G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
27 April 2017 
(17-2317) Page: 1/10 
Committee on Market Access    
 
QUANTITATIVE RESTRIC TIONS:  
FACTUAL INFORMATION ON NOTIFICATIONS REC EIVED   
REPORT  BY THE SECRETARIAT1 
Revision  
1  INTRODUCTION  
1.1.  This report  has been prepared at request of the Chairperson of the Committee on Market 
Access with a view to providing factual infor mation on the notifications received pursuant to  
"Decision on Notification Procedures for Quantitative Restrictions" (hereinafter the QR Decision) .2  
It complements information already provided by the Secretariat in the practical guide on 
notifications of QRs (JOB/MA/101) and the background note on the previous Decision on 
notification procedures for QRs (JOB/MA/6) , and updates  the report circulated in G/MA/W/114  on 
22 May 2015 .   
1.2.  Section 2 describes the different WTO sources of information on QRs and the t ype of 
information available in the QR Database.  Section 3 provides factual information on the contents 
of the QR notifications that have been rec eived as of 21 April 2017 , including: i)  an overview of the 
QRs in  force by notifying Member; ii)  the trade f lows affected a nd types of measures used; iii)  the 
types of products affected, and; iv) the legal justification mentioned by Members.  
2  WTO SOURCES OF INFOR MATION ON QUANTITATI VE RESTRICTIONS  
2.1.  Pursuant to  paragraph 1 of the QR Decision, "Members shall make c omplete notifications of 
all quantitative restrictions in force by 30 September 2012 and at tw o yearly intervals thereafter. 
They should also notify changes to those quantitative restrictions as soon as possible, but not later 
than six months from their en try into force".3 All QR notifications are circulated in the 
"G/MA/QR/N" document series and reviewed by the Committee of Market Access.  
2.2.  Paragraph 4 of the QR Decision  established  a database on Quantitative Restrictions 
(hereinafter the QR database) , whic h was launched  in May  2014 and compiles all notifications 
submitted  by Members under the QR Decision.4 This database allows users to query information 
according to specific selection criteria, such as product, reporting Member, type of measure, 
trading par tner, and others. It also  allows users to prepare different types of reports and  it is 
updated every time a new notification is received.  The QR database has not been updated since 
2016 due to a technical problem, but the Secretariat is currently working t o fix it. D ata on QR 
notifications  can also be accessed through the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I -TIP), which  
provides a single entry point for information compiled by the WTO on  several  trade policy 
measures .5   
2.3.  The Secretariat has taken a numbe r of actions with a view to raising  awareness about the QR 
Decision and its notification requirements. These include the production of a video and the creation 
                                                
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and is without prejudice 
to the positions of Members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO.  
2 Decision of Council for Trade in Goods of  3 July 2012 , G/L/59/ Rev.1.  
3 Paragraph 1 of the QR Decision.  
4 The QR database is public and can be accessed at the following address: http://qr.wto.org/ . 
5 https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/itip_e.htm .  G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  of a dedicated section on QRs in the WTO website.6  As part of its regular functions, the Secret ariat 
continuously provides information on the QR Decision and its database, and trains government 
officers in the context of technical assistance activities.  
2.4.  Members can also find information in the official documents of the Committee on Market 
Access, su ch as the minutes of the meetings, the Annual Report to the Council for Trade in Goods, 
as well as in the yearly report prepared by the Secretariat on the status of notifications pursuant 
to paragraph 7 of the QR  Decision (G/L/223/ series).  
2.5.  The Trade Poli cy Review (TPR) Mechanism is another useful source of information on QRs 
maintained by Members, and in particular Section 3 on " Trade policies and practices by measure", 
which provides information on import and export prohibitions and restrictions.7 Finall y, information 
on QRs applied by Members can be found in the G20 and WTO -wide trade monitoring reports, 
which are prepared annually  by the WTO Secretariat .8 It should , however,  be noted that measures 
identified in the TPRs and the monitoring reports are no t necessarily notified to the WTO pursuant 
to the QR Decision.  
3  FACTUAL INFORMATION ON QR NOTIFICATIONS  
3.1.  The notification of quantitative restrictions9 in force shall be based on a specific format  
contained in Annex 1 of the QR Decision . It requires Member s to provide the following information 
for each QR : i) a gen eral description of the QR; ii)  the type of restriction (based o n the symbols in 
Annex 2); iii)  the tariff line codes of the products covered, including the HS version used; iv)  the 
detailed product  description for the c orresponding tariff line(s); v)  the legal justification for 
maintaini ng the measure; vi)  the national legal basis for the QR, including its entry into force and 
the date it ceased to be in force, if know n; and vii)  Member 's comments, administration of the 
restriction or modification of a previously notified measure.10 
3.1  Notification of QRs   
3.2.  As of 21 April  2017, 32 Members  have submitted notifications of all QRs in force for the  
biennial periods 2012 -2014, 2014-2016, and/or 2016-2018, which represents  an increase of 
5 Members since the last report .  Of the 32 notifying Members, nine have submitted notifications 
for the three biennial  periods ; nine have notified  two biennial periods ; and 14 Members have 
submitted information for one biennial period  only.  Twelve Members have notified under the 
biennial period 2016 -2018. The QR Decision also allows Members to notify changes to their 
measures . To date,  only four Members have done so .  No "reverse" notification has been received 
to date .11  The c omplete list of notifications  submitted by Members  is provi ded in the Annex  to this 
report .  Given the low number of notifications received, it should be noted that the summary 
information provided in this section is not necessarily representative of the u niverse of QRs being 
implemented by all 164 WTO Members.   
3.3.  The 32 notifying Members maintain a total of 886 QRs , which account for  1029 measures.  
For the purpose of this report , the term "QR" and "measure" are used to identify two different 
concepts as e ach notified QR may be enforced through more than one measure. For example, a 
QR could involve a conditional prohibition and a non -automatic licence procedure to administer it, 
                                                
6 The video is entitled "Transparency through notifications and the database: the case of quantitative 
restrictions" and can be seen at  https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/qr_e.htm .  
7 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm .  
8 These reports are circul ated under the WT/TPR/OV/ and WT/TPR/OV/W (mid -year reports) document 
series. The tables in the annexes to these reports include information on quantitative restrictions, but only 
when not related to TBT and SPS matters.  
9 The term "quantitative restrictio n" is not clearly defined. Several legal provisions under the WTO 
Agreement deal with such measures, including  Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 (general elimination  of 
quantitative restrictions). For an overview of the WTO provisions addressing QRs see docume nt JOB/MA/6.  
10 Paragraph 2 of the QR Decision.  
11 Paragraph 5 of the QR Decision states that Members shall be free to make reverse notifications of 
measures maintained by other Members. They shall use the format in Annex 1 and complete all the information 
required. These notifications will be included in the agenda of the Committee on Market Access and the 
Member subject to reverse notification will have two months to comment in writing. In the absence of such a 
comment within the two months, the Secretariat  shall include the reverse information in the database.  G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  which means that the  same  QR will be counted as two different measures in this report (see next 
section).  
3.4.  To avoid duplication in the analysis, t he calculations in this section  are based on the 
information contained in the latest notification submitted  by each of those 32 Members .  It means 
that if a Member made a first notification f or the biennial period 2012 -2014, and subsequently 
notified the same measures for the period 2014-2016 and/or 2016-2018, only the latest one has 
been taken into account12.  Since other variables may also have "one -to-many" relationships , the 
total number of  measures/QRs varies for each of the Charts shown below .   
3.2  Type of restriction used and affected trade flows  
3.5.  The QR Decision provides that Members shall notify all QRs in force, irrespective of whether 
they affect imports or exports.  In addition, p aragra ph 2(ii) requires Members to provide a "precise 
indication of the type of restriction imposed using the symbols contained in Annex 2". Where the 
restriction cannot be classified under one of th ose symbols, then a full description of the measure 
shall be pr ovided by the Member in the notification.13    
3.6.  Chart 1 shows that  the majority of the 1029 measures notified by Members consist of import 
measures ( 66.8% of the total), which is more than two times the number imposed on exports 
(32.2%).  In terms of the spe cific types of measures notified, most of them are:  
 Non-automatic licensing procedures, of which 150 measures apply to exports and 328 to 
imports;  
 Prohibitions (e.g. bans of certain products), of which 105 concern exports and 
254 concern imports; and  
 Prohibitions except under defined conditions (i.e. conditional prohibitions), of which 
68 apply to exports and 100 apply to imports.  
 Quotas14, either global or allocated by country, represent a small percentage of the total 
number of notified mea sures.   
 Finally, there are 10 measures that were not categorized by the Member concerned 
using the relevant  symbol s, but it was nonetheless possible for the Secretariat to 
identify the type of measure and whether the restriction applied to imports or exports.  
These wer e taken into account under the relevant category.  
 
                                                
12 See Annex 1 for a complete list of all notifications submitted by Members.  
13 Footnote 5 of the QR Decision specifies that such list is "not intended to define or harmonize the 
concept of quantitativ e restrictions under the WTO".  
14 A quota is a restriction (i.e. an absolute volume) on the amount of a good that may be imported by, 
or exported from, a country. It should not be confused with a "tariff quota" or "tariff rate quota" (TRQ), which 
consist in  the application of a reduced tariff rate (i.e. in -quota duty) for a specified quantity of imported goods; 
imports above this specified quantity face a higher tariff rate (i.e. out -of-quota duty). TRQs are commonly used 
for agricultural products. Footnote 1 of the QR Decision explicitly excludes TRQs from its scope.  G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1: Number of QRs notified, by type of restriction and affected trade flow  
 
Source: WTO Secretariat based on QR notifications received.  
 
3.3  Types of p roducts affected  
3.7.  Paragraphs (iii) and (iv) of the  QR Decision require Members to provide specific information 
on the tariff line code of the products  affected by the QR, namely: i)  a detailed description of the 
tariff line(s) or parts of the tariff line(s)  affected, together with an indication of the Harmonised 
System (HS) version on whi ch the codes are based; and ii)  a detailed description of the product(s) 
covered by the QR. It is further specifie d that "Members shall make an effort to be precise in those  
cases where the restriction only covers part of an HS sub -heading, i.e. only part of a six digit 
code".  
3.8.  Of the 32 notifications used in the calculations, 20 contain partial or no information on the 
tariff codes affected. Approximately 10% of the notified  QRs do not make reference to all specific 
tariff lines covered by the QR, but rather use the term "various"  sometimes followed by examples 
of tariff lines covered (i.e. it is not an exhaustive list). In a limited number of  cases there is no 
consistency be tween the tariff line and the described product.  Finally, approximately 1% of the 
notified QRs do not include information on the covered products, but rather provide a link to a 
website or document which contains a generic list of products with no specifi c information on the 
HS code.   In terms of the HS version used, the vast majority of notifications (25 out of 32) include 
codes in HS2012, four notifications in HS2007, and one in HS2002.  Two M embers did not indicate 
the HS version used.  
3.9.  Chart 2 shows the  ten HS Chapters that appear to be the most affected by QRs . The 
calculation was b ased on the tariff codes provided in the notification s, including those cases with 
partial information.  Chapter 29 (Organic chemicals)  appears to be the chapter  with the high est 
number of notified QRs , followed by Chapter 84 (Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and 
mechanical appliances; parts thereof), and Chapter 38 (M iscellaneous chemical products) .  
G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 2: Top -ten product categories affected by Q Rs, by HS Chapter  
 
Source: WTO Secretariat based on QR notifications received.  
 
3.10.   Chart  3 disaggregates the information by trade flow and suggests  that the product 
categories affected by QRs on exports differ with  respect to those affecting imports.  For example, 
while Chapter 84 is the second most affected by QRs on imports, exports under this HS Chapter 
are not affected  to the same degree . Similarly, HS Chapter 28 (Inorganic chemicals; organic or 
inorganic compounds of precious metals, or rare-earth metals or radioactive elements or of 
isotopes) appears to be the second most affected HS Chapter in terms of QRs on exports .  
Chart 3: Top -five product categories affected by QRs, by HS chapter and trade flow  
 
Source: WTO Secretariat based on QR notifications received.  
G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  3.4  WTO justification  
3.11.   Paragraph 2(v) of the QR Decision requires Members to provide "an indication of the 
grounds and WTO justification for the measures maintained  […] and the precise WTO provisio ns".  
Although Members have cited at  least one WTO provision  for 89.5% of the notified QRs in the 
dataset , they have also cited waivers (1%) .  There are 63 QRs for which Members cited more than 
one WTO provision as justification.   On the other hand, there are 13 Members that did not provide 
a WTO justification  for 85 QRs ( 9.5%).   
3.12.   As it can be seen in Chart 4, t he GATT 1994 was the most frequently cited WTO A greement 
89.1% of  the QRs in dataset) .  Under the GATT, the "General Exceptions" of Article XX  were the 
most frequently cited:  630 QRs in the dataset, or approximately  69% of the total . Particularly 
relevant is the reference to paragraph b of Article XX , which refers to measures "necessary to 
protect human, animal or plant life or health", and was cited for approximately 40% of the QRs in 
the dataset .  The "national security" exception of Article  XXI was cited as justification for 17.4% of 
the QRs. Besides the GATT 1994, Members have also referred to a lesser extent other legal 
justifications, such as the  "Kimberly Process " Waiver15 (nine QRs), the TRIPS Agreement (one QR), 
and the Protocol of Accession ( two QRs).   
3.13.   There are several  cases where the reference has been  made  to an Article in ge neral without 
providing further details (e.g. there have been 84 c ases where the Member simply state d 
“Article  XX”), or where the justification closely resembles one of the general exceptions in the 
GATT , but no specific provision was cited (e.g. "protection of ani mal life and of the environment ").  
For analytical purpos es, the Secretariat tried to assign the relevant provision for the latter.  
Chart 4: Number of QRs notified, by WTO provision cited as justification  
 
Source: WTO  Secretariat based on QR notifications received.  
 
3.14.   Chart 5  provides a breakdown of the measures used to implement the QR under each legal 
provision cited as justification , and whether these affect imports or exports.  Overall, the two most 
common types of measures notified across all provisions  are non-automatic licensing procedures 
(502 measures ) and  prohibitions ( 392 measures ).  For those measures  which ha ve been justified 
through the general exceptions of Article  XX:(b), most of the import measures relate to 
prohibitions (1 30), non -automatic licensing procedures ( 124), and prohibitions , except under 
                                                
15 Kimberly Process  Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds, s ee WT/L/876  
G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  defined conditions (5 5). On the other hand, measures applied on exports  consist mostly of 
non-automatic licensing procedures ( 167) and prohibitions ( 115).  Prohibitions  also seem to be 
important for those measures  which have b een justified by other paragraphs of Article  XX of the 
GATT (346 of 788 measures ). The large majority of  QRs justified through the national security 
exception of Article  XXI relate to non -automatic licensing procedures ( 27 on exports and 96 on 
imports).   It should be noted that "non-automatic licences"  account for most of the measures for 
which no legal justification has been provided  by Members . 
Chart 5: Number of QRs notified, by GATT 1994 Article  cited as justification and type of 
measure  
 
Source: WTO Secretariat based on QR notifications received.  
 
3.5  Non-WTO agreements mentioned  
3.15.   Paragraph (v) of the  QR Decision requires  Members to provide an indication of the grounds 
for the measures maintained , including "any  relevant internati onal commitment  where 
appropriate" . Several  notifications have provided information on non -WTO agreements , but  
Members have taken different approaches.  While some Members have included very detailed 
information, others have refrained from doing so despite  being parties to those international 
conventions . 
3.16.   Chart 6 shows the number of WTO Members tha t are signatories to the  international 
conventions that have been most frequently cited in their QR notifications , and compares it with 
the number of Members that  have made reference to those agreements .  The most frequently 
cited international conventions in the notifications include the  Montreal Protocol on Substances 
that De plete the Ozone Layer, CITES, the Rotterdam Convention, and the Basel Convention on 
Hazar dous Wastes, among others.   
G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 6: QR notifications and Members' participation in  non-WTO agreements  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat based on QR notifications and the websites of the different Conventions.  
Note: EU -28 counted as one for both bars.  
 
3.6  Other elements in the notifications  
3.17.   Paragraph 2(vii) of the QR Decision allows Members to provide information on, inter alia , 
the manner in which the restriction is administered , and whether it is applied on a MFN basis or to 
the trade with one  or more trading partners. For example, almost half of the QRs in the dataset 
(429 out of 886)  include information on  the institution(s) that administer s the restriction . The 
Secretariat could try to prepare a more detailed assessment on this inform ation in future versions 
of the report should Members consider it appropriate.  
3.7  Cross -reference to other WTO notifications  
3.18.   Cognizant of the fact that a number of measures are already subject to specific notification 
requirements under different WTO Agreem ents, and with the goal of avoid ing unnecessary 
duplication, the QR Decision allows Members  to make cross -references  to other  notifications .16 In 
this regard, Members can include a  cross-reference to notifications made pursuant to the 
Agreement on Agricultu re, Agreement on Balance of Payments, Agreement on Safeguards, 
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures (only non -automatic  licensing procedures ), and other 
agreements .17  
3.19.   Of the 32  notifications used in the analysis , 13 included cross -references to other W TO 
notifications , all of which referred to the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures.   There are, 
however, several cases where only the document  symbol was provided and the notification 
referred to does not contain all the information required by the QR  Decision.   Very few Members 
have made use of the format in Section 2 to add the information that is not contained in the other 
notification that is cross -referred to.   
                                                
16 Paragraph 3 of the QR Decision.  
17 Section 2 of Annex1 to the QR Decision.  
G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  ANNEX  
QR NOTIFICATIONS SUB MITTED PURSUANT TO G /L/59/REV.1  
Member  No. of 
Notification s Document  Type  Date  
1.  Afghanistan  1 G/MA/QR/N/AFG/1  Complete  25/08/2016  
2.  Australia  2 G/MA/QR/N/AUS/1  Complete  30/10/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/AUS/2  Complete  06/02/2015  
3.  Brazil  1 G/MA/QR/N/BRA/1  Complete  30/08/2016  
4.  Canada  3 G/MA/QR/N/CAN/1  Complete  03/12/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/CAN/2  Complete  24/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/CAN/3  Complete  17/10/2016  
5.  China  3 G/MA/QR/N/CHN/1  Complete  24/04/2015  
G/MA/QR/N/CHN/2  Complete  24/04/2015  
G/MA/QR/N/CHN/3  Complete  24/04/2015  
6.  Costa Rica  2 G/MA/QR/N/CRI/1 and  
G/MA/QR/N/CRI/1/Co rr.1 Complete  30/09/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/CRI/2  Complete  09/10/2014  
7.  Côte d'Ivoire  1 G/MA/QR/N/CIV/1  Complete  02/10/2014  
8.  Cuba  3 G/MA/QR/N/CUB/1  Complete  08/02/2013  
G/MA/QR/N/CUB/2  Complete  06/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/CUB/3  Complete  21/09/2016  
9.  European Unio n 3 G/MA/QR/N/EU/1  Complete  08/05/2013  
G/MA/QR/N/EU/2  Changes  09/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/EU/3  Complete  31/01/2017  
10. Georgia  1 G/MA/QR/N/GEO/1  Complete  04/04/2014  
11. Hong Kong, 
China  4 G/MA/QR/N/HKG/1  Complete  03/10/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/HKG/1/Add.1  Changes  14/05 /2013  
G/MA/QR/N/HKG/2  Complete  07/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/HKG/3  Complete  29/09/2016  
12. India  1 G/MA/QR/N/IND/1  Complete  10/06/2014  
13. Japan  3 G/MA/QR/N/JPN/1  Complete  04/04/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/JPN/2  Complete  31/03/2015  
G/MA/QR/N/JPN/2/Rev.1  Complete  24/09/201 5 
G/MA/QR/N/JPN/3  Complete  07/10/2016  
14. Korea, Rep. of  1 G/MA/QR/N/KOR/1  Complete  29/10/2012  
15. Lao People's 
 Democratic 
 Rep. 1 G/MA/QR/N/LAO/1  Complete  02/03/2015  
16. Macao, China  3 G/MA/QR/N/MAC/1  Complete  08/11/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/MAC/2  Complete  01/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/MAC/3  Complete  27/07/2016  
17. Mali 1 G/MA/QR/N/MLI/1  Complete  15/05/2013  
18. Mauritius  3 G/MA/QR/N/MUS/1  Complete  01/04/2016  
G/MA/QR/N/MUS/2  Complete  03/02/2017  
G/MA/QR/N/MUS/3  Complete  15/03/2017  
19. Mexico  1 G/MA/QR/N/MEX/1  Complete  27/07/2016  
G/MA/QR/N/MEX/1/Rev.1  Complete  04/08/2016  
20. New Zealand  2 G/MA/QR/N/NZL/1  Complete  05/11/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/NZL/2  Complete  07/10/2014  
21. Nicaragua  2 G/MA/QR/N/NIC/1  Complete  14/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/NIC/2  Complete  05/12/2016  G/MA/W/114/Rev.1  
 
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  Member  No. of 
Notification s Document  Type  Date  
22. Peru  1 G/MA/QR/N/PER/1  Complete  03/09/2013  
23. Philippines  1 G/MA/QR/N/PHI/1  Complete  21/05/2015  
24. Russian 
 Federation  3 G/MA/QR/N/RUS/1 and 
G/MA/QR/N/RUS/1/Corr.1  Complete  14/09/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/RUS/2  Complete  18/09/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/RUS/3  Complete  05/10/2016  
25. Chinese Taipei  3 G/MA/QR/N/TP KM/1 Complete  03/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/TPKM/1/Add.1  Changes  01/12/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/TPKM/2  Complete  28/07/2016  
26. Singapore  2 G/MA/QR/N/SGP/1  Complete  31/05/2013  
G/MA/QR/N/SGP/2  Complete  28/04/2015  
27. Switzerland - 
 Liechtenstein  1 G/MA/QR/N/CHE/1  
G/MA/QR/N/ CHE/1/Add.1  
G/MA/QR/N/LIE/1  Complete  02/05/2014  
28. Thailand  1 G/MA/QR/N/THA/1 and  
G/MA/QR/N/THA/1/Corr.1  Complete  26/10/2012  
29. Turkey  1 G/MA/QR/N/TUR/1 and  
G/MA/QR/N/TUR/1/Corr.1  Complete  15/10/2012  
30. Ukraine  8 G/MA/QR/N/UKR/1  Complete  23/10/2012  
G/MA/QR/ N/UKR/1/Add.1  Changes  15/05/2013  
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/1/Add.2  Changes  26/08/2013  
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/1/Add.3  Changes  24/01/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/2  Complete  04/12/2015  
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/2/Rev.1  Complete  18/12/2015  
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/3  Complete  20/09/2016  
G/MA/QR/N /UKR/3/Add.1 and 
G/MA/QR/N/UKR/3/Add.1/Corr.1  Changes  06/03/2017  
31. United States  3 G/MA/QR/N/USA/1  Complete  05/10/2012  
G/MA/QR/N/USA/2  Complete  09/10/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/USA/3  Complete  07/10/2016  
32. Uruguay  2 G/MA/QR/N/URY/1  Complete  15/07/2014  
G/MA/QR/N/ URY/2  Complete  11/11/2016  
Source: WTO  Secretariat . 
 
 
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