zimbabwe 's trade related policies, Indonesia has submitted written questions which seeks 
clarification on criteria, requirements and systems governed by Zimbabwean authorities, related to: WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  (i) investment sector – under Zimbabwe Investment Authority (ZIA) Act; (ii) import licensing – 
under the Customs and Excise Act and Consignment -Based Conformity Assessment (CBCA) 
Program; (iii) prohibition on GMO products; and (iv) National Trade Policy interventions program. 
We look  forward to receiving respond from delegation of Zimbabwe.  
4.49.   For that purpose, I wish to highlight three issues of concern that need to be taking into account 
in order to enhance trade relations between Indonesia and Zimbabwe.  
4.50.   First, on Zimbabwe Investment Authority. Even though foreign companies are at liberty to 
expand business in Zimbabwe, several sectors are still closed to foreign investment and reserved 
exclusively for domestic investors.  
4.51.   Second, on the CBCA Program. Differences requirements and assess ments for regular and 
well-known imported brands, where the well -known imported brands could skip the sample testing 
procedures.  
4.52.   And third, on the GMO products. The complexity of fee schedule for verification and inspection 
which quite high and not cover laboratory testing, sealing of containers, or registration and licensing 
of products.  
4.53.   To conclude, Indonesia would like to reiterate that trade between both countries has a huge 
potential. Therefore, we are hoping that trade cooperation between Indon esia and Zimbabwe 
continue to improve and become a mutual trade relationship. Indonesia wishes Zimbabwe a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
CHINA  
4.54.   Let me begin with a warm welcome to the delegation of Zimbabwe led by Dr. David 
Musabayana , and thankfulness to their great efforts for the preparation for this review. I would also 
like to express my appreciation to the Secretariat and the discussant, Ambassador of South Africa 
for their contribution to this review.  
4.55.   In the review period, Zimbabwe was severely hit b y Cyclone Idai in 2019. However, we are 
highly encouraged by the great efforts of Zimbabwe to fight against the destruction of such disaster 
and pleased to see that Zimbabwe 's society and economy is recovering. We commend the reform 
implemented by the new Government of Zimbabwe on economy and believe that with the concerted 
efforts of the government and people, Zimbabwe will further boost its economy and achieve the 
balance and efficiency of development.  
4.56.   Zimbabwe is an original WTO Member, and adopted TFA i n 2018. In the review period, 
Zimbabwe has participated in several trade negotiations, and has concluded new preferential trade 
agreements. China commends Zimbabwe 's contribution to regional integration. However, as the 
Secretariat 's report indicated, Zim babwe 's tariff rates on 61 lines exceed their bound levels. It would 
be appreciated if Zimbabwe could share that whether and how it plans to bring the tariffs on these 
lines into conformity with its WTO commitments.  
4.57.   China and Zimbabwe enjoy fruitful bilate ral relationship. Recent years have seen continuous 
growth in bilateral trade and investment between China and Zimbabwe. According to China 's 
statistics, the two -side trade in goods amounted to US$1.34 billion, which was an increase of 0.58% 
from 2018 to 2 019. The total amount of China 's investment into Zimbabwe reached US D 1.89 billion 
by the year of 2018, and the investment flow from China to Zimbabwe reached US D 43.8 million 
in 2019.  
4.58.   Not only in trade, China also try its best to make contributions to th e process of 
industrialization and modernization of Zimbabwe including human resource training and 
establishment of manufactories and  provide assistance on social development such as building 
hospitals and schools. Zimbabwe is also one of the signatories o f Belt and Road Initiative which will 
provide more broad and in -depth cooperation between China and Zimbabwe in social and economic 
development. We are confident that the business and people -to-people links between our two 
countries will be further strengt hened.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.59.   To conclude, we wish the delegation of Zimbabwe a full success review.  
THAILAND  
4.60.   Thailand is pleased to participate in the third Trade Policy Review of Zimbabwe and warmly 
welcome the Zimbabwean delegation, headed by Hon. Dr. David Musabayana, Deputy  Minister of 
Foreign Affairs and International Trade.  
4.61.   We thank you Chair, the Secretariat and the discussant, Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter 
of South Africa, for their in -depth perspectives. We also thank Zimbabwe for its Government report 
and remarks.  
4.62.   Trade between Thailand and Zimbabwe is an important component of our economic relations, 
amounting to USD 12 million last year. Although the bilateral trade is still relatively small, there is 
trade potential that can be explored. For exports from Thailand, such potential may exist in rubber 
and articles, rice, motor vehicles, chemical products, and machinery. While nuts, cotton, handbags, 
and leather can be considered potential exports from Zimbabwe.  
4.63.   Thailand welcomes various reforms implemented by  the new Government aiming at 
strengthening its economy in a sustainable way. For example, the elimination of the 49% foreign 
ownership cap for most sectors and the removal of the restrictions in the diamond and platinum 
sectors. We would encourage Zimbabw e to continue its efforts for a clearer and more stable business 
environment.  
4.64.   Thailand commends Zimbabwe for showing commitment to the rules -based multilateral 
trading system, including by ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement and providing updated WT O 
notifications during the review period. We hope that Zimbabwe will continue to bring its notifications 
up to date  to enhance transparency and predictability.  
4.65.   According to the Secretariat report, Zimbabwe has enforced a number of non -tariff measures 
over recent years, including non -automatic licensing, quantitative restrictions, SPS requirements for 
agricultural products, and pre -shipment conformity assessment program. Thailand urges Zimbabwe 
to review these measures with a view to facilitating trade and r aising the competitiveness of 
industries that reply on imported capital goods and inputs.  
4.66.   In addition, we note from the Secretariat report that Zimbabwe 's MFN tariff rates on 61 lines 
exceed the corresponding bound levels, in some cases by as much as 60 pe rcentage points. We are 
interested to seek clarification from Zimbabwe in this regard.  
4.67.   In this review, Thailand submitted a set of questions, covering the policies and measures of 
our interests. We thank Zimbabwe in advance for written responses.  
4.68.   In conclu sion, we wish Zimbabwe a successful third Trade Policy Review.  
ICELAND  
4.69.   Iceland welcome Hon. Dr. David Musabayana  and the distinguished delegation of Zimbabwe 
to their third Trade Policy Review. We express appreciation to the WTO Secretariat, as well as to 
Zimbabwe, for the reports prepared for this trade policy review, as well as the discussant, 
H.E. Ms Xolelwa  Mlumbi -Peter -PETER of South Africa for her excellent framing of the issues for our 
discussion today.  
4.70.   In the last years, Zimbabwe has been facing  various difficult challenges related to the 
economy, as well as natural disasters and climate change. Iceland welcomes initiatives that 
Zimbabwe has undertaken for socio -political and economic transformation and setting a long -term 
strategic vision of tra nsforming the country by 2030.  
4.71.   As the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic are still unfolding, new challenges arise related to 
trade and trade -related activities. It is now widely recognised that women are likely to be harder hit 
than men by trade disruptions  caused by the COVID -19 pandemic.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.72.   In 2017 more than 118 WTO Members launched a Joint Declaration on Women and Economic 
Empowerment that aims at sharing best practices and working together here at the WTO to remove 
barriers for women 's economic empowerment  and increase their participation in trade.  
4.73.   The trade policy review provides an excellent opportunity to share best practices of respective 
experiences relating to policies and programs to encourage women 's participation in national and 
international trad e and thus promoting sustainable socioeconomic development.  
4.74.   Iceland submitted advance written questions on the participation of women in the economy 
of Zimbabwe. The answers will be useful as we gather best practices.  
4.75.   Iceland appreciates Zimbabwe 's active engagement in WTO and their continued support for 
the multilateral trading system. We wish the delegation of Zimbabwe every success for their third 
Trade Policy Review.  
INDIA  
4.76.   My delegation is pleased to participate in the third Trade Policy Review  of Zimbabwe. My 
greetings to the Zimbabwean Head of Delegation, Dr. David Musabayana, Deputy Minister of Foreign 
Affairs and International Trade and H.E. Ambassador of Zimbabwe  and his entire team here in 
Geneva for the TPR. We thank Dr. David Musabayana for his comprehensive opening statement, 
H.E. Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter of South Africa for her insightful observations as discussant, 
and the Secretariat and the Government of Zimbabwe for the reports prepared for the review.  
4.77.   India and Zimbabwe hav e a long history of close and cordial relations dating back centuries. 
India has been a partner in the development of Zimbabwe in the sectors of telecommunications, 
power, transport and tourism. We have been engaged in the Human Resource Development and 
capacity building efforts in Zimbabwe. There are also strong linkages and partnership between Indian 
premier educational institutions and Universities with their counterparts in Zimbabwe. These 
linkages and engagements continue to grow. Zimbabwe is also an i mportant partner and focus 
country in India 's India -Africa Forum initiative, a mechanism through which India undertakes 
development cooperation in Africa through Lines of Credit, scholarships, training and technical 
cooperation.  
4.78.   The bilateral trade between  India and Zimbabwe was estimated at US$170 million in 2019. 
After reaching a peak of US D 223 million in 2015 -16, the bilateral trade has declined in the past few 
years to reach the current levels of US D 170 million. This is a matter of concern and we unde rstand 
similar trends have been witnessed with Zimbabwe 's trade with other major trading partners as well.  
We understand that the foreign exchange scarcity had constrained the importers in Zimbabwe in 
meeting their payment obligations, which acted as a dam pener on trade.  Much of Zimbabwe 's trade 
is in essential commodities, including food and medicines. Therefore, disruptions in trade due to the 
Forex situation also impacts the poor and vulnerable disproportionately. We also note with 
satisfaction that afte r the introduction of the Forex Auction System earlier this year, the situation 
has become better, leading to an improvement in both the availability of Forex for traders and 
stability in the Forex market. We appreciate the efforts of the Government of Zim babwe in this 
regard. Given that trade is an engine of economic growth, we are hopeful, with these measures the 
trend of the past few years gets reversed and a rebound in Zimbabwe 's trade with other countries 
including India will contribute to the economic  resilience of Zimbabwe 's economy.  
4.79.   In the last TPR, India had expressed concern regarding Zimbabwe 's Indigenisation and 
Economic Empowerment Act of 2010 that had put limitations on foreign businesses. Many foreign 
investments, including from India had been  affected by that regulation and we had requested for a 
reconsideration of that decision, in the interest of promoting foreign investment in future. We are 
happy to note that Government of Zimbabwe has repealed this legislation which has now eliminated 
those unwarranted restrictions on foreign businesses.   
4.80.   Similarly, we had also raised the issue of the difficulties being faced in the areas of movement 
of businesspersons and professionals and  had sought easing of restrictions on issue of visa and work 
permit s for businessmen and professionals. We are happy to note that, beginning with 2018, those 
restrictions have been considerably relaxed, and we have received positive feedback from our 
businesses on the new measures. I would like to compliment the Governmen t of Zimbabwe for WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  addressing these two concerns through the desired policy changes. Finally, we take this opportunity 
to raise our concern regarding certain non -tariff barriers being faced by Indian agricultural exports, 
particularly, wheat. We request the  Government of Zimbabwe to address this concern in a way that 
is satisfactory for both sides and allow bilateral trade in these goods to thrive once again.  
4.81.   Before  I conclude , I wish to highlight the vast potential for further strengthening the trade 
and in vestment ties between India and Zimbabwe, given the natural affinities we share. India 
remains committed to expanding its economic, business and development assistance engagements 
with Zimbabwe and would remain actively engaged with the Government of Zimba bwe, to pursue 
our shared economic and social welfare goals. We wish our Zimbabwean friends a productive and 
successful TPR.  
SINGAPORE  
4.82.   The Singapore delegation welcomes Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade 
Dr David Musabayana, and the Zimbabwean delegation , who are participating virtually from Harare. 
We thank Zimbabwe for its Government report and statement. We also thank the TPRB Chair, the 
Secretariat, and the discussant, Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter, for their insightful perspectives.  
4.83.   At the outset, Singapore applauds Zimbabwe for conducting its TPR via "hybrid " format, which 
is a first for a developing Member. The monitoring function is a critical pillar of the WTO, and the 
conduct of this "hybrid " TPR marks an other significant step in the resumption of the WTO 's activities. 
Now, allow me to make three points.  
4.84.   First, bilateral economic ties between Zimbabwe and Singapore continue to grow. According 
to the World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solutions, Singapore was Zimbabwe 's second largest 
import destination in 2018, accounting for 21.7% (US D 1.4 million ) of Zimbabwe 's total imports. 
Total bilateral trade between Singapore and Zimbabwe also registered a 10 -year compounded 
annual growth rate of 1.5% since 2009, r eaching SGD 23.3 million in 2019. Top exports from 
Singapore to Zimbabwe include proximity cards, polyethylene and business management services, 
while top imports into Singapore from Zimbabwe include leather goods, transport and 
telecommunications services . We look forward to growing our bilateral economic relations and 
identifying new areas of cooperation.  
4.85.   Second, we are heartened to note that Zimbabwe has been implementing important reforms 
to open up the country for business, through a long -term strategi c vision to transform Zimbabwe 
into an Upper -Middle -Income Society by 2030. In particular, we commend Zimbabwe for its efforts 
to modernise its government procurement regime and streamline its business procedures. These 
measures have borne fruit as evidenc ed by Zimbabwe moving up 15 places in the World Bank 's 2019 
Ease of Doing Business Index. Singapore also welcomes Zimbabwe 's steps to strengthen regional 
economic integration, including by joining the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement which 
will facilitate the movement of goods and services across the continent. Such initiatives would 
deepen regional integration and facilitate the development of its members.  
4.86.   Third, we encourage Zimbabwe to continue to intensify its engagement with the WTO. We 
welcome its ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and note that it has notified all its 
TFA commitments to the WTO. We hope that Zimbabwe will continue its efforts to translate WTO 
Agreements into national laws. In particular, Zimbabwe could  consider becoming a party to the 
Protocol amending the Agreement on Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, which 
could facilitate Zimbabwe 's access to affordable generic medicines produced in other countries, as 
well as the Information Tec hnology Agreement, which would enable Zimbabwe to boost trade, 
innovation and digital connectivity and take advantage of digital transformation. We note that 
Zimbabwe 's simple average applied MFN tariff increased from 15.4% at the time of its last Review 
in 2011 to 15.8% in 2019. Only a quarter of all tariff lines are bound, and the applied rates exceed 
the corresponding bound levels on 61 tariff lines, in some cases by as much as 60 percentage points. 
We urge Zimbabwe to abide by its WTO commitments and ta ke steps to rectify this situation as soon 
as possible. We also encourage Zimbabwe to avail itself of technical assistance to fulfil its outstanding 
notifications.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.87.   In conclusion, Singapore looks forward to strengthening bilateral economic engagement as 
well as deepening regional and global collaboration with Zimbabwe, particularly at the WTO. We 
wish Zimbabwe every success for this TPR . 
JAMAICA  ON BEHALF  OF THE ACP GROUP  
4.88.   On behalf of the ACP Group, Jamaica welcomes the distinguished delegation of Zimbabwe led 
by the Honourable Dr. David Musabayana  to this Third Trade Policy Review and congratulates 
Zimbabwe on the positive report presented. This, together with the report from the WTO Secretariat, 
has provided a very good foundation for our discussions . 
4.89.   The ACP Group also thanks you, Chair, for your usual able guidance of these meetings and in 
addition, takes this opportunity to convey its appreciation to Ambassador Mlumbi -Peter of South 
Africa for her valuable and insightful comments as discussant.  
4.90.   The ACP Group notes  positively , from the reports that, since its last Trade Policy Review 
in 2011, Zimbabwe has been undertaking active measures to rebound from an extended recession, 
and to stimulate economic growth and recovery at the domestic level. This fo llows a series of 
endogenous and exogenous shocks, including Cyclone Idai and other climate -related events, which 
resulted in low economic growth rates in the country between 2015 and 2018 and negative growth 
of -6.5% in 2019, accompanied by rising levels of inflation, unemployment and debt.  
4.91.   Like most other ACP States, agriculture is the main pillar of Zimbabwe 's economy, with 
exports of agricultural commodities and minerals (led by gold, nickel, and tobacco) accounting for 
nearly 90% of total merchandise e xports. Of note, however, the services sector, led by wholesale 
and retail trade, education services, and tourism, has been strengthening in recent years and 
contributes approximately 66% of the country 's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).  
4.92.   The ACP Group commen ds Zimbabwe on its long -term national Development Plan and 
Strategic Vision which, we note,  is aimed at transforming the country to an upper -middle -income 
society by 2030 and is underpinned by the five strategic pillars of governance; macro -economic 
stabil ity and financial re -engagement; inclusive growth; infrastructure and utilities development; 
and social development. We note positively that the Strategy is complemented by the Transitional 
Stabilisation Programme (TSP), which has been under implementation  by the Government since 
October 2018, and is geared towards the stabilisation of foreign exchange and key macro -economic 
indicators, as well as promoting  higher levels of foreign investment and economic growth over the 
medium - to long -term.  
4.93.   The current COVID -19 pandemic has served to underscore the value of intensified multilateral 
action, including within the WTO, in advancing the growth and development objectives of developing 
and least -developed countries. In this regard, the ACP Group ack nowledges the longstanding 
commitment of Zimbabwe to the multilateral trading system, including the WTO and to strengthening 
its participation and integration in the global economy.  
4.94.   As a landlocked country, Zimbabwe has continued to show tremendous resilie nce in the face 
of myriad challenges and has signalled its commitment to prioritizing both domestic and foreign 
investment, including through technology transfers, as well as stimulating the country 's productive 
capacities across all sectors. These are int ended to bolster ongoing efforts to further advance the 
country 's development trajectory and the successful attainment of the UN Sustainable Development 
Goals. We further note the measures being pursued by the Government to build -up its foreign 
exchange re serves as the country 's trade balance improves and to improve the export 
competitiveness of its domestic products.  
4.95.   Further, the ACP Group welcomes the progress reported by Zimbabwe in facilitating the ease 
of doing business in the country by addressing re gulatory bottlenecks and streamlining bureaucratic 
processes. These include the establishment of the One Stop Investment Services Centre and 
subsequently the Zimbabwe Investment Development Agency (ZIDA) in 2020, the introduction of a 
new Companies Act, as  well as enabling legislation for the creation of Special Economic Zones 
(SEZs). We encourage Zimbabwe to further strengthen measures in this regard.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.96.   In conclusion, the ACP Group wishes to commend Zimbabwe for its constructive engagement 
throughout this p rocess and extends best wishes for a successful review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.97.   Let me start by warmly welcoming and congratulating the delegation of Zimbabwe, led by 
Dr. David Musabayana, and Ambassador J. Manzou and their team, for being at this third Trade 
Policy Rev iew. Thank you also to the Secretariat for their very interesting report and, of course, to 
our discussant, Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter for bringing a sisterly perspective from South 
Africa on how the region can grow and how we see Zimbabwe, as well, a s part of the region.  
4.98.   Despite all its constraints, Zimbabwe followed through on the procedures and the process to 
have this third Trade Policy Review, which goes to show its commitment towards a rules -based 
multilateral trading system, and I think we need to commend them for that.  
4.99.   I would also like to commend Zimbabwe for implementing a number of key reforms to open 
up the economy and to improve the business climate in the country. I particularly want to note the 
Transitional Stabilization Program and the Staff-Monitored Program that cater for the most 
vulnerable. I think it goes to reflect what a caring Government can be like.  
4.100.   At the level of the WTO, of course there is always more that can be done. But I would like 
to commend Zimbabwe, not only for trade facilitation, but for all the steps that the country has been 
taking to strengthen its intellectual property right protection regime. We hope that the reforms will 
include all the flexibilities included in the TRIPs Agreement, as well as the protocol amend ing TRIPs 
Agreement regarding special compulsory licences.  
4.101.   When we think of Zimbabwe in Mauritius, we think of the Mwenemutapa Empire, and when 
we look at our trade with Zimbabwe, we export to Zimbabwe a quarter of what we import from 
Zimbabwe. Principal in that is cotton and, interestingly, works of art.  
4.102.   We look forward to greater trade with Zimbabwe in the region. We note Zimbabwe has 
always been a champion of free trade, and I know that Section 64 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe 
actually provides for th at free trade. We look forward to Zimbabwe taking the necessary measures 
in eliminating tariffs and removing surpluses to allow greater trade in the region, so that, together, 
Zimbabwe and Mauritius and other countries in the region can successfully implem ent the African 
Continental free trade area in due course.  
4.103.   This being said, I  just want to congratulate Zimbabwe again for all the efforts that it is 
making. We note things have not been easy. Both Cyclone Idai and COVID have not made it easy 
for Zimbabwe to take the steps as fast as it would like to , but we know that it is back on  track to 
being the great Zimbabwe again.  
EGYPT  
4.104.   Egypt associates itself with the statement to be delivered by Her Excellency Ambassador of 
Botswana on behalf of the African Group and  joins others in extending a very warm welcome to 
Honorable Dr. David Musa bayana Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of 
Zimbabwe and its esteemed delegation.  
4.105.   We thank Zimbabwe and the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive and detailed reports, 
as well as Her Excellency Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter of  South Africa for her insightful 
remarks as discussant.  
4.106.   The Secretariat report highlights that Zimbabwe has generally managed to record promising 
growth trends during the period under review, despite the internal and external challenges it faced. 
Much of t his success can be attributed to the impressive macroeconomic reforms taken by the 
Zimbabwean authorities.  
4.107.   With regards to trade, Zimbabwe succeeded in developing a strong export base in 
agriculture, mining and tourism sectors, which constitute the main pi llars of its growing economy. 
In addition, it ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement in October 2018, proving its commitment to WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  the Multilateral Trading System, and its efforts to continue simplifying custom procedures and 
requirements.  
4.108.   We commend the r ecently implemented reforms, including the elimination of the 49% foreign 
ownership cap for most sectors. In fact, the World Bank 's 2020 Doing Business Report shows that 
Zimbabwe climbed 15 places compared to the 2019 report. We encourage Zimbabwe to conti nue its 
relevant reforms to enhance its business climate and attract more FDI.  
4.109.   On the continental level, Egypt and Zimbabwe have been closely working together among 
other African countries to boost regional and continental integration. In this regard, we a pplaud 
Zimbabwe 's ratification of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement in 2019, 
which promises to enhance trade and intensify economic integration in the continent.  
4.110.   Egypt and Zimbabwe share historical ties and strong relations, inclu ding on economic and 
commercial fronts. We wish to highlight that Bilateral trade volume witnessed steady growth trends 
since 2015 and  gained additional impetus in the last couple of years.  
4.111.   We reassure Zimbabwe of Egypt 's continued solidarity and cooperati on to overcome the 
unprecedented challenges of the COVID -19 pandemic, and we genuinely look forward to continue 
developing our excellent bilateral relations for the mutual benefit of our countries.  
4.112.   Finally, Egypt praises Zimbabwe for its overall economic p erformance in the period under 
review and  wishes its delegation a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
MOZAMBIQUE  
4.113.   We congratulate you, Chair , for chairing this important Trade Policy Review of our sister 
country Zimbabwe, whose delegation is led by Hon. Dr. David  Musabayana, Deputy Minister of 
Foreign Affairs and International Trade, whom we warmly welcome.  
4.114.   We also thank H.E. Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter, Permanent Representative of South 
Africa, the discussant, for her insightful presentation.  
4.115.   We commend the WTO Secretariat particularly the Trade Policy Revision Division , as well as 
the Government of Zimbabwe for the hard work in the preparations of this Review exercise, and for 
the reports.  
4.116.   We align ourselves with the statement delivered by Jamaica on behalf of the ACP  Group , and 
with the ones to be delivered by Botswana and Chad on behalf of the Africa n and LDCs Groups.  
4.117.   The delegation of Mozambique feels honoured to participate in this Trade Policy Review of 
Republic of Zimbabwe that aims to review the progress made in trade policies, mainly in 
multi-sectoral reforms to advance trade and development aiming at a better participation in markets 
and poverty alleviation. We believe that the exercise will also help clarifying the challenges 
Zimbabwe faces and  may encounter in the period ahead.  
4.118.   My delegation wishes to register its recognition of the Government of Zimbabwe our sister 
and neighbouring country -, SADC Member with which we share common history and culture, for its 
efforts in creating a favourable e nvironment for economic development to flourish.  
4.119.   We note with satisfaction that the country continues in the process of reforms 
implementation through the report we could learn that during the past years, despite macroeconomic 
imbalances, certain sectors c ontinued to grow well during 2017 and 2018, for which Zimbabwe 
should be praised.  
4.120.   Regrettably, in March 2018, Cyclone Idai hit Zimbabwe, having affected more than 
25 000 people; huge economic assets and infrastructures were damaged thus, increasing the 
number of people in need of support in food security, and reversing the advance so far achieved in 
many sectors including productive, trade and trade infrastructures. In March 2020, COVID -19 
emerged, bringing about unprecedented additional challenges.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.121.   These additional challenges  came at a time  when  the impact of the longstanding economic 
sanctions on the country was taking their own toll. Therefore, we reiterate our appeal to the lifting 
of these sanctions, so as to afford Zimbabwe the chance to boost its eco nomy through trade.  
4.122.   On the other hand, Zimbabwe once, one of the commodity producers and exporters in Africa 
has been facing the decline of international commodity prices which has led to loss of 
competitiveness that has not been helpful to the country 's economic development.  
4.123.   Nevertheless and mindful of the extreme importance that economic reforms play,  the 
Government of Zimbabwe continued to undertake  various reforms, in view to addressing economic, 
social and structural weaknesses, in a comprehensive fra mework aimed at reversing the tide of 
economic deterioration and bring about prosperity and reduction in the level of poverty.  
4.124.   The report itself, showing tireless effort in successful fulfilment of 2011 recommendations, 
clearly reflects the efforts deploy ed by Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the Government should be 
commended for the ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement in 2018.  
4.125.   Mozambique and Zimbabwe share cooperation agreements and, the existing bilateral 
agreement between Mozambique and Zimbabwe all ows for the duty -free trade in all goods produced 
or manufactured in either country, provided they meet the local content requirements specified in 
the pact and are not on the "negative list ". 
4.126.   We support all country 's initiatives to put in place trade laws  that are compatible with the 
evolving trading system, and we encourage the Government of Zimbabwe to continue its efforts 
aimed at the diversification of the economic base, by redirecting investment, primarily to 
infrastructure, processing systems, agricu lture, services, industry and tourism. We hold the view 
that Zimbabwe must be technically assisted so as to better implement the WTO 's agreements.  
4.127.   Before concluding, we would be remiss if not using this opportunity to commend Ambassador 
Taonga and his Tea m in Geneva for their remarkable and commendable work. We wish Zimbabwe a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
JAPAN  
4.128.   Let me first extend a warm welcome to this third TPR meeting to the distinguished delegation 
of Zimbabwe headed by the Hon. Dr David Musabayana,  Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
International Trade. We truly appreciate that, despite many challenges under the ongoing COVID -19 
pandemic, the Zimbabwean delegation has shown great flexibility by agreeing to hold this TPR 
meeting via a hybrid form at. This clearly demonstrates that the Zimbabwean delegation highly 
respects the spirit of transparency of the multilateral trading system, which builds upon the Trade 
Policy Review Mechanism. Also, we would like to express our sincere appreciation for the  dedicated 
efforts made by Zimbabwe and the WTO Secretariat to prepare the insightful reports shared with 
the member states in advance of today 's review.  
4.129.   Since Zimbabwe possesses both large mineral resources and human resources, Japanese 
enterprises histor ically have shown a high level of interest in business expansion to the country. 
Zimbabwe 's socio -political and economic instability has, however, continued to affect the interests 
of those enterprises and the number of firms doing business in the country has been decreasing 
over the years as a result. In spite of the change of Government in Zimbabwe in November 2017, 
expected improvements in relations with the international community and major reforms have not 
materialized. This makes it difficult to imple ment Zimbabwe 's key reforms planned under the 
Staff-Monitored Program (SMP) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We are very concerned 
about this situation and look forward to seeing progress made in the near future.  
4.130.   In addition, we acknowledge that improvement of the domestic situation is a great challenge. 
Even befo re the COVID -19 pandemic led to a downturn in economic activities across the world, 
Zimbabwe had been faced with severe socio -political and economic challenges. In terms of its 
economy, inflation, foreign currency shortages and financial stringency are typ ical examples of such 
challenges. Zimbabwe 's efforts have also been affected by continuous natural disasters such as 
Cyclone Idai and severe droughts, which jeopardize the food security of the country.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.131.   We hope, however, Zimbabwe will overcome these challen ges through its commitment to 
improving its socio -political and economic environment. Particularly, in terms of promotion of trade 
and investment, besides the challenges to achieving political, economic and social stability, we look 
forward to seeing Zimba bwe proactively working to improve its business environment and 
addressing the issue of overseas remittances and the so called "legacy debt " problem.  
4.132.   Notwithstanding Zimbabwe 's wide -ranging challenges, we appreciate the country 's 
commitment to the WTO obli gations, particularly Zimbabwe 's ratification of the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement (TFA) in November 2018. We hope that transparency of the trade -related procedures 
and implementation of trade facilitation measures will promote a greater volume of trade bet ween 
Zimbabwe and the other WTO members.  
4.133.   In conclusion, we expect that, by observing its commitments to the WTO, Zimbabwe will be 
well placed to pursue an open, transparent and non -discriminatory market for its development. We 
wish Zimbabwe a successful an d productive TPR and  look forward to hearing of further progress 
regarding its trade and investment policies at its next TPR.  
ZAMBIA  
4.134.   On behalf of the Zambian Delegation, I wish to join others in welcoming the delegation of 
the Republic of Zimbabwe led by Honourable Dr. David Musabayana, the Deputy Minister of Foreign 
Affairs and International Trade of the Republic of Zimbabwe and to congratulate them for their Third 
Trade Policy Review.  
4.135.   We also thank, the discussant for this review, Her Excellency Ambassad or Mlumbi -Peter of 
the Permanent Mission of South Africa, for the insightful comments and observations made earlier 
this morning.  
4.136.   Further, I wish to take this opportunity to commend the Secretariat as well as the 
Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe for the two detailed reports, which form the basis of this 
Review.  
4.137.   As highlighted in the two Reports as well as in the statements made today, Zimbabwe is 
currently implementing major, social, political and economic reforms with the long -term strategic 
vision o f transforming Zimbabwe into a Prosperous and Empowered Upper Middle -Income Society 
by 2030.  
4.138.   Despite recording a contracted GDP in 2019 due to internal and external shocks, we are very 
still encouraged by the government 's reform agenda which we expect wil l yield an improved GDP 
and overall socio -economic growth in the coming years.  
4.139.   Zambia also commends Zimbabwe for her continuous effort to integrate into the global trade, 
through the ongoing regional and continental efforts in SADC, COMESA and the AU. We a re equally 
confident that the recently concluded African Continental Free Trade Area agreement will greatly 
increase Zimbabwe 's trade and promote integration into the African market.  
4.140.   At the bilateral level, and as close neighbours, Zimbabwe and Zambia shar e very long -
standing relations dating as far back as the pre -independence period and this is evidenced by the 
continuous cooperation over the years in many different areas including in politics, culture, energy 
development, agriculture, environment protect ion, and in trade and economic development.  
4.141.   With that being said, we are still aware that many challenges still remain  which require 
concerted effort at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. It is, therefore, my delegation 's 
expectation that this review will generate interest among members of the WTO to continue 
supporting Zimbabwe, in the areas where there are  still deficiencies.  
4.142.   To conclude, I once again wish to congratulate the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe 
and wish them a successful Third Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  TAJIKINSTAN  
4.143.   On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, I would like to extend a warm 
welcome to the entire delegation of the Republic of Zimbabwe led by Hon. Dr. Musabayana.  
4.144.   We appreciate the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe for the 
well-prepared report and the Secretariat 's team for their work in produci ng an informative report 
circulated well ahead that provides a basis for today 's meeting. The Reports provide comprehensive 
details on the developments in Zimbabwe 's economic and trade policy since its previous review.  
4.145.   Since its last TPR, important steps h ave been taken by the Government of Zimbabwe to 
integrate its economy into the global trading system.  
4.146.   Tajikistan acknowledges the efforts made by Zimbabwe to implement various economic 
reforms, including the measures taken in the areas of agriculture, mino r sector and tourism, 
modernization of its government procurement regime participation in negotiations on trade 
agreements, as well as the ratification of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in October 2018 and 
all its commitments.  
4.147.   We also welcome a long -term strategic vision of the country "Towards a Prosperous and 
Empowered Upper Middle Income Society by 2030 ", and the new National Investment Policy unveiled 
in August 2019.  
4.148.   The Republic of Tajikistan highly appreciates the hard work and strong commitment  of the 
Republic of Zimbabwe and wishes a successful and productive Trade Policy Review.  
BOTSWANA  ON BEHALF  OF THE AFRICAN  GROUP  
4.149.   I take this moment on behalf of the African Group to express our gratitude for the opportunity 
to participate in this third Tra de Policy Review of the Government of Zimbabwe.  We warmly welcome 
the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of the Republic of Zimbabwe, 
Honourable David Musabayana, as well as H.E. Mr. Taonga Mushayavanhu and the delegation to this 
very important peer review and transparency exercise on the trade policy and practices of 
Zimbabwe. We thank the Honourable Deputy Minister for the introductory statement on the state of 
the Zimbabwean economy.  
4.150.   We also extend special thanks to H.E. Ms. Xolel wa MLUMBI -PETER, the discussant of this 
review exercise.  And our sincere gratitude to the Government of Zimbabwe and the WTO Secretariat 
for the comprehensive and insightful reports to facilitate this review.  
4.151.   Based on the reports by the Government of Zimb abwe and the Secretariat, we wish to 
highlight the following observations:  
4.152.   We note that Zimbabwe registered a nascent growth in GDP between the years 2015 to 2018 
but a severe contraction by 6.5% in 2019. We are however enthused by the promising recovery 
projections for this year 's GDP growth which are attributed to by new government reforms in the 
areas of, inter alia finance, investment, energy and agriculture.  
4.153.   It is also worth noting that the relapse in economic recovery of Zimbabwe in 2019 was due 
to both internal and external forces. In contrast to the slow but positive trends of economic recovery 
in some sectors of the economy such as Agriculture and Mining in 2019, we could already see 
worrying signs of reversal of this trend in 2019, due to a number of factors such as the continued 
imposition of economic sanctions by some members of the international community as well as 
natural disasters that affected mostly the country 's food supply.  
4.154.   We acknowledge that although Zimbabwe 's economy is still deeply repressed, the new 
government has put in place ambitious economic reform programmes to promote growth. Chief 
among those is the implementation of the Transitional Stabilisation Programme, which has helped 
the country phase out the multi -currency reg ime and re -introduce the Zimbabwean Dollar as a single 
local currency. To date, this move has seen Zimbabwean companies gain competitiveness in the 
export market.   WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.155.   Furthermore, the African Group has taken note of the statement by the Honourable Deputy 
Minister on the introduction of the foreign exchange auction system in June this year. We are happy 
to hear from the Deputy Minister that this new foreign exchange auction system is working well and 
has led to the re -building of market confidence and stabilise d the exchange rate and prices.  We are 
happy to learn that this has also improved access to foreign currency by the productive sectors of 
the economy and further improved the competitiveness of Zimbabwean companies in the export 
markets.  
4.156.   The African Group commends Zimbabwe for the continuous effort to integrate into the 
international trade and investment sphere, which is evident through the existing trade agreements 
and ongoing trade negotiations. We are confident that the recently concluded African Contine ntal 
Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement which Zimbabwe ratified in 2019 will to a great extent increase 
Zimbabwe 's trade and promote integration into the African market.  
4.157.   As I conclude, I wish to indicate that Zimbabwe continues to face challenges and like many 
other countries, Zimbabwe will be greatly affected by the unprecedented impact of the COVID -19 
Pandemic. It is of utmost urgency for countries to be united in the fight against the COVID -19 
Pandemic. Hence, it is our considered view that international  solidarity and cooperation is paramount 
for Zimbabwe 's peace and security, and to ensure inclusive economic growth. We, therefore, pledge 
our unwavering support to help Zimbabwe in her efforts to regain socio -economic stability.  
4.158.   Lastly, we commend the Gov ernment of Zimbabwe for the successful Trade Policy Review.  
CHAD  ON BEHALF  OF THE LDC GROUP  
4.159.   The Republic of Chad, on behalf of the LDC Group, takes the floor to express its heartfelt 
congratulations to Zimbabwe and its delegation, on the occasion of its th ird Trade Policy Review at 
the WTO. I also wish to congratulate H.E.  Ms Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter, Ambassador of South Africa, for 
her analysis work as a presenter, as well as the WTO Secretariat for the preparation of its report.  
4.160.   To date, Zimbabwe, after having undergone a long period of socio -economic instability, has 
recently launched a series of reforms in the framework of a project called "Vision 2030", with the 
aim of transforming the country into a prosperous and autonomous middle -income society by t he 
year 2030.  
4.161.   In this context, we welcome that Zimbabwe has been able to initiate policies to better 
manage its budgetary and monetary mechanisms in order to provide greater macroeconomic 
stability. Zimbabwe is seeking to upgrade its economic conditions on e step at a time, and as a result 
has developed a Transitional Stabilisation Programme.  
4.162.   Zimbabwe is aware that it has many challenges to overcome, including the sustainability of 
its foreign debt. The country has taken steps both in terms of tightening int ernal policy and as 
regards external creditors so that the debt burden becomes less of an obstacle to structural 
transformation and growth.  
4.163.   Zimbabwe is seeking to drastically reform its investment climate and foster business activity 
conditions. Ultimately , this should result in increased productivity, economic growth and job creation.  
4.164.   To date, according to the Report by the Secretariat, Zimbabwe's key sectors are agriculture, 
mining and quarrying, and tourism. In time, Zimbabwe intends to diversify its eco nomy even more 
than at present, to boost export -led growth.  
4.165.   To this end, Zimbabwe has developed a National Industrial Development Policy to be 
implemented by 2023, to push export -led industrialization forward. Domestic investment, Special 
Economic Zones, a nd foreign investment will play a significant role in achieving Zimbabwe's 
economic objectives.  
4.166.   Many of Zimbabwe's projects and objectives echo those of LDCs as concerns structural 
transformation, industrialization and greater export -led growth.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.167.   Also, we w elcome that Zimbabwe, by joining the African Continental Free Trade Area, has 
committed itself to phasing out customs duties on goods from African LDCs, which amount to 90% 
of its tariff lines, according to the Report by the Secretariat. In time, this can only help strengthen 
trade between members of the LDC Group and Zimbabwe – particularly in a context of greater 
regional integration.  
4.168.   Despite the current context of the COVID -19 crisis, which is disrupting the development 
plans of all the world's countries , on behalf of the LDC Group, I wish Zimbabwe every success in 
carrying out its reforms and its Trade Policy Review.  
TURKEY  
4.169.   Let us also extend a warm welcome to Deputy Minister Musabayana and his delegation.  
4.170.   We thank the Secretariat and the Government of Zimbabwe for their comprehensive reports, 
as well as Ambassador Mlumbi -Peter for her contribution to the review.  
4.171.   Zimbabwe, as it is indicated in the reports, have suffered many financial and economic 
problems which negatively affected not onl y the trade and investment environment of the country 
but also the prosperity of her people.  
4.172.   We observe that the main challenges of the Zimbabwean economy are the long spell  of 
governance and structural problems.  
4.173.   While struggling with these problems and n atural disasters affecting the economy, the 
sanctions imposed for almost two decades made the situation even worse.  
4.174.   Sanctions hurt no one but ordinary citizens of Zimbabwe. Turkey is against all sort of 
sanctions and international isolations.  
4.175.   During the re view period, we are pleased to see that various reforms were introduced.  
4.176.   We believe that the New National Investment Policy unveiled in August 2019, the New 
Companies Act , the National Industrial Development Policy , and also the economic recovery 
prospect s in 2020 will help Zimbabwe to attract foreign investment.  
4.177.   We also hope that the new public procurement regime will be beneficial for the economy.  
4.178.   The Government 's long -term strategic vision 'Towards a Prosperous and Empowered Upper -
Middle Income Societ y by 2030 ', also shows its commitment to alleviate poverty while ensuring 
sustainable development.  
4.179.   We encourage Zimbabwe to implement all the key reforms and open up the country for 
business.  
4.180.   We also commend strong adherence of Zimbabwe to WTO rules and re gulations and 
appreciate her increasing engagement into current negotiations. Especially, the notifications under 
TFA and establishment of a national trade facilitation committee are praiseworthy.  
4.181.   We believe that there are important cooperation prospects i n Zimbabwe, especially in trade 
and investments.  
4.182.   Therefore, we are willing to improve our economic relations with Zimbabwe in every field 
possible.  
4.183.   Current trade volume does not reflect the real potential between our countries.  
4.184.   Turkey -Zimbabwe Business Co uncil that has been established in 2017 should contribute to 
our efforts on that end.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  4.185.   In this sense, we look forward for further developing the institutional framework of bilateral 
economic relations and our bilateral cooperation in all possible areas both  in bilateral and multilateral 
fora. 
4.186.   We would like wish Zimbabwe a very successful review.  
MALAWI  
4.187.   At the outset, the Malawi delegation would like to thank the Secretariat, the discussant, 
Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter on the successful committee for Zimbabwe 's Trade Policy Review. 
Secondly, the Malawi delegation would also like to thank the Zimbabwean delegation, led by the 
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Hon.  Dr. Musabayana, on the successful 
completion of the Trade Policy  Review.  
4.188.   As you are aware, Chair, Zimbabwe should boost market access in exports . At the same 
time, it should also boost credibility of domestic policy and policy reform. For a developing country 
such as Zimbabwe, increasing recognition in the multilateral trading system helps to ensure that the 
Zimbabwean traders will be increasingly connected to the global value chains, and, at the same 
time, help to achieve the 2030 Development Agenda.  
4.189.   Reduced uncertainty about trading conditions in expor t markets has significant welfare 
implications for the economy as a whole for Malawi which has bilateral trade agreement and 
implement simplified trade regime, among other economic and social agreements. The process and 
successful completion of trade polic y review enhances and is a positive sign since our economies 
rely on each other, including regionally within the SADC and COMESA.  
4.190.   This exercise is also coming at a better time, as the African Continent is about to implement 
the AfCTA, which needs predictab le trade regimes,  as such measures will be an important recipe for 
the success of the continental economic growth.  
4.191.   Congratulations to Zimbabwe once again.  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF ZIMBABWE  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
5.1.  Allow me Chair, to thank you pers onally for ably steering my country 's third Trade Policy 
Review. In the same vein, allow me to also express Zimbabwe 's profound and sincere gratitude and 
appreciation to Ambassador Xolelwa Mlumbi -Peter of the Republic of South Africa for being a 
discussant  for our Trade Policy Review. I am aware that besides and beyond the reports that were 
prepared for this meeting, she is personally acquainted with developments in Zimbabwe. And so , we 
are grateful  that she agreed to be the discussant, and she did a splend id job. Indeed, the 
comprehensive overview that she presented, gave us an excellent basis for the rich discussions that 
ensued. Thank you very much Ambassador.  
5.2.  A TPR is indeed a peer review, a transparency exercise in which members can ask and comment 
about any of our laws, institutions, policies and practices, as they affect trade and the economy. In 
this regard, I wish to thank you all for being part of the process. In particular, I wish to acknowledge 
and thank those delegations and country groupings whi ch asked questions, and which offered useful 
comments and constructive suggestions. We thank you all.  
5.3.  Zimbabwe’s willingness to proceed with this Trade Policy Review is a clear demonstration of 
our strong commitment to the principle of transparency. As a low-income developing country with 
many economic and infrastructure challenges, including challenges with connectivity, the decision 
to convene the Review in the middle of a global pandemic was not an easy one. We hope that many 
other delegates will draw u pon, and benefit from this ground -breaking experience for a developing 
country.  
5.4.  A number of delegations, including the United Kingdom, the European Union and Canada, 
addressed the issue of governance and corruption. On this point, I wish to state that fro m the very 
first day of his inauguration, His Excellency President Emmerson Mnangagwa pledged to eradicate 
corruption across all spheres of our society. In this regard, I am happy to report that the Zimbabwe 
Anti-Corruption Commission has complete autonomy  and has done a great deal to independently 
investigate and prosecute corrupt elements across the board.  
5.5.  As a result of their efforts, two former Cabinet Ministers and two sitting Cabinet Ministers are 
either behind bars or are on trial facing serious cha rges of corruption and abuse of office. A raft of 
other senior Government officials, senior State Enterprise management figures, and others find 
themselves in similar circumstances - i.e. already long -term guests of the State or, almost certainly, 
heading in that direction.  
5.6.  As a further transparency measure, Zimbabwe has taken note of the recommendation by 
Canada to consider joining the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative to enhance transparency 
through public audits and disclosures. In this regar d, we note and warmly welcome the useful and 
productive visit to Zimbabwe last October, by Helen Clarke - former Prime Minister of New Zealand 
- in her capacity as EITI Board Chair.  
5.7.  We wish to thank Iceland for their questions on women participation in eco nomic development. 
In response to the questions from Iceland, we have submitted our full answers. I therefore wish to 
refer the delegation of Iceland to our more elaborate answers contained in the submission. However, 
as my Deputy Minister said in his Open ing Statement on Wednesday, a society is only as strong as 
its weakest members. In this regard, you should know that, for a long time, Zimbabwe has had a 
fully-fledged Ministry of Women Affairs, mandated to economically, politically and socially empower 
women, and to promote legislation for affirmative action. Beyond the executive structures, there is 
also an independent Gender Commission dedicated to promoting women economic empowerment, 
among other pro -women policies.  
5.8.  We have taken note of the encouragem ent by Canada to participate in the Joint Statement 
Initiatives (JSIs), such as for MSMEs, as well as to support the Joint Declaration on Trade and 
Women’s Economic Empowerment.  
5.9.  A number of  delegations, including the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada raised 
questions about the status of land and property rights protection in Zimbabwe. I am glad to say that 
the New Dispensation has repeatedly stressed its commitment to fully respec t Zimbabwe land and 
property rights. As recently as last July, through the Global Compensation Deed, signed between WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  the Government and the leadership of the Commercial Farmers Union, the Government 
demonstrated its commitment to respecting land and propert y rights. Through this agreement, the 
message to investors is that “Zimbabwe is indeed Open for Business”, and that protection of all 
investment is guaranteed.  
5.10.   Zimbabwe listened carefully to the views of WTO Members during our last Trade Policy Review 
in 2011 with regard to the Indigenisation Policy. Your recommendations, among other 
considerations, led to the subsequent repeal of that legislation and the policy.  
5.11.   We note the concerns raised by Canada and Japan on the legacy debt problem. I wish to 
assure t his meeting that, while the country is in debt overhang - mainly due to continued 
accumulation of external payment arrears – the Government is re -engaging the international 
community with a view to coming up with a strategy to clear the arrears and as such , Government 
debt is expected to decline to sustainable levels given that GDP will be growing against limited 
external borrowing.  
5.12.   Regarding the domestication of international agreements raised by the UK, the EU and the 
USA, the Government of Zimbabwe is co mmitted to the domestication of the Agreement Establishing 
the WTO, the Trade Facilitation Agreement, the ESA -UK EPA and Acceptance of the Protocol 
Amending the TRIPS Agreement. However, in accordance with the Constitution of Zimbabwe, the 
domestication pr ocess has to go through Zimbabwe’s legislative process which, regrettably, is a 
lengthy one, further complicated now by Covid -19 restrictions.  
5.13.   We also take note of the concerns made by some Members that our technical regulation 
regime is fragmented. Let me  assure Members that the country will speed up the finalisation of a 
National Quality Policy, which will outline the structures and mandates, and this will be aligned with 
international best practice.  
5.14.   In the area of import licencing, Zimbabwe is working t o simplify and automate such import -
licencing procedures and systems.  
5.15.   Let me highlight that, for State -Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which have been identified for 
privatisation, equal opportunity for shares will be offered to both foreign and domestic investor s, 
through a transparent, competitive bidding process.  
5.16.   Zimbabwe notes the concerns raised by some Members regarding difficulties in the 
repatriation of dividends. Zimbabwe has a clear policy on dividend payments which allows for 100% 
repatriation of such dividends. This notwithstanding, over the past few years, the country has 
experienced significant foreign currency shortages which have resulted in some investors failing to 
access adequate foreign currency for dividend repatriation. The situation has impr oved significantly 
since the introduction of the foreign exchange auction system in June this year.  
5.17.   Dividend repatriation and debt repayments are classified as priority 1 in terms of the auction’s 
foreign exchange priority -list, and Corporates needing to remit dividends to their foreign 
shareholders have generally been able to do so without too many hassles since the introduction of 
the auction system.  
5.18.   Overall, Zimbabwe values the critical role of FDI in its economic growth and development 
aspirations, and hence is committed to continue prioritising timely and flawless remittance of 
dividends and loan repayments to foreign shareholders and lenders, respectively.  
5.19.   My delegation wishes to acknowledge and to thank Canada and the United States for rai sing 
concerns concerning our fulfilment of WTO notification obligations. In this regard, Zimbabwe will 
endeavour to pay close attention to transparency requirements under the WTO and will continue to 
work towards ensuring that all pending notifications are  made. Furthermore, Zimbabwe will continue 
to engage the WTO Secretariat to ensure that officials are capacitated to comply with the notification 
obligations.  
5.20.   Canada raised the issue of Zimbabwe’s assessed financial contributions to the budget of the 
WTO.  On this one, delegates to the last meeting of the General Council will have noticed that 
Zimbabwe was not mentioned during that meeting as being among the Members -in-arrears. It is WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  important to note that last June, Zimbabwe paid its outstanding arrears in  full: this then resulted in 
the removal of Zimbabwe’s name from Members under Category II of the Administrative Measures.  
5.21.   Zimbabwe acknowledges that its applied MFN Rate of Duty on 61 tariff lines and Surtax on 
Selected Products is above bound rates. Thi s adverse situation is a temporary one which arose from 
the very difficult macroeconomic situation our country has faced over the past few years. 
Notwithstanding this, consultations are currently under way with a view to addressing this anomaly. 
Regarding tariff binding commitments which is at 25%, may I state that Zimbabwe has taken note 
of the concerns expressed by Members, and will endeavour to improve on the binding coverage.  
5.22.   With these system -wide reforms covering trade, finance, the ease -of-doing -business, 
investment, land and property rights, anti -corruption, the empowerment of women, among others, 
the Government of Zimbabwe is of the positive belief that our economy is now on a trajectory for 
sustainable growth. However, notwithstanding all the well -meaning intentions, sound policies and a 
raft of reforms, our efforts will continue to be hampered, whilst the albatross of sanctions remains 
around our neck, stifling us from realising our full potential.  
5.23.   Besides disasters from natural phenomena such as recurrent droughts, tropical cyclone Idai, 
and the COVID -19 pandemic, Zimbabwe, a relatively small, low -income developing country has had 
to survive under the heavy burden of those sanctions and other punitive measures imposed by some 
within our midst. In this regard, my delegation wishes to thank our sister Republic and neighbour 
Mozambique, as well as Turkey, among others, for calling for the immediate and unconditional 
removal of all sanctions, so that we can participate fully and equitably in the global  trading system. 
The call by Mozambique and Turkey for the immediate and unconditional lifting of sanctions is 
consistent with the long -standing position of the countries of the South, including the Southern 
African Development Community (SADC), the Africa n Union, the Non -Aligned countries, as well as 
China, the Russian Federation, among many others.  
5.24.   There is a mistaken assumption that these sanctions are targeted in nature against individual 
political leaders in Zimbabwe. The reality is that they are prett y well indiscriminate in their reach 
and impact. They have a contagion effect where the very tag of being sanctioned affects our 
international transactions and even our attractiveness as an investment destination. The overall 
effect is to hurt the most vul nerable members of our society; the women folk, the girl -child, the 
youth, the orphans and the disabled.  
5.25.   The Covid -19 pandemic continues to exact a heavy toll on individuals, families, the country’s 
health system, the productive sectors, as well as busines s across our entire society. We hope for a 
positive outcome from the current discussions in the Committee on Trade and Development Special 
Session (CTD SS) on the need for an addendum to the agreed Aid for Trade (AfT) Work Programme, 
on the need for additi onal funding to developing and least developed countries to address challenges 
caused by the pandemic.  
5.26.   Zimbabwe appreciates the continued support extended by all Cooperating Partners and looks 
forward to continued partnership in our efforts to diversify th e economy.  
5.27.   In spite of the many challenges that we have faced and continue to grapple with as a nation, 
Zimbabwe’s economy has continued to show resilience due, in large measure, to the economic 
support and commerce with other countries in SADC, in COMESA , in the rest of Africa and beyond. 
In this regard, Zimbabwe wishes to thank Botswana on behalf of the African Group and Jamaica on 
behalf of the ACP Group, for their important messages of solidarity with, and support for Zimbabwe.  
5.28.   In addition, we also ext end our thanks to  Mozambique, Turkey, China, India, Indonesia, 
Thailand, Mauritius, Singapore, Egypt, Zambia, Tajikistan, Malawi, the United Kingdom, the 
European Union, the United States, Canada, Iceland and Japan for participating in Zimbabwe’s third 
Trade Policy Review.  
5.29.   Once again, let me thank you all for participating in this Trade Policy Review, which, we 
believe, was both engaging and constructive.  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  DISCUSSANT  
5.30.   I would like to congratulate Zimbabwe for a successful review and for their active and ope n 
participation in this process. The COVID -19 pandemic has necessitated that the reviews which were 
scheduled to take place earlier this year be postponed, including that of Zimbabwe which was 
scheduled for 25 and 27 March 2020. In understanding the import ance of this process, Zimbabwe 
engaged constructively with the Secretariat in re -scheduling the TPR so that the work of the WTO 
continues even under these difficult circumstances. This is a clear demonstration of Zimbabwe 's 
commitment to the multilateral t rading system and especially the TPRM.  
5.31.   I wish to also commend the WTO Membership for participating in this TPRM and for submitting 
questions and for their active engagement. I will highlight a few key issues underscored by Members.  
5.32.   Firstly, Members applauded Zimbabwe 's commitment to international trade not only through 
the WTO but also through the active participation in regional economic processes  in the African 
continent , including the African Continental FTA. Through the AfCFTA, African co untries are 
displaying their strong resolve to boost intra -Africa trade and usher reforms that will enhance 
long-term growth for African countries. This is especially important in a world marked by 
protectionism, unilateralism and limited commitment to mul tilateral cooperation.  
5.33.   In addition to the trade measures implemented under various statutory instruments as 
mentioned in my opening remarks, Members identified the need to improve the trade and investment 
environment by addressing the governance issues su ch as corruption,  as well as policy inconsistency , 
obstacles to repatriation of dividends , closure of certain sectors to FDI and applied rates that exceed 
the bound rate on the 61 tariff lines identified in the Secretariat report. Members also appealed  to 
Zimbabwe to fulfil its notification obligations and , in recognition of capacity constraints, to request 
assistance from the WTO Secretariat when in need. Other issues raised include the negative impact 
of sanctions in Zimbabwe 's efforts to boost its econom y. Members also recogni zed the adverse 
impact of natural disasters, including Cyclone  Idai on the agriculture sector, food security and the 
economy at large.  
5.34.   Importantly, Members commended the Government of Zimbabwe for its commitment to 
economic reforms which aim to promote macro -economic stability, reinvigorate the economy  and 
improve governance. In this regard, the modernization and streamlining of the business procedures 
has contributed to Zimbabwe moving up 15 places in the 2019 World Bank Ease of Doi ng Business 
Index. Members emphas ized the need for the reforms to be implemented with a view to promote an 
open, non -discriminatory, transparent and a predictable trade and investment environment.  
5.35.   Finally, I would like to salute Zimbabwe for responding co mprehensively both to the written 
questions and issues raised by Members, especially given the extreme circumstances we find 
ourselves. In addition, I wish to congratulate Hon. Dr. David Musabayana, the Deputy Minister of 
Foreign Affairs and International Trade , as well as the whole team of the Government of Zimbabwe 
that worked on this Review for participating in this process. I also congratulate 
Ambassador  Mushayavanhu  and his team for a successful review. The preparatory work and the role 
of the Secretar iat in the success of this process is notable and , on behalf of the Members , I thank 
you. I would also like to thank you Chair for inviting me to be the discussant. I thank you.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.36.   Let me first thank the delegation of Zimbabwe for the comprehen sive overview presented last 
Wednesday of the main developments that occurred during their last Review, as well as for the 
statement this morning that addressed some of the issues raised by us and other Members on the 
first day. This is much appreciated.  
5.37.   The EU also appreciates this useful opportunity to discuss and better understand the 
developments in Zimbabwe 's trade policies and practices since the previous TPR in 2011. The EU 
hopes that Zimbabwe will duly take into account some of the challenges highlighted by Members, 
including the EU, during this Review.  
5.38.   As already stated on the first day of the Review, the  EU hopes that the Zimbabwean 
Government continues to take steps to ensure economic and social stability, as outlined in its stated WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  economic reform agenda, and to follow up on its political and governance reform commitments. The 
economic reforms cannot be seen in isolation from the political reforms and the need to improve 
governance. In this context, let me express our appreciation again for the statement this morning 
that provided some useful updates in this regard.  
5.39.   The EU would like to thank Zimbabwe for  the timely replies provided to all our questions 
submitted in advance of this meeting, and we do not have any follow -up questions.  
5.40.   Finally, the EU thanks the delegation of Zimbabwe for undergoing this challenging exercise 
that the trade policy review repr esents, especially under the current circumstances.   
UNITED  KINGDOM  
5.41.   The United Kingdom would like to express its appreciation of Zimbabwe 's active participation 
in this Trade Policy Review.  
5.42.   Despite the challenges and limitations resulting from the COVID -19 pandemic, we likewise 
commend the WTO Secretariat and you, Mr Chair, for finding ways for us to move forward with the 
reviews which serve a vital transparency function.  
5.43.   As an important trade partner of Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom wants to ensure continui ty 
in trade between us. We are pleased with the progress made on the economic partnership agreement 
between the UK and the Eastern and Southern Africa States, which Zimbabwe signed in 
January  2019. To ensure the agreement is ready to enter in force on 1 Ja nuary 2021, Zimbabwe will 
need to complete all domestic procedures by 31 December this year.  
5.44.   We have submitted some follow -up questions to Zimbabwe, and we look forward to receiving 
their responses in due course.  
5.45.   In conclusion, the United Kingdom extends i ts thanks to the delegation of Zimbabwe and its 
best wishes for a successful TPR.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.46.   The United States would like to thank Zimbabwe 's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
International Trade, Dr Musabayana and Ambassador Mushayavanhu and the r est of the 
Zimbabwean delegation for their participation on Day 1 and for their efforts to prepare for the TPR, 
especially considering the additional challenges caused by COVID -19. 
5.47.   That said, in some cases, Zimbabwe did not sufficiently reply to our advanc e written questions. 
We would like to highlight some of those issues today, and we urge Zimbabwe to more fully address 
these matters in response to Members ' follow -up questions.  
5.48.   We were pleased to learn that Zimbabwe has submitted, or is planning to submit  in the near 
future, several outstanding notifications to various WTO Committees. This is a commendable step 
towards greater transparency, which is the foundational principle of the WTO obligation of 
membership.  
5.49.   We welcomed the comments this morning concer ning the status of outstanding notifications 
and, in that vein, we would like to draw Zimbabwe 's attention to some specific notifications. In 
replying to our questions concerning import licensing and agricultural imports, Zimbabwe listed 
several procedures  that have not yet been notified to the Committee on Import Licensing. 
Zimbabwe 's responses gave no indication of when these notifications will be made.  
5.50.   Similarly, the Secretariat report indicates that Zimbabwe has not made a notification to the 
Working Pa rty on State Trading Enterprises since 2008, despite a requirement for Members to notify 
on a biennial basis even if they have no STEs.  
5.51.   Zimbabwe notes that none of the entities mentioned in the Secretariat report have monopoly 
control on the export of good s but Zimbabwe 's response does not appear to be consistent with the 
working definition of a state trading enterprise.  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  5.52.   We ask Zimbabwe to fulfil its transparency obligation in these areas and  notify future relevant 
measures and regulations in a timely manne r. 
5.53.   The United States also reiterates its significant concern about the tariff lines where 
Zimbabwe 's applied MFN tariff rate exceeds the bound WTO tariff rate, some by as much as 60%.  
5.54.   We found Zimbabwe 's response to our concerns unclear, and we ask Zimbabw e to please 
specify concrete steps, and their timing, to promptly eliminate all instances in which Zimbabwe is 
breaking its WTO tariff bindings.  
5.55.   Furthermore, we note that Zimbabwe has yet to explain how its 25% surtax is consistent with 
Zimbabwe 's bound WTO tariff schedule. We note that the goal of enhanced revenue generation is 
not a justification for a Member imposing other duties and charges that are inconsistent with its 
bound schedule. We request that Zimbabwe promptly reduce the surtax to the bound rate of 15%, 
consistent with its WTO obligations.  
5.56.   Regarding the timeline offered by Zimbabwe for the incorporation of the WTO agreements 
into domestic law, we expect Zimbabwe to prioritize this issue and pass enabling legislation well 
before the parl iamentary session ends in 2023.  
5.57.   We also note that many other WTO Members, in addition to the United States, have voiced 
concerns about Zimbabwe 's trade policy in the agriculture sector. We hope that Zimbabwe will take 
these concerns seriously and focus eff orts on making the necessary reforms in this sector while 
removing unnecessary barriers to trade.  
5.58.   Finally, we would like to thank the Zimbabwean Government for their engagement during this 
review. We look forward to continuing our work with Zimbabwe, both within the WTO, as well as on 
a bilateral basis.  
ZIMBABWE  
5.59.   Just to say that, indeed, we received some follow -up questions , and responses to those 
questions will be provided in due course.  
5.60.   Finally, I thank you very much, Chair, for having chaired this session very successfully and 
also thank our discussant for her very important contribution in this peer review process and  thank 
all the Members who engaged . We received some 190 written quest ions and 21 Members 
participated in this session in terms of statements, and all that is taken on board .  
  WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This third Trade Policy Review of Zimbabwe has offered us a good opportunity to deepen our 
understanding of re cent developments in, and challenges to, its trade, economic, and investment 
policies. We owe this to the great flexibility shown by the Zimbabwean delegation headed by Deputy 
Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, H.E. Dr David Masabayana , who participated 
from Harare. Indeed, by agreeing to hold this TPR in a hybrid format, despite the constraints to full 
in-person meetings imposed by COVID -19, the delegation has demonstrated the high importance 
Zimbabwe attaches to the Trade Policy Review M echanism as a transparency exercise. We greatly 
appreciate its efforts.  
6.2.  I would also like to thank our discussant, H.E. Ambassador Ms. Xolelwa MLUMBI -PETER, 
Permanent Representative of South Africa to the WTO, for her enlightening statement, and the WTO 
Secretariat and the 21 delegations that took the floor during the first day for their valuable 
contributions to this Review.  
6.3.  Members welcomed Zimbabwe 's commitment to undertake economic reforms aimed at 
macroeconomic stability and addressing structural issues. They deplored the COVID -19 pandemic 
that is exacerbating the severe impact Cyclone Idai has recently had on the Southern African region, 
including Zimbabwe, and encouraged the latter to continue to pursue its reform agenda perceived 
as the most appropriate approach to stabilize its economy. Members commended Zimbabwe 's efforts 
to stabilize its currency, noting that the forex regime should not act as a disincentive for investors 
and exporters. Accordingly, they welcomed the introduction of  a weekly forex auction by the Reserve 
Bank of Zimbabwe in June 2020, and they sought information regarding further measures to ensure 
that the forex market operates in an open and transparent manner. This could contribute to bringing 
down inflation from i ts currently high levels, and improving the business environment, in particular 
for SMEs, and the balance -of-payments. Several Members called on Zimbabwe to reduce state 
ownership, to improve the governance of state -owned enterprises, and to further tackle  corruption.  
6.4.  Zimbabwe 's repeal of its "indigenization " provisions was appreciated, bringing an end to 
the 49% foreign ownership cap in all sectors. Some Members raised questions regarding measures 
to dismantle remaining investment restrictions, ensure inve stment protection and repatriation of 
dividends, and to eliminate remaining provisions prescribing the degree of export orientation of 
investment proposals. They urged Zimbabwe to address its outstanding land issue.  
6.5.  Zimbabwe 's ratification of the TFA was praised and the country was encouraged to take 
appropriate measures to align its regimes to the relevant provisions of the agreement. Several 
delegations commended Zimbabwe on its active participation in trade negotiations, including the 
AfCFTA and the Tri partite Free Trade Area between COMESA, EAC and SADC, in addition to 
concluding an EPA with the European Union.  
6.6.  Members urged Zimbabwe to address a number of trade concerns, including: its MFN tariff 
rates that exceed the bound levels on some products; th e 25% surtax levied on many products 
despite its binding of Other Duties and Charges at 15%; its quantitative restrictions and complex 
non automatic import licensing regime; some SPS requirements; and its new Consignment -Based 
Conformity Assessment system for a range of products. It was suggested that removing these non-
tariff barriers could help reverse the decline in the ratio of trade in goods and services to GDP by 
increasing Zimbabwe 's participation in global trade. In this regard, Members highlighted the success 
of a web-based  facility in allowing stakeholders to report and solve trade concerns.  
6.7.  Several Members praised Zimbabwe for the efforts to modernize its government procurement 
regime and for the establishment of its new procurement regulatory aut hority. On intellectual 
property rights, Members noted the increase in trademark applications and expressed interest in 
Zimbabwe 's National Intellectual Property Policy and Implementation Strategy 2018 -22.  
6.8.  Turning to sectoral policies, several Members sug gested ways to address the country 's energy 
crisis, recommending duty -free imports of solar equipment with the view to encouraging investment 
in renewable energy. Zimbabwe was also encouraged to digitize mining licences; to seek sustainable 
investment in r aw materials extraction, particularly in the diamond, platinum, graphite, lithium and 
cobalt sectors; and to join the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative.   WT/TPR/M/39 8 • Zimbabwe  
 
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  6.9.  In agriculture, several Members called for a reduction in government intervention and inquir ed 
about the functioning of the Grain Marketing Board, the "Command Agriculture " domestic support 
programme, and the new Climate Smart Agriculture programme. Further clarification was sought 
regarding Zimbabwe 's import licensing procedures for agricultural  products, and its regime for the 
sale and use of GMOs and GMO products.   
6.10.   The Zimbabwean delegation reiterated its commitment to the multilateral trading system and 
announced that the country was in the process of domesticating the WTO Agreement. The ratif ication 
of the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement was also underway. Members reminded Zimbabwe 
of its transparency obligations in the WTO and invited it to reduce the backlog of outstanding WTO 
notifications, including on domestic support in agriculture , SPS and TBT, import licensing procedures, 
safeguards, customs valuation and RTAs. The Zimbabwean delegation also called for the elimination 
of international sanctions.  
6.11.   In closing, I hope that the Zimbabwean delegation will take into account and further r eflect 
on these issues and on the many constructive comments that it has received during this Review. 
Zimbabwe has provided replies to the 189 advance written questions raised by Members. As noted 
by Members, there is ample scope to expand assistance to he lp Zimbabwe on the path of reform 
and economic recovery, notably through its further participation in the multilateral trading system. 
I wish to thank again the Zimbabwean delegation for its commitment to this exercise and all 
delegations that participated  for their constructive feedback, despite the difficult circumstances. 
Members look forward to receiving the answers from Zimbabwe to all outstanding follow -up 
questions within one month, at which point the Review will be successfully concluded.  
__________