Risk Management Proposal:  
Oncidium  Cut Flowers from Taiwan  
MPI.IHS.CFF.ONCIDIUM  
 
 
 
December 2017   
 
 
  
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
Pastoral House 
25 The Terrace  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Tel: +64 4 894 0100 Fax: +64 4 894 0662  
Email: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  
  
 Disclaimer  
This document does not constitute, and should not be regarded as, legal advice. While every effort has been 
made to ensure the information in this document is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept 
any responsibility or liability whatsoever for any error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be 
present, however it may have occurred.  
Requests for further copies should be directed to:  
 Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 Email: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz
 
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry for Primary Industries.  
 
   
 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on the proposed new import 
health standard (IHS) for Oncidium  cut flowers from Taiwan  which is supported by this Risk Management 
Proposal (RMP) .  
The meaning of an IHS is def ined in section 22(1) of the Biosecurity Act 1993 as “A n import health standard  
specifies requirements to be met for the effective management of risks associated with importing risk goods, 
including risks arising because importing the goods involves or mi ght involve an inci dentally imported new 
organism”.  
MPI therefore seeks comment on the requirements (including measures) in the proposed IHS. MPI has 
developed this proposal based on the available scientific evidence and assessment of this evidence. If you 
disagree with the measures proposed to manage the risks, please provide either data or published references to 
support your comments. This will enable MPI to consider additional evidence which may change how risks are 
proposed to be managed . 
The following points may be of assistance in preparing comments:  
• Wherever possible, comments should be specific to a n IHS requirement  (referencing section 
numbers or pest  names as applicable).  
• Where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments are requested.  
• The use of examples to illustrate particular points is encouraged.   
MPI encourages respondents to forward comments electronically. Please include the fol lowing in your 
submission:  
• The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email;  
• Your name and title (if applicable);  
• Your organisation’s name (if applicable); and  
• Your address.  
Send submissions to: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz
. 
However, should you wish to forward submissions in writing, please send them to the following address to arrive 
by close of business on 22 February 2018 . 
Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  Directorate  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand 
Submissions received by the closure date will be considered during the development of the final IHS. 
Submissions received after the closure date may be held on file for consideration when the issued IHS is next 
revised/reviewed.  
 
  
 Official Information Act 1982  
Please note that your submission is public information and it is MPI policy to publish submissions and the review 
of submissions on the MPI website. Submi ssions may also be the subject of requests for information under the 
Official Information Act 1982 (OIA).  
The OIA specifies that information is to be made available to requesters unless there are sufficient grounds for 
withholding it, as set out in the OI A. Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for withholding specific information 
contained in their submission, such as the information is commercially sensitive or they wish personal information 
withheld.  
Any decision to withhold information requested und er the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman.  
 
   
 Contents  
Purpose  7 
Scope  7 
Background  7 
Part 1: Context  9 
Domestic  9 
International  9 
New Zealand’s Biosecurity System  9 
Importing Cut Flowers  10 
Strength of measures  10 
Part 2: Approach  11 
Commodity Description  11 
Information Sources  11 
Assessment  12 
Description of measures  12 
Basic Measures  12 
Targeted Measures  13 
MPI-Specified Measures  14 
Certification and verification  14 
Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification  14 
Verification on arrival in New Zealand  15 
Part 3: Pest Risk Assessment and Management  15 
Summary of risk associated with the importation of Oncidium  cut flowers from Taiwan  15 
Determination of phytosanitary measures included in the draft IHS  16 
Summary of Proposed Measures  23 
Part 3: References  25 
Appendix 1: Pest Categorisation  31 
 
 
   
 Purpose  
(1) The purpose of this risk management proposal (RMP) is to:  
a) summarise the pests associated with the import of Oncidium  (Oncidium  spp.)  cut flowers that 
require measures and the strength of measure identified to manage them;  
b) identify how the measures proposed in the draft import health standard (IHS) for “ Oncidium Cut 
Flowers ” effectively manage known biosecurity risks; and  
c) explain how the proposed measures are consistent with New Zealand’s domestic legislation and 
internation al obligations.   
(2) The draft IHS is the subject of consultation under section 23(3)  of the Biosecurity Act 1993. This RMP 
provides information to support the consultation on the draft IHS but is not itself the subject of consultation. 
However MPI will accept  comments and suggestions on the RMP in order to improve future IHS 
consultations.  
Scope  
(3) This RMP lists the information and process used to determine the pest risk management measures 
proposed in the draft IHS for Oncidium Cut Flowers . The RMP includes:  
• a summary of pests directly associated with Oncidium  cut flowers at the point of export;  
• a description of pre -export phytosanitary measures and their effectiveness considered for managing 
pests potentially associated with imported Oncidium  cut flowers.  
(4) This document is in three  parts.  
• Part 1 provides the background and context used to inform development of the IHS for Oncidium  cut 
flowers.  
• Part 2 provides information specific to the Oncidium  cut flower pathway, and outlines the types of 
measures which may ef fectively manage risks associated with Oncidium  cut flowers from Taiwan.  
• Part 3 considers the regulated pests associated with Oncidium  cut flowers, and determines the 
appropriate measure to effectively manage risks associated with importing Oncidium  cut flowers from 
Taiwan.  
Background  
(5) Oncidium  cut flowers are currently approved for import from Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand in 
the IHS 155.02.04: Cut flowers and foliage.   
a) Oncidium  cut flowers from Singapore  and Malaysia must be prepared for expo rt in accordance with 
the Singapore Assurance Certification Scheme or treated with methyl bromide within 24 hours of 
arrival in New Zealand (commercial consignments).  
i) Accompanied consignments from Singapore Airport Duty Free carry a phytosanitary ‘tag’ sticker in place of a phytosanitary certificate, and each stem is inspected on arrival in New 
Zealand.  
b) Oncidium  cut flowers from Malaysia must also be prepared for export in accordance with the 
Singapore Assurance Certification Scheme or with methyl bromide within 24 hours of arrival in New Zealand (commercial consignments).  
c) Oncidium  cut flowers from Thailand must be fumigated with methyl bromide prior to arrival in New 
Zealand (pre -export).  
d) There are currently no specific requirements for Oncidium  cut flowers imported from Australia.   
 (6) Since 2010, Oncidium  cut flowers have only been imported into New Zealand from  Malaysia and Singapore 
(513 consignments and 23 unaccompanied consignments, respectively).  Note: this does not include 
volumes of accompanied consignments (as outlined in 5a) i)).  
(7) MPI received a request from Taiwan’s Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Insp ection and Quarantine 
(BAPHIQ) for market access for Oncidium  cut flowers.  
(8) MPI conducted a visit to Taiwan in November 2016 to assess the pathway for Oncidium  cut flowers.  
   
 Part 1: Context  
Domestic 
(9) The New Zealand biosecurity system is regulated through the Biosecurity Act 1993. Section 22 of the Act 
describes the meaning of an IHS , and requires  that the IHS  specifies requirements to be met for the 
effective management of risks associated with importing risk goods (including plants and plant products) 
into New Zealand.  
(10) The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is the government authority responsible for the effective 
management of risks associated with the importation of risk goods into New Zealand (Part 3, Biosecurity 
Act 1993).  
(11) MPI engages with intereste d parties and/or affected New Zealand stakeholders and the exporting country 
requesting market access during the development of an IHS.  
(12) MPI follows MPI policies and procedures for the development of an IHS  and consultation.  
International  
(13) Where possible, phytosanitary measures are aligned with international standards, guidelines, and 
recommendations as per New Zealand’s obligations under Article 3.1 of the World Trade Organisation 
(WTO ) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), WTO 
1995 and section 23(4)(c) of the Biosecurity Act 1993.     
(14) The SPS Agreement states that phytosanitary measures must not discriminate unfairly between countries 
or bet ween imported or domestically produced goods, and where there is a choice of phytosanitary 
measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level, WTO members must select the least trade restrictive measure.     
New Zealand’s Biosecurity System  
(15) New Zealand operates  a biosecurity system for which the phytosanitary aspect (covering plant health) is a 
key part.  
(16) No biosecurity system is capable of reducing risk to zero. The objective of the system is to reduce to an 
acceptable level the likelihood of entry and establis hment  of regulated organisms  (includi ng pests, diseases 
and weeds).  
(17) An organism is  ‘regulated’ by MPI if it could cause unacceptable economic consequences (i.e. likely to 
cause unacceptable economic, environmental, socio -cultural or human health impacts i n New Zealand) if it 
were to enter and establish in New Zealand, provided the following conditions are met:  
a) is not present in New Zealand; or  
b) it is present but under official control in New Zealand;  
c) it is able to establish and spread in New Zealand.  
- Entry and establishment is defined as ‘introduction’ by the International Plant Protec tion Convention  (IPPC).  
(18) The New Zealand phytosanitary system focuses on ensuring that the most significant pests, for example 
economically important fruit flies, are unli kely to ever establish in New Zealand. The system also manages 
risk associated with all regulated pests.  
(19) The focus of the IHS for plant -based goods is to, wherever possible,  manage  unacceptable  phytosanitary 
risks identified as being associated with the go ods before arrival /clearance at the New Zealand border.  The  
 expectation is that commercial consignments of plants and plant products meet New Zealand’s 
phytosanitary import requirements on arrival  (risk is managed off -shore) .  
(20) MPI monitors the pathway perf ormance related to each IHS to ensure it provides the expected level of 
protection. This is achieved through verification and inspection activities at the border (and where possible, 
identification of pests detected) and audits of the export systems and cr itical control points contai ned in the 
Export Plans . 
Importing Cut Flowers  
(21) Cut flowers  can only be imported subject to an IHS specifying the commodity, and from a country where 
MPI has approved the systems, programmes and standards for regulatory oversight  by the National Plant 
Protection Authority (NPPO). The export system is subject to audit by MPI.  
(22) In circumstances where regulated pests that would cause significant harm if they became established in New Zealand are associated with the commodity, MPI requ ires the exporting NPPO to negotiate an Export 
Plan (see paragraph 26) with MPI. Exports to New Zealand cannot occur until the Export Plan  has been 
agreed by MPI.  
Strength of measures 
(23) Measures are required for regulated pests (see paragraph 18) where the ‘probability of introduction and 
spread’ on a pathway is unacceptable (i.e. if it is able to enter through the pathway, find a suitable host, and 
able to establish and spread in New Zealand).  
(24) The strength of the measure required should be no mor e than necessary to manage the risk the organism 
poses. MPI has classified measures into three categories of increasing strength: Basic Measures , Targeted 
Measures  or MPI-Specified Measures .  
(25) The strength of measure required depends on the risk posed by the organism on the pathway. This risk is 
determined by a combination of the consequences the pest may cause if it was introduced into New 
Zealand and the likelihood that the pest will enter and establish from a pathway. For pests that would result 
in very h igh consequences, such as economically important species of fruit fly, MPI-Specified Measures  are 
required. This is because these pests would cause significant negative consequences to New Zealand, 
even if the likelihood of them entering and establishing ( risk) a transient population is low.  
(26) The greater the risk of a pest, the greater the level of assurance MPI requires that the pest is not present in 
a consignment unless the pest has been rendered non -viable (dead or sterile from irradiation). For Targete d 
and/ or MPI-Specified Measure  pests  an Export Plan  will be negotiated with the exporting NPPO,  supported 
by an MPI pathway assessment visit  (if required) . The Export Plan  will identify how Targeted and MPI-
Specified Measures  will be applied. The Export P lan must be approved by MPI, and is subject to audit and 
review  by MPI .  
(27) The proposed Oncidium  cut flower IHS includes all measures accepted for pests assessed as being 
possibly associated with the commodity.  
   
 Part 2: Approach  
Commodity Description  
(28) “Oncidium  cut flowers” is defined as an individual, commercially produced orchid  stem  of the genus  
Oncidium , harvested for decorative purposes.  
a) Oncidium  cut flowers do not  include leaves, roots, fruit, soil, or material imported for other purposes 
(e.g. pr opagation).  
(29) “Commercially produced” is defin ed as the production of export quality  cut flowers sourced from sites that 
grow for  export under standard cultivation, pest -management, harvesting, disinfestation and packing 
activities.  
a) Commercially produced On cidium  cut flowers are graded to remove:  
- obviously damaged s tems, and plant material (such as the leaves) other than what is included in the 
commodity description ; 
- Infested, infected or damaged plant material;  
- all plant material from species other than Oncidium  spp. 
b) Oncidium  cut flowers can be produced within protected structures or  open fields.  
c) Private consignments and products produced through non -commercial systems (for example, 
‘backyard’ production) do not meet the definition of commercially produced, and are excluded from the 
scope of this RMP and the IHS: Oncidium  Cut Flowers . 
Information Sources 
(30) The following information was used to identify risk organisms associated with Oncidium  cut flowers from 
Taiwan and determine appropriate measures to manage the risk of their introduction (entry and 
establishment) into New Zealand:  
a) Pest assessments from MPI Import Risk Analyses, with consideration of the Oncidium  spp. pathway 
and the end use of the product, i ncluding:  
i) Import Risk Analysis: Litchi chinensis  (Litchi) fresh fruit from Taiwan (MPI, 2007);  
ii) Import Risk Analysis: Fresh Citrus  Fruit (7 species) from Samoa (MPI, 2008);  
iii) Import Risk Analysis: Pears ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Pyrus pyrifolia , and Pyrus  sp. nr . 
Communis ) fresh fruit from China. (MPI, 2009a);  
iv) Import Risk Analysis: Table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ) from China  (MPI, 2009b);  
v) Import Risk Analysis: Fresh Rambutan from Vietnam (2016 a). 
vi) [Draft] Analysis of alternative risk management measures to import Phalaenopsis  spp. 
nursery stock from Taiwan  (MPI, 2010);  
vii) [Draft] Risk Assessment: Fresh cut roses ( Rosa spp.) from the Republic of South Africa  (MPI, 
2011);  
viii) [Draft] Pest Risk Assessment: Scirtothrips dorsalis : chilli thrips (MPI. 2013);  
ix) Generic Pest Risk Assessment: Armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) on the fresh produce pathway (MPI, 2014);  
b) Technical advice (MPI 2017a; MPI 2017b; MPI 2017c);  
c) Taiwan Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway assessment (MPI, 2016 b); 
d) Relevant literature and database searches;  
e) Industry production, harvest and post -harvest practises in the exporting country  (BAPHIQ, 2013) .  
 Assessment  
(31) The above information sources were used to assess an organisms’ potential to enter New Zealand via the 
Oncidium  cut flower import pathway, be exposed to a suitable host, and establish and spread in New 
Zealand.  The pest assessment  process follow s part 2.1 of the International Standard for Phytosanitary 
Measures ( ISPM ) 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests , MPI import risk analysis procedures and 
consider ed: 
a) Presence or absence in the  exporting country;  
b) Presence or absence in New Zealand;  
c) Regulatory status in New Zealand;  
d) Association with the commodity and pathway;  
e) Potential for establishment and spread in New Ze aland;  
f) And potential for economic consequences in New Zealand.  
(32) All organisms identified as ‘ pests of concern ’ were assessed by MPI to determine the ‘probability of 
introduction and spread’ (entry into New Zealand, exposure to suitable hosts, establishment and spread) in 
New Zealand (following part 2.2 of ISPM 11).  
Description of measures  
(33) The biosecurity system in New Zealand operates a series of components or layers (pre -border, border, and 
post-border) that together provide a high level of assurance that pests are unlikely to establish in New 
Zealand. No one part of the system is able to achieve the necessary assurance on its own. The main 
components in the pre -border and border system include:  
a) commercial production and post -harvest  activities ( Basic Measur es) to reduce pest prevalence on a 
commodity;  
b) application of an additional measure to reduce pest prevalence on a commodity ( Targeted and/ or 
MPI-Specified Measure  where required );  
c) official pre -export inspection and phytosanitary certification to verify t hat pre- export measures have 
been undertaken and effective as required by MPI and that the consignment is free from regulated 
pests;  
d) on-arrival  inspection of documentation in New Zealand to verify compliance with the IHS. I nspection  of 
a consignment may also be conducted  in New Zealand to verify pests are not present in a 
representative sample (e.g. no live regulated visible pests in a 600 unit sample);  
e)  remedial action (for example treatment) as required (e.g. if a pest is detected during on- arrival 
inspection) .  
(34) Measures of different strengths ( Basic , Targeted, or MPI -Specified) are applied according to the risk of 
entry and establishment posed by a pest on the pathway and reduce the likelihood of introduction to a very 
low level on a consignment.  
Basic Measures  
(35) Basic measures  are required to manage all organisms that could enter and establish in New Zealand . Basic 
Measure pests are pests identified through risk assessment as possibly being on the pathway. Basic 
Measures  include (but are not restricted to) the following required components:   
 Commercial production 
(36) All fresh produce for export to New Zealand, regardless of the associated pests, must be commercially 
produced using a quality system, recognised standard cultiva tion, pest management, harvest and 
packaging activities.  
(37) Commercial production of Oncidium  cut flowers includes : 
a) Recognised standard cultivation  
- production site management such as media preparation, planting, plant health monitoring, appropriate use of 
agrichemicals, environmental controls, management of records;   
- crop hygiene practices such as in- field weed control.  
b) Pest management  
- pest monitoring  by grower ; 
- management of pests and diseases  by grower and includes cultural, biological and chemical controls . 
c) Harvest activities  
- sorting of cut flowers  to remove extraneous matter (such as non- Oncidium  plant material and soil) and non-
export quality cut flowers . 
d) Packaging activities  
- removal of remnant soil and extraneous plant material;  
- Oncidium  cut flowers  packe d into new  and clean material;  
- product security maintained following export certification to prevent pest re- infestation.  
(38) All cut flowers for export to New Zealand must be of export grade to minimise the likelihood of infested or 
infected cut flowers enter ing the supply chain.  
(39) For many pests Basic Measures  are sufficient to reduce their prevalence in a consignment to a very low 
level thus limiting their potential to enter, establish and spread in New Zealand if they entered undetected.  
Targeted Measures  
(40) Targeted Measures  are used  to manage the risk of entry and establishment of pests that  are unlikely to be  
sufficiently managed by  Basic Measures . 
(41) Pests which present a higher risk (consequence  and likelihood of introduction) require measures of a 
greater strength (e.g. Targeted Measures ) compared  with those pests where the risk is lower.  
(42) An Export Plan  is required for all commodities that may be associated with pests identified by MPI as 
requiri ng Targeted Measures . The components of an Export Plan may differ between countries and 
commodities because the g rowing systems and agricultural practices differ but can be similarly effectiv e. 
The Export Plan provides a description of how the agreed Targeted Measures  will be applied to manage 
these pests (where required) and is negotiated between New Zealand and the individual exporting country 
NPPO.  
(43) Targeted Measures include a very wide range of options and provide MPI with the assurance that pest 
populations on the exported product are redu ced to a level that will not en able the pest to establish a 
population in New Zealand . 
(44) A Targeted Measure may also be efficacious against non -target pests.  
(45) The following measures are some that may be considered fo r managing pests requiring Targeted 
Measures :  
a) Country freedom ; 
- additional measures or an Export Plan are not required where ‘country freedom’ status is recognised  by MPI  
for the export countr y. 
b) Pest free area ;  
 - MPI will audit the management of pest free ar eas for compliance with ISPM 4: Requirements for the 
establishment of pest free areas . 
c) Pest free place of production ; 
- MPI will audit the management of pest free place of production for compliance with ISPM 10: Requirements 
for the establishment of pests fr ee places of production and pest free production sites .  
d) Pest control activities (in -field) ;  
e) Systems Approaches;  
- a Systems Approach is composed of two or more independent measures , as negotiated between MPI and 
the exporting country;  
- independent measures may vary between exporting countries.  
f) End-point treatment .  
(46) Targeted Measures  are subject to pathway assurance audit s by MPI.  
MPI-Specified Measures  
(47) An Export Plan  is required for all commodities that may be associated with pests identified by MPI as 
requiring MPI-Specified Measures . 
(48) MPI-Specified Measures  are required  when the consequence of establishment of a pest is very high and 
where entry and establishment is possible  as a result of the unmanaged pathway.  
a) The selection of an appropriate MPI -Specified  Measure  is based largely on quantitative data that 
supports a high level of phytosanitary assurance. Quantitative data may be supported by qualitative 
information, especially with respect to approval of a systems approach.  
b) A MPI-Specified Measure  may also be effe ctive against non -target pests.  
(49) Wherever possible, MPI uses ISPMs (or regional standards if applicable) to identify the appropriate  
requirements for imported plant commodities.  
(50) MPI-Specified Measures  are subject to pathway assurance audit s by MPI . 
Certific ation and verification  
Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification  
(51) Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification by the exporting NPPO of all commercially produced 
fresh produce (including cut flowers and foliage) for export to New Zealan d is required to provide 
assurances of freedom from visually detectable regulated pests. Assurance is also required that measures 
for pests that are not visually detectable have been applied as described in the Export Plan .  
(52) The phytosanitary certification  process includes : 
a) verification that any Basic , Targeted and MPI-Specified Measures required by MPI have been met ; 
b)  sampling and inspection to determine pest freedom ; 
i) The exporting NPPO will randomly sample  and visually inspect a minimum  of 600 Oncidium  cut 
flower  stems  from each lot of 20,000 stems or more. Smaller lots will be sampled as per ISPM 
31: Methodologies for sampling of consignments , Table 1: Table of minimum sample sizes for 
95% and 99% confidence levels at varying levels of detection accordi ng to lot size, 
hypergeometric distribution.   
ii) Inspection will involve an examination of all external parts of the flower stem and where necessary , at 10x magnification to ensure dete ction of cryptic or small pests . Consistent with 
international practice, the inspected sample must be free from regulated pests.   
 iii) where any live regulated pest is found in the inspected lot, an appropriate measure must be 
applied (for example fumigation with an efficacious chemical) or the lot must be rejected for 
export to New Zealand.  
c)  any remedial action taken as agreed with MPI . 
Verification on arrival in New Zealand  
(53) When a consignment arrives in New Zealand MPI will conduct a documentation check to ensure the phytosanitary certification conforms to the requirements laid out in the IHS.  
(54) MPI will normally sample and inspect consignments of cut flowers on -arrival to ver ify the absence of 
regulated pests. In a few cases where a pathway is highly compliant inspections may be conducted on an audit basis.  Any reduction in the level of inspection from current on -arrival levels is based on sound 
evidence of the compliance of a  pathway.    
(55) When live regulated pests are detected on consignments on arrival in New Zealand, one of the following 
risk management activities will be applied:  
a) reshipment of the consignment;  
b) destruction of the consignment; or  
c) treatment of the consignment. T reatment may include:  
- re-conditioning to remove infested or infected stems ; or  
- fumigation to kill regulated pests.  
 
Part 3: Pest Risk Assessment and Management  
(56) This section only includes a review of pests identified from the information s ources included i n paragraph 
(30).   
(57) A summary assessment for pests of Oncidium  spp. can be found in Appendix 1 . Information on pest 
morphology and life history was taken from other import risk analyses ( 30) as it is the same regardless of 
the pathway. However, the ‘entry’ and ‘exposure’ assessments took into account the fresh Oncidum spp. 
cut flower pathway.  
(58) Waste disposal is a key component of the exposure assessment and waste from cut flowers is signific antly 
greater than for fresh produce and nursery stock. Therefore pests on the cut flower pathway may require a 
greater level of measure than required for other pathways (ISPM 32), namely fresh produce.  
Summary of risk associated with the importation of On cidium  cut 
flowers  from Taiwan   
(59) Pests identified as potentially associated with Oncidium  cut flowers from Taiwan were included in this 
assessment. These include species that use the commodity for some part of their lifecycle, as well as 
species where there  is existing evidence to suggest they have an opportunistic association with the 
commodity.  
(60) Pests are defined as “Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products” (ISPM 5: Glossary of Phytosanitary  Terms ). Pests are categorised as a quarantine pest 
for New Zealand if the pest:  
a) is not present in New Zealand or is not widely distributed and under official control; or  
b) is a vector of a quarantine pest for New Zealand; or  
c) is a different strain to the pests present in New Zealand and has a different impact (e.g. host range, 
pathogenicity); and   
 d) would cause unwanted harm if the pest became established in New Zealand.  
(61) Assessment of the 20 4 pests  identified as  potentially associated with Orchidaceae identi fied 163 pests were 
either not present in Taiwan, present in New Zealand, or are considered a non -regulated pest; and 
therefore did not require further assessment.  
(62) The other 41  pests were considered to be potential hazards for  Oncidium  cut flowers from Tai wan. These 
41 pests were considered further (refer to Appendix 1).  
(63) Twenty -nine of the pests assessed in Appendix 1 were determined to be present on Oncidium  cut flowers 
during production and at the point of export .  These pests  present a potential risk on the Taiwan Oncidium  
cut flower import; however are unlikely to enter New Zealand, establish or spread.  These pests were 
considered to be managed by Basic Measures and were not assessed further in the RMP.  
(64) Eleven of the 41 pests were determined to present a  potential risk  on the Taiwan Oncidium  cut flower 
import pathway, and require further discussion to determine the strength of measure required. These pests 
are identified in Table 1 below, and are discussed further in this section.  
a) A summary of the pest risk assessments undertaken in the assessment  for the 42 pests is presented in 
Appendix 1 . 
Determination of phytosanitary measures included in the draft IHS  
(65) MPI requires measures to be applied to reduce, to a very lo w level, the risk of entry and establishment of 
a pest on a pathway. Attaining zero biosecurity risk is not possible in any system.  
(66) Table 1 summaries the main  evidence from Appendix 1, with paragraphs 66 to 77  providing justification 
for the level of measure required for each pest.  
Table 1. Regulated pest groups associated with Oncidium  cut flowers , supported by  a summary of the evidence to 
support the level of measure [refer to Appendix 1 for further information and references ]. 
Basic Measures  Targeted Measures  
Acari  
Tenuipalpus pacificus  
- Host range restricted to orchids and ferns.  
- Slow moving and tends to be sedentary, dispersal 
most likely via air currents or movement of infested 
plant material.  
- Parthenogenesis is common in the family but 
uncertain for the species  
- Possible it can  establish in the warmer regions of 
New Zealand.  
- Assessed to have a low economic impact.  Tetranychus kanzawai  
- Highly polyphagous, with 160 known hosts.  
- Dispersal via walking or passive dispersal v ia air 
currents or movement of infested plant material.  
- Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis (unfertilised eggs hatch 
into males, fertilised eggs hatch into females).  
- Possible it can  establish in the warmer regions of New 
Zealand.  
- Assessed to have a moderate economic impact.  
Diaspididae  
Chrysomphalus aonidum  
- Adults likely to be visibly detectable  during 
phytosanitary inspection . 
- Polyphagous with hosts from over 77 plant families.  
- Crawlers are the only mobile stage for females.  
- Sexual reproduction.  
- Possible to establish in the warmer, humid regions of 
New Zealand or in protected environments.  
- Assessed to have a low economic impact.  
 
   
 Basic Measures  Targeted Measures  
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  
- Adults likely to be visibly detectable  during 
phytosanitary inspection : usually prefer s leaves but 
occa sionally occurs on branches.  
- Polyphagous with hosts from over 73 plant families.  
- Crawlers are the only mobile stage for females.  
- Obligate bisexual and parthenogene tic. 
- Possible to establish in the warmer regions of New 
Zealand or in protected environments.  
- Assessed to have a low economic impact.  
 
Ischnaspis longirostris  
- Adults likely to be visibly detectable  during 
phytosanitary inspection  
- Polyphagous with hosts from over 77 plant families.  
- Crawlers are the only mobile stage for females.  
- Sexual reproduction  only. 
- Possible to establish in the warmer, humid regions of New Zealand or in protected environments.  
- Assessed to have a low economic impact.  
 
 
Ferrisia virgata  
- Adults tend to reside in concealed  locations, making it 
harder for them to be visually detected. Eggs are laid individually.  
- Polyphagous with hosts from 68 plant families.  
- Nymphs and adult females are mobile.  
- Sexual reproduction.  
- Vectoring capabilities [not known to vector any 
viruses asso ciated with Oncidium ].  
- Climate may be a limiting factor for establishment, however found in tropical, subtropical and temperate 
regions. Adult females are capable of overwintering  
- Assessed to have a moderate to low economic 
impact.  
Planococcus minor  
- Adults tend to reside in concealed  locations, making it 
harder for them to be visually detected. Eggs are laid in clusters of 100- 200. 
- Polyphagous with a wide range of hosts.  
- Crawlers are the most mobile stage.  
- Sexual reproduction, but also likely reproduc tion 
occurs via parthenogenesis.  
- Possible to establish in the warmer regions of New 
Zealand or in protected environments.  
- Assessed to have a moderate economic impact.  
 
Thysanoptera  
 Thrips hawaiiensis  
- All life stages are very small, however presence of 
infestation can be obvious by response of the plant 
(discoloration and abnormally shaped leaves).   
 Basic Measures  Targeted Measures  
- Eggs are laid inside plant tissues and may not be visible 
during phytosanitary inspection.  
- Polyphagous with a wide range of hosts from 141 plant 
species inclu ding citrus and pipfruit.  
- Adults are winged, nymphs capable of crawling to 
suitable host material . 
- Can reproduce sexually and asexually.  
- May survive in warmer regions of New Zealand.  
- Assessed to have a high  economic impact  (if 
established) . 
Thrips palmi  
- Targeted measures on other pathways  
- All life stages are very small, however presence of infestation can be obvious by response of the plant 
(discoloration, distorted and scarred tissue).  
- Eggs are laid inside plant tissues and may not be visible 
during phytosanitary inspection.  
- Polyphagous with a wide range of hosts including citrus.  
- Adults are winged, nymphs capable of crawling to 
suitable host material . 
- Reproduces sexually and parthenogenetically.  
- Likely to survive in warmer regions of New Zealand.  
- Assessed to have a high  economic impact  (if 
established) . 
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
- All life stages are very small, however presence of infestation can be obvious by response of the plant 
(discoloration, scarred and distorted tissue).  
- Polyphagous with a wide r ange of hosts.  
- Adults are winged and capable of dispersal.  
- Sexual and arrh enotoky parthenogenesis reproduction.  
- Tropical species however reported from countries that 
share the same climatic similarity  
- 
Low economic (though significant to individual growers)  
and environmental impact  
Plant Pathogens  
Phytophthora palmivora  
- Symptoms are likely to be visible.  
- Wide range of hosts, infecting more than 130 
species.  
- Spread via water and air.  
- The North Island has conditions most suited to the 
pathogen, however the level of damage will be 
restricted by the level of disease expression in 
suboptimal conditions.   
 
 
  
 Basic Measures  
(67) The following measures are justified for the pests in paragraph 67 based on the evidence for their low risk 
summarised from the sources identified in paragraph 31 and summarised in Table 1 [refer to Appendix 1  
for ad ditional information] . Pests identified as requiring Basic Measures have been grouped based on 
taxon.  
(68) Basic Measures are sufficient and justified to manage the following pests on the Oncidium  cut flower  
import pathway:  
• Tenuipalpus pacificus  
• Chrysomphalus aonidum  
• Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  
• Ischnaspis longirostris  
• Ferrisia virgata  
• Planococcus minor  
• Phytophthora palmivora 
Acari (mites)  [as identified in paragraph 67]  
(69) Basic  Measures  are sufficient to manage the  low risk posed by  flat mite  Tenuipalpus pacifi cus because : 
Commercial production will reduce populations of T. pacificus  in Oncidium  spp. production sites to a low 
level and minimise the potential for introduction into New Zealand.  
i. Commercial production includes monitoring for plants displaying signs/sym ptoms of 
infestation during production.  This will identify affected plants, resulting in pest controls being 
applied (see Commercial Production ).  
1. Heavy infestations of T. pacificus cause deep pits/sunken areas, l eaf discolouration and necrotic 
spots around the basal portion of the leaves (MPI, 2010).  
Harvest , grading and packing  activities will reduce the likelihood of T. pacificus  being associated with 
Oncidium  cut flowers at export to a very low level . 
i. T. pacificus  eggs are laid on leaves  (MPI, 2010) . The specified commodity description  
requires the Oncidium  cut flower to be free from leaf material (see Commodity Description ).  
ii. The IHS specifies ‘commercially produced’ export grade cut flowers (which includes grading 
to remove obviously damaged stems). Heavily infested and damaged cut flowers will be 
removed during grading and packaging and the refore not exported  (see Commodity 
Description ). 
T. pacificus  are likely to be detected and managed during official pre -export inspection by the exporting 
NPPO (see Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification ).   
i. T. pacificus are reddish in colour with black patterns (Mersino, 2002) and contrast the colour 
of the Oncidium  cut flower s making it obvious during visual detection.  
ii. Detection of  T. pacificus will require remedial action prior to export certification.  Detection of 
T. pacificus  may be managed by Targeted Measures  required for other Acari on this pathway.  
 
Diaspididae (Scale insects and mealybugs ) 
(70) Basic Measures  are justified and sufficient to manage the low risk posed by Diaspididae ( C. aonidum, 
C. dictyospermi , F. virgata ,  I. longirostris , and P. minor ) because:   
 a) Commercial production activities will reduce populations of Diaspididae in Oncidium  production 
sites to a low level.  
i) Commercial production includes monitoring for plants displaying signs/symptoms of  infestation 
during production. Monitoring will identify obviously affected plants, resulting in pest controls being 
applied (see Commercial Production ).  
- The behaviour of F. virgata and P. minor  to seek out cryptic locations on the flower may make 
the mealybugs difficult to detect. F. virgata and P. minor  do not produce huge quantities of 
sugary honeydew (PKB, 2017), however evidence of damage by mealybugs may be easily 
detected.  
ii) Diaspididae damage plants  directly by feeding on phloem (MPI, 2014). Heavy infestations may 
cause wilting of leaves and stems, reduce photosynthetic efficiency and growt h and plant 
disfigurement (MPI, 2014).  
b) Harvest , grading  and packing activities will reduce the likelihood of Diaspididae  being associated 
with Oncidium  cut flowers at export to a very low level.   
(i) Adult Diaspididae are likely to be removed during packhouse activities, as they are relatively large 
and visually obvious and covered by a scale.  That is:  
• Adult s of these species are 1.3mm or larger and covered with a distinctly coloured scale  cover.  (MPI,  
2014; MPI,  2007; MPI, 2008).  
• Diaspididae can lay eggs (under the scale) on both the flower and stem, with nymphs and adults also 
present on the cut flower (MPI, 2010; MPI, 2014).  
ii) The IHS specifies ‘commercially produced’ export grade cut flowers (which includes grading to 
remove obviously damaged stems). Heavily infested and damaged cut flowers will not be export -
grade and therefore will be removed during grading and packaging (see Commodity Description ) 
c) Diaspididae  are likely to be detected and managed during official pre -export inspection by the 
exporting NPPO (see Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification ).   
i) Their morphology will make them visually obvious [paragraph 69 b) (i)].  
ii) Detection of C. aonidum, C.  dictyospermi , I. longirostris , and P. minor will require remedial action 
prior to export certification.   
d) Detection of these species may be managed by Targeted Measures  required for other Diaspididae 
on this pathway.  
 
Plant pathogens  [as identified in paragraph 66]  
(71) Basic Measures  are justified and sufficient to manage the low risk from  P. palmivora  because : 
 Commercial production activities will reduce the presence  of P. palmivora  in Oncidium  production 
areas to a low level . 
i) Monitoring for plants displaying signs/symptoms  (e.g. blac k lesions on rots and basal portions of the 
orchid pseudobulb visible to the naked eye)  of infestation during production will identify affected 
plants, resulting in pest controls being applied (see Commercial Production ). 
 Grading and p acking activities would detect signs of a severe infestation of P. palmivora  in 
Oncidium  cut flowers . 
i) Symptoms of P . palmivora (black lesions) are visible, however a low level infection may not always 
be detected.  
ii) Oncidium  cut flowers are exported free of soil, therefore removing reservoir inoculum.  
iii) The IHS specifies ‘commercially produced’ export grade produce  (which includes grading to remove 
obviously damaged stems ). Infested and misshapen stems will not be export -grade and therefore will 
be removed during grading and packaging (see Commodity Description ). 
 Significant infection of P. palmivora  is likely to be detected and managed during official pre -export 
inspection by the exporting NPP O (see Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification ). 
i) Detection of  P. palmivora will require remedial action prior to export certification.    
 
 P. palmivora  is unlikely to be able to establish in New Zeal and from infected stems.  
i) Oncidium  cut flowers are exported free of soil (inoculum reservoir) [Appendix 1].  
ii) Cut flowers are usually displayed in vases of tap water, with water normally disposed of into 
commercial waste water systems.  
iii) Disposal to a home compost  system is unlikely to expose disease to suitable hosts.  
iv) Disposal into home gardens may expose infected material to suitable hosts, however disease 
expressions is restricted by suboptimal temperatures [Appendix 1].  
Targeted Measures 
(72) The following m easures are justified based on the evidence for their moderate risk to New Zealand 
summarised from the sources identified in paragraph 31 (also see Appendix 1 ). Pests have been grouped 
based on taxon.  
(73) The following p ests have been identified as requiring Targeted Measures : 
• Tetranychus  kanzawai  
• Scirtothrips dorsalis   
• Thrips hawaiiensis   
• Thrips palmi  
(74) Targeted Measures may also be effective against non -target pests that only require Basic Measures .  
Acari (mites)  
(75) Targeted Measures  are justified and sufficient to manage Tetranychus kanzawai  because:  
a) T. kanzawai  poses a moderate risk [Appendix 1] to New Zealand via this pathway and is unlikely to 
be sufficiently managed by Basic Measures  alone.  
i)  T. pacificus  has a li mited host range, whereas T. kanzawai  is highly polyphagous [Appendix 1].  
b) Targeted Measures will effectively manage risk from T. kanzawai  either by excluding them  or, 
removing or eliminating them from the pathway. Targeted Measures options include:  
Pest Exclusion  
a) Pest freedom status either at the country, area or production site will effectively exclude 
T. kanzawai  from the pathway. The options for pest freedom are as per the international standards 
for phytosanitary measures (ISPMs):  
i) Country freedom;  
- Additional measures are not required where ‘country freedom’ status is recognised by New 
Zealand for the export country.  
ii) Pest free area (PFA);  
- PFAs managed as per ISPM 4: Pest free areas or, based on historical absence as per ISPM 8: 
Determination of pes t status in an area; and recognised as a PFA by MPI.  
iii) Pest free place of production (PFPP);  
- PFPP managed in accordance with ISPM 10: Requirements for the establishment of pest free 
places of production and pest free production sites and recognised by MPI.   
Pest Removal or Elimination  
b) An effective chemical treatment targeting the pest prior to (i.e. in -field pests controls with registered 
acaricides), or after, harvest (i.e. methyl bromide or other fumigant) followed by visual inspection to 
verify pest absence will remove the risk posed by T.  kanzawai  on Oncidium  cut flowers :   
 i) The small size of the mites may make them difficult to detect by visual detection. However, evidence 
of webbing and mite damage may be easily detected e.g. damage and yellowish spots  (PKB , 2017)  
indicating that a treatment is required.  
ii) The addition of a pre- harvest treatment will significantly reduce or remove populations of mites 
during production. Therefore a greater level of assurance is provided by phytosanitary inspection that 
the stems are free from T. kanzawai . 
iii) An effective end- point treatment will kill any residual mites present on stems.  
c) Detection of T. kanzawai  will require remedial action , such as fumigation with methyl bromide, to 
eliminate them prior to export certification. 
Thysanoptera (thrips)  
(76) Targeted Measures  are justified to manage Thrips  (S, dorsalis  T. hawaiiensis  and T. palmi ) because:  
a) These thrips species pose a moderate risk [Appendix 1] to New Zealand via this pathway and are 
unlikely to be sufficien tly managed by Basic Measures  alone.  
b) Targeted Measures will effectively manage risk these thrips  either by excluding them  or, removing 
or eliminating them from the pathway. Targeted Measures options include:  
Pest Exclusion  
c) Pest freedom status either at the country, area or production site will effectively exclude S . dorsalis  
T. hawaiiensis  and T. palmi  from the pathway. The options for pest freedom are as per the 
international standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPMs):  
i) Country freedom;  
- Additional measures are not required where ‘country freedom’ status is recognised by New 
Zealand for the export country.  
ii) Pest free area (PFA);  
- PFAs managed as per ISPM 4: Pest free areas or, based on historical absence as per ISPM 8: 
Determination of pest status in an area; and recognised as a PFA by MPI.  
iii) Pest free place of production (PFPP);  
- PFPP managed in accordance with ISPM 10: Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites and recognised by MPI.  
Pest Removal or Elimination  
d) An effective chemical treatment targeting thrips prior to (i.e. in -field pests controls with registered 
pesticides), and/or after, harvest (i.e. methyl bromide or other fumigant) followed by visual 
inspection to verify pest absence will remove the risk posed by t hrips  on Oncidium  cut flowers :  
i) The small size of thrips life stages (e.g. eggs)  may make them difficult to detect by visual inspection 
alone.  
ii) The application of an in- field control, support ed by current efficacy information, will significantly 
reduce or remove thrips population during Oncidium  production. Thrips are prone to developing 
pesticide resistance, therefore efficacy information is required to be monitored and on- going 
monitoring during production to verify that the pesticide application is working.  
iii) An effective end- point treatment will kill any residual thrips present on stems.  
e) Detection of thrips  will require remedial action , such as fumigation with methyl bromide, to 
eliminate th em prior to export certification.  
   
 Summary of Proposed Measures 
(77) MPI considers the risks associated with the importation of Oncidium  cut flowers will be effectively managed 
by applying risk management measures (Table 2), specifically:  
- in-field practices and pest controls;  
- harvest, grading and packing activities;  
- pre-export inspection and certification, overseen by the exporting country NPPO.  
(78) Each step in the export system reduces the likelihood of pests being present on the pathway. MPI will verify  
and inspect the consignment to ensure the requirements in the IHS have been met. Non -compliant 
consignments will be treated, re -shipped or destroyed.  
(79) The measures MPI has identified as necessary to manage pests associated with Oncidium  cut flowers are 
described below:  
Table 2. Measure required to manage th e risk associated with the Oncidium  cut flower  import pathway.  
Pest Level of Measure  
Tenuipalpus pacificus  
Chrysomphalus aonidum  
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  
Ischnaspis longirostris  
Ferrisia virgata  
Planococcus minor  
Phytophthora palmivora  Basic Measures  
Tetranychus kanzawai  
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
Thrips hawaiiensis  
Thrips palmi  Targeted Measures  
(80) The measures contained in the IHS are subject to regular review based on pathway compliance, 
emerging risk assessment, new information/intelligence, and results of audit of the export system . 
(81) MPI will monitor interceptions of  all regulated pests (and  hitchhiker s) and the appropriateness/ 
effectiveness of phytosanitary measures  during trade . 
   
  
 
  
Field selection and/ or seed selection  
Commercial production  
In-field practices/ pest management  
Targeted Pest Management  
Monitoring/pest controls  
Harvesting  
Packhouse processes/ Grading  
Official Export Inspection  
Official Verification and Inspection  on-
arrival in New Zealand  
Remedial actions for live 
visually detectable 
regulated pests  
Issuance of export 
certification  
Human Consumption  
Table 3. New Zealand biosecurity system - Layers of protection for imported fresh produce  
 
Biosecurity clearance issued  
Very low likelihood of pest 
populations establishing  
Reduction in pest population  
Targeted post -harvest action  
Remedial actions for live 
visually detectable 
regulated pests  
Small proportion to 
waste disposal   
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 Appendix 1: Pest Categorisation  
The pest categorisation process (table below) identifies all known major pests and diseases found to be 
associated with Oncidium  cut flowers in Taiwan , determines their presence (or absence) in New Zealand, and 
considers if they might be associated with Oncidium  cut flowers  at export. A summary of key conclusions from 
the risk analysis process is included where a pest has been identified as a potential quarantine pest. Pests 
associated with Oncidium  cut flowers , but not present in Taiwan , are not included in the table.  
 
The table below follows the risk analysis process and terminology identified in part 2 of the international 
standard, ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests . The table includes:  
• The identi ty of the pest. The table is organised by order, then family.  
• Conclusions from the risk analysis, including the associated justification and evidence, for:  
- Step 1: Pest categorisation.  
- Step 2: Assessment of the probability of introduction and spread.  
- Step 3: Assessment of potential economic consequences.  
Note: if at any step there is insufficient information available to determine that the organism fulfils the criteria of a 
quarantine pest, then the organism is discounted from the pest list and the pest ri sk analysis process does not 
continue.  
• Conclusion of the pest risk assessment (‘Is a measure justified?’).  
Note: the level of measure required, based on the outcome of the pest risk management assessment in Part 3 of 
this RMP, is included in the table.  
 
It is assumed that if a species associated with fresh pumpkin ( C. pepo ) is of concern, then the reasons for this 
concern would be recorded internationally (with interception data (where available), any risk analysis, scientific 
studies, reports of signific ant economic impacts). Measures must be supported by technical justification, and 
measures cannot be applied because there is uncertainty or a lack of available information. MPI may review the pests associated with a pathway (or their management) if new in formation becomes available, including in the 
following circumstances:  
a) a change in host status;  
b) pest status prevalence;  
c) frequent interception on arrival in New Zealand; or  
d) a new or changed risk on imported fresh pumpkin is identified by MPI’s Emerging Risk s System.  
 
Some organisms may not be included on the Oncidium  cut flowers  pest list, and therefore a measure (e.g. Basic, 
Targeted, or MPI -Specified Measures) has not been assigned to the pest. However, if regulated organisms are 
intercepted on the pathway  an on -arrival remedial action is required (e.g. fumigation) prior to clearance for entry 
into New Zealand. If no suitable or approved treatment is available, the consignment will be reshipped or destroyed. Any pests intercepted on the pathway may be retro spectively added to the pest list and will be 
considered as part of the next review of the IHS.  
 
ISPM 11 requires that “The identity of the pest should be clearly defined to ensure that the [risk] assessment is 
performed on a distinct organism, and that bi ological and other information used in the assessment is relevant 
to the organism in question.” It is recognised that a pest may still be clearly defined at genus level, as not all species are described. In this case, genera that are present in Tonga but n ot in New Zealand would be 
considered as regulated as they still pose a potential hazard to New Zealand.  
 
Note:  ISPM 5 defines ‘quarantine pest’ as “ a pest of potential economic importance to [New Zealand] and not 
yet present there, or present but not wide ly distributed and being officially control.  
 
 
 
  
 Scientific name  Conclusion  Reason  Evidence to support  Is a measure 
justified?  Acari  
 
 Tarsonemus bilobatus  
Suski, 1965  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Tarsonemus bilobatus  is 
associated with the 
pathway.  
 - T. bilobatus  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2017).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012). Note: “The T. bilobatus mite feeds 
on fungus. The mite  can then move the fungus around the greenhouse to additional plants 
(Gill et al., 2003). Thus, this pest may be present on the commodity but not directly 
associated with it ” [USDA 2012].  Does not fulfil the criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this path way.  
   And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  T. bilobatus  is has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Mites present on the stem and flower may be difficult to detect during grading and packaging.  
- Symptoms are recorded on the leaves of the plant, including discoloured, lustrous and 
deformed leaves with irregular folding of the upper surface ( BA, 2002). Cut  flowers under this 
IHS are required to be free of leaf material. [Note: symptoms recorded for seedlings of cucumber and Chinese cabbage]  (BA, 2002).  
- It is assumed all life stages could survive transit conditions to New Zealand.  T. bilobatus  
has been intercepted live on fresh produce arriving in New Zealand (QuanCargo, 2017).  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost providing a mechanism for T. bilobatus  to be exposed to the 
environment.  
-  T. bilobatus  has been reported  from many plant species, bacteria and fungi  cultures, llitter 
and soil  and is considered to be  primarily fungivorous  (Zhang, 2003 ). Hosts also include  
seedlings of melon, watermelon, cucumber and Chinese cabbage in greenhouses in Japan 
(Zhang, 2003).  
- Exposure will be dependent on dispersal from disposal site and the proximity of suitable 
hosts.  T. bilobatus  is likely to be limited with dispersing to a suitable host.  
- Dispersal is via passive transportation and via the movement of infested foliage or soil (BA, 
2002) . 
Establishment and spread:  
- Has a wide host range and is usually confined to crops grown in glasshouses (BA, 2002).    And has the potential to 
cause negative economic consequences  
which are sufficient to justify phytosanitary measures on this 
pathway.  T. bilobatus  is capable 
of causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New Zealand.  - It is known to cause injury to several ornamental flowers in greenhouses in Poland (Zhang, 
2003).  
- Is suspected to be a potential vector of plant diseases (BA, 2002). Dowling et al. (2010) stated that this species has been implicated as a vector or certain strains of fungi, as the mites can move fungus between hosts (USDA, 2012).  
    An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway . 
Measures for the management of other mites  should also manage these species. Can be re -assessed when new information is available.   
  Tenuipalpus pacificus  
Baker, 1945  
 
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Tenuipalpus pacifiicus is 
associated with the pathway.  - T. pacificus is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2017).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  leaves and flowers (BAPHIQ, 2013; MPI, 2010).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Basic 
Measur es) 
  
  And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  T. pacificus has the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Mites present on the stem and flower may be difficult to detect during grading and packaging.  
- It is assumed all life stages could survive transit conditions to New Zealand. T. pacificus has been intercepted live on cut flowers (orchids) arriving in New Zealand ( MPI, 2016c ). 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost providing a mechanism for T. pacificus  to be exposed to the 
environment.  
-  T. pacificus  appears to have a host range restricted to orchids (MPI, 2010) , therefore there 
may be limited hosts available in home gardens. Recent information suggests a  host 
association with Polypodiaceae ferns ( Davallia fejeensis  and Platycerium  sp.) (UF/IFAS 
2015) . However, i t is not known whether endemic New Zealand orchid species would be 
susceptible to T. pacificus  (MPI, 2010).  
- Exposure will be dependent on dispersal from disposal site and the proximity of suitable 
hosts. T. pacificus is likely to be limited wit h dispersing to a suitable host.  
- T. pacificus  is slow moving and tends to be sedentary  (MPI, 2010) . Dispersal is most likely via 
air currents and via the movement of infested plants or other objects (MPI, 2010).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Parthenogenesis is  common in Tenuipalpidae, however it is not known whether T. pacificus 
can reproduce asexually ( MPI, 2010). Therefore it is assumed that both a male and female 
would need to be present on the cut flowers, and in close proximity to each other to found a 
population.  
- It is possible for T. pacificus to establish in the warmer northern parts of New Zealand ( MPI, 
2010 ).  And has the potential to 
cause negative economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  T. pacificus is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - It is unknown whether this species would affect New Zealand native ferns or native orchid 
species. Potential economic/environmental consequence.  
- Establishment of T. pacificus in a greenhouse which commercially produces orchids could 
impact production and export. Management of the mite could incur additional costs.  
- It is assessed to have a low economic and environmental impact due to limited host and 
climatic range in NZ (MPI, 2010).   Tetranychus kanzawai  
Kishida, 1927  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Tetranychus kanzawai  is 
associated with the pathway.  - T. kanzawai  is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not  recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ 2013).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.   
  And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  T. kanzawai  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- The small size of the mite means that the pre- export grading and packing process could 
miss a low level infestation, and are unlikely to be detected during pre- export inspection due 
to their small size.  
- Mites are up to 0.5 mm long (MPI, 2011).  
- Intercepted on cut flowers arriving in New Zealand ( Cordyline spp. and Heliconia  spp.) 
(QuanCargo, 2017).  This therefore suggests that mites are capable of surviving storage and 
transit conditions to New Zealand.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost. It is likely that there could be mites at various stages of development present at disposal sites (MPI, 2011).  
- Is highly polyphagous (MPI, 2009b) with 160 known hosts , including citrus, strawberry, 
peach and grapevine (MPI, 2011), which are common in home gardens and in close 
proximity to waste disposal sites.  
- Adults and juveniles are wingless but capable of immigrating long distances by passive dispersal (MPI, 2009b).  It is possible that cut flowers will be displayed or disposed of in 
places with wind and air -currents that could facilitate spread to suitable hosts (MPI, 2011).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Unfertilised eggs hatch into males, while fertilised eggs hatch int o females (MPI, 2009b). A 
single adult female would have to survive until her (all male) offspring were sexually mature 
to mate in order to found a population.   
- T. kanzawai reaches potential host plants either by random walking or passive dispersal 
(MPI, 2009a).  
- Most parts of New Zealand will be less than optimal for the establishment of T. kanzawai , 
with the northern, warmer parts of New Zealand likely to be the most suitable (MPI, 2009b).   
Measures are 
justified (Targeted 
Measures)  
 
 
  And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  T. kanzawai  is capable 
of causing moderate 
level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Establishment of T. kanzawai  would decrease productivity of several economically important 
commercial crops (grapes, citrus and stone fruit).  
- Establishment would cause increased control costs and market access may be affected.  
- The potential economic impact is considered to be moderat e for T. kanzawai  (MPI, 2009b).  Coleopte
 
 
 
 
 
 Lema pectoralis  
Baly, 1865  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Lema pectoralis  is 
associated with the pathway.  - L. pectoralis  is present in Taiwan (Lee and Matsumura, 2013)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (MPI, 2010; Bharathimeena, 2016). No 
evidence has been found to support L. pectoralis  being associated with Oncidium . Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.   
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  L. pectoralis has the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry : 
- Cut flowers that are infested and displaying symptoms of L. pectoralis  are likely to be 
discarded during harvest and packaging processes . 
- Larvae, pupae and adults would be visually detectable during pre- export phytosanitary 
inspection, however single eggs may be missed.  
- Eggs (1.35 -  1.75mm in length) are yellowish in colour and laid on leaves and petals singularly 
or in groups of two to four (MPI, 2017a).  
-  Larvae are yellowish -white on average for the first to fourth instars 2.5, 4.4, 6.21 and 
11.64mm in length (Kumari and Lyla, 2001) . 
- Adults are yellow and 0.9 –  1cm in length (Bharathimeena, 2016)  
- It is assumed that L. pectoralis could survive transit conditions to New Zealand  
Exposure:  
- Only known host is Vanda and Dendrobium orchids (Vencl and Leschen, 2014). The limited 
host range may limit exposure potential.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Due to the current global distribution, L. pectoralis is likely to be restricted to tropical areas, 
however it is not possible to confirm whether the species could establish in New Zealand 
without a full analysis with no definitive  information to support potential establishment in New 
Zealand (MPI, 2017a).  
- Were L. pectoralis  to enter (as eggs, larvae, or adults) and be exposed to a suitable 
environment, sexual maturity is attained 2- 3 weeks after emergence from pupation with 
beetles mating many times throughout their life (Hirao et al. , 2001).Therefore if both sexes 
were pres ent a population could be founded.  
- Known to be weak flyers, however were a population to establish the species may be able to 
spread to suitable areas (Bharathimeena, 2016).    
And has the potential to 
cause negative economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this pathway.  L. pectoralis is capable 
of causing very low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Is recorded as a major pest of orchid cultures for Vanda and Dendrobium  in the Philippines 
(Beenen and Roques, 2010).  
- The potential for the beetle to cause negative economic consequences will be limited to 
greenhouse environments given that it has a tropical distribution.  
 An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association].   Measures for the management of other quarantine pests should also manage these species. Can be re-
assessed when new information is avail able.  
Orchidophilus ran  
Morimoto, 1994  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Orchidophilus ran is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - O. ran  is present in Taiwan (Prena, 2008)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (Prena, 2008).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  O. ran has the potential 
to enter New Zealand 
and being exposed to 
suitable hosts.  Entry : 
- Cut flowers that are infested and displaying symptoms of O. ran  are likely to be discarded 
during harvest and packaging processes . 
- Adults may be visually detectable during pre- export phytosanitary inspection  
- Prena (2008) stated that this species is notably similar to female O. peregrinator and O. 
epidendri , however little information is available on the morphology of O. ran.  
- Adults  are black/dark grey , around 3- 4mm in length (Prena, 2008).  
Exposure:  
- Recorded plant associations with Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae: Cymbidium sp., 
Dendrobium  sp., D. nobile , and Phalaenopsis  sp. (Prena, 2008).  Further host information 
was not found, so there it is possible O. ran  will have a limited host range which may limi t 
exposure potential.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Distribution and climate preferences unknown for this species.  quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
 
An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association ]. Measures for the management of other quarantine pests  should also manage these species. Can be re-
assessed when new information is available.  Diptera  
 
 Contarinia 
maculipennis  
Felt, 1933 
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Contarinia maculipennis  
is associated with the pathway.  - C. maculipennis  is present in Taiwan ( Zhou et al., 2014)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae ( Zhou et al., 2014 ). No evidence found to 
suggest Oncidium  is a host.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  C. maculipennis  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being exposed to suitable 
hosts.  - Cut flowers that are infested and displaying symptoms of C. maculipennis  are likely to be 
discarded during harvest and packaging processes . 
- Larvae feed inside unopened buds, causing the buds to remain closed and become deformed 
and discoloured. Where a bud to open, petals would shows signs of damage (van der Gaag et 
al., 2008).  
- Larvae and adults would be visually detectable during pre- export phytosanitary inspection, 
however single eggs may be missed.  
- Eggs are deposited in masses (UF, 2006).  
- Larvae are yellowish- white and as long as 2.2 mm, with pupae 1.2 mm in length ( Zhou et al., 
2014 ).  
- Pupation occurs in the soil [commodity description requires to be free of soil] (UF, 2006).  
- Adults are 1.2- 1.7 mm in length ( Zhou et al., 2014 ). 
Exposure:  
- Hosts include tomato tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), capsicum (Capsicum annuum), 
eggplant (Solanum melongena) (van der Gaag et al., 2008).  
- Pupation occurs in soil (UF, 2006) –  infected buds would need to be exposed to soil for the 
lifecycle to continue.  
Establishment and spread:   
 - Likely to be a tropical species, however it is unknown whether the species could establish in 
warmer regions or pr otected environments (such as greenhouses (van der Gaag et al ., 
2008)).  
An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association ]. Measures for the management of other quarantine pests should also manage these species. Can be re-
assessed when new information is available.  Hemiptera 
 
 
 
 Coccoidea: Diaspididae  
 Chrysomphalus 
aonidum  
(Linnaeus, 1758)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Chrysomphalus 
aonidum is associated 
with the pathway.  - C. aonidum  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified ( Basic 
Measures)  
  
 
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  C. aonidum  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small (CABI, 2017; MPI, 2014) but  could  be visually detectable during 
production and harvest.  
- Adult  C. aonidum are covered with a scale (1.5 –  2.5mm) cover which is dark brown or bluish-
black with a reddish brown exuviae (MPI, 2014).  
- Is capable of surviving transit conditions to New Zealand. Has been intercepted on cut flowers (MPI, 2014).  
 Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Is polyphagous wi th no shortage of suitable hosts  present in NZ . Recorded hosts from over 
77 plant families (MPI, 2014), including plants will be common in home gardens (melons, 
potato and pumpkin). Therefore likely to come in contact with a suitable host.  
- Females produce  eggs continuously over several weeks until their deaths (MPI, 2014), 
which could continue once the cut flowers have been disposed of [14 day life span once 
flower is cut from plant]. Therefore mobile crawlers are likely to be produced as long as the 
host remains in good condition.  
- Crawlers are the only mobile stage for females. Males can move in all life stages (MPI, 
2014). Due to their specialised biology, exposure is dependent on the delicate crawler (first 
instar only for females, males are mobile for all life stages) leaving the host and successfully 
finding a suitable host . 
- Crawlers are susceptible to extremes of temperatures, desiccation, rain and predation ( MPI, 
2014).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
Establishment and spread:   
 - Reproduction is sexual,  with no evidence of parthenogenesis (MPI, 2014). Females are only 
mobile during the crawler (first instar stage), so a male would need to locate the female in 
order for reproduction [assuming both sexes enter and are exposed to a suitable host].  
- Preferenc e for humid environments (MPI, 2014), likely to be able to establish in at least 
some parts of New Zealand, or in sheltered habitats, or in greenhouses.  
- Detected in New Zealand in 2004 however distribution was limited to heated glasshouses 
and indoor plan ts (MPI, 2014). Confirmed eradicated in 2015 (MPI, 2014).    And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  C. aonidum  is capable of 
causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Increased control costs, market access may be affected.   
- C. aonidum  is especially difficult to control with insecticides because it may occur on a wide 
range of weedy hosts including conifers and grasses (MPI, 2014).   
- As for all armoured scale insects, management is difficult due to the protection afforded by 
the waxy caps covering the delicate insect body (MPI, 2014).  
- Economic and environmental impacts of C. aonidum  is considered ‘low’ (MPI, 2014).    Chrysomphalus 
dictyospermi  
(Morgan, 1889)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Chrysomphalus 
dictyospermi  is 
associated with the pathway.  - C. dictyospermi  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified ( Basic 
Measures)  
  
 
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  C. dictyospermi  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Usually prefers leaves of plants (MPI, 2014).  
- Adults are very small (MPI, 2014) but could be visually detectable during production and 
harvest.  
- Adult C. dictyspermi are protected by a scale (1.5 –  2.5mm) cover which is greyish or 
reddish- brown (MPI, 2014).  
- Is capable of surviving transit conditions to New Zealand [has been intercepted on arrival 
(alive) on cut flowers in New Zealand] [QuanCargo, 2017].  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Is polyphagous with no shortage of suitable hosts in New Zealand. Recorded hosts from 
over 73 plant families (MPI, 2014), including plants commonly found in New Zealand home 
gardens (citrus, but also woody trees, shrubs and monocotyledons such as irises). Therefore likely to come in contact with a suitable host.  
- Both obligate bisexual and parthenogenetic forms (MPI, 2014). Females produce eggs continuously over several weeks until their deaths, which could continue once the cut flowers have been disposed of [14 day life span once flower is cut from plant].  
- Females can produce up to 200 eggs over one or several months (MPI, 2014). Eggs 
may hatch within one to 24 hours with crawlers developing for 10- 15 days (MPI, 
2014).  
Therefore crawlers are likely to be produced as long as the host remains in good condition.   
 - Due to specialised biology, exposure is dependent on the delicate crawler (first instar only 
for females, males are mobile for all life stages) leaving the host and successfully finding a 
suitable host. Crawlers are susceptible to extremes of temperatures, desiccation, rain and 
predation (MPI, 2014).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and occurs in greenhouses in temperate 
areas (MPI, 2014).  
- The likelihood of C. dictyospermi  establishing in New Zealand is considered to be low (MPI, 
2014). Introduction of parthenogenetic females is assumed to increase the likelihood of 
establishment (MPI, 2014).  
- C. dictyospermi may be able to establish outdoors in warmer Northern parts of New Zealand 
(MPI, 2014), or in greenhouses.    And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  C. dictyospermi  is 
capable of causing low 
level economic and environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - As for all armoured scale insects, management is difficult due to the protection afforded by 
the waxy caps covering the delicate insect body (MPI, 2014).  
- There are 48 known chalcidoid natural enemies of C. dictyospermi , 8 of which are present in 
New Zealand (MPI, 2014). Therefore the parasitoids may provide some level of population 
control were C. dic tyospermi  to establish (MPI, 2014).  
- Economic and environmental impacts of C. aonidum  is considered ‘low’ and independent of 
the pathway (MPI, 2014).    Diaspis 
bromeliae 
(Kerner, 1778)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Diaspis bromeliae is 
associated with the pathway.  - D. bromeliae  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016) . 
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on  
this pathway.  
    And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  D. bromeliae has  the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand  Entry:  
-  Adults  are small, however could  be visually detectable during production and harvest.   
- Adult D. bromeliae  are covered with a scale (>1 mm) which is greyish white (Petty et al ., 2002; 
Waterhouse and Sands, 2001).  
- Scales from family Diaspididae are capable of surviving transit conditions  (intercepted on 
fresh produce)  to New Zealand [ QuanCargo, 2017 ]. 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Is quite polyphagous (Watson, 2005). Hosts are recorded as pineapple,  Aechmea , Ananas , 
Billbergia , Bromelia, Cattleya , Chevalieria, Guzmania, Neoregelia, Nidularium  and Tillandsia  
species (Miller and Davidson, 2005; Petty et al.,  2002). Therefore host availability may be 
limited in New Zealand home gardens.  
- Egg production could continue once the cut flowers have been disp osed of [14 day life span 
once flower is cut from plant], with eggs hatching after 7 days (Petty et al ., 2002; 
Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). Crawlers may be produced as long as the host remains in 
good condition.   
 - Due to specialised biology, exposure is dep endent on the delicate crawler leaving the host 
and successfully finding a suitable host. Crawlers are susceptible to extremes of 
temperatures, desiccation, rain and predation ( MPI, 2014).  
- Males (small, orange coloured) are winged and capable of dispersing.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Crawler dispersal is slow, but can also occur through wind currents (Waterhouse and Sands, 
2001).  
- Tropical species: if it were to establish in New Zealand it would be severely limited by 
climate (MPI, 2017a). May be capable of establishing in glasshouses or other protected 
environments (MPI, 2017a).    D. bromeliae  may be able to enter, and be exposed to a limited number of suitable hosts, but it would not establish and spread in New 
Zealand.   Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.    Ischnaspis 
longirostris  
(Signoret, 1882)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  Ischnaspis longirostris  is 
associated with the pathway.  - I. longirostris  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand ( NZOR, 2016) . 
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Basic 
Measures)  
  
 
 
   And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  I. longirostris  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  are small, however could  be visually detectable during production and harvest.   
- Adult I. longirostris are covered with a scale (< 3 mm) cover which is blackish -brown (MPI, 
2007).  
- Is capable of surviving transit conditions (intercepted on Bel leaves (MPI, 2016c)  to New 
Zealand (QuanCargo, 2017) . 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are dis posed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Wide host range including Citrus  spp., Ficus  spp., Aloe spp., Prunus  spp., as well as known 
to infest plants from the genera Dracaena, Cordyline , Piper , Eugenia, Litsea, Euphorbia  and 
Cyperus (MPI,2007)  which are present in NZ. Therefore likely to come in contact with a 
suitable host.  
- Egg production could continue once the cut flowers have been disposed of [14 day life span 
once flower is cut from plant], with eggs hatching after 7 days (Petty et al ., 2002; 
Waterhouse and Sands, 2001).  
- Females produce 20- 30 eggs each, with eggs laid under the scale (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2017a).  
Therefore crawlers are likely to be produced as long as the host remains in good condition.  
- Crawlers hatching soon after the egg has been laid, with crawlers settling to feed in 24 hours (MPI, 2007). Only the first instar is capable of moving, however air currents could also 
transport the sessile life stages further (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2008).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Is parthenogenetic with no males of the species recorded (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2008) , meaning 
a population could be founded from one individual . 
- Found in tropical areas, however reported from temperate boreal regions (MPI, 2007). 
Found in glasshouses in  cooler regions (MPI, 2007).   
   And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  I. longirostris  is capable 
of causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Only minor damage recorded for I. longirostris . Not usually the primary agent of mortality or 
plant health decline (MPI, 2007).  
- Economic c onsequence of establishment in New Zealand is  likely to be low (MPI, 2007).    Pseudaulacaspis 
pentagona 
(Targioni 
Tozzetti, 1886)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  Pseudaulacaspis 
pentagona  is associated 
with the pathway.  - P. pentagon a is present in Taiwan (BA, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with O rchidacea (BA, 2010 ). No known association with the 
Oncidium  flower (MPI, 2017a), however may be associated with the stem.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
   And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  P. pentagon a has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  are small, however could  be visually detectable during production and harvest.   
- Adult P. pentagona are covered with a scale (1.5 –  3 mm) cover which is pale in colour (MPI, 
2014).  
- Is capable of surviving transit conditions to New Zealand (intercepted on fresh produce) 
(QuanCargo, 2017). Has not been intercepted on cut flowers upon arrival in New Zealand  
(QuanCargo, 2017), and internationally not intercepted on cut flowers and foliage (EPPO, 2017) . 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Is polyphagous with no shortage of suitable hosts. Recorded hosts from over 78 plant 
families (MPI, 2014), including plants that are common in NZ home gardens (capsic um, 
cherries, Citrus species, kiwifruit, and Prunus species).  Therefore likely to come in contact 
with a suitable host.  
- Females produce eggs continuously over several weeks until their deaths (MPI, 2014), 
which could continue once the cut flowers have been disposed of [14 day life span once 
flower is cut from plant]. Therefore crawlers are likely to be produces as long as the host 
remains in good condition.  
- Due to specialised biology, exposure is dependent on the delicate crawler (first instar only for fem ales, males are mobile for all life stages) leaving the host and successfully finding a 
suitable host. Crawlers are susceptible to extremes of temperatures, desiccation, rain and 
predation ( MPI, 2014).  
Establishment and spread:  
- A mated female or immatures of both sexes would be necessary to establish a reproductive 
population (MPI, 2014).  
- Males (flying) locate females via pheromones for sexual reproduction, with female’s 
oviposition around 16 days after maturation (MPI, 2014).  
- Species overwinter as mated f emales in cold climates. Eggs may also overwinter in warmer 
climates (MPI, 2014).   
 - May be able to establish in at least some parts of New Zealand, or in sheltered habitats or in 
greenhouses. Is known to occur in temperate regions (MPI, 2014).    And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  P. pentagona  is capable 
of causing moderate 
level economic and environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Capable of killing some hosts, or feeding activities on hosts causes early leaf drop (MPI, 
2014).  
- May cause increased control costs or interfering with IPM, however effective control systems are available.  
- P. pentagona is already present in many important markets, however market access could 
be affected if it established in NZ.  
- Economic c onsequences  of establishment in New Zealand are considered to be moderate 
(MPI, 20 14).   - An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association]. Measures for the management of other quarantine pests should also manage these species. Can b e re-
assessed when new information is available.    Armoured scales from the family Diaspididae for the fresh produce import pathway were assessed in the Generic Pest Risk Asses sment: Armoured scale insects (Hempiptera: Coccoidea: 
Diaspididae) on the fresh produce pathway  (MPI 2014). Armoured scales were as sessed together as they have the same limiting factor for establishment (limited dispersal ability). Entry and 
exposure likelihoods are different with fresh produce compared with cut flowers, namely the proportion of the product wasted (e.g. generally only  skins/cores of fresh produce would be 
disposed, whereas the entire cut flower stem).  
 
Where there is limited information on scale species identified as a potential hazard, these species have been assessed together.  It is assumed that if an organism was c ausing an economic 
impact, specific information would be available. An extra level of measure cannot be placed against an organism unless the ri sk is justified – lack of knowledge on a pest does not justify a 
measure.    Pinnaspis buxi  
(Bouché, 1851)  
 
Parlatoria 
pseudaspidiotus  
(Lindinger, 1905)  
 Lepidosaphes chinensis  
(Chamberlin, 
1925)  
 
Parlatoria proteus  
(Curtis, 1843)  
 Have the potential to be 
a quarantine pest on this pathway.  Are associated with the 
pathway.  - Species are present in Taiwan (BA, 2010; BAPHIQ, 2013; MPI, 2010; Stocks, 2014; USDA, 
2012).  
- Are not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (BA, 2010; BAPHIQ, 2013; MPI, 2010; Stocks, 2014).  
- P. buxi, P. proteus  are associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2 012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
   And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  Has the potential to 
enter New Zealand and being exposed to 
suitable hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  from the family Diasipidae are small, however could  be visually detectable during 
production and harvest.   
- Are likely  capable of surviving transit conditions to New Zealand [ scales from the family 
Diasipidae have been intercepted on arrival (alive) on cut flowers in New Zealand].  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Most armoured scales can complete their entire life cycle without leaving the host plant.  
- First crawlers are mobile and can actively transfer to the new host plant. Males are often 
winged. Crawlers can be blown by wind currents to new host material.   
 Establishment and spread:  
- Most species of armoured scale are polyphagous with preferred hosts l ikely to be common 
in New Zealand home gardens.  
- Armoured scales reproduce by sexual reproduction, with cut flowers likely to have both 
sexes (if required) present.  
- Species in the Diaspididae family have a wide environmental tolerance (tropical and 
temperate). Therefore it is likely that species of the family will be able to survive in the 
warmer regions of New Zealand, or in protected environments such as glasshouses.    And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary measures on this 
pathway.  Is assumed to be 
capable of causing low 
level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New Zealand.  - Armoured scales are often polyphagous and damage host plants, occasionally causing plant 
death. With limited information on some species it is not known what hosts could be 
affected, or whether native plant species would be susceptible hosts.  
Note: There has been no impact reported on native plants from exotic  diaspidids  that have 
been established in New Zealand.  
- As with other armoured scales, there may be an increased cost of pest control or changes to 
current IPM.     An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest . Measures for the management of other armoured scales should also manage these species. Can be re- assessed when 
new information is available.   
Coccoidea:  Pseudococcidae    Dysmicoccus 
brevipes  
Cockerell, 1893  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Dysmicoccus brevipes  is 
associated with the pathway.
 - D. brevipes  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (Johnson, 2009), however no evidence to 
suggest an association with  Oncidium . Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  
  An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association ]. Measures for the management of other quarantine pests should also manage these species. Can be re-
assessed when new information is available.   Ferrisia  virgata  
(Cockerell, 
1893)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Ferrisia virgata is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - F. virgata  is present in Taiwan ( DA, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Basic 
Measures)  
   And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  F. virgata  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  are very small, however adults (and the associated black sooty mould (MPI, 2007) ) 
could be visually detectable during production and harvest.   F. virgata tend to reside in 
cryptic locations, increasing the likelihood that they may be missed during visual inspection (MPI, 2017a).  
- Adult females are oval, 2 - 4.5 mm in length, covered with a conspicuous whitish mealy/wax 
with two dark dorsal stripes seen through the waxy coating (MPI, 2008; MPI, 2017a).  
- Eggs are laid individually on a pad made of whitish fila ments (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2017a)  so 
therefore could be missed during production and inspection.  
- Mealy bugs are attached to their host’s very firmly, meaning they may be missed during 
post-harvest processing and inspection (including tapping of stems) (MPI, 20 14).   
 - Is capable of surviving tra nsit conditions to New Zealand (h as been intercepted on arrival 
(alive) on cut flowers and foliage in New Zealand (QuanCargo, 2017)) . 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Is polyphagous with no shortage of suitable hosts. Recorded hosts from 68 plant families, 
including plants will be common in home gardens (beans, grapes and avocado)  (MPI, 2007). 
Therefore is likely to be exposed to a suitable host.  
- Mealybug nymphs and adult females are able to move (unlike diasoidids and most coccids), 
however dispersal is mostly at the crawler stage so it is very likely that mealybugs are similar 
to diaspidids in regards to dispersal (MPI, 2014).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Is biparental, so both sexes would be required to found a population (MPI, 2008).   
- Climate may be a limiting factor for the establishment of  F. virgata establishing in many parts 
of New Zealand as it is largely found in tropical and subtropical climates, but also in 
temperate regions (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2008). A summer population could establish and 
survive the winter in protected environments such as greenhouses (MPI, 2007).  
- Adult females are capable of overwintering (soil, branches, and leaves) in unsuitable 
conditions (MPI, 2007).   And has the potential to 
cause economic consequences which are 
sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures on this pathway.  F. virgata  is capable of 
causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New Zealand.  - Sooty mould, as a result of F. virgata  honeydew secretion, and wax deposits reduce the 
plants photosynthesis ability. This results in lower plant vigour and yield, and significant 
productions losses (MPI, 2007).  
- Can vector plant borne viruses (MPI, 2008) [ Note : not known to vector viruses of concern 
associated with Oncidium ]. 
- F. virgata is known to vector other pathogens [stated below], Note: F. virgata  has been 
shown to be a species complex (MPI, 2017a), therefore it is unknown whether the species present in New Zealand vector the below pathogens.  
- F. virgata  has an association with badnavirus and black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) 
(Bhat et al., 2003).  
- F. virgata has an association with Cocoa swollen shoot disease (Bigger, 1981).  
- F. virgata  is recorded as carrying Candidatus  Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), the 
primary causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB), however Las populations transmitted by F. virgata  did not cause disease in host plants (Pitino et al ., 2014).  
- There is one report of F. virgata  transmitting Citrus  tristeza  virus  after feeding  on a 
CTV-infected plant  (Herron  et al., 2006) . 
- The likelihood of F. virgata causing unwanted economic and enviro nmental consequences is 
moderate to low (MPI, 2007).   Planococcus 
minor  
(Maskell, 1897)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Planococcus minor is 
associated with the pathway.  - P. minor is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012). USDA (2012) found very little 
evidence of P. minor  with Oncidium : just a single interception on a cut flower shipment.  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on this path way.   
  And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  P. minor has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  are very small, however adults could be  visually detectable during production and 
harvest.   Mealybugs  tend to reside in cryptic locations, increasing the likelihood that they 
may be missed during visual inspection (Mani and Shivaraju, 2016).  
- P. minor  has been recorded on Phalaenopsis nursery stock, with P. minor  feeding primarily 
on foliage, but also known to feed on other plant parts such as corms and fruit (MPI, 2010).  
- Adults  are very small, however adults (and the associated black sooty mould (MPI, 2007) ) 
could be visually detectable during production and harvest.  Young crawlers are minute and 
could be missed during inspection if hidden in flower crevices (MPI, 2010).  
- Adult females are oval  pinkish -white and 1- 3 mm long (MPI, 2010).  
- Eggs are produced in clusters so would be visually obvious  during production and inspection 
(MPI, 2010).  
- One female can lay on average 100 -  200 eggs per cluster (MPI, 2010).  
- Is capable of surviving transit conditions to New Zealand (h as been intercepted on arrival 
(alive ) on cut flowers in New Zealand (QuanCargo, 2017)) . 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- First crawlers are mobile (MPI, 2010) and can actively transfer to the new host plant.  
- P. minor is polyphagous with a wide range of hosts that are grown in home gardens, 
including Orchidaceae, Brassica sp., capsicum, citrus, rose and potato (MPI, 2008; MPI, 
2010).  Therefore is likely to be exposed to a suitable host.  
- P. minor is a host of Corynocarpus sp., Scheffl era sp., Solanum  sp., Sophora sp., and 
Orchidaceae, all of which are represented by New Zealand’s indigenous species (MPI, 
2010).  
Establishment and spread:  
- P. minor reproduces sexually with the use of pheromones, and it is also likely reproduction 
occurs via parthenogenesis (MPI, 2010). There are multiple generations per year (MPI, 
2010) which means that they have potential to form a population rapidly.  
- Mealybug nymphs are able to move, with passive dispersal occurring with air currents (MPI, 
2010).  
- Greenhouse conditions are likely to enable a population to establish, however the climate may be a limiting factor in some outdoor regions. A population could establish in the 
subtropical climate in the northern regions of New Zealand, and potentially in t he temperate 
regions also (MPI, 2010).   
Measures are justified (Basic 
Measures)  
  
 
   And has the potential to 
cause economic 
consequences which are 
sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  P. minor is capable of 
causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Sooty mould, as a result of P. minor  honeydew secretion, and wax depo sits reduce plant 
photosynthetic  ability. This results in lower plant vigour and yield, and significant productions 
losses (MPI, 2010) .  
- Additional/change in existing pest control activities and cost (MPI, 2010).  
- The likelihood of P. minor causing unwanted economic and environmental consequences is 
moderate to low (MPI, 2007; MPI, 2010).   
  
Coccoidea:  Coccidae  Ceroplastes 
stellifer  
Westwood, 1871  
 
Synonym: 
Vinsonia 
stellifera  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Ceroplastes stellifer  
is associated with the 
pathway.  - C. stellifer  is present in Taiwan (Jun, 2014).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (Malumphy, 2014). Intercepted in the USA on 
Oncidium  from multiple countries (idtools, 2017)  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  C. stellifer has the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable hosts.  Entry:  
- Adults  are very small, however adults could be  visually detectable during production and 
harvest.   Mealybugs  tend to reside in conspicuous numbers on leaves (Jun et al ., 2014).  
- Round body, with six to seven radiating arms (idtools, 2017).  Females are pink to purplish- red, 
darkening as they become older (idtools, 2017), eggs are laid under the female in a cavity.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Limited information is available on this species regarding host information and plant 
association.  
An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest . Measures for the management of other armoured scales should also manage these species. Can be re- assessed when 
new information is available.  Hymenoptera  Cardiocondyla emeryi  
Forel, 1881  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  Cardiocondyla emeryi is 
a non- plant pest.  - Intercepted on Oncidium  nursery stock from Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
    Hitchhiker pest – will be managed by sea container hygiene and management of other regulated pests.  Lepidoptera  
 
 Amsacta lactinea  
(Cramer, 1777)  
 Has the potential to be a  
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Amsacta lactinea is 
associated with the pathway.
 - A. lactinea  is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  A. lactinea  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- A. lactinea  has been recorded on the leaf and flower of Oncidium  (USDA, 2012) .  
- A. lactinea is a large arctiid moth, with all life stages visually obvious.  
- Caterpillars are 48 to 52 mm in length, black and covered with reddish- brown hairs (MPI, 
2017a).  
- Males have a wing expanse of around 5 cm (MPI, 2017a).  
- Not all life  stages are associated with the cut flower.  
- Pupation occurs in the soil  (MPI, 2017a) , with Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers required to be free of 
soil. 
- Eggs are laid in batches of 250- 500 on the leaves (MPI, 2017a) , with Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers 
required to be free of leaves/foliage 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into New 
Zealand home gardens and compost.   
 - Have a wide range of hosts, including species from Facaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and 
Rosaceae (USDA, 2012) representatives of which are present in NZ.  
- USDA (2012) stated that there is little information available on the dispersal potential for A.  
lactinea , with a recent literature search not providing any further information. The USDA 
(2012) used k nown dispersal information of similar species Amsacta moorei  for the basis of 
their risk estimation. For A. moorei , the USDA (2012) state that females lay 500- 1900 eggs 
during their lifetime, with several generations per year. Both adult sexes are capable flyers.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Is distributed over subtropical and tropical countries (MPI, 2017a; USDA, 2012). Therefore it 
is likely that the range would be restricted to the warmer northern parts of New Zealand.  
A. lactinea  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the m orphology (size) of the species making 
them visually obvious during inspection.  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Orgyia post ica 
(Walker, 1855)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Orgyia postica is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - O. postica  is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae ( BA, 2010; MPI, 2009a ). No evidence found 
of an association with Oncidium . Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  O. postica  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- O. postica  have been recorded on leaves  and stems of Phalaenopsis  species ( BA, 2010), 
and O. postica  are recorded as feeding on leaves and new shoots (MPI, 2009a ).  
- Larvae, pupae, adults and egg masses will be visually obvious during pre- export 
phytosanitary inspection ( BA, 2010).  
- Eggs range from 0.88- 1.28 mm with the eggs deposited in a mass of 300- 501 eggs ( BA, 2010; 
Cheng et al. , 2001).  Eggs hatch 5- 6 days later (MPI, 2009; Sanchez and Laigo, 1968).   
- Pupation occurs in a cocoon spun on leaves or the stem ( BA, 2010; MPI, 2009a).  
- Mature larvae grow up to 30- 40mm in length, female adults are wingless and remain on the 
cocoon where eggs are laid.  Emerging adults have a wingspan of 21- 30cm.  
- Oncidium  spp. c ut flowers do not have foliage present.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Females are unable to fly (MPI, 2010) so the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower would need to be in 
close proximity to other suitable hosts.  
- O. postica  have a wide range of hosts that are grown in home gardens, including 
Orchidaceae, Pinus , Rosa  sp., and Vitis  sp. (MPI, 2009a; MPI, 2010).  
Establishment and spread:  
- The climate in most of New Zealand is unlikely to be suitable for the establishment of O. 
positica  as optimum temperature for egg hatch is 25°C, and is 25- 30°C for larval 
development ( BA, 2010 ; Cheng et al., 2001), however larvae can still develop between 10-
15°C suggesting that some populations may establish in temperate regions (Cheng et al.,  
2001; MPI, 2010 ).  
 O. postica  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the m orphology (size) of the species making 
them obvious during visual inspection .  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Spodoptera exigua  
(Hübner, 1808)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Spodoptera exigua is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - S. exigua is present in Taiwan (BA, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium (Gilligan and Passoa, 2014).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  S. exigua  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- S. exigua are recorded as being present on Orchidaceae (MPI, 2010).  
- Egg clusters, larvae and larval damage would be visually obvious and expected to be 
detected during the harvest and packing processes.  
- Eggs and larvae (1.2- 11mm long and pale green to yellow in colour) are associated with stems, 
flowers and leaves of plant hosts (MPI, 2011). Pupation occurs in the soil.  
- Adults have a wi ngspan of up to 30mm so would be detected during production and packhouse 
inspection.  
- Eggs are laid in clusters of 50 to 150 eggs on leaves, with the egg mass having a fuzzy or 
cottony appearance (MPI, 2011). Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers are not exported with leaves, and 
the egg masses would be visual during production.  
- Early instar larvae skeletonise the leaves, larger instar larvae create holes in leaves and fully grown larvae devour foliage completely (MPI, 2011).  Effects would be visually obvious during production.   
- Spodoptera litura have been intercepted on Oncidium  cut flowers at the border in New 
Zealand, indicating that some species are capable of surviving transit conditions 
[QuanCargo, 2017].   
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into New 
Zealand home gardens and compost. Therefore it is possible that pupae will easily come in contact with soil for pupation.  
- Adult male and female moths are capable of dispersing long  distances to find suitable hosts 
(MPI, 2011).  
- Wide range of hosts that are likely to be found in a New Zealand home garden including Allium , Beta vulgaris , Brassica  spp., Solanum  spp., and Poaceae (MPI, 2011).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Produces pheromones to locate the other sex, with females having a high fecundity (MPI, 
2011).  
- Spring and summer conditions would be suitable for the establishment of a population in the 
North Island and some parts of the South Island, however would be li mited by the winter 
conditions (MPI, 2011). Populations could persist in protected environments such as 
glasshouses.  
S. exigua is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species making 
them obvious during visual inspection .  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.   
 Orthoptera  Atractomorpha 
psittacina 
(Haan, 1842)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Atractomorpha 
psittacina is associated 
with the pathway.  - A. psittacina is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  USDA (2012) state that A.  
psittacina is a large, active, winged insect that may feed on the plants, but is highly unlikely 
to be associated with nursery plants during handling and shipping. It is presumed to be 
equally applicable for cut flowers.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  A. psittacina is unlikely 
to enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Likely to be visually obvious during production and pre- export inspection.  
- Adults are recorded as being around 23- 36mm in length (MPI, 2017a; Tan, 2010).  
Exposure:  
- Known hosts include mungbeans, urdbeans, sweet potato, cabbage, rice, groundnut/peanut. 
Coconut palms and wheat (MPI, 2017a).  
- All life stages of the insect (with exception of the eggs) are relatively or highly mobile. Adults 
are winged, but all life stages have enlarged hind legs for jumping (MPI, 2017a).  
Establishment and spread:  
- The known distribution of A. psittacina internationally suggested that this species m ay have 
a restricted distribution in New Zealand to warmer regions or protected environments (MPI, 
2017a).  
A. psittacina  is unlikely to enter New  Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to obvious size and association with the 
commodity.  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  Thysanoptera  Chaetanaphothrips 
orchidii  
(Moulton, 1907)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Chaetanaphothrips 
orchidii is associated 
with the pathway.  - C. orchidii is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (MPI, 2010), unknown whether associated 
with Oncidium . Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  C. orchidii has the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre-export processes, especially if infestations are low.  
- Adult Thrips are 1 mm (Hara et al.,  2002).  
- Eggs (80- 100) are deposited into a bud or sheath. Early stage nymphs are whiti sh without 
wings, with late stage nymphs yellow/orange (Hara et al ., 2002).  
- Presence of Thrips infestation is obvious by response of the plant.  
- Damage in Anthurium  (preferred host) appears as white streaks or scarring at the front and back 
of the spathe, deformed spathes and bronzing of injured tissue (Hara et al ., 2002). Severe 
infestations cause damaged and deformed foliage with bronze streaking (Hara et al ., 2002).  
-  Has been intercepted on cut flowers  (DAWR, 2016) , indicating that some species are 
capable of surviving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into New 
Zealand home gardens and compost. Pupation occurs in the soil (Hara et al ., 2002), so it 
possible that the Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers will be disposed of within close vicinity to soil.   
 - Is polyphagous with a wide range of hosts, some of which are likely to be found in a home 
garden. H ave a preference for  Anthurium , however hosts include dendrobium, orchid, 
begonia, bird- of-paradise, bougainvillea, chrysanthemum, wandering jew, parsley, citrus, 
sweet potato and corn (Hara et al ., 2002).  
- Nymphs are capable of crawling to suitable host material.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Adults are capable of flying, with no male thrips observed (Hara et al., 2002).  
- Has been recorded in a range of climates, and in protected environments such as 
greenhouses (Hara et al.,  2002). Widespread in tropical and subtropical countries –  North, 
Central and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australasia (DAWR, 2016).  
And has the potential to 
cause economic consequences which are sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  C. orchidii  is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Plant growth may be reduced, reduce quality of product.  
- Establishment of C. orchidii  will likely affect the New Zealand horticultural crops, with 
reduced flower quality, yield and increased cost of pest control.  
- Considered a quarantine pest in Australia, however not known to transmit tospoviruses (DAWR, 2016).  
An additional measure is  not justified unless certain of host association. When new information is available, the level of measure required 
for this pest can be reassessed. Management of other Thrips species is likely to also manage this species.  
Dichromothrips 
corbetti  
(Priesner, 1936)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Dichromothrips corbetti 
is associated with the pathway.  - D. corbetti  is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).   
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (MPI, 2010), unknown whether associated 
with Oncidium . Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  D. corbetti  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- Thrips  are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre- export 
processes, especially if infestations are low.  
- Been intercepted on cut flowers , including orchids (DAWR, 2016) , indicating that some 
species are capable of surviving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Have a limited host range (cultivated orchids) (OzThrips, 2017).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Adults are winged and capable of dispersal (OzThrips, 2017).  
- Present across Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and 
Thailand), North Am erica (Florida and Hawaii), Puerto Rico, Europe (Belgium, Hungary, 
Netherlands) and Oceania (Australia (Northern Territory and Queensland), Fiji, French 
Polynesia and Samoa) (CABI, 2017), suggesting a more tropical distribution  or in protected 
environments  such as glasshouses.   
 And has the potential to 
cause economic 
consequences which are 
sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  D. corbetti  is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Establishment of D.  corbetti  will likely affect the New Zealand horticultural crops, with 
reduced flower quality, yield and increased cost of pest control.  
An additional phytosanitary measure cannot be applied against a pest if it is not considered to be a quarantine pest on this pathway 
[unconfirmed host association ]. Measures for the management of other quarantine pests should also manage these species. Can be re-
assessed when new information is available.  
Megalurothrips 
usitatus   
Bagnall  1913  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Megalurothrips usitatus  
is associated with the 
pathway.  - M. usitatus  is present in Taiwan (DAWR, 2016).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2017).   
- Intercepted on Oncidium  cut flowers on arrival in Australia (DAWR, 2016).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  M. usitatus  has the 
potential to enter New 
Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre-
export inspection, especially if infestations are low.  
- Symptoms include petal malformation and scarring in leguminous hosts ( Tang, 2015).  
- Been intercepted on Oncidium  cut flowers  from Taiwan (DAWR, 2016) , indicating that some 
species are capable of surviving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Hosts include leguminous Fabaceae, including beans, peas, groundnuts, soyabeans and 
adzuki neans (Chang, 1988; Chang, 1995). Prefer to live and feed on flowers (pollen), 
though when preferred host material is known to feed on younge leaves and pods of 
leguminous plants ( Chang, 1995; Tang et al., 2015) . 
Establishment and spread:  
-  Sexual and parthenogenesis reproduction , with p arthenogenesis  enabling a population to 
be sustained at low densities (Tang et al., 2015) . 
An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest . Measures for the management of other regulated pests  should also manage these species. Can be re- assessed when new 
information is available.  
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
Hood, 1919  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Scirtothrips dorsalis is 
associated with the pathway.
 - Scirtothrips dorsalis is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on this pathw ay. 
 
Measures are 
justified (Targeted 
Measures)  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  S. dorsalis  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre-
export inspection, especially if infestations are low.  
- S. dorsalis  is very small . Larvae are creamy white, with  the first instar larvae, second instar 
larvae and pupae ranging between 0.37- 0.39, 0.68- 0.71 and 0.78- 0.80mm (respectively)  
 (Kumar et al., 2013). Adults are less 1.5mm in length, winged and pale yellow in colour with 
dark brown setea ( Kumar et al., 2013).   
- Eggs  are laid into the plant tissue (Kumar et al.,  2013) and may not be visually obvious.  
- The appearance of distorted, scarred, discoloured plant tissue indicates the presence of S. 
dorsalis (Kumar et al., 2013).  
- Been intercepted on Oncidium  cut flowers  (DAWR, 2016) , indicating that some species are 
capable of surviving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- All life stages are mobile, with suitable hosts common in New Zealand home gardens. 
Reported to feed on 225 plant taxa from 72 families (Kumar et al ., 2013). Hosts include 
beans, citrus, corn, eggplants, grapes, kiwi, poplar, rose, strawberry and tomato (K umar et 
al., 2013).  
- Eggs hatch after 5- 8 days (Kumar et al ., 2013), meaning that eggs present on cut flowers 
may hatch once arrived in New Zealand and/ or stems have been disposed of.  
Establishment and spread:  
-  Sexual and arrh enotoky parthenogenesis reproduction (USDA, 2012) therefore several 
individuals from both sexes, or a mated female would be needed to establish a population 
(MPI, 2013).  
- Adults are winged and capable of long distance dispersal (USDA, 2012).  
- Tropical species (Kumar et al ., 2013), howev er reported from countries that share the same 
climatic similarity with parts of New Zealand (MPI, 2013). May be able to establish in 
protected microclimates such as glasshouses.  
And has the potential to 
cause negative economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  S. dorsalis  is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Reported as a serious economic pest in America (Kumar et al., 2013). Known vector  
capability, potential vector for viruses already present in New Zealand.  
- Establishment of S. dorsalis will likely affect the New Zealand horticultural crops, with reduced flower quality, yield and increased cost of pest control.  
- S. dorsalis is likely to h ave low economic  (though significant to individual growers) , 
environmental and socio- cultural consequences in New Zealand  (MPI, 2013; MPI, 2016b).  
Thrips hawaiiensis  
(Morgan, 1913)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Thrips hawaiiensis is 
associated with the pathway.  - T. hawaiiensis is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Targeted 
Measures)  
  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  T. hawaiiensis  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre-
export processes, especially if infestations are low.  
- Eggs are laid inside plant tissues such as the anthers of open flowers (MPI, 2010).  
- T. hawaiiensis  puncture the flowers, introducing spot lesions, scarr ing, necrosis or 
malformations. Symptoms on Phalaenopsis  orchids include markings on flowers, abnormally 
shaped leaves and brown markings on leaves (MPI, 2010).   
 - Been intercepted on cut flowers  and foliage (DAWR, 2016) , indicating that some species are 
capable of surviving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- T. hawaiiensis  is able to survive and reproduce without leaving the host plant when the plant 
is in flower (MPI, 2010).  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Eggs and pupae would be exposed to soil or leaf litter.  Second star larvae move into the soil or 
leaf litter to pupate. Adults emerge around five days later and are winged (MPI, 2010).  
- T. hawaiiensis  has been recorded on 141 plant species, with a preference for Fabaceae and 
Convolvulaceae. Affected crops include Citrus  sp., apple, pear and some vegetables (MPI, 
2010).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Can reproduce sexually and asex ually (MPI, 2010), t herefore a single individual may found a 
population and rapidly spread in regions that are climatically suitable.  
- May survive in the warmer northern regions of New Zealand. Optimal temperature and 
humidity for pupal development was found to be 28°C and 90%RH. (MPI, 2010), however 
will develop successfully over a temperature range of 15 -25°C.  
And has the potential to 
cause negative economic consequences which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  T. hawaiiensis  is 
capable of causing low level economic and environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Assessed to have a high economic consequence if where to establish (MPI, 2008).  
- Establishment of T. hawaiiensis will likely affect the New Zealand orchid industry, with reduced flower quality, yield and increased cost of pest control.  
Thrips palmi  
(Karny, 1925)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Thrips palmi is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - T. palmi is  present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Targeted 
Measures)  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  T. palmi  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- All life stages are very small and it is possible they may not be detected during the pre-
export processes, especially if infestations are low.  
- Adult T. palmi  are small (0.8- 1.00mm in length) with black setae and fringed wings (MPI, 
2008). Larvae resemble adults but are wingless (MPI, 2008).  
- Eggs are inserted into the plant tissue (MPI, 2008) and therefore may not be visible during 
inspection.  
- The appearance of distorted, scarred, discoloured plant tissue indicates the presence of T. 
palmi .  
- Have been intercepted on Oncidium  cut flowers  (MPI, 2016c) , indicating that some species 
are capable of surv iving transit conditions.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.   
 - Eggs and pupae would be exposed to soil or leaf litter.  Pupation occurs in leaf litter or soil, and 
adults fly to leaves and flowers of host plants (MPI, 2008).  
- T. palmi  is polyphagous and has hosts from several plant families (USDA, 2012). Hosts will 
be common in New Zealand home gardens, including Citrus  spp., Solanaceae, 
Cucurbtaceae, Poaceae and Allium cepa.  
Establishment and spread:  
-  Adults are winged and capable of dispersal long distance with wind currents (USDA, 2012).  
- Reproduce sexually and parthenogenetically (MPI, 2008). Therefore a single individual may 
found a population and rapidly spread in regions that are climatically suitable.  
- Are likely to survive and develop all year in the warmer northern regions of New Zealand (Auckland and Kerikeri) (MPI, 2008). Populations could establish in protected environments 
such as greenhouses.  
And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  T. palmi  is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Assessed to have a high economic consequence if where to establish (MPI, 2008).  
- Serious pest of cucurbits and eggplants (USDA , 2012). Infestation results in stunted plant 
growth, premature bud and fruit loss.  
- Known vector capability, potential vector for viruses already present i n New Zealand.  
- Establishment of T. palmi will likely affect the New Zealand horticultural crops, with reduced flower quality, yield and increased cost of pest control.  Mollusca  Petalochlamys vesta  
(Pfeiffer, 1866)  
 Has the potential to be a quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Petalochlamys vesta is 
associated with the pathway.
 - P. vesta is  present in Taiwan  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Not present in New Zealand (MPI, 2017b).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 Not enough information is available on this pest to 
support entry, exposure, establishment and spread of this pest.  
 Entry:  
- P. vesta  is recorded as being 8.5 x 16 mm in size (Hwang, 2014).  
Exposure, establishment and spread:  
- The USDA (2012) states: “We found no reports about agricultural losses caused by 
Petalochlamys vesta, but this species could be as destructive as Pomacea canaliculata 
because of polyphagia and the huge population sizes”.  
Note: Limited information available for this species.  
An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest . Measures for the management of other regulated pest s should also manage these species. Can be re- assessed when new 
information is available.   
Achatina fulica  
(Férussac, 1821)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Achatina fulica is 
associated with the pathway.
 - A. fulica  is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  A. fulica  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Is associated with Oncidium  flowers and stems. Young snails are most predacious on living 
vegetation (USDA, 2012) (most likely to be associated with Oncidium ), therefore will be 
visually obvious during production and packhouse processing.  
- Very small and older individuals prefer detr itus and decaying vegetation (USDA, 2012).   
 Exposure:  
- Broad range of hosts, associated with more than 200 species from 40 families, including 
species commonly found in the home garden: Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, 
Liliaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae (USDA, 2102).  
- Remains active at a temperature range of 9- 29°C, however light, temperature, moisture and 
food availability are important factor in snail activity (USDA, 2012).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Limited natural dispersal, but passive dispersal by human activity can increase the rate of 
dispersal.  
- May not be capable of establishing in temperate environments (USDA, 2012), however 
could potentially establish in the warmer subtropical areas of the northern North Island. 
Undergo aestivation with the adv ent of adverse conditions (Rahman and Raut, 2010), 
therefore may aestivate until exposed to suitable conditions.  
- Large adults can aestivate for 10 months, whereas hatchling snails are restricted to two 
months due to desiccation (USDA, 2012).  
A. fulica  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species.   Therefore 
this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Parmarion martensi  
Simroth, 1893  Has the potential to be  a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Parmarion martensi is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - P. martensi is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Not present in New Zealand (MPI, 2017c) . 
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
  And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  P. martensi is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- All life stages are sizeable and would be visually obvious during production or inspection.  
- P. martensi  are up to 50 mm in length, with a brown body (idtools, 2017). Neonates are <5 mm 
in length (Hollingsworth et al., 2007).  
- Produces large numbers of egg masses with 10- 30 eggs laid in each clutch (Hollingsworth et 
al., 2 007).  
- Has been transported long distances when infested nursery stock is moved (Leathers, 2016).  
Exposure:  
- Is polyphagous and has living and decaying hosts (Leathers, 2016). Hosts include lettuce, 
fennel, sweet potato, passionfruit, lemon grass and Helico nia sp (idtools, 2017). Also been 
recorded feeding on fallen fruits of avocado, guava and citrus (idtools, 2017).  
- Very active, capable of climbing (Brodie and Barker, 2012).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Needs a suitable level of moisture for establishment (Leathers, 2016). Readily aestivates 
(Brodie and Barker, 2012) until conditions are suitable.  
- Hermaphrodite – two individuals would be required to create offspring and establish a 
population (Brodie and Barker, 2012).  
And has the potential to 
cause negative human 
health consequences P. martensi is capable of 
causing low level - Transmission and vector of rat lungw orm disease, caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis  
(Hollingsworth et al., 2007). [Human health concern]   
 which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  impacts if it established 
in New Zealand.  
A. fulica  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species .  Therefore 
this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Bradybaena similaris  
(Rang, 1831)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Bradybaena similaris is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - B. similaris is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  B. similaris  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Snails are large and will be visually obvious during production and packhouse processing.  
- Adult snails are 11-18mm in length (MPI, 2010) . 
- Eggs are laid in clutches of 20- 30, each egg about 2mm long and laid in the soil (MPI, 2010).  
Exposure:  
- Polyphagous and feeds on a number of commercial and ornamental trees and grape vines, as well as citrus and common vegetables (MPI, 2010).  
- Can survive desiccation and lack of food for an average of 122 days (MPI, 2010).   
- Aestivates over dry periods with the shell aperture sealed by the epiphragm (MPI, 2010) . Therefore 
capable of surviving until exposed to suitable climatic conditions.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Longevity is about 12 months, with snails hatching in late summer/autumn and over -
wintering before reaching sexual maturity. However a snail would need to survive to sexual 
maturity, and being hermaphroditic, two individuals would  need to locate each other for 
cross fertilisation to occur.  
- Limited mobility (MPI, 2010).  
- Tropical and subtropical distribution. Could survive in the warmer northern regions of the 
North Island, or in glasshouses (MPI, 2010).  
And has the potential to 
cause economic consequences which are 
sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  B. similaris  is capable of 
causing low level 
economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Feeding reduces the visual quality of the host plant, and reduces plant vigour (MPI, 2010).  
- Could affect citrus and grape industries in regions that have a suitable climate.  
- Snails carry parasites that could affect New Zealand’s native snail fauna, or com pete for 
habitat (MPI, 2010).  
B. similaris  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species  being 
visually obvious during pre -export inspection.  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Austropeplea ollula  
(Gould, 1859)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Austropeplea ollula is 
associated with the pathway.
 - A. ollula is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Not present in New Zealand (MPI, 2017c) . 
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  A. ollula is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Aquatic (freshwater) snail, associated with freshwater and soil and drainage canals (Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982). Capable of overwintering (in rice paddies) (Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982).  
- Shell length 1.70- 7.95mm (Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982). Egg masses found on the soil 
(Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982).  
- Hosts include rice and Oncidium  ( Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982; USDA, 2012)  
- Intermediate host of liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica) (Makiya and Ishiguro, 1982) [human 
health concern].  
Limited information available for this species.  quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
A. ollula is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to  lack of  host association (water/soil rather than 
associated with the stem) .  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Meghimatium pictum  
(Stoliczka, 1873)  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Meghimatium pictum is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - M. pictum is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Not present in New Zealand (MPI, 2017c) . 
- Are known to be associated with the leaf, stem and roots o f Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  M. pictum is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Slugs  are large and will be visually obvious during production and packhouse processing.  
- Specimens are numerous and close to each other. Eggs are laid in masses (dozens of individual 
eggs) with adults found close to egg masses (Gomes et al., 2011).  
- Slugs are yellowish- beige with two dark brown to black mantel stripes (Gomes et al.,  2011). Slugs 
grow up to 6cm in length (1.5cm wide).  
Exposure:  
- Has a wide host range, with individuals generally found in wasteland pheriphal areas under 
objects such as logs, rocks, or garbage (Gomes et al ., 2011). In forests the slugs are found 
on the woody stem in resting, or inside hollowed trunks (Gomes et al ., 2011).  
- Hermaphrodites (capable of self -fertilisation) with a high reproductive rate.  
- M. pictum  are recorded from areas with high humidity (Gomes et al ., 2011).  
- Limited locomotion capability (USDA, 2012).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Present in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, India, Brazil and Argentina (Baronio et al . 2014). 
Unknown whether could establish in New Zealand.  
M. pictum  is unlikely  to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species  being 
visually obvious during pre -export inspection.  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
 Meghimatium 
bilineatum  
(Benson, 1842)  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Meghimatium bili neatum  
is associated with the 
pathway.  - M. bilineata is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a  
  
Synonym:    
Incilaria bilineata 
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  M. bilineata  is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
- Is associated with a wide variety of living and decaying plant material (MPI, 2017a), however 
USDA (2012) reports M . bilineata  from flowers, leaves, stems and roots.  
- Slugs are large (40-  90 mm in length) and therefore will be visually obvious during 
production and packhouse processing (MPI, 2017a).  
- Eggs are white and stringed together with mucus (MPI, 2017a). Three to four batched are laid with 
an average of 932 eggs laid total for lab reared slugs (MPI, 2017a)  
Exposure:  
- Polyphagous (MPI, 2017a), so unlikely to be limited with hosts.  
- Capable of moving to a new host but are dependent on the environment being relatively 
moist or humid to be able to move far  (MPI, 2017a) . 
Establishment and spread:  
- Species is likely to be able to establish in at least some  parts of New Zealand (MPI, 2017a).  quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  
M. bilineata  is unlikely  to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species  being 
visually obvious during pre -export inspection.  Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Laevicaulis alte  
(Férussac, 1822)  
 Synonym : Vaginulus 
alte  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Laevicaulis alte is 
associated with the 
pathway.  - L. alte is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
   
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  L. alte  is unlikely to enter 
New Zealand.  Entry:  
-  Slugs  are large and will be visually obvious during production and packhouse processing.  
- Slugs are large (70 -80mm in length) , dark grey with a pale brown line spans the length of the 
dorsum (idtools, 2017). When the slug is irritated it produces a sticky white mucus (Das and Parida, 
2015).  
- Juveniles are around 0.5cm but can grow to 4cm in length in 7 months.  
- Eggs (6 -8 mm in size) are laid in the soil (Das and Parida, 2015; idtools, 2017).  
Exposure:  
- Is polyphageous (Kumari and Thakur, 2005), host plants including lettuce, spinach, 
coriander, bean, cabbage (Das and Parida, 2015). Ornamental plants are also affec ted 
including marigold, verbena, dahlia, cosmos, narcissus and lily (Das and Parida, 2015). 
Therefore it is likely that L. alte would be exposed to a suitable host.  
- Are protandric hermaphrodites (Das and Parida, 2015), however two individuals would need 
to find each for mating to occur and to found a population.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Tropical and subtropical species, surviving in humid conditions (Kumari and Thakur, 2005). 
Barker (1979) stated that the species is unlikely to acclimatise in New Zealand except in 
protected environments such as greenhouses.  
And has the potential to 
cause negative human health consequences 
which are sufficient to L. alte  is capable of 
causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if - Is an intermediate host for Angiostongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm (most common 
cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans) ( Kim et al., 2014).   
 justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  it established in New 
Zealand.  
L. alte  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on the Oncidium  spp. cut  flower pathway due to the morphology (size) of the species being visually 
obvious during pre -export inspection.   Therefore this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  Nematoda  
 Aphelenchoides 
besseyi  
Christie, 1942  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Aphelenchoides besseyi  
is associated with the pathway.  - A. besseyi  is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae [ no confirmed association with Oncidium ] 
(MPI, 2010). Orchids are not a major host and prevalence with orchids in Taiwan unknown.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  A. besseyi is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand due to unconfirmed host 
association.  Entry:  
- Endoparasite on leaves of Dendrobium  (Orchidaceae) (MPI, 2010). Nematodes are very 
small and symptoms on the host plant are the only indication of presence.  
- Ectoparasite on leaves, stems, buds and other parts of host plants (MPI, 2010).  
- Symptoms include discolouration, necrosis and/or distortion of leaves and dwarfing of plant (MPI, 
2010).  
- Low level infestations may not be detected through production and packhouse processing.  
- Aphelenchoides spp. have been intercepted on imported fresh produce, there is no record of    
Aphelenchoides spp intercepted on cut flowers arriving in New Zealand [QuanCargo, 2017].  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- A. besseyi  has a wide range of hosts, including strawberry as a major host, which could be 
in close vicinity to disposed of cut flowers.  A. besseyi can also survive in the soil until a 
suitable host is in the vicinity (MPI, 2010).  
- A. besseyi  moves readily through w ater films or moist conditions over plant tissues. This can 
be to material in direct contact with the infected cut flower stem, or through soil or other 
contaminated debris to a more suitable host (MPI, 2010).  
- Watering (irrigation) or rain can facilitate dispersal to new hosts.  
Establishment and spread:  
- A. besseyi  reproduce both asexually and sexually, with both male and female mobile in 
suitable conditions (MPI, 2010).  
- A. besseyi  would be able to establish populations in suitable, sheltered environments such 
as greenhouses, or in the warmer northern regions of New Zealand [40% of New Zealand’s 
commercial strawberry crop is grown in Auckland].   
 An additional phytosanitary measures cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest [unconfirmed host status] . Measures for the management of other regulated pest s should also manage these species. Can 
be re -assessed when new information is available.  Bacteria  
 
 
 
 
 
 Burkholderia gladioli 
(Severini 1913)  pv. 
gladioli  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Burkholderia gladioli pv. 
gladioli is associated 
with the pathway.  - Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli is present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a  
  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and 
spread if it entered NZ.  B. gladioli pv. gladioli is 
unlikely to enter New Zealand.  Entry:  
-  If infection occurs in the stem, the symptoms of the disease (dark green to brownish water -
soaked lesions) will be prevalent (MPI, 2017c).  
- The disease causes visible lesions (to the naked eye) on both sides of the plantlet, psuedobulb and 
spike that are brown in colour, however low level infection may not be detected prior to shipment (Keith, 2005).  
- There are no known reports of  B. gladioli pv. gladioli intercepted from asymptomatic stems ( MPI, 
2017c).  
Exposure:  
- Hosts include Orchidaceae, rice, onion ( Allium cepa), gladiolus and iris species (Compant et 
al., 2008).  
- No known vectors for  B. gladioli pv. gladioli ,however insects might contribute to the onset of 
bacterial disease (e.g. damage f rom snails or other insect -caused wounds) (MPI, 2017c).  
- Other factors that can contribute to the onset of  B. gladioli pv. gladioli include contaminated 
water, media and contact between plants (MPI, 2017c).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Establishment is New Zealand is likely in warmer, humid regions of New Zealand (MPI, 
2017c).  quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
   
And has the potential to 
cause economic 
consequences which are sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  B. gladioli pv. gladioli is 
capable of causing low 
level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - Can cause serious losses in orchid production (Moon et al., 2016).  
- Establishment of  Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli will likely affect the New Zealand orchid 
industry, with reduced plant health, yield and increased cost of pest control.   
It is unlikely that B. gladioli pv. gladioli  could enter and establish in New Zealand from the Oncidium  cut flower import pathway.   Therefore 
this organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Pectobacterium 
cypripedii  
(Hori 1911) Brenner et 
al. 1973 emend. 
Hauben et al.  1999  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Pectobacterium 
cypripedii is associated 
with the pathway.  - P. cypripedii  is present in Taiwan (USDA, 2012).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZFungi2 2016; NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (USDA, 2012).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  P. cypripedii  is unlikley 
to enter New Zealand 
and be exposed to 
suitable hosts.  Entry:  
- Infection would be obvious during Oncidium  production.  
- The disease causes visible lesions (to the naked eye) on both sides of the leaf that are brown in 
colour. Unchecked the disease may spread down the stem to reach the growing point and kill the plant (MPI, 2010). Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers are required to be free of leaf material.  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- Oncidium  spp. cut  flowers do not have foliage, with the disease being spread by water 
splashes between leaves. It is not known whether  P. cypripedii is transmitted by insect 
vectors (MPI, 2010).  
Establishment and spread:   
 - The disease is primarily a tropical bacterium, with optimal temperatures for growth being 27-
31°C (MPI, 2010). Survival and establishment may occur in protected, ideal environments 
such as glasshouses.  
It is unlikely that P. cypripedii  could enter and establish in New Zealand from the Oncidium  cut flower import pathway.   Therefore this 
organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  Chromista  
 Phytophthora 
palmivora 
(E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Phytophthora palmivora 
is associated with the 
pathway.  - P. palmivora is  present in Taiwan (BAPHIQ, 2013).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  roots, stems and bulbs (BAPHIQ, 2013).  Is considered a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
 
Measures are 
justified (Basic 
Measures)  
  
 And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it entered NZ.  P. palmivora  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
-  Symptoms are likely to be visible, but low levels may not be detected prior to shipment.  
- The disease causes visible lesions (to the naked eye) on the roots of basal portions of the orchid 
psuedobulb. Lesions can grow to cover the entire psuedobulb and leaf of the orchid (MPI, 2010).  
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home compost, with a wide range of hosts that are likely to be in home gardens. Soil would 
also act as a reservoir for the pathogen [low populations can persist in the soil (MPI, 2010)].  
-  Infects more than 130 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants (MPI, 
2010). Therefore likely to be exposed to suitable hosts.  
Establishment and spread:  
- Spores are dispersed via water or air; zoospores are released in water and dispersed. 
Sporangia can be dispersed at least 0.5m by rain splash (MPI, 2010).  
- The northern North Island has environmental conditions most suited for the establishment of  
P. palmivora (warm and humid) (MPI, 2010).The minimum temperature for growth is 11°C, 
however sporangia can form between 10- 22°C. These sporangia could then develop when 
there are more optimal temperatures.  
And has the potential to 
cause economic 
consequences which are 
sufficient to justify 
phytosanitary measures 
on this pathway.  P. palmivora is capable 
of causing low level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - P. palmivora has a wide range of hosts including economically important species such a 
tomato, avocado, macadamia and potato.  
- The level of damage will be restricted by the level of disease expression in suboptimal temperatures.  Fungi  
 Phomopsis 
orchidophila 
E.K. Cash & A.M.J. Watson, 1955  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Phomopsis orchidophila is associated with the 
pathway.  - P. orchidophila is  present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010).  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (MPI, 2010).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (MPI, 2010).  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pe st on 
this pathway.  
 And does not have the 
potential to establish and spread if it entered NZ.  P. orchidophila  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- P. orchidophila produces leaf spots on stems on leaves of several genera in the 
Orchidaceae family. Spots can be easily be detected by trained inspectors, but latent 
infections may not be detected (MPI, 2010).  
Exposure:   
 - Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost. Suitable hosts would need to be within a vicinity for spores to 
be transferred via passive or active dispersal.  
- P. orchidophila has a host range limited to Orchidaceae (MPI, 2010), which may limit host 
availability.  
- Spores can be transf erred by rain splash, or carried to new hosts when they contact insects, 
humans and other animals moving amongst plants (MPI, 2010).  
Establishment and spread:  
- P. orchidophila  reproduces asexually (MPI, 2010). Asexual reproduction increases the 
likelihood o f establishment in suitable climatic conditions.  
- Potential establishment of this pathogen would be limited to the warmer, northern regions of 
New Zealand or protected environments.  
It is unlikely that  P. orchidophila  could enter and establish in New Zealand from the Oncidium  cut flower import pathway.   Therefore this 
organism is not considered a quarantine pest on this pathway.  
Colletotrichum 
orchidearum  
Allesch. 1902  
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Colletotrichum 
orchidearum  
is associated with the 
pathway.  - C. orchidearum  is present in Taiwan (MPI, 2010)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Oncidium  (MPI, 2017c ). Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a 
quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
  And has the potential to 
establish and spread if it 
entered NZ.  C. orchidearum  has the 
potential to enter New Zealand and being 
exposed to suitable 
hosts.  Entry:  
- C. orchidearum  produces brown to black spots on leaves of Oncidium , however has been 
intercepted on flowers and stalks of Cattleya  sp.  (MPI, 2017c). Spots can be easily be 
detected by trained inspectors, but latent infections may not be detected.  
- C. orchidearum  has been isolated from live and dead flowers and stems, indicating that they  
may also have a saprotrophic lifecycle (MPI, 2017c).  
- Various species of Colletotrichum  have been isolated from healthy plant tissue. Species of 
the Colletotrichum  genus are known to be endophytes and opportunistic pathogens, 
however there is no record of C. orchidearum  occuring endophytically on Oncidium  spp. 
Exposure:  
- Whole Oncidium  spp. cut  stems are disposed of, with some likely to be disposed of into 
home gardens and compost.  
- C. orchidearum is a host of orchids ( Cattleya, Oncidium , Cymbidium, Eria, a nd 
Physosiphon), and burdock (MPI, 2017c). Tomato and apple is recorded as a host from artificial inoculation by wound drop (MPI, 2017c).  
Establishment and spread:  
- Spores under ideal conditions can be spread via wind and water -splash, and can survive in 
soil by growing saprobically on dead plant fragments (MPI, 2017c).There are no known insect vectors (MPI, 2017c).  
- Climate may be a limiting factor for the establishment of this specie s, however it may be 
able to establish in the warmer northern areas of New Zealand or protected environments 
(MPI, 2017c)   
 And has the potential to 
cause negative 
economic consequences 
which are sufficient to 
justify phytosanitary 
measures on this 
pathway.  C. orchidearum  is 
capable of causing low 
level economic and 
environmental impacts if 
it established in New 
Zealand.  - New Zealand’s native orchid species could be prone to the effects of this fungi, as well as 
the commercial orchid industry.  
- There would be a potential economic impact on the New Zealand apple and tomato industry. 
However it is unknown whether C. orchidearum would infect apple and tomato outside of 
inoculation experiments.   
   
 Coleosporium bletiae  
Dietel 1898  Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this pathway.  Coleosporium bletiae  is 
associated with the pathway.
 - C. bletiae  is present in Taiwan ( BA, 2010; MPI, 2010)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with  Orchidaceae (BA, 2010).   Note: No information of this pest 
being associated with Oncidium.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pathway.  
   An additional phytosanitary measure cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest [unconfirmed host status] . Measures for the management of other regulated pest s should also manage thes e species. Can 
be re -assessed when new information is available.  
Curvularia eragrostidis  
(Henn.)  
 
 Has the potential to be a 
quarantine pest on this 
pathway.  Curvularia eragrostidis is 
associated with the pathway.
 - C. eragrostidis is present in Taiwan (BCRC, 2017)  
- Is not recorded in New Zealand (NZOR, 2016).  
- Are known to be associated with Orchidaceae (Daly et al., 2013). Note: No information of 
this pest being associated with Oncidium.  Does not fulfil the 
criteria of being a quarantine pest on 
this pat hway.  
 An additional phytosanitary measure cannot be applied against a pest if there is not sufficient evidence to support the organism being a 
quarantine pest [unconfirmed host status] . Measures for the management of other regulated pest s should also manage these species. Can 
be re -assessed when new information is available.   
 The following pests are not on the Oncidium  cut flower pest list for the following reasons:  
(1) The pests are non -regulated (n=46).  
Scientific name  Classification  
Tetranychus urticae  Acari: Tenuipalpidae  
Alphitobius diaperinus  Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae  
Cerataphis orchidearum  Hemiptera: Aphididae  
Coccus hesperidum  Hemiptera: Coccidae  
Saissetia coffeae  Hemiptera: Coccidae  
Aspidiotus nerii  Hemiptera: Diaspididae  
Diaspis boisduvali  Hemiptera: Diaspididae  
Hemiberlesia lataniae  Hemiptera: Diaspididae  
Lindingaspis rossi  Hemiptera: Diaspididae  
Pseudococcus viburni  Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae  
Spodoptera litura  Lepidoptera: Noctuidae  
Frankliniella intonsa  Thysanoptera: Thripidae  
Hecamede granifera  Thysanoptera: Thripidae  
Microcephalothrips abdominalis  Thysanoptera: Thripidae  
Deroceras laeve  Stylommatophora: Agriolimacidae  
Limacus flavus  Stylommatophora: Limacidae  
Zonitoides arboreus  Stylommatophora: Zonitidae  
Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus  Tylenchida : Hoplolaimidae  
Pseudomonas tolaasii  Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadaceae  
Acidovorax avenae subsp.  cattleyae  Betaproteobacteria, Comamonadaceae  
Dickeya chrysanthemi  Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae  
Dickeya zeae  Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae  
Erwinia carotovora subsp.  carotovora  Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae  
Phytophthora cactorum  Oomycota: Peronosporaceae  
Pythium ultimum  Oomycota: Peronosporaceae  
Pestalotiopsis palmarum  Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales  
Phyllosticta capitalensis  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Cladosporium cladosporioides  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Cladosporium oxysporum  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Pseudocercospora odontoglossi  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Septoria selenophomoides  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Botrytis cinerea  Ascomycota: Helotiales  
Fusarium  proliferatum  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  
Nectria haematococca  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  
Colletotrichum boninense  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Colletotrichum crassipes  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Nigrospora oryzae  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Bipolaris maydis  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Curvularia lunata  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Athelia rolfsii  Basidiomycota: Atheliales  
Thanatephorus cucumeris  Basidiomycota: Cantharellales  
Carnation mottle virus  Alphacarmovirus  
Cucumber mosaic virus  Cucumovirus  
Cymbidium mos aic virus  Potexvirus  
Impatiens necrotic spot virus  Tospovirus  
Odontoglossum ringspot virus  Tobamovirus  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus  Tospovirus  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 (2) Regulatory status unconfirmed, present in Taiwan but not/insufficient evidence to suggest an association with Oncidium  [or 
Orchidaceae  unless specified]  (n=6) 
Scientific name  Classification  not/insufficient evidence to 
suggest an association with 
Oncidium  [or Orchidaceae ] Present in Taiwan  
Gonocephalum depressum  Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae  * Insectoid, 2017  
Lilioceris formosana  Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Sangariola punctatostriata  Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Kaniska canace  Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Lasiodiplodia theobromae  Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; 
Lopes et al., 2009 1 BA, 2010  
Sphaerulina phalaenopsidis  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ;  
BA, 2010 2; USDA, 2003 2; * BA, 2010; MPI, 2010  
Cylindrosporium phalaenopsidis  Ascomycota: Helotiales  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; 
USDA, 2003 2; BA, 2010 3 BA, 2010; MPI, 2010  
Phalaenopsis chlorotic spot 
virus   BA, 2010 2; Chen and 
Chen, 2017 2 MPI, 2010  
* No supporting information found (2017).  
1 Only record of being associated with one orchid species [ Catasetum fimbriatum (Morren) Lindley, ephiphytic Brazilian orchid).  
2 Only recorded from Phalaenopsis spp. 
3 Recorded from Phalaenopsis spp. and Cymbidium sinensis.  
 
 
(3)  Regulatory status unconfirmed, not /unconfirmed presence  in Taiwan and  not/insufficient evidence to suggest an association 
with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae (n=8 ) 
Scientific name  Classification  not/insufficient evidence to 
suggest an association  with 
Oncidium  [or Orchidaceae ] Not/unconfirmed presence 
in Taiwan  
Xenotarsonemus 
belemnitoides  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 ; * 
Xenotarsonemus rivalis  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 ; * 
Xenotarsonemus sensus  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 , * 
Xenotarsonemus ulignosus  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 , * 
Xenotarsonemus wani  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 ; 
Insectoid, 2017 ** 
Xenotarsonemus xiufui  Acari: Tarsonemidae  USDA, 2012  MPI, 2010; USDA, 2012 , * 
Calanthe mild mosaic virus  Potyvirus  * MPI, 2010 , * 
Dendrobium vein necrosis 
virus  . * MPI, 2010 , * 
* No supporting information found (2017).  
**Evidence to suggest presence.  
 
(4)  Regulatory status  unconfirmed, not /unconfirmed presence  in Taiwan and are associated with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae 
(n=30 ) 
Scientific name  Classification  Associated with Oncidium  or 
Orchidaceae  Not/unconfirmed presence  in 
Taiwan  
Camarosporium orchidicola  Ascomycota: 
Botryosphaeriales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Phyllosticta laeliae  Ascomycota: 
Botryosphaeriales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Phyllosticta nigromaculans  Ascomycota: 
Botryosphaeriales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Pseudocercospora angraeci  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Linospora subtropicalis  Ascomycota: Diaporthales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Valsella pedicellata  Ascomycota: Diaporthales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Gloeosporium affine  
(Colletotrichum 
gloeosporioides)  Ascomycota: Helotiales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Wang et al., 2008  
 
Present in New Zealand   
 Gloeosporium oncidii  Ascomycota: Helotiales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Gloeosporium cinctum  Ascomycota: Helotiales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Colletotrichum arxii  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr  and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Colletotrichum oncidii  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Muyocopron corrientinum  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Pseudophragmotrichum 
cubense  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Septonema intercalare  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Septonema intercalare var. 
longisporum  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Micropeltis bakeri  Ascomycota: Microthyriales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Muyocopron corrientinum  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Negeta chlorocrota  Lepidoptera: Nolidae  Yes [PHA, 2016]  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Ophiodothella orchidearum  Ascomycota: Phyllachorales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; 
MPI, 2010 ; * 
Coniothyrium hariotianum  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Stagonospora microspora  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Anthostomella keissleri  Ascomycota: Xylariales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; 
MPI, 2010 ; * 
Physalospora camptospora  Ascomycota: Xylariales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Paranthostomella 
microspore  Ascomycota: Xylariales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Puccinia oncidii  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Sphenospora saphena  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Uredo epidendri  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010 ; * 
Orchid fleck virus  Unclassified bipartite, 
negative- sense RNA plant 
virus  Yes [Peng et al., 2013]  Not recorded [Peng et al., 
2013]  
* No supporting information found (2017).  
 
(5) The pests are regulated, are not associated with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae  and not/unconfirmed presence in Taiwan  (n=3) 
Scientific name  Classification  Are not associated with 
Oncidium  or Orchidaceae  Not/unconfirmed presence  in 
Taiwan  
Volutella albidopila  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * MPI, 2010; * 
Botryosphaeria vanilla  Ascomycota: 
Botryosphaeriales  Yes [Farr and Rossman 
2010]  Farr and Rossman, 2010; *  
Gonocephalum depressum  Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae  * Insectoid, 2017**  
* No supporting information found (2017).  
** Evidence to suggest presence, but not confirmed  
(6) The pests are regulated, not present in Taiwan and associated with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae (n=20)  
Scientific name  Classification  Are associated with Oncidium  or 
Orchidaceae  Not present in Taiwan  
Brevipalpus californicus  Acari: Tenuipalpidae  Childers et al.,  2003  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Cladosporium orchidearum  Ascomycota: Capnodiales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * 
Botryodiplodia oncidii  Ascomycota: Diaporthales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010; 
MPI, 2010 ; * 
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.  
cattleyae  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010; 
MPI, 2010 ; * 
Volutella citrinella  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010; 
MPI, 2010  
Curvularia aeria  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * 
Physalospora orchidearum  Ascomycota: Xylariales  Farr and Rossman 2010]  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * 
Marasmiellus inoderma  Basidiomycota: Agaricales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * 
Desmosorus oncidii  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * 
Sphenospora kevorkianii  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Farr and Rossman 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; *  
 Diaxenes phalaenopsis  Coleoptera: Cerambycidae  CABI 2016; Swezey 1945  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Diaxenes taylori  Coleoptera: Cerambycidae  Swezey 1945  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Gonophora xanthomelaena  Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae  CABI 2016  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Acythopeus aterrimus  
(Orchidophilus aterrimus)  Coleoptera: Curculionidae  Swezey 1945  MPI, 2010 ; Preena, 2008; *  
Orchidophilus gilvonotatus  
(Orchidophilus eburifer)  Coleoptera: Curculionidae  Swezey 1945  MPI, 2010 ; Preena, 2008; *  
Orchidophilus peregrinator  Coleoptera: Curculionidae  Swezey 1945  MPI, 2010 ; Preena, 2008; *  
Tadius erirhinoides  Coleoptera: Curculionidae  Swezey, 1945  Morimoto, 19941; * 
Aleurodicus dugesii  Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae  CABI, 2016  * 
Pinnaspis strachani  Hemiptera: Diaspididae  CABI. 2016  MPI, 2010 ; * 
Nipaecoccus nipae  Hemiptera:  Pseudococcidae  CABI 2016  CABI, 2016 ; * 
Chliaria othona  Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae  Yes [CABI 2016, Orchidaceae]  Insectoid, 2017**  
Trichoplusia ni  Lepidoptera: Noctuidae  CABI, 2016  * 
Frankliniella schultzei  Thysanoptera: Thripidae  CABI 2016  MPI, 2010 ; *  
Colletotrichum fructicola  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  Farr and Rossman, 2010  Farr and Rossman 2010; 
MPI, 2010 ; * 
* No supporting information found (2017).  
** Evidence to suggest presence, but not confirmed  
1 Only source of reference as being present in Tai wan. 
(7) The pests are present in Taiwan, but not/insufficient evidence to suggest an association with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae 
(n=15 ) 
Scientific name  Classification  Are not/insufficient evidence of an 
association with Oncidium  or 
Orchidaceae  Are present in  Taiwan  
Harmonia axyridis  Coleoptera: Coccinellidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Chromatomyia horticola  Diptera: Agromyzidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Liriomyza huidobrensis  Diptera: Agromyzidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Liriomyza trifolii  Diptera: Agromyzidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Pseudococcus comstocki  Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae  DA, 2013 ; idtools. 2017**  DA, 2013  
Euproctis taiwana  Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Agrotis segetum  Lepidoptera: Noctuidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Xylena formosa  Lepidoptera: Noctuidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Oxya intricata  Orthoptera: Acrididae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Haplothrips chinensis  Thysanoptera: 
Phlaeothripidae  DA, 2013 ; * DA, 2013  
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.  
lilii Ascomycota: Hypocreales  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * DA, 2013  
Curvularia affinis  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  * Wu and Dow, 1993  
Coleosporium bletiae  Basidiomycota: Pucciniales  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * BA, 2010; MPI, 2010  
Capsicum chlorosis virus  . * MPI, 2010  
Choanephora cucurbitarum  Zygomycota: Mucorales  Farr and Rossman 2010 ; * CABI, 2008  
* No supporting information found (2017).  
** Evidence to suggest presence, but not confirmed  
(8) The pests are regulated at genus level. Note: species from within the genus have been assessed separately where 
information of an association with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae is available. (n=26)  
Scientific name  Classification  
Neotarsonemoides  sp. Acari: Tarsonemidae  
Brevipalpus sp. Acari: Tenuipalpidae  
Tydeus  sp. Acari: Tydeidae  
Spodoptera  sp. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae  
Pseudomonas  sp. Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadaceae  
Phytophthora  sp. Oomycota: Peronosporaceae  
Pestalotiopsis  sp. Ascomycota: Amphisphaeriales   
 Fusicoccum  sp. Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales  
Macrophoma  sp. Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales  
Cercospora  sp. Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Mycosphaerella  sp. Ascomycota: Capnodiales  
Phomopsis  sp. Ascomycota: Diaporthales  
Selenophoma  sp. Ascomy cota: Dothideales  
Fusarium sp. Ascomycota: Hypocreales  
Colletotrichum  sp. Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Glomerella  sp. Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Pseudorobillarda  sp. Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  
Alternaria  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Ascochyta  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Coniothyrium  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Didymosphaeria  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Leptosphaeria  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Microsphaeropsis  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Phaeosphaeria  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Phoma  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
Stagonospora  sp. Ascomycota: Pleosporales  
(9) The pests are  regulated,  present in Taiwan  and New Zealand , associated  with Oncidium  or Orchidaceae.  
Scientific name  Classification  Associated with Oncidium 
or Orchidaceae  Are pr esent in Taiwan  and 
New Zealand  
Fusarium oxysporum  [strains not in 
New Zealand]  Ascomycota: Hypocreales  BAPHIQ, 2013  BAPHIQ, 2013  
Bipolaris oryzae  Ascomycota: Pleosporales  BAPHIQ, 2013  BAPHIQ, 2013  
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  
[strains not in New Zealand]  Ascomycota: Incertae sedis  BAPHIQ, 2013  BAPHIQ, 2013  
 (10) The pests are regulated due to their vector status and are present in Taiwan, but are not known to vector viruses/fungi 
associated with Oncidium  (n=3).  
Scientific name  Classification  Notes  
Myzus persicae  Hemiptera: Aphididae  Present in New Zealand and Taiwan**, and associated with 
Oncidium . Are not known to vector viruses associated with 
Oncidium , however are known to vector other viruses present in 
Taiwan but not known to New Zealand  [CABI, 2017].  
Aphis gossypii  Hemiptera: Aphididae  Present in New Zealand and Taiwan**, and associated with 
Oncidium . Are not known to vector viruses associated with 
Oncidium , however are known to vector other viruses present in 
Taiwan but not known to New Zealand [CABI, 2017].  
Frankliniella intonsa  Thysanoptera: Thripidae  Present in New Zealand and Taiwan**, and associated with 
Oncidium . Are not known to vector viruses associated with 
Oncidium , however are known to vector other viruses present in 
Taiwa n but not known to New Zealand [CABI, 2017].  
Pseudococcus longispinus  
 Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae  Present in New Zealand (NZFUNGI, 2016], present in Taiwan 
(BAPHIQ, 2013). Interception record on Oncidium  in the USA 
(idtools, 2017).  
Known to vector Grapevine leafroll -associated virus 3  (GLRaV -
3) (Douglas and Kruger, 2008), however this is present in 
New Zealand (Pearson et al., 2006).   
Mertila malayensis  Hemiptera: Miridae  Associated with Orchidacea (Swezey, 1945). No information found 
on vector.  
** pests are still regulated as vectors even though present in New Zealand. Detection during production or post -harvest activities 
will require remedial action prior to the issuance of a phytosanitary certificate.  
 
   
 Additional Vector analysis : Pests associated with pineapples  from Taiwan  and Xylella fastidiosa  
The following pests [vectors] from other pathways were considered due to the small scale production observed in Taiwan, as well as the ongoing 
concern of Xylella fastidiosa  internationall y. 
 
Organism  Notes  Level of measure  
Dysmicoccus brevipes  
Pineapple mealy bug  
 Is highly polyphagous with hosts from more 
than 100 genera [CABI, 2017]. Hosts include 
Celery, capsicum, citrus, cucumber, pumpkin, 
apple and grasses [CABI, 2017].  
 
Vectored viruses: Pineapple mealybug wilt -
associated virus  
 Regulated, requiring Basic Measures on 
other pathways. Other mealybugs on 
Oncidium  cut flowers require Targeted 
measures, which should also mitigate the 
risk associated with this species.  
 
Though not known to be associated with 
Oncidium , detection during production or 
post-harvest activities will require remedial 
action prior to the issuance of a 
phytosanitary certificate.  
Pineapple mealybug wilt -
associated virus  
 
Vectored by: Dysmicoccus 
brevipes  Host ran ge appears to be restricted to 
pineapple.  
 
New Zealand does not have a pineapple 
industry (PVO, 2017).  Regulated.  
 
Though not known to be associated with 
Oncidium , detection during production or 
post-harvest activities will require remedial 
action prior t o the issuance of a 
phytosanitary certificate.  
Xylella fastidiosa  MPI has assessed X. fastidiosa  and 
determined that the pathogen is unlikely to 
enter New Zealand on a cut flower stem. 
Rather, vectors present on a cut flower would 
be the most likely method of introduction on this pathway.  
 
Species X. taiwanensis  sp. nov., causes pear 
leaf scorch disease (Su et al ., 2016). 
Oncidium  is not recorded as a host for Xylella 
fastidiosa  (EFSA, 2015).  
 
Vectors of X. fastidiosa include Cecropoidea, 
Cicadoidea, Cicadellini (Redak, et al ., 2004; 
Su et al., 2013), none of which have a known 
association with Oncidium .  All Xylella  species not present in New 
Zealand are regulated.  
 
Vectors of Xylella  are also regulated, and 
though not known to be associated with Oncidium , detection during production or 
post-harvest activities will require remedial 
action prior to the issuance of a phytosanitary certificate.