IP/C/W/596  
 
2 October 2013  
(13-5282)  Page: 1/9  
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of 
Intellectual Property Rights  Original: English  
 
 REVIEW OF LEGISLATION 
RESPONSES FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION  
TO QUESTIONS POSED BY SWITZERLAND 
By means of a communication from the delegation of the Russian Federation, 
dated 19 September 2013, the Secretariat has received the following responses to questions posed 
by Switzerland, as circulat ed in document IP/C/W/587. 
 
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 GENERAL 
1. Are the provisions of the TRIPS Agreemen t, as far as not implemented in national 
law, directly applicable in the lega l system of the Russian Federation? 
1.  The Protocol of Accession of the Russia Federa tion to the WTO was ratified by the State Duma 
of the Russian Federation on 22 August 2012. Si nce this date, the TRIPS Agreement became part 
of the Russian legislation system. Obligations of the Russian Federation, taken during the accession process, were implemented through amendments to the national legislation. 
PATENTS 
2. Does the legislation of the Russian Federation grant patent protection for 
inventions relating to products and processe s in all fields of technology? Are there any 
exceptions? If yes, please indicate these ex ceptions and explain how they comply with 
Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement. 
2.  In accordance with Article 1350 of the Civil Co de of the Russian Federation, a technical solution 
in any area (we consider it as an invention in fields of technology) related to a product (including 
a structure, substance, micro-organism strain, or culture of cells of plants or animals) or a means 
(a process of conducting actions on a material object with the help of material means) shall be protected as an invention. An invention shall be granted legal protection if it is new, has an inventive level, and is industrially applicable. 
3.  The Article provides that legal protection for inventions shall not be granted to: varieties of 
plants, breeds of animals and biological method s of obtaining them, with the exception of 
microbiological methods and products obtained through the use of such methods. 
4.  We consider that these exceptions fully comply with Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  3. Does the legislation of the Russian Fe deration, in accordance with Article 27.1 
in combination with Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement, consider importation 
as "working" a patent and therefore preclude  compulsory licensing, if a product is being 
imported?  
4. Does the legislation of the Russian Fede ration make the granting of a compulsory 
licence subject to all the conditions enumer ated in Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement? 
Please cite the relevant provisions of the legislation. 
5.  Article 1362 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to the detailed regulation 
of questions of compulsory  licensing. Quotas regulating compulsory  licensing are founded on 
the provisions of the Paris Convention for the Protec tion of Industrial Property (Article 5 item A(2)) 
and the TRIPS Agreement (Articles 31 and 40). 
6.  Semantic maintenance of the notion "conditi ons corresponding to established practice" used 
in Article 1362 of the Civil Code of the Russi an Federation and the notion "reasonable 
commercial conditions" used in Article 31(b) of the TRIPS Agreement, are the same. 
7.  In the case of insufficient use of an inventio n or industrial design during the four years since 
the date of granting of the patent or utility model – during three years since the date of granting of the patent and a patent holder's refusal to conclude licence contract with interested person 
on conditions corresponding to established practice, this person shall have the right to go to court 
with a suit against the patent holder for the granting of a compulsory simple (non-exclusive) licence for the use of an invention, utility model, or industrial design. In the demand for the lawsuit, the interested person must indicate the pr oposed of the granting to him of such a licence, 
including the scope and conditions of use of the patented object, the amount, procedure, and 
times of payments. The Court makes a decision about the granting of the compulsory licence if the patent holder does not show that non-use or insufficient use by him of the patented object 
is based on valid causes. All cases of using of patented object are defined in the court decision. 
The right provided in conformity with the compulsory licence may not be transferred to third persons. 
8.  In a case where the circumstances that were the basis for the granting of the simple 
(non-exclusive) licence cease to exist and their reappearance is unlikely, then acting of the 
compulsory licence may be terminated by judicial procedure on a suit by the patent holder. This quota corresponds to Article 31(c) of the TRIPS Agreement. A duty of proof of absence 
of these circumstances is charged to patent holder. In this case, the terms and procedure 
of termination of the licence and termination of the right is arised with getting of this licence are established by the court. 
9.  Article 31(I)(ii) of the TRIPS Agreement foresees a "cross licence". Analogous quota 
is contained in item 2 of Article 1362 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The present item 
establishes rules for a situation where the use of one patented invention is connected to the using 
of other patented invention or patented utility mode l. If other person have the patent to this other 
invention or utility model than using of first patented invention needs to get a permission from other patent holder. In case of refusal of other patent holder to get a licence, first patent holder shall have the right to go to court with a suit for the granting of the compulsory licence. 
Observation of conditions "an important technical achievement" and "a significant economic 
advantage" is directed to the protection of hi ndering patent holder's interests and this quota 
provides some balance of interests for both patent holders and the society in full, as long as 
society is interested in the creation of an important technical achievement, patenting them and 
their use. 
10.  In the case of granting compulsory licence by court decision, the second patent holder 
acquires the right to get from the first patent ho lder an analogous licence for such invention to 
procure the use provided by the compulsory licence. It is necessary to note that positions in this 
item do not provide any possibility to demand submitting the compulsory licence for procuring the possibility to use patented utility model. Such  limitation is stipulated because the patent of 
a utility model is distributed without verification it is its patentability. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  11.  The provisions of Article 1362 of the Civi l Code of the Russian Federation about the 
compulsory licensing in case of insufficient use the industrial design during four years do not contradict to Article 5(B) of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property so long 
as the submitting of the compulsory licence of a patented industrial design does not mean 
a cessation of his legal protection. 
12.  A reconsideration of court decisions is realized in conformity with the Civil Procedural Code of 
the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. 
13.  The procedure for the reconsideration of a court decision on compulsory licensing, based on 
Article 1362 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federa tion, is provided in Procedural legislation. 
5. Does the legislation of the Russian  Federation provide for the principle 
of the reversal of burden of proof in patent litigation? Please cite the relevant provisions 
of the legislation. 
14.  The principle of burden of proof in Russian pa tent legislation is incorporated in Articles 1350, 
1351, and 1352 of Civil Code of the Russian Federation only on describing conditions of 
patentability of an invention, utility model and industrial design. 
15.  According to the provisions of these articles  the burden of proof that the circumstances have 
taken place, by virtue of which the disclosure of information does not prevent the recognition of 
the patentability of the invention, utility model or industrial design, shall rest on the applicant. 
PROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION 6. According to Article 18.6 of Federal Law No. 61-FZ "On the Circulation 
of Medicines", in force since 22 August 2012, Russia implemented the obligation under 
Article 39.3 of the TRIPS Agreement to pr otect undisclosed information in marketing 
approval procedures against unfair commercia l use by granting a term of protection 
of six years against reliance by a second app licant. Please explain how this protection 
is being implemented and enforced in practice, and whether a new administrative 
regulation addressing the practical aspects of  the application of Law No. 61-FZ is going 
to be put in force. 
7. Can you confirm that, despite an acce lerated procedure for generic products 
registration as provided for in Article 26 of Law No. 61-FZ, the Russian marketing 
approval authorities do not allow reliance on the data submitted by their originator for 
the full term of protection of six years from the date of state registration of 
the medicinal product? 
16.  Article 18 of Federal Law FZ-61 d.d. 12.04.2010 has been complemented with section 6 of 
the following content: 
"It prohibited to receive, disclose, commercially use and use for state registration 
any information on non-clinical research of medical products and clinical research of medical products, provided by the applicant for state registration of medical 
products without their permission for six years since the date of state registration of 
a medical product. 
Non-observance of the prohibition stated by the above-mentioned section entails 
amenability in compliance with laws of the Russian Federation. 
Turnover of medical products registered with violation of this section on the territory 
of the Russian Federation is illegal." 
17.  The above-mentioned section applies after 22 August 2012. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  18.  To observe the requirements of section 7 of  Article 18 and prevent violations of exclusive 
rights of developers of medical products, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, in its draft bill on "Amendments to Federal Law", "On Turnover of Medical Products" and "Article 333.32.1 of Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation", made an amendment to 
the composition of the registration dossier (Artic le 18, section 3) by including documents that 
verify: 
12) Presence of intellectual rights; 
13) Presence of consent of an applicant of an original medical product to use 
information about results of non-clinical and clinical researches of the original medical product in case less than six years has passed since the registration of the original medical product. 
19.  Article 26 FZ-61 d.d. 12.04.2010 "On Turnover of Medical Products" applies only to urgent 
production of expert evidence but not to urgent registration. Since rapid production of expert evidence may be applied to reproduce medical products provision of information obtained 
during non-clinical and clinical researches of the original medical product and published in 
specialized publications is possible during such procedure if the original medical product is not covered by patent protection. 
20.  Actually a series of amendments in the Law on Circulation of Medicines N61 is considered by 
the Government. Different provisions related to Article 18 will be introduced to avoid any possible misunderstanding of the provision. 
21.  At the same time, the Russian Federation, according to the Doha Declaration of 2001 
on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in which a concern about the impact of intellectual 
property rights on medical products' prices was expressed and ultimately reserves the right to 
consider applying Article 8 of the TRIPS Agreemen t in terms of implementing the right to health, 
which states that: during drafting or amending of national laws or regulations, member-states can 
take measures necessary in protecting population's health, as well as Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement which contemplates some exclusio ns from exclusive rights granted by patents, 
while barring unjustified limitations of rights of patent holders and third parties. In particular, 
the right to "early usage" does not contradict this Article (the so-called Bolar provisions) which allows generic drug producers to conduct all the procedures and trials necessary for the registration of a generic drug before the patent of  the original drug expires (or exclusive research 
data regulations). As a result, they are guarant eed the possibility of entering generic product 
to the market right after the stated period has expired. 
PROVISIONAL MEASURES 
8. Do the judicial authorities of the Russian  Federation have the authority to adopt, 
on the request of a rightholder, a provisio nal measure inaudita altera parte before 
an action leading to a decision on th e merits of the case has been lodged? 
Please cite the relevant provisions of the legislation. 
22.  According to Article 141 of Civil Procedural Co de of the Russian Federations an application for 
providing for a claim shall be considered on the day of its arrival to the court, without notifying the defendant and the other persons taking part in the case. The judge or court shall issue a ruling 
on taking measures to provide for the claim. 
23.  According to Article 93 of Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation 
an application for securing a claim shall be considered by an arbitration court trying the case. 
This is to be done by a single judge, at latest, on the day following the date when the application 
comes to the court, without notifying the parties thereto of it. 
24.  Thus, the court of law and arbitration court have the right to accept provisional measures 
immediately without notifying the party of dispute on which measures are imposed. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  9. Does the legislation of the Russian Fe deration provide for any restrictions for 
obtaining provisional measures? If so, what are these restrictions? Please cite the relevant provisions of the legislation. 
25.  The statement for acceptance security (provisional) measures can be submitted both 
simultaneously with the statement of claim and already in the course of judicial process. 
26.  By the general rule, an application for securing a claim shall be considered by an arbitration 
court trying the case. This is to be done by a si ngle judge, at latest, on the day following the date 
when the application comes to the court, without notifying the parties thereto of it, including 
if the statement for claim maintenance is su bmitted simultaneously with the statement 
of claim (Article 93 of Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, Article 141 of the Civil Procedural Code of the Russi an Federation). In that case, the question on 
acceptance of the statement of claim to consideration is examined by an arbitration court not later 
than the next day after the day of receipt of the statement of claim by arbitration court. 
27.  Upon the consideration of the statement for securing a claim, the arbitration court takes out 
a court decision on securing the claim or on refusal of claim securing. 
28.  Securing measures hold action for all period s of legal proceedings before their cancellation. 
In the case of satisfaction of the claim, securi ng measures hold the action upon execution of 
the judicial act which finalise this legal investigation. In the case of refusal of satisfaction of 
the claim, keeping the claim without consideration, cessation of case, securing measures hold the action upon the entering into force of the corresponding judicial act. After the entering into force of the judicial certificate the arbitration court, at the petition of the person participating in case, takes 
the decision on cancellation of measures on securing of the claim or specifies it in judicial act. 
29.  As measures of protection from the statement for securing a claim, the other party 
(respondent) can declare objections, in essence, in judicial session, when the specified petition 
is considered with a call of both parties. In other cases, the interested person has the right: 
- To present counter security measures (Article 94 of the Administrative Procedural 
Code of the Russian Federation); 
- to dispute imposition of security measures (Article 97 of the Administrative Procedural 
Code of the Russian Federation and Article 144, Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation); 
- to request replacement of one security measure by another (Article 95 of the 
Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and Article 143, 
Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation); 
- to file a suit on indemnification or payments of indemnification, caused by securing 
the claim (Article 98 of the Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation 
and Article 146, Civil Procedural Code the Russian Federation). 
30.  According to Article 98 of Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, 
the respondent and other persons whose rights and/or  legitimate interests are violated by securing 
a claim shall be entitled - after entry into legal force of the judicial act of an arbitration court on the refusal to allow the claim - to demand of the person that has applied for taking the precautionary measures, repair of damages in th e procedure and in the amount provided for by 
the civil legislation or payment of compensation. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  10. Please describe the provisional meas ures provided for in the legislation 
of the Russian Federation, including those for combatting counterfeiting and piracy. 
Please describe the procedures that must be  followed and cite the relevant provisions 
of legislation. 
31.  Security (Provisional) Measures - the measures directed on maintenance of the claim or 
property interests of the applicant (claimant). Security measures can be accepted at any stage of consideration of the dispute in an arbitration court or court of law if non-acceptance of these 
measures could complicate or make impossible the execution of the judicial act, including if such 
execution is supposed outside the Russian Federation, and also with a view to the prevention of causing considerable damage to the applicant. 
32.  Under the statement of the person particip ating in judicial proceedings, and in the cases 
provided by agrarian Administrati ve Procedural Code of the Russian  Federation and Civil Procedural 
Code of the Russian Federation, under the statem ent of other persons the arbitration court and 
court of law can accept urgent time security  measures (measures on claim maintenance). 
33.  According to Part 1 of Article 91 of the Administrative Procedural Code of 
the Russian Federation and Article 140 of the Civi l Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, 
Security Measures (measures on claim maintenance) can be: 
- Forbidding the respondent, or other persons, to commit certain actions concerning 
the subject of the dispute; 
- placing on the respondent the duty to commit certain actions for the purpose of preventing 
damage to, or deterioration of the condition of, disputable property; 
- transfer of disputable property to the cl aimant, or other persons, for keeping custody 
thereof; 
- end over measures. 
34.  According to point 2 of Article 1252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 
in the arrangement of the provision of security for a claim in a case of infringement of exclusive 
rights, the material media, equipment and materials that are allegedly involved in an infringement of the exclusive right, to the result of intellec tual activity or means of individualization, may 
be subjected to the security measures establishe d by the procedural legislation, e.g. seizure 
of material media, equipment and materials. 
35.  According to Article 1302 of Civil Code of th e Russian Federation, on cases of infringement 
of copyrights and related rights, a court may forbid a defendant, or a person believed on sufficient 
grounds to be an infringer of copyright, from  carrying out certain actions (i.e., manufacture, 
reproduction, sale, hiring out, importation or ot her use envisaged by the present Code, and also 
the transportation, storage or possession of copies of a work for the purpose of using them 
in civil law transactions, if the copies are understood to be counterfeit. 
36.  The court may also order the seizure of all copies of a work that is assumed to be counterfeit, 
as well as materials and equipment used or intended for manufacture or reproduction/playback 
thereof. 
11. Please describe the measures provided by  the legislation of the Russian Federation 
to combat counterfeiting and piracy at  the border. Please explain whether 
the competent authorities are empowered to ac t ex officio and, if so, please indicate 
the enforcement actions that may be taken.  Please cite the relevant provisions 
of the legislation. 
37.  In accordance of Article 306 and Article 307 of the Federal Law, from 27 November 2010, 
No. 311-FZ a rightholder, having sufficient gro unds to believe that his/her/it's right may be 
infringed, is entitled to file an application with the federal executive governmental body empowered in the area of customs affairs asking fo r inclusion of the relevant intellectual property 
item in the customs register of intellectual prop erty items, in accordance with the legislation IP/C/W/596 
 
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  of the Russian Federation in connection with the import of goods into the Russian Federation, 
or the export thereof out of the Russian Federation, or when other actions take place involving goods being under customs control. On behalf of  the rightholder, the actions envisaged by the 
customs legislation of the Customs Union and the present federal law may be committed 
by his/her/it's representative. 
38.  The Customs Register of Intellectual Property Items is the main protecting instrument. 
The following may be included in the Customs Register of Intellectual Property 
Items (hereinafter referred to as "the register"): th e copyright law items, subjects of allied rights, 
trademarks, service marks and appellations of origin of products in respect of which the federal executive governmental body empowered in the area of customs affairs has taken a decision on taking measures relating to the suspension of  clearance of goods. Inclusion in the register 
is free of charge. The register shall be kept by the federal executive governmental body 
empowered in the area of customs affairs in  the procedure established by this body. 
39.  The intellectual property items, in respect of which the federal executive governmental body 
empowered in the area of customs affairs has taken a decision on taking measures relating to the 
suspension of release of goods, shall be incl uded in the register on the condition that 
the rightholder ensures the performance of the un dertaking mentioned in Part 5 of Article 306 
of the Federal Law, by the methods envisaged by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. 
Instead of security for the performance of the undertaking, the rightholder is entitled to file a contract of insurance for the risk of liability for infliction of harm for the benefit of the persons specified in Part 5 of Article 306 of the present fe deral law. In this case, the sum of security for 
the undertaking, or the insured amount, shall be at least 300,000 rubles. 
40.  If within one month after the date of despatch of a notice on the decision taken on measures 
relating to the suspension of clearance of the goods the rightholder fails to file a document 
confirming security for the undertaking, or a contract of insurance for the risk of liability for 
infliction of harm, the federal executive govern mental body empowered in the area of customs 
affairs shall take a decision on refusal to include the intellectual property item in the register. 
41.  The federal executive governmental body empowered in the area of customs affairs shall 
ensure that the data in the register is published in its official publications and placed on its official internet website, in the procedure established by it. 
42.  In accordance of Article 309 of Federal Law, from 27 November 2010, No. 311-FZ 
customs bodies' decisions on suspension of the release of goods; extension of the term 
of suspension of release of goods; revocation of a decision on suspension of the release of goods; 
and also on the granting of the right to informat ion and to the taking of samples and specimens, 
shall be taken by a customs body not later than the next working day after the date of discovery 
of signs of a breach of intellectual property rights, receipt of a relevant written application, or of the commission of another action deemed grounds for taking the relevant decision. 
43.  In accordance of Article 331 of Customs Code of Customs Union if during realization 
of customs actions related to the placing under customs procedures goods containing objects of intellectual property included in the cust oms register kept by the customs body of the 
member-state of the Customs Union, the customs bo dy finds signs of infringement of the rights 
for intellectual property, the release of su ch goods is suspended for ten working days. 
44.  If there is a request from the rights holder or the party representing his interests, this period 
may be prolonged by the customs body, however, not more than ten working days, 
if the mentioned parties applied to the authoriz ed bodies for protection of the rights of 
the rights holder, in compliance with the legislation of the member-states of the Customs Union. 
45.  Decisions suspending the release of goods and prolonging the period of suspension of release 
of goods are adopted in writing by the head of th e customs body or the person authorized by him. 
46.  No later than within one working day followin g the day of adoption of the decision suspending 
the release of goods containing objects of inte llectual property, the customs body shall notify 
the declaring party and the rights holder or th e parties representing their interests of such 
suspension, the reasons and periods of suspension, as well as report to the declaring party IP/C/W/596 
 
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  the name (full name) and the place of location (a ddress) of the rights holder and/or the party 
representing his interests, and to the rights holder or the party representing his interests the name (full name) and place of location (address) of the declaring party. 
47.  Upon the expiry of the period of suspensi on of the release of goods containing objects 
of intellectual property, the release of such goods is renewed and is carried out according to 
the procedure specified in the Customs Code of the Customs Union, except for the cases when 
the customs body gets documents confirming the with drawal of goods, their arrest or confiscation, 
or other documents in compliance with the legislation of the member-states of the Customs Union. 
48.  Customs bodies may suspend the release of goods containing objects of intellectual 
property not included in the customs register; kept by the customs body of a member state 
of the Customs Union and the joint customs register of objects of intellectual property 
of member states of the Customs Union, without application of the rights holder, according to 
the procedure specified in the legislation of the member-states of the Customs Union. 
49.  The rights holder shall be held liable, in compliance with the civil legislation of member-states 
of the Customs Union for property damage incurred on the declaring party, the owner, 
the recipient of the goods containing objects of inte llectual property as a result of suspension of 
the release of goods in compliance with the present Ch apter, if violation of the rights of the rights 
holder is not found. 
ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 12. Please describe how the legislatio n of the Russian Federation meets the 
requirements of Article 41 of the TRIPS Agreem ent. Please cite the relevant provisions. 
50.  Different provisions of following legislative acts: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 
the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences; the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; the Arbitration Procedure Code  of the Russian Federation; the Civil Procedure 
Code of the Russian Federation; the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation; 
the Federal Law from 27 November 2010, No. 311-FZ "On Customs Regulation in the Russian Federation"; the Federal Law from 26 July 2006, No. 135-FZ "On Competition Protection". 
51.  In order to increase the effectiveness of IPR litigations, in March 2013, an Intellectual 
Property Arbitration Court was created. 
13. Please indicate the authorities re sponsible for the application of the 
measures provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation to combat 
counterfeiting and piracy. Please explai n whether the competent authorities are 
empowered to act ex officio and, if so, plea se indicate the enforcement actions that may 
be taken. Please cite the relevant  provisions of the legislation. 
52.  In the Russian Federation, the authorities responsible to combat counterfeiting and piracy 
are: the Ministry of Interior; the Investigation Comity, the Prosecutor, and the Federal Customs Service. 
53.  In accordance to the third part of Article 20 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the 
Russian Federation, criminal cases related to the illegal use of objects of copyright or related rights, as well as: the acquisition, storage or carriage of counterfeited copies of works or phonograms for the purpose of sale carried out on a large scale; illegal use of an invention, useful 
model, or industrial design; disclosure of the essence of an invention, useful model, or industrial 
design without the consent of its author or applicant, and before the official publication of information about them; illegal acquisition of authorship, or the compelling to co-authorship, 
are considered as criminal cases of the private-public prosecution and are initiated only upon 
application from the victim, or from his legal representative, but are not subject to the termination in connection with the victim's reconciliation with the accused, with the exception of the cases 
envisaged in Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. IP/C/W/596 
 
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  5 4 .   I n  a c c o r d a n c e  t o  t h e  t h i r d  p a r t  o f  A r t i c l e  2 0  o f  C r i m i n a l  P r o c e d u r a l  C o d e  o f  t h e  
Russian Federation, the head of an investigative agency, the investigator, as well as the enquirer with the consent of the procurator, shall institute a criminal case on any crime indicated in parts two and three of this Article and in the absence of an application of the victim or 
his legal representative, if the crime has been committed with respect to a person who, due to 
his dependent or helpless state or for other reasons cannot defend his rights and legal interests. The other reasons shall also include the case of commission of a crime by a person the information 
about whom is unknown. 
55.  All other acts committed under Articles 146, 147 and 180 of Criminal Code of the 
Russian Federation are criminal cases of public ch arge and are raised in an order established by 
Article 146 Criminal Procedural Code of Russian Federation. 
14. Please describe any new initiatives th at are planned to improve the enforcement 
of intellectual property rights in the Russian Federation. Is there a particular action plan 
in place? 
56.  There is no particular action plan on intellectual property rights enforcement in 
the Russian Federation. Every competent body has a goal to promote end increase the protection of IPR. 
57.  However, some initiatives have recently been realized. First of all, the creation in March 2013 
of the Intellectual Property Arbitration Court. 
58.  The second initiative is the fight against internet piracy. The first step was done in July with 
the adoption of Federal Law No. 187- ФЗ. The new "Antipiracy Law" introduces the principle 
of liability of internet service providers, mechanisms for blockage of illegal content by a court 
decision. For the moment, the scope of the Law is  limited to films, but different amendments 
concerning the extension of scope of protection are in the stage of public discussions. 
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