WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
14 February  2024 
(24-1308) Page: 1/48 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements    
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM,  
THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN CUSTOMS UNION (SACU)  
AND MOZAMBIQUE (GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
Revision  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the  Economic Partnership Agreement between 
the United Kingdom, the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Mozambique, goods 
has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility and in full consultation 
with the Parties. The factual presentati on reproduces as closely as possible the terminology 
used in the Agreement and in the comments provided and does not imply official endorsement 
or acceptance by the Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in 
accordance with the rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency 
Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements ( WT/L/671 ) and thus does not imply any value 
judgement by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
 
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Ms. Rohini Acharya  
(tel: +41 22 739 5874). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be addressed 
to Ms. Rowena Cabos  (tel: +41 22 739 5185). 
 
 
  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Table o f Contents  
 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMEN T ................................ ......................  7 
2.1   Background information  ................................ ................................ ...............................  7 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ .............  9 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ ...................  9 
3.1.1    General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 9 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ......... 10 
3.1.3    Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ............................. 12 
3.1.4    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....17 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 17 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................. 19 
3.4   Regulatory provisions of the agreement  ................................ ................................ ........ 20 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 20 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ ......20 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ..................... 20 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ............................ 21 
3.4.2.1    Global safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ .21 
3.4.2.2    Bilateral safeguards  ................................ ................................ ............................... 21 
3.4.2.3    Agricultural safeguards  ................................ ................................ .......................... 22 
3.4.2.4    Food Security Safeguards  ................................ ................................ ...................... 22 
3.4.2.5    BELN Transitional safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................. 23 
3.4.2.6    Infant industry  protection safeguards  ................................ ................................ ......23 
3.4.2.7    Other  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 23 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ................................ .23 
3.4.4    Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ............................ 23 
3.4.5    Customs -related procedures and trade facilitation  ................................ ........................ 24 
3.4.6    Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....24 
3.5   Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ..24 
3.5.1    Agriculture  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 24 
3.5.2    Trade in services and investment  ................................ ................................ ............... 24 
4   GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  25 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 25 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....25 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 26 
4.4   Accession and withdrawal  ................................ ................................ ............................ 26 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ............................... 26 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....27 
4.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ........... 28 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 30 WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  4.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 31 
4.10   Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 31 
4.11   Environment and labour  ................................ ................................ ............................ 31 
4.12   Electronic commerce  ................................ ................................ ................................ .32 
4.13   Small and medium -sized enterpr ises ................................ ................................ ........... 32 
4.14   Other  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 32 
4.14.1    Cooperation  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 32 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  33 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  46 
 
  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  United Kingdom, Botswana, 
Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, 
Namibia) and  South Africa  
 
Date of Signature:    9 October 2019 (United Kingdom, 
Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, 
Mozambique, Namibia) and 
16 October 2019 (South Africa)  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  1 January 2021  
 
Date of Notification:   8 January 2021  
 
Full implementation:  2028  
 
 
 
The Factual Presentation describes the Agreement establishing an Economic Partnership Agreement 
between the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Member States1 and Mozambique; and the 
United Kingdom (UK) (hereinafter referred to as "the Agreement"). As the A greement is based on 
the Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and its Member States and the 
Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA States, the factual presentation also refers 
to the EU -SADC EPA .2 
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT3 
1.1.  The e conomies of the Parties are significantly different in terms of size and share of trade. Key 
indicators on GDP and merchandise trade of the Parties are shown in Table 1.1 below. The UK is the 
largest economy, with a GDP in 2021 of almost USD 3,188 billion, with its global exports and imports 
ranked at 14th and 8th largest . The largest SACU Party, South Africa had a GDP of USD 418 billion in 
2021, with its exports and imports ranked respectively at 37 and 38 globally  while the smallest, 
Lesotho's exp orts and imports were ranked respectively at 151 and 156 in the world . The trade to 
GDP ratios range from 28.9 for the UK to 69.4 for Lesotho. The UK's main export markets are in the 
EU, the United States and Switzerland while it mainly imports from the EU , the United States and 
China. Among the SACU Members, the largest export markets and sources of imports are the EU, 
China and the US (with South Africa the only economy with significant exports to the UK at 5%). 
Mozambique mainly exports to the EU, South Africa, India and the UK, while its imports mainly 
originate in South Africa, the EU, China and India.  
1.2.  In terms of the composition of their trade, manufactures account for the largest share of 
exports for most economies except for Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa, where the largest 
share is made up of mining and minerals. Manufactures dominate the impor ts of all the Parties.  
 
1 Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and S outh Africa.  
2 The EU -SADC  EPA is not ified to the WTO under document series WT/REG381  and was considered by 
the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements on 18 November 2020.  
3 Unless indicated, the data in this section i s based on the WTO trade profiles (updated up 
to 31 August  2022).  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Table 1.1 GDP and merchandise trade,  2021  
Member  Merchandise trade - 2021  Rank in world 
trade - 2021  GDP 
USD 
billion 
(2021)  Trade / 
GDP, 
2019 -
2021)  Exports 
USD 
billion  % world 
exports  Imports 
USD 
billion  % world 
imports  Exports  Imports  
United Kingdom  468.2  2.10 693.8  3.07 14 8 3,187.6  28.9 
SACU          
Botswana  7.2 0.03 8.4 0.04 104 113 17.8 43.0 
Eswatini  2.1 0.01 1.9 0.01 138 158 4.7 45.2 
Lesotho  1.1 0.0 2.1 0.01 151 156 2.5 69.4 
Namibia  6.7 0.03 9.1 0.04 107 108 12.4 39.9 
South Africa  123.6  0.55 113.9  0.50 37 38 418.0  27.0 
Mozambique  5.6 0.02 8.6 0.04 115 110 16.1 48.6 
Source:  WTO Secretariat Trade Profiles (as reported 31 August 2022 ). 
1.3.  Chart 1.1 shows the Parties' global and bilateral merchandise trade during the 
period  2012-2021. The UK maintained a trade deficit both globally and with the other Parties , with 
exports to SACU Members and Mozambique showing a declining trend. SACU Members and 
Mozambique main tained a global trade deficit up to 2016, since when the merchandise trade balance 
has been stable and , since 2020,  in surplus.   
Chart 1.1 UK -SACU & Mozambique: Global and bilateral merchandise trade, 201 2-2021 
 
Source:  WTO Comtrade API, accessed February  22, 2023.  
 
1.4.  Chart 1.2 gives further details on the product composition, by broad HS Section, of the global 
and bilateral trade of the Parties  (average trade during 2018 -20). Of Mozambique and SACU 
Members' key global export categories of minerals (accounti ng for almost half of Mozambique's 
exports and 22% of SACU's exports), base metals (which accounted for 27% of Mozambique's 
exports and 11% of SACU's exports), as well as precious stones accounting for 23% of SACU's global 
exports, the UK mainly imported p recious stones and base metals from them. Of the UK's largest 
exports of machinery, motor vehicles and chemicals (which together accounted for 50% of its 
average exports during 2018 -20), SACU mainly imports machinery, motor vehicles (which accounted 
for 33 % of its imports from the UK) and wood pulp (which is mainly under HS 4907000: unused 
postage, revenue or similar stamps, and accounted for 25% of SACU's imports from the UK during 
this period). Mozambique mainly imports machinery, minerals , and optica l, photographic, 
measuring, or surgical instruments (which accounted for 74% of its imports from the UK); among 
the UK's largest imports, only motor vehicles, at 8%, is a significant import by Mozambique.  
012345678910
020406080100120140160
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021B.  Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 
and Mozambique  
(USD Billion)
Imports from United Kingdom (Right Axis)
Exports to United Kingdom (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports0100200300400500600700800
0246810121416
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021A. United Kingdom 
(USD Billion)
Imports from SACU & Mozambique (Right Axis)
Exports to SACU & Mozambique (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total ExportsWT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1.2 UK -SACU & Mozambique: Product composition of merchandise trade (by 
HS Section), annual average 2018 -2020  
 
Source:  UK authorities; UNSD, Comtrade database.  
8
11
25
171523SACU's Imports from UK (%)
9
70615UK's Imports from SACU & 
Mozambique (%)
27
29 81818Mozambique's Imports from UK (%)
Total: USD 8 Billion Total:  USD 3 Billion Total: USD 107 Million
Other MineralsPrepared foodsVegetables
TextilesWood pulpChemicals
MachineryBase metalsPrecious stones
OpticalVehiclesWT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background information  
2.1.  The relationship between the UK and SACU and Mozambique was, until 31 December 20 20, 
based on the EU -SADC Economic Partnership Agreement  (EU-SADC EPA) . The Agreement replaces 
it as the trade agreement applied to trade between the UK, SACU and Mozambique . It was signed 
on 9 October 2019 by the UK, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho,  Mozambique and Namibia and 
on 16 October 2019 by South Africa. It entered into force on 1 January 2021 and was notified by 
the Parties on 8  January 2021 under Article  XXIV:7(a) of the GATT 1994, and  its Understanding . 
The text of the Agreement together wi th its annexes, is available on the Parties' official websites .4 
 
2.2.  The Agreement is divided into six broad Parts . In addition to the six annexes under 
the EU-SADC EPA, there is a new annex on commitments derived from the Cotonou Agreement as 
referenced in the EU -SADC EPA ; several  Joint Declarations  are included in the Annexes  (Box 2 .1). 
Box 2.1 Structure of the Agreement  
Preamble   
Part I  Sustainable Development and other areas of cooperation  
Chapter I  General Provisions  
Chapter II  Trade and Sustainable Development  
Chapter III  Areas of cooperation  
Part II  Trade and Trade Related Matters  
Chapter I  Trade in goods  
Chapter II  Trade defence instruments  
Chapter III  Non-tariff measures  
Chapter IV  Customs and Trade Facilitation  
Chapter V  Technical Barriers to Trade  
Chapter VI  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
Chapter 
VII Agriculture  
Chapter 
VIII Current payments and capital movements  
Chapter IX  Trade in services and investment  
Part III  Dispute Avoidance and Settlement  
Chapter I  Objective and Scope  
Chapter II  Consultations and mediation  
Chapter III  Dispute Settlement procedures  
Chapter IV  Common Provisions  
Part IV  General Exceptions  
Part V  Institutional Provisions  
Part VI  General and Final Provisions  
Annexes   
I Customs Duties of the UK on Products Originating in the S ACU Member States or Mozambique  
II Customs Duties of SACU on Products Originating in the UK 
III Customs Duties of Mozambique on Products Originating in the UK 
 
4 United Kingdom: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uksacu -and-mozambique -economic -
partnership -agreement -ms-no342019 ; SACU: http://www.sacu.int/docs/agreements/2021/SACU -Mozambique -
UK-EPA-EN.pdf ; Mozambique: http://www.sacu.int/docs/agreements/2021/SACU -Mozambique -UK-EPA-PT.pdf . WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Preamble   
IV Agricultural Safeguards  
V Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia ( BELN) Transitional Safeguards  
VI SPS Priority Products and Sectors  
VII Commitments derived from the Cotonou Agreement as referenced in the EU -SADC EPA  
Protocols   
1 Concerning the Definition of the Concept of "Originating Products" and Methods of 
Administrative Cooperation  
2 Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters  
3 Geographical Indications and Tr ade in Wines and Spirits  
4 Concerning the Relationship between the TDCA and this Agreement  
Final Act   
Source:  The Agreement.  
 
2.3.  The Agreement  applies (i) to the territor y of the United Kingdom  and those for whose 
international relations it is responsible5 to the extent that and under the conditions which 
the EU-SADC EPA applied immediately before the EU -SADC EPA ceased to apply to the 
United  Kingdom, and (ii) the territories of the SACU Member  States and Mozambique  (Article 114) . 
2.4.  The Agreement , in large part , replicates the provisions of the EU -SADC EPA. Part I on 
Sustainable Development and other areas of cooperation aims to contribute inter alia  to the 
reduction and eradication of poverty thr ough a trade partnership consistent with the objective of 
sustainable development, the SDGs and Annex VII on commitments under the Cotonou Agreement; 
promote regional integration, economic cooperation and good governance; promote the gradual 
integration in to the world economy of the SACU States and Mozambique and improve their capacity 
in trade policy and trade related issues; support conditions for increased investment and private 
sector initiatives in the SACU States and Mozambique; and strengthen relatio ns between the Parties  
(Article  1). The Parties will also monitor the operation and impact of the Agreement, to ensure its 
objectives are met, that it is properly implemented and that its benefits, particularly for the most 
vulnerable groups, are maximized  (Article 4). They will cooperate in international fora where issues 
relevant to the Agreement are discussed (Article 5).  
2.5.  Part II of the Agreement deals specifically with trade and trade -related matters. The Agreement 
establishes a free trade area between the Parties, in conformity with Article XXIV of the GATT 
(Article  20 of Chapter I) while respecting the principle of asymmetry, as required by the specific 
needs and capacity constraints of  SACU and Mozambique  in terms of timing and level of 
commitments . 
2.6.  A built-in agenda (Article 117)  envisages a determination by the Trade and Development 
Committee of the timeframe to conclude discussions to correct errors jointly identified in 
the EU-SADC EPA, and to update the tariff schedules in Annexes I, II and III to  HS 20 17 
nomenclature, including reflecting product lines currently listed in Annex I as duty free and quota 
free. The Parties will also start to review cumulation limitations among SACU Member States and 
Mozambique no later than 15 months after the entry into force of the Agreement  with a view to 
enhance their development aspects through deepening integration efforts . Other issues shall also be 
considered in the negotiations such as those listed  in Article 117, as well as issues relating to sanitary 
and ph ytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade (Section 3.4.1 below).  Article 117 shall 
also be kept under review and be revised as necessary by the Trade and Development Committee.  
 
5 The territori es are: (a) Gibraltar; (b) the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; and (c) Anguilla, 
Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands  (Islas Malvinas) , South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands, Montserrat, 
Pitcairn, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, British Ant arctic Territory, British Indian Ocean 
Territory, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Virgin Islands and Bermuda.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  2.7.  The Agreement is to be reviewed no later than five years from its en try into force.6 The Parties 
also agree that the Agreement may need to be reviewed in light of further developments in 
international economic relations and following the expiry of the Cotonou Agreement in 2020  and to 
take into account the new ACP -EU arrangement that would  replace it  (Article 115  and Annex VII ). 
Proposals for amendments to the Agreement may be submitted to the Joint Council for consideration 
and adoption (Article 116).  Under Article s 4 and 5 respectively the Parties undertake to continuously 
monitor the ope ration and impact of the Agreement and to cooperate in international fora where 
issues relevant to the Agreement are discussed.  
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  For all product s subject to tariff liberalization under the Agreement no new customs duties shall 
be introduced nor shall those already applied be increased in trade between the Parties from the 
entry into force of the Agreement except: (a) if at any moment following the entry into force of the 
Agreement, any of the Parties raise or reduce applied MFN dut ies, the rate for tariff preferences that 
are expressed as a percentage of the applied MFN rate, shall be accordingly increased or decreased 
as long as the margin of prefe rence indicated in the Party's liberalization Schedule is maintained ; 
(b) products excluded from liberalization under the Agreement (staging category X) and indicated 
in the Party's liberalization Schedule ; and (c) the amount imported in excess o f a tariff  rate quota  
quantity, which is excluded from liberalization . 
3.2.  The UK  provides immediate duty free and quota free treatment for imports from Botswana, 
Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique and Namibia ; imports from South Africa are liberalized over 
six years, while SACU and Mozambique liberalize imports from the UK over a transition period of 
respectively 1 2 and 10  years . The base rate of duty on which tariff liberalizatio n is based is the MFN 
rate applied on 10 October 2016 for SACU and the UK and 4 February 2018 fo r Mozambique. Where 
tariff liberalization for a product had not started on these dates, the base duty shall be either as 
above or the MFN rate of duty applied on the starting date of the relevant tariff reduction schedule, 
whichever is lower. Customs dutie s shall be levied only once for goods originating in the UK or a 
SACU Member States or Mozambique when imported by the Parties. Customs duties collected for 
goods imported by a SACU Member State shall be refunded upon re -export to Mozambique, which 
will ap ply the appropriate customs duty on the import  (Article 29) ; the Parties will cooperate to 
facilitate the circulation of goods and to simplify customs procedures within SACU and Mozambique , 
in particular , as provided for in Article 13 on cooperation.  
3.3.  As in the EU -SADC EPA, i f after the date of entry into force of the Agreement a Party increases 
or decreases its MFN rates of duty the corresponding preferential tariff will be adjusted as long as 
the preference margin committed to in the Agreement is maintaine d for preferential tariffs expressed 
as a percentage of the MFN rate. For products whose tariff is expressed as a fixed rate of preferential 
duty, if the MFN tariff is reduced after entry into force of the Agreement to a rate below the 
preferential tariff,  the lower MFN rate will apply for preferential imports (Article 23). Minimum entry 
prices for imports from South Africa are referred to in the EPA agreement, but were removed from 
the UK Global Tariff (UKGT) under the WTO tariff schedule since January 202 1; South Africa therefore 
does not face entry prices in the UK market.  
3.4.  The MFN clause under the EU -SADC EPA is also included under Article 28  under which  the UK 
will provid e to the other Parties (except South Africa)  any more favourable treatment resulting from 
its membership of an RTA with third parties following the signing of the Agreement; the UK and 
South Africa shall hold consultations to decide whether and how to extend the preferential treatment 
to South Afric a. SACU and Mozambique shall, either individually or collectively, extend such 
treatment upon request to the UK, if they become party to an RTA with any major trading economy 
except if the RTA parties are members of the African, Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) group of countries, 
 
6 Without prejudice to reviews or revisions envisaged under specific Articles of the Agreement.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  following  the signing of the Agreement;7 the Parties shall hold consultations to decide whether and 
how to provide preferential treatment to the UK.8 
3.5.  Other fees and charges imposed on imports shall not exceed the cost of services render ed and 
not indirectly protect domestic products or tax imports or exports for fiscal purposes . No party shall 
impose substantial penalties for minor breaches of customs regulations or procedural requirements; 
fees and charges will not be imposed for consul ar requirements (Article 27).  
3.6.  Import restrictions  imposed must  conform with the WTO Agreements (Article 39).   
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.7.  As in the EU -SADC EPA, the UK's commitments to liberalize tariffs on imports from Botswana, 
Eswatini, Les otho, Mozambique, and Namibia (Table 3.1a) are different from those f or South Africa 
(Table 3.1b). The number of tariff lines may be different from those in the EU -SADC EPA principally 
due to the  HS nomenclature used  (2012 for the EU -SADC EPA and 201 7 for the Agreement ).  
3.8.  In 2021 47% of the UK's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis, under which between 5% 
and 54.8% of average imports  during 2018 -20 entered from all the Parties except South Africa 
and 80.4% entered from South Africa.9 Under the Agreement th e UK liberalized all but 15 tariff lines 
in 2021 for imports from Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique and Namibia.10 For imports from 
South Africa the UK liberalized almost 48% of the tariff in 2021, under which 12.8% of imports from 
South Africa  entered in 2018 -20. A further 38 lines (0.4% of the tariff) are to be liberalized in 2025, 
under which a small share of total imports entered in 2018 -20. Following implementation , 4.7% of 
the UK tariff (448 lines) will remain subject to duty for imports fr om South Africa which accounted 
for 7% of the UK's imports from South Africa in 2018 -20.11 
Table 3.1a United Kingdom: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade from Bot swana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia  
Duty 
phase -out 
period  No. of 
lines  % of 
lines 
in UK 
tariff  UK imports (2018  - 2020)  
Value (USD million)  Percentage of Imports (%)  Botswan
a 
Lesotho  
Mozam -
bique  
Namibia  
Eswatini  
Botswan
a 
Lesotho  
Mozambi
que 
Namibia  
Eswatini  
2021 
(MFN)  4,462  47.0 0.3 0.2 13 12 3 5.0 54.8 20.3 33.8 18.6 
2021 5,017  52.8 5.9 0.2 50 24 14 95.0 45.2 79.7 66.2 81.4 
Remain  
dutiable  15 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Total 9,494  100 6.3 0.4 63 36 18 100 100 100 100 100 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded from the computation s. Based on the HS 2017 
nomenclature. Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. Import values were reported in GBP and 
converted into USD using the exchange rates of 0.7495 (2018), 0.7834 (2019) and 0.7 800 (2020).  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
 
7 Major trading economy is defined as any developed country or any country accounting for a share of 
world merchandise exports above 1% in the year before the en try into force of that [third party] agreement, or 
any group of countries acting individually, collectively or through an economic integration agreement 
accounting collectively for a share of world merchandise exports above 1.5% in the year of entry into f orce of 
that agreement.  
8 The Joint Council may decide to amend the provisions of the Agreement to extend such preferential 
treatment by either Party in accordance with Article 116.  
9 The UK's MFN tariff consisted of 9,494 lines in 2021 of which 90.7% had ad valorem  rates of duty, 
while around 7% and 2% respectively had specific and compound rates; four lines had mixed rates of duty.  
10 The factual presentation of the EU -SADC EPA shows that 153 lines remain dutiable once the EU -SADC 
EPA is implemented. Of th ese, 18 fall under HS Chapter 93 (22 under the UK tariff, of which 7 lines are duty 
free on an MFN basis) while for the remaining lines shown as dutiable, the out of quota duties are the current 
applied MFN rates , as a result of which these lines are treat ed as not liberalized under the  EU-SADC EPA . 
11 The factual presentation of the EU -SADC EPA shows that 4.3% (401 lines) of the tariff remains 
dutiable for EU imports from South Africa.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Table 3.1b United Kingdom: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade from South Af rica 
Duty phase -out 
period  Tariff lines in UK's schedule  UK's imports (2018 -20) 
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
2021 (MFN)   4,462  47.0  6,375  80.2 
2021  4,546  47.9  1,019  12.8 
2025  38  0.4  0.3  0.0 
Remain dutiable   448  4.7  557  7.0 
Total 9,494  100 7,950  100 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded from the computations.  Based on the HS 2017 
nomenclature. Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. Import values were reported in GBP and 
converted into USD using the exchange rates of 0.7495 (2018), 0.7834 (2019) and 0.7800 (2020).  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.9.  Table 3.2 shows liberalization commitments by SACU Members for imports from the UK. 
In 2021 almost 54% o f SACU tariffs were duty free on an MFN basis under which between 50.1% 
and 81.1% of average SACU State imports from the UK entered during 2018 -2020.12 In 2021 46.7% 
of the tariff was liberalized for imports from the UK, under which between 7.4% and 26.4% of 
average imports during 2018 -20 entered from the UK. A further 62 lines (0.8% of the tariff) are to 
be liberalized in 2025, which correspond to a minor share of imports from the UK. Once the 
Agreement is fully implemented 13.5% of the tariff will remain subject to duty for imports from the 
UK13; during 2018 -20 between 11.5% and 23.5% of imports from the UK entered under these lines.  
Table 3.2 SACU (Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa): Tariff e limination 
commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out period  Tariff lines in SACU's schedule  SACU's imports from UK  
(2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
Botswana  
2021 (MFN)  4,346  53.9 42.4 81.1 
2021 2,561  31.8 3.9 7.4 
2025 62 0.8 0.0 0.0 
Remain dutiable  1,091 a 13.5 6.0 11.5 
Total 8,060  100.0  52.3 100.0  
   Eswatini  
2021 (MFN)  4,346  53.9 4.6 50.1 
2021 2,561  31.8 2.4 26.4 
2025 62 0.8 0.0 0.0 
Remain dutiable  1,091 a 13.5 2.2 23.5 
Total 8,060  100.0  9.3 100.0  
   Lesotho  
2021 (MFN)  4,346  53.9 1.3 66.5 
2021 2,561  31.8 0.2 10.6 
2025 62 0.8 0.0 0.0 
Remain dutiable  1,091 a 13.5 0.4 22.9 
Total  8,060  100.0  1.9 100.0  
   Namibia  
2021 (MFN)  4,346  53.9 85.3 77.9 
2021 2,561  31.8 8.5 7.8 
2025 62 0.8 0.0 0.0 
Remain dutiable  1,091 a 13.5 15.7 14.4 
 
12 The SACU's MFN tariff in 2021 consisted of 8,060 lines at the 8 -digit level of which almost 96% had 
ad valorem  rates of duty. Of the remaining lines 2.15% had specific duties, and 1.61% mixed rates; 21 lines 
apply only to imports from Switzerland.  
13 The factual presentation of the EU -SADC EPA shows that 13.9% (1,037 lines) of SACU tariff lines will 
remain dutiable for imports from the EU once the agreement is implemented.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 12 - 
 
  Duty phase -out period  Tariff lines in SACU's schedule  SACU's imports from UK  
(2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
Botswana  
Total  8,060  100.0  109.5  100.0  
   South Africa  
2021 (MFN)  4,346  53.9 1,691.0  69.0 
2021 2,561  31.8 475.1  19.4 
2025 62 0.8 0.1 0.0 
Remain dutiable  1,091 a 13.5 284.1  11.6 
Total 8,060  100.0  2,450.3  100.0  
a There are 21 tariff lines which only refer to import s from Switzerland . They are included for the 
completeness of the tariff line count but are excluded from the calculation of the  average . 
Note:  Tariff and import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are 
excluded in the computation. Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data in the WTO -IDB, information from the Agreement , ITC-TradeMap 
and UNSD, Comtrade datab ase. 
 
3.10.   Table 3.3 shows tariff elimination by Mozambique for imports from the UK.  In 2021 
almost  12% of Mozambique's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis, under which 6.9% of imports 
from the UK entered during 2018 -20.14 In 2023 Mozambique liberalized 27.5% of the tariff for 
imports from the UK, under which almost 49% of imports from the UK entered in 2018 -20. Further 
liberalization of 52 lines is scheduled in 2028; around 4.4% of imports from the UK entered 
in 2018-20 un der these lines. At the end of implementation 59.7% of Mozambique's tariff will remain 
dutiable for imports from the UK15; almost 40% of imports from the UK entered Mozambique under 
these lines during 2018 -20.  
Table 3.3 Mozambique: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out period  Tariff lines in 
Mozambique's schedule  Mozambique's imports from UK  
(2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
2021 (MFN)  659 11.9  7.5 6.9 
2023  1,524  27.5  53.1  48.9  
2028  52 0.9 4.7 4.4 
Remain dutiable  3,315  59.7 43.3 39.9 
Total 5,550  100.0  108.5  100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the preferential tariffs constructed from the Agreement, ITC Macmap, 
WTO-IDB and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.11.   The UK liberalizes all but 15 lines  for imports from Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique 
and Namib ia, all of which fall under HS Section XIX (arms and ammunition) and are subject to a 
current average MFN rate of 2%. For imports from South Africa  the majority of tariff liberalization 
took place in 2021 with liberalization across most HS Sections. A furt her 38 lines are to be liberalized 
in HS Sections I and IV. Most of the lines that will remain dutiable concern agricultural products, 
with average applied tariffs on dutiable lines ranging from 4.7% in Section XV (base metals) 
to 12.2% in Section IV (prep ared foodstuffs). The tariff lines remaining dutiable once the Agreement 
is implemented are found across most HS Chapters although additional preferences are provided in 
 
14 Mozambique's MFN tariff consisted of 5,550 lines at the 8 -digit level all of  which had ad valorem  
rates.  
15 The factual presentation of the EU -SADC EPA shows that 3,408 lines (44.5% of the tariff) will remain 
dutiable for imports from the EU once the agreement is implemented.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 13 - 
 
  certain Chapters, notably HS 7, 8, 11, 17 -19, 21 and 38 , for which the average prefere ntial rate for 
imports from South Africa is lower than the applied MFN average rate in 2021 (Chart 3.1).  
Table 3.4 United Kingdom: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section, for 
South Africa  
HS Section  MFN  
average %  Number of 
lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the MFN 
2021  Number of duty -free 
lines under the 
Agreement  Number of 
lines 
remaining 
dutiable  Avg. Fina l 
Tariff 
(Dutiable)  2021  2025  
I 8.9  956   109   767  24 56  11.5  
II 4.4  554   213   278   63  5.6  
III 4.8  129   30   97   2 * 
IV 12.9  869   119   431  14 305  12.2  
V 0.4  231   202   29     
VI 2.7  1,226   550   657   19  6.9  
VII 3.7  301   86   215     
VIII 1.4  130   73   57     
IX 1.1  235   189   46     
X 0.0  195   195          
XI 7.0  1,149   243   906     
XII 7.3  106   17   89     
XIII 2.0  234   162   72     
XIV 0.5  58   47   11     
XV 0.6  955   804   148   3  4.7  
XVI 0.7  1,338   981   357     
XVII 3.7  286   121   165     
XVIII 0.6  299   218   81     
XIX 1.4  22   7   15     
XX 1.4  214   89   125     
XXI 0.0  7   7         
Total  3.8  9,494   4,462   4,546  38 448  11.0  
* Remain dutiable tariffs lines subject to specific rates only.   
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded from the 
computations. For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  part 
of alte rnate rates are included.  For the tariff lines subject to seasonal duties, the average rate for 
the entire year is used for the calculation. Products classified beyond the HS 8 -digit level are 
counted as one and their tariff rates are averaged at the 8-digit level.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities.  
 
Chart 3.1 United Kingdom: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter from South Africa  
 
Note:  *Subject to non -ad valorem  tariffs. Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the 
computation; for the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of 
alternate rates are included.   
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK.  
02468101214161820
01
02
04*
06
07
08
10
11
15*
16*
17
18
19
20
21
22*
23*
29
35
38
76Average Duty Rate
HS Chapters Preferential MFNWT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 14 - 
 
  3.12.   Table 3. 5 shows tariff elimination under the Agreement by SACU by broad HS Section.  The 
majority of liberalization took place in 2021, with most HS Sections covered. A further 56 and 6 lines 
respectively will be liberalized in HS Sections I and IV in 2025. Following the implementation of the 
Agreement tariff lines will remain dutiable fo r imports from the UK in a number of HS Sections, 
especially XI (textiles and textile articles) and XVII (vehicles) with average MFN duties for the lines 
remaining dutiable ranging from 10% for HS II to 53.7% for HS I.  For the lines not liberalized at the 
end of implementation additional preferences are provided by SACU in a number of HS Chapters, 
mostly concerning industrial products (Chart 3.2). Average preferential rates for tariff lines 
remaining dutiable range from 7.5% (HS Chapter 29) to 25.8% (HS Cha pter 61).  
Table 3.5 SACU: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 2021  Duty Free lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average 
Tariff (%)  Number 
of lines  Duty free 
lines  2021  2025  
I 14.0 505 303 78 56 68 a 53.7 
II 7.0 442 196 232  14 a 10.0 
III 7.6 87 21 66    
IV 16.3 444 89 310 6 39 a 25.4 
V 1.7 189 156 18  15 12.1 
VI 1.8 1,352  1,160  187  5 12.1 
VII 7.6 473 214 240  19 13.7 
VIII 11.1 92 42 27  23 19.2 
IX 7.4 170 84 86    
X 3.6 203 151 52    
XI 22.5 999 179 101  719 17.2 
XII 22.9 104 15 36  53 19.4 
XIII 7.4 219 89 125  5 12.6 
XIV 4.1 62 49 13    
XV 7.3 808 368 437  3 11.7 
XVI 3.7 1,073  792 269  12 11.8 
XVII 10.5 296 138 50  108 15.0 
XVIII 0.3 214 209 5    
XIX 13.4 66 7 59    
XX 13.8 255 77 170  8 19.6 
XXI 0.0 7 7     
Total  8.8 8,060  4,346  2,561  62 1,091 a 19.1 
a There are 21 tariff lines which only refer to products imported from Switzerland. These tariff lines 
are only included for the completeness of the tariff line count but are excluded in the tariff average 
calculation. HS Section I (5 tariff lines) HS Section II (2 tariff lines) HS Section IV (14 tariff lines)  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates ar e excluded in the computation; For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data in the WTO -IDB and information fr om the Agreement.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 15 - 
 
  Chart 3.2 SACU (Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa): Average of 
dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
Note:  *HS chapter 10 contains specific duties only. Tariff lines subject to  in-quota rates are excluded in the 
computation; for the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of 
alternate rates are included. Excludes HS Chapters 13, 20, 23 and 24 (13 tariff lines) and the tariff 
line count in the HS chapters 2, 4, 11, 21 (8 tariff lines) which all belong to 21 tariff lines that are 
solely imported from Switzerland and ar e not included in the calculation of tariff averages.  
Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data in the WTO -IDB and information from the Agreement.  
3.13.   The majority of Mozambique's tariff elimination is due to take place in 2023  across most 
HS Sections (Table 3. 6). This will be followed by further liberalization in 2028 mostly of agricultural 
products.  Tariffs will however remain in all HS Sections once the Agreement is implemented, with 
average rates on dutiable lines ranging fr om between 4.1% in HS Section V (mineral products) 
to 20% in HS Section XIX (arms and ammunition).  For the HS Chapters in which tariffs remain for 
imports from the UK, no additional preferences are provided (Chart 3.3), with average MFN rates 
ranging from 2.5% to 20% in a number of HS Chapters.  
Table 3.6 Mozambique: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 2021  Duty Free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty free 
lines  2023  2028  
I 17.0 393 40 7 6 340 19.1 
II 11.8 326 66 47 4 209 15.9 
III 10.4 50    50 10.4 
IV 14.9 234 9 37 11 177 16.5 
V 4.1 167 4 2 1 160 4.1 
VI 4.5 875 170 6 2 697 5.5 
VII 4.4 224 88 100 7 29 8.7 
VIII 7.3 69 3 31  35 7.0 
IX 5.4 121 20 75  26 7.5 
X 5.0 143 35 81  27 6.8 
XI 14.2 805 31 185  589 17.0 
XII 17.5 53 1   52 17.8 
XIII 9.2 143 2 13  128 9.8 
XIV 12.5 53    53 12.5 
XV 6.3 566 28 166 9 363 6.9 
XVI 3.6 789 152 557 7 73 6.7 
0102030405060708090100
02
04
*10
11
16
17
19
21
27
28
29
40
42
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
68
70
83
84
85
87
94
96Average Duty Rate
HS Chapters Preferential MFNWT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 16 - 
 
  HS 
Section  MFN 2021  Duty Free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty free 
lines  2023  2028  
XVII 8.3 178 1 34 5 138 9.8 
XVIII 5.8 210 4 178  28 8.0 
XIX 20.0 18    18 20.0 
XX 15.7 126 5 5  116 16.7 
XXI 17.5 7    7 17.5 
Total  8.6 5,550  659 1,524  52 3,315  11.6 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the preferential tariffs constructed from the Agreement and ITC Macmap.  
Chart 3.3 Mozambique: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on tariff data constructed by the WTO: MFN rates from ITC, MacMap, 
preferential tariffs from the categories in the Agreement (transposed from HS 2012 to HS 2017) .  
 
0510152025
1234567891011121314151617182021222324Average Duty Rate (%)
HS Chapter01-24
0510152025
25272932343638404345475052545658606264666870727476798184868890929496Average Duty Rate (%)
HS Chapter25-97
Preferential MFNWT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.14.   Tariff ra te quotas (TRQs) are maintained by the UK for imports from South Africa only and by 
SACU  for imports from the UK . The UK maintains TRQs on dairy products, flowers, fruit, sugar, 
canned fruit, juices, yeast, wine and ethanol while SACU maintains TRQs on whe at and meslin, 
barley, cheese, pig fat, cereal based food preparations, pork and dairy products. In -quota rates  for 
UK TRQs  are zero  for all products except citrus jams, canned fruit (tropical and other), and apple 
juice. SACU in -quota rates are zero for p ig fat, cheese, wheat and meslin and barley while in quota 
rates are either 25% or 50% of the applied MFN rate. Quota quantities for some products (for 
example cheese for SACU or canned tropical fruit for the UK) are increased over time  but maintained 
indefinitely , while for some in -quota duties are reduced annually (for example butter and dairy and 
pork for SACU) or eliminated (for example UK TRQs for canned fruit) . Out of quota rates are treated 
as lines excluded from tariff liberalization and are therefo re subject to the applied MFN rate  (Annex  2 
below provides more detailed information on TRQs) .  
3.15.   Origin quotas  for tuna are provided  for Namibia  (section 3.2) . 
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.16.   The Agreement's rules of origin are covered by Article 22, Protocol 1 and Joint D eclaration s 
A-D. Goods considered to be originating in a Party are those wholly obtained in t hat Party and 
products obtained in th at Party incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained there, 
provided that the materials have undergone sufficient working or processing in the Parties as 
required under Annex I I to Protocol 1. For goods that are not wholly obtained in the Parties, 
substantial transformation of non -originating materials is required either through  a change in tariff 
classification (CTC) at the Chapter or heading level ; specific processing or manufacturing ; or rules 
whereby the maximum value of non -originating material  used in a product cannot exceed a given 
percentage of the ex -works price of the product. More lenient rules of origin are provided through 
origin quotas for exports of tuna  from Namibia  to the UK16; the annual quota volume is 254 metric 
tonnes.  
3.17.   The Agreem ent permits bilateral cumulation between a SACU Member State or Mozambique 
and the UK as well as diagonal cumulation  between the Parties.  Materials originating in the UK shall 
be considered as originating in a SACU Member State or Mozambique when incorpora ted into 
products obtained in the latter territories and materials originating in a SACU Member State or 
Mozambique shall be considered as originating in the UK when incorporated into a product obtained 
in the UK provided in both cases that the working or processing goes beyond operations considered 
to be insufficient under Article 9 of the Agreement (Article 3).  
3.18.   Diagonal cumulation (Article 4 of the Protocol) applies to materials originating in the Parties , 
other ACP EPA States and UK Overseas Countries a nd Territories (UK OCTs)17 provided the rules of 
origin under the Agreement and the UK's preferential arrangements with the other countries and 
territories  are met  and there is an agreement on administrative cooperation between them .18 Under 
paragraph 2 of Article 4 d iagonal cumulation does not apply for : (i) materials  under HS Headings 
1604 and 1605 originating in the Pacific ACP States  under the UK -Pacific States Interim EPA and any 
future preferential trading agreement between the UK and th e Pacific States and  (ii) for products 
originating in South Africa that cannot be imported duty free into the UK.  Diagonal cumulation where 
the final goods are exported to SACU  does not apply to: (i) materials originating in non -SACU States 
of SADC which d o not enjoy duty free, quota -free access to SACU under the SADC Protocol on Trade 
 
16 These fall under the following lines at the 10-digit level: 1604144130, 1604144692, 1604144697, 
1604144830, 1604207092, and 1604207097 . 
17 UK OCTs are: Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands  (Islas Malvinas) , South Georgia 
and South Sandwich Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn, Saint Helena and its Dependencies, British Antarctic 
Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Turks and Caicos Islands and British Virgin Islands (Annex VIII to 
Protocol 1).  
18 The UK's notice of fulfilment of cumulation with trading partners (updated to 13 October 2022) is 
available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notice -of-fulfilment -from-the-united -kingdom -on-
cumulation -with-trading -partners -december -2020/notice -of-fulfilment -from-the-united -kingdom -on-
cumulation -with-trading -partners -31-december -2020. When the working or processing carried out in a SACU 
Member State, Mozambique or the UK does not go beyond insufficient operations the product shall be 
considered originating in th at Party only when the value added there is greater than of the  value -added in any 
one of the other countries or territories.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 18 - 
 
  and (ii) originating in the UK OCTs or ACP EPA States other than the non -SACU SADC States which 
cannot be imported into SACU  duty free, quota free.  Where the final product is  exported to 
Mozambique, diagonal cumulation does not apply to materials originating in UK OCTs or other ACP 
EPA states which cannot be imported directly into Mozambique duty -free quota free (paragraph 16 
of Article 4).  
3.19.   Under a new Article 4A in the Protoc ol materials originating in the EU  (but not from the 
territories of Ceuta and Melilla)  shall be considered as originating in a SACU Member State , 
Mozambique or the UK when incorporated into a product obtained in a SACU Member State, 
Mozambique or the UK re spectively provided that working or processing goes beyond operations 
considered to be insufficient.19 Cumulation with the EU shall apply if a trade agreement under 
Article  XXIV of the GATT is in force between the countries involved in the acquisition of t he 
originating status and the country of destination ; the origin of the materials from the EU  shall be  
determined using identical rules of origin to those in Protocol 1 of the Agreement ; notices indicating 
the fulfilment of the necessary requirements to apply cumulation are published by the Parties. Under 
Joint Declarations the Parties agree that products under HS 25 -97 originating in the Principality of 
Andorra and the Republic of San Marino shall be accepted by the Parties as originating in the EU.20 
The Parties also agree under a Joint Declaration that following an agreement between the UK and 
the EU they will take the necessary steps to update Protocol 1 and to consider any relevant 
developments ; according to the Parties no changes have been made to date .  
3.20.   Cumulation for non -originating materials that have duty free entry into the UK market  on an 
MFN basis, as under the EU -SADC EPA, is permitted regardless of whether they have undergone 
sufficient working or processing (Article 5).  Similarly , materials originating in other countries 
benefiting from duty -free, quota -free treatment under the UK's General ized System of Preferences 
(GSP)  shall be treated as originating in a SACU Member State or Mozambique if incorporated into a 
product there , provided they have undergone working or processing that goes beyond operations 
considered to be insufficient (Articl e 6).21 The UK can notify certain modifications to the cumulation 
arrangements for GSP duty -free materials to the Trade and Development Committee and SACU 
members and Mozambique can request that materials originating in countries or territories benefiting 
from arrangements or agreements providing duty free quota free access to the UK market be 
considered originating in a SACU member State or Mozambique.22 In support of African integration, 
the Parties will consider the possibility of whether an agricultural  product originating in a non -ACP 
African party can be subject to cumulation under Article 6  (paragraph 2) . Furthermore, cumulation 
only applies if all the Parties concerned have entered into an arrangement or agreement on 
administrative cooperation with e ach other ensuring a correct application of Article 6 and  which  
includes a reference to the use of appropriate proofs of origin.23 
3.21.   The absorption principle and de minimis  provisions of up to 15% of the ex -works price of the 
product (except for HS 50 -63) or any other percentages in Annexes II or II(a)  are recognized  by 
Article 8 of the Protocol  and are unchanged from the EU -SADC EPA provisions.  
3.22.   There are no changes to the requirements regarding certificates of origin , the conditions for 
making an origin d eclaration and verification procedures from provisions in the EU -SADC EPA. 
 
19 The origin of the materials originating i n the EU shall be determined according to the rules of origin of 
Protocol 1 and in accordance with Article 30 on the information procedure for cumulation.  If working or 
processing carried out in one of the Parties does not go beyond insufficient operations , the value added in th at 
Party must be greater than the value of the materials used in any one of the other countries or territories in 
order to be considered originating.  
20 Joint Declarations B and C under Annex IX to Protocol 1.  
21 This applies to countries or territories that benefit from duty -free, quota -free access to the UK market 
under a UK Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) notified to the Trade and Development Committee, not 
granted under an enhanced arrangement under th e GSP and provided the materials were subject to cumulation 
under the EU -SADC EPA on the date it ceased to be applicable to the UK.  
22 Cumulation shall not apply to materials: under HS 1 -24 and listed in Annex 1 to the WTO Agreement 
on Agriculture unless th ey have duty free quota free access to the UK under an agreement other than an EPA 
between an ACP State and the UK; which at importation into the UK are subject to anti -dumping or 
countervailing duties when originating from a country subject to such duties ; or classified in HS subheadings 
which include 8 digit lines which are not duty free.  
23 SACU and Mozambique will provide the UK with details of agreements on administrative cooperation 
with the other countries or territories referred to in Article 6 and t he UK shall publish under its own procedures  
the date on which cumulation provided under Article 6 may be applied with these countries or territories which 
have fulfilled the necessary requirements.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 19 - 
 
  Approved exporters may be authorized as under the EU -SADC EPA. Disputes arising from origin 
verification which cannot be settled between the customs authorities requesting verificat ion and 
those responsible for verification shall be submitted to the Trade and Development Committee . 
Under Article 113 of the Agreement and Joint Declaration A under Annex IX to Protocol 1, the UK 
may provide capacity building (including through seminars,  expert visits and training) to the SACU 
Member States and Mozambique to help prepare for the implementation of the rules of origin.  
3.23.   Title V on administrative cooperation is also unchanged from the EU -SADC EPA. The Parties 
will put in place the necessary n ational and regional arrangements required for the implementation 
and enforcement of rules and procedures in Protocol 1 and the administrative structures needed for 
appropriate management and control of the origin of products and compliance with other cond itions 
in the Protocol (Article 35). They shall exchange information on customs authorities responsible for 
issuing and verifying certificates of origin and any changes to these (Article 36) and provide each 
other with mutual assistance (Article 37). Verif ication of proof of origin (Article 38) and suppliers 
declarations (Article 39) is to be based on risk analysis and at random or whenever the customs 
authorities of the importing Party have reasonable doubts on the authenticity of the documents.  If 
they de cide to suspend preferential treatment while verification is ongoing , they shall offer to release 
the products to the importer subject to any precautionary measures judged necessary. Disputes on 
verification which cannot be settled between the customs auth orities shall be submitted to the 
Committee (Article 40). The Joint Council shall examine annually or whenever requested by the 
Parties, the application of the provisions of the Protocol and their economic effects, and make any 
necessary amendments and ada ptations, taking into account inter alia , the effects of technological 
developments on the rules of origin (Article 45).  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.24.   The provisions on export duties, charges and quantitative restrictions are unc hanged from 
those in the EU -SADC EPA. U nder Article 26 the Parties confirm that no new duties or taxes on 
exports shall be introduced, while those currently applied will not be increased from the date of entry 
into force of the Agreement. Exceptions apply to circumstances in all SACU States  except South 
Africa,  and Mozambique for specific revenue needs or for the protection of infant industries or the 
environment, for the prevention or relief of critical general or local shortages of foodstuffs or other 
products essential to ensure food security. In such cases, following consultations with the United 
Kingdom, the eligible SACU States and Mozambique may impose temporary duties or taxes on 
exports on a limited number of additional products.  The Parties indicat e that the UK does not 
maintain or apply any export duties or taxes ; and  SACU States and Mozambique eligible for these 
provisions have not implemented export duties or taxes since entry into force of this agreement  
3.25.   The SACU States and Mozambique may also i ntroduce temporary  export  duties on eight 
products (at the HS6 level  or at the HS 4 level for ores and concentrates ) exported to the UK  in 
exceptional circumstances, justifying industrial development needs and following consultations with 
the UK upon reque st. The measures can be taken at any time and shall not exceed 12 months, 
extendable following consultations with the UK. The conditions for the application of temporary 
export duties on the eight products are unchanged : (i) For the first six years of this  period the SA CU 
State and Mozambique shall exempt from the application of the tax or duty, exports to the UK of an 
annual amount equal to the average volume of exports to the UK of the product over the three years 
preceding the date of introduction of the duty or tax. From the seventh year of application of the 
duty or tax, until the date of expiry, the SA CU State and Mozambique shall exempt from the 
application of the duty or ta x, exports to the UK on an annual amount equal to 50% of the average 
volume of exports to the UK of the product over the three years preceding the date of introduction 
of the tax; and (ii) the export duties or taxes shall not exceed 10% of the ad valorem  export value 
of the product.  Apart from duties on exports of scrap metal from South Africa, none of the other 
Parties have imposed export duties since the entry into force of the Agreement.   
3.26.   Any more favourable treatment granted for exports by a SACU Member  State or Mozambique  
to exports from a major trading economy shall be afforded for exports of like products to the UK as 
well.24 Suspicions of  circumvention through third parties of re -exports from the UK to which duties 
 
24 Major trading economy is defined in Article 28(6) of th e Agreement as "any developed country or any 
country accounting for a share of world merchandise exports above 1% in the year before entry into force of 
the agreement (with any of the SA CUM Parties), or any group of countries acting individually, collectiv ely or WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  do not apply, are examin ed by the T rade and Development Committee which may require a 
declaration by the importer in the UK  that the imported products will be processed in the UK and 
not re -exported to third countries. Further steps include discussions in the Committee if the SACU 
State  or Mozambique continues to have doubts as to whether such circumvention continues, and if 
no solution is found within 30 days, the SA CU State or Mozambique may impose effective measures 
to prevent such circumvention; such measures should be the least trade -restrictive and exclude 
operators who have been proven not to have been involved in the circumvention and may include 
the retroactive application of export duties on the consignment exported from the UK to one or more 
third countries.  
3.27.   The Parties will revie w Article 26 in the Joint Council no later than 3 years after entry into 
force of the Agreement taking fully into account their impact on development and diversification of 
the SACU States' and Mozambique's economies.  
3.4  Regulatory provisions of the agreement  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.28.   The provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary measures are mostly unchanged from 
the EU-SADC EPA. The Parties reaffirm their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement on 
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) me asures (SPS Agreement), the International Plant Protection 
Convention (IPPC), the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the World Organization for Animal 
Health ( WOAH ) (Article 59) . The objectives of the Agreement are unchanged and include the  
facilitat ion of  trade and investment in the SACU Member States and Mozambique and between the 
Parties , ensuring  that only SPS measures necessary to protect animal or plant life or health in 
accordance with the WTO SPS Agreement are adopted ; as well as coop erate on SPS matters t o 
strengthen regional integration ; and establish and enhance SACU members and Mozambique's 
technical capacity to implement and monitor SPS measures including the promotion of greater use 
of international standards (Article 60).  The Pa rties agree to promote cooperation between their 
equivalent institutions,  to facilitate regional harmonization of measures and the development of 
appropriate regulatory frameworks and policies between SACU members and Mozambique and in a 
number of priority  areas (Article 67).  
3.29.   Transparency provisions include effective measures for consultation, notification and 
exchange of information on SPS measures in accordance with the WTO SPS Agreement (Article 63); 
the establishment of competent authorities (Article 62 ) and the exchange of information through an 
early warning system to inform SACU members and Mozambique in advance of new UK SPS 
measures that may affect their exports to the UK (Article 64).  
3.30.   The role of the Trade and Development Committee to monitor, rev iew, advise and make 
recommendations on SPS matters  is also unchanged (Article 65) .  
3.31.   Any disagreements between the Parties on market access, shall be subject to consultations . 
(Article 66). Disputes can also be resolved through the Dispute Avoidance and Se ttlement Provisions 
under Part III of the Agreement.  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.32.   The provisions on technical barriers to trade (TBT) are the same as in the EU -SADC EPA. The 
Parties reaffirm their commitments to the rights and obligations under the WTO Agre ement on TBT  
(Article 51) . They agree to  inter alia : cooperate to facilitate and increase trade between them by 
identifying, preventing and eliminating unnecessary barriers to trade in terms of the WTO TBT 
Agreement; cooperate to strengthen regional, espec ially SACU members and Mozambique 's, 
integration and cooperation on TBT matters; and establish and enhance SACU members and 
Mozambique's technical capacity on TBT matters (Article 52). In this regard they agree that 
collaboration between national and regio nal authorities dealing with TBT matters in the public and 
 
through an economic integration agreement accounting collectively for a share of merchandise exports 
above  1.5% in the year before the entry into force of this Agreement.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  private sectors is important for facilitating trade and for regional integration and agree to cooperate 
to this end (Article 54).  
3.33.   The Parties reaffirm the principle of transparency, in the applicat ion of technical regulations 
and standards in accordance with the WTO TBT Agreement as well as the importance of effective 
mechanisms for consultation, notification and exchange of information on these issues. They agree 
to establish an early warning mecha nism to ensure that SACU members and Mozambique are 
informed in advance of new UK measures that might affect their exports to the UK, making optimal 
use of existing mechanisms and avoiding unnecessary duplications to multilateral or unilateral 
mechanisms ( Article 55).  The Parties agree to identify and implement mechanisms including those 
identified in Article 56 that are the most appropriate for particular priority issues or sectors. These 
include collaboration, exchanging information and promoting harmoniz ation, whenever possible, in 
areas of mutual interest, towards international standards.  
3.34.   Provisions concerning the importation and marketing of wine products and spirits originating 
in South Africa and the UK are in Annex II to Protocol 3 of the Agreement as well as rules on 
importation, labelling and marketing applicable to these products (Section C) and import certification 
(Appendix to Annex II) along with joint declarations on bottle sizes and alcoholic strength of spirits 
and certification an d analysis.  
3.35.   The role of the Trade and Development Committee in monitoring, reviewing and making 
recommendations on the Chapter is unchanged from the EU -SADC EPA (Article 57) as are 
cooperation measures for capacity building and technical assistance (Articl e 58).  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.4.2.1   Global safeguards25 
3.36.   As in the EU -SADC EPA the Parties may take safeguard measures under Article XIX of GATT 
1994, the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, Article 5 of the Agreement on Agriculture and any other 
relevant WTO Agreement  (paragraph 1 of Article 33) . However, in light of the overall development 
objectives of the Agreement and the small size of the economies of SACU Member States and 
Mozambique, the UK shall exclude imports from the SACU States and Mozambique from any measure 
taken under the WTO provisions above for five years (starting from 10 October 2016 for SACU 
and 4 February 2018 for Mozambique).  The Joint Council shall review this provision not later 
than 120 days before the expiry of the five years in light of the development needs of the se Parties  
with a view to a possible extension of the period.  Paragraph 1 of Article 33 is not subject to the 
dispute settlement mechanism of the Agreement.  
3.4.2.2   Bilateral safeguards  
3.37.   After having examined alternative solutions, a Party or SACU may apply bilateral safeguards 
of limited duration under certain conditions and procedures. They may be taken if a  as a result of a 
Party's obligation under the Agreement, including tariff concessions, a  product from one Party is 
being import ed into the territory of another Party or SACU in  such increased quantities and under 
such conditions so as to cause or threaten to cause (i) serious injury to the domestic industry 
producing like or directly competitive products in the importing Party  or SACU , (ii) disturbances in 
the sector of the economy producing like or directly competitive products, particularly where the 
disturbances produce major social problems or difficulties which could bring about serious 
deterioration in the econom ic situation of the importing Party, or (iii) disturbances in the markets of 
like or directly competitive agricultural products in the importing Party  or SACU . The measures sh all 
not exceed what is necessary to remedy or prevent the serious injury or disturban ces and s hall take 
the form of one or more of : a suspension of the further reduction of import duty for the product 
concerned, as provided for by the Agreement; increase in the customs duty on the product concerned 
up to the MFN applied rate at the time of taking t he measure; or introduction of tariff quotas on the 
product.  
3.38.   The measures shall only be maintained for the time necessary to prevent or remedy serious 
injury or disturbances as defined in Article 34. They shall not exceed two years (four years for 
 
25 The Agreement refers to multilateral safeguards.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  Mozambiq ue and SACU) and may be extended for a further period of two years (four years for 
Mozambique and SACU) if the circumstances warrant.  Safeguard measures that exceed one year 
shall contain clear elements progressively leading to their elimination at the end  of the set period at 
the latest and shall not be applied to the import of a product that ha s previously been subject to a 
safeguard within a period of at least one year from the expiry of the measure.  Under Part III of 
Annex I for Botswana, Eswatini, Leso tho and Namibia ( BELN) and Mozambique, following five years 
of entry into force of the Agreement, disturbances in the market for sugar falling under HS 1701 
may be deemed to arise where the UK market price of white sugar falls during two consecutive 
months to below 80% of the p rice prevailing in the UK during the previous marketing year. The 
Parties agree to review the definition of disturbances above with a view to reaching an agreement 
within five years of entry into force of the Agreement (by 1 January 2026) on a percentage o f the 
UK market price for white sugar prevailing during the previous marketing year which if it falls below 
during two consecutive months may be deemed a disturbance in the market for these products.  
3.39.   Where a Party or SACU believes that one of the situatio ns referred to in Article 34 exists, it 
shall immediately refer the matter to the Trade and Development Committee for examination. The 
Committee may make any recommendation needed to remedy the circumstances; failing a 
recommendation or other satisfactory solution within 30 days of the matter being referred to the 
Committee, the importing Party may adopt the appropriate measures to remedy the circumstances . 
In the selection of the measure , priority must be given to those which least disturb the operation of  
the Agreement.  The measure may exceed the MFN rate in effect on the day immediately preceding 
the date of entry into force of the Agreement if the MFN rate is lower than th at in force when the 
measure is taken. The Party or SACU shall provide  the Committe e with information indicating that a 
measure exceeding the MFN applied rate at the time of entry into force of the Agreement is necessary 
to remedy or prevent the serious injury or disturbances . Any measure under Article 34 shall be 
notified immediately to the Committee and subject to periodic consultations with a view to 
establishing a timetable for its abolition as soon as circumstances permit. Provisional measures, as 
in the EU -SADC EPA may be taken for up to 180 days  by the UK and up to 200 days by othe r 
Parties.26 Bilateral safeguards are not subject to WTO dispute settlement.  
3.4.2.3   Agricultural safeguards  
3.40.   Agricultural  safeguards in the form of an import duty may be applied  (for 12 years 
from 10 October 2016) if,  during any 12-month  period , the volume of impo rts into SACU from the  UK 
of an agricultural product listed in Annex IV exceeds the reference quantity. The duty may not exceed 
the higher of  either  25% of the current WTO bound tariff or 25 percentage points and shall not 
exceed the current applied MFN ra te. The measure may be maintained for the longer of the 
remainder of the calendar year or 5 months and not at the same time as a general bilateral safeguard 
under Article 34, a measure under GATT Article XIX and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, or a 
specia l safeguard under Article 5 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture.   
3.41.   Transparency provisions require SACU to notify the UK in writing within 10 days of applying 
the measure, with relevant data concerning it; hold consultations on request by the UK; and notify  
the Trade and Development Committee within 30 days of taking the measure. The implementation 
and operation of Article 35 may be discussed and reviewed in the Trade and Development Committee 
which may, on the request of either Party, review the reference q uantities and agricultural products 
concerned.  
3.4.2.4   Food Security  Safeguards  
3.42.   As in the EU -SADC EPA the Parties acknowledge that the removal of trade barriers between 
them may pose significant challenges to agricultural producers in SACU and Mozambique. Under 
Article 36 therefore safeguard measures may be adopted by these Parties where essential for the 
prevention or relief of critical general or local shortages of foodstuffs or other products in order to 
ensure food security and where the rem oval of trade barriers gives rise, or is likely to give rise, to 
major difficulties in these Parties.  Procedures for bilateral safeguards are to be followed.  
 
26 Their duration shall be c ounted as a part of the initial period and any extension.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  3.4.2.5   BELN Transitional safeguards  
3.43.   As for food security safeguards, there is no change in EU -SADC EPA tr ansitional safeguards 
for the BELN States  for imports of sensitive products in Annex V to the Agreement which cause , or 
threaten to cause , serious injury in these States ; the transition period is for 12 years 
from 10 October  2016. The safeguards shall take  the form of an import duty which does not exceed 
the applied MFN rate for the product concerned  at the time of taking the measure  or a zero -duty 
tariff rate quota whose out of quota rate does not exceed the applied MFN rate at the time of taking 
the measu re. The measure shall be notified in writing to the UK 30 days before it is taken, with a 
further 60 days to provide all the relevant information concerning the measure. Upon request of 
either Party, t he BELN State concerned and the UK shall hold consultat ions on the measure.  The 
safeguards shall be applied for up to four years and may be extended for a nother  four years should 
the circumstances require.  
3.4.2.6   Infant industry protection safeguards  
3.44.   Notwithstanding provisions for bilateral safeguards, BELN States  and Mozambique may 
temporarily suspend further reductions in customs duties , or increase customs duties  up to the 
current applied MFN rate , where a product originating in the UK, as a result of the reduction of duties 
is being imported into its territory in such increased quantities and under such conditions as to 
threate n the establishment of an infant industry  or threaten, or threaten to cause, disturbances to 
an infant industry  producing like or directly competitive  products  (Article 38) . Safeguards under this 
provision shall take the form of increased customs duties exclusively by the SACU Member State 
invoking the provision. They can be applied for up to eight years and may be extended by a Decision 
of the Joint Council.  
3.45.   The procedures for taking infant industry protection safeguards are the same as under the 
EU-SADC EPA and include referral of the matter to the Trade and Development Committee for 
examination; recommendations by the Committee with a view to seeking an acceptable solution to 
remedy the sit uation; and the adoption of measures by the SACU Member State or Mozambique 
should there be no recommendation  by the Committee or no satisfactory resolution within 30 days 
of the referral. Priority must be given to measures which least disturb the operatio n of the Agreement 
with the measure being notified immediately to the Committee and be subject to periodic 
consultations. In critical circumstances where delay  would cause damage  that would be difficult to 
repair, the SACU Member State  concerned  or Mozambi que may provisionally take measures for up 
to 200 days , as part of the overall period of eight years of imposition of the measure.  In taking 
provisional measures the interest of all Parties shall be taken into account. The importing SACU 
Member State or Mozambique shall inform the UK and immediately refer the matter to the Trade 
Development Committee for examination of the provisional measures. SACU Member  States  shall 
also have recourse to Article 26 of the SACU Agreement on the protection of infant indu stries.27  
3.4.2.7   Other  
3.46.   As in the EU -SADC EPA, safeguards may be taken for reasons of difficulties in the 
implementation of monetary or fiscal policy or  safeguarding the balance of payments (Section 4.2).  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.47.   The rights and obligations of the Parties on anti -dumping or countervailing measures shall be 
governed by the relevant WTO Agreements and shall not be subject to dispute settlement under the 
Agreement (Article 32) . 
3.4.4   Subsidies and State-aid 
3.48.   Subsidies on agricultural export s are prohibited from the date of entry into force of the 
Agreement (Article 68).  The provisions of Article 40 (National Treatment on Internal Taxation and 
 
27 Article 26 of the SACU Agreement permits SACU Members to levy temporary additional duties on 
imported goods imported to enable infant industries to compete with producers or manufacturers in the 
common SACU customs area provided that the duties are levied equally on goods grown, produced or 
manufactured in other parts of the common customs area and like products imported from outside the area. 
Protection may be provided for eight years unless other wise determined by the SACU Council of Ministers.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  Regulation) shall not prevent the payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers. This 
includes payments derived from the proceeds of internal taxes or charges applied consistently with 
the provisions of Article 40 and subsidies effected through governmental purchases of domestic 
products (Article 40.7).  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  and trade faci litation  
3.49.   Chapter IV covers customs and trade facilitation and to a large extent replicates provisions in 
the EU -SADC EPA  including the exchange of information on customs legislation and procedures, 
experiences and best practices and promoting coordination between all related agencies (Article 42).  
3.50.   The Parties agree that customs valuation shall be based on the Agreement on Implementation 
of Article VII of the GATT 1994  (Article 46) . Each Party shall promote harmonization of customs 
legislation, procedures, standards and requirements, determining its own content an d pace of this 
process  (Article 47) . The Parties  also agree to provide support to SACU Member States and 
Mozambique's customs administrations (Article 48). The SACU Member States and Mozambique are 
granted a transition period of eight years from the date of entry into force in Articles 27, 43, 44 and 
45 to ensure the smooth implementation of the Chapter . The Joint Council may decide to extend the 
period for a further two years.  
3.51.   Protocol 2  on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters  provides for assistance to 
ensure the correct application of customs legislation and to combat breaches of that legislation. 
Assistance may be provided on request by the authorities or spontaneously but may be refused if 
the Party concerned believes that the assistance is likely to prejudice the sovereignty of a Party, be 
likely to prejudice public policy, security or other essential interests or violate an industrial, 
commercial or professional secret . Assistance may also be postponed on the grounds that it is likely 
to interfere with an ongoing investigation, prosecution or proceeding.  
3.52.   A Special Committee on Customs and Trade Facilitation is established under Article 50 
including to monitor implementati on and administration of the Chapter and Protocol 1 on rules of 
origin, provide a forum to discuss issues related to customs and trade facilitation and enhance 
cooperation. The Special Committee reports to the Trade and Development Committee.  
3.4.6   Other regulat ions 
3.53.   There are no other specific regulations in the Agreement.  
3.5  Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  
3.5.1    Agriculture  
3.54.   The Parties underline the importance of the sector for the SACU members and Mozambique 
for food security, generating rural employment, i ncreasing incomes of farm households, creating an 
inclusive rural economy and as a basis for wider industrialization and sustainable development , and 
to contribute to the objectives of the Agreement. The Parties establish an agricultural partnership to 
facilitate an exchange of views on agriculture, inter alia  food security, development, regional value 
chains and integration.  
3.5.2   Trade in services and investment  
3.55.   Recognizing that Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Mozambique (participating States) have 
already star ted negotiating on trade in services with the EU, Article 73 allows them to continue 
negotiations with the UK under the Agreement, without prejudice to their negotiations with the EU. 
The guiding principles are the same as in the EU -SADC EPA . The UK and th e participating States 
also agree to cooperate on strengthening the regulatory frameworks of the participating States and 
to support implementation of the commitments resulting from the negotiations. Under Annex VII 
the Parties agree on the need for specia l and differential treatment for BELN and Mozambique service 
suppliers and the UK agrees to give sympathetic consideration to the priorities of these Parties in 
improving the UK Schedule of commitments. The UK shall also support through national and region al 
development strategies, efforts by BELN and Mozambique to strengthen their capacity for the supply WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  of services especially labour, business, distribution, finance, tourism, culture and construction and 
related engineering services.  
3.56.   On investment the UK a nd participating States agree to cooperate and may in future consider 
negotiating an agreement on investment in economic sectors other than services. A Party that is not 
party to the negotiations on trade in services or investment may negotiate its terms o f entry to that 
agreement. If any agreement resulting from the negotiations results in outcomes that are 
incompatible with the future development of a SADC regional services or investment framework, the 
Parties shall negotiate to bring the Agreement into l ine with the regional framework while ensuring 
a balance of benefits.  
3.57.   While the EU -SADC EPA maintained Article 31 of the TDCA (maritime transport) between the 
EU and South Africa, but which ceased to apply to the UK when it left the EU, Protocol 4 was agre ed 
between the UK and South Africa. It clarifies that they shall endeavour to apply effectively the 
principle of unrestricted access to the international maritime market and traffic based on fair 
competition on a commercial basis; agree to provide no less than MFN treatment to each others' 
nationals and vessels registered in the other's territory for maritime transport of goods, passengers 
or both, access to ports, the use of infrastructure and auxiliary maritime services of those ports and 
related fees and  charges, customs facilities and the assignment of berths and facilities for loading 
and unloading, based on fair competition and on a commercial basis; and agree to consider maritime 
transport in the context of Article 73 of the Agreement (on services neg otiations), without prejudice 
to nationality restrictions or agreements entered into by either the UK or South Africa, which exist 
at the time and which would be consistent with either the UK's or South Africa's rights and obligations 
under the GATS.  
3.58.   With regard to BELN and Mozambique, under Article 9 of Annex VII, the Parties agree to 
promote the liberalization of maritime transport and provide unrestricted access to the international 
maritime transport market on a non -discriminatory and commercial basis.  They also agree as in 
Protocol 4 above, to provide treatment no less favourable than that accorded to their own ships, for 
ships operated by nationals or companies of other Parties and for ships registered in the territory of 
either Party, for access to p orts and their auxiliary maritime services, as well as related fees and 
charges, customs facilities and the assignment of berths and facilities for loading and unloading. The 
UK shall also support the efforts of these Parties to develop maritime transport services, with a view 
to increasing the participation of their operators in international shipping services.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  In addition to transparency provisions in other parts of the Agreement, Article 107 requires the 
Parties to publish or make available publicly their laws, regulations, procedures and administrative 
rulings of general application and any other commitments under international agreements relating 
to any trade matter under the Agreement. In a ddition, any such measures brought into effect after 
the entry into force of the Agreement shall be brought to the attention of the other Party including 
by appropriate notification to the WTO, on an official fee -free and public website, or to the 
coordina tor of the other Party.28 Article 106 requires that in order to facilitate communication relating 
to the effective implementation of the Agreement the Parties shall designate coordinators  
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  As in the EU -SADC EPA, the Pa rties undertake to not impose restrictions on and to allow all 
payments for current transactions between their residents in freely convertible currency, subject to 
safeguards in case of difficulties for the operation of monetary or exchange rate policy and  balance 
 
28 Where the UK has provided such information and it has not been notified to the WTO through an 
official fee -free publicly accessible website, the SACU Member States or Mozambique which, because of 
capacity  constraints, have difficulty accessing such a website, may request the UK to provide such information 
to the relevant coordinator.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 26 - 
 
  of payments difficulties (Article 69). The Parties may take necessary measures to ensure that this 
provision is not used for transfers that are not compliant with a Party's laws and regulations.  
4.3.  Safeguards under Article 70 may be taken in exceptio nal circumstances, where payments and 
capital movements between the Parties cause or threaten to cause serious difficulties in the 
operation of monetary or exchange rate policy in any Party, safeguards may be taken for a period 
not exceeding six months.  Article 71 permits the use of restrictive measures in case of serious 
balance of payments difficulties or threat thereof , in accordance with conditions under the WTO 
Agreements and the Articles of Agreement of the IMF. They shall be of limited duration and n ot go 
beyond that necessary to remedy the balance of payments situation. Transparency requirements 
include informing the other Party of the adoption of such measures and submission of a timetable 
for the elimination of the measures.  
4.3  Exceptions  
4.4.  General and security exceptions are the same as in GATT Article XX and XXI respectively 
(Articles 97 and 98) . Article 99 provides an exception for taxation allowing the Parties to distinguish , 
in the application of the relevant provision of their fiscal legislatio n, between taxpayers who are not 
in the same situation, in particular with regard to their place of residence or investment . 
Furthermore, nothing in the Agreement or any arrangement adopted by it, shall be construed to 
prevent the adoption or enforcement o f any measure aimed at preventing the avoidance or evasion 
of taxes pursuant to the tax provisions of agreements to avoid double taxation or other tax 
arrangements or domestic fiscal legislation. Nothing in the Agreement shall affect the rights and 
obligat ions of either Party under any tax convention. In the event of any inconsistency between the 
Agreement and any such convention, the convention shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.  
4.4  Accession and withdrawal  
4.5.  Third parties (States or organizations  with competence on matters covered by the Agreement) 
may accede to the Agreement subject to the approval of the Joint Council and agreement on the 
terms of accession. The Parties shall review the effects of the accession on the Agreement and the 
Joint Cou ncil may decide on any necessary transitional or amending measures (Article 119) .  
4.6.  The Agreement shall cease to exist for a Party six months following its written notice of 
denunciation of the Agreement (Article 113).  
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.7.  The Agreement establishes a Joint SACU , Mozambique  and UK  Joint Council to oversee and 
administer implementation of the Agreement. Its composition, functions and powers are described 
in Articles 100 -102. The first meeting of the Council shall be co -chaired by the Partie s. SACU 
members will act jointly or individually according to the areas of their competence  for purposes of 
the Agreement . The Council shall have the power to take decisions on all matters covered by the 
Agreement. Its decisions shall be taken by consensus  and be binding on all the Parties.  
4.8.  The Council shall be assisted by the Trade and Development Committee (Article 103) which 
shall be chaired alternately by a representative of each Party for one year with the first meeting 
being co -chaired by the Parties.  The Committee may establish any special technical groups to deal 
with specific matters under their competence and shall report and be responsible to the Joint 
Council.29 Decisions on matters which have been delegated to the Committee by the Council shall 
be taken by consensus.  Other Committees established by the Agreement include the Special 
Committee on Customs and Trade Facilitation under Article 50 whose functions include monitoring, 
implementing and administering the Chapter on Customs and Trade Facili tation and Protocol 1 
(on the definition of originating products and methods of administrative cooperation).  
 
29 According to the Parties no formal special technical groups have been formed. However, SPS and TBT 
expert groups have been  formed.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.9.  Under Article 104 upon entry into force of the Agreement any decisions taken by the 
Committees and Councils of the EU -SADC EPA30 before it ceased t o apply to the UK shall, to the 
extent those decisions relate to the Parties to the Agreement , be deemed to have been adopted 
mutatis mutandis  by the institutions established by the Agreement. However, nothing prevents the 
institutions established by the A greement from making decisions different to, revoking or 
superseding the decisions deemed to have been adopted by this provision.  
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.10.   Part III deals with dispute avoidance and settlement on matters concerning the interpretation 
and applicati on of the Agreement , except as expressly provided,  with a view to arrive, where 
possible, at a mutually agreed solution. SACU will take collective action for disputes requiring it to 
do so and the UK shall act against it as such. Individual SACU members an d Mozambique may also 
take action individually and the UK shall only act against the individual Parties (Article s 75 and  76).  
4.11.   The Parties shall endeavour to resolve any disputes , first by entering  consultations in good 
faith with the aim of reaching an am icable solution. Consultations shall be held within 40 days  (15 
days in cases of urgency)  from the date of receipt of the request and be deemed to have been 
concluded within 60 days (30 days in urgent cases) of the date of receipt of the request unless both 
Parties agree to continue consultations.  If consultations are not held within these times or if t hey 
are concluded and no mutually agreed solution is reached, the complaining Party may request an 
arbitration panel  (Article 77) . The Parties may also mutually agree to seek mediation. An opinion 
shall be notified no later than 45 days after the mediator is selected and may include a 
recommendation on how to resolve the dispute consistent with the provisions of the Agreement. The 
mediator's opinion is non -binding (Article 78).  
4.12.   Dispute settlement procedures under Chapter III require a request to establish a n arbitration 
panel be made in writing to the Party complained against and the Trade and Development Committee 
(Article 79). The panel may not arbitrate on a Party's rights and obligations under the WTO 
Agreement. Moreover, a dispute initiated under the Ag reement or the WTO Agreement, may not be 
brought for the same measure in the other forum until the first proceeding has ended. Nothing in 
the Agreement shall preclude a Party from suspending obligations authorized by the WTO's Dispute 
Settlement Body (Arti cle 95).  
4.13.   The interim report of the Panel shall be notified to the Parties as a general rule not later than 
120 days (60 days in urgent cases) from the date of establishment of the Panel. The Parties may 
submit written comments within 15 days of the notific ation of the interim report and the Panel shall 
notify its ruling  within 150 days ( 90 days in urgent cases ) from the date of  establishment of the 
panel  (Article 82) .31 No later than 30 days from the ruling, t he Party complained against shall notify 
the com plaining Party and the Trade and Development Committee of the reasonable period of time 
it will require to comply with the panel ruling.  If the Parties are not able to agree on a reasonable 
period of time, the complaining Party shall , within 30 days of the  notification, request the original 
panel to determine the time (Article 84).  Articles and 85 and 86 provide for a review of measures 
taken to comply with the panel ruling in case of disagreement among the Parties on the measures 
taken and temporary remedi es in case of non -compliance.32 In case of non -compliance , the Party 
shall seek to select measures proportionate to the violation which least affect the attainment of the 
objectives of the Agreement and take into consideration their economic impact on the Party 
complained against and on the individual SACU Member State or Mozambique. If the UK does not 
take measures to comply with a panel ruling or if the panel rules that the measures taken are not 
compatible with the UK's obligations under the Agreemen t, and the complaining Party asserts that 
the adoption of appropriate measures would result in significant damage to its economy, the UK 
 
30 These are the EU -SADC EPA Joint Council; Trade and Development Committee; Special Committee on 
Customs and Trade Facilitation; Agricultural Partnership Committee; and Special Committee on Geographical 
Indications and Trade in Wine and Spirits.  
31 If the deadline cannot be met, the chairperson of the panel must notify the Parties and the Trade and 
Development Committee in writing stating the reasons for the delay and the date by which the panel hopes to 
conclude its work. The ruling cannot be notif ied later than 180 days from the date of establishment of the 
panel.  
32 Appropriate measures under Articles 86 and 87 refer to measures similar to those under the 
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes in Annex 2 of the W TO DSU.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 28 - 
 
  shall consider providing financial compensation . The UK shall also exercise due restraint in asking 
for compensation or  adopting appropriate measures under these provisions (Article 86) . 
4.7  Relationship with other agreements  concluded by the Parties  
4.14.   The preamble recognizes that the Agreement  builds on the achievements of the EU -SADC 
EPA, the EU-South Africa Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) and the 
Partnership Agreement between the EU and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States 
(Cotonou Agreement). The Agreement will build upon the achievements of these agreements in 
regional cooperation and i ntegration as well as economic and trade cooperation (Article 2).  
4.15.   Under Article 3 the Parties recognize the integral role played by regional integration in their 
partnership and a powerful instrument in meeting the objectives of the Agreement. They reaffir m 
the importance of regional and sub -regional integration among the SACU Member States and 
Mozambique to achieve greater economic opportunities, enhanced political stability and to foster the 
effective integration of developing economies into the world eco nomy. In particular , they support 
the SACU Agreement, the SADC Treaty and the Constitutive Act of the African Union, as well as 
development policies and policy objectives related to these processes.  
4.16.   The Parties are not obliged to provide to each other any more favourable treatment provided 
by a Party as part of its regional integration process. Furthermore, any more favourable treatment 
and advantage provided by the SACU Member States and Mozambique to the UK shall be enjoyed 
by the other SACU Member St ates and Mozambique (Article 109). As in the EU -SADC EPA the 
relationship between the Agreement and the TDCA between the EU and South Africa is governed by 
Protocol 4 to the Agreement as amended (Article 110). Under the amended Protocol, the provisions 
on trade and trade related issues, dispute settlement and the agreement on port and sherry through 
an exchange of letters between the EU and South Africa under the TDCA (paragraphs 1(a)(i) -(iii), 
1(b) and 1 (c) of Protocol 4 between the EU and South Africa), will no longer have legal effect 
between the UK and South Africa. The UK and South Africa will develop the most appropriate 
framework in which to structure their relationship as soon as possible.  The Parties indicate that there 
have been no discussions  on developing a framework for Protocol 4.  With regard to maritime 
transport, the UK and South Africa shall endeavour to apply effectively the principle of unrestricted 
access to the international maritime market and traffic based on fair competition on a comm ercial 
basis; agree to extend to each others' nationals and vessels registered in their territories no less 
favourable treatment than that granted on an MFN basis for a number of maritime transport activities 
based on fair competition and on commercial ter ms33; and agree to consider maritime transport 
including intermodal operations in the context of trade in services under the Agreement (Article 73) 
without prejudice to nationality restrictions or agreements entered into by either the UK or South 
Africa wh ich exist at that time and which would be consistent with either Party's  obligations under 
the GATS.  
4.17.   Table 4.1 below shows the Parties' RTAs, both notified and not notified, and currently in force.  
Table 4.1 United Kingdom, SACU Member States and Mozambique: participation in other 
RTAs (notified and non -notified in force), as of 26 June  2023  
RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO  Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
UNITED KINGDOM  
United Kingdom – New Zealand  31-May-23 Goods & 
Services  2023 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Australia  31-May-23 Goods & 
Services  2023 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Iceland, 
Liechtenstein and Norway  01-Dec-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Mexico  01-Jun-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Serbia  20-May-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
 
33 Maritime transport of goods, passengers or both, access to ports, the use of infrastructure and 
auxiliary maritime services of those ports and related fees and charges, customs facilities and the assignment 
of berths and facilities for loading an d unloading.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO  Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
United Kingdom - Albania  03-May-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Jordan  01-May-21 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Ghana  05-Mar-21 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Union - United Kingdom  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Cameroon  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Canada  01-Jan-21 
01-Apr-21 Goods  
Services  2020 
2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - CARIFORUM 
States  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Central America  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Chile 01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Colombia, 
Ecuador and Peru  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Côte d'Ivoire  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Eastern and 
Southern Africa States  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Egypt  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Faroe Islands  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Georgia  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Israel  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Japan  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Kenya  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Kosovob 01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Lebanon  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Morocco  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - North Macedonia  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Pacific States  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States - 
Accession of Samoa  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States - 
Accession of Solomon Islands  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Palestine  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Republic of Korea  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Republic of 
Moldova  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Singapore  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Switzerland - 
Liechtenstein  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Tunisia  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Türkiye  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Ukraine  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Viet Nam  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
SACU Member States – Collectively  
MERCOSUR – SACU  01-Apr-16 Goods  2017 Enabling Clause  
EFTA – SACU  01-May-08 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
SACU  15-Jul-04 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
SACU – Individual Member States  
European Union – SADC  10-Oct-16 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
Southern African Development 
Community (SADC)c 01-Sep-00 
13-Jan-22 Goods  
Services  2004 
2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
• SADC – Accession of Seychelles  25-May-15 Goods  2016 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO  Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
• SADC – Accession of Madagascar  17-Aug-07 Goods  Not notified  
European Union - South Africa  01-Jan-00 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Market for Eastern and 
Southern Africa (COMESA)d 08-Dec-94 Goods  1995 Enabling Clause  
• COMESA - Accession of Egypt  17-Feb-99 Goods  2017 Enabling Clause  
• COMESA – Accession of Seychelles  11-May-09 Goods  2022 Enabling Clause  
• COMESA - Accession of Somalia  19-Jul-18 Goods  Not notified  
• COMESA - Accession of Tunisia  18-Jul-18 Goods  Not notified  
• COMESA - Accession of Djibouti  01-Feb-00 Goods  Not notified  
• COMESA - Accession of 
Madagascar  10-Jul-95 Goods  Not notified  
• COMESA - Accession of Libya  03-Jan-05 Goods  Not notified  
Namibia - Zimbabwe  30-Apr-93 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
African Continental Free Trade Area 
(AfCFTA)  30-May-19 Goods & 
Services  Not notified  
Botswana - Malawi  1956 Goods  Not notified  
Botswana - Zimbabwe  1956 Goods  Not notified  
Mozambique  
European Union – SADC  10-Oct-16 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
Southern African Development 
Community (SADC) c 01-Sep-00 
13-Jan-22 Goods  
Services  2004 
2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
• SADC – Accession of Seychelles  25-May-15 Goods  2016 GATT Art. XXIV  
• SADC – Accession of Madagascar  17-Aug-07 Goods  Not notified  
Global System of Trade Preferences 
among Developing Countries (GSTP)  19-Apr-89 Goods  1989 Enabling Clause  
African Continental Free Trade Area 
(AfCFTA)  30-May-19 Goods & 
Services  Not notified  
a Dates of the first entry into force/provisional application for at least one of the Parties.  
b Reference to Kosovo in this table shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations 
Security Council resolution 1244 (1999 ). 
c The notification made in 2004 ( WT/REG/176/N/1/Rev.1 ) indicated that the Parties to the SADC were 
as follows: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, 
Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The  Treaty of Accession of Seychelles was notified in 
2016 ( WT/REG368/N/1 ). The Treaty of Accession of Madagascar is yet to be notified.  
d The notification made in 1995 ( WT/COMTD/N/3 ) indicated that the Parties to the COMESA were as 
follows: Angola; Burun di; Comoros; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Lesotho;  Malawi; Mauritius; Rwanda; 
Sudan; Eswatini; Tanzania; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. The Treaties of Accessions of Egypt and 
Seychelles were notified in 2017 and 2022, respectively. The Treaties of Accessions of D jibouti, 
Libya, Madagascar, Somalia and Tunisia are yet to be notified. The withdrawals of Angola, Lesotho 
and Tanzania have not yet been notified.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information on these Agreements and on specific dates of entry into 
force/p rovisional applications may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org .  
 
4.8  Government procurement  
4.18.   In Article 17  (areas of cooperation), the Parties agree to cooperate to enhance mutual 
understanding of their respective public procurement systems. They reaffirm their commitment to 
transparency and the importance of continuing to publish or otherwise make public their law s, 
regulations and administrative rulings of general applications and any modifications thereof in an 
officially designated electronic or paper form to the public. They also agree on the importance of 
responding to reasonable requests to provide informatio n or clarification on these matters.  
4.19.   The Parties may consider future negotiations on Government procurement, with SACU and 
Mozambique endeavouring to negotiate collectively. The United Kingdom agrees to include 
provisions on cooperation and special and dif ferential treatment should such negotiations be 
launched. If the future procurement agreement should be incompatible with the future development 
of a SADC regional public procurement framework, the Parties shall work to bring it in line with the 
regional f ramework while ensuring a balance of benefits.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  4.20.   Among the Parties only the UK is party to the WTO's Government Procurement Agreement.  
4.9  Intellectual property rights  
4.21.   The provisions on intellectual property rights (IPRs) are based on  those in the EU -SADC EPA. 
Article 16 reaffirms the Parties' commitments to protect I PRs ( Article 11 of Annex VII ) and their 
rights , obligations and flexibilities under the WTO Agreement on Trade -related Aspects of Intellectual 
Property Rights ( TRIPS ) Agreement.  They may cooperate on matters  related to geographical 
indications (GIs) in line with Section 3 of the TRIPS Agreement.  They recognize the importance of 
GIs and origin linked products for sustainable agriculture and rural development . Agreeing  the 
importance of responding to reasonable requests for information and clarification on IPRs and GIs, 
the Parties  may, by mutual agreement, involve international and regional organizations with 
expertise in these areas.  
4.22.   Protocol 3 to the Agreement on GIs and trade in wine and spirits applies to trade between the 
UK and South Africa although other Parties may  adhere  to it in relation  only to GIs.  Under Article 3 
of the Protocol the UK and South Afr ica agree to recognize GIs listed in Annex I. They may also add 
GIs through a Special Committee established by Article 13 of the Protocol to monitor its 
development, intensify cooperation and exchange information and dialogue on GIs. Disputes are to 
be add ressed under Part III of the Agreement.  
4.23.   The Parties may consider cooperating in the future on traditional knowledge and entering into 
negotiations on the protection of IPRs in the future, with SACU members and Mozambique aiming 
to negotiate collectively. S hould negotiations be launched, the UK will consider including provisions 
on cooperation and special and differential treatment. Any Party that is not party to a future 
agreement on IPRs may negotiate the terms of its entry to the agreement. If any such ag reement 
were to result in outcomes that are incompatible with the future development of a SADC regional 
IPR framework, the Parties shall jointly endeavour to adjust the Agreement to bring it in line with 
the regional framework, while ensuring a balance of benefits.  
4.10  Competition  
4.24.   Recognizing that certain business practices such as anti -competitive agreements or concerted 
practices and abuses of dominant positions may restrict trade between themselves and undermine 
the fulfilment of the objectives of the Agreem ent, the Parties agree to cooperate on competition 
matters in accordance with Article 13(6) (Article 18) . They may consider future negotiations on 
competition, for which, if launched, the UK agrees to include provisions on cooperation and special 
and differ ential treatment. Article 18 also provides the possibility for Parties that are not party to 
such a future agreement on competition, to negotiate  the terms of entry to  that agreement. If any 
agreement resulting from such negotiations were to result in outcomes that are incompatible with 
the future development of a SADC regional competition framework, the Parties shall jointly 
endeavour to adjust and bring the agreement into line with the SADC regional framework, while 
ensuring a balance of benefits.  
4.11  Environment  and labour  
4.25.   Under Chapter II of Part I of the Agreement the Parties reaffirm their commitments to promote 
the development of international trade so it contributes to th e objective of sustainable development 
(economic and social development and environmental protection) for the welfare of current and 
future generations (Article 6). T aking into account their commitments on environment and labour 
under the Cotonou Agreement , they reaffirm their rights and commitment to implement  obligations 
under multilateral environment agreements (MEAs) and International Labour O rganization  (ILO) 
conventions that they have ratified  (Article 8) .34 The Parties  recogniz e their rights to estab lish their 
own levels of regulations and to adopt or modify relevant laws and policies consistently with 
internationally recognized standards and agreements to which they are party ; they agree  it is 
inappropriate to encourage trade or investment by weakeni ng domestic levels of labour and 
environmental protection and shall not derogate from or persistently fail to effectively enforce their 
 
34 Under Article 1 2 of Annex VII to the Agreement the Parties agree on special and differential needs of 
SACU and Mozambique. Under Article 13 of the Annex they reaffirm their commitments to internationally 
recognized core labour standards in t he ILO Conventions.  They also agree that environmental and labour 
measures shall not be used for protectionist purposes and to increase cooperation in these areas.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 32 - 
 
  labour and environmental laws (Article 9). The Parties will also work together, exchange information 
and share experienc es on trade and sustainable development (Article 11).  
4.26.   Consultations are foreseen in the Trade and Development Committee on any matter falling 
under Chapter II (Article 10)  but the Agreement's dispute settlement mechanism  does not apply . 
4.27.   Under Annex VII, which reaffirms commitments derived from the Cotonou Agreement as 
referenced in the EU -SADC EPA, the Parties agree on cooperation including on the environment and 
natural resources (Article 4), climate change (Article 5) and recognize the special needs and 
requirements of SACU  States and Mozambique on trade and environment (Article 12). They also 
reaffirm their commitments to internationally recognized core labour standards under the ILO 
Conventions , agree to enhance cooperation in this area, and agree that labour standards shall not 
be used for protectionist purposes (Article 13).  
4.12  Electronic commerce  
4.28.   There are no provisions in the Agreement on electronic commerce.  
4.13  Small and medium -sized enterprises  
4.29.   Under Article 13 the Parties agree to cooperate on issues r elating to supply -side 
competitiveness, including to support small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in agriculture, 
fisheries, industry and services. Efforts are also to be made to make procedures for appeal against 
customs and other agency administrati ve actions easily accessible for SMEs (Article 43).  
4.14  Other  
4.14.1   Cooperation  
4.30.   Under Chapter III of the Agreement the Parties agree to cooperate and to support SACU 
Members' and Mozambique's trade and development strategies within the SADC regional integration 
process. They recognize that development cooperation is crucial for their partnership and essential 
for achieving the objectives of the Agreement. In this regard they agree to development finance 
cooperation (either financial or non -financial) for regional eco nomic cooperation  and integration to 
promote the efforts of SACU Member States and Mozambique to achieve the objective and maximize 
benefits from the Agreement. In Part III of Annex VII to the Agreement the UK undertakes to support 
development cooperation activities in conformity with the principles of complementarity and aid 
effectiveness such as those in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness of 2005 and the Accra 
Agenda for Action of 2008. The Parties agree that a regional development financing mecha nism such 
as an EPA fund would be a useful instrument to channel funding and for implementing EPA 
accompanying measures and the UK supports regional efforts, and to set up such a fund. The UK 
agrees to provide contributions to support the implementation of  this Agreement through 
mechanisms such as the Prosperity  Fund, noting that the Prosperity Fund closed on 31 March 2021 
and prosperity programming transferred to the UK 's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development 
Office . The UK agrees to provide contributions to support the implementation of this Agreement.  The 
Parties shall also cooperate to enable the SACU Member States and Mozambique to access other 
financial instruments and facilitate other donors willing to support their efforts in implementi ng the 
Agreement.   
4.31.   Annex VII also agrees cooperation in a number of other areas such as environment and 
natural resources (Article 4), and climate change (Article 5). Economic and trade cooperation, which 
does not apply to South Africa, aims to foster the smooth and gradual integration of BELN and 
Mozambique into the world economy  with due regard for their political choices and development 
priorities, thereby promoting their sustainable development and contributing to poverty eradication.  
In addition to coo peration on climate change  and labour (see Section 4.11 above) and intellectual 
property rights  (Section 4.9 above) , the Parties agree on special and differential treatment for trade 
in services to BELN States and Mozambique and to promote liberalisation o f maritime transport and 
offer non -discriminatory access to ports, infrastructure, and other facilities (Articles 8 and 9 
respectively and Section 3.5.2 above), to inter alia  enable easy access for their inhabitants to 
information and communication technol ogies (Article 10) .  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
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  ANNEX 1  
1. Tables A1.1a -b show the UK's tariff elimination under the Agreement by total, agricultural and 
industrial products, compared to the average MFN applied tariff. In 2021 47% of the UK's MFN tariff 
was duty free with an overall average applied rate of 3.8%. Around 57.1% of  industrial products 
were duty free, compared to a significantly smaller share of 18.8% for agricultural products. The 
average applied MFN rate was 2.5% for industrial products and 8.9% for agricultural products. Under 
the Agreement, the overall MFN applie d tariff was reduced to zero for all the Parties except South 
Africa giving exporters from Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and Mozambique a relative 
margin of preference of 100% compared to imports from MFN sources.  With regard to imports from 
South A frica 94.9% of UK the tariff became duty free in 2021 (99.7% for industrial products and 
81.5% for agricultural products). The overall average tariff for imports from South Africa fell to 
0.2%, zero for industrial products and 0.9% for agricultural product s. This gave exporters from 
South Africa a relative margin of preference of 100% for industrial products, 89.9% for agricultural 
products and 94.7% overall. At the end of implementation of the Agreement in 2026 95.3% of the 
tariff will be duty free overall , 99.7% for industrial products and 83% for agricultural products.  
Table A1. 1a United Kingdom: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from 
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Eswatini  
Origin of goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 3.8 7.8 47.0 8.9 12.0 18.8 2.5 5.8 57.1 
Botswana, 
Eswatini, Lesotho, 
Namibia , 
Mozambique  2021 0.0 2.0 99.8 0.0 0.0 100 0.0 2.0 99.8 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in-quota rates are excluded from the computation.  Based on the HS 2017 
nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities.  
Table A1.1b United Kingdom: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports f rom 
South Africa  
Origin of goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of duty -
free tariff lines 
(%) Overall  
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 3.8 7.8 47.0 8.9 12.0 18.8 2.5 5.8 57.1 
South Africa  2021 0.2 10.0 94.9 0.9 10.4 81.5 0.0 6.6 99.7 
 2022 0.2 9.8 94.9 0.9 10.1 81.5 0.0 6.6 99.7 
 2023 0.2 9.6 94.9 0.9 9.9 81.5 0.0 6.6 99.7 
 2024 0.2 9.4 94.9 0.9 9.7 81.5 0.0 6.6 99.7 
 2025 0.2 11.0 95.3 0.9 11.6 83.0 0.0 6.6 99.7 
 2026 0.2 11.0 95.3 0.9 11.6 83.0 0.0 6.6 99.7 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded from the computation.   
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 34 - 
 
  2. In 2021 53.9% of SACU's MFN applied tariff was duty free, with 56.8% of industrial products 
duty free and considerably less of agriculture, 41.2% duty free. The average applied MFN tariff was 
8.8% overall, and 8.2% and 12.2% respectively for industrial and agricultural products. Under the 
Agreement the average applied tariff for imports from the UK fell to 2.7% and 2.5% an d 3.5% 
respectively for industrial and agricultural products. This gave exporters from the UK a relative 
margin of preference of 69.3% over exporters from MFN sources; the relative margin of preference 
was 69.5% for industrial products and 71.3% for agricu ltural products. The share of duty -free tariff 
lines for imports from the UK increased in 2021 to 85.7% overall and 85.3% and 85.7% for industrial 
and agricultural products. At the end of implementation 86.5% of SACU's tariff will be duty -free for 
imports from the UK (85.3% for industrial products and 91.8% for agricultural products).  
Table A1. 2 SACU: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from the UK   
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 8.8 19.7 53.9 12.2 22.7 41.2 8.2 18.9 56.8 
UK 2021 2.7 18.9 85.7 3.5 31.0 87.6 2.5 16.9 85.3 
 2022 2.6 18.8 85.7 3.4 30.1 87.6 2.5 16.9 85.3 
 2023 2.6 18.7 85.7 3.3 29.1 87.6 2.5 16.9 85.3 
 2024 2.6 18.5 85.7 3.2 28.2 87.6 2.5 16.9 85.3 
 2025 2.6 19.4 86.5 3.1 43.3 91.8 2.5 16.9 85.3 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation; For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data in the WTO -IDB and information from the Agreement.  
 
3. In 2021 11.9% of Mozambique's MFN tariff was duty -free, with 7.3% and 14.5% being duty -
free for industrial and agricultural products. The overall average MFN tariff was 8.6% overall and 
11.5% and 14.5% respectively for industrial and agricultural products. Under the Agreement the 
average applied rate for imports from the UK remained unchanged in 2021.  In 2022 the average 
applied rate fell to 7.9% overall and 6.5% and 14% for industrial and agri cultural products, 
respectively, while the share of duty-free tariff lines for imports from the UK remained unchanged. 
As a result of the Agreement the relative margin of preference for exporters from the UK was 8.2% 
overall, and almost 11% and 3.5% for in dustrial and agricultural products respectively. At the end 
of implementation in 2028 the share of duty -free tariff lines for imports from the UK is expected to 
rise to 39.3% overall, and 43.5% and 20.5% respectively for industrial and agricultural product s. 
Table A1. 3 Mozambique: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from the 
UK  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-free 
tariff 
lines (%)  Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 8.6 9.8 11.9 14.5 16.4 11.5 7.3 8.3 12.0 
UK 2021 8.6 9.8 11.9 14.5 16.4 11.5 7.3 8.3 12.0 
 2022 7.9 9.0 11.9 14.0 15.9 11.5 6.5 7.4 12.0 
 2023 7.1 11.6 39.3 13.6 17.1 20.5 5.6 9.9 43.5 
 2024 7.0 11.6 39.3 13.5 17.0 20.5 5.6 9.9 43.5 
 2025 7.0 11.5 39.3 13.4 16.9 20.5 5.6 9.9 43.5 
 2026 7.0 11.5 39.3 13.3 16.8 20.5 5.6 9.8 43.5 
 2027 6.9 11.4 39.3 13.3 16.7 20.5 5.5 9.8 43.5 
 2028 6.9 11.6 40.3 13.2 17.1 22.6 5.5 9.9 44.2 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the preferential tariffs constructed from the Agreement and ITC Macmap.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 35 - 
 
  4. Tables A1.4a -f show access to the UK market for the top 25 exports of all the other Parties 
following implementation of the Agreement.  With regard to exports fr om Botswana, Eswatini, 
Lesotho, Mozambique and Namibia whose top 25 exports to the UK during 2018 -20 averaged 
between 79.6% (for Lesotho) and 96.4% (for Botswana) of total exports, the UK maintained tariffs 
in 2021 on between 26 (Botswana and Mozambique) and 105 lines (Eswatini) at the HS six -digit 
level, while between  5 (Lesotho) and 38 lines (Namibia) were duty free on an MFN basis. Upon entry 
into force of the Agreement the UK liberalized the remaining dutiable lines for import s from these 
Parties. For South Africa's top 25 exports, which accounted for 53.8% of its exports during 2018 -20 
on average, and were covered by 56 tariff lines, of which 31 were already duty free on an MFN basis. 
Of the remaining 25 lines 21 were liberali zed by the UK in 2021. The four lines remaining dutiable 
relate to fresh or dried oranges and aluminium which in 2021 faced MFN applied duties of 
respectively 7.5% and 2%.  
5. Table A1.5 shows access to the SACU market for the UK's top 25 exports which account ed for  
38.4% of its total average exports in 2018 -20. They were covered by 79 tariff lines at the HS six -digit 
level, of which 36 were already duty -free on an MFN basis  and 43 were dutiable . In 2021 SACU 
liberalized 16 of these  dutiable tariff lines, as a result of which 27 will remain dutiable once the 
Agreement is fully implemented.  The 27 lines relate to motor vehicles and parts and mineral and 
light oils; MFN applied rates of duty for these products ranged from 6.3% to 23.3% in 2021.  
6. Table A1.6 shows ac cess to the market of Mozambique for the UK's top 25 exports which 
accounted for 38.4% of its total average exports in 2018 -20. They were covered by 79 tariff lines, 
of which 5 were already duty free on an MFN basis. In 2023 Mozambique liberalized 5 lines, with 
another 2 lines liberalized in 2028 . At the end of implementation 44 lines will remain subject to MFN 
duties  for imports from the UK. These products ( including motor vehicles and parts, petroleum, gold 
and light oils) were subject in 2021 to average applied MFN rates ranging from 2.5% to 20%.  
Table A1. 4a United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for 
Botswana, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020)  
Botswana's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  Duti-
able 
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked , simply 
sawn, cleaved , bruted  75.4 0.0 1    
710239  Diamonds  (excl. industrial) , worked, but not 
mounted or set  13.9 0.0 1    
854430  Ignition and other wiring sets for vehicles, 
aircraft or ships  1.6 1.8  1 1  
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary purposes (excl. 
in powder form)  0.8 0.0 1    
283620  Disodium carbonate  0.7 4.0  1 1  
020230  Frozen, boneless meat of bovine animals  0.6 12.0  3 3  
250100  Salts, incl. table salt and denatured salt, and 
pure sodium chloride, whether or not in 
aqueous solution or containing added anti -
caking or free -flowing agents; sea water  0.5 0.0 5    
020130  Fresh or chilled bovine meat, boneless  0.5 12.0  1 1  
391723  Rigid tubes, pipes and hoses, of polymers of 
vinyl chloride  0.2 5.0  2 2  
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  0.2 0.0 1    
630260  Toilet linen and kitchen linen, of terry 
towelling or similar terry fabrics of cotton  0.2 12.0  1 1  
010229  Live cattle (excl. pure-bred for breeding)  0.2 10.0 1 11 11  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 36 - 
 
  Botswana's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  Duti-
able 
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles for <10  
persons, with only spark -ignition internal 
combustion reciprocating piston engine  with 
cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 
cm³ 0.2 10.0  3 3  
300230  Vaccines for veterinary medicine  0.1 0.0 1    
710221  Industrial diamonds unworked or simply 
sawn, cleaved or bruted  0.1 0.0 1    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverised, 
non-agglomerated  0.1 0.0 2    
010221  Pure-bred cattle for breeding  0.1 0.0 3    
270119  Coal (excl. anthracite and bituminous) , 
whether or not pulverised, non -agglomerated  0.1 0.0 1    
854420  Coaxial cable and other coaxial electric 
conductors, insulated  0.1 2.0  1 1  
843149  Parts of machinery of heading 8426, 8429 
and 8430, n.e.s.  0.1 0.0 2    
880230  Aeroplanes and other powered aircraft of an 
unladen weight > 2.000 kg but <= 15.000 kg  0.1 0.0 1    
490700  Unused postage, revenue or similar stamps of 
current or new issue; stamp -impressed 
paper; banknotes; cheque forms; stock, 
share or bond certificates and similar 
documents of title  0.1 0.0 3    
710210  Diamonds, unsorted  0.1 0.0 1    
850710  Lead-acid accumulators of a kind used for 
starting piston engine "starter batteries" 
(excl. spent)  0.1 1.0  2 2  
852849  Cathode -ray tube monitors "crt"  0.1 0.0 1     
TOTALS  96.4  26 26 26  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  
Table A1.4b United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for 
Eswatini, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020 ) 
Eswatini's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
330210  Mixtures of odoriferous substances and 
mixtures, incl. alcoholic solutions, with a 
basis of one or more of these 
substances, of a kind used in the food 
and drink industries; other preparations 
based on odoriferous substances, used 
for the manufacture of beverages  31.9 0.0 5    WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 37 - 
 
  Eswatini's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
382499  Chemical products and preparations of 
chemical or allied industries, incl. those 
consisting of mixtures of natural 
products, n.e.s.  11.8 5.5 6 17 17  
170114  Raw cane sugar, in solid form, not 
containing added flavouring or colouring 
matter (excl. cane sugar of 170113)  9.4 0.0  2 2  
170113  Raw cane sugar, in solid form, not 
containing added flavouring or colouring 
matter, obtained without centrifugation, 
with sucrose content 69° to 93°, 
containing only natural anhedral 
microcrystals  8.8 0.0  2 2  
440711  Pine "pinus spp." sawn or chipped 
lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or 
not planed, sanded or end -jointed, 
thickness of >6 mm  2.9 0.0 3    
170199  Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure 
sucrose, in solid form  1.8 0.0  2 2  
620462  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts of 
cotton  1.8 12.0  7 7  
620342  Men's or boys' cotton trousers , bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts  1.4 12.0  7 7  
220710  Undenatured ethyl alcohol, of actual 
alcoholic strength of >= 80%  1.4 0.0  1 1  
620343  Men's or boys' synthetic trousers, bib 
and brace overalls, breeches and shorts  1.3 12.0  5 5  
170290  Sugars in solid form, incl. invert sugar 
and chemically pure maltose, and sugar 
and sugar syrup blends containing in the 
dry state 50% by weight of fructose, not 
flavoured or coloured, artificial honey, 
whether or not mixed with natural 
honey and caramel  1.3 12.0  8 8  
440112  Fuel wood  (non-coniferous) , in logs, 
billets, twigs, faggots or similar  1.1 0.0 1    
170410  Chewing gum, whether or not sugar -
coated  1.1 6.0  2 2  
230990  Preparations of a kind used in animal 
feed  1.0 7.3 1 14 14  
630533  Sacks and bags, for the packing of 
goods, of polyethylene or polypropylene 
strip or the like  1.0 9.0  2 2  
270119  Coal, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  0.8 0.0 1    
610910  T-shirts, singlets and other vests of 
cotton, knitted or crocheted  0.7 12.0  1 1  
293214  Sucralose  0.7 6.0  1 1  
200799  Jams, jellies, marmalades, purées or 
pastes of fruit, obtained by cooking, 
whether or not containing added sugar 
or other sweeten er  0.7 19.3  9 9  
600622  Dyed cotton fabrics, knitted or 
crocheted, of a width of > 30 cm  0.7 8.0  1 1  
170490  Sugar confectionery not containing 
cocoa, incl. white chocolate (excl. 
chewing gum)  0.5 8.4  10 10  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 38 - 
 
  Eswatini's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
610510  Men's or boys' shirts of cotton, knitted 
or crocheted  0.5 12.0  1 1  
291619  Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic 
acids, their anhydrides, halides, 
peroxides, peroxyacids and 
halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or 
nitrosated derivatives  0.5 5.0 1 2 2  
620449  Women's or girls' dresses of textile 
materials  0.5 12.0  2 2  
200820  Pineapples, prepared or preserved, 
whether or not containing added sugar 
or other sweetening matter or spirit  0.4 21.1  9 9  
 
TOTAL S 84.2  18 105 105  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  
Table A1. 4c United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for 
Lesotho, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020)  
Lesotho's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global exports 
(%) MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked , 
simply sawn, cleaved or bruted  23.3 0.0 1    
610463  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts of 
synthetic fibres, knitted or crocheted  11.3 12.0  1 1  
620342  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts, of cotton  9.6 12.0  7 7  
611030  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats 
and similar articles, of man -made fibres, 
knitted or crocheted  4.0 12.0  3 3  
620462  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts of 
cotton  3.8 12.0  7 7  
610990  T-shirts, singlets and other vests of 
textile materials, knitted or crocheted 
(excl. cotton)  3.4 12.0  2 2  
610520  Men's or boys' shirts of man -made 
fibres, knitted or crocheted  2.9 12.0  2 2  
853620  Automatic circuit breakers for a voltage 
<= 1.000 v  2.8 2.0  2 2  
630493  Articles for interior furnishing, of 
synthetic fibres  2.4 12.0  1 1  
510119  Greasy wool, incl. fleece -washed wool, 
neither carded nor combed (excl. shorn 
wool)  1.9 0.0 1    
610910  T-shirts, singlets and other vests of 
cotton, knitted or crocheted  1.8 12.0  1 1  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 39 - 
 
  Lesotho's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global exports 
(%) MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
610343  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts of 
synthetic fibres, knitted or crocheted  1.7 12.0  1 1  
852872  Reception apparatus for television, 
colour, whether or not incorporating 
radio-broadcast receivers or sound or 
video recording or reproducing 
apparatus, designed to incorporate a 
video display or screen  1.3 14.0  6 6  
110100  Wheat or meslin flour  1.2 0.0  3 3  
620349  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts of textile 
materials  1.2 12.0  6 6  
510111  Greasy shorn wool, incl. fleece -washed 
wool, neither carded nor combed  0.9 0.0 1    
611020  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats 
and similar articles, of cotton, knitted or 
crocheted  0.9 12.0  3 3  
520942  Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by 
weight and weighing > 200 g/m², made 
of yarn of different colours  0.8 8.0  1 1  
610510  Men's or boys' shirts of cotton, knitted 
or crocheted  0.7 12.0  1 1  
610462  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts of 
cotton, knitted or crocheted  0.7 12.0  1 1  
640299  Footwear with outer soles and uppers of 
rubber or plastics  0.6 16.0  9 9  
610322  Men's or boys' ensembles of cotton, 
knitted or crocheted  0.6 12.0  1 1  
843149  Parts of machinery of heading 8426, 
8429 and 8430, n.e.s.  0.6 0.0 2    
620469  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, breeches and shorts of 
textile materials  0.6 12.0  6 6  
610349  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts of textile 
materials, knitted or crocheted  0.6 12.0  1 1  
 
TOTAL S 79.6  5 65 65  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  
Table A1. 4d United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for 
Mozambique, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020)  
Mozambique's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of lines  
duty-
free  duti-able 
270119  Coal, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  16.8 0.0 1    
760110  Aluminium, not alloyed, unwrought  15.1 2.0  1 1  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 40 - 
 
  Mozambique's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of lines  
duty-
free  duti-able 
271600  Electrical energy  9.0 0.0 1    
270400  Coke and semi -coke of coal, of lignite or 
of peat, whether or not agglomerated; 
retort carbon  9.0 0.0 3    
760410  Bars, rods and profiles, of non -alloy 
aluminium, n.e.s.  7.8 6.0  2 2  
240120  Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed or 
stripped, otherwise unmanufactured  4.2 0.0  5 5  
261400  Titanium ores and concentrates  4.2 0.0 1    
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  4.2 0.0 1    
710391  Rubies, sapphires and emeralds, 
worked, whether or not graded, but not 
strung, mounted or set, rubies, 
sapphires and emeralds, worked, 
ungraded, temporarily strung  2.8 0.0 1    
760511  Wire of non -alloy aluminium, with a 
maximum cross -sectional dimension of 
> 7 mm  2.4 0.0 1    
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  1.6 0.0 1    
120740  Sesamum seeds, whether or not broken  1.3 0.0 2    
170114  Raw cane sugar, in solid form, not 
containing added flavouring or colouring 
matter (excl. cane sugar of 170113)  1.2 0.0  2 2  
261510  Zirconium ores and concentrates  1.2 0.0 1    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not 
pulverised, non -agglomerated  0.9 0.0 2    
071390  Dried, shelled leguminous vegetables, 
skinned /split or not  0.9 0.0 1    
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous minerals, not 
containing biodiesel, n.e.s.  0.7 2.2 12 13 13  
080131  Fresh or dried cashew nuts, in shell  0.7 0.0 1    
670490  Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and 
eyelashes, switches and the like, of 
animal hair or textile materials  0.7 2.0  1 1  
080132  Fresh or dried cashew nuts, shelled  0.7 0.0 1    
250590  Natural sands of all kinds, whether or 
not coloured  0.6 0.0 1    
080390  Fresh or dried bananas (excl. plantains)  0.6 16.0  2 2  
490700  Unused postage, revenue or similar 
stamps of current or new issue in the 
country in which they have, or will have, 
a recognised face value; stamp -
impressed paper; banknotes; cheque 
forms; stock, share or bond certificates 
and similar documents of title  0.5 0.0 3    
261590  Niobium, tantalum or vanadium ores 
and concentrates  0.4 0.0 1    
250410  Natural graphite in powder or in flakes  0.4 0.0 1     
TOTAL S 88.0  36 26 26  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 41 - 
 
  Table A1. 4e United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for 
Namibia, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020)  
Namibia's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
740200  Copper, unrefined; copper anodes for 
electrolytic refining  19.6 0.0 1    
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked or 
simply sawn, cleaved or bruted (excl. 
industrial diamonds)  18.9 0.0 1    
261210  Uranium ores and concentrates  10.3 0.0 2    
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary purposes  5.0 0.0 1    
030474  Frozen fillets of hake "merluccius spp., 
urophycis spp."  4.6 6.0  4 4  
740311  Copper, refined, in the form of cathodes 
and sections of cathodes  3.5 0.0 1    
890690  Vessels, incl. lifeboats  3.4 0.0 3    
030355  Frozen jack and horse mackerel "trachurus 
spp." 3.0 14.0  3 3  
710239  Diamonds, worked, but not mounted or set 
(not industrial)  2.1 0.0 1    
890520  Floating or submersible drilling or 
production platforms  1.8 0.0 1    
790111  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, containing by 
weight >= 99 .99% zinc  1.6 0.0 1    
010229  Live cattle (excl. pure -bred for breeding)  1.4 10.0 1 11 11  
260800  Zinc ores and concentrates  1.2 0.0 1    
220300  Beer made from malt  1.0 0.0 3    
740990  Plates, sheets and strip, of copper alloys, of 
thickness > 0 .15mm  0.8 0.0 1    
080610  Fresh grapes  0.8 11.0  2 2  
271012  Light oils and preparations, of petroleum or 
bituminous minerals which >= 90% by 
volume "incl. losses" distil at 210°c "astm  d 
86 method" (excl. containing biodiesel)  0.7 4.0 2 9 9  
790112  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, containing by 
weight < 99,99% of zinc  0.7 0.0 3    
890190  Vessels for the transport of goods and 
vessels for the transport of both persons 
and goods  0.6 0.0 2    
030389  Frozen fish, n.e.s.  0.6 11.0 1 11 11  
390690  Acrylic polymers, in primary forms  0.6 5.0 5 2 2  
440290  Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal, 
agglomerated  or not   0.5 0.0 1    
740319  Copper, refined, unwrought  0.5 0.0 1    
250100  Salts, incl. table salt and denatured salt, 
and pure sodium chloride, whether or not in 
aqueous solution or containing added anti -
caking or free-flowing agents; sea water  0.5 0.0 5    
030366  Frozen hake "merluccius spp., urophycis 
spp." 0.4 14.0  5 5  
 
TOTALS  84.2  38 47 47  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 42 - 
 
  Table A1. 4f United Kingdom: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for South 
Africa, top 25 exports to the world (2018 -2020)  
South Africa's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in semi -
manufactured forms, for non -monetary 
purposes  6.2 0.0 2    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverised, 
non-agglomerated  5.4 0.0 2    
260112  Agglomerated iron ores and concentrates 
(excl. roasted iron pyrites)  3.9 0.0 1    
260200  Manganese ores and concentrates, incl. 
ferruginous manganese ores and 
concentrates, with a manganese content of 
>= 20%, calculated on the dry weight  3.4 0.0 1    
870421  Motor vehicles for transport of goods, with 
compression -ignition internal combustion 
piston engine "diesel or semi -diesel engine" of 
a gross vehicle weight <= 5 t  3.3 8.4  5 5  
720241  Ferro-chromium, containing by weight > 4% 
of carbon  3.0 0.0 2    
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in powder form  2.7 0.0 1    
711019  Platinum, in semi -manufactured forms  2.6 0.0 2    
271012  Light oils and preparations, of petroleum or 
bituminous minerals which >= 90% by 
volume "incl. losses" distil at 210°c "astm  d 
86 method"  2.6 4.0 2 9 9  
260111  Non-agglomerated iron ores and concentrates 
(excl. roasted iron pyrites)  2.2 0.0 1    
870332  Motor cars and other motor vehicles designed 
for the transport of <10 persons, incl. station 
wagons and racing cars, with only diesel 
engine of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but 
<= 2.500 cm³  2.1 10.0  3 3  
261000  Chromium ores and concentrates  2.0 0.0 1    
711031  Rhodium, unwrought or in powder form  1.9 0.0 1    
842139  Machinery and apparatus for filtering or 
purifying gases  1.7 0.0 4    
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of <10 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, 
with only spark -ignition internal combustion 
reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder 
capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 cm³  1.4 10.0  3 3  
870321  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of <10 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, 
with only spark -ignition internal combustion 
reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder 
capacity <= 1.000 cm³  1.4 10.0  2 2  
711011  Platinum, unwrought or in powder form  1.3 0.0 1    
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked , simply 
sawn, cleaved or brute d 1.2 0.0 1    
760110  Aluminium, not alloyed, unwrought  1.1 2.0  1  1 
870324  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of <10 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, 
with only spark -ignition internal combustion 
reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder 
capacity > 3.000 cm³  1.0 10.0  2 2  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 43 - 
 
  South Africa's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to UK's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -
free in 
2021  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
080510  Fresh or dried oranges  0.8 7.5  4 1 3 
271600  Electrical energy  0.7 0.0 1    
470200  Chemical wood pulp, dissolving grades  0.7 0.0 1    
261400  Titanium ores and concentrates  0.6 0.0 1    
080610  Fresh grapes  0.6 11.0  2 2   
TOTAL S 53.8  25 31 27 4 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK authorities, UNSD -Comtrade database.  
Table A1. 5 SACU: Market access opportunities under the agreement for United 
Kingdom's top 25 exports to the world   
United Kingdom's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to 
SACU's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 2021  
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN applied 
rate (%)  Numbe
r of 
lines  duty-free  
dutiable  
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in semi -manufactured 
forms, for non -monetary purposes  5.6 0.0 1    
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude  4.9 0.0 1    
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for 
therapeutic or prophylactic purposes,  3.2 0.0 8    
880330  Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.  2.9 0.0 1    
841112  Turbojets of a thrust > 25 kn  2.6 0.0 1    
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the 
transport of <10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but 
<= 3.000 cm³  2.4 23.3  3 1 2 
841191  Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers, n.e.s.  2.1 0.0 1    
870324  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for 
transport of<10 persons, cylinder capacity>3.000 cm³  1.7 23.3  3 1 2 
220830  Whiskies  1.3 -  2 2  
271012  Light oils and preparations  1.3 6.3 7 14 2 12 
970110  Paintings, e.g. oil paintings, watercolours and pastels, and 
drawings executed entirely by hand  1.3 0.0 1    
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for 
transport of <10 persons, cylinder capacity > 1.000 cm³ but <= 
1.500 cm³  1.2 23.3  3 1 2 
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal other 
than silver  1.0 20.0  1 1  
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum or bituminous 
minerals, not containing biodiesel, n.e.s.  1.0 -  1  1 
870332  Motor cars and other motor vehicles designed for the transport 
of <10 persons, of  cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 
cm³ 0.7 23.3  3 1 2 
300220  Vaccines for human medicine  0.6 0.0 1    WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 44 - 
 
  United Kingdom's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to 
SACU's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2021  
Duty -free in 2021  
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN applied 
rate (%)  Numbe
r of 
lines  duty-free  
dutiable  
870340  Motor cars and other motor vehicles designed for the transport 
of <10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 
2.500 cm³  0.6 20.0 1 5 3 2 
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in powder form  0.6 0.0 1    
300215  Immunological products, for retail sale  0.6 0.0 1    
851762  Machines for the reception, conversion and transmission or 
regeneration of voice, images or other data  0.6 0.0 3    
382200  Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, prepared 
diagnostic or laboratory reagents  0.5 0.0 1    
490199  Printed books, brochures and similar printed matter  0.5 0.0 1    
870333  Motor cars and other motor vehicles designed for the transport 
of <10 persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, with only 
diesel engine of a cylinder capacity > 2.500 cm³  0.5 23.3  3 1 2 
840890  Compression -ignition internal combustion piston engine "diesel 
or semi -diesel engine"  0.4 0.0 2    
870899  Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor vehicles for the 
transport of ten or more persons  0.4 8.3 4 5 3 2 
 Total of above  38.4  36 43 16 27 
Note:  - contain specific duties only; Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data in the WTO -IDB and information from the Agreement and the UK 
authorities.  
Table A1. 6 Mozambique: Market access opp ortunities under the agreement for United 
Kingdom's top 25 exports to the world  
United Kingdom's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to 
Mozambique's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2021  Duty -free 
in 
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied rate 
(%) Number 
of lines  
2023  
2028  
duty
-free  
dutiable  
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in semi -
manufactured forms, for non -monetary purposes  5.6 7.5  1   1 
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous 
minerals, crude  4.9 2.5  1   1 
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products 
for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes,  3.2 0.0 1     
880330  Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s.  2.9 1.7  1 1   
841112  Turbojets of a thrust > 25 kn  2.6 2.5  1 1   
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons, of a 
cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 cm³  2.4 12.5  4   4 
841191  Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers, n.e.s.  2.1 5.0  1   1 WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 45 - 
 
  United Kingdom's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to 
Mozambique's import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2021  Duty -free 
in 
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied rate 
(%) Number 
of lines  
2023  
2028  
duty
-free  
dutiable  
870324  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of<10 persons, of a 
cylinder capacity>3.000 cm³  1.7 12.5  4   4 
220830  Whiskies  1.3 10.0  1 1   
271012  Light oils and preparations  1.3 5.7  7   7 
970110  Paintings, e.g. oil paintings, watercolours and pastels, 
and drawings executed entirely by hand  1.3 20.0  1   1 
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons, of a 
cylinder capacity > 1.000 cm³ but <= 1.500 cm³  1.2 20.0  2   2 
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious 
metal other than silver  1.0 20.0  1   1 
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum or 
bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, n.e.s.  1.0 6.2  13  1 12 
870332  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons, of a 
cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 cm³  0.7 12.5  4   4 
300220  Vaccines for human medicine  0.6 0.0 1     
870340  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons, of a 
cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 cm³  0.6 20.0  1   1 
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in powder form  0.6 7.5  1   1 
300215  Immunological products, for retail sale  0.6 0.0 1     
851762  Machines for the reception, conversion and 
transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other 
data 0.6 5.0  1 1   
382200  Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, 
prepared diagnostic or laboratory reagents  0.5 0.0 1     
490199  Printed books, brochures and similar printed matter  0.5 0.0 1     
870333  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons, incl. 
station wagons and racing cars, with only diesel 
engine of a cylinder capacity > 2.500 cm³  0.5 12.5  4   4 
840890  Compression -ignition internal combustion piston 
engine "diesel or semi -diesel engine"  0.4 5.0  1 1   
870899  Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor vehicles for 
the transport of ten or more persons  0.4 7.5  1  1  
 
Total of above  38.4  5 51 5 2 44 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the preferential tariffs constructed from the Agreement, ITC  Macmap and 
the UK authorities.  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 46 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
Table A2.1: UK TRQs for imports from South Africa  
Product/Code  Quota 
quantity  
(metric 
tonnes)  Tariff rates  
In quota  Out of quota   
(MFN rate)  
Skimmed milk powder, butter  
04021011 .  
04021019 *.  
04021091 . 
 
04021099 .  
 
04051011, 04051019,  
04051030, 04051050 . 
04051090 . 159 zero  
104 GBP/100 kg  
99 GBP/100 kg  
1 GBP/kg/lactic matter + 
23 GBP/100 kg  
1 GBP/kg/lactic matter + 
17 GBP/100 kg  
158 GBP/100 kg  
 
193 GBP/100 kg  
Strawberries  
08111090   
132  
zero  
14% 
Refined sugar or cane sugar for refining  
17011310 *, 17011410 *.  
17019910 .  
22,045   
zero  
28 GBP/100 kg/std qual  
35 GBP/100 kg  
Cane sugar for refining  
17011310, 17011410   
49,320   
zero  
28 GBP/100 kg/std qual  
White crystalline powder  
17023050  159  
zero  
22 GBP/100 kg/std qual  
Citrus jams  
20079130   
32  
10% + 1.70 GBP/100 kg   
20% + 3.50 GBP/100 kg  
Canned fruit (except tropical fruit)  
2007993916 , 2007993917 , 2007993939 , 
2007993940 . 
2007993918 , 2007993919 , 2007993922 , 
2007993924 , 2007993929 , 2007993930 , 
2007993932 , 2007993934 , 2007993954 , 
2007993956 . 
2007993926, 2007993927 . 
 
2007995042 , 2007995045 , 2007995049 , 
2007995051 , 2007995052 , 2007995067 . 
2007993946 , 2007993947 . 
 
2007995041 , 2007995043 , 2007995053 , 
2007995062 . 
 
2007995064 . 
 
2007999732 , 2007999733 , 2007999735 , 
2007999737 , 2007999738 , 2007999739 , 
2007999740 , 2007999741 , 2007999742 , 
2007999744 , 2007999746 , 2007999748 ,  
2007999752 , 2007999757 , 2007999762 . 
20084051 , 20084079 , 20085069 , 
20087069 , 20087079 , 20089759 . 
20084059 . 
20084071 , 20085061 , 20085079 , 
20087061 , 20087071 , 20089778 . 
20084090 , 2008509811 , 2008509813 , 
2008509815 , 2008509819 . 
20085071 . 
20085092 , 20089774 . 
2008509891 , 2008509893 , 2008509899 . 
20087098 , 20089798 .  
20089772 . 
20087092 .  
18,181   
9.10% MAX 4.60% + 4.30 
GBP/100 kg  
10% MAX 4.60% + 4.30 
GBP/100 kg  
 
 
10.80% MAX 4.60% + 
4.30 GBP/100 kg  
10% MAX 4.60% + 0.80 
GBP/100 kg  
7.10% MAX 4.60% + 4.30 
GBP/100 kg  
9.10% MAX 4.60% + 0.80 
GBP/100 kg  
 
7.10% MAX 4.60% + 0.80 
GBP/100 kg  
5.5%  
 
 
 
 
4% 
 
3.6%  
4.4%  
 
3.8%  
 
4.7%  
3.1%  
4.2%  
 
 
3.4%   
20% + 19 GBP/100 kg  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20% + 3.50 GBP/100 kg  
 
 
 
 
 
 
20% 
 
 
 
 
16% 
 
16% 
18% 
 
16% 
 
20% 
12% 
16% 
18% 
8% 
14% WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 47 - 
 
  Product/Code  Quota 
quantity  
(metric 
tonnes)  Tariff rates  
In quota  Out of quota   
(MFN rate)  
Tropical canned fruit  
2007993943 , 2007993944 . 
2008509891 , 2008509893 , 2008509899 . 
20087098 , 20089798 . 
20089772 . 1,037   
4.9%  
4.2%   
20% + 19 GBP/100 kg  
16% 
18% 
8% 
Frozen orange juice  
20091199 *.  
363  
Zero  
14% 
Apple juice  
20097120 , 20097199 , 20097930 , 20097998 . 
20097911 *. 
20097991 . 
20097919 *.  
1,329   
9% 
15% + 7.60 GBP/100 kg  
9% + 8 GBP/100 kg  
15%  
18% 
30% + 15 GBP/100 kg  
18% + 1 6 GBP/100 kg  
30% 
Active yeast  
21021090 .  
111  
Zero  
zero 
Wine (quota A)*  
2204219329, 2204219429, 2204219471, 
2204219521, 2204219621, 2204219671, 
2204219721, 2204219821, 2204219871, 
2204229330, 2204229431, 2204229481, 
2204229530, 2204229631, 2204229681, 
2204229730, 2204229831, 2204229881, 
2204299330, 2204299431, 2204299481, 
2204299530, 2204 299631, 2204299681, 
2204299730, 2204299831, 2204299881.  
2204219319, 2204219419, 2204219461, 
2204219511, 2204219611, 2204219661, 
2204219711, 2204219811, 2204219861, 
2204229320, 2204229421, 2204229471, 
2204229520, 2204229621, 2204229671, 
2204229720, 22042298 21, 2204229871, 
2204299320, 2204299421, 2204299471, 
2204299520, 2204299621, 2204299671, 
2204299720, 2204299821, 2204299871. 
2204219331, 2204219431, 2204219481,  
2204219531, 2204219631, 2204219681,  
2204219731, 2204219831, 2204219881.  
2204229310, 2204229411, 2204229461,  
2204229510, 2204229611, 2204229661,  
2204229710, 2204229811, 2204229861,  
2204299310, 2204299510, 2204299710.   
500,380 
litres  
Zero  
12 GBP/hl  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10 GBP/hl  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 GBP/hl  
 
 
8.20 GBP/hl  
Wine (quota B)*  
2204219329, 2204219429, 2204219471, 
2204219521, 2204219621, 2204219671, 
2204219721, 2204219821, 2204219871, 
2204229330, 2204229431, 2204229481, 
2204229530, 2204229631, 2204229681, 
2204229730, 2204229831, 2204229881, 
2204299330, 2204299431, 2204299481, 
2204299530, 2204 299631, 2204299681, 
2204299730, 2204299831, 2204299881.  
2204219319, 2204219419, 2204219461, 
2204219511, 2204219611, 2204219661, 
2204219711, 2204219811, 2204219861, 
2204229320, 2204229421, 2204229471, 
2204229520, 2204229621, 2204229671, 
2204229720, 22042298 21, 2204229871, 
2204299320, 2204299421, 2204299471, 
2204299520, 2204299621, 2204299671,  
2204299720, 2204299821, 2204299871.  
2204219331, 2204219431, 2204219481,  
2204219531, 2204219631, 2204219681,  
2204219731, 2204219831, 2204219881.  
2204229310, 2204229411, 2204229461,  
2204229510, 2204229611, 2204229661,  
2204229710, 2204229811, 2204229861,  
2204299310, 2204299510, 2204299710.   
214,449 
litres  
Zero  
12 GBP/hl  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10 GBP/hl  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 GBP/hl  
 
 
8.20 GBP/hl  WT/REG443/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 48 - 
 
  Product/Code  Quota 
quantity  
(metric 
tonnes)  Tariff rates  
In quota  Out of quota   
(MFN rate)  
Ethanol  
22071000 .  
22072000 .  
25,448   
Zero  
16 GBP/hl  
8.50 GBP/hl  
* Tariff lines also subject to MFN TRQs.  
Source:  Section B, Annex I of the Agreement and data provided by the United Kingdom.  
Table A2.2: SACU TRQs for imports from the UK  
Product/Code  Quota 
quantity 
(metric 
tonnes)  Tariff rates  
In quota rate  Out of quota (MFN 
rate)  
Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone 
in 
02032200, 02032990  150 25% of the MFN 
rate 15% or 130c/kg  
Pig fat  
02091000  20 zero 8c/kg  
Butter and other dairy fats  
04051010, 04059000  94 25% of the MFN 
rate 500c/kg with a maximum 
of 79%  
Cheese  
04061000, 04069012, 04069022, 04069099  1,498  zero 500c/kg with a maximum 
of 95%  
Wheat and meslin  
04061000, 04069012, 04069022, 04069099  30,090  zero 54.42c/kg  
Barley  
10031000, 10039000  1,003  zero zero 
Cereal based food preparations  
19019040  796 25% of the MFN 
rate 20% 
Ice cream  
21050010  24 50% of the MFN 
rate 10% 
Source:  Section B, Annex I of the Agreement and data provided by SACU Members . 
__________