G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
3 July  2017 
(17-3557) Page: 1/23 
Committee on Agriculture  Original: English  
 
 
NOTIFICATION  
The following submission, dated 28 June 2017, is being circulated at the request of the Delegation 
of Japan . The notification concerns domestic support commitments ( Table  DS:1 and the relevant 
Supporting Tables) for the fiscal years 2013  and 2014 . 
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 2 - Table DS:1  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 201 3 
Current Total Aggregate Measurement of Support  
Total AMS commitment level for  period in question  Currency  Current Total AMS  
(from Section 1 of Part IV of the Schedule)  (from Section 1 of Part IV of the Schedule)  (from attached Supporting Tables)  
1 2 3 
3,972.9  billion Yen  593.3  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 3 - Supporting Table DS:1  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 2013  
Measures exempt from the reduction commitment  – "Green Box"  
Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
(a) General services  Research:  
general research, research in connection with environmental programmes, and research 
programmes relating to particular products.  79.0 Documents of 
Budget  
 Plant protection:  
general and product -specific pest and disease control measures.  9.4 " 
 Animal health control:  
general and product -specific animal health control for livestock and animal medicine 
inspection.  9.5 " 
 Extension services:  
education, extension and advisory services, and programmes for practical application of 
new technologies.  11.3 " 
 Facilitation of management of agricultural organizations:  
facilitation of training and advisory services through agricultural organizations.  42.5 " 
 Compilation of statistical data and information:  
compilation and provision of statistical data and information for producers and 
consumers.  3.1 " 
 Extension and infrastructural services for technological improvement of agricultural 
production:  
extension and advisory services, research programmes, and infrastructural services for 
technological improvement of agricultural production.  90.9 "  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 4 - Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
 General services for livestock industry including extension and infrastructure:  
infrastructural services, extension and advisory services on technologies, and information 
services for promotion of livestock products.  44.4 Documents of 
Budget  
 Programmes for improvement of food marketing, processing and consumption:  
providing marketing information to consumers, research related to food or agricultural 
products processing, marketing promotion, and inspection.  10.1  
 Inspection and information services for agricultural production materials:  
inspection, research, extension and advisory services for agricultural machinery, 
fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, seeds and seedlings.  3.5  
 Infrastructural services for agricultural sector and rural area:  
construction of irrigation/drainage facilit ies and rural roads, and land consolidation.  445.3   
 Disaster rehabilitation services:  
reconstruction of irrigation/drainage facilities and rural roads damaged by natural 
disasters.  134.8   
 Advisory services for structural improvement:  
advisory services  for effective farm land utilization.  27.2  
 Personnel expenses for the Government officials:  
personnel expenses for the Government officials.  194.2   
(b) Public stockholding for food 
security purposes  Public stockholding:  
public stockholding of rice, wheat, barley, soya beans and feedgrains.  19.0 " 
(c) Domestic food aid  School lunch programmes:  
supply of rice, milk, and fruit juice for school children at subsidized prices.  0.9 " 
(f) Payments for relief from 
natural disasters  Agricultural insurance scheme:  
Government subsidies on premiums of agricultural insurance.  32.7 " 
 Natural disaster relief loans:  
loans for relief of damaged farmers by natural disasters.  0.0 " 
(g) Structural adjustment 
assistance provided through 
producer retirement programmes  Farmers' pension programmes:  
payments of pension to retired farmers on condition of management transfer.  121.6    
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 5 - Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
(i) Structural adjustment 
assistance provided through 
investment aids  Agricultural loans:  
interest concessions for government programmed agricultural loans.  10.1 Documents of 
Budget  
 Measures to solve the problems on farmers and farmlands:  
payments for farmlands accumulation and setting up new young farmers.  58.0 " 
(j) Environmental programmes  Payments for conversion from rice production:  
payments for maintaining paddy fields in environmentally good condition through 
growing any plants other than rice or other appropriate managements.  251.7  " 
 Support programme for reduction of environmental burden due to dairy farming: 
payments to dairy farmers who practice appropriate management to tackle 
environmental problems  6.2  
 Measures to conserve and improve land, water, and the environment:  assistance to 
community -collaborative activities  29.0  
(k) Regional assistance 
programmes  Direct payment to farmers in the hilly and mountainous areas:  
payments for farmers who continue farming activities for at least five years under the 
community agreements.  28.1 " 
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 6 - Supporting Table DS:3  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 2013  
Measures exempt from the reduction commitment  - Direct Payments  under Production -Limiting Programmes  "Exempt Direct Payments " 
Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Article 6:5  Monetary value of measure in 
year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data sources  
1 2 3 4 
(b) Payments based on 85 % or less 
of the base level of production  Direct Payment for Rice:  
direct payments for rice producers under production -limiting programme.  155.9  Financial 
statements  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 7 - Supporting Table DS:4  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2013  
Calculation of the Current Total Aggregate Measurement of Support  
Description of basic products  
(including non -product 
specific AMS)  Product specific AMS  
(from Supporting Tables DS:5 to DS:7 below)  
(Billion Yen)  Product -specific measurements of support  
(from Supporting Table DS:8 below)  Current Total AMS 
(aggregate)  
(Billion Yen)  
1 2 3 4 
Sugar  18.8  18.8 
Starch  3.5  3.5 
Milk 25.2  25.2 
Beef and veal  220.0   220.0  
Meat of swine  325.9   325.9  
Total AMS    593.3  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 8 - Supporting Table DS:5  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2013  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Market Price Support  
Description of 
basic products  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning …  Measure type(s)  Applied 
administered 
price  
('000 Yen/tonne)  External reference 
price (generally 
from AGST/…)  
('000 Ye n/tonne)  Eligible 
production  
('000 tonnes)  Associated 
fees/levies  
(Billion Yen)  Total market 
price support  
(Billion Yen)  Data 
sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
((4-5)*6) -7 9 
Beef and veal  April 2012  price stabilization  825 626 505.7  4.8 95.8 (*1) 
Meat of swine  April 2012  price stabilization  405 152 1,311  15.8 315.9  (*2) 
 
(*1) 
Column 4: Standard stabilization price.  
Column 5: [CIF price of Australian beef] (MOF "Japan's Trade Statistics") x [conversion rate from boneless beef to carcass (0 .7)] x [quality difference coefficient (2.0)] . 
Column 6: Total production (MAFF "Meat Statistics") . 
 
(*2) 
Column 4: Standard stabilization price . 
Column 5: Sluicegate price in EC . 
Column 6: Total Production (MAFF "Meat Statistics") . 
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 9 - Supporting Table DS:6  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2013  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Non-Exempt Direct Payments  
Description 
of basic 
product  Calendar/  
marketing 
year 
beginning…  Measure type(s)  Applied 
administered 
price  
('000 
Yen/tonne)  External 
reference price 
(generally from 
AGST/…)  
('000 
Yen/tonne)  Eligible 
production  
('000 tonnes)  Total price -
related direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Other non -
exempt direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Associated 
fees/levies  
(Billion Yen)  Total direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Data 
sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
((4-5)*6)  8 9 10 
(7+8-9) 11 
Sugar  October 2013  Payments related to 
volume of production      18.8  18.8 (*1) 
Starch  October 2013  Payments related to 
volume of production      3.5  3.5 " 
Milk April 2013  Payments related to 
price    0.0   25.2 " 
  Payments related to 
volume of production      25.1    
Beef and 
veal April 2013  Deficiency payments     21.3   124.1  " 
  Payments related to 
volume of production      102.8     
Meat of 
swine  April 2013  Deficiency payments     10.0   10.0 " 
Eggs April 2013  Payments related to 
price    5.2   5.2 " 
Vegetables  April 2013  Payments related to 
price    9.8   9.8 " 
Fruits  April 2013  Payments related to 
price    
6.8   
6.8 " 
(*1) Column 11:  Documents of Budget .  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 10 - Supporting Table DS:7  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2013  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Other Product -Specific Support and Total Product -Specific AMS  
Description 
of basic 
product  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning…  Measure 
type(s)  Other 
product -
specific 
budgetary 
outlays  Other product 
specific support 
(include 
calculation 
details)  Associated 
fees/levies  Total 
other 
product -
specific 
support  Market price 
support 
(Supporting 
Table DS:5)  Non-exempt 
direct 
payments 
(Supporting 
Table DS:6)  Total 
AMS Data 
sources  
       (Billion Yen)  (Billion Yen)  (Billion 
Yen)   
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
(4+5-6) 8 9 10 
(7+8-9) 11 
Sugar  October 2013        18.8 18.8  
Starch  October 2013        3.5 3.5  
Milk April 2013        25.2 25.2  
Beef and veal  April 2013      95.8 124.1  220.0   
Meat of swine  April 2013       315.9  10.0 325.9   
Eggs April 2013        5.2 5.2 de minimis  
(note)  
Vegetables  April 2013        9.8 9.8 de minimis  
(note)  
Fruits  April 2013        6.8 6.8 de minimis  
(note)  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 11 - Note to Supporting Table DS:7  
 Total output (1)  
(Billion Yen)  Budgetary outlays (2)  
(Billion Yen)  (2)/(1) x 100  
(%) 
Eggs 463.8  5.2 1.1 
Vegetables  2,253.3  9.8 0.4 
Fruits  758.8  6.8 0.9 
Data:  MAFF "Statistics of agricultural income produced".   
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 12 - Supporting Table DS:9  
DOMESTIC  SUPPORT: JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 201 3 
Non-Product -Specific AMS  
Measure type(s)  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning…  Non-product -
specific budgetary 
outlays  Other non -product 
specific support 
(include 
calculation details)  Associated 
fees/levies  Total non -
product -specific 
support  Data sources  
  (Billion Yen)    (Billion Yen)   
1 2 3 4 5 6 
(3+4-5) 7 
Agricultural Insurance Scheme  April 201 3 17.4   17.4 Documents of Budget (*1)  
Crop income stabilization payment  April 201 3 171.5    171.5  Financial statements  
Total non -product -specific support      188.9  de minimis  (note)  
(*1) Government subsidies on premiums of agricultural insurance for production loss not exceeding 30% of the average of production . 
 
Note 
 Total output (1)  
(Billion Yen)  Budgetary outlays (2)  
(Billion Yen)  (2)/(1) x 100  
(%) 
Total non -product -specific support  8,670.5  188.9  2.2 
Data:  MAFF "Statistics of agricultural income produced" and "Statistics on forestry income produced".   
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 13 - Table DS:1  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 2014  
Current Total Aggregate Measurement of Support  
Total AMS commitment level for period in question  Currency  Current Total AMS  
(from Section 1 of Part IV of the Schedule)  (from Section 1 of Part IV of the Schedule)  (from attached Supporting  Tables)  
1 2 3 
3,972.9  billion Yen  600.6  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 14 - Supporting Table DS:1  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 2014  
Measures exempt from the reduction commitment  – "Green Box"  
Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
(a) General services  Research:  
general research, research in connection with environmental programmes, and 
research programmes relating to particular products.  72.9 Documents of Budget  
 Plant protection:  
general and product -specific pest and disease control measures.  9.7 " 
 Animal health control:  
general and product -specific animal health control for livestock and animal medicine 
inspection.  8.9 " 
 Extension services:  
education, extension and advisory services, and programmes for practical application 
of new technologies.  10.4 " 
 Facilitation of management of agricultural organizations:  
facilitation of training and advisory services through agricultural organizations.  40.9 " 
 Compilation of statistical data and information:  
compilation and provision of statistical data and informa tion for producers and 
consumers.  3.8 " 
 Extension and infrastructural services for technological improvement of agricultural 
production:  
extension and advisory services, research programmes, and infrastructural services 
for technological improvement of agricultural production.  89.1 "  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 15 - Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
 General services for livestock industry including extension and infrastructure:  
infrastructural services, extension and advisory services on technologies, and 
information services for promotion of livestock products.  53.8 Documents of Budget  
 Programmes for improvement of food marketing, processing and consumption:  
providing marketing information to consumers, research related to food or 
agricultural products processing, marketing promotion, and inspection.  13.3 " 
 Inspection and information services for agricultural production materials:  
inspection, research, extension and advisory services for agricultural machinery, 
fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, seeds and seedlings.  3.5 " 
 Infrastructural services for agricultural sector and rural area:  
construction of irrigation/drainage facili ties and rural roads, and land consolidation.  391.1  " 
 Disaster rehabilitation services:  
reconstruction of irrigation/drainage facilities and rural roads damaged by natural 
disasters.  98.1 " 
 Advisory services for structural improvement:  
advisory services for effective farm land utilization.  22.0 " 
 Personnel expenses for the Government officials:  
personnel expenses for the Government officials.  192.0 " 
(b) Public stockholding for 
food security purposes  Public stockholding:  
public stockholding of rice, wheat, barley, soya beans and feedgrains.  20.2 " 
(c) Domestic food aid  School lunch programmes:  
supply of rice, milk, and fruit juice for school children at subsidized prices.  0.9 " 
(f) Payments for relief from 
natural disasters  Agricultural insurance scheme:  
Government subsidies on premiums of agricultural insurance.  33.3 " 
 Natural disaster relief loans:  
loans for relief of damaged farmers by natural disasters.  0.0 "  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 16 - Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Annex 2  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data Sources  
1 2 3 4 
(g) Structural adjustment 
assistance provided through 
producer retirement 
programmes  Farmers' pension programmes:  
payments of pension to retired farmers on condition of management transfer.  120.6  Documents of Budget  
(i) Structural adjustment 
assistance provided through 
investment aids  Agricultural loans:  
interest concessions for government programmed agricultural loans.  9.9 " 
 Measures to solve the problems on farmers and farmlands:  
payments for farmlands accumulation and setting up new young farmers.  49.8  
(j) Environmental 
programmes  Payments for conversion from rice production:  
payments for maintaining paddy fields in environmentally good condition through 
growing any plants other than rice or other appropriate managements.  277.0  " 
 Support programme for reduction of environmental burden due to dairy farming: 
payments to dairy farmers who practice appropriate management to tackle 
environmental problems  6.2 " 
 Measures to conserve and improve land, water, and the environment:  
assistance to community -collaborative activities  47.8 " 
(k) Regional assistance 
programmes  Direct payment to farmers in the hilly and mountainous areas:  
payments for farmers who continue farming activities for at least five years under 
the community agreements.  28.1 " 
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 17 - Supporting Table DS:3  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT:  JAPAN  
REPORTING PERIOD:  FISCAL YEAR 2014  
Measures exempt from the reduction commitment  - Direct Payments  under Production -Limiting Programmes  "Exempt Direct Payments " 
Measure Type  Name and description of measure with reference to criteria in Article 6:5  Monetary value of measure 
in year in question  
(Billion Yen)  Data sources  
1 2 3 4 
(b) Payments based on 85 % or 
less of the base level of 
production  Direct Payment for Rice:  
direct payments for rice producers under production -limiting programme.  74.7 Financial statements  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 18 - Supporting Table DS:4  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2014  
Calculation of the Current Total Aggregate Measurement of Support  
Description of basic products  
(including non -product specific AMS)  Product specific AMS (from Supporting 
Tables DS:5 to DS:7 below)  
(Billion Yen)  Product -specific measurements of support  
(from Supporting Table DS:8 below)  Current Total AMS 
(aggregate)  
(Billion Yen)  
1 2 3 4 
Sugar  17.9  17.9 
Starch  3.2  3.2 
Milk 25.2  25.2 
Beef and veal 228.3   228.3  
Meat of swine  325.9   325.9  
Total AMS    600.6  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 19 - Supporting Table DS:5  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2014  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Market Price Support  
Description of 
basic products  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning …  Measure type(s)  Applied 
administered 
price  
('000 Yen/tonne)  External 
reference price 
(generally from 
AGST/…)  
('000 Yen/tonne)  Eligible 
production  
('000 tonnes)  Associated 
fees/levies  
(Billion Yen)  Total market 
price supp ort 
(Billion Yen)  Data 
sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
((4-5)*6) -7 9 
Beef and veal  April 2014  price stabilization  850 626 502.2  8.3 104.2  (*1) 
Meat of swine  April 2014  price stabilization  425 152 1,250  25.3 316.0  (*2) 
 
(*1) 
Colum n 4:  Standard stabilization price.  
Column 5:   [CIF price of Australian beef] (MOF "Japan's Trade Statistics") x [conversion rate from boneless beef to carcass (0.7)] x [qu ality difference coefficient (2.0)] . 
Column 6:   Total production (MAFF "Meat Statistics") . 
 
(*2) 
Column 4: Standard stabilization price . 
Column 5: Sluicegate price in EC . 
Column 6:   Total Production (MAFF "Meat Statistics") .  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 20 - Supporting Table DS:6  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
 REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2014  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Non-Exempt Direct Payments  
Description 
of basic 
product  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning…  Measure type(s)  Applied 
administered 
price  
('000 
Yen/tonne)  External 
reference price 
(generally from 
AGST/…)  
('000 
Yen/tonne)  Eligible 
production  
('000 
tonnes)  Total  price -
related direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Other non -
exempt direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Associated 
fees/levies  
(Billion Yen)  Total direct 
payments  
(Billion Yen)  Data 
sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
((4-5)*6)  8 9 10 
(7+8-9) 11 
Sugar  October 2014  Payments related to 
volume of production      17.9  17.9 (*1) 
Starch  October 2014  Payments related to 
volume of production      3.2  3.2 " 
Milk April 2014  Payments related to 
price    0.0   25.2 " 
  Payments related to 
volume of production      25.2   " 
Beef and veal April 2014  Deficiency payments     21.3   124.1  " 
  Payments related to 
volume of production      102.8    " 
Meat of swine  April 2014  Deficiency payments     10.0   10.0 " 
Eggs April 2014  Payments related to 
price    5.2   5.2 " 
Vegetables  April 2014  Payments related to 
price    6.5   6.5 " 
Fruits  April 2014  Payments related to 
price    
6.9   
6.9 " 
(*1) Column 11:  Documents of Budget .  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 21 - Supporting Table DS:7  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2014  
Product -Specific Aggregate Measurements of Support: Other Product -Specific Support and Total Product -Specific AMS  
Description 
of basic 
product  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning…  Measure 
type(s)  Other 
product -
specific 
budgetary 
outlays  Other product 
specific support 
(include 
calculation 
details)  Associated 
fees/levies  Total 
other 
product -
specific 
support  Market price 
support 
(Supporting 
Table DS:5)  
(Billion Yen)  Non-exempt 
direct 
payments 
(Supporting 
Table DS:6)  
(Billion Yen)  Total 
AMS 
(Billion 
Yen)  Data 
sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
(4+5-6) 8 9 10 
(7+8-9) 11 
Sugar  October 201 4       17.9 17.9  
Starch  October 201 4       3.2 3.2  
Milk April 201 4       25.2 25.2  
Beef and veal  April 201 4      104.2  124.1  228.3   
Meat of swine  April 201 4      316.0  10.0 325.9   
Eggs April 201 4       5.2 5.2 de minimis  
(note)  
Vegetables  April 201 4       6.5 6.5 de minimis  
(note)  
Fruits  April 201 4       6.9 6.9 de minimis  
(note)  
  
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 22 - Note to Supporting Table DS:7  
 Total output (1)  
(Billion Yen)  Budgetary outlays (2)  
(Billion Yen)  (2)/(1) x 100  
(%) 
Eggs 510.9  5.2 1.0 
Vegetables  2,242.1  6.5 0.3 
Fruits  762.8  6.9 0.9 
Data:  MAFF "Statistics of agricultural income produced".   
  G/AG/N/JPN/219  
 
- 23 - Supporting Table DS:9  
DOMESTIC SUPPORT: JA PAN 
REPORTING PERIOD: FI SCAL YEAR 2014  
Non-Product -Specific AMS  
Measure type(s)  Calendar /marketing 
year beginning…  Non-product -
specific budgetary 
outlays  
(Billion Yen)  Other non -product 
specific support 
(include 
calculation details)  Associated 
fees/levies  Total non -
product -specific 
support  
(Billion Yen)  Data sources  
1 2 3 4 5 6 
(3+4-5) 7 
Agricultural Insurance Scheme  April 201 4 16.8   16.8 Documents of Budget (*1)  
Crop income stabilization payment  April 201 4 191.2    191.2  Financial statements  
Total non -product -specific support      208.0  de minimis  (note)  
(*1) Government subsidies on premiums of agricultural insurance for production loss not exceeding 30% of the average of production.  
 
Note 
 Total output (1)  
(Billion Yen)  Budgetary outlays (2)  
(Billion Yen)  (2)/(1) x 100  
(%) 
Total non -product -specific support  8,572.9  208.0  2.4 
Data:  MAFF "Statistics of agricultural income produced" and "Statistics on forestry income produced".  
 
 
__________