17.7.2000 EN L 178/1 Official Journal of the European Communities
I
(Acts whose publication is obligatory)
DIRECTIVE 2000/31/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 8 June 2000
on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the
Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE (3) Community law and the characteristics of the Community
legal order are a vital asset to enable European citizens and EUROPEAN UNION,
operators to take full advantage, without consideration of
borders, of the opportunities afforded by electronicHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com-commerce; this Directive therefore has the purpose ofmunity, and in particular Articles 47(2), 55 and 95 thereof,ensuring a high level of Community legal integration in
order to establish a real area without internal borders forHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),information society services.
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social
Committee (2),
Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in (4) It is important to ensure that electronic commerce could
Article 251 of the Treaty (3), fully benefit from the internal market and therefore that,
as with Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989
on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by Whereas:
law, regulation or administrative action in Member
States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting
(1) The European Union is seeking to forge ever closer links activities (4), a high level of Community integration is
between the States and peoples of Europe, to ensure achieved.
economic and social progress; in accordance with
Article 14(2) of the Treaty, the internal market comprises
an area without internal frontiers in which the freemovements of goods, services and the freedom of estab-
lishment are ensured; the development of information
(
5) The development of information society services within society services within the area without internal frontiers
the Community is hampered by a number of legal is vital to eliminating the barriers which divide the
obstacles to the proper functioning of the internal market European peoples.
which make less attractive the exercise of the freedom of
establishment and the freedom to provide services; these
(2) The development of electronic commerce within the obstacles arise from divergences in legislation and from
information society offers significant employment oppor- the legal uncertainty as to which national rules apply
tunities in the Community, particularly in small and to such services; in the absence of coordination and
medium-sized enterprises, and will stimulate economic adjustment of legislation in the relevant areas, obstacles
growth and investment in innovation by European com- might be justified in the light of the case-law of the Court
panies, and can also enhance the competitiveness of of Justice of the European Communities; legal uncertainty
European industry, provided that everyone has access to exists with regard to the extent to which Member States
the Internet. may control services originating from another Member
State.
(1) OJ C 30, 5.2.1999, p. 4.
(2) OJ C 169, 16.6.1999, p. 36.
(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of 6 May 1999 (OJ C 279,
1.10.1999, p. 389), Council common position of 28 February2000 (OJ C 128, 8.5.2000, p. 32) and Decision of the European (
4) OJ L 298, 17.10.1989, p. 23. Directive as amended by Directive
97/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ Parliament of 4 May 2000 (not yet published in the Official
Journal). L 202, 30.7.1997, p. 60).L 178/2 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
(6) In the light of Community objectives, of Articles 43 and unfair terms in consumer contracts (1) and Directive
97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 49 of the Treaty and of secondary Community law, these
obstacles should be eliminated by coordinating certain of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in
respect of distance contracts (2) form a vital element national laws and by clarifying certain legal concepts at
Community level to the extent necessary for the proper for protecting consumers in contractual matters; those
Directives also apply in their entirety to information functioning of the internal market; by dealing only with
certain specific matters which give rise to problems for society services; that same Community acquis, which is
fully applicable to information society services, also the internal market, this Directive is fully consistent with
the need to respect the principle of subsidiarity as set out embraces in particular Council Directive 84/450/EEC of
10 September 1984 concerning misleading and compara- in Article 5 of the Treaty.
tive advertising (3), Council Directive 87/102/EEC of
22 December 1986 for the approximation of the laws,
regulations and administrative provisions of the Member
States concerning consumer credit (4), Council Directive(7) In order to ensure legal certainty and consumer confi-93/22/EEC of 10 May 1993 on investment services indence, this Directive must lay down a clear and generalthe securities field (5), Council Directive 90/314/EEC offramework to cover certain legal aspects of electronic13 June 1990 on package travel, package holidays andcommerce in the internal market.package tours (6), Directive 98/6/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 onconsumer production in the indication of prices of
products offered to consumers (
7), Council Directive(8) The objective of this Directive is to create a legal92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety (8),framework to ensure the free movement of informationDirective 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and ofsociety services between Member States and not tothe Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection ofharmonise the field of criminal law as such.purchasers in respect of certain aspects on contracts
relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable
properties on a timeshare basis (9), Directive 98/27/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May
(9) The free movement of information society services can in 1998 on injunctions for the protection of consumers’
many cases be a specific reflection in Community law of interests (10), Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July
a more general principle, namely freedom of expression 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations
as enshrined in Article 10(1) of the Convention for the and administrative provisions concerning liability for
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, defective products (11), Directive 1999/44/EC of the Euro-
which has been ratified by all the Member States; for this pean Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on
reason, directives covering the supply of information certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and
society services must ensure that this activity may be associated guarantees (12), the future Directive of the
engaged in freely in the light of that Article, subject only European Parliament and of the Council concerning the
to the restrictions laid down in paragraph 2 of that Article distance marketing of consumer financial services and
and in Article 46(1) of the Treaty; this Directive is Council Directive 92/28/EEC of 31 March 1992 on
not intended to affect national fundamental rules and the advertising of medicinal products (13); this Directive
principles relating to freedom of expression.
(10) In accordance with the principle of proportionality, the
measures provided for in this Directive are strictly limited (1) OJ L 95, 21.4.1993, p. 29.
to the minimum needed to achieve the objective of the (2) OJ L 144, 4.6.1999, p. 19.
(3) OJ L 250, 19.9.1984, p. 17. Directive as amended by Directive proper functioning of the internal market; where action
97/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ at Community level is necessary, and in order to guarantee
L 290, 23.10.1997, p. 18). an area which is truly without internal frontiers as far as
(4) OJ L 42, 12.2.1987, p. 48. Directive as last amended by Directiveelectronic commerce is concerned, the Directive must98/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 101,ensure a high level of protection of objectives of general1.4.1998, p. 17).interest, in particular the protection of minors and human(5) OJ L 141, 11.6.1993, p. 27. Directive as last amended by Directivedignity, consumer protection and the protection of97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 84,public health; according to Article 152 of the Treaty, the 26.3.1997, p. 22).
protection of public health is an essential component of (6) OJ L 158, 23.6.1990, p. 59.
other Community policies. (7) OJ L 80, 18.3.1998, p. 27.
(8) OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 24.
(9) OJ L 280, 29.10.1994, p. 83.
(10) OJ L 166, 11.6.1998, p. 51. Directive as amended by Directive
1999/44/EC (OJ L 171, 7.7.1999, p. 12).(11) This Directive is without prejudice to the level of(11) OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, p. 29. Directive as amended by Directive
protection for, in particular, public health and consumer 1999/34/EC (OJ L 141, 4.6.1999, p. 20).
interests, as established by Community acts; amongst (12) OJ L 171, 7.7.1999, p. 12.
(13) OJ L 113, 30.4.1992, p. 13. others, Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on17.7.2000 EN L 178/3 Official Journal of the European Communities
should be without prejudice to Directive 98/43/EC of the ( 16) The exclusion of gambling activities from the scope of
application of this Directive covers only games of chance, European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998
on the approximation of the laws, regulations and lotteries and betting transactions, which involve wagering
a stake with monetary value; this does not cover pro- administrative provisions of the Member States relating
to the advertising and sponsorship of tobacco products (1) motional competitions or games where the purpose is to
encourage the sale of goods or services and where adopted within the framework of the internal market, or
to directives on the protection of public health; this payments, if they arise, serve only to acquire the promoted
goods or services. Directive complements information requirements estab-
lished by the abovementioned Directives and in particular
Directive 97/7/EC.
(17) The definition of information society services already
exists in Community law in Directive 98/34/EC of the (12) It is necessary to exclude certain activities from the scope
European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 of this Directive, on the grounds that the freedom to
laying down a procedure for the provision of information provide services in these fields cannot, at this stage,
in the field of technical standards and regulations and of be guaranteed under the Treaty or existing secondary
rules on information society services (4) and in Directive legislation; excluding these activities does not preclude
98/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council any instruments which might prove necessary for the
of 20 November 1998 on the legal protection of services proper functioning of the internal market; taxation,
based on, or consisting of, conditional access (5); this particularly value added tax imposed on a large number
definition covers any service normally provided for of the services covered by this Directive, must be excluded
remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic form the scope of this Directive.
equipment for the processing (including digital com-
pression) and storage of data, and at the individual request
of a recipient of a service; those services referred to in the (13) This Directive does not aim to establish rules on fiscal
indicative list in Annex V to Directive 98/34/EC which obligations nor does it pre-empt the drawing up of
do not imply data processing and storage are not covered Community instruments concerning fiscal aspects of
by this definition. electronic commerce.
(14) The protection of individuals with regard to the pro-(18) Information society services span a wide range of econ-cessing of personal data is solely governed by Directiveomic activities which take place on-line; these activities95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Councilcan, in particular, consist of selling goods on-line; activi-of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals withties such as the delivery of goods as such or the provisionregard to the processing of personal data and on the freeof services off-line are not covered; information societymovement of such data (2) and Directive 97/66/EC of theservices are not solely restricted to services giving rise toEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 15 Decemberon-line contracting but also, in so far as they represent an1997 concerning the processing of personal data and theeconomic activity, extend to services which are notprotection of privacy in the telecommunications sector (3)remunerated by those who receive them, such as thosewhich are fully applicable to information society services;offering on-line information or commercial communi-these Directives already establish a Community legalcations, or those providing tools allowing for search,framework in the field of personal data and therefore it isaccess and retrieval of data; information society servicesnot necessary to cover this issue in this Directive in orderalso include services consisting of the transmission ofto ensure the smooth functioning of the internal market,information via a communication network, in providingin particular the free movement of personal data betweenaccess to a communication network or in hosting infor-Member States; the implementation and application ofmation provided by a recipient of the service; televisionthis Directive should be made in full compliance with thebroadcasting within the meaning of Directiveprinciples relating to the protection of personal data, inEEC/89/552 and radio broadcasting are not informationparticular as regards unsolicited commercial communi-society services because they are not provided at individ-cation and the liability of intermediaries; this Directiveual request; by contrast, services which are transmittedcannot prevent the anonymous use of open networkspoint to point, such as video-on-demand or the provisionsuch as the Internet.of commercial communications by electronic mail are
information society services; the use of electronic mail orequivalent individual communications for instance by(
15) The confidentiality of communications is guaranteed bynatural persons acting outside their trade, business orArticle 5 Directive 97/66/EC; in accordance with thatprofession including their use for the conclusion ofDirective, Member States must prohibit any kind ofcontracts between such persons is not an informationinterception or surveillance of such communications bysociety service; the contractual relationship between anothers than the senders and receivers, except when legally
authorised.
(4) OJ L 204, 21.7.1998, p. 37. Directive as amended by Directive (1) OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 9.
(2) OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31. 98/48/EC (OJ L 217, 5.8.1998, p. 18).
(5) OJ L 320, 28.11.1998, p. 54. (3) OJ L 24, 30.1.1998, p. 1.L 178/4 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
employee and his employer is not an information society improve mutual trust between Member States, it is
essential to state clearly this responsibility on the part of service; activities which by their very nature cannot be
carried out at a distance and by electronic means, such as the Member State where the services originate; moreover,
in order to effectively guarantee freedom to provide the statutory auditing of company accounts or medical
advice requiring the physical examination of a patient are services and legal certainty for suppliers and recipients of
services, such information society services should in not information society services.
principle be subject to the law of the Member State in
which the service provider is established.
(19) The place at which a service provider is established should
be determined in conformity with the case-law of theCourt of Justice according to which the concept of(
23) This Directive neither aims to establish additional rulesestablishment involves the actual pursuit of an economicon private international law relating to conflicts of lawactivity through a fixed establishment for an indefinitenor does it deal with the jurisdiction of Courts; provisionsperiod; this requirement is also fulfilled where a companyof the applicable law designated by rules of privateis constituted for a given period; the place of establish-international law must not restrict the freedom to providement of a company providing services via an Internetinformation society services as established in this Direc-website is not the place at which the technology support-tive.ing its website is located or the place at which its website
is accessible but the place where it pursues its economic
activity; in cases where a provider has several places of
establishment it is important to determine from whichplace of establishment the service concerned is provided;(
24) In the context of this Directive, notwithstanding the rulein cases where it is difficult to determine from which ofon the control at source of information society services,several places of establishment a given service is provided,it is legitimate under the conditions established in thisthis is the place where the provider has the centre of hisDirective for Member States to take measures to restrictactivities relating to this particular service.the free movement of information society services.
(20) The definition of ‘recipient of a service’ covers all types of
usage of information society services, both by persons (25) National courts, including civil courts, dealing with
who provide information on open networks such as the private law disputes can take measures to derogate from
Internet and by persons who seek information on the the freedom to provide information society services in
Internet for private or professional reasons. conformity with conditions established in this Directive.
(21) The scope of the coordinated field is without prejudice to(26) Member States, in conformity with conditions establishedfuture Community harmonisation relating to informationin this Directive, may apply their national rules onsociety services and to future legislation adopted atcriminal law and criminal proceedings with a view tonational level in accordance with Community law; thetaking all investigative and other measures necessary forcoordinated field covers only requirements relating tothe detection and prosecution of criminal offences,on-line activities such as on-line information, on-linewithout there being a need to notify such measures to theadvertising, on-line shopping, on-line contracting andCommission.does not concern Member States’ legal requirements
relating to goods such as safety standards, labelling
obligations, or liability for goods, or Member States’
requirements relating to the delivery or the transport of
goods, including the distribution of medicinal products;(27) This Directive, together with the future Directive of thethe coordinated field does not cover the exercise of rightsEuropean Parliament and of the Council concerningof pre-emption by public authorities concerning certainthe distance marketing of consumer financial services,goods such as works of art.contributes to the creating of a legal framework for the
on-line provision of financial services; this Directive does
not pre-empt future initiatives in the area of financialservices in particular with regard to the harmonisation of
rules of conduct in this field; the possibility for Member (
22) Information society services should be supervised at the
source of the activity, in order to ensure an effective States, established in this Directive, under certain circum-
stances of restricting the freedom to provide information protection of public interest objectives; to that end, it is
necessary to ensure that the competent authority provides society services in order to protect consumers also covers
measures in the area of financial services in particular such protection not only for the citizens of its own
country but for all Community citizens; in order to measures aiming at protecting investors.17.7.2000 EN L 178/5 Official Journal of the European Communities
(28) The Member States’ obligation not to subject access to ( 32) In order to remove barriers to the development of cross-
border services within the Community which members the activity of an information society service provider to
prior authorisation does not concern postal services of the regulated professions might offer on the Internet, it
is necessary that compliance be guaranteed at Community covered by Directive 97/67/EC of the European Parlia-
ment and of the Council of 15 December 1997 on level with professional rules aiming, in particular, to
protect consumers or public health; codes of conduct at common rules for the development of the internal market
of Community postal services and the improvement of Community level would be the best means of determining
the rules on professional ethics applicable to commercial quality of service (1) consisting of the physical delivery of
a printed electronic mail message and does not affect communication; the drawing-up or, where appropriate,
the adaptation of such rules should be encouraged voluntary accreditation systems, in particular for pro-
viders of electronic signature certification service. without prejudice to the autonomy of professional bodies
and associations.
(33) This Directive complements Community law and national(29) Commercial communications are essential for the finan-law relating to regulated professions maintaining a coher-cing of information society services and for developing aent set of applicable rules in this field.wide variety of new, charge-free services; in the interests
of consumer protection and fair trading, commercialcommunications, including discounts, promotional offers(
34) Each Member State is to amend its legislation containingand promotional competitions or games, must meet arequirements, and in particular requirements as to form,number of transparency requirements; these requirementswhich are likely to curb the use of contracts by electronicare without prejudice to Directive 97/7/EC; this Directivemeans; the examination of the legislation requiring suchshould not affect existing Directives on commercialadjustment should be systematic and should cover all thecommunications, in particular Directive 98/43/EC.necessary stages and acts of the contractual process,
including the filing of the contract; the result of thisamendment should be to make contracts concluded
electronically workable; the legal effect of electronic
signatures is dealt with by Directive 1999/93/EC of the(
30) The sending of unsolicited commercial communicationsEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 13 Decemberby electronic mail may be undesirable for consumers and1999 on a Community framework for electronic signa-information society service providers and may disrupttures (2); the acknowledgement of receipt by a servicethe smooth functioning of interactive networks; theprovider may take the form of the on-line provision ofquestion of consent by recipient of certain forms ofthe service paid for.unsolicited commercial communications is not addressed
by this Directive, but has already been addressed, inparticular, by Directive 97/7/EC and by Directive
(
35) This Directive does not affect Member States’ possibility 97/66/EC; in Member States which authorise unsolicited
of maintaining or establishing general or specific legal commercial communications by electronic mail, the
requirements for contracts which can be fulfilled by setting up of appropriate industry filtering initiatives
electronic means, in particular requirements concerning should be encouraged and facilitated; in addition it is
secure electronic signatures. necessary that in any event unsolicited commercial
communities are clearly identifiable as such in order to
improve transparency and to facilitate the functioning ofsuch industry initiatives; unsolicited commercial com-(
36) Member States may maintain restrictions for the use ofmunications by electronic mail should not result inelectronic contracts with regard to contracts requiring byadditional communication costs for the recipient.law the involvement of courts, public authorities, or
professions exercising public authority; this possibilityalso covers contracts which require the involvement of
courts, public authorities, or professions exercising public
authority in order to have an effect with regard to third(
31) Member States which allow the sending of unsolicitedparties as well as contracts requiring by law certificationcommercial communications by electronic mail withoutor attestation by a notary.prior consent of the recipient by service providers
established in their territory have to ensure that the
service providers consult regularly and respect the opt-(37) Member States’ obligation to remove obstacles to the useout registers in which natural persons not wishing toof electronic contracts concerns only obstacles resultingreceive such commercial communications can registerfrom legal requirements and not practical obstaclesthemselves.resulting from the impossibility of using electronic means
in certain cases.
(1) OJ L 15, 21.1.1998, p. 14. (2) OJ L 13, 19.1.2000, p. 12.L 178/6 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
(38) Member States’ obligation to remove obstacles to the use ( 43) A service provider can benefit from the exemptions for
‘mere conduit’ and for ‘caching’ when he is in no way of electronic contracts is to be implemented in conformity
with legal requirements for contracts enshrined in Com- involved with the information transmitted; this requires
among other things that he does not modify the infor- munity law.
mation that he transmits; this requirement does not covermanipulations of a technical nature which take place in
the course of the transmission as they do not alter the
integrity of the information contained in the transmission.
(
39) The exceptions to the provisions concerning the contracts
concluded exclusively by electronic mail or by equivalentindividual communications provided for by this Directive,(
44) A service provider who deliberately collaborates with onein relation to information to be provided and the placingof the recipients of his service in order to undertake illegalof orders, should not enable, as a result, the by-passing ofacts goes beyond the activities of ‘mere conduit’ orthose provisions by providers of information society‘caching’ and as a result cannot benefit from the liabilityservices.exemptions established for these activities.
(45) The limitations of the liability of intermediary service
providers established in this Directive do not affect (40) Both existing and emerging disparities in Member States’
the possibility of injunctions of different kinds; such legislation and case-law concerning liability of service
injunctions can in particular consist of orders by courts providers acting as intermediaries prevent the smooth
or administrative authorities requiring the termination or functioning of the internal market, in particular by
prevention of any infringement, including the removal of impairing the development of cross-border services and
illegal information or the disabling of access to it. producing distortions of competition; service providers
have a duty to act, under certain circumstances, with aview to preventing or stopping illegal activities; this
Directive should constitute the appropriate basis for(
46) In order to benefit from a limitation of liability, thethe development of rapid and reliable procedures forprovider of an information society service, consistingremoving and disabling access to illegal information; suchof the storage of information, upon obtaining actualmechanisms could be developed on the basis of voluntaryknowledge or awareness of illegal activities has to actagreements between all parties concerned and should beexpeditiously to remove or to disable access to theencouraged by Member States; it is in the interest of allinformation concerned; the removal or disabling of accessparties involved in the provision of information societyhas to be undertaken in the observance of the principleservices to adopt and implement such procedures; theof freedom of expression and of procedures establishedprovisions of this Directive relating to liability should notfor this purpose at national level; this Directive does notpreclude the development and effective operation, byaffect Member States’ possibility of establishing specificthe different interested parties, of technical systems ofrequirements which must be fulfilled expeditiously priorprotection and identification and of technical surveillanceto the removal or disabling of information.instruments made possible by digital technology within
the limits laid down by Directives 95/46/EC and97/66/EC.
(
47) Member States are prevented from imposing a monitoring
obligation on service providers only with respect to
obligations of a general nature; this does not concernmonitoring obligations in a specific case and, in particu-
lar, does not affect orders by national authorities in (
41) This Directive strikes a balance between the different
accordance with national legislation. interests at stake and establishes principles upon which
industry agreements and standards can be based.
(48) This Directive does not affect the possibility for Member
States of requiring service providers, who host infor-mation provided by recipients of their service, to apply(
42) The exemptions from liability established in this Directiveduties of care, which can reasonably be expected fromcover only cases where the activity of the informationthem and which are specified by national law, in order tosociety service provider is limited to the technical processdetect and prevent certain types of illegal activities.of operating and giving access to a communication
network over which information made available by third
parties is transmitted or temporarily stored, for the sole
purpose of making the transmission more efficient; this ( 49) Member States and the Commission are to encourage the
drawing-up of codes of conduct; this is not to impair the activity is of a mere technical, automatic and passive
nature, which implies that the information society service voluntary nature of such codes and the possibility for
interested parties of deciding freely whether to adhere to provider has neither knowledge of nor control over the
information which is transmitted or stored. such codes.17.7.2000 EN L 178/7 Official Journal of the European Communities
(50) It is important that the proposed directive on the ( 56) As regards the derogation contained in this Directive
regarding contractual obligations concerning contracts harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related
rights in the information society and this Directive come concluded by consumers, those obligations should be
interpreted as including information on the essential into force within a similar time scale with a view to
establishing a clear framework of rules relevant to the elements of the content of the contract, including con-
sumer rights, which have a determining influence on the issue of liability of intermediaries for copyright and
relating rights infringements at Community level. decision to contract.
(57) The Court of Justice has consistently held that a Member
(51) Each Member State should be required, where necessary, State retains the right to take measures against a service
to amend any legislation which is liable to hamper the provider that is established in another Member State but
use of schemes for the out-of-court settlement of disputes directs all or most of his activity to the territory of the
through electronic channels; the result of this amendment first Member State if the choice of establishment was
must be to make the functioning of such schemes made with a view to evading the legislation that would
genuinely and effectively possible in law and in practice, have applied to the provider had he been established on
even across borders. the territory of the first Member State.
(58) This Directive should not apply to services supplied by(52) The effective exercise of the freedoms of the internalservice providers established in a third country; in viewmarket makes it necessary to guarantee victims effectiveof the global dimension of electronic commerce, it is,access to means of settling disputes; damage which mayhowever, appropriate to ensure that the Community rulesarise in connection with information society services isare consistent with international rules; this Directive ischaracterised both by its rapidity and by its geographicalwithout prejudice to the results of discussions withinextent; in view of this specific character and the need tointernational organisations (amongst others WTO,ensure that national authorities do not endanger theOECD, Uncitral) on legal issues.mutual confidence which they should have in one
another, this Directive requests Member States to ensure
that appropriate court actions are available; MemberStates should examine the need to provide access to(
59) Despite the global nature of electronic communications,judicial procedures by appropriate electronic means.coordination of national regulatory measures at European
Union level is necessary in order to avoid fragmentation
of the internal market, and for the establishment ofan appropriate European regulatory framework; such
coordination should also contribute to the establishment(
53) Directive 98/27/EC, which is applicable to informationof a common and strong negotiating position in inter-society services, provides a mechanism relating to actionsnational forums.for an injunction aimed at the protection of the collective
interests of consumers; this mechanism will contribute to
the free movement of information society services by
ensuring a high level of consumer protection.(60) In order to allow the unhampered development of
electronic commerce, the legal framework must be clear
and simple, predictable and consistent with the rules
applicable at international level so that it does notadversely affect the competitiveness of European industry(
54) The sanctions provided for under this Directive areor impede innovation in that sector.without prejudice to any other sanction or remedy
provided under national law; Member States are not
obliged to provide criminal sanctions for infringement of
national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive.
(61) If the market is actually to operate by electronic means in
the context of globalisation, the European Union and the
major non-European areas need to consult each other
with a view to making laws and procedures compatible.
(55) This Directive does not affect the law applicable to
contractual obligations relating to consumer contracts;
accordingly, this Directive cannot have the result ofdepriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him (
62) Cooperation with third countries should be strengthened
in the area of electronic commerce, in particular with by the mandatory rules relating to contractual obligations
of the law of the Member State in which he has his applicant countries, the developing countries and the
European Union’s other trading partners. habitual residence.L 178/8 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
(63) The adoption of this Directive will not prevent the commercial communications, electronic contracts, the liability
of intermediaries, codes of conduct, out-of-court dispute Member States from taking into account the various
social, societal and cultural implications which are settlements, court actions and cooperation between Member
States. inherent in the advent of the information society; in
particular it should not hinder measures which MemberStates might adopt in conformity with Community law
to achieve social, cultural and democratic goals taking 3. This Directive complements Community law applicable
into account their linguistic diversity, national and to information society services without prejudice to the level
regional specificities as well as their cultural heritage, and of protection for, in particular, public health and consumer
to ensure and maintain public access to the widest interests, as established by Community acts and national
possible range of information society services; in any legislation implementing them in so far as this does not restrict
case, the development of the information society is to the freedom to provide information society services.
ensure that Community citizens can have access to
the cultural European heritage provided in the digital
environment.4. This Directive does not establish additional rules on
private international law nor does it deal with the jurisdictionof Courts.
(
64) Electronic communication offers the Member States an
excellent means of providing public services in the
cultural, educational and linguistic fields.5. This Directive shall not apply to:
(a) the field of taxation;(65) The Council, in its resolution of 19 January 1999 on
the consumer dimension of the information society (1),
(b) questions relating to information society services covered stressed that the protection of consumers deserved special
by Directives 95/46/EC and 97/66/EC; attention in this field; the Commission will examine the
degree to which existing consumer protection rules
provide insufficient protection in the context of the (c) questions relating to agreements or practices governed by
information society and will identify, where necessary, cartel law;
the deficiencies of this legislation and those issues which
could require additional measures; if need be, the Com-(d) the following activities of information society services:mission should make specific additional proposals to
resolve such deficiencies that will thereby have been
— the activities of notaries or equivalent professions to identified,
the extent that they involve a direct and specific
connection with the exercise of public authority,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
— the representation of a client and defence of his
interests before the courts,
CHAPTER I— gambling activities which involve wagering a stake
with monetary value in games of chance, including
lotteries and betting transactions. GENERAL PROVISIONS
6. This Directive does not affect measures taken at Com-Article 1munity or national level, in the respect of Community law, in
order to promote cultural and linguistic diversity and to ensure
the defence of pluralism.Objective and scope
1. This Directive seeks to contribute to the proper func- Article 2
tioning of the internal market by ensuring the free movement
of information society services between the Member States.
Definitions
2. This Directive approximates, to the extent necessary forFor the purpose of this Directive, the following terms shallthe achievement of the objective set out in paragraph 1, certainbear the following meanings:national provisions on information society services relating to
the internal market, the establishment of service providers,
(a) ‘information society services’: services within the meaning
of Article 1(2) of Directive 98/34/EC as amended by
Directive 98/48/EC; (1) OJ C 23, 28.1.1999, p. 1.17.7.2000 EN L 178/9 Official Journal of the European Communities
(b) ‘service provider’: any natural or legal person providing an — the taking up of the activity of an information
society service, such as requirements concerning information society service;
qualifications, authorisation or notification,
(c) ‘established service provider’: a service provider who— the pursuit of the activity of an information societyeffectively pursues an economic activity using a fixedservice, such as requirements concerning theestablishment for an indefinite period. The presence andbehaviour of the service provider, requirementsuse of the technical means and technologies required toregarding the quality or content of the serviceprovide the service do not, in themselves, constitute anincluding those applicable to advertising and con-establishment of the provider;tracts, or requirements concerning the liability of
the service provider;
(d) ‘recipient of the service’: any natural or legal person who,
(ii) The coordinated field does not cover requirements for professional ends or otherwise, uses an information
such as: society service, in particular for the purposes of seeking
information or making it accessible;
— requirements applicable to goods as such,
(e) ‘consumer’: any natural person who is acting for purposes — requirements applicable to the delivery of goods,
which are outside his or her trade, business or profession;
— requirements applicable to services not provided
by electronic means.(f) ‘commercial communication’: any form of communication
designed to promote, directly or indirectly, the goods,
services or image of a company, organisation or personpursuing a commercial, industrial or craft activity or Article 3
exercising a regulated profession. The following do not in
themselves constitute commercial communications:
Internal market
— information allowing direct access to the activity of the
company, organisation or person, in particular a1. Each Member State shall ensure that the informationdomain name or an electronic-mail address,society services provided by a service provider established on
its territory comply with the national provisions applicable inthe Member State in question which fall within the coordinated — communications relating to the goods, services or
field. image of the company, organisation or person com-
piled in an independent manner, particularly when thisis without financial consideration;
2. Member States may not, for reasons falling within the
coordinated field, restrict the freedom to provide information(g) ‘regulated profession’: any profession within the meaningsociety services from another Member State.of either Article 1(d) of Council Directive 89/48/EEC of
21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition
of higher-education diplomas awarded on completion of3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the fields referredprofessional education and training of at least three-years’to in the Annex.duration (
1) or of Article 1(f) of Council Directi-
ve 92/51/EEC of 18 June 1992 on a second general system
for the recognition of professional education and training
4. Member States may take measures to derogate from to supplement Directive 89/48/EEC (2);
paragraph 2 in respect of a given information society service if
the following conditions are fulfilled:
(h) ‘coordinated field’: requirements laid down in Member
States’ legal systems applicable to information society(a) the measures shall be:service providers or information society services, regardless
of whether they are of a general nature or specifically
(i) necessary for one of the following reasons: designed for them.
— public policy, in particular the prevention, investi-
(i) The coordinated field concerns requirements with gation, detection and prosecution of criminal
which the service provider has to comply in respect of: offences, including the protection of minors and
the fight against any incitement to hatred on
grounds of race, sex, religion or nationality, andviolations of human dignity concerning individual
persons, (1) OJ L 19, 24.1.1989, p. 16.
(2) OJ L 209, 24.7.1992, p. 25. Directive as last amended by
Commission Directive 97/38/EC (OJ L 184, 12.7.1997, p. 31). — the protection of public health,L 178/10 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
— public security, including the safeguarding of 2. Paragraph 1 shall be without prejudice to authorisation
schemes which are not specifically and exclusively targeted national security and defence,
at information society services, or which are covered by
— the protection of consumers, including investors; Directive 97/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 10 April 1997 on a common framework for
(ii) taken against a given information society service which general authorisations and individual licences in the field of
prejudices the objectives referred to in point (i) or telecommunications services (1).
which presents a serious and grave risk of prejudice to
those objectives;
Article 5(iii) proportionate to those objectives;
(b) before taking the measures in question and withoutGeneral information to be providedprejudice to court proceedings, including preliminary
proceedings and acts carried out in the framework of a
criminal investigation, the Member State has:1. In addition to other information requirements estab-
lished by Community law, Member States shall ensure that the
— asked the Member State referred to in paragraph 1 to service provider shall render easily, directly and permanently
take measures and the latter did not take such accessible to the recipients of the service and competent
measures, or they were inadequate, authorities, at least the following information:
— notified the Commission and the Member State referred(a) the name of the service provider;to in paragraph 1 of its intention to take such measures.
(b) the geographic address at which the service provider is
established;5. Member States may, in the case of urgency, derogate
from the conditions stipulated in paragraph 4(b). Where this
(c) the details of the service provider, including his electronic is the case, the measures shall be notified in the shortest
mail address, which allow him to be contacted rapidly and possible time to the Commission and to the Member State
communicated with in a direct and effective manner; referred to in paragraph 1, indicating the reasons for which
the Member State considers that there is urgency.
(d) where the service provider is registered in a trade or similar
public register, the trade register in which the service6. Without prejudice to the Member State’s possibility ofprovider is entered and his registration number, or equiva-proceeding with the measures in question, the Commissionlent means of identification in that register;shall examine the compatibility of the notified measures with
Community law in the shortest possible time; where it comes(e) where the activity is subject to an authorisation scheme,to the conclusion that the measure is incompatible withthe particulars of the relevant supervisory authority;Community law, the Commission shall ask the Member State
in question to refrain from taking any proposed measures or
(f) as concerns the regulated professions: urgently to put an end to the measures in question.
— any professional body or similar institution with which
the service provider is registered,
CHAPTER II
— the professional title and the Member State where it
has been granted, PRINCIPLES
— a reference to the applicable professional rules in the
Member State of establishment and the means to access
Section 1: Establishment and information requirements them;
(g) where the service provider undertakes an activity that is
Article 4 subject to VAT, the identification number referred to in
Article 22(1) of the sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of
17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the
Principle excluding prior authorisation Member States relating to turnover taxes — Common
system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (2).
1. Member States shall ensure that the taking up and pursuit
of the activity of an information society service provider may (1) OJ L 117, 7.5.1997, p. 15.
not be made subject to prior authorisation or any other (2) OJ L 145, 13.6.1977, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive
1999/85/EC (OJ L 277, 28.10.1999, p. 34). requirement having equivalent effect.17.7.2000 EN L 178/11 Official Journal of the European Communities
2. In addition to other information requirements estab- Article 8
lished by Community law, Member States shall at least ensurethat, where information society services refer to prices, these
are to be indicated clearly and unambiguously and, in particu- Regulated professions
lar, must indicate whether they are inclusive of tax and delivery
costs.
1. Member States shall ensure that the use of commercial
communications which are part of, or constitute, an infor-
mation society service provided by a member of a regulated
Section 2: Commercial communications profession is permitted subject to compliance with the pro-
fessional rules regarding, in particular, the independence,
dignity and honour of the profession, professional secrecy and
fairness towards clients and other members of the profession. Article 6
Information to be provided 2. Without prejudice to the autonomy of professional
bodies and associations, Member States and the Commission
shall encourage professional associations and bodies to estab- In addition to other information requirements established by
lish codes of conduct at Community level in order to determine Community law, Member States shall ensure that commercial
the types of information that can be given for the purposes of communications which are part of, or constitute, an infor-
commercial communication in conformity with the rules mation society service comply at least with the following
referred to in paragraph 1 conditions:
(a) the commercial communication shall be clearly identifiable
3. When drawing up proposals for Community initiatives as such;
which may become necessary to ensure the proper functioning
of the Internal Market with regard to the information referred(b) the natural or legal person on whose behalf the commercialto in paragraph 2, the Commission shall take due account ofcommunication is made shall be clearly identifiable;codes of conduct applicable at Community level and shall act
in close cooperation with the relevant professional associations(c) promotional offers, such as discounts, premiums and gifts,and bodies.where permitted in the Member State where the service
provider is established, shall be clearly identifiable as such,
and the conditions which are to be met to qualify for them4. This Directive shall apply in addition to Communityshall be easily accessible and be presented clearly andDirectives concerning access to, and the exercise of, activitiesunambiguously;of the regulated professions.
(d) promotional competitions or games, where permitted in
the Member State where the service provider is established,shall be clearly identifiable as such, and the conditions for
Section 3: Contracts concluded by electronic means participation shall be easily accessible and be presented
clearly and unambiguously.
Article 9
Article 7
Treatment of contractsUnsolicited commercial communication
1. Member States shall ensure that their legal system allows1. In addition to other requirements established by Com-contracts to be concluded by electronic means. Member Statesmunity law, Member States which permit unsolicited commer-shall in particular ensure that the legal requirements applicablecial communication by electronic mail shall ensure that suchto the contractual process neither create obstacles for the usecommercial communication by a service provider establishedof electronic contracts nor result in such contracts beingin their territory shall be identifiable clearly and unambiguouslydeprived of legal effectiveness and validity on account of theiras such as soon as it is received by the recipient.having been made by electronic means.
2. Without prejudice to Directive 97/7/EC and Direct-
2. Member States may lay down that paragraph 1 shall notive 97/66/EC, Member States shall take measures to ensureapply to all or certain contracts falling into one of thethat service providers undertaking unsolicited commercialfollowing categories:communications by electronic mail consult regularly and
respect the opt-out registers in which natural persons not
wishing to receive such commercial communications can (a) contracts that create or transfer rights in real estate, except
for rental rights; register themselves.L 178/12 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
(b) contracts requiring by law the involvement of courts, Article 11
public authorities or professions exercising public au-thority;
Placing of the order
(c) contracts of suretyship granted and on collateral securities
furnished by persons acting for purposes outside their1. Member States shall ensure, except when otherwisetrade, business or profession;agreed by parties who are not consumers, that in cases
where the recipient of the service places his order through
technological means, the following principles apply: (d) contracts governed by family law or by the law of
succession.
— the service provider has to acknowledge the receipt of the
recipient’s order without undue delay and by electronicmeans, 3. Member States shall indicate to the Commission the
categories referred to in paragraph 2 to which they do
— the order and the acknowledgement of receipt are deemed not apply paragraph 1. Member States shall submit to the
to be received when the parties to whom they are addressed Commission every five years a report on the application of
are able to access them. paragraph 2 explaining the reasons why they consider it
necessary to maintain the category referred to in para-
graph 2(b) to which they do not apply paragraph 1.
2. Member States shall ensure that, except when otherwise
agreed by parties who are not consumers, the service provider
makes available to the recipient of the service appropriate,
Article 10 effective and accessible technical means allowing him to
identify and correct input errors, prior to the placing of the
order.
Information to be provided
3. Paragraph 1, first indent, and paragraph 2 shall not apply
to contracts concluded exclusively by exchange of electronic 1. In addition to other information requirements estab-
mail or by equivalent individual communications. lished by Community law, Member States shall ensure, except
when otherwise agreed by parties who are not consumers, thatat least the following information is given by the service
provider clearly, comprehensibly and unambiguously and
Section 4: Liability of intermediary service providers prior to the order being placed by the recipient of the service:
(a) the different technical steps to follow to conclude the
Article 12 contract;
(b) whether or not the concluded contract will be filed by the ‘Mere conduit’
service provider and whether it will be accessible;
1. Where an information society service is provided that (c) the technical means for identifying and correcting input
consists of the transmission in a communication network oferrors prior to the placing of the order;information provided by a recipient of the service, or the
provision of access to a communication network, Member(d) the languages offered for the conclusion of the contract.States shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the
information transmitted, on condition that the provider:
2. Member States shall ensure that, except when otherwise(a) does not initiate the transmission;agreed by parties who are not consumers, the service provider
indicates any relevant codes of conduct to which he subscribes(b) does not select the receiver of the transmission; andand information on how those codes can be consulted
electronically.(c) does not select or modify the information contained in the
transmission.
3. Contract terms and general conditions provided to the
recipient must be made available in a way that allows him to 2. The acts of transmission and of provision of access
store and reproduce them. referred to in paragraph 1 include the automatic, intermediate
and transient storage of the information transmitted in so faras this takes place for the sole purpose of carrying out the
transmission in the communication network, and provided 4. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to contracts con-
cluded exclusively by exchange of electronic mail or by that the information is not stored for any period longer than
is reasonably necessary for the transmission. equivalent individual communications.17.7.2000 EN L 178/13 Official Journal of the European Communities
3. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or (b) the provider, upon obtaining such knowledge or aware-
ness, acts expeditiously to remove or to disable access to administrative authority, in accordance with Member States’
legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or the information.
prevent an infringement.
2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply when the recipient of the
service is acting under the authority or the control of the Article 13
provider.
‘Caching’
3. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or
administrative authority, in accordance with Member States’
1. Where an information society service is provided that legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or
consists of the transmission in a communication network of prevent an infringement, nor does it affect the possibility for
information provided by a recipient of the service, Member Member States of establishing procedures governing the
States shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for removal or disabling of access to information.
the automatic, intermediate and temporary storage of that
information, performed for the sole purpose of making more
efficient the information’s onward transmission to otherArticle 15recipients of the service upon their request, on condition that:
(a) the provider does not modify the information; No general obligation to monitor
(b) the provider complies with conditions on access to the
1. Member States shall not impose a general obligation on information;
providers, when providing the services covered by Articles 12,
13 and 14, to monitor the information which they transmit or (c) the provider complies with rules regarding the updating of
store, nor a general obligation actively to seek facts or the information, specified in a manner widely recognised
circumstances indicating illegal activity. and used by industry;
(d) the provider does not interfere with the lawful use of2. Member States may establish obligations for informationtechnology, widely recognised and used by industry, tosociety service providers promptly to inform the competentobtain data on the use of the information; andpublic authorities of alleged illegal activities undertaken or
information provided by recipients of their service or obli-(e) the provider acts expeditiously to remove or to disablegations to communicate to the competent authorities, at theiraccess to the information it has stored upon obtainingrequest, information enabling the identification of recipientsactual knowledge of the fact that the information at theof their service with whom they have storage agreements.initial source of the transmission has been removed from
the network, or access to it has been disabled, or that a
court or an administrative authority has ordered such
removal or disablement.
CHAPTER III
2. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court orIMPLEMENTATIONadministrative authority, in accordance with Member States’
legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate orprevent an infringement.Article 16
Article 14Codes of conduct
Hosting1. Member States and the Commission shall encourage:
(a) the drawing up of codes of conduct at Community 1. Where an information society service is provided that
level, by trade, professional and consumer associations consists of the storage of information provided by a recipient
or organisations, designed to contribute to the proper of the service, Member States shall ensure that the service
implementation of Articles 5 to 15; provider is not liable for the information stored at the request
of a recipient of the service, on condition that:
(b) the voluntary transmission of draft codes of conduct at
national or Community level to the Commission; (a) the provider does not have actual knowledge of illegal
activity or information and, as regards claims for damages,
is not aware of facts or circumstances from which the (c) the accessibility of these codes of conduct in the Com-
munity languages by electronic means; illegal activity or information is apparent; orL 178/14 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
(d) the communication to the Member States and the Com- on information society services, in particular electronic
commerce, in the internal market (Directive on elec- mission, by trade, professional and consumer associations
or organisations, of their assessment of the application of tronic commerce) (OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1).’
their codes of conduct and their impact upon practices,
habits or customs relating to electronic commerce;
Article 19(e) the drawing up of codes of conduct regarding the protec-
tion of minors and human dignity.
Cooperation
2. Member States and the Commission shall encourage the
involvement of associations or organisations representing1. Member States shall have adequate means of supervisionconsumers in the drafting and implementation of codes ofand investigation necessary to implement this Directive effec-conduct affecting their interests and drawn up in accordancetively and shall ensure that service providers supply them withwith paragraph 1(a). Where appropriate, to take account ofthe requisite information.their specific needs, associations representing the visually
impaired and disabled should be consulted.
2. Member States shall cooperate with other Member States;
they shall, to that end, appoint one or several contact points,Article 17whose details they shall communicate to the other Member
States and to the Commission.
Out-of-court dispute settlement
3. Member States shall, as quickly as possible, and in
conformity with national law, provide the assistance and 1. Member States shall ensure that, in the event of disagree-
information requested by other Member States or by the ment between an information society service provider and the
Commission, including by appropriate electronic means. recipient of the service, their legislation does not hamper the
use of out-of-court schemes, available under national law, for
dispute settlement, including appropriate electronic means.
4. Member States shall establish contact points which shall
be accessible at least by electronic means and from which
2. Member States shall encourage bodies responsible for recipients and service providers may:
the out-of-court settlement of, in particular, consumer disputes
to operate in a way which provides adequate procedural(a) obtain general information on contractual rights andguarantees for the parties concerned.obligations as well as on the complaint and redress
mechanisms available in the event of disputes, including
practical aspects involved in the use of such mechanisms;3. Member States shall encourage bodies responsible for
out-of-court dispute settlement to inform the Commission of
the significant decisions they take regarding information (b) obtain the details of authorities, associations or organis-
society services and to transmit any other information on the ations from which they may obtain further information or
practices, usages or customs relating to electronic commerce. practical assistance.
5. Member States shall encourage the communication to Article 18
the Commission of any significant administrative or judicial
decisions taken in their territory regarding disputes relating to
Court actions information society services and practices, usages and customs
relating to electronic commerce. The Commission shall com-
municate these decisions to the other Member States.
1. Member States shall ensure that court actions available
under national law concerning information society services’activities allow for the rapid adoption of measures, including
Article 20 interim measures, designed to terminate any alleged infringe-
ment and to prevent any further impairment of the interests
involved.
Sanctions
2. The Annex to Directive 98/27/EC shall be supplementedMember States shall determine the sanctions applicable toas follows:infringements of national provisions adopted pursuant to this
Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that
they are enforced. The sanctions they provide for shall be ‘11. Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects effective, proportionate and dissuasive.17.7.2000 EN L 178/15 Official Journal of the European Communities
CHAPTER IV Article 22
Transposition
FINAL PROVISIONS
1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations
and administrative provisions necessary to comply with thisDirective before 17 January 2002. They shall forthwith inform
the Commission thereof.
Article 21
2. When Member States adopt the measures referred to in
paragraph 1, these shall contain a reference to this Directive
or shall be accompanied by such reference at the time of their Re-examination
official publication. The methods of making such reference
shall be laid down by Member States.
1. Before 17 July 2003, and thereafter every two years, theArticle 23Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the
Council and the Economic and Social Committee a report onEntry into forcethe application of this Directive, accompanied, where necess-
ary, by proposals for adapting it to legal, technical andThis Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publicationeconomic developments in the field of information societyin the Official Journal of the European Communities.services, in particular with respect to crime prevention, the
protection of minors, consumer protection and to the proper
Article 24 functioning of the internal market.
Addressees
2. In examining the need for an adaptation of this Directive,This Directive is addressed to the Member States.the report shall in particular analyse the need for proposals
concerning the liability of providers of hyperlinks and location Done at Luxemburg, 8 june 2000.
tool services, ‘notice and take down’ procedures and the
attribution of liability following the taking down of content.
For the European Parliament For the Council The report shall also analyse the need for additional conditions
for the exemption from liability, provided for in Articles 12
The President The President and 13, in the light of technical developments, and the
possibility of applying the internal market principles to
unsolicited commercial communications by electronic mail.
N. FONTAINE G. d’OLIVEIRA MARTINSL 178/16 EN 17.7.2000 Official Journal of the European Communities
ANNEX
DEROGATIONS FROM ARTICLE 3
As provided for in Article 3(3), Article 3(1) and (2) do not apply to:
— copyright, neighbouring rights, rights referred to in Directive 87/54/EEC (1) and Directive 96/9/EC (2) as well as
industrial property rights,
— the emission of electronic money by institutions in respect of which Member States have applied one of the
derogations provided for in Article 8(1) of Directive 2000/46/EC (3),
— Article 44(2) of Directive 85/611/EEC (4),
— Article 30 and Title IV of Directive 92/49/EEC (5), Title IV of Directive 92/96/EEC (6), Articles 7 and 8 of Directive
88/357/EEC (7) and Article 4 of Directive 90/619/EEC (8),
— the freedom of the parties to choose the law applicable to their contract,
— contractual obligations concerning consumer contacts,
— formal validity of contracts creating or transferring rights in real estate where such contracts are subject to
mandatory formal requirements of the law of the Member State where the real estate is situated,
— the permissibility of unsolicited commercial communications by electronic mail.
(1) OJ L 24, 27.1.1987, p. 36.
(2) OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.
(3) Not yet published in the Official Journal.
(4) OJ L 375, 31.12.1985, p. 3. Directive as last amended by Directive 95/26/EC (OJ L 168, 18.7.1995, p. 7).
(5) OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 95/26/EC.
(6) OJ L 360, 9.12.1992, p. 2. Directive as last amended by Directive 95/26/EC.
(7) OJ L 172, 4.7.1988, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 92/49/EC.
(8) OJ L 330, 29.11.1990, p. 50. Directive as last amended by Directive 92/96/EC.