Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
The Risk Management Proposal  Associated with the Review  
and A mendment of the Import Health Standard  
for Sea Containers (from All Countries)  
 
 
 
FOR PUBIC CONSULTATION  
 
 
        3rd of April 2019  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
Disclaimer  
 
This Risk Management D ocument does not constitute, and should not be regarded as, legal advice  from the New 
Zealand (NZ) Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) . While every effort has been made to ensure the information in 
this document is accurate, MPI does not accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever for any error of fact, 
omission,  interpretation or opinion that may be present, however it may have occurred.   
 
 Requests for further copies should be directed to:  
 
Plants  and Pathways  Directorate  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526 Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Email: standards@mpi.govt.nz  
 
© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries  
Submissions   
MPI invites comment from interested parties on the proposed amendments  to the Import Health Standard for Sea 
Containers  (from all countries ). The proposed changes are supported by this discussion document  which is a 
Risk Management Proposal . An Import Health Standard “specifies requirements to be met for the effective 
management of risks associated with importing risk goods, including risks arising because i mporting the goods 
involves or might involve an incidentally imported new organism” (section 22(1) Biosecurity Act 1993).  
 
MPI has developed this proposal based on best assessment of the best available scientific evidence regarding 
risk associated with th is pathway . If you disagree with the measures proposed to manage the risks, please 
provide either data or published references to support your comments. This will enable MPI to consider 
additional evidence which may change how risks are proposed to be mana ged. The following points may be of 
assistance in preparing comments:  
 
 wherever possible, comments should be specific to a particular amendments  in Import Health Standard  
requirements or a question asked in this document (referencing section numbers or subjects  as 
applicable);  
 where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments are 
requested; and  
 the use of examples to illustrate particular points is encouraged.   
 
The amendments proposed in this document are intended to update the Import Health Standard  to ensure that 
the biosecurity risks associated with the importation of sea containers are managed in response to commercial 
practices and changing scientific knowledge .  
 
MPI encourages respondents to these documents to forward comments electronically. Please include the 
following in your submission:  
 
 the title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email;  
 your name and title (if applicable);  
 your organisation’s name (if applicable); and  
 your address.  
 
Please s end submissions to: standards@mpi.govt.nz , or if you wish to forward submissions in hard copy format 
(writing), please send them to the following address to arrive by close of business on  the 3rd of June 2019.  
    
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
Plants and Pathways Directorate  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526 Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Email: standards@mpi.govt.nz   
 
Submissions received by the closure date will be considered during the development of the final versions of the 
Import Health Standard . Submissions received after the closure date may be held on file for consideration when 
the Import Health Standard  is subsequently reviewed.  
 
Official  Information Act  1982  
 
Please note that submitted documents are public information. These documents may be the subject of requests 
for information under the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA). The OIA specifies that information is to be made 
available to requesters unless there  are sufficient grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters 
may wish to indicate grounds for withholding specific information contained in their submission, such as the 
information is commercially sensitive or they wish personal informati on to be withheld. Any decision to withhold 
information requested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman.  
 
© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries  
 
    
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
Table of Contents  
Information on  the Consultation Process for the Import Health Standard for Sea Containers from the 3rd 
of April 2019  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  5 
1. Purpose  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  5 
2. Background  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  5 
2.1 Background information on the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB)  ................................ ...............  5 
3. Timing and Consultation  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  5 
4. Background and Context to Consultation  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 5 
4.1 International regulation of risk goods  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 5 
4.2 Domestic regulation of risk goods  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 6 
5. Biosecurity Risk Associated with BMSB in Sea Containers from Italy  ................................ ........................  6 
5.1 Import risk analyses regarding BMSB and inanimate pathways  ................................ ............................  6 
6. Changes Proposed in the 2019 Draft Version of the Import Health S tandard  ................................ .............  7 
6.1 Changes proposed for sea containers from Italy  ................................ ................................ ....................  7 
6.2.1 Mandatory treatment for containerised cargo from Italy prior to arrival in New Zealand.  ............  8 
6.2.2 Inspection on -arrival instead of mandatory treatment before arrival in New Zealand  ..................  8 
6.2.3 Where mandatory treatment or inspection does not apply to sea containers ...............................  9 
6.2.4 Emergency treatment on -arrival in New Zealand  ................................ ................................ ...........  10 
6.3 Treatments  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  10 
 
 
    
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
Information on the Consultation Process for the Import Health Standard  for Sea 
Containers from the 3rd of April 2019  
 
1. Purpose  
 
The purpose of this document is to:  
 
 provide relevant background information about the Import Health Standard  for Sea Containers from all 
countries (the Import Health Standard ); 
 clarify the proposed amendments to the requirements for the  Import Health Standard ;  
 provide the rationale for the proposed Import Health Standard  amendments and how they manage risk; 
and to 
 seek feedback on the proposed Import Health Standard  amendments to importing requirements.  
 
 
2. Background  
 
2.1 Background information on the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug  (BMSB)  
Halyomorpha halys  or BMSB has the potential to become a significant problem in agriculture and horticulture in 
NZ due to its biology, phenology and current global distribution if not prevented from entering and establishing 
(Fraser et al 2017, MPI 2012 , and MPI 2015a ).  BMSB has become widespread and is a major horticultural and 
human nuisance pest in Italy, and the USA .  BMBS is estimated to have established in Italy in 2009 and has now 
become an important agricultural and nuisance pest across Italy and ot her European countries since 2015 with 
significant population increases and additional spread per year.  The natural range of BMSB is China, Japan, 
Korea and Taiwan where competition and natural predators appear to generally keep the population low and 
from becoming a serious problem with inanimate objects.  However, problems were experienced with BMSB in 
late 2017 and into 2018 with containerised risk goods from Italy , and new and used vehicles and machinery from 
Japan on roll -on/roll -off vessels  
 
 
3. Timing and Consultation  
The proposed Import Health Standard for Sea Containers has been released for consultation on the 3rd of April 
2019 and will remain open for consultation until the 3rd of June  2019. The Import Health Standard for Sea 
Containers is p lanned for finalisation in June 2019 and implementation will begin on the 1st of September 2019 
(the start of the next BMSB risk season).  
 
4. Background  and Context  to Consultation  
 
4.1 International regulation  of risk goods  
The WTO and SPS Agreements set in place rules that protect each country’s sovereign right to take the 
measures necessary to protect the life or health of its people, animals, and plants while at the same time 
facilitating trade. It embodies and promotes th e use of science -based risk assessments to manage the risks 
associated with the international movement of goods. “The SPS Agreement will continue to guide how NZ sets 
standards and makes decisions related to biosecurity. In particular, it will be important  to maintain the standards 
of transparency and scientific rigour required by the SPS Agreement, and to make decisions as quickly as 
possible. This will encourage other countries to comply with the rules of the SPS Agreement, and also 
demonstrate that NZ’s strict controls are justified to countries that challenge them.” Balance in Trade [online 
reference ISBN 978 -0-478-33881 -2].   
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
4.2 Domestic regulation  of risk goods  
The NZ biosecurity system is regulated through the Biosecurity Act 1993  (the Act) . Section 22  of the Act 
describes an Import Health Standard  and requires all risk goods (including inanimate items such as Sea 
Containers ) entering NZ to be covered by one.  MPI is the NZ government Ministry responsible for maintaining 
biosecurity standards for the effective management of risks associated with the importation of risk goods into NZ 
(Part 3, Biosecurity Act 1993). MPI is committed to the principles of transparen cy and evidence -based technical 
justification for all phytosanitary measures, new and amended, imposed on importing pathways.  MPI periodically 
reviews Import Health Standard s, related documents and other standards so that the legal requirements are 
clear and that information is consistently presented and easy as possible to understand.   
 
 
5. Biosecurity Risk Associated with BMSB in Sea Containers from Italy  
 
5.1 Import risk analys es regarding BMSB  and inanimate pathways  
The biosecurity risk associated with BMSB in the container pathway  was documented in the 2012 MPI Pest Risk 
Analysis (MPI 2012).  Overwintering BMSB adults commonly were reported as aggregating in narrow dark 
spaces such as on the sides of houses and other  man made items such as sea containers before moving inside 
to find shelter  in the northern hemisphere autumn and winter .  This behaviour facilitates BMSB  transport ation  in 
and on the sea container  (and associated cargo) pathway .   
 
Border and post -border interceptions have shown BMSBs  ability to repeatedly enter New Zealand with 
interceptions associated with sea containers and their cargo.  Containers holding a range of cargo (including 
machinery and vehicles ) are imported into New Zealand in large numbers  from BMSB risk countries such as 
Italy.   Interceptions have been restricted to northern hemisphere late autumn and early spring period (from 
November to March)  
 
An import risk analysis for vehicles and machinery published in 2007 also demonstrated that many different 
pests and types of contaminants (including BMSB) could be associated with sea containers holding imported 
vehicles and machinery as cargo (MAF 2007).  It was concluded that given their cryptic nature, small 
aggregation s and individual BMSB were likely to go unnoticed during routine container inspections and during 
loading.  In addition, the use of visual inspection alone had limited effectiveness for detecting mobile or hidden 
organisms associated with such inanimate or  inorganic commodities, especially with loaded containers.  The 
import risk analysis concluded that:  
  
 Biosecurity risk depends on the conditions  and locations where containers, equipment, machinery and 
vehicles were used and stored prior to export  to New Zealand . 
 Used inorganic commodities present a higher biosecurity risk than new inanimate commodities . 
 Vehicles  and machinery inside sea containers present a higher risk than empty shipping containers  due to  
the fact that :  
1. Machinery and vehicles are complex and provide  different niches and a range of habitat s for BMSB 
(which can make  detection using inspection alone much  more difficult ). 
2. Used machinery and vehicles  have a longer period of time and greater opportunities for infestation by 
BMSB through ordinary daily use than new machinery and vehicles . 
 
This led MPI to issue a revised Import Health Standard for Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment 
(https://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/importing/vehicles -and-machinery/) in August 2018 (in parallel with Sea 
container management) where specific treatment or management requirements were implemented for BMSB  for 
break -bulk and containerised consignments  of such risk good cargo .  MPI intend s to align the similar requirement 
for containers wi th vehicles, machinery and equipment from a revised range of Schedule 3 countries under the 
Import Health Standard for Sea Containers from All Countries and the Import Health Standard for Vehicles, 
Machinery and Equipment to provide consistency.    
 
   
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
6. Changes Proposed in the 201 9 Draft Version of the I mport Health Standard   
 
6.1 Changes p roposed for sea containers from Italy   
Under  Section 2. 3: Sea Containers from Italy , changes to requirements and associated guidance has been 
proposed as follows  (changes are underlined ): 
 
 Section 2. 3 (2):  
(2). For all sea containers that are exported from Italy on or after the 1st of September and arrive on or 
before the 30th of April of any year:  
 
a) Sea containers must be treated for BMSB in accordance with Approved Biosecurity Treatments  by an 
MPI-Approved Offshore T reatment Provider before arrival in New Zealand . 
or 
b) Sea containers may be inspected  by an MPI Inspector instead of treatment where:  
 
i) The importer has notified MPI that the sea container contains cargo that the importer considers is 
sensitive and would be damaged by the treatments for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) specified 
in the MPI Approved Biosecurity Treatments ; and  
 
ii). A C TO has determined that treatment may damage the cargo.  
 
Guidance  
Note 1 : Examples of sensitive commodities include : 
 Agricultural Compounds/Veterinary Medicines;  
 Food for human consumption (including beverages);  
 Fresh produce;  
 Live animals;  
 Leather goods (a pparel and furniture)  
 Pet food;  
 Pharmaceutical products;  
 Polyurethane foam products;  
 Refrigerated goods;  
 Seed for sowing; and  
 Textiles (including yarn).  
Note 2:  After authorised MPI inspection for sensitive cargo has been conducted, MPI may require 
additional risk mitigation actions where non -compliance is found such as the consignment being treated, 
re-shipped or destroyed.  Where treatment is agreed, it is at the importer’s risk  and expense .  
 
Note 2: MPI is likely to deny discharge of all untreate d sea containers and cargo from Italy from arriving 
vessels ( when the cargo is not considered by a CTO to be sensitive to treatment).  
 
Note 3: Clause 2.3 (2): as above, does not apply to sea containers and cargo from Italy when:  
 
a). Sea containers hold ing vehicles, machinery and equipment only (and no other types of cargo).  
This is because requirements for vehicles, machinery and equipment (as specified in the Import 
Health Standard for Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment)  have requirements that are additio nal or 
different to those for other sea containers and cargo (that is under this Import Health Standard).  
These requirements negate the need for additional treatment of the container.  
or 
b). Sea containers  originating from a country other than Italy are trans -shipped through an Italian 
port before arriving in New Zealand provided that:  
(i). the fully sealed sea container remain s closed during  trans -shipping;    
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
or  
(ii). upon arrival at an Italian port, non-fully sealed sea containers such as flat racks, open -side, 
open -top and soft -top sea containers must be segregated from other untreated cargo; and remain 
at that port for a maximum duration of 120 hours only.  
 
 
6.2 Rationale for the Proposed Changes  to the Import Health Standard  
6.2.1 Mandatory treatment for c ontainerised cargo from  Italy prior to arrival in New Zealand . 
Section 2.3 (2) a: The main change in the Import Health Standard is that all containerised risk goods from Italy 
must now be treated (as per MPI Approved Biosecurity Treatments  by an approved treatment provider) before 
arrival in New Zealand.  The reason s for removing the ability for containerised cargo from Italy to be treated on 
arrival in New Zealand are that: 
 
1. One of MPI’s core principles is that biosecurity ris k management including treatment must occur offshore 
wherever possible  (and especially for high risk pests such as BMSB)  which keeps the risk offshore . 
 
2. MPI interception data from 2014 through to the end of 2018 shows that BMSB numbers are increasing 
significantly each  year across cargo (break -bulk and containers) and vessels.  
 
3. MPI interception data confirms that cargo from Italy provide s the highest BMSB risk of any country in 
association with containers and cargo  (including cargo previously considered to be low risk ).  This led  to the 
previous emergency management of BMSB from Italy in containers ( using C hief Technical Officer Directions in 
2017 and 2018 , and the 2018 modification s to the Import Health Standard ). 
 
4. Where possible, t here sho uld be consistency between similar Import Health Standards for managing BMSB , 
and i t is proposed that there is alignment between revised Import Health Standards for Sea Containers and the 
one for Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment.   Therefore, it is considered important to align requirements for 
containerised cargo of all kinds from Italy with a similar proposal for vehicles and machinery from the current and 
new Schedule 3 countries ( Canada, Europe and the USA) and with that of Japan.  
 
5. MPI analysis reports that a pproximately 94% of containers from the current Schedule 3 countries (including 
Italy) are treated on arrival in New Zealand .  For 2018, t his number came to approximately 48,300, whereas 
there are  approximately 3,700  containers holdi ng all kinds of cargo from Italy  during the risk season from the 1st 
of September until the 30th of April .  Operationally, the treatment systems and service providers  at the places of 
first arrival  in New Zealand are over capacity  for conducting treatment  work  for biosecurity reasons .  This 
situation places pressure on treatment systems and treatment service providers that can contribute to  increase 
risk due to delays and could  also result in short -cuts being taken.  There is a risk to New Zealand when treating 
containers  on arrival in New Zealand  as they have to be opened to assess the ability for cargo to be treated, and 
to facilitate fumigation or heat treatment for required monitoring purposes.  As such , there is the possibility that 
BMSB could escap e as the container doors are opened and before treatment begins .  This is because BMSB 
can fly and live ones are highly likely to have finished hibernation and become more active on arrival with warmer 
temperatures in New Zealand  during the BMSB risk seaso n from the beginning of September through to the end 
of April.   By removing the option to treat Italian containers on arrival, MPI has  an improved operational ability to 
cope  with the biosecurity management of break -bulk cargo , and containers from other origins.  
 
6.2.2 Inspection on-arrival instead of mandatory t reatment  before arrival in New Zealand  
Section 2.3 (2) b: There have been some minor word changes to this clause  in this section (as above) .  MPI will 
not require offshore treatment for containerised cargo where an importer advises MPI in advance of arrival that 
the cargo inside a container is sensitive to treatment (meaning it will be damaged or ruined) ; and an MPI Chief 
Technical Officer agrees with this.  There a re a range of commodities that are known to negatively react with 
Methyl bromide or Sulfuryl fluoride, or are not able to be treated due to residues or excessive absorption.  Heat 
treatment and/or the process associated with heat treatment may also adverse ly affect the commodity.  For 
example, unwrapping or warming the commodities such as chilled food to the required temperature will   
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
effectively ruin them or eliminate any kind of shelf life.  In this situation, MPI can conduct an inspection of the 
sensitive  cargo instead of treatment at the place of first arrival or at a suitable transitional facility  under controlled 
conditions . 
 
Given this situation, an MPI Chief Technical Officer  considers inspection to be an appropriate mitigation measure 
under an approp riate inspection regime rather than using approved treatments on the basis that the treatment 
processes and/or treatment may damage the commodity, product or packaging, or even be ineffective in 
reaching the required parameters for killing BMSB.   
 
Example s of such commodities include:  
 Agricultural Compounds/Veterinary Medicines;  
 Food for human consumption (including beverages);  
 Fresh produce;  
 Live animals;  
 Leather goods (apparel and furniture)  
 Pet food;  
 Pharmaceutical products;  
 Polyurethane foam products;  
 Refrigerated goods;  
 Seed for sowing; and  
 Textiles (including yarn).  
 
The MPI Chief Technical Officer in using "inspection" conducted by an MPI Inspector is aligning with the 
International Plant Protection Convention and the International Standard for Phyto sanitary Measures 23 which 
recognises inspection as an internationally appropriate mitigation measure.  Sea Containers are unlike complex 
vehicles and machinery where treatment is required due to the inability effectively inspect for BMSB. Cargo of 
this na ture does not typically provide the same sort of hiding spots for BMSB aggregations, making inspection a 
more effective tool for mitigating risk.  Furthermore, it should also be considered that where MPI has an 
extensive history of compliance when inspecti ng specific commodities, a randomised inspection regime may be 
implemented that reflects the level of compliance and this regime should only require an appropriate percentage 
of such containers to be inspected.  
  
6.2.3 Where mandatory t reatment or inspection does not apply to sea c ontainers  
Section 2.3 (3) has changed in structure although not in intent.  Previously 2.3 (3) specified situations where 
mandatory treatment or inspection did not apply to specific sea containers.  In particular, containe rs holding 
vehicles, machinery and equipment are covered by requirements specified in the Import Health Standard for 
Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment . In addition, fully sealed containers that are trans -shipped through Italian 
ports from other countries d o not have to be treated or inspected if they remain sealed while transiting through 
Italy or non-fully sealed containers such as flat racks, open -side, open -top and soft -top sea containers are 
segregated from other untreated cargo; and have only remained at an Italian port for a maximum duration of 120 
hours only.  This information is predominantly guidance and as such has been slightly re -worded and included in 
a Guidance Box.   
 
The Guidance Box includes 3 notes as follows:  
 
Guidance  
Note 1. Examples of sensitive commodities include:  
 Agricultural Compounds/Veterinary Medicines;  
 Food for human consumption (including beverages);  
 Fresh produce;  
 Live animals;  
 Leather goods (apparel and furniture)  
 Pet food;    
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
 Pharmaceutical products;  
 Polyurethane foa m products;  
 Refrigerated goods;  
 Seed for sowing; and  
 Textiles (including yarn).  
Note 2: After authorised MPI inspection for sensitive cargo has been conducted, MPI may require additional 
risk mitigation actions where non -compliance is found such as the con signment being treated, re -shipped or 
destroyed.  Where treatment is agreed, it is at the importer’s risk and expense.  
 
Note 3: MPI is likely to deny all other untreated sea containers and cargo from Italy from being unloaded from 
arriving vessels (when the cargo is not considered by a CTO to be sensitive to treatment).  
 
Note 4: Clause 2.3 (2): as above, does not apply to sea containers and cargo from Italy when:  
 
a). Sea containers holding vehicles, machinery and equipment only (and no other types of car go).  This 
is because requirements for vehicles, machinery and equipment (as specified in the Import Health 
Standard for Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment)  have requirements that are additional or different to 
those for other sea containers and cargo (that  is under this Import Health Standard). These 
requirements negate the need for additional treatment of the container.  
or 
b). Sea containers originating from a country other than Italy are trans -shipped through an Italian port 
before arriving in New Zealand  provided that:  
(i). the fully sealed sea container remains closed during trans -shipping;  
or  
(ii). upon arrival at an Italian port, non -fully sealed sea containers such as flat racks, open -side, open -
top and soft -top sea containers must be segregated fro m other untreated cargo; and remain at that port 
for a maximum duration of 120 hours only.  
 
Due to the creation of the Guidance Box and reformatting, the previous Section 2.3 (4) becomes Section 2.3 (3) .  
This is as follows:  
 
2.3 (3): After treatment of sea containers, all reasonable and practicable steps must be taken to prevent the 
contamination of treated sea containers with BMSB.  
 
6.2.4 Emergency  treatment on-arrival in New Zealand  
The only other containerised cargo that will possibly be permitted to be re-treated on arrival is for emergency 
purposes , and only where this is operationally practical .  For example, where consignments of cargo from Italy 
have valid treatment certification but live pests are found on arrival in New Zealand.  This indicates that the 
consignment was not treated properly or there was another reason why the treatment was not effective.  A 
similar situation  occurs where a consignment of cargo has been treated by an a pproved treatment operator in 
Italy and while in transit  to New Zealand, MPI suspends or cancels approval for the MPI-Approved Offshore 
Treatment Provider for some reason.  This leads MPI to question the validity of the treatment conducted for the 
consignm ent and b oth of these situations necessitate re -treatment on arrival in New Zealand as an emergency 
measure.   Where consignments cannot be effectively or safely treated, MPI will require destruction or re -
shipment.  
 
6.3 Treatments  
Treatment used for contai ners are specified in MPI Standard:  Approved Biosecurity Treatments.  Treatment 
specified for sea containers and vehicles, machinery and equipment have not changed significantly since 
implementation in 2018.  The types of treatment available (including application and efficacy data) for sea 
containers and vehicles, machinery and equipment were specified in detail in the MPI Risk M anagement 
Proposal issued in 2018 ( Risk Management Proposal A ssociated with the Review of the Import Health Standar d   
 
Risk Management Proposal – Review / Amendment of the IHS for Sea Containers – 3 April 2019  
for Vehicles, Machinery and Equipment for the Management of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Other 
High-Profile Pests. 25 May 2018 ).  This document is available on request from MPI.  
 
REFERENCES  
 
Fraser, D., Kumar, S and Aguilar, G. 2017. Mapping the p otential Global Range of the Brown Marmorated Stink 
Bug, Halyomorpha halys, with Particular Reference to New Zealand. Climate 5, 75, 2017.  
 
MAF 2007. Import Risk Analysis: Vehicles and Machinery. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . 382 pp.  
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/document -vault/2893  
 
MPI 2012. Risk analysis of Halyomorpha halys  (Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) on all pathways.  
Ministry for Primary Industries . 57 pp. www.mpi.govt.nz/document -vault/2909  
 
MPI 2015a. Technical advice on the estab lishment potential of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the  
New Zealand autumn/winter period. Technical advice.  
 
MPI 2018. Risk Management Proposal A ssociated with the Review of the Import Health Standard for Vehicles, 
Machinery and Equipment for the Managem ent of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Other High -Profile 
Pests. 25 May 2018.