AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
                                         
 
 
   
TBS@2024                                                                                                      First Edition 2024  DRAFT  TANZANIA STANDARD  
 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of dioxins  
and polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS                                                                                                                    AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
This document is copyright -protected by Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Neither this document nor any extract 
from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written 
permission from TBS.  
Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the pur pose of use should be addressed as shown 
below:  
Tanzania Bureau of Standards  
P O Box 9524  
16103 Dar es Salaam  
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Tel +255 (22) 2450206/2450949/2450298  
Fax +255 22 2450298  
Hotline: 0800110827  
E-mail: info@tbs.go.tz  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                   AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of dioxins  and polychlorinated  
biphenyls in food and feed  
 
Foreword  
This Tanzania Standard was approved under the authority of the Board of Director of Tanzania Bureau of Standards.  
Tanzania Bu reau of Standards (TBS) is the statutory national standards body for Tanzania established by the 
Standards Act Cap. 130 . 
Tanzania Standards are developed through Technical Committees that are representative of key stakeholders 
including government, academi a, consumer groups, private sector and other interested parties. The Technical 
Committees work under the supervision of Divisional (sectoral) Committees. The Standards are developed in 
accordance with the Guide and Procedure for Development of Tanzania Sta ndards and TZS 0, Guide for 
presentation of Tanzania Standards .  
Tanzania Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with  science and  technological advances. Users of the 
Tanzania Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the late st versions of the standards they 
are implementing.  
This Tanzania Standard was developed under the supervision of the Agriculture and Food  Divisional Standards 
Committee [ AFDC ]. The Technical Committee responsible for the standard is AFDC 27 - Contaminants.   
The reporting of the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this Tanzania Standard, if the final value, 
observed or calculated is to be rounded off, shall be done in accordance with TZS 4.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                   AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 Introduction  
Dioxins and P olychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs) are among the persistent organic pollutants (POP) of toxicological 
concern . Dioxins are a group of persistent chemicals, which  are not produced intentionally but are formed during 
combustion (burning) processes a nd as by -products of industrial processes.  PCBs  are similar chemically to the 
dioxins. They have been used in transformers, building materials, lubricants, coatings, plasticizers and inks, although 
their use has now largely been phased out. Both the dioxin s and the PCBs are highly resistant to breakdown 
processes, and consequently persist in the environment, followed by uptake into the food chain, mainly foodstuffs of 
animal origin with a high fat content, since these contaminants accumulate in fatty tiss ues. Foodstuffs in which 
dioxins can occur include meat, fish, eggs and milk.  
Dioxins and PCBs are toxic chemicals that can provoke serious health effects such as cancer, hormone disruption, 
reduced ability to reproduce, skin toxicity and immune system disor ders, when exposure to them continues over an 
extended period. Short periods of exposure are not considered to have adverse effects on health, unless the levels 
are very high. Because of their potentially serious health effects and their persistence in the  environment, it is 
essential to minimize their release into the environment, including the establishment of emission limits for dioxins into 
the air, prohibition of the use of PCBs, and safe collection, storage and environmentally compatible disposal or 
destruction of dioxin and PCB -contaminated devices and products.  
Current sources of dioxins and PCBs entering the food chain include new emissions and remobilisation of deposits 
or reservoirs in the environment. New emission s are mainly via the air route. Dioxins and PCBs decompose very 
slowly in the environment and remain there for very long periods of time. Therefore, a large part of current exposure 
is due to releases of dioxins and PCBs that occurred in the past. Today, the release of PCBs occurs through  
leakages, accidental spills and illegal disposal and emissions via air from thermal processes. The emission of PCBs 
from paints and/or sealants into the environment e.g. during demolition and reconstruction of older buildings appears 
to be of some importa nce as a source.  
Dioxins are formed as unwanted by -products from a number of human activities including certain industrial 
processes (e.g. production of chemicals, metallurgical industry) and combustion processes (e.g. waste incineration). 
Accidents at ch emical factories have been shown to result in high emissions and contamination of local areas. Other 
dioxin sources include domestic furnaces as well as agricultural burning of harvest residues and backyard burning of 
household wastes. Natural processes su ch as volcanic eruptions and forest fires can also produce dioxins.  
When released into the air, dioxins can deposit locally on plants and on soil, consequently contaminating both food 
and feed. Dioxins can also be widely distributed by long -range atmosphe ric transport. The amount of deposition 
varies with proximity to the source, plant species, weather conditions and other specific conditions (e.g. altitude, 
latitude, temperature).  Sources of dioxins in soil include deposition from atmospheric dioxins, ap plication of 
contaminated sewage sludge to farm land, flooding of pastures with contaminated sludge, and prior use of 
contaminated pesticides (e.g., 2.4.5 -trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and fertilizers (e.g. certain composts). Other 
sources of dioxins in so il may be of natural origin (e.g. ball clay).  
Dioxins and PCBs are poorly soluble in water. However, they are adsorbed onto mineral and organic particles 
suspended in water. The surfaces of oceans, lakes and rivers are exposed to aerial deposition of thes e compounds, 
which  are consequently concentrated along the aquatic food chain. The entry of wastewater  or contaminated 
effluents from certain processes, such as chlorine bleaching of paper or pulp and metallurgical processes, can lead 
to contamination of w ater and sediment in coastal ocean areas, lakes and rivers.  
Food of animal origin is the predominant route of human exposure to dioxins and PCBs with approximately 80 –90% 
of the total exposure via fats in fish, meat and dairy products. Dioxins and PCBs ac cumulate in tissues of food -
producing animals, including fish. In addition, they can be excreted in fat -containing products such as milk and eggs. 
There are clear differences in toxicokinetic behaviour between the various dioxin and PCB congeners.  For mos t 
farm animal species existing studies have shown that dioxins and PCBs are accumulated in body fat and liver, but 
also excreted into eggs and milk. This excretion contributes to lower accumulation in the body, and decreased levels 
after termination of the  exposure. In growing animals the increase in body fat mass is also an important factor in the 
tissue levels obtained during exposure, which decreases after termination of the exposure.  
In order to reduce the contamination of food from animal origin, contr ol measures at the feed level should be 
considered. These may involve developing Good Agricultural Practice, Good Animal Feeding Practice (see Code of 
Practice on Good Animal Feeding (CXC 54 -2004)), and Good Manufacturing Practice guidance and measures to 
effectively reduce dioxins and PCBs in feed, including:  
 Identification of agricultural areas with increased dioxin and PCB contamination due to local emission, 
accidents or illegal disposal of contaminated materials, and monitoring of feed and feed ingred ients derived 
from these areas,                                                                                                                    AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
  Monitoring of dioxin and PCB content of sewage sludge and compost used as fertilizers in agriculture, as 
well as its compliance with nationally established guideline or maximum levels.  
 Establishing recommendations for spec ial agricultural use (e.g. limitation of grazing or use of appropriate 
agricultural techniques),  
 Identification of possibly contaminated feed and feed ingredients,  
 Monitoring compliance with nationally -established guideline levels or maximum levels, if a vailable, and 
minimizing or decontaminating (e.g., refining of fish oil) non -complying feed and feed ingredients, and  
 Identification and control of critical feed manufacturing processes (e.g. artificial drying by direct heating).  
 
Similar control measure s, where applicable, should be considered for reducing dioxins and PCBs in food.  
 
Reducing  sources of dioxins and PCBs is an essential prerequisite for reduci ng contamination. Measures to reduce 
dioxin emission sources should be directed to ward  reducing t he formation of dioxin during thermal processes as well 
as the application of destruction techniques. Measures to reduce PCBs emission sources should be directed to ward  
minimizing releases from existing equipment (e.g. transformers, capacitors), prevention  of accidents and better 
control of the disposal and destruction of PCBs containing oils and wastes.  
This code of practice is therefore aimed at guiding regulators, farmers, feed and food manufacturers as well as 
consumers to prevent or reduce dioxin and PCBs contamination in foods and feeds.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 1. Scope  
This code of practice recommends G ood Agricultural Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Storage 
Practices, Good Animal Feeding Practices  to regulators, farmers, feed and  food manufacturers as well as consumers 
to prevent or reduce dioxin s and PCB s contamination in foods and feeds. This code applies to the production, use of 
all materials intended for feed (including grazing or free -range feeding, forage crop production an d aquaculture),  and 
food at all levels whether produced industrially, on farms or in households . 
2. Normative references  
There are no normative references in this document . 
3. Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this Tanzania standard , the following terms and definitions apply : 
 
3.1 food system  
encompass the entire range of actors and their interlinked value -adding activities involved in the production, 
aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal of food products that originate from agricult ure, 
forestry or fisheries, and parts of the broader economic, societal and natural environments in which they are 
embedded . 
  
3.2 anticaking agent  
 substance that reduces the tendency of particles of a feed or food to stick  together  
 
3.3 binder  
substance that inc reases the tendency of individual particles of a feed or food to stick  together  
 
3.4 Congener  
one of two or more compounds of similar chemical structures with respect to classification  
 
3.5 dioxins (PCDD/PCDF)  
include 7 polychlorinated dibenzo -p-dioxins (PCDDs) an d 10 dibenzofurans (PCDFs) with similar toxicological 
properties and belong to a group of lipophilic and persistent organic substances. Depending on the degree of 
chlorination (1 –8 chlorine atoms) and the substitution patterns, 75 different PCDDs  and 135 d ifferent PCDFs 
(“congeners”), can be distinguished  
3.6 feed 
any single or multiple materials, whether processed, semi -processed or raw which is intended to be fed to food 
producing animals  
3.7 food  
any substance, whether processed, semi -processed or raw which is i ntended for human consumption, but does not 
include cosmetics, tobacco, medicinal products, narcotic or psychotropic substances, residues and contaminants  
3.8 feed or food ingredient  
component or constituent of any combination or mixture making up a feed or fo od, whether or not it has a nutritional 
value in the diet, including additives. Ingredients are of plant, animal or aquatic origin, or may originate from other 
organic or inorganic substances.  
3.9 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point  (HACCP ) 
 
system that ide ntifies, evaluates and controls hazards which are significant for food safety  
 
3.10 maximum levels  
legally binding maximum concentration of a substance in feed or food, established by a national or international 
authority   
 
3.11 minerals   
inorganic compounds used in  food and feed being required for normal nutri tion or used as processing aids  
 
3.12 polychlorinated biphenyls   
group of chlorinated hydrocarbons, formed by direct chlorination of biphenyl. Depending on the number of chlorine 
atoms (1 – 10) and their position a t the two rings, 209 different compounds (“congeners”) are theoretically possible.    
  
3.13 persistent organic pollutant                                                                                                                     AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 chemical substance that persists in the environment, bio -accumulates through the food web, and poses  risk s of 
causing adverse effects to  human health and the environment  
 
 
3.14 trace elements  
chemical elements essential for plant, animal and/or human nutrition in small amounts  
 
   
4. Recommended Good Agricultural Practices (GAP s), Good Manufacturing Practices  
(GMP s), Good Storage Practices (GSP s) and Good Ani mal Feeding Practices (GAFP s)    
4.1 Control measures within the food and feed value chain  
4.1.1  Air, Soil, Water  
4.1.1.1  To reduce dioxin and PCB contamination in the air, food control authorit ies should recommend to the 
authority  responsible for air pollutio n measures to restrict uncontrolled burning of wastes, including the 
burning of landfill sites or backyard and the use of Pentachlorophenol (PCP)treated wood for domestic 
heaters.  
 
4.1.1.2   . To reduce possible contamination of feed or food, agricultural land wit h unacceptable dioxin and PCB 
levels  due to local emission, accidents, or illegal disposal of contaminated materials should be identified  by 
responsible regulators .  
 
4.1.1.3  Agricultural production on contaminated areas should be avoided or restricted if a signif icant transfer  of 
dioxins and PCBs to feed or food produced on these areas is anticipated.  
 
4.1.1.4  The spreading of sewage sludge contaminated with dioxins and PCBs can lead to dioxins and PCBs 
adhering to vegetation which can increase animal and human  exposure.  Sewage sludge used in agriculture should 
be monitored, as necessary, for dioxins and PCBs and treated, as necessary.   
 
4.1.1.5  Livestock  exposed to contaminated soil may accumulate dioxins and PCBs by consumption of contaminated 
soil or plants. These areas shoul d be identified and access by certain food producing animals controlled. If 
necessary, the outdoor production in these areas should be restricted.  
 
4.1.1.6  Source -reduction measures may take many years to reduce contamination levels in wild fish due to the long 
half-lives of dioxins and PCBs in the environment. To reduce exposure to dioxins and PCBs, highly contaminated 
areas (e.g. lakes, rivers or contaminated marine catching areas) and relevant fish species should be identified and 
fishing in these areas should be controlled and, if necessary, restricted.  
  
4.1.2  Feed  
4.1.2.1  General  
4.1.2.1.1  The bulk of human dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs is due to the accumulation  of these substances in 
the lipid component of animal derived foods (e.g., poultry, fish, eggs, meat and milk). In l actating animal s, dioxins 
and PCBs can be excreted in milk, and in laying hens they may concentrate in the fat content of the egg yolk. To 
reduce this transfer, control measures at the feed and feed ingredients level should be considered. Measures to 
reduc e dioxin and PCB levels in feed would have a rapid effect on their concentrations in food of animal origin   
including farmed fish. Such measures may include:  
 identification of possibly contaminated areas in the feed supply ecosystem,  
 identification of t he origin of frequently contaminated feed or feed ingredients, and  
 monitoring the compliance of feed and feed ingredients with established maximum levels .  
4.1.2.1.2  Regulators should periodically sample and analyse suspect feed and feed ingredients using standard  
methods to verify dioxin and PCB levels. This information will determine actions, if needed, to minimize dioxin and 
PCB levels and allow alternative feed and feed ingredients, if necessary.  
 
4.1.2.1.3  The purchaser and user should pay attention to and request guara ntees from their supplier as regards :  
 origin of feed and feed ingredients to ensure that producers and/or companies have certified production 
facilities, production processes and quality assurance programmes  (e.g. GMP and  HACCP -like principles);  
 accompan ying documents confirming compliance with maximum levels, if available, according to national 
requirements.  
 
4.1.2.1.4  Feed of animal origin                                                                                                                    AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 4.1.2.1.5    Animal derived feed has a higher risk for dioxin and PCB contamination compared to plant derived feed. 
Attention should b e paid to avoid ing dioxins and PCBs from entering the food system  through the feeding of animal 
derived feed to food producing animals. Animal derived feed should be monitored, as necessary, for dioxins and 
PCBs. Feed of animal origin that exceeds maximum  levels  of dioxins or PCBs should not be fed to animals unless 
the fat has been removed.  
 
4.1.2.1.6  If intended for use in feed, fish -oil and other products derived from fish or animal fats should be monitored   
for dioxins and PCBs. Animal feeds should be in compli ance with  their established maximum  levels .  
 
4.1.2.2  Feed of plant origin  
4.1.2.2.1  If potential sources of dioxins and PCBs are anticipated in the vicinity of fields, attention should be paid to 
monitor these areas, as necessary.  
 
4.1.2.2.2  Cultivation sites irrigated with water or treated with sewage sludge or municipal compost that may contain 
elevated dioxin and PCB levels should be monitored for contamination  and take actions where necessary .  
 
4.1.2.2.3  Prior treatment of fields with herbicides from chlorinated  phenoxyalkanoic acid typ e or chlorinated products 
like pentachlorophenol should be considered as a potential source for dioxin contamination. Dioxin levels in soil  and 
forage plants from sites treated previously with dioxin -contaminated herbicides should be regularly monitored to  
prevent the transfer of dioxins and PCBs to the food system .  
 
4.1.2.2.4  Oilseeds and vegetable oil are not significantly contaminated with dioxins and PCBs. This also applies to 
other by -products of oilseed processing (e.g. oilseed cakes) used as feed ingredients.  However, certain vegetable 
and animal oil refining by -products (e.g. fatty acid distillates and deodistillates) and spent products used in oil refining 
(e.g. bleaching clays) may contain increased levels of dioxins and PCBs and sh ould be analysed, as nece ssary, if 
used for feed.  
 
4.1.3  Feed and food processing  
4.1.3.1  Drying processes  
4.1.3.1.1  Certain processes for the artificial drying of Feed, food and feed or food ingredients  and the heating of 
indoor growing facilities (e.g. greenhouses) require a flow of heated gases, ei ther a flue gas -air mix (direct drying or 
heating) or heated air alone (indirect drying or heating). Accordingly, fuels not expected to generate dioxins   should 
be used. Feed, food and feed or food ingredients that are dried or subjected to heated air sho uld be monitored as 
necessary to ensure that drying or heating processes do not result in elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs.  
 
4.1.3.1.2  The quality of commercial dried feed materials, in particular green fodder, and commercially dried foods 
depends on the selecti on of the raw material and the drying process. The purchaser should consider requiring a 
certificate from the manufacturer/supplier, confirming that the dried goods are produced applying Good 
Manufacturing Practice s, particularly in the choice of the fuel used for drying or heating and are in compliance with 
nationally -established  maximum levels.  
 
4.1.3.2  Smoking  
Depending on the technology used, smoking can be a critical processing step for increased dioxin content in foods, 
especially if the products show a ver y dark surface with particles of soot. Such processed products should be 
monitored for dioxins and PCBs, as necessary, by the manufacturer  and regulators .  
 
4.1.3.3  Milling / Disposal of contaminated milling fractions  
Airborne external deposition of dioxins and P CBs on the surface of all parts of the grain plants as well as the 
adherent dust fraction from the standing crop is widely removed during the milling process and before the final 
grinding process. If present, most particle -bound contamination is removed in  the loading chute with the remaining 
dust. Further external dioxins and PCB contaminations are significantly reduced during aspiration and sieving. 
Certain grain fractions, especially dust, chaff and mixed screenings  including brans , can have increased di oxin and 
PCB levels and should be monitored, as necessary. If there is evidence of elevated contamination, such fractions 
should not be used in food or feed and should be treated as waste.  
 
4.1.3.4  Food preparation  
Food selection and preparation such as skinning , trimming the fat, in addition to the disposing of pan drippings and 
poaching/boiling liquids) are practical approaches to reduce exposure to dioxins and PCBs.  
 
4.1.4  Substances added to feed and food  
4.1.4.1  Minerals and trace elements                                                                                                                    AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 4.1.4.1.1  Some minerals and trace elemen ts are obtained from natural sources. However, experience has shown 
that geogenic dioxins may be present in certain prehistoric sediments. Therefore, dioxin levels in minerals and trace 
elements added to feed or food should be monitored as necessary.  
 
4.1.4.1.2  Reclaimed mineral products or by -products from certain industrial processes may contain elevated levels 
of dioxins and PCBs. The user of such feed ingredients should verify that dioxin and PCBs are within national  and 
international  established maximum l evels,  through certification by the manufacturer or supplier.  
 
4.1.4.1.3  Elevated levels of dioxins have been found in ball clay used as an anticaking agent in soybean meal in 
feed. Attention should be paid to minerals used as binders or anticaking agents (e.g. bentonite , montmorillonite, 
kaolinitic clay, diatomaceous earth) and carriers (e.g. calcium carbonate) used as feed ingredients. As assurance to 
the user that these substances do not contain minerals with elevated levels (e.g. exceeding established  maximum 
levels,)  of dioxins and PCBs, the distributor should provide appropriate certification to the user of such feed 
ingredients.  
 
4.1.4.1.4  Feed of some food producing animals is supplemented with trace elements (e.g. copper or zinc). Minerals, 
including trace elements, which are by -products or co -products of industrial metal production,  may contain  elevated 
levels of dioxins. Such products should be monitored for dioxins and PCBs, as necessary.  
 
4.1.4.2  Ingredients  
Feed and food manufacturers should ensure that all ingredients in fe ed and food comply with established  maximum  
levels of dioxins and PCBs.  
 
4.1.5  Harvesting, transport  and storage of food and feed  
4.1.5.1  Measures  to control the risks to c ontamination with dioxins and PCBs during the harvest , transport  and 
storage of feed and food sh ould be established.     
 
4.1.5.2  After flooding, crops harvested for food and feed should be monitored for dioxins and PCBs, if there is 
evidence of dioxin and/or PCB contamination in the flood water.  
 
4.1.5.3  To avoid cross -contamination, the transport of feed and food should only be performed in vehicles (including 
ships) and in containers that are free of dioxins and PCBs. Storage containers for feed and food should be painted 
only with dioxin and PCB -free paint. The vehicles transporting feeds and foods should not transport dioxins  and 
PCBs rich products at the same time . 
 
4.1.5.4  Storage sites for food or feed should be free from dioxins and PCB contamination. Surfaces (e.g. walls, 
floors) treated with tar -based paints may result in transfer of dioxins and PCBs to food and fe ed. Surfaces that come 
in contact with smoke and soot from fires and diesel  or gasoline engines always  bear risk s of contamination with 
dioxins and PCBs. These sites should be monitored as necessary for contamination before use for storage of feed 
and food .  
 
4.1.5.5  Avoid using wood shaving during transport of frozen fish to prevent contamination by dioxin and PCBs .  
 
4.1.6  Special considerations  of animal keeping (Housing)  
4.1.6.1  Food producing animals may be exposed to dioxins and PCBs found in certain treated wood used in 
buildings, farm equipment and bedding material. To reduce exposure, animal contact with treated wood containing 
dioxins and PCBs should be minimized. In addition, sawdust from treated wood containing dioxins and PCBs should 
not be used as bedding ma terial.  
 
4.1.6.2  Due to the potential for soil contamination, eggs from free living or free -range hens   may have high levels of 
dioxins and PCBs , therefore  should be monitored, as necessary.  
 
4.1.6.3  Attention should be paid to older buildings as they may have building material s and varnishes that may 
contain dioxins and PCBs. If they have caught fire, measures should be taken to avoid contamination of the feed and 
feed   chain by dioxins and PCBs.  
 
4.1.6.4  In housing without a floor covering, the animals may take up soil particles fro m the ground. If there are 
indications of increased levels of dioxins and PCBs, contamination of the soil should be controlled as necessary. If 
needed, the soil should be exchanged.  
 
4.1.6.5  Pentachlorophenol -treated wood in animal facilities is associated with el evated levels of dioxins in beef. 
Wood (e.g. railroad ties, utility poles) treated with chemicals such as pentachlorophenol or other unsuitable                                                                                                                   AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 substances should not be used as fence posts for enclosures of free -range animals.  Hay racks and feeding boxes 
should not be constructed from such treated wood. The preservation of wood with waste oils should also be avoided.  
 
Insert clauses of consumer practices to minimize dioxins and PCB (as covered in the scope)  
 
4.2 Monitoring  
4.2.1  Farmers and industrial  food and feed manufacturers  have the primary responsib ility for food and feed safety. 
Testing could be conducted within the framework of a food safety program (e.g. Good Manufacturing Practices, On -
Farm Safety programmes, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point programmes , etc.) .  Regulators  should enforce 
the primary responsibility of farmers, feed and food manufacturers , distributors and retailers  for feed and food safety 
through the operation of surveillance and control systems at appropriate points along food or feed system . In 
addition, regulators  should establish their own monitoring programmes .  
 
4.2.2  Monitoring programmes  dealing with contaminations originating from the environment, accidents or illegal 
disposals should be organized by operators in the feed and fo od chain and by regulators  in order to obtain additional 
information on food and feed contamination. Products or ingredients at risk or found with elevated concentrations 
should be monitored more intensively. For example, monitoring programmes  may include major fish species used in 
food or feed that have been shown to contain elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs.  
 
4.2.3   Periodic sampling and testing for dioxins and PCBs by using standard methods should be performed to the 
extent feasible by industrial feed and fo od manufacturers including both incoming raw materials and final product. If 
there are indications of  elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs, farmers and other primary producers should be 
informed about the contamination and the source should be identified a nd the necessary measures taken to 
remediate the situation and reduce or prevent further contamination.  
 
5.   Training   
Good Agricultural Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Storage Practices, and Good Animal Feeding 
Practices are valuable systems f or further reduction of dioxin and PCB contamination in the food  system . Farmers as 
well as feed and food manufacturers , distributors and retailers  should  implement and train their employee s on control 
measures to prevent contamination .  
 
 
 
                                                                                                                   AFDC 27 (2571) DTZS  
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© TBS 2024  – All rights reserved  
 Bibliography  
CXC 62 -2006 code of practice for the prevention and reduction of dioxins, dioxin -like PCBs and non -dioxin -like PCBs 
in food and feed.