DEAS 982 -4: 2019 
ICS: 93.080.20  
© EAC 201 9                                                                                                         First Edition 201 9 
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Bitumen and Bituminous binders –Part 4: Cationic bitumen 
emulsions - Specifications  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    DEAS 98 2-4: 2019   
i 
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 DEAS 982 -4: 2019  
ii 
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmo-
nizing r equirements governing quality of products and services in the East African Commu-
nity. It is envisaged that through harmonized  standardization, trade barriers that are en-
countered when goods and se rvices are exchanged within the Community will be removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee (EASC) mandated to 
develop and issue East African Standards  (EAS).  The Committee is composed of representa-
tives of the N ational Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives 
from the public and pr ivate sector organiz ations in the community.  
East African Standards are developed through Tech nical Committees that are representa-
tive of key stak eholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private sector 
and other interested parties. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders 
through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are 
discussed and incorporated before finaliz ation of standards, in accor dance with the Princi-
ples and procedures for development of East African Standards.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pa ce with technological advances. 
Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have 
the latest versions of the standards they are implementing .  
The committee responsible  for this document is Technical Committee EASC/ TC 021,   
Building and Civil Engineering .  
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be 
subject of patent rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such 
patent rights.   DEAS 98 2-4: 2019   
1 
 Bitumen and Bitumi nous binders Cationic bitumen emulsions - 
Specifications  
1 Scope   
 
This Draft East African Standard specifies requirements and test methods for  cationic  
bitumen emulsions suitable for pavement construction.  
 
 
2 Normative references    
 
The following reference d documents are indispensable for the application of this document. 
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edi-
tion of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
     
   
ASTM D140M, Standar d practice for sampling bituminous materials  
     
ASTM D244, Standard test methods and practices for emulsified asphalts  
      
ASTM D5, Test method for penetration of bituminous materials  
 
ASTM D113, Test method for ductility of bituminous materials  
DEAS 9 82 – 1, Bitumen and Bituminous binders – Penetration grade bitumen -- Specifications  
ASTM D2042, Test method for solubility of asphalt materials in  trichloroethylene  
 
ASTM D6930, Test method for settlement and storage stability of emulsified asphalts  
 
ASTM  D6933, Test method for oversized particles in emulsified asphalts (sieve test)  
 
ASTM D6935, Test method for determining cement mixing of emulsified asphalt  
 
ASTM D6936, Test method for determining demulsibility of emulsified asphalt  
 
ASTM D6997, Test meth od for distillation of emulsified asphalt  
ASTM D7402  Standard Practice for Identifying Cationic Emulsified Asphalts  
 
ASTM D7226, Test method for determining the viscosity of emulsified asphalts using a rota-
tional pa ddle viscometer  
 
ASTM D7496  Standard Test  Method for Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalt by Saybolt Furol Vis-
cometer  
 
D7553  Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in N -Propyl BromideDEAS 982 -4: 2019  
2 
 3 Definitions  
For the purposes of this document,  the following definitions apply.  
  
3.1 Definition  
 
3.1.1  binder 
material serving to adhere to aggregate and ensure cohesion of the mixture  
 
3.1.2  binder content  
Is the difference between the total content and the percentage of water content.  
 
3.1.3  bitumen or asphalt  cement  
non-crystalline solid or viscous mixture of complex h ydrocarbons that possesses character-
istic agglomerating properties, softens gradually when heated, is substantially soluble in 
trichloroethylene and or N -propyl -bromide, and is obtained from crude petroleum by refin-
ing processes and is used as a binder  
3.1.4  Cationic bitumen emulsion or Cationic emulsified asphalt  cement . 
is liquid mixture in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided 
condition in an aqueous medium by means of one or more suitable emulsifying agents and 
in which the dr oplets of bitumen carry a positive charge.  
   
3.1.5  lot  
 
quantity of cationic bitumen road emulsion of the same batch identification, from one man-
ufacturer, su bmitted at any one time for inspection and testing  
 
3.2 Abbreviations  
ASTM:  American Society for Testing  and Materials   
 
 
4 Requirements   
4.1 Types of Cationic bitumen emulsion.  
When tested as per the test methods in table 1 and 2  Cationic bitumen emulsion may be 
categories as;  
4.1.1.  Cationic Rapid Setting - CRS.   
A spray -type emulsion characterized by rapid breaking  of the emulsion on application, and 
normally u nsuitable for mixing with stone chippings   DEAS 982 -4: 2019  
                                              
3 
 4.1.2.  Cationic Medium Setting - CMS.  
 an  emulsion with sufficient stability to allow pre-mixing with certain types of aggregate 
before brea king of the emulsion occurs    
4.1.3.  Cationic Slow Setting -CSS.  
an  emulsion with sufficient  mechanical and chemical stability for all purposes that involve 
mixing with stone chippings,  natural gravels, and soil (including aggregates containing 
large propo rtions of fines or chemically  a ctive materials such as cement and hydrated lime)  
4.1.4.  Cationic Quick Setting - CQS. 
a special slow setting emulsion are designed for use in micro -surfacing and slurry seals 
when a quick cu ring time is needed for opening to traf  
 
4.2 Composition  
The emulsion shal l be homogeneous and free from impurities, and shall not contain any 
material other than bitumen, emulsifying agent(s), water and, when relevant, fluxing 
agent(s).  
The emulsified asphalt shall be tested within 14 days of delivery. The emulsified asphalt 
shall be h omogeneous after thorough mixing provided separation has not been caused by 
freezing. Emulsions separa ted by freezing shall not be tested.  
 
4.3 Emulsifying agent(s)  
The type and amount of emulsifying agent(s) in an emulsion shall not have any deleter ious 
effect on the bitumen deposited.    
  
4.4 Base bitumen  
The bitumen base used for the manufacture of the emulsion shall comply with the require-
ments of DEAS 982 – 1: 2019 , relevant to the grade of bitumen used.   
   
4.5 Fluxing agents  
Fluxing agents shall, w hen tested in accordance with ASTM D86, comply with the following 
requir ements:    
 
a) Initial boiling point: Not lower than 140 °C.    
 
b) Distillate at 350 °C: Not less than a volume fraction of 90 %.    
 
4.6 Type and grade requirements    
Emulsified asphalt shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2. If no 
table is spec ified, the default is Table 1, appropriate to the type and, when relevant, the 
grade of emulsion specified by the purchaser , in accordance with annex A   DEAS 98 2-4: 2019   
4 
 Table 1 —Requirement fo r Cationic bitumen emulsion.  
 
Property  Type and grade designation  
Test Methods  Rapid -Setting  Medium -Setting  Slow-Setting  Quick Setting  
CRS-1 CRS-2 CMS-2 CMS-2h CSS-1 CSS-1h CQS-1hA 
min max min max min max min max min max min max min max 
                
Test on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25°C [77°F] SFS          20 100 20 100 20 100 ASTM D7496  
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 50°C [122°F] SFS  20 100 100 400 50 450 50 450       
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %B  1  1  1  1  1  1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 mL, 0.8 % dioctyl sodium  sulfosuccin-
ate, %  40 ... 40 ...           ASTM D6936.  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM D244 Coating, dry aggregate      good good       
Coating, after spraying      fair fair       
Coating, wet aggregate      fair fair       
Coating, after spraying      fair fair       
Particle charge test  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  ASTM D7402.  
Sieve test, %B  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10 ASTM D6933  
Cement mixing test, %           2.0  2.0  N/A ASTM D6935.  
Distillation:                ASTM D6997  
Oil distillate, by volume of emulsion, %   3  3  12  12       
Residue, %  60  65  65  65  57  57  57  
Tests on residue from distillation tes t:               ASTM D2042  
Penetration, 25°C [77°F], 100 g, 5 s  100 250 100 250 100 250 40 90 100 250 40 90 40 90 ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C [77°F], 5 cm/min, cm  40  40  40  40  40  40  40  ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene, or N -Propyl  Bromide %  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  ASTM D2042 or ASTM D7553  
 
ACQS-1h is used for Quick Set Slurry Seal systems.  
BThis test requirement on representative samples is waived if successful application of the material has been achieved in the field.    DEAS 98 2-4: 2019   
5 
 Table 2 —Requirement for Cationic bitumen emulsion.  
 
 
Property  Type and grade designation  
Test Methods  Rapid -Setting  Medium -Setting  Slow-Setting  Quick Setting  
CRS-1 CRS-2 CMS-2 CMS-2h CSS-1 CSS-1h CQS-1hA 
min max min max min max min max min max min max min max 
                
Test on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Rotational Paddle Viscometer at 25°C [77°F] 
mPa s          45 220 45 220 45 220 ASTM D7226  
Viscosity, Rotational Paddle Viscometer at 50°C [122°F] 
mPa s  45 220 220 880 110 990 110 990       
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %B  1  1  1  1  1  1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 mL, 0.8 % dioctyl sodium  sulfosuccin-
ate, %  40 ... 40 ...           ASTM D6936.  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM  D6998  Coating, dry aggr egate      good good       
Coating, after spraying      fair fair       
Coating, wet aggregate      fair fair       
Coating, after spraying      fair fair       
Particle charge test  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  positive  ASTM D7 402. 
Sieve test, %B  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10 ASTM D6933  
Cement mixing test, %           2.0  2.0  N/A ASTM D6935.  
Distillation:                ASTM D6997  
Oil distillate, by volume of emulsion, %   3  3  12  12       
Residue, %  60  65  65  65  57  57  57  
Tests on residue from distillation test:                D2042  
Penetration, 25°C [77°F], 100 g, 5 s  100 250 100 250 100 250 40 90 100 250 40 90 40 90 ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C [77°F], 5 cm/min, cm  40  40  40  40  40  40  40  ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene, or N -Propyl  Bromide %  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  97.5  ASTM D2042 or ASTM D7553  
ACQS-1h is used for Quick Set Slurry Seal systems. 
BThis test requirement on representative samples is waived if successful applicatio n of the material has been achieved 
 DEAS 982 -4: 2019    
 
6 
 Table 3. Typical Cationic Emulsion Designations.  
Emulsion Grade  Cationic  Setting 
time Minimum Binder content 
(%) Note  
CRS-1   Rapid  60  
CRS-2   Rapid  65  
CMS-2   Medium  65  
CMS-2h   Medium  65 h-harder  
CSS-1   Slow 57  
CSS-1h   Slow 57 PG, 60/70 and 40/50 Used for 
manufacturing  
CQS-1hA   Quick  57 Meet ASTM D3910  
 
 
5 Methods of test  
5.1 Except for the test sample required for the determination of residue on sieving, strain 
all test samples required for the tests through a si eve of nominal aperture size 710 µm.   
 
5.2 The properties of the emulsified asphalts given in table 1 or table 2 shall be deter-
mined in a ccordance with the following ASTM test methods:  
 
NOTE -- Sieve test —Test method ASTM D6933, except use distilled water in all wetting and 
washing operations in place of the nonionic surfactant solution (1 %).  
 
 
6 Sampling and compliance with this East African Standard  
6.1 Genera l     
This section applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejec-
tion of s ingle lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation 
of quality control or testing during manufacture is available to help in assessing the quality 
of the lot. It is also used as the procedure for adjudicating in cases of disput e.   
    
6.2 Sampling    
The relevant sampling procedure described in ASTM D140M shall be applied in determin-
ing whether a lot complies with the appropriate requirements of this East African Stand-
ard. The sample so taken shall be deemed to represent the lot.   
 
6.3 Compliance     
The lot shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this East African Standard  if, 
after i nspection and testing, the sample taken in accordance with 6.2 is found to comply 
with all the relevant requirements of this East African Stan dard.   
 
 
7 Packaging and marking  
7.1 Packaging   
The condition of each drum and tanker into which the cationic bitumen road emulsion is 
packed shall be such as to have no detrimental effect on the quality of the product during 
normal transportation and storage.    
    
 
 
  
7                                                                                                          ©EAC 201 9 – All rights reserved  
 7.2 Marking  
The following information shall appear in legible and indelible marking on each drum or, 
when the emulsion is supplied in tankers, on the relevant consignment documents:   
  
a) the manufacturer's identification;  
b)  the description, type, and grade of the product;   
c)  the batch identification;    
d) the manufacture and expiry date;  
e)  storage instructions  and   
f) the quantity.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
8 
 Annex A  
(informative)  
 
Notes to purchasers  
   
The following requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and in the order or con-
tract:   
 
a) the type (see 4.5);    
    
b) when relevant, the grade (see 4.5); and    
    
c) when relevant, that information regarding the average bitumen content used in the 
formul ation. 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
9                                                                                                          ©EAC 201 9 – All rights reserved  
  
     
Annex B  
(informative)  
 
The use of emulsions  
  
 
B.1 The emulsion referred to in this standard are not stable and should be used within the three month from the 
production date. The emulsion must be stored at a minimum tempe rature of   10oC and a maximum temperature 
of 80oC. 
 
The length that emulsions can be stored varies according to the emulsion type and components used. For 
example, rapid -set emulsion has a shorter shelf life than a slow -set emulsion. You should seek advic e from your 
emulsion supplier on the shelf life of their products. Sedimentation and sieve tests are good indicators of an 
emulsion’s potential storage life. During long -term storage, sedimentation of the bitumen droplets occurs due to 
the higher density o f the bitumen versus water. Regular circulation will help increase the shelf life of the emulsion 
but care must be taken not over circulating which shear the emulsion and cause residue to  build up. Emulsions 
may increase in viscosity (thickness) over time  and warming the emulsion prior to use will reduce the viscosi  
   
B.2 Cationic bitumen emulsions should not be mixed with anionic bitumen emulsions be-
cause such mixing will result in breakdown of the products. Equipment that has been 
used for anionic type emulsions and that has to be used afterwards for cationic type emul-
sions (or vice versa) should be car efully cleaned in accordance with procedures re com-
mended by the manufacturer of the type with which it is to be used.    
B.3 The dilution of any of the e mulsion types shall only be done in consultation with the 
supplier of the emulsion. Prior to diluting the emulsion, carry   out a test using water from 
the intended water source, to ensure the desired result is obtained.   
    
Once an emulsion is diluted, it might no longer comply with one or more of the require-
ments of this standard.    
    
B.4 a purchaser should, by applying the aggregate coating -water resistance test to the ag-
gregate that the purchaser intends to use for a specific construction project, ensure that 
the proposed premix emulsion is suitable for use with the aggregate.   
    
B.5 Compliance with this standard shall not   mean that the produ ct bears a certification 
mark. 
 
©EAC 201 9 – All rights reserved  
 
Bibliography  
CD/T/153, Civil engineering specifications — Penetration gra de bitumen  
ASTM D977 Standard specifications for emulsified asphalt  
ASTM D2397Standard specification for cationic emulsified asphalt