G/SG/N/7/TUR/13  
G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
5 October 2018  
(18-6181) Page: 1/11 
Committee on Safeguards  Original: English  
 
 
NOTIFICATION UNDER A RTICLE 12.4 OF THE A GREEMENT  
ON SAFEGUARDS BEFORE TAKING A PROVISIONAL  
SAFEGUARD MEASURE RE FERRED TO  
IN ARTICLE 6  
 
NOTIFICATION PURSUAN T TO ARTICLE 9, FOOT NOTE 2  
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
TURKEY 
(Steel Products)  
The following communication, dated 5 October 2018, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of Turkey.  
 
_______________  
 
 
1. The product subject to the proposed provisional safeguard measure  
 
The 5 product categories ( "products concerned") and their 4 -digit HS codes that are subject to the 
proposed provisional safeguard measure are listed in Annex -I. It was determined during the course 
of the investigation that hot -rolled stainless steel products were not manufactured in Turkey. In this 
regard, hot -rolled st ainless steel products are not included within the scope of the provisional 
measure and accordingly analysis with regard to imports and domestic industry does not cover these 
products.  
 
2. The proposed provisional safeguard measure  
 
The proposed provision al safeguard measure is in the form of tariff quotas. The portion of imports 
exceeding the tariff quota levels will be subject to 25% additional duty. The proposed tariff quotas 
are listed in Annex -II. 
 
3. The proposed date of the introduction of the propo sed provisional safeguard 
measure  
 
The proposed date of introduction of the proposed provisional safeguard measure is 17/10/2018.  
 
4. The expected duration of the provisional safeguard measure  
 
The proposed provisional safeguard measure will be in force for 200 days.  
 G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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  5. Provide the basis for:  
 
(1) making a preliminary determination, as provided for in Article 6, that increased 
imports have caused or are threatening to cause serious injury; and,  
 
GENERAL INFORMATION  
 
Taking into account recent development s in the world steel market, specifically import taxes imposed 
by the United States, safeguard investigation initiated and provisional safeguard measure applied 
by European Union and overall worldwide  propensity to resort to protectionist measures against 
steel products, an investigation was initiated ex-officio  in order to determine whether imports have 
caused serious injury and/or threat thereof to domestic producers of the products concerned.  The 
Communiqué on Safeguard Measure on Imports (No:2018/3) announcing the initiation of the 
safeguard investigation was published on Official Gazette on April 27, 2018.  
 
The related parties presented their views, data and documents with the questionnaires . An interim 
examination report was published on the website of the Ministry of Trade1. 
 
The information with regard to the domestic industry was submitted by 5 producers for flat products, 
15 producers for long products, 4 producers for pipes and tubes, 1  producer for stainless steel and 
2 producers for railway material.  
 
UNFORESEEN DEVELOPMENTS  
 
The Turkish investigating authority examined the unforeseen developments that have caused a 
sharp and significant increase in the imports.  
 
Global excess capacity  of the products concerned in last decades has already been an agenda item 
of several international platforms. In such competitive market conditions where the prices are 
determined globally, individual import regulations of the countries bring about signif icant changes 
in the routes of international trade.  
 
Both the recent measures in the form of tariff increase and the trade restrictive practices of a number 
of Members (the United States, European Union and some developing countries such as India, 
Indonesi a) caused the change of the course of trade flow of the products concerned. These protective 
policies have been unforeseen developments directly affecting the amount of imports of the product 
concerned into Turkey.  
 
Turkey has been an attractive market for  these steel products that are subject to increasing number 
of protective measures. Therefore, the measures that have been begun to be applied worldwide are 
the unforeseen developments that have triggered an increase of imports of the products concerned 
into Turkey.  
 
INCREASE IN IMPORTS  
 
The information currently available indicates that there has been an increase in imports of the 
products concerned in the period 2013 -2017. Imports increased by 25% in 2015. Following that 
year, imports of the products conc erned further increased by 1.3% and 0.6% in 2016 and 2017 and 
reached to 10.6 million tonnes.  
 
                                                
1 The link of the investigation page is https://www.ticaret.gov.tr/ithala t/ticaret -politikasi -savunma -
araclari/korunma -onlemleri/sorusturmalar/devam -eden-sorusturmalar -listesi -ongoing -investigations/demir -
celik-urunleri -tum-ulkeler -teblig -no-2018-3  G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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 The import quantities of the product groups are presented at the table below.  
 
Imports (1000 tonnes)  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Flat Products  8,014  6,206  8,078  8,134  8,390  
Long Products  1,371  1,364  1,469  1,539  1,312  
Pipes and Tubes  431 419 535 508 506 
Stainless Steel  370 302 304 303 332 
Railways Materials  37 20 26 57 66 
Total  10,223  8,311  10,412  10,543  10,606  
 
The increase in imported amounts of flat products, stainless steel and railways materials in 2017 
has been 3%, 10% and 16%, respectively.  
 
The index of the imports relative to domestic production is demonstrated below for the product 
groups.  
 
Import/Production (Index)  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Flat products  100 64 79.7 80 68 
Long Products  100 100 98.44  98.41  87 
Pipes and Tubes  100 30.9 38 35 31 
Stainless Steel  100 21 20 20.8 21.2 
Railway Materials  100 78 107 301 386 
All Products  100 72 84 83 78 
 
Index figures for all groups except long products increased between 2014 and 2017. Increase in 
import of railway materials relative to domestic production in the last 5 years has been dramatic 
(from 100 to 386).  
 
Table below shows the market shares of imported and domestic products overall.  
 
Market Share  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Imports (1000 Tonnes)  10,223  8,311  10,412  10,543  10,606  
Domestic Sales (1000 Tonnes)  14,911  16,718  18,794  18,782  20,464  
Consumption (Tonnes)  25,134  25,029  29,206  29,325  31,070  
Market Share of the Imports  (%) 41 33 36 36 34 
Market Share of the Domestic Production (%)  59 67 64 64 66 
 
Market shares of domestic and imported products have been stagnant between 2014 and 2017. 
Since 2014, imported products kept their market share stable in any circumstances.  
 
During the period analysed, there has been an increase in imports of the products concerned. 
After 2014, this increase has been continuous. In the following years, domestic products could not 
go beyond its market share level in 2014.  
 
THREAT OF SERIOUS INJ URY 
 
In order to make a determination of serious injury or threat thereof to the domestic producers of 
the products concerned, an evaluation of all relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable nature 
having a bearing on the situation of the domestic i ndustry has been undertaken between 2013 and G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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  2017. Figures on economic indicators of the domestic producers are based on the data submitted by 
domestic producers that are listed in the interim report.  
 
The general economic indicators related to all product s concerned in the safeguard investigation are 
presented at the table below, whereas the indicators related to the products individually are given 
in the Annex -III. 
 
 
Economic Indicators  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Consumption (1000 Tonnes)  25,134  25,029  29,206  29,325  31,070  
Import (1000 Tonnes)  10,223  8,311  10,412  10,543  10,606  
Production (1000 Tonnes)  24,085  27,364  29,181  29,891  32,022  
Domestic Sales (1000 Tonnes)  14,911  16,718  18,794  18,782  20,464  
Profitability (%)  0.7 2.6 1.6 5.5 10.3 
Capacity (1000 Tonnes)  31,456  40,954  41,705  43,217  43,315  
Capacity Utilization  
Ratio (CUR) (%)  77 67 70 69 74 
Stocks (1000 Tonnes)  1,639  1,770  1,810  1,964  1,826  
Employment (Persons)  26,452  31,334  31,088  30,714  31,421  
Labour Productivity  
(Tonnes/Person)  911 873 939 973 1,019  
 
In calculating the size of the domestic market, domestic sales figures of domestic producers and 
import figures in the related period are summed up. According to these figures, the size of domestic 
market (consumption) for the product concerned enlarged by 24% from 2013 to 2017. Likewise, 
output of domestic producers increased by 33% in the same period.  
 
Regarding capacity utilization, the ratio level over 75% is regarded feasible in accordance with 
international standards for steel ind ustry. Accordingly, it is fair to say that since 2014 domestic 
industry could manage to approach this threshold first time in 2017. This puts the domestic industry 
in a quite vulnerable position against increase in imports. While the capacity utilization r atio was 
77% in 2013, it just reached to level of 74% in 2017 following the slump in 2014 . 
 
End of period stocks of domestic production increased from 1.64 million tonnes in 2013 to 1.96 
million tonnes in 2016, then it declined slowly in 2017.  
 
Furthermor e, findings of Turkish investigating authority on the situation of domestic industry for 
individual product categories of the product concerned are evaluated below. Figures of domestic 
industry are indexed according to the values in 2013.  
 
- Flat products:  Production index increased to 154 in 2017, while domestic sales also raised to 131. 
Consumption increased by 17% during the period of analysis. Capacity has not changed since 2015. 
Also, the level of employment, labour productivity and stocks raised from 2013 to 2017. Profitability 
index reached 246 in 2017.  
 
- Long products: Although the consumption, domestic sales and production levels of the long 
products increased from the beginning of the investigation period to 2017, the profitability of these 
produc ts remained negative until 2016. Indeed, capacity utilization ratio (CUR) reached the lowest G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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 level in 2017. Stocks, labour productivity and employment increased by 3% - 7% during the period 
of analysis.  
 
- Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles: Production index  reached to 385 in 2017, while the index of 
consumption and domestic sales increased in lower rates in the same period. Profitability continued 
to be negative during the period of analysis. Despite the fact that the capacity index went up to 369 
in 2017, C UR increased slightly from 2013 to 2017. Stocks index also increased significantly and 
reached to 650 in 2017.  
 
- Stainless steel: Consumption index increased less than the other product groups during the 
investigation period. Production and domestic sales  increased significantly; index levels reached to 
425 and 349 in 2017, respectively. However, profitability has been either negative or in very low 
levels during the period of analysis. The index of the CUR, which was 396 in 2014, reached to 425 
in 2017. E mployment and labour productivity had an increasing trend, as well. On the other hand, 
the pressure of imported products caused the stocks of domestic industry to reach the index level 
of 184 in 2017.  
 
- Railways materials: Consumption, production and dome stic sales decreased between 2013 and 
2017, while imports increased by 81%. Consumption, production and domestic sales indexes 
decreased to 53, 43 and 39 in 2017, respectively. Profitability index went down to 95 in 2017 while 
CUR decreased to 47. Stocks h ad the same decline trend. Employment fluctuated in the period of 
2013-2017, by reaching 73 and 79 in 2016 and 2017. Productivity declined to 59 in 2017.  
 
In conclusion, although certain figures with regard to domestic industry improved during the period 
analysed, overall picture and recent trends point to a situation of threat of serious injury for domestic 
industry. For all product groups, CUR is still at a critical level for sustainable functioning of steel 
industry. Also, stocks remained considerably h igh in 2017 compared to the beginning period. 
Besides, it is possible to observe the vulnerable position of the domestic industry on product group 
basis, as well. There has been a significant increase in the stocks of the flat products in 2017. 
Producers o f the long products operated with poor profits during the period concerned. Domestic 
production of pipes and tubes has been far from being profitable. Stainless steel industry faced a 
dramatic increase in stocks in 2017. Producers of railway materials suff ered from a dramatic 
decrease in certain indicators like production and domestic sales amounts from 2013 to 2017. 
Overall, it is concluded that domestic steel industry is under threat of serious injury due to the 
increase in imports of the products concern ed. 
 
CAUSATION  
 
Imports of the products subject to investigation increased during the period under examination. 
Following a decrease by 19% in 2014, imports of the products concerned increased constantly 
onwards and reached 10.6 million tonnes in 2017. Imported products has continuously been feeding 
more than a third of domestic market share since 2014.  
 
Although increase in imports has not yet caused serious injury on domestic industry, an overall 
evaluation of the case signals to a threat of industry. For  all product groups, the domestic industry 
has not yet reached a capacity utilization level on a sustainable level. Indeed, for certain products, 
it possible to observe the simultaneously injurious effects of the surge in imports on domestic 
industry. For instance, stocks of flat products increased by 8% in 2017 when imports of these 
products reached its peak level. Imports of railway materials nearly doubled from 2013 to 2017 
while certain indicators of domestic industry such as production and sales amount s deteriorated 
dramatically.  
 
Overall, it is concluded that the surge in the imports of the products concerned and the threat of 
serious injury on the domestic industry took effect simultaneously.  
 
(2) determining that there are critical circumstances where delay would cause damage 
which it would be difficult to repair.  
 
Although it is possible to see positive values to some extent in certain economic indicators during 
the investigation period, the situation of the sector is generally still vulnerable. Most of the recent 
figures of the domestic industry indicates that the product concerned is highly sensitive to any further 
increase of imports. The protectionist measures taken by a number of Members have a direct G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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  consequence of directing the flow of trad e into other countries. Domestic market in Turkey, with 
annual consumption around 30 million tons, is becoming a natural target for imported products. 
Recent figures show that domestic industry has no more margin to absorb the effects of increase in 
import s. In this regard, a delay in taking a measure would cause a number of domestic producers 
to face serious deterioration in their economic activities.  
 
6. Offer of Consultations  
 
Turkeys offers consultations on the provisional safeguard measures at any time  after the measure 
is taken . 
 
_______________  
 
 
  G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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 NOTIFICATION PURSUAN T TO ARTICLE 9, FOOT NOTE 2  
OF THE AGR EEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
 
1. Specify the measure  
 
The proposed provisional safeguard measure is in the form of tariff quotas. The portion of imports 
exceeding the tariff quota levels will be subject to 25% additional duty. The proposed tariff quotas 
are listed in Annex -II. 
 
2. Specify the products subject to the measure  
 
The products subject to the proposed provisional safeguard measure are listed in A nnex-I. 
 
3. Specify the developing countries to which the measu re is not applied under 
Article  9.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards  
 
The developing countries which are excluded from the provisional measure as they export in 
quantities less than 3 per cent of  imports to Turkey are listed below under Article 9.1 of the 
Agreement on Safeguards.  
 
Afghanistan, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, 
Belarus, Belize, Benin , Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bosnia a nd Herz egovina, Botswana, Brazil, 
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Bhutan, Algeria, Djibouti, Cook Islands, Chad, Democratic Republic of the 
Congo, Dominican Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Indonesia, Eritrea, 
Ethiopia, Morocco, Fiji, Côte d 'Ivoire, Philippines, State of Palestine, French Polynesia, Gabon, 
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea -Bissau, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, South Africa, South Sudan, 
Georgia, Haiti, India, Honduras, Iraq, Iran, Jamaica, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, 
Montenegro, K azakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati, Colombia , Comoros, Congo, Kosovo, 
Costa  Rica, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Cuba, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, 
Liberia, Libya, Lebanon, Madagascar, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Maldives, 
Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mozambique, Mexico, Egypt , Micronesia (Federated States o f), 
Mongolia, Republic of Moldova, Montserrat, Mauritania, Mauritius, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, 
Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Niue, Central Afri can Republic, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, 
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome And Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, 
Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Chile, Tajikistan, United Republic 
of Tanzania, Thailand, Timor -Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, 
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Oman, Uruguay, Jordan, Vanuatu, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), 
Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.  
  G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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  ANNEX -I 
Product Categories  
N. Product Group  HS Codes  Description of Products  
1 Flat Products  72.08  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or  
more, hot -rolled, not clad, plated or coated:  
72.09  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or 
more, cold -rolled (cold -reduced), not clad, plated or coated:  
72.10  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or 
more, clad, plated or coated:  
72.11  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of less than  
600 mm, not clad, plated or coated:  
72.12  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of less than  
600 mm, clad, plated or coated:  
72.25  Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more:  
72.26  Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width of less than 600 mm:  
2 Long Products  72.13  Bars and rods, hot -rolled, in irregularly wound coils, of iron or non -alloy 
steel:  
72.14  Other bars and rods of iron or non -alloy steel, not further worked than  
forged, hot -rolled, hot -drawn or hot -extruded, but including those 
twisted  after rolling:  
72.15  Other bars and rods of iron or non -alloy steel:  
72.16  Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non -alloy steel:  
72.17  Wire of iron or non -alloy steel:  
72.27  Bars and rods, hot -rolled, in irregularly wound coils, of other alloy steel:  
72.28  Other bars and rods of other alloy steel; angles, shapes and sections, of 
other alloy steel; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non -alloy steel:  
3 Tubes, Pipes 
and Hollow 
Profiles  73.03  Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron:  
73.04  Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (other than cast iron)  
or steel:  
73.05  Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, riveted or similarly closed),  
having circular cross -sections, the external diameter of which exceeds  
406,4 mm, of iron or steel:  
73.06  Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles (for example, open seam or  
welded, riveted or similarly closed), of iron or steel:  
4 Stainless Steel*  72.19  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of 600 mm or more:  
72.20  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of less than 600 mm:  
5 Railway 
Material  73.02  Railway or tramway track construction material of iron or steel, the  
following: rails, check -rails and rack rails, switch blades, crossing frogs,  
point rods and other crossing pieces, sleepers (cross -ties), fish -plates, 
chairs, chair wedges, sole pla tes (base plates), rail clips, bedplates, ties 
and other material specialised for jointing or fixing rails:  
    
* The products, which are currently classified with the HS Codes 7219.11, 7219.12, 7219.13,  7219.14,  
7219.21,  7219.22,  7219.23,  7219.24,  7220.11 and 7220.12, are excluded.  
  G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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 ANNEX -II 
Proposed Tariff Quotas  
N. Product 
Group  HS Codes  Description of Products  Tariff 
Quota  
(Tonnes)  Additional 
Duty (%)  
1 Flat Products  72.08  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a 
width of 600 mm or  more, hot -rolled, not clad, 
plated or coated:  3.117.670  25% 
72.09  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a 
width of 600 mm or more, cold -rolled (cold -
reduced), not clad, plated or coated:  
72.10  Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a 
width of 600 mm or more, clad, plated or coated:  
72.11  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a 
width of less than  600 mm, not clad, plated or 
coated:  
72.12  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a 
width of less than  600 mm, clad, plated or coated:  
72.25  Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width 
of 600 mm or more:  
72.26  Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width 
of less than 600 mm:  
2 Long 
Products  72.13  Bars and rods, hot -rolled, in irregularly wound 
coils, of iron or non -alloy steel:  558.534  25% 
72.14  Other bars and rods of iron or non -alloy steel, not 
further worked than  forged, hot -rolled, hot -drawn 
or hot -extruded, but including those twisted after 
rolling:  
72.15  Other bars and rods of iron or non -alloy steel:  
72.16  Angles, shapes and sections of iron or non -alloy 
steel:  
72.17  Wire of iron or non -alloy steel:  
72.27  Bars and rods, hot -rolled, in irregularly wound 
coils, of other alloy steel:  
72.28  Other bars and rods of other alloy steel; angles, 
shapes and sections, of other alloy steel; hollow 
drill bars and rods, of alloy or non -alloy steel:  
3 Tubes, Pipes 
and Hollow 
Profiles  73.03  Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron: 273.901  25% 
73.04  Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron 
(other than cast iron)  or steel:  
73.05  Other tubes and pipes (for example, welded, 
riveted or similarly closed),  having circular cross -
sections, the external diameter of which exceeds  
406,4 mm, of iron or steel:  
73.06  Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles (for 
example, open seam or  welded, riveted or 
similarly closed), of iron or steel:  
4 Stainless 
Steel*  72.19  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width 
of 600 mm or more:  139.934  25% 
72.20  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width 
of less than 600 mm:  
5 Railway 
Material  73.02  Railway or tramway track construction material of 
iron or steel, the  following: rails, check -rails and 
rack rails, switch blades, crossing frogs, point 
rods and other crossing pieces, sleepers (cross -
ties), fish -plates, chairs, chair wedges, sole plates 
(base plates), rail clips, bedplates, ties and other 
material specialised for jointing or fixing rails:  27.044  25% 
* The products, which are currently classified with the HS Codes 7219.11, 7219.12, 7219.13,  7219.14,  
7219.21,  7219.22,  7219.23,  7219.24,  7220.11 and 7220.12 are excluded.  G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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  ANNEX -III 
Economic Indicators of the Product Categories  
Flat Products  2013  2014  2015  2016 2017  
Consumption  100 92 107 107 117 
Production  100 121 126 127 154 
Domestic Sales  100 107 114 113 131 
Profitability  100 158 158 193 246 
Capacity  100 148 145 145 145 
Capacity Utilization Ratio (CUR)  100 82 87 87 106 
Stocks  100 108 113 99 107 
Employment  100 117 115 113 112 
Labour Productivity  100 104 110 112 138 
      
Long Products  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Consumption  100 109 127 129 130 
Production  100 100 109 114 110 
Domestic Sales  100 110 131 133 137 
Profitability  -100 -69 -99 22 133 
Capacity  100 107 113 118 119 
Capacity Utilization Ratio (CUR)  100 93 96 96 92 
Stocks  100 103 96 130 103 
Employment  100 108 105 103 107 
Labour Productivity  100 92 104 111 103 
      
Pipes and Tubes  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Consumption  100 171 205 210 224 
Production  100 314 331 335 385 
Domestic Sales  100 268 311 330 363 
Profitability  -100 -491 -636 -301 -211 
Capacity  100 327 328 369 369 
Capacity Utilization Ratio (CUR)  100 96 101 91 104 
Stocks  100 409 687 550 620 
Employment  100 256 285 316 331 
Labour Productivity  100 123 116 106 116 G/SG/N/7/TUR/13 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/23  
 
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 Stainless Steel  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Consumption  100 108 107 110 117 
Production  100 396 402 394 425 
Domestic Sales  100 330 312 348 349 
Profitability  -100 -10 -11 7 14 
Capacity  100 100 100 100 100 
Capacity Utilization Ratio (CUR)  100 396 402 394 425 
Stocks  100 137 163 102 184 
Employment  100 144 146 134 137 
Labour Productivity  100 276 276 293 310 
      
Railway Materials  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Consumption  100 73 73 51 53 
Production  100 71 66 52 47 
Domestic Sales  100 75 74 39 39 
Profitability  100 106 45 63 95 
Capacity  100 99 95 106 100 
Capacity Utilization Ratio (CUR)  100 72 70 49 47 
Stocks  100 54 30 71 48 
Employment  100 92 94 73 79 
Labour Productivity  100 78 71 71 59 
      
 
__________