FINAL DRAFT UGANDA 
STANDARD  
  FDUS EAS 196 
First  Edition  
2013-mm-dd 
 
 Reference number  
FDUS EAS 196: 2013 
© UNBS 201 3 
  
High -strength low -alloy Carbon Steel for hot rolled sheet and 
cold rolled sheet — Specification  
 FDUS EAS 196: 2013 
ii                © UNBS  2013 - All rights reserved  
 Compliance with this standard does not, of itself confer immunity from legal obligations  
A Uganda Standard does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. User s are 
responsible for its correct application  
© UNBS 20 13 
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any 
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm , without prior written 
permission from UNBS.  
Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to  
The Executive Director  
Uganda National Bureau of Standards  
P.O. Box 6329  
Kampala  
Uganda  
Tel: 256 41 505 995  
Fax: 256 41 286 123  
E-mail: unbs@infocom.co.ug  
Web: www.unbs.go.ug  
 FDUS EAS 196: 2013 
© UNBS  2013 - All rights reserved                 iii National foreword  
Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) is a parastatal under the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and 
Industry established under Cap 327, of the Laws of Ugan da. UNBS is mandated to co -ordinate the elaboration 
of standards and is  
(a) a member of International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and  
(b) a contact point for the WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius Commission on Food Standards, and  
(c) the National Enquiry Point on TBT/SPS Agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).  
The work of preparing Uganda Standards is carried out through Technical Committees. A Technical 
Committee is established to deliberate on standards in a given field or area and consists of repres entatives of 
consumers, traders, academicians, manufacturers, government and other stakeholders.  
Draft Uganda Standards adopted by the Technical Committee are widely circulated to stakeholders and the 
general public for comments. The committee reviews the comments before recommending the draft standards 
for approval and declaration as Uganda Standards by the National Standards Council.  
This Final Draft Uganda Standard, FDUS EAS 196: 2013, High-strength low -alloy Carbon Steel for hot rolled 
sheet and cold rolled sheet — Specification , is identical with  and has been reproduced from an East African  
Standard , EAS 196: 2013 , High-strength low -alloy Carbon Steel for hot rolled sheet and cold rolled sheet — 
Specification , and is being proposed for adoption as a Uganda Standard.  
Wherever the words, “ East African  Standard" appear, they should be replaced by "Uganda Standard."  
 
   FDEAS 196: 20 13 
ICS 77.140  
© EA C 2013                                                                                                                         Second Edition 2013   
 
FINAL DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
High -strength low -alloy Carbon Steel for hot rolled sheet and cold rolled 
sheet — Specification  
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  FDEAS 196: 2013  
ii © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
This EAC document is copyright -protected by EAC. While the reproduction of this docum ent by 
participants in the EAC standards development process is permitted without prior permission from EAC, 
neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for 
any other purpose without prior written perm ission from EAC.  
Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed 
as shown below or to EAC’s member body in the country of the requester:  
© East African Community  2013 — All rights reserved  
East African C ommunity   
P.O.Box 1096  
Arusha  
Tanzania  
Tel: 255 27 2504253/8  
Fax: 255 27 2504481/2504255  
E-mail: eac@eachq.org  
       Web: www.eac -quality.net  
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.  
Violators may be per secuted  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  iii 
 Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................  v 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  1 
2 Description  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  1 
2.1 Steel types  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  1 
2.2 Product types  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  1 
3 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  2 
4 General requirements for delivery  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 3 
5 Manufacture  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  3 
6 Chemical composition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  4 
6.1 Limits  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  4 
6.2 Cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysis  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 
6.3 Product analysis  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 
6.4 Sampling for product analysis  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  5 
6.5 Specimen preparatio n ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  5 
6.6 Test methods  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  5 
7 Mechanical requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  5 
8 Dimensions,  tolerances, and allowances  ................................ ................................ ...........................  6 
9 Finishes and condition  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  14 
9.6 Oiling ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  15 
10 Workmanship and surface conditions  ................................ ................................ ..............................  16 
10.1  Workmanship  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 16 
10.2  Surface conditions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  16 
11 Retests  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  16 
12 Inspection  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  17 
13 Rejection and rehearing ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  17 
Annex  A (normative)  Standard chemical ranges and limits  ................................ ................................ ....... 18 
Annex  B (informative)  Effect of aging of cold -rolled carbon steel sheet on drawing and forming  ........  21 
B.1 Commercial quality and drawing quality  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 21 
B.2 Special killed, drawing quality  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  21 
Annex  C (informative)  Procedure for determining breakage allowance levels (applicable to 
carbon steel sheet only)  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  22 
Annex  D (informative)  Procedures for determining the ext ent of plastic deformation encountered 
in forming or drawing ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  23 
D.1 Introduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  23 
D.2 Circle grid method  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  23 
D.3 Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  24 
D.4 Measurement of strain after forming  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 25 
D.5 Evaluation of stra in measurements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 26 
D.6 Example of major and minor strain distribution  ................................ ................................ ..............  27 
D.7 Example for reducing splitting tendency  ................................ ................................ ..........................  27 
D.8 Scribed square method ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  28 
D.9 Thickness method  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  28 
Bibliography  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  29 FDEAS 196: 2013  
iv © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  v 
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonize d standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged 
within the Community will be removed.  
In order to achieve this objective, the Community established an East African Standards Committee mandated 
to develop and is sue East African Standards.   
The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together 
with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards 
are circulated  to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments 
received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures 
of the Community.  
East African Standards are subject to r eview, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East 
African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards 
they are implementing .  
FDEAS 196 was prepared by Technical Committee EASC/TC 035, TC Steel and Steel Products . 
This second  edition cancels and replaces the first  edition (EAS  196:2008 ).  
 
 
 FINAL DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  FDEAS 196:2013  
 
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  1 
 High -strength low -alloy Carbon Steel for hot rolled sheet and 
cold rolled sheet — Specification  
 
1 Scope  
1.1 This Final Draft East African Stan dard specifies  the requirements for steel sheet in coils and cut 
lengths. It  applies to the carbon steel and high -strength, low -alloy steel  (HSLA) supplied  as hot -rolled sheet 
and cold -rolled sheet.  
1.2 This Final Draft East African Standard  is not applica ble to hot -rolled, heavy -thickness carbon sheet 
coils. 
1.3 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual material  specification shall 
prevail over those of the general specification.  
1.4 For the purposes of determining conform ance with this specification and the various material  
specifications, values shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the right -hand place of figures used in  expressing 
the limiting values.  
2 Description  
2.1 Steel types  
2.1.1  Carbon steel is the designatio n for steel where no minimum content is specified or required for  
aluminium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium,  zirconium, or 
any element added to obtain a desired alloying effect, where the specified minimum for  copper does not 
exceed 0.40 %, or where the maximum content specified for any of the following  elements does not exceed 
manganese 1.65  %, silicon 0.60  %, or copper 0.60  %. 
2.1.2  In all carbon steels , small quantities of certain residual elements unavoidab ly retained from  raw 
materials are sometimes found which are not specified or required, such as copper, nickel,  molybdenum, 
chromium, etc. These elements are considered as incidental and are not normally  determined or reported.  
2.1.3  High-strength low-alloy steel is a specific group of steels in which higher strength, and in  some cases 
additional resistance to atmospheric corrosion or improved formability, are obtained by  moderate amounts of 
one or more alloying elements.  
2.2 Product types  
2.2.1  Hot-rolled sheet is manufactured by hot rolling slabs in a continuous mill to the required  thickness 
and shall be supplied in coils or cut lengths as given in Table 1.  FDEAS 196: 2013  
2 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Table 1 — Hot-rolled coils and cut lengths  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Width , w Thickness , x 
 
Carb on steel  HSLA  
300 < w ≤ 1200  1.2 ≤ x < 6.0. 1.8 ≤ x < 6.0 
w > 1200  1.2 ≤ x < 4.5 1.8 ≤ x < 4.5 
 
2.2.2  Cold-rolled sheet is manufactured from hot-rolled descaled coils by cold reducing to the  desired 
thickness, generally followed by annealing to recrysta llize the grain structure. If the sheet is  not annealed after 
cold reduction it is known as full hard with a hardness of 84 HRB minimum and  shall be used for certain 
applications where ductility and flatness are not required.  
2.2.3   Cold-rolled carbon shee t is commonly classified by size as given in Table 2.  
Table 2 — Cold -rolled carbon sheet  
Dimensions in millimetr es 
Width , w Thickness , x 
50 ≤ w-≤ 300 a) 0.35 ≤x-≤ 2.0 
w > 300 b) x ≥ 0.35 
a) Cold-rolled sheet coils and cut lengths, slit from wider coils with cut edge (only) and in thicknesses 
0.35 mm to 2.0 mm, incl. carbon 0.25 % max. by heat analysis.  
b) When no special edge or finish (othe r than matte, commercial bright, or luster finish) or single strand 
rolling  of width, or both, up to and including 600 mm not specified or required.  
 
2.2.4 Cold-rolled high -strength, low -alloy sheet is commonly classified by size as given in Table  3. 
Table 3 — Cold -rolled high strength, low -alloy carbon sheet  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Width , w Thickness , x 
50 ≤ w-≤ 300 a) 0.5 ≤ x-≤ 2.0 
w > 300 b) x ≥ 0.5 
a) Cold-rolled sheet coils and cut lengths, slit from wider coils with cut edge (only) and in thicknesses 
0.35 mm to 2.0 mm, incl. Carbon 0.25 % maximum by heat analysis.  
b) When no special edge or finish (ot her than matte, commercial bright, or luster finish) or single 
strand  rolling of width, or both, up to and including 600 mm not specified or required.  
 
3 Normative references  
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this  document. For dated 
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced 
document (including any amendments) applies.  
 FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  3 
 EAS194 -1, Steel and steel products — Part 1: Location and preparation of sample and test pieces for 
mechanical testing  
EAS 199, Steel and cast iron — Determination of sulphur content — Combustion titrimetric  method   
EAS 200, Steel and cast iron — Determination of phosphorus content —Phosphovanadomolybdate 
spectrophotometric method  
ISO 437 , Steel and cast iron — Determination of total carbon content — Combustion gravimetric method  
ISO 439, Steel and iron — Determination of total silicon content — Gravimetric method    
ISO 629, Steel and cast iron — Determination of manganese content — Spectr ophotometric method   
ISO 671, Steel and cast iron — Determination of sulphur content — Combustion titrimetric method ISO 4829 -1 
Steel and cast iron — Determination of total silicon content — Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric 
method — Part 1: Silic on contents between 0.05 and 1.0 %  
ISO 4829 -1, Steel and cast iron — Determination of total silicon content — Reduced molybdosilicate 
spectrophotometric method — Part 1: Silicon contents between 0.05 and 1.0 %  
ISO 4829 -2, Steel and iron — Determination of total silicon content — Reduced molybdosilicate 
spectrophotometric method — Part 2: Silicon contents between 0.01 and 0.05 %  
ISO 4943, Steel and cast iron — Determination of copper content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric 
method  
ISO 10714, Steel and  iron — Determination of phosphorus content — Phosphovanadomolybdate 
spectrophotometric method  
ISO 14284; Steel and iron — sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical 
composition  
4 General requirements for delivery  
4.1 Products c overed by this s tandard  are produced to metric decimal thicknesses only and  metric 
thickness tolerances shall apply.  
4.2 Steel may be produced as ingot -cast or strand -case. When different grades of strand -cast steel are 
sequentially cast, identification an d separation of the transition material shall be required.  
5 Manufacture  
5.1 Hot-rolled material supplied shall not be annealed or pickled.  
5.2 Coil breaks, stretcher strains, and fluting can occur during the user's processing of hot -rolled  or hot -
rolled  pickled sheet. When any of these features are detrimental to the application, the  manufacturer shall be 
notified at the time of ordering in order to properly process the sheet.  
5.3 Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet may be available as discussed in 9.2 and 9.3. . 
5.4 Cold-rolled sheet for exposed applications shall be temper rolled  and is usually specified and furnished 
in the strain free condition as shipped (see Annex B).  
Cold-rolled sheet for unexposed applications may be specified and supplied as "anneale d last"  or "temper 
rolled ”. ”Annealed last " shall be produced without temper rolling, but may be lightly temper  rolled during oiling FDEAS 196: 2013  
4 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 or rewinding. Unexposed temper -rolled material may be specified strain -free or  non-fluting. Where specific 
hardness range o r limit, or a specified surface texture is required, the  application shall be considered as 
exposed.  
NOTE  Skin-passed sheet is subject to an aging phenomenon (see Annex B). Unless special killed (non -aging) steel 
is specified, it is to the user’s interest  to fabricate the sheet as soon as possible, for optimum performance.  
6 Chemical composition  
6.1 Limits  
6.1.1 The chemical composition shall be in accordance with the applicable product specification.  However, 
if other compositions are required for carb on steel, they shall be prepared in accordance  with Annex A.  
6.1.2 Where the material is used for fabrication by welding, care shall be exercised in selection of  chemical 
composition or mechanical properties to assure compatibility with the welding process  and its effect on 
altering the properties.  
6.2 Cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysis  
6.2.1 An analysis of each cast or heat of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the  
percentage of elements specified or restricted by the applicable standard.  
6.2.2 When requested, cast or heat analysis for elements listed or required shall be reported to the 
purchaser or to his representative.  
6.3 Product analysis  
6.3.1 Non-killed steels such as capped or rimmed steels are not technologically suited to product  analysis 
due to the non -uniform character of their chemical composition and therefore, the tolerances  in Table 4 shall 
not apply. Product analysis is appropriate on these types of steel only when  misapplication is apparent or for 
copper when copper  steel is specified.  
 
Table 4 — Tolerances for product analysis  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Element  
 
 Limit s of specified 
element,  
% Tolerance  Test method   
 Under 
minimum . 
limit,  
mm Over 
maximum . 
limit,  
mm 
Carbon  
 ≤ 0.15  0.02 0.03 ISO 437  
0.15 < x ≤ 0.40  0.03 0.04 
 0.40 < x ≤ 0.80  0.03 0.05 
> 0.80 0.03 0.06 
Manganese  ≤ 0.60 0.03 0.03 ISO 629  
 0.60 < x ≤ 1.15 0.04 0.04 
1.5 < x ≤ 1.65 0.05 0.05 
Phosphorus  - - 0.01 ISO 10714  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  5 
 EAS 200  
Sulfur  - - 0.01 ISO 671  
EAS 199  
Silicon  ≤ 0.30 0.02 0.03 ISO 439  
ISO 4829 -1  
ISO 4829 -2 0.30 < x ≤ 0.60 0.05 0.05 
Copper   0.02  ISO 4943  
 
6.3.2 For steels other than non -killed (capped or rimmed), product analysis may be made by the  purchaser. 
The chemical analysis  shall not vary from the limits specified by more than the amounts in  Table 4. The 
several determinations of any element in a cast shall not vary both above and below the  specified range.  
6.4 Sampling for product analysis  
6.4.1 Sampling of the products sha ll be in accordance to ISO 14284  
6.4.2 When the steel is subject to tension test requirements, samples for product analysis may be  taken 
either by drilling entirely through the used tension test specimens themselves, or as covered in  6.4.3.  
6.4.3 When the steel is not subject to tension test requirements, the samples for the analysis shall be  taken 
by milling or drilling entirely through the sheet in a sufficient number of places so that the  samples are 
representative of the entire sheet or strip. The sampl ing may be facilitated by folding the  sheet both ways , so 
that several samples shall be taken at one drilling. Steel subjected to certain  heating operations by the 
purchaser may not give chemical analysis results that properly represent its  original compos ition. Therefore 
users shall analyze chips taken from the steel in the condition in which  it is received from the steel 
manufacturer.  
6.5 Specimen preparation  
Drillings or chips shall be taken without the application of water, oil, or other lubricant , and  shall be free of 
scale, grease, dirt, or other foreign substances. They shall not be overheated  during cutting to the extent of 
causing decarburization. Chips shall be well mixed and those too  coarse to pass a 2.0 -mm sieve size or too 
fine to remain on a 600 µm sieve size are not suitable for  proper analysis.  
6.6 Test methods   
Chemical analysis shall be done in accordance with the  test methods given in Table 4. 
7 Mechanical requirements  
7.1 The mechanical property requirements, number of specimens and te st locations and  specimen 
orientation shall be in accordance with the applicable product standard . 
7.2 Unless otherwise specified in the applicable standard , test specimens shall be prepared in  accordance 
with EAS 194 -1. 
7.3 Mechanical tests shall be condu cted in accordance with appropriate methods of test.  FDEAS 196: 2013  
6 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 8 Dimensions, tolerances, and allowances  
8.1 Dimensions, tolerances, and allowances applicable to products covered by this standard are contained in 
this clause.   
8.2 Flatness tolerances are not applica ble to "annealed last" cold -rolled sheet, but that product  will normally 
be within two times standard flatness when shipped in  cut lengths and after removal of  coil set when shipped 
in coils.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  7 
  
Table 5 — Thickness tolerances of hot -rolled sheet (carbon ste el) 
Dimensions in millimetres  
 
Thickness  tolerance  (x, ±) for specified width and no minal thickness  
 
Specified thickness  
 
 
 
 
Specified width  (w)  x ≤ 2.0  2.0 < x ≤ 2.5  2.5 < x ≤ 4  4 < x ≤ 5 
300 ≤ w < 600 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.407  
600 < w  ≤ 1200  0.30 025 0.40 0.45 
1200  <  w  ≤ 1500  0.35 0.35 0.40 - 
1500   <  w  ≤ 1800  0.35 0.40 0.40 - 
w  > 1800  0.35 0.40 0.40 - 
NOTE 1  Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 10 mm from a cut edge and not 
less than 20 mm from a mill edge. This ta ble does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.  
NOTE 2  The specified thickness range captions also apply when sheets specified to a nominal thickness 
and the tolerances are divided equally over and under.  
NOTE  3  Where minimum  thickness is spe cified only positive tolerance is accepted .  
NOTE 4   Where nominal thickness is specified, positive and negative tolerances apply.  
 
 
Table 6 — Thickness tolerances of hot -rolled sheet (High strength low -alloy steel) (coils and cut 
lengths, including pickl ed) 
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified width  (w) 
 Thickness tolerance, over only, for specified minimum thickness  
X ≤ 2.0  2.0 < x ≤ 2.5  2.5 < x ≤ 4  4 < x ≤ 5 
300 ≤ w< 600 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.40 
600 < w ≤ 1 200  0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 
1 200  < w ≤ 1 500  0.35 0.40 0.50 - 
1 500  < w ≤ 1 800  0.40 0.45 0.55 - 
1 800  < w ≤ 2 000  0.40 0.45 0.60 - 
w > 2 000  
 - 0.50 0.60 - 
NOTE 1  Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 10 mm from a cut edge and 
not less than 20 mm from a mill edge. This table does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.  
NOTE 2  The specified thickness range captions also apply when sheet F specified to a nominal 
thickness, and the tolerances are divided equally, over and under.  
 
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
8 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Table 7 — Width tolerancesa) of hot -rolled mill edge sheet (carbon an d high -strength low alloy steel, 
(coils and cut lengths, including pickled)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified width  (w) 
 Width tolerance, over only  
Carbon  HSLA  
300 ≤ w <  600 16 16 
600 < w ≤  1200  26 28 
1200  < w ≤  1500  32 38 
1500  < w ≤  1800  35 45 
w ˃ 1800   48 50 
NOTE The above tolerances do not apply to the uncropped ends of mill 
edge coils.  
 
Table 8 — Width tolerances of hot -rolled cut edge sheet and cold -rolled sheet  (carbon and high -
strength low -alloy steel , (not re -squared coils and cut lengths, including pickled)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified width , w 
 Width tolerance, over only  
300 ≤ w < 600 3 
600 < w ≤ 1200  5 
1200 < w ≤ 1500  6 
1500 < w ≤  180 0 8 
w > 1800  10 
 
Table 9 — Length tolerances of hot -rolled sheet (carbon and  high -strength low -alloy steel, (Cut lengths 
not resquared, including pickled)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified width  (w) 
mm Width tolerance, over only  
300 ≤ w< 600 6 
600 < w ≤  900 8 
900< w ≤   1500  12 
1500  < w ≤  3000  20 
3000  < w ≤  4000  25 
4000 < w ≤   5000  35 
5000 < w ≤  6000  40 
W > 6000  45 
 FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  9 
 Table 10 — Diameter tolerances of circles from hot -rolled sheet (including pickled) and co ld rolled 
sheet (over 300 mm width)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified thickness , x 
 Tolerances over specified diameter (no tolerances under) 
Diameter , D 
D ≤ 600 600 ≤ D ≤ 1200  D > 1200  
x ≤ 1.5 1.5 3.0 5.0 
1.5 < x ≤  2.5* 2.5 4.0 5.5 
x > 2.5 3.0 5.0 6.5 
 .*  For hot -rolled high -strength low -alloy steel sheet   the minimum thickness  .shall be  1.8 mm min  
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
10 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
  
Table 11 — Camber tolerances  for hot -rolled (including pickled) and cold -rolled sheet (over 300 mm 
width, carbon and high -strength low -alloy steel , cut lengths, not resquared)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Cut length, L 
 Camber tolerance ,* 
 
L ≤ 1 200 4 
1 200 < L ≤  1  800 5 
1 800 < L≤   2  400 6 
2 400 < L ≤  3  000 8 
3 000 < L ≤   2  700 10 
3 700 < L ≤   4  300 13 
4 300 < L ≤  4  900 16 
4 900 < L ≤  5  500 19 
5 500< L ≤  6  000 22 
6 000< L ≤  9  000 32 
9 000< L ≤  1  2200  38 
NOTE  Camber is the  greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the 
measurement being taken on the concave side with a straightedge.  
* The camber tolerance for coils is 25.0 mm in any 6  000 mm . 
 
8.3  Out-of-square tolerances of hot -rolled cut -edge (including pic kled) and cold -rolled sheet square is the 
greatest deviation of an end edge from a straight line at right angle to a side and touching one comer.  It is 
also obtained by measuring the difference between the diagonals of the cut length.  The out -of-square 
deviation is one half of that difference.  The tolerance for all thicknesses and all sizes is 1.0 mm/100 mm of 
width or fraction thereof.  
8.4  When cut lengths are specified resquared, the width and the length are not less than the dimensions 
specified. The  individual tolerance for over -width, over -length.  camber, or out of -square should not exceed 
1.6 mm up to and inducting 7, 200 mm in width and up to and inducting 3, 000 mm in length. For cut lengths 
wider or longer, the applicable tolerance is 3.2 mm.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  11 
 Table 12 — Flatness tolerances  of hot -rolled sheet including pickled cut lengths not  specified to 
stretcher -leveled standard of flatness (Carbon and high strength low -alloy steel)  
Specified 
thickness,  
mm Specified width  
mm Flatness tolerance a), b), speci fied yield point, 
minimum , 
MPac)' d)  
  < 310 310 - 345 Yield point  
1.2 < x ≤   1.5 x ≤ 900 15 - 
900 < x ≤ 1 500,  20 - 
x ˃  1 500 25  
1.5 < x ≤   4.5 
 x ≤ 1 500 l  15 20 
1 500 < x ≤  1 800 20 30 
x ˃ 1 800 25 40 
44.5 < x ≤   6.0  x ≤ 1 200 15 20 
a) The above tolerances also apply to cut lengths from coils by the consumer when adequate flattening 
operations are  performed.  
b) Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface.  
c) Tolerances for high -strength, low -alloy steels with specified minimum yield point in excess of 345 Mpa are 
subject to  negotiation.  
d) 1.8 minimum thi ckness  
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
12 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Table 13 — Flatness tolerances of Hot -rolled sheet including pickled cut lengths specified to  
stretcher -leveled standard of flatness (carbon and high -strength low -alloy steel)  
Specified thickness , 
 mm 
 Specified width , 
mm Specified 
length , 
mm Flatness tolerancea) 
specified yield point, 
min.  
MPab) 
˂ 310 310 - 
345c) 
1.2 ˂ x ≤ 4.5 ≤ 1 200  ≤ 2 400  3 N/A- 
˃ 1 200  ˃ 2 400  6 -N/A 
4.5 ˂ x ≤ 6.0 ≤ 1 200  ≤ 2 400  3 N/A- 
˃ 1 200  ˃ 2 400  6 -N/A 
a) Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface.  
b) 1.8 mm minimum thickness for HSLA.  
c) .For the specified yield point between 310 -345 the values of the flatness tolerance do not apply.  
 
Table 14 — Allowances in width and length of hot -rolled sheet (carbon -steel) and cold -rolled sheet 
(carbon and  high -strength low -alloy steel, c ut length sheets specified to stretcher -leveled standard of 
flatness,  not resquared, including pickled)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified length  (L) Allowance over specified dimensions* 
Width                             Length 
Specified "grip  or  entry 
marks outside specified 
length"  Specified "grip or entry 
marks inside specified 
length"  
L ≤ 3 000  20 100 75 
3 000  < L ≤ 4 000  25 100 75 
L > 4 000  30 125 100 
* Allowances given w hen cut lengths are specified to stretche r-leveled standard of flatness and not 
resquared , shall apply. These allowances are added by the manufacturer to the specified width and length 
and the tolerances given in Tables 5, 6, 7, 1 4, 15, and 1 6 apply to the new size established. The camber 
toleran ces in Table 1 1 do not apply.  
NOTE  When cut lengths are not to have grip or entry marks within the specified length, the purchaser 
should specify "gap entry marks outside specified length" When cut lengths may have grip or entry 
marks within the specified length the purchaser should specify "grip or entry marks inside specified 
length".  
 FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  13 
 Table 15 — Thickness tolerances of cold -rolled sheet (carbon and high -strength low -alloy steel)  a) 
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified width  
 Thickness tolerances, over o nly, for specified minimum thickness  
≤ 0.4 0.4 ˂ x ≤ 1.0 1.0 ˂ x ≤  1.2 1.2 ˂ x ≤  2.5 2.5 ˂ x ≤ 4.0 
50 ˂ x ≤  1 800  0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30b) 
1 800  ˂ x ≤ 2 000   0.15 0.20 0.30 0.35 
˃ 2 000   0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 
a) 0.50 mm minimum thickness for high -strength low -alloy.  
b) Not applicable t o width under 300 mm.  
 
Table 16 — Length tolerances of cold -rolled sheet (carbon and high -strength low -alloy steel , cut 
lengths over 300 mm in width, not resquared)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified length  Tolerance over specified length (no tolerance u nder)  
3001 ˂ x ≤  500 6 
1 500  ˂ x ≤  3 000  20 
3 000  ˂ x ≤  6 000  35 
˃ 6 000  45 
Table 17 — Length tolerances of col d-rolled sheet (carbon an d high -strength low -alloy steel,  cut 
length sheets, 50  mm to 300 mm in width and 0.35 mm to 2.0 mm in thickness, not resquar ed)  
Dimensions in millimetres  
Specified length  
 Tolerance over specified length (no 
tolerance under)  
600 ˂ x ≤  1 500  15 
1 500  ˂ x ≤  3 000  20 
3 000  ˂ x ≤  6 000  25 
NOTE  This table applies to width produced by slitting from wider sheets.  
 
Table 18 — Width tolerances for cold -rolled sheet (carbon an d high -strength low -alloy steel, coils and 
cut lengths 50 to 300 mm in width, not resquared, and 0.35  mm to 2.0 mm in thickness)  
Dimensions in millimetres   
Specified width  
 Width tolerance, (over and under) * 
50 ˂ x ≤  100 0.3 
100 ˂ x ≤  200 0.4 
200 ˂ x ≤  300 0.8 
* 0.50 mm thickness for high -strength low -alloy.  
NOTE  This table applies to width produced by slitting from wider sheet.  
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
14 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Table 19 — Camber tolerances of cold -rolled sheet in coils (carbon and high -strength low -alloy steel 
0.35 to 2.0 mm in thickness)  
Dimensions in millimetres   
Width  Camber tolerances  
50 - 300  5.0 in any 2 000  
NOTE 1  Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line the 
measurements being taken on the concave si de with a straightedge.  
NOTE 2  This table applies to width produced by slitting from wider sheet.  
 
Table 20 — Flatness tolerances of cold -rolled sheet (carbon and high -strength low -alloy steela) ,cut 
lengths over 300 mm in width, not specified to stretche r levelled standard or flatness)  
Specified 
thickness, 
mm 
 
 Specified width,  
mm 
 Flatness tolerance, specified yield point, 
min, 
 MPa 
˂ 310  310 - 345  
≤ 1.0 
 ≤ 900 10 20 
900 ˂ x ≤  1 500  15 30 
˃ 1 500  20 40 
˃ 1.0 
 ≤ 900 8 20 
900 ˂ x ≤ 1 500  10 20 
1 500  ˂ x ≤ 1 800  15 30 
˃1 800  20 40 
NOTE 1 This table does not apply when product is ordered full hard, to a hardness range or 
“annealed last” (dead soft).  
NOTE 2 This table also applies to lengths cut from coils by the consumer when adequate 
flattening measures are performed.  
a) Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface.  
 
9 Finishes and condition   
9.1 Hot-rolled sheet has a surface with an oxide or scale resulting from the hot -rolling operation.  The oxide 
or scale can be removed by pickli ng or blast cleaning when required for presswork  operations or welding. Hot -
rolled and hot -rolled descaled sheet is not generally used for exposed  parts where surface is of prime 
importance.  
Hot-rolled sheet can be supplied with mill edges or cut edges as specified mill edges are the  natural edges 
resulting from the hot -rolling operation. They do not conform to any particular contour.  They may also contain 
some edge imperfections, the more common types of which are cracked  edges, thin edges (feather), and 
damaged edges due to handling or processing and which should not  extend in beyond the ordered width. 
These edge conditions are detrimental where joining of the mill  edges by welding is practiced. When the 
purchaser intends to shear or to blank a sufficient width  allowance should be made when purchasing to 
assure obtaining the desired contour and size of the  pattern sheet. The manufacturer may be consulted for 
guidance. Cut edges are the normal edges,  which result from the shearing, slitting, or trimming of m ill-edge 
sheet.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  15 
 The ends of plain hat -rolled mill -edge coils are irregular in shape and are referred to as  uncropped ends. 
Where such ends are not acceptable, the purchaser's order should so specify.  Processed coils such as 
pickled or blast cleaned are sup plied with square -cut ends.  
9.2 Cold-rolled carbon sheet (exposed) is intended for those applications where surface  appearance is of 
primary importance. This class will meet requirements for controlled surface texture,  surface quality, and 
flatness. It is  normally processed by the manufacturer to be free of stretcher  strain and fluting. Subsequent 
user roller levelling immediately before fabrication will minimize strain  resulting from aging.  
Cold rolled carbon sheet, when ordered for exposed applications, can be supplied in the  following finishes:  
a) Matte finish is a dull finish, without luster, produced by rolling on rolls that have been  roughened by 
mechanical or chemical means to various degrees of surface texture depending upon  application.  
With some sur face preparation matte finish is suitable for decorative painting.  It is not  generally 
recommended for bright plating.  
b) Commercial bright finish is a relatively bright finish having a surface texture intermediate  between that 
of matte and luster finish.  W ith some surface preparation commercial bright finish is  suitable for 
decorative painting of certain plating applications.  If sheet is deformed in fabrication the  surface may 
roughen to some degree and areas so affected will require surface preparation to  restore  surface 
texture to that of the undeformed areas.  
c) Luster finish is a smooth bright finish produced by rolling on ground rolls and is suitable for  decorative 
painting or plating with additional special surface preparation by the user. The luster may  not be 
retained after fabrication; therefore, the formed parts will require surface preparation to make them 
suitable for bright plating.  
9.3 Cold-rolled carbon sheet, when intended for unexposed applications, is not subject to  limitations on 
degree and f requency of surface imperfections, and restrictions on texture and  mechanical properties are not 
applicable. When ordered as "annealed last," the product will have coil  breaks: and a tendency toward fluting 
and stretcher straining. Unexposed cold -rolled sh eet may  contain more surface imperfections than exposed 
cold-rolled sheet because steel applications,  processing procedures, and inspection standards are less 
stringent.  
9.4 Cold-rolled high -strength low -alloy sheet is supplied with a matte finish, unless otherwise  specified.  
9.5 The cold -rolled products covered by this specification are furnished with cut edges and  square cut ends, 
unless otherwise specified.  
9.6 Oiling  
9.6.1 Plain hot -rolled sheet is customarily furnished not oiled. Oiling shall be specif ied, when  required.  
9.6.2 Hot-rolled pickled or descaled sheet is customarily furnished oiled. If the product is not to be  cited it 
shall be so specified since tile -cleaned surface is prone to rusting.  
9.6.3 Cold-rolled products covered by this s tandard can lie furnished oiled or not oiled as  specified.  
9.7 Sheet steel in coils or cut lengths may contain surface imperfections that can be removed with a  
reasonable amount of metal finishing by the purchaser.  FDEAS 196: 2013  
16 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 10 Workmanship and surface conditions  
10.1 Workman ship 
10.1.1 Cut lengths shall have a workmanlike appearance and shall not have imperfections of a nature of 
degree for the product, the grade, class, and the quality ordered that will be detrimental to the fabrication of 
the finished part.  
10.1.2 Coils may  contain some abnormal imperfections that render a portion of the coil unusable  since the 
inspection of coils does not afford the producer the same opportunity to remove portions  containing 
imperfections as in the case with cut lengths.  
10.2 Surface condit ions 
10.2.1 Exposed cold -rolled sheet is intended for application where surface appearance is of primary  
importance, that is, exposed applications. Unexposed or annealed cold rolled sheet is intended for  
applications where surface appearance is not of prim ary importance, that is, unexposed applications.  
10.2.2 Cut lengths for exposed applications shall not include individual sheets having major surface  
imperfections (holes, loose slivers, and pipe) and repetitive minor surface imperfections. Cut lengths  may 
contain random minor surface imperfections that can be removed with a reasonable amount of  metal finishing 
by the purchaser. These imperfections shall be acceptable to the purchaser within the  manufacturer’s 
published standards.  
10.2.3 For coils for expos ed applications, it is not possible to remove the surface imperfections listed  in 
10.2.2. Coils will contain such imperfections, which shall be acceptable to the purchaser within the  
manufacturer's published standards. Coils contain more surface imperfecti ons than cut lengths  because the 
producer does not have the same opportunity to sort portions containing such  imperfections as is possible 
with cut lengths.  
10.2.4 Cut lengths for unexposed applications shall not include individual sheets having major  surface 
imperfections such as holes, loose slivers, and pipe. In addition, unexposed cut lengths can  be expected to 
contain more minor imperfections such as pits, scratches, sticker breaks, edge breaks,  pinchers, cross 
breaks, roll marks, and other surface im perfections than exposed. These  imperfections shall be acceptable to 
the purchaser without limitation.  
10.2.5 For coils for unexposed applications, it is not possible to remove the surface imperfections  listed in 
10.2.4. Coils will contain surface imperfec tions that are normally not repairable. Minor  imperfections shall be 
acceptable to the purchaser within the manufacturer's published standards.  Unexposed coils contain more 
surface imperfections than exposed coils.  
11 Retests  
11.1 If any test specimen sho ws defective machining or develops flaws, it shall be discarded and  another 
specimen substituted.  
11.2 If the percent elongation of any test specimen is less than that specified and any part of the  fracture is 
more than 20 mm from the centre of the ga uge length of a 50 -mm specimen or is outside the  middle half of 
the ga uge length of a 200 -mm specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the  specimen before 
testing, a retest is allowed.  
11.3 If a bend specimen fails, due to conditions of bending more severe than required by the  specification, a 
retest is permitted either on a duplicate specimen or on a remaining portion of the  failed specimen.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  17 
 12 Inspection  
When purchaser's order stipulates that inspection and tests (except product analyses) for  accep tance on the 
steel be made prior to shipment from the mill, the manufacturer shall afford the  purchaser's inspector all 
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the steel is being produced and  furnished in accordance with the 
specification. Mill inspectio n by the purchaser shall not interfere  unnecessarily with the manufacturer's 
operation.  
13 Rejection and rehearing   
13.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection shall be reported to the manufacturer within a  reasonable time 
after receipt of material by the purchaser.  
13.2 In addition to 1 3.1, when specified in the contract or order, and for direct procurement or  direct 
shipment, preservation, packaging, and packing shall be as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the 
purchaser.  FDEAS 196: 2013  
18 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  A 
(normative)  
 
Standard chemical ranges and limits  
A.1 Standard chemical ranges and limits are prescribed for carbon steels in Tables A.1 and A.2.  
Table A.1 — Standard steel – carbon sheet steel compositions  
Steel designation SAE or 
AISI No.  Chemical composition limits, %  
C Mn P max.  S max.  
1002  0.02 - 0.04 0.35 max.  0.030  0.035  
1003  0.02 - 0.06 0.35 max.  0.030  0.035  
1004  0.02/ 0.08  0.35 max.  0.030  0.035  
1005  0.06 max  0.35 max.  0.030  0.035  
1006  0.08 max.  0.45 max.  0.030  0.035  
1007  0.02/0.08  0.50 max.  0.030  0.035  
1008 0.10 max.  0.50 max.  0.030  0.035  
1009  0.15 max.  0.60 max.  0.030  0.035  
1010  0.08 - 0.13 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1012  0.10 - 0.15 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1015  0.13 - 0.18 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1016  0.13 - 0.18 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1017  0.15 - 0.20 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1018  0.15 - 0.20 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1019  0.15 - 0.20 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1020  0.18 - 0.23 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1021  0.18 -0.23 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1022  0.18 - 0.23 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1023  0.20 - 0.25 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1025  0.22 - 0.28 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035  
1026  0.22 - 0.28 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1029  0.25  -0.31 0.60 -0.90 0.030  0.035  
1030  0.28 - 0.34 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1033  0.30 - 0.36 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1035  0.32 - 0.38 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1037  0.32 - 0.38 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1038  0.35 - 0.42 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1039  0.37 - 0.44 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1040  0.37 - 0.44 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1042  0.40 - 0.47 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1043  0.40 - 0.47 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1045  0.43 - 0.50 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1046  0.43 - 0.50 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1049  0.46 - 0.53 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1050  0.48 - 0.55 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1055  0.50 - 0.60 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1060  0.55-0.65 0.60 - 0.90 0.030 0.035  
1064a 0.59 - 0.70 0.50 - 0.80 0.030  0.035  
1065  0.60 - 0.70 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1070  0.65 - 0.75 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1074  0.70 - 0.80 0.50 - 0.80 0.030  0.035  
1075  0.70 - 0.80 0.40 - 0.70 0.030  0.035  
1078  0.72 - 0.85 0.30 - 0.60 0.030  0.035 
1080  0.75 - 0.88 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1084  0.80 - 0.93 0.60 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1085  0.80 - 0.93 0.70 - 1.00 0.030  0.035  
1086  0.80 - 0.93 0.30 - 0.50 0.030  0.035  
1090  0.85 - 0.98 0.69 - 0.90 0.030  0.035  
1095  0.90 - 1.03 0.30 - 0.50 0.030  0.035  
1515  0.13 - 0.18 1.10 - 1.40 0.030  0.035  
1521  0.18 -0.23 1.10 - 1.40 0.030  0.035  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  19 
 1522  0.18 - 0.24 1.10 - 1.40 0.030  0.035  
1524  0.19 - 0.25 1.30 - 1.65 0.030  0.035  
1526  0.22 - 0.29 1.10 - 1.40 0.030  0.035  
1527  0.22 - 0.29 1.20 - 1.50 0.030  0.035  
1536 0.30 - 0.37 1.20 - 1.50 0.030  0.035  
1541  0.36 - 0.44 1.35 - 1.65 0.030  0.035  
1547  0.43 - 0.51 1.35 - 1.65 0.030  0.035  
1548  0.44 - 0.52 1.10 - 1.40 0.030  0.035  
1552  0.47 - 0.55 1.20 - 1.50 0.030  0.035  
1566  0.60 - 0.71 0.85 - 1.15 0.030  0.035  
a Steel  designation No. 1064 is not an SAE Standard chemistry.  
NOTE  When silicon is required, the following steel designation ranges and limits are commonly used:  
 < 1 015:    0.10 max.  
 1 015  - 1 025:   0.10 - 0.25 
 >1 025:    0.10 - 0.30 
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
20 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Table A.2 — Standard chem ical ranges and limits  
Element  Carbon steels only, cast or heat analysis  
Minimum of specified element,  
% Range  Lowest max.  
Carbon (see Note)  ≤ 0.15 0.05 0.08 
0.15 ˂ x ≤ 0.30 0.06 
0.30 ˂ x ≤ 0.40 0.07 
0.40 ˂ x ≤  0.60 0.08 
0.6 ˂ x ≤  0.80 0.11 
0.80 ˂ x ≤  1.35 0.14 
Manganese  ≤ 0.50 0.20 0.40 
0.50 ˂ x ≤  1.15 0.30 
1.15 ˂ x ≤ 1.65 0.35 
Phosphorus  ≤ 0.08 0.03 0.030a) 
0.08 ˂ x ≤  0.15 0.05 
Sulfur  ≤ 0.08 0.03 0.035a) 
0.08 ˂ x ≤ 0.15 0.05 
0.15 ˂ x ≤  0.23 0.07 
0.23 ˂ x ≤  0.33 0.10 
Silicon  ≤ 0.15 0.08 0.10 
0.15 ˂ x ≤  0.30 0.15 
0.30 ˂ x ≤  0.60 0.30 
Copper  When copper is required 0.20 mm is 
commonly specified    
NOTE The carbon ranges shown in the column headed "Range" apply when the specified maximum limit for mangane se does 
not exceed 1.00 %. When the maximum manganese limit exceeds 1.00 %, add 0.01 to the carbon ranges shown in the table.  
a    Certain individual specifications provide for lower standard limits for phosphorus and sulfur  
 FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  21 
 Annex  B 
(informative)  
 
Effect of aging of cold -rolled carbon steel sheet on drawing and forming  
B.1 Commercial quality and drawing quality  
B.1.1  Cold-rolled sheet is usually temper rolled after annealing.  Maximum ductility and minimum  hardness 
exist in cold -rolled sheet in the annealed or dead soft conditions (not temper rolled);  however, such sheet is 
not suitable for most formations due to the fact that it will flute or stretcher  strain. A certain amount of cold 
work (temper rolling)  will prevent these conditions from occurring, but  the effect of temper rolling, is only 
temporary due to the phenomenon commonly known as aging.  
B.1.2  Effective roller levelling of temper -passed steel immediately prior to fabrication will minimize  the 
tendency of the sheet to stretcher strain and to flute, but such levelling will not restore softness  and ductility.  
In fact, roller levelling further work hardens the sheet and hence further reduces  ductility.  Rotation of stock by 
fabricating the oldest mat erial first is important.  Stocking material for  extended periods of time should be 
avoided.  
B.2 Special killed, drawing quality  
B.2.1  Special killed steel is essentially non -aging.  It will not stretcher strain or flute or suffer loss of  ductility 
with el apsed time when suitably temper rolled after annealing.  This quality should be ordered  when stretcher 
strains or fluting during fabrication are objectionable and the user does not have roller  levelling equipment.  
This quality also should be ordered when the user plans to store sheet over an  extended period of time 
without experiencing adverse changes due to aging.  
B.2.2  Drawing quality, special killed steel has its maximum ductility in the annealed or dead -soft conditions, 
but in this state it is subject to stretcher straining or fluting during fabrication.  
B.2.3  The superiority of special killed steel is not limited to the fact that it is essentially non -aging.  It  also 
has the exceptional ductility required for draws that cannot be made of drawing qualit y. FDEAS 196: 2013  
22 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  C 
(informative)  
 
Procedure for determining breakage allowance levels (applicable to 
carbon steel sheet only)  
C.1 In spite of the many extra precautions exercised in making sheet for drawing purpose s, certain 
manufacturing variables may be encountered, all beyond the manufacturer’s reasonable  control, which may 
contribute to breakage in fabrication and shall be considered as part of the normal  hazard of the purchaser’s 
use. The manufacturer will unde rtake to establish with the purchaser’s  concurrence a breakage allowance 
level.  
C.2 Breakage, for the purpose of this proposal, is defined as un -repairable parts broken during  drawing and 
classed as scrap.  Parts showing laminations, resulting from pipe, m ay be excluded  provided they are 
separately identified.  Broken parts that can be salvaged are not covered in this  procedure.  
C.3 This procedure is intended to establish a breakage allowance without the need for  re-inspection of each 
broken stamping. It wi ll apply to overall breakage on a given part (as calculated  by the method outlined below) 
in excess of 1 % up to and including 8 %. Inherent variations in steel  sheet and normal variables in the 
stamping operation preclude 100 % satisfactory performance. T herefore, it is accepted that practical 
perfection is attained when 99 % of the stampings are  produced without breakage. When the overall breakage 
is in excess of 8 %, it is considered to be the  result of abnormal stamping conditions, and this method does 
not apply.  
C.4 When there are two or more suppliers, the recommended procedure for determining a  breakage 
allowance for an identified part is based on the average percentage of breakage of at least  75 % minimum is 
to be included in the calculation starting  with the best performance.  The average  breakage thus determined 
shall be considered the allowance for the part.  For example,  
Vendor  Parts produced  Parts scrap  % scrap  
A 32 466  630 1.94 
B 27 856  579 2.08 
C 67 120  1 477  2.20 
D 56 200  1 349  2.40 
E 40 900 1 125  2.75 
F 850 60 7.05 
All 225 392 total  5 220 total  2.32 avg.  
 
Seventy -five percent of 225 392 equals to 169 044; there, it is necessary to include the total production of 
vendors A, B, C and D (A + B + C + D = total production of 183 642 parts) s ince the total  of A, D, and C is only 
127 442; which is less than 75 % of the total.  Total production of 183 642 parts  (A + B + C + d) with 4035 
parts being rejected, results in a percentage allowance of 2.20 %.  On this  basis, vendors D, E and F exceed 
the allowance.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  23 
 Annex  D 
(informative)  
 
Procedures for determining the extent of plastic deformation 
encountered in forming or drawing  
D.1 Introduction  
There preferred method for determining plastic grain is t he circle  grid and forming limit curve. The scribed 
square and change in thickness methods may also be used to evaluate deformation during  the forming of a 
flat sheet into the desired shape.  
D.2 Circle grid method  
D.2.1  The test system employs photographic  or electrochemically etched circle patterns on the  surface of a 
sheet metal blank of known "quality" and a forming limit curve for the evaluation of strains  developed by 
forming in press operations. It is useful in the la boratory and in the pressroom. Selection from the various 
steels that are commercially available can be done effectively by employing this technique. In addition, 
corrective action in die or part design to improve performance is  indicated.  
D.2.2  The forming limit curve in Figure D.1 has be en developed from actual measurements of the  major (e 1) 
and associated minor (e 2) strains found in critical areas of production type stampings.  Strain combinations that 
locate below this curve are safe, while those that fail above the curve are  critical.  For analysis of metal strain 
on production stampings, one shall recognize that day -to-day variations of material, lubrication and die 
settings will affect the strain level.  To ensure trouble -free press performance a zone below the forming limit 
curve boun ded by the dashed and solid lines is  designated as the “safety band”.  Therefore, strain 
combinations falling below the dashed lines should  not exceed the forming limit curve in normal production 
operations.  The left of zero portion of the  curve defines t he limiting biaxial tension -compression strain 
combination while the right side defines  the forming limit curve.  Because the production stampings used to 
develop for forming limit curve  represented all qualities of low -carbon light -gage sheet steel, this single 
forming limit curve can be  used successfully for these products.  
D.2.3  The circle grid method can also be used for other low -carbon sheet categories if the following  
adjustments to the forming limit curve are made:  
D.2.3.1  Material thickness  
As the metal thickness increases the forming limit curve shifts upwards in a parallel manner, 0.2 %  (e1) strain 
for each 0.025 mm increase in metal thickness above 0.75 mm.  
D.2.3.2  Material properties  
When material properties are considerably different from that of conventional low -carbon sheet steel  (for 
example, higher strength -low ductility), the forming limit curve is lower.  The magnitude of the  downgrade 
displacement is specific to each material; therefore, current material information should be  consulted to  
determine placement of the forming limit curve  FDEAS 196: 2013  
24 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 D.3 Procedure  
D.3.1  Obtain a sheet sample of "known quality", the sheet quality being established by either  supplier 
designation, consumer purchase order, or most preferred tensile data obtained from a  compan ion sheet 
sample.  
D.3.2  Obtain or prepare a negative on stencil with selected circles in a uniform pattern. The circles  may be 
2.5 mm to 25.0 mm in diameter; the most convenient diameter is 5.0 mm because it is easy to  read and the 
gage spacing is short en ough to show the maximum strain in a specific location on the  part. 
D.3.3  The sheet metal blanks should be cleaned to remove excess oil and dirt; however, some  precoated 
sheets can be etched without removing the coating. The areas to be etched should be  determined from 
observation of panels previously formed; generally, the area that has a split problem  is selected for etching. 
Normally, the convex side of the radius is gridded. If sufficient time is available , the  entire blank may be 
etched, since valuable  information can be obtained about the movement of  metal in stamping a part when 
strains can be evaluated in what may appear to be non -critical areas.  Additionally, for complex shapes it may 
be desirable to etch both surfaces of blanks so that the strains  that occur in reverse draws can be determined.  
 
Figure D.1 — Forming limit curve  
D.3.4  The sheet metal blanks may be etched by a photographic or electrochemical method. In the  former 
method a photosensitive solution, for example, 50 % Kodak Photo Resist ( KPR) emulsion and  50 % Q KPR -
thinner, is sprayed onto the sheet. The emulsion is dried by baking the sheet at 65 °C  for 15 min or by just 
standing it for several hours at room temperature in a dark room. The latter  should be employed in materials FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  25 
 that age and hence, become stronger when baked at 65 °C. The  negative is placed on the emulsion, held 
intimately in  contact with the sheet, and exposed to a strong  ultraviolet light source for 1 min - 1.5 min. The 
sheet is developed for 30  s to 45 s in KPR develope r, rinsed with water, and sprayed with alcohol to set the 
resist. It is again rinsed with water and then  sprayed with KPR black dye to reveal the etched circles.  
D.3.5  In the electrochemical method, the etch pad is saturated with an appropriate electrolyte . Various 
electrolytes are available from suppliers of the etching equipment. Some electrolytes are  more effective than 
others for etching certain surfaces, such as trnplate  and other metallic coated  sheets. A rust -inhibiting solution 
is preferred for stee l sheets.  
D.3.6  A ground clamp from the transformer of suitable amperage (10 to 50.4 is usually used) is  fastened to 
the blank and the second lead is attached to the etch pad. Although the current may be  turned on at this time, 
caution should be taken not to lay the pad on the sheet blank as it will arc. It is  advisable to refrain from 
touching the metal of the etch pad and the grounded sheet blank.  
D.3.7  The stencil is placed with the plastic coating against the sheet surface in the area to be  etched. 
Wetting the stencil with a minimum amount of electrolyte will assist in smoothing out the  wrinkles and gives a 
more uniform etch. The etch pad is now positioned on the stencil and the current  turned, on, if it is not already 
on.  Apply suitable pressure to the  pad. Only the minimum time  necessary to produce a clear etched pattern 
should be used. The etching time will vary with the  amperage available from the power source and the stencil 
area, as well as the pad area in contact  with the stencil. Rocker -type etch  pads give good prints and require 
less amperage than flat -surfaced  pads. Excessive current causes stencil damage.  
D.3.8  The etching solution activates the surface of the, metal and may cause rusting unless it is  inhibited. 
After the desired area has been etched, the blank should be wiped or rinsed, dried, and  neutralized.  
D.3.9  The etched blank is now ready for forming.  The lubricants and press conditions should  simulate 
production situations.  If a sequence of operations is used in forming a part, it is desirable to  etch sufficient 
blanks so that each operation can be studied.  
D.4 Measurement of strain after forming  
D.4.1  After forming, the  circles are generally distorted into elliptical shapes (Figure D.2). These  ellipses 
have major, and minor strain axes. The major strain (e 1) is always defined to be the direction  in which the 
greatest positive strain has occurred without regard to original blank edges or the sh eet rolling direction. The 
minor strain (e 2) is defined to be 90° the major strain direction.  
 
Figure D.2 —  
 FDEAS 196: 2013  
26 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 D.4.2  There are several methods for determining the major and minor strains of the formed panel.  Typical 
tool: are a pair of dividers and a scale  ruled in 0.5 mm. For sharp radii, a thin plastic scale that  can follow the 
contour of the stamping can be used to determine  the dimensions of the ellipses (scales are available to read 
the percent strain directly).  
D.5 Evaluation of strain measurements  
D.5.1 The strain is always positive while the e 2 strain may be zero, positive, or negative, as  indicated on 
the forming limit curve chart (Figure D.1). The maximum e 1 and associated 2, values  measured in critical 
areas on the formed part are plotted on the g raph paper containing the formic:  limit curve by locating the point 
of intersection of the e 1, e2 strains.  
D.5.2  If this point is on or below the "safety band" of the forming limit curve, the strain should not  cause 
breakage.  Points further below the curv e indicate that a less ductile material of a lower grade  may be applied.  
Points above the safety band show that fabrication has induced strains that could  result in breakage. 
Therefore, in evaluation on stampings exhibiting these strains, efforts should b e made to provide an e 1, e 2 
strain combination that would lie on or below the "safety band" of the  forming limit curve.  A different e 1,e2 
strain combination can be obtained through changes of one or  more of the forming variables such as die 
conditions, lu bricants, blank size, thickness, or material  grade: it should be: noted at this time that these 
conclusions are derived from a reference base being  the steel "quality" used to fabricate the grid stamping.  
D.5.3  When attempting to change the relationship of  e1 and e 2 strains, it should be noted that on the  
forming limit curve the most severe condition for a given e 1 strain is at 0 % e 2. This means the metal  works 
best when it is allowed to deform into two dimensions, e 1 and e 2, rather than being restricted i n one dimension. 
A change in e  to decrease the severity can be made by changing one of the  previously mentioned forming 
variables of the die design, for example, improving lubrication on the  tension -tension side will increase e 2 and 
decrease the  severity.  
D.5.4  In addition to the forming limit curve, the e 1 e 2, strain measurements may be used to evaluate  the 
material requirements on the basis of strain gradients, as illustrated in Figure D.3, or by plotting  contours of 
equivalent strain levels on the surfa ce of the formed part. Even when the level of strain is  relatively low, parts 
in which the e 1 2 strain is changing rapidly either in magnitude or direction over a  short span on the surface 
may require more ductile grades of sheet metal, change in lubricati on, orchange in part design.  
 
Figure D.3 — Graph of major strains and critical major strains and cross section of etched panel  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  27 
 D.6 Example of major and minor strain distribution  
D.6.1  A formed panel (Figure D.4) with a cross section as shown in Figure D.3  is used to illustrate  major and 
minor strain combinations. A plot of the major strain distribution should be made by finding  the ellipse with the 
largest major strain (circle 7) and measuring both the major and minor strains in  the row of ellipses running  in 
the direction of the major strain. The solid dots (Figure D.3) are the  measured major strains for each ellipse. 
The Xs are the critical major strains as determined from the  forming limit curve at the corresponding minor 
strain (intersection of the meas ured minor strain and  the severity curve).  
 
Figure D.4 — Formed panel and cross section  
D6.2  Usually a single row of ellipses will suffice to determine the most severe strain distribution.  The 
resulting strain distribution plot (Figure D.3) illustrates b oth severity of the strain compared to the  critical strain 
limits and the concentration of strain in the stamping. Steep strain gradients should be  avoided because they 
are inherent to fracture sites.  
D.7 Example for reducing splitting tendency  
D.7.1 If the radius of the pan in the region of circle 1 is increased, some strain can be induced to  take place 
in this area which will allow the major strain in circle 7 to be reduced sufficiently to bring the  strain combination 
below the critical limit. Thus course  of action requires no binding or reshaping of  the punch, only grinding in 
the radius.  
D.7.2 The total average major strain required to make this formation is only 17.5 %; yet in a 5.0 mm  circle 
the strain is as high as 40 %. The strain distribution curve puts forth graphically the need to  distribute the 
strain over the length of the line by some means as described above.  FDEAS 196: 2013  
28 © EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  
 D.7.3 Change in lubrication can also improve the strain distribution of a stamping. If the strain over  the 
punch is critical, the amount of stretch (strain) required to make the shape can be reduced by  allowing metal 
to flow in over the punch by decreasing the friction through the use of a more effective  lubricant in the hold -
down area.  
D.7.4 If the part is critical, a change in material ma y help. That is, a material having a better uniform  
elongation will distribute the strain more uniformly or a material having a higher "r" value will make it  possible 
to "draw" in more metal from the hold -down area so that less stretch is necessary to form  the part. 
D.8 Scribed square method  
D.8.1  The basic technique is to draw a panel from a blank that has been scribed both longitudinally  and 
transversely with a series of parallel lines spaced at 25.0 mm intervals. The lines on the panel are  measured 
after drawing and the stretch or draw calculated as the percent increase in area of a 25.0  mm2. This is a fairly 
simple procedure for panels having generous radii and fairly even stretch  or draw. Many major panels fall in 
this category, and in these instances i t is quite easy to pick out the  square area exhibiting the greatest 
increase.  
D.8.2  If the square or line to be measured is no longer a flat surface, place a narrow strip of  masking (or 
other suitable tape) on the formed surface and mark the points, which are to be  measured. Remove the tape, 
place on a plane surface, and determine the distance between the  points with a steel scale.  
D.8.3  There will be cases of minor increase in area with major elongation in the one direction. In  these 
instances, the percent  elongation should be recorded.  
D.9 Thickness method  
There are instances when the maximum stretch is continued to an area smaller than 645 mm  or the shape of 
the square has been distorted irregularly, making measurement difficult and  calculation inaccurate . When 
either of these conditions exists, an electronic thickness gage may be  used at the area in question or this area 
may be sectioned and the decrease in metal thickness  measured with a ballpoint micrometer. The increase in 
unit area can be calculated b y dividing the  original thickness by the final thickness.  
For example, a ssuming the blank thickness to be 0.80 mm and the final thickness to be 0.60 mm, the increase 
in unit area would be a [(0.80 - 0.60)/0.80]  100 = 25 % increase.  FDEAS  196: 2013  
© EAC 2013  – All rights reserved  29 
 Bibliography  
[1] KS 1513, Specification for steel sheet and strip, heavy thickness coils, carbon, hot -rolled  
[2] ISO 14284 , Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical 
composition  
 FDEAS 196: 2013    
 
© EAC 201 3 – All rights reserved