G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
19 June 2018  
(18-3819) Page: 1/26 
Working Party on State Trading Enterprises  Original: English  
 
STATE TRADING  
NEW AND FULL NOTIFIC ATION PURSUANT TO AR TICLE XVII:4(A) OF T HE 
GATT 1994 AND PARAGR APH 1 OF THE UNDERST ANDING ON  
THE INTERPRETATION O F ARTICLE XVII  
UNITED STATES 
 
The following communication, dated 13 June 2018, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of the United States.  
 
_______________  
 
 
Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the GATT 1994 and Paragraph  1 of the Understanding on the 
Interpretation of Article  XVII, the United States makes the following full and new notification of  its 
state trading enterprises for 201 8: 
 
I. COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION  
1. Enumeration of State Trading Enterprises  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The U .S. Department of Agriculture 's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).  
 
 (b) Descripti on of products affected  
 
Commodities eligible for CCC programs are defined in the legislation or regulations for the specific 
program.  Commodities covered by CCC include : Non-fat dry milk (0402), Butter (0405), Cheese 
(0406), Honey (0409), Dry beans (0713) , Wheat (1001), Rye (1002), Barley (1003), Oats (1004), 
Corn (1005), Rice (1006), Sorghum (1007), Soybeans (1201), Peanuts (1202), Flaxseed (1204), 
Sunflower seeds (1206), Sugar (1212), Cotton (5201), Mohair (5102), Wool (4102), and Pulses 
(0708).  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a government -owned and operated entity within the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).  CCC was created to stabilize, support, and protect farm 
income and prices . CCC also helps maintain balanced and adequate supplies of agricultural 
commodities and aids in their orderly distribution.   
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
CCC was incorporated on 17 October 1933, under a Dela ware charter with a capitalization of 
$3 million.  It was initially managed and operated in close affiliation with the Reconstruction 
Finance Corporation, which funded its operations.  On 1 July 1939, CCC was transferred to USDA 
by the President 's Reorganiza tion Plan I.  It was reincorporated on 1 July 1948, as a federal G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
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  corporation within USDA by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act  (62 Stat. 1070 ; 
15 U.S.C.  714).  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise  
 
The CCC Charter Act, as amended, authorizes CCC to support prices of agricultural commodities, 
including through purchases and sales of agricultural commodities.   
 
 (b) Specificati on of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
CCC does not have the exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise market, any product.   
 
Organization : CCC is managed by a Board of Directors, subject to the gen eral supervision and 
direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, who is an ex officio  Director and Chairman of the Board.  
In addition to the Secretary, the Board consists of seven members who are appointed by the 
President of the United States with the advi ce and consent of the Senate.  The members of the 
Board and the Corporation 's officers are all officials of USDA.  CCC has no operating personnel.  Its 
activities are carried out primarily through the personnel and facilities of agencies within USDA.  
 
Financi ng: CCC has an authorized capital stock of $100 million held by the United States, with the 
authority to have outstanding borrowings of up to $30 billion at any one time.  
 
Funds may be borrowed from the U .S. Treasury and may also be borrowed from private l ending 
agencies and others.  Interest on any borrowings from the Treasury (and on capital stock) is paid 
at a rate based upon the average interest rate of all outstanding marketable obligations (of 
comparable maturity date) of the U .S. Government as of the preceding month.  Interest may also 
be paid on other notes and obligations at a rate prescribed by the CCC and approved by the 
Secretary of the Treasury.  
 
Export Programs : CCC is authorized to make sales from its inventories to export markets.  
However, CCC  has not done so since 1995.   
 
Import Programs : CCC has not engaged in import activity.  
 
 (c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
As noted, CCC does not have the exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise market, any 
product.  All agricultural commodity import and export activities within the customs territory of the 
United States may be freely entered into by private sector tr aders without any special conditions 
or restrictions.   
 
 (d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprise  
 
During the notification period, CCC did not import or export any commodities.  
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Not a pplicable (see 3 (d)).  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Not applicable (see 3 (d)).  
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   (g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil con tractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
 
Although CCC may be authorized by law to negotiate long -term sales contracts, such authority is 
not currently used.  
 
 (h) Description of market structure  
 
Agricultural commodity markets are characterized  by numerous independent buyers and sellers.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
 Table I:  Import information by product : Not applicable ; no products imported.  
 
 Table II:  Export information by product : Not applicable ; no products exported.  
 
 Table III:  Domestic  activities where state trading enterprise also trades products 
internationally : Not applicable ; no products traded internationally.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
During the period, CCC did not engage in exports or imports because such a ctivity was not 
required to achieve CCC 's mission.  
 
6. Additional Information   
 
None.  
 
II. ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM FUND  
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The United States  maintains the Isotope Production and Distribution Program Fund (IP&D) within 
the Department of Energy  (DOE) .  
 
 (b) Description of products affected  
 
The products affected are isotopes under Harmonized Tariff System headings 2844 and 2845.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
DOE provides radioactive and stable isotope products and associated services to a wide and varied 
domestic and international market.  The IP&D produces  and sells radioactive and stable isotopes, 
by-products, surplus materials, and related isotope services.  These products and services are sold 
worldwide and are used for a variety of research, development, biomedical, and industrial 
applications.  The progr am's objectives are to produce and distribute isotopes for research and 
development, medical diagnostics and therapy, and other applications that are in the national 
interest.   
 
 (b) Summary of Basis for Exclusive Rights or Privileges  
 
The Atomic Energy Ac t of 1954 provides the basic authority for DOE to produce and distribute 
isotopes and to support research and development of new isotope products and technology.  
 G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
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  3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
For over 50  years, this program and its predecessors have been at the forefront of the 
development and production of stable and radioactive isotope products that are now used world -
wide. DOE applies its unique expertise and capabilities to address technology issues a ssociated 
with the application, production, handling, and distribution of isotopes.  Adequate supplies of 
medical and research isotopes are essential to maintain effective diagnosis, treatment, and 
research capabilities in the United States.  The program 's products a nd services are sold to over 
20 countries.  The program produces isotopes only where there is no U.S. private sector capability 
or other production capacity is insufficient to meet U.S. needs.  The specific materials sold under 
the program are liste d in Annex I.   
 
The program also develops improved means of producing and separating isotopes that are needed 
to serve the national interest.  Such services include, but are not limited to, irradiation services, 
target preparation and processing, source enc apsulation and other special preparations, analyses, 
chemical separations, and the lease of stable isotopes for research purposes.   
 
The program supports the production and development of production techniques of radioactive and 
stable isotopes that are in  short supply.  Isotopes are high -priority commodities of strategic 
importance for the United States and are essential for energy, medical, national security, and basic 
research.  A goal of the program is to make critical isotopes more readily available to m eet U.S. 
domestic needs.  To this end, the program functions as a business and, therefore, focuses attention 
on the quality of products and services, customer satisfaction, cost control, marketing, pricing 
stability, and revenue and cash collections.  
 
The IP&D sells isotopes to government entities, domestic purchasers, and to foreign purchasers.  
 
DOE coordinates its activities with commercial producers to ensure the continued availability of 
essential isotopes.  DOE is streamlining its activities by consolid ating or privatizing wherever 
possible to reduce the cost to U .S. taxpayers.  
 
 (b) Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
See (a) above.  
 
 (c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
Private companies and universities engaged in the production and distribution of isotopes are 
permitted to import and export isotopes.  
 
 (d) How import/expor t levels are determined by the state trading enterprise  
 
To ascertain current and future demands of the community, the program develops working groups 
with other federal agencies, fosters interactions between customers and program staff, obtains 
data from site visits, attends society exhibitions, and develops strategic plans and priorities with 
community input.  Research on market sizes, pricing pressures, and customer feedback is also 
obtained through independent surveys and studies, as well as program mana gement assessments.  
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Prices charged for the program's products are based on production costs, market value, and 
research needs.  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Import prices are deter mined by production costs and market value.  
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   (g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
 
Long-term contracts  are negotiated often with price discounts for quantity purchases.  
 
 (h) Description of market structure  
 
The worldwide isotope market has three major components : medical, industry (including homeland 
security), and scientific (non -medical) research.  This market is characterized by high barriers to 
entry, production facilities that are primarily government owned and operated, and demand driven 
by a few major commercial customers.  The number of suppliers for selected major isotopes is 
growing due to a shorta ge of suppliers for these key isotopes used in hospitals and the private 
sector.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
2016 and 2017:  Table I.  The IP&D is engaged in the primary production and distribution of stable 
(enriched) and radioisotopes, not their importati on. However, several targets with a total activity 
of 808,671 MBq (2016) and 960,741 MBq (2017) were irradiated in foreign facilities and imported 
into the United States by IP&D to augment domestic supply where IP&D could not meet demand.  
These irradiated targets were chemically processed by IP&D with the result that significant value 
was added to the product by IP&D prior to being sold in a form required by the customers.  In 
addition, 32 metric tons of heavy water (D 2O) were imported in to the United States  by IP&D 
in 2016.  
 
2016 and 2017:  Table II.  Cobalt -60 (HS 2844.40.0010) was not sold to foreign customers during 
this reporting period.  Heavy water (HS 2845.10.0000) was not exported during this reporting 
period.  
 
2016 and 2017: Table III:  Because IP&D is engaged in the primary production of these isotopes 
for distribution, no domestic purchases of these materials were made by IP&D during 2016 and 
2017. Cobalt -60 (HS  2844.10.0000) was not sold domestically in 2016 and 2017.  Heavy water 
(HS 2845.10.0000) was  sold domestically during these years: 10,366 kg in 2016 and 11,014 kg in 
2017.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Additional Information  
 
None.  
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
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  ANNEX 1  
List of isotopes sold in 2016 and 2017  
 
Actinium -225, -227 
Aluminum -26 
Americium -243 
Antimony -121, -123 
Arsenic -73 
Barium -130, -132, -135, -136, -137, -138 
Berkelium -249 
Bismuth -207 
Bromine -79 
Cadmium -106, -108, -110, -111, -112, -113, -114 
Calcium -40, -42, -43, -44, -48 
Californium -249, -252 
Cerium -136, -138, -142 
Chlorine -35, -37 
Chromium -50, -52, -53, -54 
Copper -65, -67 
Curium -244, -248 
Dysprosium -156, -160, -161, -162, -163, -164 
Einsteinium -254 
Erbium -164, -166, -167, -168, -170 
Europium -151, -153 
Gadolinium -154, -155, -156, -157, -160 
Gallium -69, -71 
Germanium -68, -72, -73, -76 
Hafnium -177, -178, -179, -180 
Helium -3 
Hydrogen -2 
Iridium -191, -193 
Iron-54, -56, -57, -58 
Lanthanium -138 
Lead-204, -206, -207, -208, -212 
Lithium -6, -7 
Lutetium -176, -177 
Magnesium -24, -25, -26 
Mercury -196, -198, -199, -200, -201, -202, -204 
Molybdenum -92, -95, -96, -97, -98, -100 Neodymium -142, -143, -144, -145, -146, -148, -150 
Neptunium -237 
Nickel -58, -61, -62, -64 
Osmium -188, -189, -190, -192 
Oxygen -16 
Palladium -102, -104, -105, -110 
Platinum -192, -194, -196, -198 
Plutonium -239, -240, -242 
Polonium -209 
Potassium -39, -40, -41 
Radium -223, -225 
Rhenium -185 
Rubidium -83, -85, -87 
Ruthenium -96, -99, -100, -101, -102 
Samarium -147, -149, -150, -152, -154 
Selenium -74, -75, -76, -77, -78, -80, -82 
Silicon -29, -30, -32 
Silver -107, -109 
Sodium -22 
Strontium -82, -84, -86, -87, -88, -89, -90 
Sulfur -34  
Technetium -99 
Thallium -203, -205 
Thorium -227, -229 
Tin-117, -120, -122, -124 
Titanium -46, -47, -48, -50 
Tungsten -180, -182, -183, -184, -186, -188 
Uranium -234, -235 
Xenon -136 
Ytterbium -171, -173, -174 
Yttrium -86, -88 
Zinc-64, -65, -67, -68, -70 
Zirconium -90, -91, -92, -94, -96 
 
 
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  III. POWER ADMINISTRATION S 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprises  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprises  
 
The United States maintains the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville), Southeastern Power 
Administration (Southeastern), Southwestern Power Administration (Southwestern), and Western 
Area Power Administration (Western) within the Department of Energ y. Southeastern and 
Southwestern had no foreign transactions in the current or recent reporting periods. Information 
on these two entities is being provided for transparency purposes.  
 
 (b) Description of product affected  
 
The product affected is Electric al Energy, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2716.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprises  
 
The Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) market wholesale electricity generated at 
hydroelectr ic dams owned and managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) 
and the United States Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). Bonneville also markets electricity 
generated by a nuclear plant owned and operated by Energy Northwest, and by a non -federally 
owned and operated hydro project. Western also markets about 400 MW of capacity generated by 
the Navajo coal -fired plant in Arizona. The federal government began to market electricity after 
Congress authorized the construction of the dams and est ablished major water projects by the 
Corps and Reclamation, primarily in the 1930s through the 1960s. The Corps and Reclamation 
operate these projects to provide or manage water for such multiple purposes as irrigation, flood 
control, navigation, recreatio n, water supply, and environmental enhancement. These agencies 
also generate electricity at hydropower plants located at federal water projects. The PMAs sell the 
power that is not used for project purposes to cooperatives and public bodies, such as munici pal 
utilities, irrigation districts, military installations, and to other utilities, and any power surplus to 
those needs to other power purchasing entities.  
 
In addition to the more general purposes above, the self -financed Bonneville is obligated to meet  
requesting publicly -owned utilities' loads in its Pacific Northwest marketing area; own, operate, 
and maintain a high -voltage transmission system; encourage conservation; and to protect, 
mitigate and enhance the fish and wildlife of the Columbia River and  its tributaries. Bonneville sells 
at wholesale and at cost the electric power produced at 31 operating federal hydroelectric projects 
owned and operated by the Corps and Reclamation, and the electric power produced by the non -
federally owned and operated nuclear and hydro plants previously mentioned. Bonneville acquires 
and sells non -Federal electric power and conservation resources sufficient to meet the net, non -
generating, requirements of Bonneville public customers. Bonneville's Administrator and the C orps' 
Division Engineer, Northwestern Division, are directed by Executive Order to be the U.S. Entity 
overseeing the execution of the 1961 Columbia River Treaty between the United States and 
Canada.  
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
The PMAs are separate and distinct  entities within the Department of Energy (DOE), operating 
pursuant to their enabling legislation, including the Department of Energy Organization Act of 
1977.  
 
The Bonneville Project Act of 1937 (Project Act) established the Bonneville Power Administrati on 
within the Department of the Interior (later incorporated into the Department of Energy). The 
Bonneville Project Act, the Federal Columbia River Transmission System Act of 1974, the Pacific 
Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980,  the Columbia River Treaty of 
1961, and other federal laws contain provisions that define Bonneville's mission and/or affect the 
way it is carried out.  
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  The missions of the Southeastern Power Administration and the Southwestern Power 
Administration are se t forth in section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944.  
 
The authority for Western Area Power Administration's operations derives from the federal 
reclamation laws, in particular section 9(c) of the Reclamation Project Act of 1939, and consistent 
with secti on 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944.  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprises  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
The PMAs sell electric power generated by hydroelectric projects (and others as noted) owned and 
operated by Reclamation or the Corps, who also provide or manage water for such multiple 
purposes as irrigation, flood control, navigation, recreation, municipal water supply, and 
environmental enhancement.  
 
 (b) Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprises  
 
The PMAs, except the self -financed Bonneville, are funded by a variety of methods, including 
annual appropriations to DOE and use of PMA receipts. The non Bonneville PMA revenue that is not 
used to fund PMA activities is deposite d in the Miscellaneous Receipts account and the Reclamation 
Fund in the U.S. Treasury. The PMAs are exempt from Federal income taxation and from state and 
local taxation.  
 
Bonneville is a self -financed federal entity. Bonneville is authorized to use the pr oceeds in the BPA 
fund without appropriation and without fiscal year limitation. BPA's revenues are not part of the 
general funds of the U.S. Treasury. To finance its capital programs, Bonneville is authorized by the 
Federal Columbia River Transmission Sys tem Act of 1974, as amended, to issue to the U.S. 
Treasury up to $7.7 billion of interest -bearing bonds with terms and repayment conditions 
comparable to debt issued by U.S. government corporations. Bonneville is statutorily treated (16 
U.S.C 838i (c)) as a wholly -owned U.S. Government corporation under provisions of the 
Government Corporation Control Act (31 U.S.C 9106) for purposes of its financial and budget 
operations.  
 
 (c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprises that are allowed to e ngage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
More than 3,000 private investor -owned, local government -owned, and cooperatively -owned 
utilities engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity are permitted to 
import and export electricity.  
 
 (d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprises  
 
The PMAs may import and export electricity as authorized by each PMA's legislative authority and 
by its management. Southeastern and Southwestern d o not import or export power to other 
countries. Western imports and exports only non -firm power. A portion of the firm power output 
generated at federal and non -federal mid -Columbia River projects is owned by Canada (Canadian 
Entitlement) under the terms of the Columbia River Treaty, and Bonneville delivers that power to 
Canada primarily at the US/Canadian border on behalf of the U.S. Entity and is obligated to do so 
through at least 16 September 2024. Additionally, from time to time, Bonneville may import  or 
export short -term non -firm or firm energy or capacity.  
 
The PMAs are not required to obtain export authorizations. Import and export levels are 
determined by supply and demand.  
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Bonneville exports surplus power at  market -based rates.  
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   (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
The costs Bonneville incurs to purchase imported power are incorporated into the power -related 
production costs for the agency. Firm power is sold to customers at cost -based firm power rates. 
The price of surplus power sales is set at market prices. This market price can vary significantly, 
depending on market conditions. Any excess revenue derived from the sale of surplus power is 
used to reduce future firm power rates, ensuring that the agencies do not recover more than their 
full power -related costs.  
 
 (g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprises. Whether 
the state trading enterprises are used to fulfil contractual obligations entered  into by 
the government  
 
Bonneville, Southeastern, Southwestern, and Western sign long -term contracts for the sale of 
federally -generated power within the United States. Western does not sign long -term contracts for 
the exportation or importation of non -firm power. The Columbia River Treaty provides for the 
delivery of the Canadian share of the Treaty's downstream power benefits to the Canadian border 
through at least 16 September 2024, of approximately 4.3 Terawatt hours annually.  
 
 (h) Description of mark et structure  
 
The structure for the electricity market is competitive. Private investor -owned utilities, both U.S. 
and foreign -owned, government instrumentalities, and government -owned providers of electricity, 
are engaged in the generation, transmission a nd distribution of electricity in the United States. The 
regional electric grids are interconnected with Canada and Mexico. There is no tariff on electricity.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
See attached tables.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Other information  
 
None.  
 
IV. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE  
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The United States maintains the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) within the Department of 
Energy (DOE).  
 
 (b) Description of product affected  
 
The product affected is Crude Petroleum, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2709.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
The SPR is a crude oil stockpile, managed by the DOE. The SPR mission is to reduce vulnerability 
to economic, national security, and foreign policy consequences of supply interruptions.  
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
The SPR was created pursuant to the Energy Pol icy and Conservation Act of 22 December 1975 
(Public Law 94 -163), as amended, to reduce the impact of disruptions in supplies of petroleum G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
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  products and to carry out obligations of the United States under the Agreement on an 
International Energy Program.  
 
3. Description and Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
The United States, through the SPR, owns and operates four underground storage facilities for 
crude oil with a combined design storage capacity of 713.5 million barrels. The SPR acquires both 
domestic and imported crude oil through purchase and exchange. In recent years, oil has been 
obtained primarily through the competitive purchase of domestic or imported oil to be delivered to 
the SPR. Together the facilities and crude oil rep resent more than a $39 billion national 
investment.  
 
During an emergency "drawdown" of crude oil from the reserve, DOE is to competitively sell and 
distribute the crude oil to purchasers primarily through commercial pipelines and marine terminals.  
 
In 2017 , the SPR performed the drawdown and sale of roughly 16.3 million barrels of crude oil to 
include 10 million barrels as mandated by various pieces of legislation, as well as 6.3 million 
barrels to fund SPR modernization efforts.  
 
 (b) Specification of exc lusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
The SPR is an agency of the United States Government funded by annual appropriations for the 
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Account and by the SPR Petroleum Account. During an emergency 
drawdown and sale of crude oil, the SPR Petroleum Account is the source of funding the 
incremental costs of withdrawing oil from the storage caverns and transporting it to the point 
where purchasers take title. If additional funds are required fo r drawdown, they may be 
transferred from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Account or other DOE offices. The Federal 
Government deposits to the account an amount equal to receipts realized from sales resulting from 
an emergency drawdown to create additional funding to fill the SPR.  
 
 (c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
Private companies engaged in the exploration, production, refining, storage, and  distribution of 
crude oil are permitted to import and export crude oil.  
 
 (d) How import/export levels are established for state trading enterprise  
 
Oil is imported in accordance with Reserve fill plans as determined by legislative or Administration 
direction. 
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
The price of SPR crude oil sold is determined through competition open to all financially 
responsible offerors.  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Imported and domestic crude oil i s commingled in the underground storage facilities. The price of 
SPR crude oil sold is determined through competition open to all financially responsible offerors.  
 
 (g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise. Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
 
The SPR has previously used exchange contracts to fill the Reserve. It is anticipated that future 
purchases of crude oil will be done through a competitive  purchase program. The SPR is currently 
at 92% full to its capacity.  
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   (h) Description of market structure  
 
The structure of the crude oil market is international and competitive. Vertically -integrated oil 
companies and independent companies, both U.S. and  foreign -owned, are engaged in the 
exploration, production, refining, storage, and distribution of crude oil in the United States. The 
tariffs on crude oil are 5.25 cents per barrel for crude oil testing le ss than 25 degrees API and 
10.5 cents per barrel f or crude oil testing 25 degrees API or more.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
See attached tables.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Additional Information  
 
None.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 12 - TABLE I  
STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2016  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enter prise Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-up National Production  
Element, Isotope & Compound 
with Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound,  nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,808,671 MBq  $1.93/MBq  Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) 
- HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  32,000 kg  $265.63  Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, 
nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Source:  National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
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- 13 - STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2017  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-up National Production  
Element, Isotope & Comp ound 
with Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,960,741 MBq  $1.93/MBq  Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) 
- HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, 
nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not Applicable  Unknown  
Source : National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 14 - TABLE II  
STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2016  
Description of Product Including HS 
Number  Total 
Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price Average Export 
Price National 
Production  
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0  Unknown  $0  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,408,545 MBq  $2,147,367 total  Unknown  $1.52/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0  Unknown  $0  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  0.026 kg  $323,982 total  Unknown  $12,307,961/kg  Unknown  
Source : National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 15 - STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2017  
Description of Product Including HS 
Number  Total 
Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading Enterprise  Average Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price Average Export 
Price National 
Production  
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0  Unknown  $0  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,385,909 MBq  $21,147,188 total  Unknown  $16.70/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0  Unknown  $0  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  0.036 kg  $501,371 total  Unknown  $13,891,478/kg  Unknown  
Source : National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 16 - TABLE III 
STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2016  
Description of Product Including 
HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises  National 
Production  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterpr ise National Consumption  
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  $0  Unknown  $0  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  $0  Unknown  25,814,493 MBq  
$1.27/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000  $0  Unknown  10,366 kg  
$274.99  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  $0  Unknown  163.2 kg  
$13,156/kg  Unknown  
Source : National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 17 - STATE TRADING:  ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2017  
Description of Product Including 
HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises  National 
Production  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National Consumption  
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010  $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020  $0 Unknown  16,642,584 MBq  
$2.44/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy  Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000  $0 Unknown  11,914 kg  
$275.65/kg  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000  $0 Unknown  19.5 kg  
$247,379/kg  Unknown  
Source : National Isotope Development Center, Isotope Business Office, Oak Ridge, TN  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 18 - TABLE I  
STATE TRADING:  POWER MARKETING ADMI NISTRATION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2016  
 Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported1 Quantity Imported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise2 Average  Import 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price3 Mark-up National 
Production1 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  70 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  70 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Western  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  70 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  70 billion kWh  Op Agrmnts:  0.01 
billion kWh  
Other Exports: .04  
billion kWh  $.0203/kWh  
@ MidC  10.27 cents/kWh  N/A  4,077 billion kWh  
 
                                                
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018" - Table 7.1  Trade Electricity Overview.  
2 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts (e.g., October 2016 – September 2017) rather than calendar year amounts. Bonneville amounts include all 
power originating outside the US and flowing across BPA system transmission.  
3 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2018 ", published April 2018 - Table 5.3 Average Price of Electricity to 
Ultimate Customers.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 19 -  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 20 17 
 Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported1 Quantity Imported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise2 Average Import 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price3 Mark-up National 
Production1 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  62 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  62 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion kWh  
Western  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  62 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion kWh  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716  62 billion kWh  Op Agrmnts:  0.01 
billion kWh  
Other Exports:  .17 
billion kWh  $.0220/kWh  
@ MidC  10.54 cents/kWh  N/A  4,015 billion kWh  
 
                                                
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018 " – Table 7.1 Electricity Overview.   
2 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts ( e.g., October 20 16 – September 20 17) rather than calendar year amounts.  Bonneville amounts include all 
power originating outside the US and flowing across BPA system transmission.  
3 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2018 ", published April 2018 - Table 5.3 Average Price of Electricity to 
Ultimate Customers.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 20 -  
TABLE II  
STATE TRADING:  POWER MARKETING ADMI NISTRATION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2016  
 Description of 
Product Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported1 Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise2 Average 
Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price3 Average Export 
Price National Production1 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 9 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 9 billion kWh  0 N/A 10. 27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 9 billion kWh  0 N/A 10. 27 cents/kWh  N/A 4,077 billion kWh  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 9 billion kWh  Op Agreements:  
4.13 billion kWh  
Other Exports:  .56 
billion kWh  N/A 10. 27 cents/kWh  $.0203/kWh  
@MidC  4,077 billion kWh  
  
 
                                                
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018 " – Table 7. 1 Electricity Overview.  
2 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts (e.g., October 2016 – September 2017) rather than calendar year amounts. Bonneville amounts include all 
power syncing outside the US and flowing across BPA system transmission.  
3 Energy  Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2018 ", published April 2018 - Table 5.3 Average Price of Electricity to 
Ultimate Custom ers.  
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 21 -  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2017  
 Description of 
Product Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported1 Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise2 Average 
Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domes tic Sales 
Price3 Average Export 
Price National Production1 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 12 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 12 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion  kWh 
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 12 billion kWh  0 N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  N/A 4,015 billion kWh  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 12 billion kWh  Op Agreements:  
4.06 billion kWh  
Other Exports:  1.52 
billion kWh  N/A 10.54 cents/kWh  $.0220/kWh  
@MidC  4,015 billion kWh  
 
                                                
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018 " – Table 7.1 Elect ricity Overview . 
2 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 20 16 – September 20 17) rather than calendar year amounts.  Bonneville amounts include all power 
syncing outside the US and flowing across BPA system transmission.  
3 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Mont hly with Data for February 2018 ", published April 2018  - Table 5.3 Average Price of Electricity t o 
Ultimate Customers.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 22 -  
TABLE III  
STATE TRADING:  POWER MARKETING ADMI NISTRATION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2016  
 Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises1 National Production2 Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise1 National Consumption2 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  986 million kWh  4,077 billion kWh  7.61 billion kWh  3,902 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  91.3 million kWh  4,077 billion kWh  5.79 billion kWh  3,902 billion kWh  
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  5.8 billion kWh  4,077 billion kWh  29.9 billion kWh  3,902 billion kWh  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 2716 2.10 billion kWh  4,077 billion kWh  82.12 billion kWh  3,902 billion kWh  
 
                                                
1 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts (e.g., October 2016 – September 20 17) rather than calendar year amounts.  
2 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018 " – Table 7.1 Electricity Overview.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 23 -  
STATE TRADING:  POWER MARKETING ADMI NISTRATION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2017 
 Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises1 National Production2 Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise1 National Consumption2 
Southeastern  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  1.5 billion kWh  4,015 billion  kWh 6.04 billion kWh  3,820 billion kWh  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  228.0 million kWh  4,015 billion kWh  5.05 billion kWh  3,820 billion kWh  
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  7.1 billion kWh  4,015 billion kWh  34.7 billion kWh  3,820 billion kWh 
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  2.17 billion kWh  4,015 billion kWh  88.03 billion kWh  3,820 billion kWh  
 
  
                                                
1 Southeastern amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 20 16 – September 20 17) rather than calendar year amounts . 
2 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2018 " – Table 7.1 Electricity Overview.   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 24 - TABLE I  
STATE TRADING:  STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2016  
Description of Product 
Including HS  Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-up****  National Production  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  2,873,208*  0 
(1,000 Barrels)  $43.61**  N/A 
(Per Barrel)***  N/A 3,241,591*  
 *  Source:  2016 U.S. Crude Oil Supply and Disposition, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=mcrimus1&f=a  
 **  Average import price:  Total cost of imports by the STE (c.i.f. basis) divided by the total quantity imported by the STE  
 *** Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review May 2016, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary  
 **** Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M  
 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2017  
Description of Product 
Including HS  Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by State 
Trading Enterprise  Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-
up****  National 
Production  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  2,887,788   
(1,000 Barrels)*  0  
(1,000 Barrels)  $52.34**  N/A 
(Per Barrel)***  N/A 3,414,528  
(1,000 
Barrels)*  
 *  Source:  2017 U.S. Crude Oil Supply and Disposition, http://eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_crdsnd_k_a.htm  
 **  Average import price:  Total cost of imports by the STE (c.i.f. basis) divided by the total quant ity imported by the STE  
 *** Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review May 2017, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary  
 **** Members may report either under column 4 and 5 or under column 6  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 25 - TABLE II  
STATE TRADING:  STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2016  
Description of 
Product Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise**  Average 
Procurement Price  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Average Export 
Price National Production  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  216,274*  0 N/A N/A 
(Per Barrel)***  N/A 271,896****  
 *  Source:  2016 U.S. Exports of Crude Oil, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCREXUS1&f=a  
 ** In cases where no exports have taken place under the column "Quantity Exported by State Trading Enterprise", an explanation i s provided under 
Section  V, paragraph 5 of this qu estionnaire.  
 *** Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review May 2014, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary  
 **** Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.a shx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M  
 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMAT ION, EXPORTS 2017  
Description of 
Product Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average 
Procurement Price  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Average Export 
Price National Production  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  167,258  
(1,000 Barrels)*  0 N/A N/A 
(Per Barrel)**  N/A 3,442,205  
(1,000 Barrels)***  
 *  Source:  2015 U.S. Exports of Crude Oil, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_NUS -Z00_mbbl_a.htm  
 **  Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review May 2017, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary  
 *** Source:  Crude Oil Production http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbbl_a.htm  
   
  G/STR/N/17/USA  
 
- 26 - TABLE III  
STATE TRADING:  STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2016  
Description of Product  
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By  
State Trading Enterprises  National Production  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National Consumption  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  0 (1,000 Barrels)  3,241,591 (1,000 Barrels)*  0 19,984  
(1,000  Barrels/Day 
Average)**  
 * Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M  
 ** 4 Week Average of U.S. Product Supplied of Petroleum Products  
  Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTUPUS2&f=M  
 
 
STATISTICAL  INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2017  
Description of Product  
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By  
State Trading Enterprises  National Production  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National Consumption  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  0 (1,000 Barrels)  3,414,528 (1,000 Barrels)*  16,300,000***  20,082  
(1,000 Barrels/Day 
Average)**  
 *  Source : Crude Oil Production http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbbl_a.htm  
 ** Source : 4 Week Average of U.S. Product Supplied of Petroleum Products, 
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTUPUS2&f=M  
 *** Source : Bipartisan B udget Act 2015, Public Law 114 -74, Section 404; 21st Century Cures Act, Public Law 114 -255. 
 
__________