WT/REG464/1  
28 August  2023 
(23-3686) Page: 1/65 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements    
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EFTA STATES AND 
INDONESIA  
(GOODS AND SERVICES ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership 
Agreement  between the EFTA States  and Indonesia , has been drawn up by the WTO 
Secretariat on its own responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual  
presentation reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement 
and in the comments provided and does not imply official endorsement or acceptance 
by the Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance 
with the rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism 
for Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value 
judgement by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arisin g from this report may be addressed to Alberto Osnago  
(tel: +41 22 739 6969). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to Rowena Cabos (tel: +41 22 739 5185) and Pamela Bayona (tel:  + 41 22 
739 5529) .  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Table of Contents  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 
1.1   Merchandise trade  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 
1.2   Trade in services and investment  ................................ ................................ .................  6 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ......................  8 
2.1   Background Info rmation  ................................ ................................ .............................  8 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ...........  10 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ ................  10 
3.1.1   General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 10 
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ........  11 
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule ................................ ................................ ............................  11 
3.1.3.1    EFTA ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  11 
3.1.3.2    Indonesia ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  15 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 17 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  17 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................  18 
3.4   Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................ ....... 18 
3.4.1   Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  18 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ .... 19 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ....................  19 
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanism s ................................ ................................ ...........................  19 
3.4.2.1    Global safeguards  ................................ ................................ ...............................  19 
3.4.2.2    Bilateral safeguards  ................................ ................................ .............................  20 
3.4.2.3    Balance of payments safeguards  ................................ ................................ ...........  20 
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ...............................  20 
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ..........................  20 
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  ................................ ................................ ....................  21 
3.4.6   Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 21 
3.4.6.1    State trading enterprises  ................................ ................................ ......................  21 
4   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES AND INVESTMENT  ................................ .........  21 
4.1   Scope and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................  21 
4.2   Denial of benefits  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 21 
4.3   General provisions on trade in services  ................................ ................................ ........  21 
4.3.1   Market access  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 21 
4.3.2   National treatment and MFN  ................................ ................................ ....................  22 
4.3.3   Commercial presence  ................................ ................................ .............................  22 
4.3.4   Movement of natural persons  ................................ ................................ ..................  22 
4.4   Liberalization commitments  ................................ ................................ ........................  23 
4.4.1   Iceland  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  24 
4.4.1.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ..........  24 WT/REG464/1  
 
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  4.4.1.2    Sector specific commitments  ................................ ................................ ................  24 
4.4.2   Liechtenstein  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  27 
4.4.2.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ..........  27 
4.4.2.2    Sector specific commitments  ................................ ................................ ................  27 
4.4.3   Norway  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  30 
4.4.3.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ..........  30 
4.4.3.2    Sector specif ic commitments  ................................ ................................ ................  30 
4.4.4   Switzerland  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  33 
4.4.4.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ..........  33 
4.4.4.2    Sector specific commitments  ................................ ................................ ................  33 
4.4.5   Indonesia  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  36 
4.4.5.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ..........  36 
4.4.5.2    Sector specific commitments  ................................ ................................ ................  36 
4.5   Regulatory provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................  39 
4.5.1   Domestic regulation  ................................ ................................ ...............................  39 
4.5.2   Recognition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  40 
4.5.3   Subsidies  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  40 
4.5.4   Safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  40 
4.6   Sector specific provisions on trade in services  ................................ ...............................  40 
4.6.1   Telecommunication services  ................................ ................................ ....................  40 
4.6.2   Financial services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 40 
4.6.3   Tourism and travel services  ................................ ................................ .....................  41 
4.7   Other provisions on investment  ................................ ................................ ..................  41 
5   GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  44 
5.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  44 
5.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .... 45 
5.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  45 
5.4   Accession and Withdrawal  ................................ ................................ ..........................  45 
5.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ .............................  45 
5.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 45 
5.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ..........  46 
5.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ..........................  48 
5.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .........................  49 
5.10   Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  50 
5.11   Sustainable development, environment and labour  ................................ ......................  51 
5.12   Electronic commerce  ................................ ................................ ...............................  52 
5.13   Small and medium -sized enterprises  ................................ ................................ .........  52 
5.14   Gender  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  52 
5.15   Cooperation and capacity building  ................................ ................................ .............  52 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  53 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  64  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Iceland, Indonesia, Liechtenstein, 
Norway and Switzerland  
 
Date of Signature:    16 December 2018  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  1 November 2021  
 
Date of Notification:   26 April 2022  
 
Full implementation:    1 January 2034   
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  The Free Trade Agreement between the EFTA States (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and 
Switzerland), and Indonesia (hereinafter "the Agreement") is one of EFTA's 31 RTAs and Indonesia's 
13 notified RTAs.1 
1.1  Merchandise trade  
1.2.  In 2021, Switzerland was the largest importer and exporter of goods among the Parties 
(ranking 15th in the world) followed by Indonesia (22nd), Norway (26th for imports and 24th for 
exports) and Iceland  (89th for imports and 88th for exports)  (Table 1.1) .  
Table 1.1 Parties' rankings in world and bilateral trade  
Party  Goods, 2021  Services, 2020  
Import  Export  Import  Export  
World  ranking  
Iceland  89 88 71 57 
Norway  26 24 17 18 
Switzerland  15 15 8 8 
Indonesia  22 22 25 29 
Note:  Excluding intra -EU trade.  
Source:  WTO Trade Profiles  and UNSD Comtrade database . 
 
1.3.  In the period 2011 -2021, EFTA  as a whole  recorded a global merchandise trade surplus with 
exports of USD 547 billion and imports of USD 430 billion in 2021 ( Chart 1.1). In the same period, 
Indonesia's globa l merchandise trade balance fluctuat ed between surplus and deficit with exports 
totalling USD 232 billion and imports equal to USD 196 billion.  Trade between the Parties is small 
with Indonesia accounting for 0.5% of EFTA imports and 0.1% of EFTA exports in 2021. Similarly, 
EFTA as a whole account ed for 0.5% of Indonesia's imports and 0.6% of exports in 2021.  The bars 
in Chart 1.1 show that the bilateral trade  balance tended to be in favour of EFTA until 2014 and 
reversed afterwards.2  
 
1 In addition to the RTAs concluded as EFTA, Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway  have 3 separate 
bilateral RTAs  with other parties and Switzerland has 5.  
2 Data as reported by Indonesia to COMTRADE shows a deficit for Indonesia also in 2018 and 2019.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chart 1.1 EFTA -Indonesia:  Merchandise bilateral trade and with world (2011 -2021)  
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade, March 2023.  
 
1.4.  The commodity s tructure of global and bilateral trade of the Parties in the period 2018 -2020 is 
shown in Chart 1.2 on the basis of Harmonized System (HS) sections. EFTA's imports from Indonesia 
were less diversified than its global imports with  precious stones accounting for more than two thirds 
of goods imports from Indonesia. Indonesia's largest exports were minerals, stone and cement and 
base metals respectively accounting for 22%, 11% and 8 % of its global exports. Indonesia mainly 
imports machinery (27%), minerals (15%) and base metals (11%) from the w orld. The three largest 
import s by Indonesia from EFTA were chemicals, machinery and precious stones , with shares 
between 26% and 10% of bilateral imports. Chemicals, precious stones and minerals were also 
EFTA's largest global exports at 28%, 20% and 15% of its global exports,  respectively.  
Chart 1.2 EFTA -Indonesia: Product composition of merchandise trade (by HS Section), 
annual average 2018 -2020  
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade, March 2023.  
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0
050100150200250300350400
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Indonesia 
(USD Billion)
Imports from EFTA (Right Axis)
Exports to EFTA (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
0100200300400500600700
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Imports from Indonesia (Right Axis)
Exports to Indonesia (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total ExportsEFTA
(USD Billion)
FootwearFats and oilsVegetablesLive animals
ChemicalsMinerals
Prepared foodsWood articles
Raw hidesPlastics TextilesWood pulp
Base metalsVehicles
MachineryPrecious stonesStone, cement
OtherOpticalIndonesia's Imports from EFTA (%)15
28
205100914 16
25
615929
11
22
7
5789526 0
7
8 0
670500000
013
5
5
15
10
6
5
011275115
8
26
0106220914Total: USD 2 Billion Total: USD 374 Billion
Total: USD 167 BillionTotal: USD 423 Billion
Total: USD 170 BillionEFTA's Imports from Indonesia (%)
Total: USD 950 
MillionIndonesia's Global Imports (%) Indonesia's Global Exports (%)EFTA's Global Imports (%) EFTA's Global Exports (%)WT/REG464/1  
 
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  1.2  Trade in services and investment  
1.5.  In 2020, Switzerland was the largest importer and exporter of services among the Parties 
(ranking 8th in the world) followed by Norway (17th for imports and 18th for exports), Indonesia (25th 
for imports and 29th for exports)  and Iceland (71st for imports and 57th for exports) (Table 1.1).  
1.6.  Chart 1.3 depicts EFTA's and Indonesia's global trade in commercial services for the period 
2017-2021. EFTA imports and exports remained relatively stable over the period with a trade surplus 
turning into a deficit in 2012. Indonesia's  exports and imports also remain ed relatively stable over 
the period with the exception of 2020 and 2021 when both flows dec reased. Indonesia registered a 
global trade deficit throughout the period.  
Chart 1.3 EFTA and Indonesia: Global trade in commercial services, 2017 -2021  
 
Source:  Indonesian authorities and WTO Statistics database , March 2023.  
 
1.7.  Chart 1.4 shows the composition of global trade in services of the Parties. Other business 
services, charges for the use of intellectual property and t ransport services are the largest imports 
and exports of EFTA with shares between 36%  (imports of other business services) and 14% 
(imports of transport services ) of its total exports or imports. Transport services, other business 
services and travel servi ces are the largest imports and exports of Indonesia with shares between 
31% (imports of transport services)  and 15% (exports of travel services) of its total exports or 
imports.  
-50050100150200
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Import Export Trade balance-20-1001020304050
 2011  2013  2015  2017  2019  2021EFTA
(USD Billion)Indonesia
(USD Billion)WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chart 1.4 EFTA and Indonesia: Commercial services trade with world, by category (2019 -
2021)  
 
Note:  Imports data for manufacturing services for Indonesia was sourced from the WTO Statistics 
database.  
Source:  WTO Statistics database, March 2023  and Indonesian autho rities (for Indonesia in 2019 and 2020).  
 
1.8.  Data provided by Indonesia show a bilateral trade in services surplus in favour of EFTA States 
for the period 2018 -2020 ( Table 1.2). Switzerland (including Liechtenstein) is Indonesia's largest 
trading partner among EFTA States. Other business services were the largest exported services to 
EFTA in 2018 and 2020 and the largest imported services throughout the pe riod, while travel services 
were the largest exported services in 2019.  
Table 1.2 Indonesia: bilateral trade in commercial services with EFTA, 2018 -2020  
Services Category (in USD Millions)  Export  Import  
2018  2019  2020  2018  2019  2020  
Total Commercial Services  110.2  264.6  142.4  318.5  287.5  343.1  
Other business services  74.7 75.8 58.8 218.2  184.4  238.1  
Charges for the use of intellectual 
property n.i.e.  0.6 0.6 0.7 41.6 43.4 38.1 
Telecommunication, computer and 
information services  4.3 4.9 5.4 31.4 33.7 36.6 
Insurance and pension services  2.2 1.4 2.0 8.6 12.0 19.5 
Transport  21.6 63.6 48.4 13.5 8.3 7.1 
Maintenance and repair services not 
included elsewhere (n.i.e.)  2.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.7 2.7 
Financial services  1.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 
Personal cultural and recreational 
services  0.9 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 
Construction services  0.5 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 
Travel  0.0 110.5  19.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Manufacturing services on physical 
inputs owned by others  1.7 1.6 1.7 n/a n/a n/a 
Note:   Imports data for manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others not available . 
Source:  Indonesian authorities.  
 
1.9.  Chart 1.5 and Chart 1.6 depict the Parties' global foreign direct investment stocks and flows 
for the period 201 1-2021. Inward and outward stocks of both Parties increased throughout with 
EFTA being a net source of global FDI stocks and Indonesia a net recipient. EFTA's FDI flows with 
the world fluctuated considerably in the period while Indonesia's  flows were relatively stable (except 
for a substantial drop in 2016).  
0 20 40 60 80ManufacturingConstructionInsuranceMaintenance & RepairFinancialPersonalTelecommunications & ITTravelTransportIntellectual PropertyOther Business Services
Import Export0 5 10ManufacturingPersonalMaintenance & RepairConstructionFinancialInsuranceIntellectual PropertyTelecommunications & ITTravelOther Business ServicesTransport
Import ExportEFTA
(USD Billion)Indonesia
(USD Billion)WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chart 1.5 EFTA: FDI stock and flow with world, 2011 -2021  
 
Source:  UNCTAD Stat.  
Chart 1.6 Indonesia: FDI stock and flow with world, 2011 -2021  
 
Source:  For outward stocks and flows, UNCTAD STAT. For inward stocks and flows, Indonesian authorities 
(2018 -2020) and UNCTAD Stat (2011 -2017, 2021).  
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background Information  
2.1.  The Agreement was signed on 16 December 2018  and entered into force on 1 November 2021.  
It was notified to the WTO under Article  XXIV:7(a) of the GATT 1994 and Article V:7(a) of the GATS 
initially on 26 April 2022.  
2.2.  The text of the A greement is available, together with its Annexes, on the following websites:  
EFTA:  https://www.efta.int/free -trade/Free -Trade -Agreement/Indonesia  
Indonesia : https://ditjenppi.kemendag.go.id/index.php/bilateral/eropa/efta   
02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Inward Stock
Outward StockA. EFTA FDI stock with world 
2011 -2021
(USD Billion)
-200-150-100-50050100150200
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Inward Flow
Outward FlowB. EFTA FDI flow with world 
2011 -2021
(USD Billion)
050100150200250300
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Inward Stock
Outward StockA. Indonesia FDI stock with 
world 2011 -2021
(USD Billion)
-15-10-505101520253035
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Inward Flow
Outward FlowB. Indonesia FDI flow with 
world 2011 -2021
(USD Billion)WT/REG464/1  
 
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  2.3.  The Agreement is composed of 12 Chapters , 17 Annexes , two records of understanding and 
one memorandum of understanding  as follows:  
Box 2.1 Structure of the Agreement  
Chapter/Annex numb er Chapter/Annex name  
Preamble    
Chapter 1  General provisions  
Chapter 2  Trade in goods  
Chapter 3  Trade in services  
Chapter 4  Establishment  
Chapter 5  Protection of intellectual property  
Chapter 6  Government procurement  
Chapter 7  Competition  
Chapter 8  Trade and sustainable development  
Chapter 9  Cooperation  
Chapter 10  Institutional provisions  
Chapter 11  Dispute settlement  
Chapter 12  Final provisions  
Annexes    
Annex I  Rules of origin and mutual administrative cooperation in customs matters  
Annex II  Schedule of tariff commitments on goods - Indonesia to EFTA  
Annex III  Schedule of tariff commitments on goods - Iceland to Indonesia  
Annex IV  Schedule of tariff commitments on goods - Norway to Indonesia  
Annex V  Schedule of tariff commitments on goods - Switzerland to Indonesia  
Annex VI  Trade facilitation  
Annex VII  Mandate of the Sub -Committee on trade in Goods  
Annex VIII  List of MFN Exemptions  
Annex IX  Movement of natural persons supplying services  
Annex X  Recognition of qualifications of service suppliers  
Annex XI  Recognition of certificates of competency and training of seafarers on boards 
vessels registered in Switzerland  
Annex XII  Schedule s of Specific Commitments  
Annex XIII  Telecommunication Services  
Annex XIV  Financial Services  
Annex XV  Tourism and travel services  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chapter/Annex numb er Chapter/Annex name  
Annex XVI  List of reservations  
Annex XVII  Protection of Intellectual Property  
 Record of understanding concerning patents  
 Record of understanding relating to Annex on financial services  
 Memorandum of understanding on cooperation and capacity building  
Source:  WTO Secretariat, based on the Agreement.  
 
2.4.  The Agreement establishes a comprehensive economic partnership, including a free trade area 
based on trade relations between market economies (Article 1.1). It applies to Indonesia on the one 
side and the individual EFTA States  (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland)  on th e other 
side but not to trade and economic relations between individual EFTA States, unless otherwise 
provided for in th e Agreement  (Article 1.4) .3 
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.  Chapter 2 contains provisions specific to trade in goods.   
3.2.  No Party may adopt or maintain any prohibition or restriction on the importation of a product 
to another Party, except for measures in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article XI of the GATT 1994 
(Article 2.7). Measures in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article XI of the GATT 1994 require 
notification to the Joint Committee ; they shall be temporary and may not go beyond what is 
necessary to deal with the circumstances.4  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.3.  The genera l elimination of all import prohibitions or restrictions on trade in goods between the 
Parties, other than customs duties and taxes or other charges, whether made effective through 
quotas, import licences or other measures, as in Paragraph 1 of Article XI of the GATT  1994, applies 
and is incorporated into and made part of the Agreement (Article 2. 7).  
3.4.  Article VII of the GATT 1994 (on customs valuation), as well as the WTO Agreement on Customs 
Valuation , the WTO Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures , Article VIII of the GATT 1994 (on 
fees and formalities) and Article III of the GATT 1994 (on  national treatment on  internal taxation 
and regulations) are all incorporated into and made part of the Agreement, mutatis mutandis  
(Articles  2.5, 2.6,  2.8, and 2. 9). In addition, and to complement the disciplines of the GATT 1994, 
Annex VI to the Agreement (on trade facilitation) provides for complementary rules and disciplines.  
3.5.  Article 2.6 incorporates the WTO Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, mutatis 
mutandis . Each Party shall ensure that import licensing procedures are implemented in a 
transparent, non -discriminatory fair and equitable, predictable and least trade -restrictive manner. 
Upon entry into force of the Agreement, each Party shall promptly notify the  other Parties of existing 
import licensing procedures and any new import licensing procedures as well as modifications to 
existing import licensing procedures. The Parties shall exchange contact points responsible for the 
issuance of import licenses in or der to facilitate communication and exchange of information on a 
regular basis.  
 
3 The Agreement does not apply to the Norwegian territory of Svalbard, with the exception of trade in 
goods (Article 1.3).  As a result of the Customs Treaty of 29 March 1923 between Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein, Switzerland represents Liechtenstein in matters covered thereby (Article  1.4). 
4 The Parties shall endeavour to terminate measures no later than three years after their imposition.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.6.  Unless otherwise provided in the Agreement, no Party shall increase import duties, or introduce 
new import duties, on goods originating  in another Party covered by the Agreement (Article 2.2) .5 
3.7.  The Parties schedules of tariff commitments are included in Annexes II to V.  
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.1.3.1   EFTA  
3.1.3.1.1   Iceland  
3.8.  Table 3.1 shows tariff elimination commitments by Iceland with respect to  Indonesia . Before 
the entry into force of the Agreement, 8,244 lines were duty free on an MFN basis, representing 
88.9% of its tariff, and corresponding to 9 9.9% of its imports from Indonesia during 201 8-2020.6 
At the entry into force of the Agreement, an additional 575 lines ( 6.2% of the tariff) became 
duty-free for imports from Indonesia . 453 tariff lines (4.9% of the tariff) r emain dutiable.  
Table 3.1 Iceland: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out perioda Tariff lines  Imports from Indonesia  (2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
MFN (2022)  8,244  88.9 10.3 99.9 
Entry into force  575 6.2 0.0 0.1 
Remain dutiable  453 4.9 0.0 0.0 
Total  9,272  100.0  10.3 100.0  
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.9.  Table 3.2 shows Iceland's tariff elimination, by HS Section with regard to Indonesia . The 453 
lines that remain subject to duties are in Sections I (live animals) , II (vegetable products), III 
(animal products)7 and IV (prepared food), with average applied tariffs between 2 4.3% and 3 0%. 
All preferential ad valorem  rates remain equal to the corresponding MFN rate, as illustrated in Chart 
3.1.  
Table 3.2 Iceland: Tariff elimination under th e Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN (2022 )a Agreement  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty free 
lines  Duty 
Free 
2022  Remain 
Dutiable  
I 7.6 962 698 35 229 29.8 
II 12.9 491 302 93 96 30.0 
III 0.0 117 113 1 3 * 
IV 8.7 1,260  689 446 125 24.3 
V 0.0 191 191    
VI 0.0 1,175  1,175     
VII 0.0 386 386    
VIII 0.0 123 123    
IX 0.0 322 322    
X 0.0 191 191    
XI 0.0 917 917    
 
5 Import duties are de fined as any customs duties and charges of any kind, including taxes and 
surcharges, imposed in connection with the importation of goods, except duties and charges imposed in 
conformity with Articles III and VIII of the GATT 1994 as well as anti -dumping du ties that are applied pursuant 
to Article VI of the GATT 1994 and in accordance with Article 2.15.  
6 Of the 9,272 lines in Iceland' s schedule, 8,777 (94.7%) were ad valorem  while 57 lines (0.6%) were 
specific and 438 (4.7%) were compound.  
7 All remining du tiable lines have specific duties  and are excluded from the calculation of average rates . WT/REG464/1  
 
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  HS 
Section  MFN (2022 )a Agreement  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty free 
lines  Duty 
Free 
2022  Remain 
Dutiable  
XII 0.0 72 72    
XIII 0.0 188 188    
XIV 0.0 63 63    
XV 0.0 689 689    
XVI 0.0 1,183  1,183     
XVII 0.0 436 436    
XVIII 0.0 227 227    
XIX 0.0 25 25    
XX 0.0 217 217    
XXI 0.0 37 37    
Total  2.6 9,272  8,244  575 453 28.7 
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
* contains specific duties only.  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
Chart 3.1 Iceland: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
* HS Chapters 15 and 20 contain specific duties only.  
** The ad valorem  components of 2 tariff lines out of 13 lines remaining dutiable in Chapter 19 were 
eliminated maintaining specific duties in the Agreement.   
 For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are inc luded. 
 Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.1.3.1.2   Norway  
3.10.  Table 3.3 shows tariff elimination commitments by Norway with respect to Indonesia. Before 
the entry into force of the Agreement, 6,323  lines were duty free on an MFN basis, representing 
85.4% of its tariff, and corresponding to 82.7% of its imports from Indonesia d uring 2018 -2020.8 
At the entry into force of the Agreement, an additional 373 lines ( 5% of the tariff  and 16% of 
 
8 Of the 7,405 lines in Norway ’s schedule, 6,683 (90.3%) were ad valorem  while 669 lines ( 9%) were 
specific , 2 (0.03%) were compound  and 51 (0.7%) had other duties . 
05101520253035
02
04
06
07
*15
16
18
**19
*20
21
22Average Duty Rate
HS Chapters Preferential MFNWT/REG464/1  
 
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  imports ) became duty -free for imports from Indonesia. 709 tariff lines (4.9% of the tariff  and 1.4% 
of imports ) remain dutiable.  
Table 3.3 Norway: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out perioda Tariff lines  Imports from Indonesia  (2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
MFN ( 2022)  6,323  85.4 147.6  82.7 
Entry into force  373 5.0 28.5 16.0 
Remain dutiable  709 9.6 2.4 1.4 
Total  7,405  100.0  178.6  100.0  
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.11.  Table 3.4 shows Norway 's tariff elimination, by HS Section with regard to Indonesia. The 373 
lines that remain subject to duties are in Sections I (live animals), II (vegetable products), III 
(animal products) , IV (prepared food)  and VI (chemicals) , with average applied tariffs between 
13.4% and 356.9 %. With the exception of Chapter s 02 (meat) , 04 (dairy products) , 06 (live trees 
and flowers) , 15 (oils) and 21  (edible preparations ), all prefere ntial rates remain equal to the 
corresponding MFN rate, as illustrated in Chart 3.2.  
Table 3.4 Norway: Tariff eliminati on under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN (2022 )a Agreement  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty free lines  Duty Free  
2022  Remain 
Dutiable  
I 14.6 602 404 11 187 356.9  
II 15.7 594 309 43 242 135.0  
III 5.0 135 53 31 51 13.4 
IV 2.3 458 210 38 210 83.3 
V 0.0 190 190    
VI 0.5 1,072  1,053   19 138.1  
VII 0.0 288 288    
VIII 0.0 88 88    
IX 0.0 225 225    
X 0.0 167 167    
XI 2.6 882 632 250   
XII 0.0 60 60    
XIII 0.0 179 179    
XIV 0.0 56 56    
XV 0.0 661 661    
XVI 0.0 1,025  1,025     
XVII 0.0 242 242    
XVIII 0.0 224 224    
XIX 0.0 24 24    
XX 0.0 214 214    
XXI 0.0 19 19    
Total  2.3 7,405  6,323  373 709 199.8  
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chart 3.2 Norway: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
* HS Chapters 8, 10, 11, 17 -20, 22 and 38 contain specific duties only.  
 Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation.  
 For the calculation of averages, specific  rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are inclu ded. 
 Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature . 
Source:   WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.1.3.1.3   Switzerland  
3.12.  Table 3.5 shows tariff elimination commitments by Switzerland with respect to Indonesia. 
Before the entry into force of the Agreement, 2,408 lines were duty free on an MFN basis, 
representing 27.4% of its tariff, and corresponding to 55.6% of its imports from Indonesia during 
2018-2020.9 At the entry into force of the Agreement, an additional 5,159 lines ( 58.7% of the tariff  
and 44% of imports ) became duty -free for imports from Indonesia. 1,227 tariff lines ( 5.8% of the 
tariff and 0.4% of imports ) remain dutiable.  
Table 3.5 Switzerland : Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out perioda Tariff line s Imports from Indonesia (2018 -2020)  
Number  % Value (USD million)  % 
MFN (2022)  2,408  27.4 864.7  55.6 
Entry into force  5,159  58.7 685.1  44.0 
Remain dutiable  1,227  14.0 5.8 0.4 
Total  8,794  100.0  1,555.5  100.0  
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to MFN in -quota rates are excluded in the tariff line count.   
Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
9 Of the 9,272 lines in Switzerland's schedule, 8,777 (94.7%) were ad valorem  while 57 lines (0.6%) 
were specific and 438 (4.7%) were compound.  
050100150200250300350400450
01
02
04
06
07
*08
*10
*11
12
13
15
16
*17
*18
*19
*20
21
*22
23
35
*38Average Duty Rate
HS Chapters Preferential MFNWT/REG464/1  
 
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  3.13.  Table 3.6 shows Switzerland 's tariff elimination, by HS Section with regard to Indonesia. The 
1,227  lines that remain subject to duties are in Sections I (live animal s), II (vegetable products), 
III (animal products) , IV (prepared food)  and VI (chemicals). All those lines are subject to specific 
duties for which ad valorem  equivalents are not available . 
Table 3.6 Switzerland: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN (2022)a Agreement  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average Tariff 
(%) Number of lines  Duty free 
lines  Duty Free  
2022  Remain 
Dutiable  
I … 487 224 82 181 … 
II … 1,057  235 259 563 … 
III … 209 76 13 120 … 
IV … 638 123 160 355 … 
V … 182 121 61   
VI … 1,146  461 677 8 … 
VII … 245 34 211   
VIII … 74 15 59   
IX … 181 22 159   
X … 181 27 154   
XI … 1,091  543 548   
XII … 60  60   
XIII … 172 2 170   
XIV … 63 7 56   
XV … 912 39 873   
XVI … 1,339  292 1,047    
XVII … 277 35 242   
XVIII … 238 98 140   
XIX … 26  26   
XX … 197 36 161   
XXI … 19 18 1   
Total  … 8,794  2,408  5,159  1,227  … 
a The entry into force of the Agreement is November 2021. Data from 2022 has been used.  
…  Not available: Switzerland's tariff is subject to specific duties for which ad valorem  equivalents are 
not available.  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the tariff line count.   
Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.1.3.2   Indonesia  
3.14.  Table 3.7 shows tariff elimination commitments by Indonesia  with respect to EFTA S tates. 
Before the entry into force of the Agreement, 1,302 lines were duty free on an MFN basis, 
representing 12% of its tariff, and corresponding to 0.2% of its imports from Iceland, 37.1% from 
Norway and 34.6% from Switzerland and Liechtenstein during 2018 -2020.10 At the entry into force 
of the Agreement, an additional 2,774 lines (25.7% of the tariff) became duty -free for imports from 
EFTA States. 2,855 lines will become duty free in 2025, 2,855 in 2030 and 414 in 2032. 1,712 tarif f 
lines (15.8% of the tariff) will remain dutiable corresponding to 1.7%, 0.7% and 6.5% of imports 
from Iceland, Norway and Switzerland and Liechtenstein respectively.  
 
10 Of the 10,813 lines in Indonesia’s schedule, 10,786 (99.75%) were ad valorem  while 27 lines 
(0.25%) were specific.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Table 3.7 Indonesia: Tariff elimination c ommitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -
out period  Tariff lines in 
Indonesia's tariff 
schedule  Indonesia's imports from EFTA partners  
Value in million USD (Average imports 2018 -2020)   
Number  % Iceland  Norway  Liechtenstein/Switzerland  
Value  % Value  % Value  % 
2021 (MFN)  1,302  12.0 0.0 0.2 69.1 37.1 262.2  34.6 
2021 2,774  25.7 0.2 2.8 46.3 24.9 258.7  34.1 
2025 2,855  26.4 0.1 1.4 17.6 9.4 128.5  17.0 
2030 1,756  16.2 5.1 90.3 46.1 24.8 44.3 5.8 
2032 414 3.8 0.2 3.6 5.6 3.0 15.2 2.0 
Remain 
dutiable  1,712  15.8 0.1 1.7 1.3 0.7 49.3 6.5 
TOTAL  10,813  100.0  5.7 100.0  186.0  100.0  758.1  100.0  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in-quota rates are excluded in the computation .  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities.  
 
3.15.  Table 3.8 shows Indonesia 's tariff elimination, by HS Section with regard to EFTA States . The 
1,712  lines that remain subject to duties are in all Sections except for Sections V (minerals), X (pulp 
of wood), XVIII (optical instruments) and  XXI (works of art). A verage applied tariffs range from 
3.8% in Section I (live animals) to 58.2 % in Section IV (prepared food) . Chart 3.3 compares 
preferential and MFN ad valorem  rates of the remining dutiable lines at the HS Chapter level . 
Table 3.8 Indonesia: Tariff elimination u nder the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 2021  Lines  under the Agreement  
Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Average 
Tariff 
(%) Numb
er of 
lines  Duty 
free 
lines  Duty Free in  
Remain 
Dutiable  2021  2025  2029  2032  
I 5.3 589 33 186 94 67 95 114 3.8 
II 5.3 491 52 342 47 11 8 31 16.9 
III 4.3 175 25 79 66  2 3 4.2 
IV 23.6 470 10 77 149 49 46 139 58.2 
V 3.2 218 85 129 1 3    
VI 5.0 1,259  194 688 285 82 2 8 56.7 
VII 9.3 565 8 152 169 188 29 19 14.2 
VIII 8.6 91 31 9 10 17 9 15 10.2 
IX 5.1 228 117 26 55 4 7 19 14.7 
X 4.5 300 45 145 97 13    
XI 15.3 1,175  6 136 249 246 44 494 16.6 
XII 16.4 84  1 21 24 10 28 16.1 
XIII 9.2 250 2 80 79 46 1 42 11.7 
XIV 7.0 86 18 19 19 21 6 3 10.0 
XV 9.4 1,035  129 149 223 168 87 279 15.8 
XVI 5.6 2,133  439 409 912 339 28 6 10.0 
XVII 26.1 1,033  71 20 151 322 3 466 47.1 
XVIII 5.6 326 30 96 168 32    
XIX 6.0 30      30 5.8 
XX 10.7 267 5 30 56 123 37 16 12.2 
XXI 4.4 8 2 1 4 1    
Total  10.1 10,813  1,302  2,774  2,855  1,756  414 1,712  26.9 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation.   
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities.  
  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Chart 3.3 Indon esia: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
*  HS Chapters 10, 11, 17 and 37 contain specific duties only.  
 Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities.  
 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.16.  Norway and Switzerland  maintain tariff rate quota s (TRQ) on 21 and 10  tariff lines respectively 
within the limits of their WTO commitments. For Switzerland, i n-quota preferences are zero for four 
lines while all other lines have duties lower than MFN.  Norway eliminates in -quota duties for all 
produc ts subject to TRQs except for four lines; out of quota preferences are the applied MFN rates  
except for three lines which have lower preferential duties . Iceland  does not have preferential TRQs. 
Indonesia maintains TRQs on three lines with MFN rates reduce d by 50% in quota and 40% out of 
quota . Table A2. 1, Table A2. 2 and Table A2. 3 in Appendix 2 provide details.  
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.17.  The rules of origin and  methods of administrative cooperation are set out in Annex I to the 
Agreement (Article 2. 4). 
3.18.  Article 2 of Annex I states that a product is considered as originating in a Party if:11 
a. it has been wholly obtained in a Party ,12  
b. the non -originating materials used in production in a Party satisfy the requirements 
provided for in Article 4 (sufficient working or processing) , or 
c. it has been produced in a Party exclusively from materials originating in one or more 
Parties.  
3.19.  Article 4  of the Annex states the working  or processing which must be carried out on non -
originating materials used in the manufacturing the final product in order for it to be considered 
originating. Appendix 1 to Annex I  contains product specific rules . For agricultural products, the 
products are originating if they are wholly obtained or if their transformation involves a change in 
tariff heading. For industrial  goods , a change in tariff heading is the main requirement but in some 
 
11 Unless otherwise specified, all Articles in this section refer to Articles of Annex I.  
12 Article 3 of Annex I lists the categories of prod ucts to be considered as wholly obtained.  
020406080100120140160
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03
06
07
08
09
*10
*11
13
15
16
*17
19
20
21
22
29
30
33
*37
39
42
43
44
46
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
61
62
63
64
66
67
69
71
72
73
85
87
93
94
95
96Average Duty Rate (%)
HS Chapters Preferential MFNWT/REG464/1  
 
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  cases products can alternatively be considered origina ting if third-party materials do not exceed  
70% (40% for Chapter 91) of the ex -works price of the product.  
3.20.  Notwithstanding these requirements, materials that do not meet a required change in tariff 
classification may nevertheless be considered originating  if their value does not exceed 20% of the 
value of the ex -works price of the good produced  and no maximum value of non -originating materials 
in Appendix 1 is exceeded .  
3.21.  Cumulation of origin is governed by Article 6  and authorized bilaterally . An exported product 
originating in a Party, which does not undergo working or processing beyond those referred to in 
paragraph 1 of Article 5, shall retain its origin. Where materials originating in two or more Parties 
are used in the manufacture of a product and thes e materials have not undergone any working or 
processing beyond the operations referred to in Article 5, the origin of the product is determined by 
the material with the highest customs value, or if this cannot be ascertained, with the highest first 
ascert ainable price paid for that material in that Party.  
3.22.  Section II of Annex I clarifies the principle of territoriality applicable to the Agreement, 
including for operations carried out in a third -party, under outward processing procedures or a 
similar arrange ment (Article 1 0 of Annex I) . The acquisition of originating status of a product shall 
not be affected by operations carried out in a non -party, under an outward processing procedure or 
a similar arrangement, if the re -imported product has been obtained fr om the exported materials, 
the total added value acquired in the non -party does not exceed 20% of the ex -works price of the 
product and, taken together, the total value of the non -originating materials incorporated in the 
Party and the total added value ac quired outside the Party concerned does, not exceed the value 
allowed in accordance with product specific rules. Article 11 covers direct transport.  
3.23.  Section III addresses proof of origin and contains  the origin declaration and disciplines 
applicable to representation and approved exporters. Provisions on importation requirements  
exemption from origin declaration  and denial of preferential treatment are contained in Section IV, 
while Section V  sets out obligations of importers and exporters. Section VI cover s administrative 
cooperation  and requires exchange of information on competent authorities and details of approved 
exporters as well as information on the interpretation, application and administration of the Annex . 
Rules on penalties , including criminal, civil and administrative penalties  and provisions for goods in 
transit or storage are contained in Section VII.  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.24.  The Agreement does not prohibit export duties. If a Party agrees with a non -party to a bolish 
or limit export duties, it shall, upon request by another Party, accord treatment no less favourable 
to the other Party (Article 2.3).13 
3.25.  No Party may adopt or maintain any prohibition or restriction on the exportation of a product 
to another Party, except for measures in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article XI of the GATT 1994 
(Article 2.7).14 Measures in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article XI of the GATT 1994 require a 
notification to the Joint Committee, they shall be temporary and may not go beyond what is 
necessary to deal with the circumstances.15  
3.4  Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.26.  Article 2.11  disciplines  standards, technical regulations and conformity assessments 
procedures  while Article 2.12 covers SPS measures.  
 
13 Indonesia applies export duties on palm oil, crude palm oil and its derivative products, leather and 
wood, raw cocoa, and mineral ore products.  
14 All export restrictions applied by the EFTA States are notified t o the WTO in accordance with GATT 
Art. XI. The most recent notifications can be found in documents G/MA/QR/N/CHE/3 for Switzerland and 
G/MA/QR/N/NOR/2 for Norway.  
15 The Parties shall endeavour to terminate measures no later than three years after their imp osition.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.27.  Article 2.12 incorporates t he WTO SPS Agreement , mutatis mutandis .  
3.28.  It also provides that a n importing Party shall ensure free movement of imported goods 
complying with its relevant SPS requirements and applicable domest ic laws and regulations which 
shall be applied in a non -discriminatory manner.  
3.29.  System audits are the preferred assessment method and the need to perform on -site 
inspections shall be justified and agreed by the Parties.  
3.30.  The Parties agree to minimise the nu mber of model SPS -certificates as far as possible and 
when official certificates are required, they should be in line with the principles laid down in 
international standards. Import control should be carried out according to international standards, 
guide lines and recommendations issued by the relevant international organisations.16 
3.31.  The import requirements and checks applied to imported products shall be based on the risk 
that is associated with such products and shall be applied in a non -discriminatory ma nner.  
3.32.  Upon request, the Parties shall agree on an arrangement extending to each other equivalent 
treatment related to SPS measures mutually agreed between each Party and a non -party.17 As of 7 
July 2023 , no request was made by the Parties . 
3.33.  The Article also provides for consultations and the establishment of contact points.  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.34.  Article 2.1 1 incorporates the WTO TBT agreement , mutatis mutandis . 
3.35.  The Article also provides for technical consultations if a Party considers that another Party has 
applied or is considering applying a measure not in conformity with the WTO TBT Agreement, in 
order to find an appropriate solution in conformity with it.  
3.36.  Upon request, the Parties shall agree on an arrangement extending to each other equ ivalent 
treatment related to technical regulations, standards and conformity assessments mutually agreed 
between each Party and a non -party.  As of 7 July 2023, no request was made by the Parties.  
3.37.  The Parties may amend the Agreement or conclude other agreem ents to prevent, eliminate, 
or reduce technical barriers to trade, including mutual recognition agreements designed to avoid 
duplicative and unnecessarily burdensome conformity assessment procedures in specific  sectors.  
3.38.  The Parties shall exchange names and  addresses of contact points to facilitate communication 
and the exchange of information on TBT matters.  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.39.  Article 2.1 6 contains disciplines applicable to global safeguard measures which may be applied 
by the Parties, while a specific bi lateral safeguard mechanism is established under Article  2.17. 
Disciplines on safeguard measures are complemented by the provisions in Article 2. 21 (on balance -
of-payments).  
3.4.2.1   Global safeguards  
3.40.  The Parties rights and obligations in respect of global safegua rds shall be governed by 
Article  XIX of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards (Article 2.1 6). the Agreement 
specifies that "in taking measures under the relevant WTO provisions, a Party shall, consistent with 
 
16 These include Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), including Codex Committee on Food Import and 
Export Inspection and Certification Systems (CCFICS), International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the 
World Organisation for Animal Health ( OIE).  
17 The term "e quivalent” shall not be understood as the term “equivalence” in the WTO SPS Agreement . WT/REG464/1  
 
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  WTO law and jurisprudence and in ac cordance with its domestic legislation, exclude imports of an 
originating product from one or several Parties if such imports do not in and of themselves cause or 
threaten to cause serious injury".  
3.4.2.2   Bilateral safeguards  
3.41.  Bilateral safeguard measures are permitted subject to the disciplines in Article 2.1 7. Where, 
as a result of the reduction or elimination of a customs duty under the Agreement, any product 
originating in a Party is being imported into the territory of another Party in such increased 
quantitie s, in absolute terms or relative to domestic production, and under such conditions as to 
constitute a substantial cause of serious injury or threat thereof to the domestic industry of like or 
directly competitive goods in the territory of the importing Par ty, the importing Party may take 
bilateral safeguard measures to the minimum extent necessary to remedy or prevent the injury.  
3.42.  Safeguard measures can consist of the suspension of the further reduction of customs duties 
or the increase of customs duties to a level not exceeding the lesser of  the MFN duty applied at the 
time the measure is taken or the MFN duty applied on the day immediately preceding the entry int o 
force of the Agreement.  
3.43.  The duration of a measure shall not exceed one year, extendable in exceptional circumstances 
to a maximum period of three years. In critical circumstances, the Agreement also foresees 
provisional bilateral safeguard measures, whic h shall be terminated within 200 days at the latest. 
The period of application of any provisional safeguard measure shall count as part of the duration of 
the bilateral safeguard measure.  
3.44.  Upon request, the Parties shall exchange views about the applicatio n of the Article and its 
effect on trade between them at the meetings of the Joint Committee.  
3.4.2.3   Balance of payments safeguards  
3.45.  A Party, in serious balance of payments difficulties, or under imminent threat thereof, may, 
in accordance with the conditions established under the GATT 1994 and the relevant WTO 
Understanding, adopt such measures  which shall be temporary and non -discriminatory  
(Article  2.21). The Agreement also contains notification obligations in that regard.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and counter vailing measures  
3.46.  With respect to antidumping the Agreement confirms that the rights and obligations of the 
Parties shall be governed by Article VI of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Antidumping Agreement  
(Article 2.15) . The Parties will consider refraining  from initiating anti -dumping procedures or applying 
anti-dumping measures against each other . The Agreement nevertheless contains a notification 
obligation before the initiation of an investigation procedure and consultations shall be allowed. A 
Party shall not  initiate an anti -dumping investigation within one year of a determination regarding 
the same product from the same Party, which resulted in the nonapplication or revocation of anti -
dumping measures.  
3.47.  With respect to countervailing measures  the Agreement c onfirms that the rights and 
obligations of the Parties relating to subsidies shall be governed by Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 
1994 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (Article 2.1 4). The 
Agreement nevertheless contains a noti fication obligation before the initiation of an investigation 
procedure and consultations shall be allowed . 
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid 
3.48.  Export subsidies, as defined in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, in connection with the 
exportation of agricultural product s to another Party are prohibited (Article 2.10).   
3.49.  There are no provisions on State -aid in the Agreement.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  
3.50.  Annex VI  covers trade facilitation. It includes provisions on transparency, cooperation, 
advance rulings simplification of  international trade procedures, competent customs offices, risk 
management, customs brokers, fees and charges, legalisation of documents, temporary admission 
of goods, inward and outward processing, border agency cooperation, appeal and confidentiality . 
3.51.  Compared to the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreemen t, the Annex , inter alia , extends advanced 
ruling to issues such as the applied rate of duty, the method for determining the customs value and 
rules of origin; it includes a stronger commitment for performing customs controls outside of 
business hours; it prohibits the mandatory use of customs brokers; it provides for additional 
disciplines on fees and  charges, including a prohibition on their calculation on an ad valorem  basis;  
and it prohibits  requiring legalisation or other authentication of documentation related to 
importation . 
3.4.6   Other regulations  
3.4.6.1   State trading enterprises  
3.52.  Article XVII of the GATT 199 4 and the related Understanding shall apply and are incorporated 
into and made part of the Agreement  mutatis mutandis  (Article 2.1 8).  
4  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  AND INVESTMENT  
4.1  Scope and definitions  
4.1.  Chapter 3 of the Agreement  applies  to measures affec ting trade in services  provided through 
any of the four traditional modes of supply, taken by central, regional or local governments and 
authorities as well as by non -Governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by these 
Governments or authoriti es (Article 3.1) . The Chapter does not cover measures affecting air traffic 
rights, however granted, or measures affecting services directly related to the exercise of air traffic 
rights (except as provided for in paragraph 3 of the GATS Annex on Air Trans port Services). 
Moreover, nothing in the Chapter shall be construed to impose any obligation with respect to 
Government procurement.  
4.2.  Chapter 4 on investment  applies to commercial presence in all sectors, with the exception of  
services sectors not covered by Chapter 3 (Article 4.1).  It does not include investment protection 
and shall be without prejudice to the interpretation or application of other internatio nal agreements 
relating to investment or taxation to which one or several EFTA States and Indonesia are parties. 
Moreover, nothing in the Chapter shall be construed to impose any obligation with respect to 
Government procurement.  
4.3.  The Parties' schedules of specific commitments for services sectors are in Annex XI I while 
Annex XVI includes the schedules of specific commitments for investment in all sectors except 
services sectors  covered under Chapter 3.  Annex IX to the Agreement con tains additional disciplines 
on the movement of natural persons supplying services.  The Parties' MFN exemptions are in 
Annex  VIII. Specific disciplines on telecommunications services, financial services  and tourism and 
travel services are contained in, res pectively, Annexes XIII through XV.  
4.2  Denial of benefits  
4.4.  The Agreement does not contain any specific provision on the denial of benefits.  
4.3  General provisions on trade in services  
4.3.1   Market access  
4.5.  With respect to market access through all modes of supply, each Pa rty shall accord services 
and service suppliers of another Party treatment no less favourable than that provided for under the 
terms, limitations and conditions agreed and specified in its Schedule of Specific Commitments  in 
Annex XII (Article 3.4) . Measur es which limit inputs for the supply of services are not covered.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  4.3.2   National treatment and MFN  
4.6.  Each Party shall accord to services and service suppliers of another Party in the sectors included 
in their schedule s of specific commitments, in respect of all me asures affecting the supply of services, 
treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own like services and service suppliers , 
subject to the conditions and qualifications in the schedules of specific commitments  (Article 3.5).  
4.7.  A Party shall accord MFN treatment to all measures affecting the supply of services, to services 
and service suppliers of another Party except as in the list of MFN exemptions in Annex VIII 
(Article  3.3). Treatment granted under other existing or future agreements  concluded by one of the 
Parties and notified under Articles V or V bis of the GATS shall not be subject to the Parties MFN 
obligations. Nevertheless, if a Party enters into an agreement notified under Articles V or V bis of the 
GATS, it shall, upon request from another Party, afford adequate opportunity to that Party to 
negotiate the benefits granted therein. Furthermore, with respect to the rights and obligations of 
the Parties concerning advantages accorded to adjacent countries, paragraph 3 of Article II of the 
GATS shall  apply . 
4.8.  Article 3.6 allows the Parties to negotiate commitments on measures affecting trade in services 
not subject to scheduling under Article 3.4 (Market Access) or 3.5 (National Treatment), including 
those regarding qualifications, stan dards or licensing matters. Such commitments shall be inscribed 
in a Party 's schedule.  
4.3.3   Commercial presence  
4.9.  Commitments on commercial presence are in the Parties' schedules of commitments on 
services for market access and national treatment.  
4.3.4   Movement of nat ural persons  
4.10.  Article 3.9 applies to measures affecting natural persons who are service suppliers of a Party, 
and natural persons of a Party who are employed by a service supplier of a Party, in respect of the 
supply of a service. The Agreement however does  not apply to measures affecting natural persons 
seeking access to the employment market of a Party, nor to measures regarding nationality, 
citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis.  
4.11.  Chapter 3 shall not prevent a Party from applying measure s to regulate the entry of natural 
persons of another Party into, or their temporary stay in, its territory, including measures necessary 
to protect the integrity of, and to ensure the orderly movement of natural persons across, its borders, 
provided that such measures are not applied in a manner as to nullify or impair the benefits accruing 
to any Party under the terms of a specific commitment  
4.12.  Annex IX to the Agreement  contains additional disciplines on the movement of natural persons 
supplying services. I t reflects preferential trade relations between the Parties, their common 
objectives to facilitate the entry, temporary stay and work of natural persons on a mutually 
advantageous basis and in accordance with the Parties' schedules of specific commitments,  and the 
need to establish transparency, secure, effective and comprehensive information and procedures 
for, entry, temporary stay and work  (Article 2 of Annex IX) .  
4.13.  The Parties shall ensure that their requirements and procedures relating to entry and 
temporary stay are pre -established and clearly specified (Article 3 of Annex IX). Article 4 of the 
Annex requires  the Party to publish  information necessary to apply for entry, temporary stay and 
work in their territory.  Article 5 of the Annex provides for exp editious application procedures.  
4.14.  The Parties' mode 4 commitments are listed as horizontal commitments in their individual 
schedules of specific commitments (Appendixes 1 through 5 to Annex IX to the Agreement). Table 
4.1 provides a summary of each Parties' commitments under the Agreement and the GATS.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  Table 4.1 Categories and length of stay for temporary presence of natural persons under 
the Agreement and the GATS  
Category  Maximum length of stay  
Agreement  GATS  
Indonesia  
Intra-corporate transferees  
(Managers and specialists ) 2 years (extendible for 1 year) 
Subject to economic needs 
test/domestic labour and immigration 
laws and regulation s 2 years (extendible for 1 year) 
Subject to domestic labour 
and immigration laws and 
regulation s 
Economic needs test  
Business visitors  60 days (extendible every 30 days 
with maximum accumulated stay of 
180 days ) No commitme nts 
Installers  3 months per contract  No commitments  
Iceland  
Intra-corporate transferees  
(Executives, m anagers  and 
specialists)  1 year (extendible for up to 1 further 
year)  
Temporary residence and work 
permit  No duration specified  
Business visitors  90 days per year  No duration specified  
Liechtenstein  
Intra-corporate transferees  
(Executives and senior m anagers  
and specialists)  3 years  
Residency permit and work permit  3 years  
Residency permit and work 
permit  
Norway  
Intra-corporate transferees  
(Executives/m anagers , specialists  
and trainees)  2 years  (6 months for trainees)  
Work permit  2 years  (no commitments for 
trainees)  
Business visitors 3 months  3 months in any twelve -month 
period or  for the duration of 
the contract , whatever is less  
Work permit  
Contractual service suppliers  
Independent professionals  6 months in any twelve -month  
period of for the duration of the 
contract , whatever is less  
Work permit  No commitments  
Switzerland  
Intra-corporate transferees  
(Executives and senior m anagers  
and specialists)  3 years, extendable to 5  
Residency permit  and work permit  3 years, extendable to 4  
Residency permit  and work 
permit  
Business visitors  
(Business visitors responsible for 
establishing a commercial presence  
and services salespersons)  90 days within 1 year. Minimum 2 -
month interval prior to renewal  
Residency permit  and work permit  3 months within 1 year, 
minimum 2 -months interval if 
renewed  
Residency permit  and work 
permit  
Contractual service suppliers  3 months per contract  
Residency permit  and work 
permit  
Other/Installers and maintainers  No commitments.  
Source:  Parties' Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments and the Agreement.  
 
4.4  Liberalization commitments  
4.15.  Liberalization modalities for Chapter 3 (trade in services) follow a positive list approach 
comparable to the approach used under the GATS.  
4.16.  With respec t to sectors with commitments, each Party's schedule of specific commitments 
specifies i) terms, limitations and conditions for market access , ii) conditions and qualifications on 
national treatment , iii) undertakings relating to additional commitments , and iv) where appropriate, 
the timeframe  for implementation of such commitments, and the date of entry into force of such 
commitments  (Article 3.18) .  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  4.17.  Consultations shall be held, upon written request by a Party, to consider any modification or 
withdrawal of a specific commitment (Article 3.19). Moreover, t he Parties' schedules of specific 
commitments  and lists of MFN exemptions shall be subject to perio dic review (Article 3.20). 
4.4.1    Iceland  
4.4.1.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.18.  Iceland's GATS MFN exemptions cover certain measures  i) in all sectors, aimed at promoting 
Nordic co -operation, ii) related to European programmes and initiatives in the audio -visual services 
sector  and iii) related to computer reservation systems and sales and marketing of air transport 
services . In Appendix 2 to Annex VIII, Iceland replicates  its GATS Article II exemptions  except for 
CRS and sales and marketing of air tr ansport services . 
4.19.  Under the GATS, Iceland's horizontal limitations mainly cover certain measures on the 
provision of services through mode 3 (some investment by foreigners and non -residents, as well as 
real-estate lease and acquisition) and mode 4 (unbound  except the temporary entry and stay of 
executives, managers, specialists and service sellers). Commitments are made for the provision of 
subsidies, with some conditions. There are some horizontal limitations on national treatment related 
to Iceland's memb ership of the European Economic Area (EEA). The Agreement maintains some of 
these horizontal limitations though, for mode 3, conditions on foreign currency transfers are relaxed 
and national treatment accorded to subsidiaries may be extended to branches or  agencies 
established in an EEA Member State or an EFTA Member State by a third -party company if effective 
and continuous links with the economy of the concerned Party can be shown.  
4.4.1.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.20.  Appendix 2 to Annex XII includes Iceland's li st of commitments for trade in services, 
commercial presence  and movement of people. Table 4.2 provides a comparison of Iceland's GATS 
commitments in modes 1 -3 with those taken under the Agreement. Horizontal limitations and MFN 
reservations are not considered in the table which should be read in conjunction with  the Annex.   
4.21.  Iceland's sector -specif ic commitments under the Agreement mirror to a large  extent its GATS 
commitments.  
Table 4.2 Iceland: comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  --- Same  --- 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services     
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Full Same  Full 
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Full Same  Full 
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Full Same  Full 
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission  agents'  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Wholesale  trade services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Retailing  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Franchising  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Same  Partial  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  --- Same  --- 
B. Secondary education services  --- Same  --- 
C. Higher education services  --- Same  --- 
D. Adult education  --- Same  --- 
E. Other education services  --- Same  --- 
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Same  Partial  
7. Financial services     
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- Same  --- 
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Tourist  guides  services  Full Same  Full 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services     
A. Entertainment  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. News agency services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Lower --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- Same  --- 
C. Air Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Space  Transport  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  Full Same  Full 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- Same  --- 
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as mode 4 commitments/limitations are not considered  
 in the Table.  
Full: Commitments not subject to  market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
Partial:  Commitments subject to some  market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
---: No commitments under the GATS  or the Agreement . 
Improved:  Overall improved commitments under the Agreement as compared to those under the GATS.  
Same:  Commitment identica l to those under the GATS.  
Similar:  Similar commitments though possibly, in specific individual cases, with limited improvements and/or  
limited additional reservations.  
Lower: Lower coverage as compared to GATS.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of  Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/ISL/Rev.1), prepared by the 
Secretariat and Iceland's Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.4.1.2.1   Business services  
4.22.  Iceland's coverage and commitments in business services , computer services, real estate 
services, rental services wi thout operators and other business services under the Agreement are 
essentially identical to those under the GATS.18 Limitations on commercial presence for research and 
 
18 The Agreement includes an additional limitation on commercial presence in some legal services . WT/REG464/1  
 
- 26 - 
 
  development services in the natural sciences are withdrawn. The coverage of the commitm ents is 
nevertheless largely similar to those in the GATS.  
4.4.1.2.2   Communication services  
4.23.  As under the GATS, only telecommunication services are partially covered under the 
Agreement with no limitations on market access or national treatment.  
4.4.1.2.3   Construction and re lated engineering services  
4.24.  Commitments under the Agreement on construction and related engineering services are 
identical to those under the GATS.  
4.4.1.2.4   Distribution services  
4.25.  Commitments under the Agreement on distribution services are identical to those under the 
GATS. Coverage is partial as trade in arms, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and pharmaceutical 
products are excluded.  
4.4.1.2.5   Education services  
4.26.  As under the GATS, there are no commitments on education services.  
4.4.1.2.6   Environmental services  
4.27.  Commitments under the  Agreement on environmental services are identical to those under 
the GATS. A licensing requirement for sewage services, refuse disposal waste and other 
environmental services is maintained for mode 3.  
4.4.1.2.7   Financial services  
4.28.  Largely building upon its GATS commitments, Iceland's commitments under  the Agreement 
are adjusted and partly rephrased to take into account the bilateral character of the Agreement. The 
coverage and extent of the commitments are similar to those under the  GATS.  
4.4.1.2.8   Health services  
4.29.  As under the GATS, there are no commitments on health related and social services.  
4.4.1.2.9   Tourism and travel related services  
4.30.  Commitments under the Agreement on tourism and travel related services are identical to 
those under the GATS. Res idence requirements and insurance requirements are maintained for mode 
3 in some subsectors.  
4.4.1.2.10   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.31.  The coverage and commitments under the Agreement for recreational, cultural and sporting 
services are identical to th ose under the GATS except for other services  which are not included in 
the Agreement . Limitations include discretionary authorization for access to management functions 
for news agency services, targeted financial support to specific local, regional or nat ional activities, 
and licencing requirements for gambling and coin machines.  
4.4.1.2.11   Transport services  
4.32.  The coverage of and commitments on transport services under the Agreement are the same 
as those under the GATS with the additional removal of a GATS limitation  on the distribution through 
computer reservation systems ( CRS) for air transport services.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.4.2   Liechtenstein  
4.4.2.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.33.  Liechtenstein's GATS MFN exemptions cover certain measures, in all sectors, for the grant of 
work permits and temporar y entry authorizations for EFTA and EU citizens, as well as some measures 
related to European programmes and initiatives in the audio -visual services sector, also linked to 
production, distribution, and transmission of audio -visual work. Exemptions are als o made for 
construction and related engineering services (based on reciprocity); insurance and banking 
services, in the context of the monetary union with Switzerland, and under its bilateral agreements 
on road transport. Like the other EFTA States, it als o makes an exemption for CRS and sales and 
marketing of air transport services. In Appendix 3 to Annex VIII of the Agreement, Liechtenstein 
replicates, with some adjustments, some of its GATS Article II exemptions. Exemptions for 
distribution services, fin ancial services, CRS and sales and marketing of air transport services are, 
however, dropped under the Agreement.  
4.34.  Liechtenstein's horizontal limitations in the GATS also cover certain measures on the provision 
of services through mode 3 (establishment of c ommercial presence, subject to the requirement that 
there is no objection for reasons of "national economy") and through mode 4 (unbound except the 
temporary entry and stay of executives and senior managers, and specialists). It has some horizontal 
limitat ions on national treatment, for modes 1 and 2 for some subsidies and tax incentives and for 
mode 3 regarding the establishment and operation of forms of commercial presence, relating to its 
membership of the EEA. The Agreement rep licates the limitations.  
4.4.2.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.35.  Appendix 3 to Annex XII includes Liechtenstein's list of commitments for trade in services, 
commercial presence and movement of people. Table 4.3 provides a comparison of Liechtenstein's 
GATS commitments in modes 1 -3 with those taken under the Agreement. Horizontal limitations and 
MFN reservations are not considered in the table which should be read in conjunction with the Annex.  
4.36.  Liechtenste in's sector -specific commitments under the Agreement mirror to a large  extent its 
GATS commitments.  
Table 4.3 Liechtenstein: comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific 
commitments in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  --- Same  --- 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Improved  Full 
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services     
A. General  construction  work for buildings  --- Same  --- 
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  --- Same  --- 
C. Installation  and assembly  work  --- Same  --- 
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission  agents'  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Wholesale  trade services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Retailing  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- WT/REG464/1  
 
- 28 - 
 
  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Higher education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Adult education  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other education services  --- Same  --- 
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Same  Partial  
7. Financial services     
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- Same  --- 
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators'  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting 
services     
A. Entertainment  services  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  --- Same  --- 
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- Same  --- 
C. Air  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Space  Transport  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- Same  --- 
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as mode 4 commitments/limitations are not considered 
in the Table.  
Full: Commitments not subject to market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
Partial:  Commitments subject to some market access or nati onal treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
---: No commitments under the GATS or the Agreement.  
Improved: Overall improved commitments under the Agreement as compared to those under the GATS.  
Same:  Commitment identical to those under the GATS.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/LIE) and Liechtenstein's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.4.2.2.1   Business services  
4.37.  All Liechtenstein's specific commitments in the GATS are replicated under the Agreement. 
Coverage in "other business services" is expanded with the inclusion of commitments on translation 
and interpretation services, with limitations for translation for of ficial purposes.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  4.4.2.2.2   Communication services  
4.38.  As under the GATS, only telecommunication services are covered under the Agreement. While 
basic telecommunication services are unbound under the GATS, full commitments are made under 
the Agreement.  
4.4.2.2.3   Construction and  related engineering services  
4.39.  As under the GATS, there are no commitments on construction and related engineering 
services.  
4.4.2.2.4   Distribution services  
4.40.  The partial coverage of commission agents' services, wholesale trade services under the 
Agreement is the same  as under the GATS with no limitations. Liechtenstein ma de additional 
commitments for retail sales of motor fuel.  
4.4.2.2.5   Educational services  
4.41.  As under the GATS, only private education services are included under the Agreement with 
the limitation that foreigners may establish commercial presence only when organised as juridical 
persons according to Liechtenstein law.  
4.4.2.2.6   Environmental services  
4.42.  The Agreement, like the GATS, removes all limitations on modes 2 and 3 for all sectors 
excluding public utilities (whether own ed and operated by municipalities or the Liechtenstein 
Government or contracted out by them) and garbage dump s.19 
4.4.2.2.7   Financial services  
4.43.  Under the Agreement, Liechtenstein improves its GATS commitments on mode 2  by removing 
the commercial presence requirements for the provision of insurance services in Liechtenstein and 
for the management of Swiss franc denominated issues, and the prohibition for residents to purchase 
insurance services abroad. All other limitati ons under the GATS remain.  
4.4.2.2.8   Tourism and travel related services  
4.44.  Under the Agreement, the coverage is identical to that under the GATS.20 Moreover, the 
Agreement removes licensing and examination limitation s for restaurants . 
4.4.2.2.9   Health related and social service s  
4.45.  As under the GATS, there are no commitments on health related and social services.  
4.4.2.2.10   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.46.  Under the Agreement, Liechtenstein ma kes commitments in libraries (with no commitments 
for subsidies, tax incentives and credits) in addition to the full liberalization of news agency services, 
libraries and sporting services  
4.4.2.2.11   Transport services  
4.47.  As under the GATS, the Agreement liberalizes some r oad transport services and services 
auxiliary to all modes of transport.  
 
19 Mode 1 remains u nbound due to lack of technical feasibility . 
20 Mode 1 remains unbound due to lac k of feasibility for hotels and restaurant (except catering) and 
tourist guides services.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 30 - 
 
  4.4.3   Norway  
4.4.3.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.48.  Norway's GATS MFN exemptions cover certain measures, in all sectors, aimed at promoting 
Nordic co -operation, as well as related to European progr ammes and initiatives in the audio -visual 
services sector, also linked to production, distribution, and transmission of audio -visual work. It also 
has an exemption for existing and future road transport agreements. In Appendix 4 to Annex VIII 
of the Agreem ent, Norway replicates its GATS Article II exemptions. It also lists an additional 
exemption to reserve its right to adopt or maintain measures that accord differential treatment to 
countries under a bilateral or multilateral international agreement in for ce or signed after the date 
of entry into force of the Agreement involving maritime services.  
4.49.  Norway's GATS horizontal national treatment limitations cover certain measures for the 
provision of services through modes 3 and 4 . Mode 3 limitations include gen eral authorization 
procedures for acquisition, the treatment of branches and agencies and the formation of legal 
entities. Subsidies are unbound for modes 1 and 2 for all sectors. Under the Agreement, Norway 
removed the horizontal limitations on authorizat ion procedures for acquisition and the treatment of 
branches and agencies.  
4.4.3.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.50.  Appendix 4 to Annex XII includes Norway's list of commitments for trade in services, 
commercial presence and movement of people. Table 4.4 provides a comparison of Norway's GATS 
commitments in modes 1 -3 with those taken under the Agreement. Horizontal limitations and MFN 
reservations are not considered in the table which should be read in conjunction with the Annex.  
4.51.  Norway's sector -specific commitments under the Agreement mirror to a large  extent its GATS 
commitments  with some improvements . 
Table 4.4 Norway: comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments 
in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Full Same  Full 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services     
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Full Same  Full 
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Full Same  Full 
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Full Same  Full 
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  Partial  Same  Partial  
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission  agents'  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Wholesale  trade services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Retailing  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Higher education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Adult education  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other education services  Partial  Same  Partial  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 31 - 
 
  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services     
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved   Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- Same  --- 
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Full Same  Full 
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators'  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Full Same  Full 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services     
A. Entertainment  services  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- Same  --- 
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Space  Transport  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Improved  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- Improved  Partial  
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as mode 4 commitments/limitations are not considered 
in the Table.  
Full: Commitments not subject to market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
Partial:  Commitments subject to some market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
---: No commitments under the GATS or the Agreement.  
Improved: Overall improved commitments under the Agreement as compared to those under the GATS.  
Same:  Commitment identical to those under the GATS.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GA TS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/NOR) and Norway's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.4.3.2.1   Business services  
4.52.  The coverage of the Agreement is somewhat different from the GATS. Accounting services, 
placement and supply services of personnel and inv estigation and security activities are not included 
in the Agreement while convention services, not included in the GATS, are liberalized.  Commitments 
in the sectors covered under both the Agreement and the GATS are the same.  
4.4.3.2.2   Communication services  
4.53.  As under the GATS, Norway took commitments in courier services with no limitations except 
as specified for transportation services, and telecommunication services.  
4.4.3.2.3   Construction and related engineering services  
4.54.  As under the GATS, Norway fully liberalized all construction and related engineering services 
except for other services for which it removed all limitations only on some subsectors.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  4.4.3.2.4   Distribution services  
4.55.  The coverage under the Agreement of wholesale servi ces, retailing services and franchising 
is the same as under the GATS.21 Moreover, Norway eliminated a residency requirement for the 
establishment of retailing services.  
4.4.3.2.5   Education services  
4.56.  In the Agreement, Norway replicate s its GATS commitments. For educa tional services leading 
to the conferring of State recognised exams and/or degrees, authorization may be given to 
foundations and other legal entities to offer additional parallel or specialised education while primary 
and secondary education remain public  service functions. Educational services not leading to the 
conferring of State recognised exams and/or degrees are fully liberalized.  
4.4.3.2.6   Environmental services  
4.57.  The Agreement essentially replicates the GATS commitments with improvements in the 
coverage and co mmitments in services to reduce exhaust gases and other emissions and improve 
air quality . For all other sectors, there are no limitations in modes 2 and 3.22 
4.4.3.2.7   Financial services  
4.58.  In the Agreement, Norway builds on its  GATS commitments for insurance and insu rance -
related services  allowing non -resident insurance companies to  supply insurance related to passenger 
vessels (including cruise vessels), ocean -going fishing vessels offshore exploration and insurance 
contracts to certain domestic companies. In banking  and other financial services, Norway improved 
its GATS commitments b y removing certain limitations on the registration of securities or the 
nationality requirement for manager and the boards of directors of commercial banks, financing 
undertakings, securi ties firms and management companies for collective investment funds.  
4.4.3.2.8   Health related and social services  
4.59.  As under the GATS, there are no commitments for health related and social services under 
the Agreement.  
4.4.3.2.9   Tourism and travel related services  
4.60.  As under the  GATS, hotels and restaurants, travel agencies and tour operator services and 
tourist guides services are fully liberalized under the Agreement .  
4.4.3.2.10   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.61.  As under the GATS, news agency services are fully liberalized und er the Agreement.  
4.4.3.2.11   Transport services  
4.62.  Under the Agreement, Norway replicates its GATS commitments for maritime transport 
services, rail and road transport services. Moreover, it ma kes commitments for ground handling 
services in air transport services, and cargo handling services and storage and warehouse services 
auxiliary to all modes of transport.  
4.4.3.2.12   Other services not included elsewhere  
4.63.  Norway removed limitations for mode 3 in physical well -being services (spas, massages, 
saunas, slimming rooms and steam r ooms) which were not included in the GATS.  
 
21 First hand sales of raw fish and private import of alcohol are excluded in general. Moreover i mport 
and tr ade in arms and pharmaceuticals are excluded in wholesale services and t rade in pharmaceutical 
products, alcohol and arms are excluding in retailing services.  
22 Mode 1 in some subsectors remains unbound except for advisory services.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 33 - 
 
  4.4.4   Switzerland  
4.4.4.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.64.  Switzerland's GATS MFN exemptions cover measures related to audiovisual  services and some 
transport services (some internal waterways and road transport services). Moreover, there are also 
elements of the bilateral agreements between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and between 
Switzerland and the EU on the movement of natural p ersons. In Appendix 5 to Annex IX of the 
Agreement, Switzerland replicates most of its GATS Article II exemptions. Exemptions for 
distribution services, banking  services, some road transport services and CRS and sales and 
marketing of air transport service s are, however, dropped under the Agreement.  
4.65.  Under the GATS, Switzerland's horizontal limitations cover certain measures on the provision 
of services through mode 3 (e.g. certain domicile requirements for the governing board and 
limitations on the acquisit ion of real estate) and mode 4 (unbound except for measures concerning 
the temporary entry and stay of executives and senior managers, specialists, service salespersons, 
business visitors responsible for setting up commercial presence, persons who are empl oyees of 
certain service providers with special contracts and installers and maintainers). Subsidies are 
unbound for modes 1 and 2 for all sectors.  
4.4.4.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.66.  Appendix 5 to Annex XII includes Switzerland's list of commitments for trade in  services, 
commercial presence and movement of people. Table  4.5 provides a comparison of Switzerland's 
GATS commitments in modes 1 -3 with those taken under the Agree ment. Horizontal limitations and 
MFN reservations are not considered in the table which should be read in conjunction with the Annex.  
4.67.  Switzerland's sector -specific commitments under the Agreement build on its GATS 
commitments  with some improvements . 
Table  4.5 Switzerland: comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific 
commitments in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Improved  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Improved  Partial  
B. Courier  services  --- Improved  Partial  
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering 
services     
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission  agents'  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Wholesale  trade  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Retailing  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 34 - 
 
  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
C. Higher education services  Full Same  Full 
D. Adult education  Full Same  Full 
E. Other education services  --- Improved  Partial  
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services     
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- Same  --- 
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators'  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  --- Improved  Partial  
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting 
services     
A. Entertainment  services  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other 
cultural services  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  --- Improved  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Air Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Space  Transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Rail  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Improved  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- Same  --- 
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as mode 4 commitments/limitations are not  
considered in the Table.  
Full: Commitments not subject to  market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
Partial:  Commitments subject to some market access or national treatment  limitations , for any of the three 
modes.  
---: No commitments under the GATS or the Agreement.  
Improved: Overall improved commitments under the Agreement as compared to those under the GATS.  
Same:  Commitment identical to those under the GATS.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GA TS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/CHE) and Switzerland's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.4.4.2.1   Business services  
4.68.  Switzerland builds on its GATS commitments and enlarges the scope to cover  additional legal 
services, computer and related services, rental/leasing services without operators and other 
services.  Building on the GATS commitments, additional limitations on covered services are removed 
with some exceptions such as domicile requirements for auditors, license and qualification WT/REG464/1  
 
- 35 - 
 
  requirements f or engineering services and nationality requirements for rental and leasing services 
without operators relating to ships.  
4.4.4.2.2   Communication services  
4.69.  The Agreement liberalizes express delivery services which are not covered under the GATS. 
The broad coverage and commitments (no limitations) for telecommunications services are identical 
to the GATS.  
4.4.4.2.3   Construction services  
4.70.  Switzerland builds on its GATS co mmitments to expand coverage for some special trade 
construction work and rental services related to construction equipment.   
4.4.4.2.4   Distribution services  
4.71.  While the partial coverage under the Agreement is the same as under the GATS, restrictions 
on sales area at the canton level for mode 3 are removed except for large -scale distribution facilities.  
4.4.4.2.5   Education services  
4.72.  The commitments are, like under the GATS, restricted to private education services and 
remain unchanged.  Primary education and some secondary educati on services remain unbound for 
mode s 1 and 2 while all other restrictions are removed for other covered services. Switzerland also 
liberalized other education services in the fields of Batik design and batik making, textile s and 
clothing design, furniture and accessories design, and cooking.  
4.4.4.2.6   Environmental services  
4.73.  As under the GATS, the Agreement excludes public utilities whether owned and operated by 
municipalities or cantons or contracted out by them. However, under the Agreement, mode 1 of all 
covered se ctors has no limitations while, under the GATS they are unbound due to lack of technical 
feasibility.  
4.4.4.2.7   Financial services  
4.74.  Under the Agreement, Switzerland maintain s some of its GATS limitations in insurance and 
insurance -related services but removed limitat ions such as on the acquisition of real estate by 
foreigners, the commercial presence requirement for the underwriting of aircraft liability insurance 
and a minimum requirement of three years of experience in the  direct insurance business . As for 
banking, Switzerland improved its GATS commitments by removing some limitations such as on the 
acquisition of real estate by foreigners, restrictions on the management of Swiss franc denominated 
issues and specific requirements relating to the name of the firm and the regulations on financial 
institutions in the country of origin.  
4.4.4.2.8   Tourism and travel related services  
4.75.  Market access and national treatment limitations are dropped for commercial presence for 
hotels and restaurants  and tourism guide services , as compared to its GATS commitments. 
Moreover , Switzerland removed all limitations for mode 2 for other services which are not included 
under the GATS.  
4.4.4.2.9   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.76.  As under the GATS, there are no limitations on market access and nation al treatment for news 
agency services and sporting services.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 36 - 
 
  4.4.4.2.10   Transport services  
4.77.  The coverage under the Agreement is improved by including commitments on maritime 
transport services (with a number of limitations), supporting services for air transport, and other 
supporting services for road transport. Commitments are the same as under the GATS except that 
supporting services for air transport have no limitations except that the  distribution through CRS of 
air transport services has to be provided by the CRS parent carrier.  
4.4.5   Indonesia  
4.4.5.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.78.  Indonesia's GATS MFN exemptions cover measures related to banking services and 
construction services . In Appendix 1 to Annex IX of the Agreement, Indonesia  includes MFN 
exemptions specific to ma ritime related services and air transport services in addition to a general 
exception for measures relating to the supply of services accorded to services or service suppliers 
from any ASEAN member State, based on any agreements concluded between ASEAN mem ber 
States.  
4.79.  In its horizontal commitments under the GATS , Indonesia requires  a maximum of 49% of 
foreign ownership  and/or representative office  for commercial presence through limited liability 
enterprises . It also limits the acquisition of land by foreign  juridical and natural persons. Moreover, 
non-resident taxpayers are subject to a withholding tax of 20% and any juridical and natural persons 
should meet professional qualification requirements. Indonesia's horizontal commitments under the 
Agreement replicate its GATS commitments with the additional requirement  of minimum investment 
for a joint venture supplying services through commercial presence in accordance with domestic 
laws and regulations.  
4.4.5.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.80.  Appendix 5 to Annex XII includes Indonesia's list of commitments for trade in services, 
commercial presence and movement of people. Table 4.6 provides a comparison of Indonesia's GATS 
commitments in modes 1 -3 with those taken under the Agreement. Horizontal limitations and MFN 
reservations are not considered in the table which should be read in conjunction with the Annex.  
4.81.  Indonesia's sector -specific commitments under t he Agreement expand  on its GATS 
commitments with commitments in additional sectors . 
Table 4.6 Indonesia: comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific 
commitments in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Lower --- 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  --- Same  --- 
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  --- Same  --- 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering 
services     
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 37 - 
 
  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  
Sectoral 
Commitments  RTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Sectoral 
commitments  
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission  agents'  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Wholesale  trade  services  --- New Partial  
C. Retailing  services  --- Same  --- 
D. Franchising  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- New Partial  
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  --- Same  --- 
B. Secondary education services  --- New Partial  
C. Higher education services  --- New Partial  
D. Adult education  --- New Partial  
E. Other education services  --- New Partial  
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  --- New Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  --- Same  --- 
C. Sanitation and similar services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- New Partial  
7. Financial services     
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  ---   
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- New Partial  
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Different  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators'  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Tourist  guides  services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- New Partial  
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting 
services     
A. Entertainment  services  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  --- Same  --- 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other 
cultural services  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Different  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- --- --- 
C. Air  Transport  Services  --- New Partial  
D. Space  Transport  --- --- --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  --- --- --- 
F. Road  Transport  Services  --- --- --- 
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- --- --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  --- --- --- 
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- --- --- 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- New Partial  
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as mode 4 commitments/limitations are not considered 
in the Table.  
Full: Commitments not subject to market access or national treatment limitation(s) for any of the three 
modes.  
Partial:  Commitments subject to some market access or nat ional treatment  limitations  for any of the three 
modes.  
---: No commitments under the GATS or the Agreement.  
Improved: Overall improved commitments under the Agreement as compared to those under the GATS.  
Same:  Commitment identical to those under the GATS.  
Similar:  Similar commitments with limited improvements and/or limited additional reservations.  
Lower: Lower coverage as compared to GATS.  
Different:  Coverage and/or commitments different than under the GATS.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/IDN ) and Indonesia's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 38 - 
 
  4.4.5.2.1   Business services  
4.82.  Indonesia made n ew commitments for legal services in foreign law advisory services . 
Commitments in research and development and other services are improved with the elimination of 
limitations for modes 1 and 2 which, under the GATS are unbound for Government funded project s. 
There are no commitments for computer and related services in the Agreement.  
4.4.5.2.2   Communication services  
4.83.  The Agreement largely replicates GATS commitments with some improvements in some  
telecommunications services, where foreign equity participation is raised from 35% to 67%.  
4.4.5.2.3   Construction services  
4.84.  For construction and r elated engineering services, the Agreement provides the same coverage  
and improved conditions  compared to Indonesia's GATS commitments.  The capital share of a limited 
liability enterprise that may be owned by foreign partners has been raised to 5 1% compare d to 49% 
in its GATS schedule.  
4.4.5.2.4   Distribution services  
4.85.  Indonesia made new commitments in wholesale trade services of food, beverages, and 
tobacco and direct selling (multi -level marketing). Mode 2 for direct selling has no limitations. Both 
sectors are subject to a maximum foreign equity threshold of 51 %. Moreover, wholesale trade 
services are subject to other limitations such as qualification and licensing requirements, and an 
obligation to cooperate with at least 100 Indonesian SMEs yearly as a supplier a nd retailer.  
4.4.5.2.5   Education services  
4.86.  Education services are partially liberalized with the exception of primary education. General 
conditions limit the liberalization, such as mutual recognition of credits, partnership with local 
partners, and geographical limi tations. Job training education services remain unbound for mode s 1 
and 2 while for mode 3 f oreign equity is limited to 67% ; license requirements for foreign service 
suppliers may vary from that applicable to Indonesian service suppliers and the ratio between 
trainers and administrative staff from an EFTA State and from Indonesia will be agreed between the 
parties to the joint venture . 
4.4.5.2.6   Environmental services  
4.87.  The Agreement provides for partial liberalization of sewage services, for wastewater  
management only, and other environmental services subsectors, for which there are no GATS 
commitments. These remain however subject to certain limitations, in particular on joint ventures 
and foreign equity , and qualification and registration requirements  and procedures . Moreover, 
commercial presence is permitted only through environment institution s which are registered in 
Indonesia and in partnership with a local partner.  
4.4.5.2.7   Financial services  
4.88.  Indonesia  replicates its GATS commitments in non -banking financi al sectors. The coverage of 
banking services is identical to that under the GATS. Improvements consist of an increase in the 
threshold for the acquisition of local banks through the purchase of shares of locally incorporated 
banks listed in the stock excha nge from 49% (under the GATS) to 51%  and an increase in allowed 
sub-branches and auxiliary offices for foreign bank branch office s from one to two.  
4.4.5.2.8   Health services  
4.89.  Indonesia made commitments in hospital services with some limitations for mode 3  including 
the obligation for foreign health professionals to transfer medical knowledge and professional WT/REG464/1  
 
- 39 - 
 
  capabilities to Indonesian health professionals as consultant s only.23 Moreover, commercial presence 
is permitted only through environment institution s registered  in Indonesia and in partnership with a 
local partner.  
4.4.5.2.9   Tourism and travel related services  
4.90.  Under the GATS, Indonesia has commitments in hotels and tourist resorts with at least three 
stars allowing up to 100% of foreign capital only in some regions and subject to higher paid -up 
capital requirements . Commitments in hotels and tourist resorts under the Agreement are different 
with the introduction of an economic needs test while foreign equity participation is up to 100% in 
all regions. Moreover, Indonesia  include s meal serving services with full restaurant services  in the 
Agreement. Regarding travel agents and tour operators, Indonesia removed a limitation on the 
number of agents or operators allowed and introduced a limit of 51% for foreign capital equity 
participation in joint venture companies.  Finally, Indonesia  made commitments in tourism 
consultancy services.  
4.4.5.2.10   Transport services  
4.91.  Indonesia's commitments in maritime transport services under the Agreement are different 
from those under the GATS. While under the GATS Indonesia made commitments for international 
passenger and freight transport, the Agreement does not include commitments on international 
freight transport. At the same time  under the Agreement , Indonesia scheduled commitments in a 
number of other subsectors such as maritime cargo handling, maritime fre ight forwarding services 
and storage and warehousing outside the port area.  
4.92.  Indonesia liberalize s, with no limitations, aircraft repair and maintenance services which are 
not covered under the GATS.  
4.4.5.2.11   Other services  
4.93.  Indonesia include s new commitments in som e energy services with limitations such as on 
foreign equity participation and licensing and authorization requirements.  
4.5  Regulatory provisions  
4.5.1   Domestic regulation  
4.94.  Each Party shall ensure that measures of general application affecting trade in services in 
covered sectors are administered in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner (Article 3.7). 
Judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures shall be maintained or instituted as soon 
as practicable by the Parties. Where authorization is req uired for the supply of a service, the 
competent authorities of each Party shall, within a reasonable period of time, inform the applicant 
of the decision concerning the application. Each Party shall ensure that measures relating to 
qualification requireme nts and procedures, technical standards, and licensing requirements and 
procedures are based on objective and transparent criteria, such as competence and the ability to 
supply the service.   
4.95.  Upon conclusion of the multilateral negotiations on the disciplin es on domestic regulation 
pursuant to Article VI:4 of the GATS, the Parties shall conduct a review for the purpose of discussing 
appropriate amendments to Chapter 3 based on the result of such multilateral negotiations. In the 
meantime, the Parties shall n ot apply qualification requirements and procedures, technical standards 
and licensing requirements and procedures that nullify or impair the specific commitments in the 
Agreement in a manner which is i) more burdensome than necessary to ensure the quality of the 
service or ii) in the case of licensing procedures, in itself a restriction on the supply of the service.  
 
23 The Agreement covers  only specialist and super specialist medical care/more specific than specialist 
medical care, provided by hospital of more than 300 beds . WT/REG464/1  
 
- 40 - 
 
  4.5.2   Recognition  
4.96.  Article 3.8 contains specific provisions on the recognition of qualifications. It prescribes, 
inter alia, that, for standards or cr iteria for the authorization, licensing or certification of service 
suppliers, recognition of the education or experience obtained, requirements met, or licences or 
certifications granted in that other Party, may be granted upon agreement or otherwise be a ccorded 
autonomously.24  
4.97.  Article 2 of Annex X  provides for procedures for recognition of education or experience 
obtained, requirements met, or licences or certifications granted in the territory of a Party. Moreover, 
under Article 4 of Annex X, each Party  shall encourage its competent authorities and professional 
bodies to recognise qualifications of the other Parties, based inter alia  upon principles of equivalence, 
facilitate mutual recognition with due regard to international cooperation, instruments an d 
standards, and cooperate, including through the negotiation of an agreement on mutual recognition 
as appropriate.  
4.98.  Annex XI  provides for the recognition of certificates of competency and training of seafarers 
for service on board vessels registered in Sw itzerland.  
4.5.3   Subsidies  
4.99.  The Agreement does not contain any specific disciplines on subsidies with respect to trade in 
services. However, each Parties' Schedules of specific commitments contains carve out provisions 
or substantive limitations to the applicability of commitments to  subsidies to services.  
4.5.4   Safeguards  
4.100.   There are no safeguard measures related to trade in services. However, Article 3.15 provides 
that if difficulties arise in a services sector where a Party has undertaken a specific commitment, 
that Party may request consultations with the other Parties, regardless of  whether such difficulties 
arise from liberalisation or not, for the purposes of exchanging information, data or experience, or 
exchanging views on possible ways and means to address such difficulties, taking into account the 
circumstances of th e case at hand.  
4.101.   With respect to restrictions to safeguard the balance of payments, Article s 3.14 and 4.10 
incorporate paragraphs 1 to 3 of Article XII of the GATS , mutatis mutandis . 
4.6  Sector specific provisions on trade in services  
4.6.1   Telecommunication services  
4.102.   Annex XIII to the Agreement contains additional disciplines on telecommunications services. 
Most of the provisions are based on the GATS Annex on telecommunications complemented by the 
Reference paper developed by the Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommun ications. The Annex 
covers topics such as competitive safeguards for the purpose of preventing suppliers that engage in 
anti-competitive practices, interconnection, universal service, licensing procedures, regulatory 
authority, and scarce resources.  
4.6.2    Finan cial services  
4.103.   Annex X IV to the Agreement contains additional disciplines on trade in financial services. 
Most of the provisions are based on the GATS Annex on Financial Services and on the Understanding 
on Commitments in Financial Services (FSU). Other pro visions, not based on the GATS Annex or the 
FSU, relate for instance to transparency and domestic regulation.  
4.104.   Each Party shall grant, on a national treatment basis, to financial service suppliers of any 
other Party established in its territory, access to payments and clearing systems operated by public 
entities and to official funding and refinancing facilities available in the normal course of ordinary 
 
24 Any agreement or arrangement or autonomous recognition shall be in conformity with the relevant 
provisions of the WTO Agreement, in particular paragraph 3 of Article VII of the GATS.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 41 - 
 
  business in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations. This is not intended to confer access 
to the Party's lender of last resort facilities (Article 2 of  the Annex). Where membership or 
participation in, or access to, a self -regulatory body, securities or futures exchange or market, 
clearing agency, or any other organization or association is requir ed, national treatment shall be 
accorded.  
4.105.   A Party shall not be prevented from adopting or maintaining reasonable measures for 
prudential reasons, including for the protection of investors, depositors, policyholders , policy -
claimants, persons to whom a fidu ciary duty is owed by a financial service supplier, or any similar 
financial market participants or users; ensuring the integrity and stability of that Party's financial 
system (Article 5 of the Annex). Such measures shall not be more burdensome than neces sary to 
achieve their aim, shall not constitute a disguised restriction on trade in services and shall not 
discriminate.  
4.106.   Where prudential measures of a third -party are recognized by a Party in determining how 
financial services measures shall be applied, it shall afford adequate opportunity for another Party 
to negotiate its accession to such an agreement or arrangement, or to negotiate a comparable 
agreement or arrangement with it  (Article  6 of the Annex) . In case of autonomous recognition, 
adequate oppor tunity shall be afforded to another Party to demonstrate that similar treatment should 
be applicable to it.  
4.107.   Articles 3, 4 and 7 of the Annex provide for transparency, expeditious application procedures 
respectively, and transfers of information and process ing of information.  
4.6.3    Tourism  and travel  services  
4.108.   Annex XV to the Agreement  contains additional disciplines on tourism and travel services. 
The Annex cover  topics such as movement of tourists, repatriation in case of bankruptcy, 
confidentiality of personal data, travel security information and warnings, tourism infrastructure and 
sites, access to services, tourism responsibility, research and observation, training and capac ity 
building and tourism operators and executives.  
4.7  Other provisions on investment  
4.109.   Specific disciplines covering investment in all sectors, with the exception of services sectors 
as set out in Article 3.1, are contained in Chapter 4 which applies to commerc ial presence in all 
covered sectors (Article 4.1).25 Chapter 4 does not include investment protection and shall be without 
prejudice to the interpretation or application of other international agreements relating to investment 
or taxation to which the Part ies are parties. Moreover, nothing shall be construed to impose any 
obligation with respect to government procurement. The Chapter is subject to periodic review in the 
Joint Committee regarding the possibility of further developing the Parties ' commitments  
(Article  4.13).  
4.110.   The Parties also recognise the importance of cooperating to promote investment and 
technology flows as a means for achieving economic growth and development (Article 4.3).  
4.111.   Article 4.4 provides for national treatment to juridical and natur al persons of the Parties and 
to commercial presence of such persons in the sectors listed  in Annex XVI and subject to any 
conditions and qualifications set out therein.  
4.112.   The sectors liberalised by each Party pursuant to this Chapter and the conditions and 
qualifications referred to in Article 4.4 (National Treatment) are set out in the schedules of specific 
commitments in Annex XVI (Article 4.5). Table 4.7 provides a su mmary of the Parties' reservations  
for investment in sectors other than services.  
 
25 Commercial presence is defined as any type of business establishment, including through the 
constitution, acquisition or maintenance of a juridical person or the creat ion or maintenance of a branch or a 
representative office within the territory of another Party for the purpose of performing an economic activity.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Table 4.7 Summary of the Parties' reservations in the schedules of specific commitments 
for investment in non-services sectors  
Sector(s)  Reservation  
INDONESIA  
All sectors  Commercial presence must take the form of a Perseroan Terbatas subject to 
Indonesia’s Corporate Law  
The director of personnel affairs must be an Indonesian national  
Registration and minimum investment requirements  
No commitments are taken for subsidies  
Crop and Animal 
Production, Hunting and 
Related Service Activities  Foreign equity participation limits in growing of certain crops; thresholds 
(land size area) startin g from which the limitation applies differ by crop; 
unbound below the thresholds  
Sourcing from plasma* or small holders requirements for some crops  
Unbound for growing of fruit seeds, growing of drug and narcotic crops, 
poultry raising and swine/pigs raisi ng (below certain threshold, location 
requirements above threshold), raising of silk worms and production of silk 
worms cocoons (partnership requirement), post -harvest crop activities and 
hunting, trapping and related service activities  
Forestry and logging  Partnership requirements for the production of certain products Unbound for 
operation of other plantation forests, some logging activities and gathering of 
non-wood forest products  
Fishing and aquaculture  Partnership requirements for  operation of  fish hatcheries (marine and 
freshwater)  
Unbound for marine and freshwater fishing  
Mining of coal, lignite and 
other metal ores and other 
mining and quarrying  Limits on the participation in auctions for metallic mineral or coal and in case 
of divestment  
Mining business licenses for foreign investment by the Ministry of Energy and 
Mineral Resources  
Unbound for mining of uranium and thorium ores, for sea sand extraction  
Food products  Foreign equity participation limits partnership cooperation requirements for 
the manufacture of certain products, sourcing from plasma* or small holders 
and/or obligation to use raw material from the own farm  
Alcoholic beverages  Unbound  
Tobacco products  Partnership and license requirements  
Textiles  Partnership requirements for stamped batik industry  
Unbound for some weaving and finishing of textiles and knitted and 
crocheted fabrics  
Wearing apparel  Unbound for manufacture of traditional apparel  
Wood and wood products 
(except furniture)  Partnership and recommendation of continued raw material supply required 
from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for some woods  
Unbound for sawmill industry and rattan processing primary industry  
Paper and paper products  Manufacture of pulp from wood subject to input use from industrial forest 
plantation or imported chips, subject to domestic insufficiency  
Chemicals and chemical 
products  Foreign capital ownership limitations, obligation of plasma plantation , 
requirement to source raw materials from own plantation or for a operational 
licence for some products  
Unbound for some basic chemicals, pesticide active substances and 
jatrophacurcas oil industry  
Other non -metallic mineral 
products  Partnership requirem ents for some products  
Unbound for clay made household necessities industry  
Basic metal  Lead smelting industry bound by recommendation from the Ministries of 
Environment and Industry  
Fabricated metal products 
(except machinery and 
equipment)  Unbound for manufacture of weapons and ammunition  
Manufacture of cutting tools, hand tools and general hardware reserved for 
SMEs  
Machinery and equipment  Partnership requirements for some products  
Other transport equipment  Partnership requirements for so me products  
Unbound for manufacture of military aircraft, spacecraft, and related 
machinery, including complementing parts and accessories, and manufacture 
of military fighting vehicles  
Other manufacturing  Partnership requirements for some products  
Unboun d for manufacture of traditional musical instrument  
Electricity, Gas, Steam and 
Air Conditioning Supply  Unbound for power plant <1 MW and foreign capital ownership limitations for 
larger plants  
Water Collection, Treatment 
and Supply  Foreign equity participation limitations  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Sector(s)  Reservation  
ICELAND  
All Residency requirement for the majority of the founders, managers and at 
least half of the board of directors for private and public limited companies 
(extended to residency in the EEA States, EFTA States, and the Faroe 
Islands; with scope for exemptions)  
Nationality requirement for ownership and lease of real estate (extended to 
citizenship in the EEA States, EFTA States, and the Faroe Islands; with 
exceptions and scope for exemptions)  
Fishing and aquaculture  
 Nationality requirement for conducting fishing operations within the Icelandic 
fisheries jurisdiction  
Nationality requirement (extended to EEA States, EFTA States, and the Faroe 
Islands) for fish auctioning in Iceland  
Food products  Nationality requirement for fish processing in Iceland  
Electricity, Gas, Steam and 
Air Conditioning Supply  No commitment under the Agreement for ISIC Rev. 4 Section D.   
LIECHTENSTEIN  
All Establishment of commercial presence as long as there is no objection for 
reasons of national economy  
Prior residence during a certain period of time and permanent domicile 
required for the establishment of commercial presence by an individual 
(likewise for at least one manager in the scenario of an establishment o f 
commercial presence by a juridical person)Residency and citizenship/prior 
residence during a certain period of time required for the majority of the 
administrators  
General and limited partnerships must fulfil the same conditions as 
corporations with limi ted liability  
Citizenship or prior residence during a certain period of time required for the 
majority of the associates  
Scope for joint stock companies to foresee in their articles of incorporation 
the preclusion or limitation of the transfer of registe red shares   
Acquisition of real estate subject to authorisation; non -residents are excluded 
from the acquisition of real estate   
Extraction of crude 
petroleum and natural gas  Foreign ownership limits and local presence requirement may apply  
Other mining and quarrying  Unbound for the extraction of salt (ISIC Rev. 4: 0893)  
Food products  Unbound for manufacture of salt into food -grade salt (ISIC Rev. 4: 1079)  
Chemicals and chemical 
products  Unbound for the enrichment of uranium and thorium ores and production of 
fuel elements for nuclear reactors (ISIC Rev. 4: 2011)  
No commitment under the Agreement for man -made fibres (ISIC Ref. 203)  
Fabricated metal products 
(except machinery and 
equipment)  Unbound for manufacture of nuclear reactors (ISIC Rev. 4: 2513)  
Electricity, Gas, Steam and 
Air Conditioning Supply  No commitment under the Agreement for ISIC Rev. 4 Section D.   
NORWAY  
All Residency required for the manager in a joint stock company and at least 
half of the members of the board of directors and of the corporate assembly 
(extended to nationals of an EEA Member State who are permanent residents 
of one of the EEA States; scope f or exemptions)  
Collective copyright, neighbouring right’s management systems as well as 
royalties, levies, grants and funds are not covered by the Agreement  
General exception for direct taxation insofar that measures do not 
contravene any tax treaty in fo rce between Norway and Indonesia  
Crop and Animal 
Production, Hunting and 
Related Service Activities  Reindeer husbandry restricted to Sami people  
Fishing and aquaculture  Nationality required for obtaining concessions for the acquisition of fishing 
vesse ls or shares in companies owning such vessels (incl. minimum shares 
and voting rights for Norwegian citizens for a body to be defined as a 
Norwegian citizen and thus eligible for concessions)  
Ownership of the fishing fleet reserved for professional fisherm en who meet 
the requirement of prior professional fishing on a Norwegian fishing boat for 
at least 3 of the last 5 years  
Nationality required for certain operations (processing, packing, 
transhipment) within the Norwegian Economic Zone (scope for exceptio ns) 
Extraction of crude 
petroleum and natural gas  No commitment under the Agreement for ISIC Rev. 4 Division 6.  
Electricity, Gas, Steam and 
Air Conditioning Supply  No commitment under the Agreement for ISIC Rev. 4 Section D.   WT/REG464/1  
 
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  Sector(s)  Reservation  
SWITZERLAND  
All Residency required for at least one member of the governing body or for 
another person with the right to represent the juridical person in the case of 
certain types of corporations, and cooperatives  
Residency required for at least one person of a branch office with the right to 
represent the branch office  
Authorization (cantonal) required for the acquisition of real estate by persons 
abroad  
Scope for prohibiting or limit ing foreign ownership in interests or assets and 
the ability of foreign control when transferring or disposing interests in, or 
the assets of, a state -controlled enterprise or a governmental entity  
Scope for notification requirements, examination or author isation for foreign 
participation in Swiss companies  
Extraction of crude 
petroleum and natural gas  Foreign ownership limits for oil prospection and exploitation at cantonal level  
Registration and management presence requirements for pipelines  
Other minin g and quarrying  Unbound for the extraction of salt (ISIC Rev. 4: 0893)  
Food products  Unbound for manufacture of salt into food -grade salt (ISIC Rev. 4: 1079)  
Chemicals and chemical 
products  Unbound for the enrichment of uranium and thorium ores and production of 
fuel elements for nuclear reactors (ISIC Rev. 4: 2011)  
Fabricated metal products 
(except machinery and 
equipment)  Unbound for manufacture of nuclear reactors (ISIC Rev. 4: 2513)  
Electricity, Gas, Steam and 
Air Conditioning Supply  No commitm ent under the Agreement for ISIC Rev. 4 Section D.   
* Plasma is a form of partnership, in which commercial presence is required to foster and develop 
SMEs.  
Source:  The Agreement.  
 
4.113.   Article 4.6 provides for consultations between the Parties to consider modification or 
withdrawal of a specific commitment.  
4.114.   Article 4.7 provides that each Party shall, subject to its domestic laws and regulations, grant 
natural persons of another Party, a nd key personnel who are employed by natural or juridical persons 
of another Party, entry and temporary stay in its territory in order to engage in activities connected 
with commercial presence, including the provision of advice or key technical services.  
4.115.   A Party may, on a non -discriminatory basis, adopt, maintain or enforce any measure that is 
in the public interest, such as measures to meet health, safety or environmental concerns or 
reasonable measures for prudential purposes (Article 4.8). Moreover, a P arty should not waive or 
otherwise derogate from such measures as an encouragement for the establishment, acquisition, 
expansion or retention in its territory of a commercial presence of persons of another Party or a non -
party.  
5  GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AG REEMENT  
5.1  Transparency  
5.1.  Article 1.7  covers transparency and confidential information . Laws, regulations, judicial 
decisions, administrative rulings of general application of the Parties, as well as their respective 
international agreements, which  may affect t he operation of the Agreement, shall be published. 
Moreover, nothing in the Agreement shall require any Party to disclose confidential information that 
would impede law enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the public interest or that would 
prejudice th e legitimate commercial interests of any economic operator.   
5.2.  Chapter -specific transparency provisions are described in the relevant sections of this factual 
presentation.  
5.3.  Contact points to facilitate communications between the Parties on any matter relatin g to the 
Agreement shall be designated (Article 10.2).  For EFTA, the contact point is the EFTA Secretariat  
while for Indonesia it is the Ministry of Trade . WT/REG464/1  
 
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  5.2  Current payments and capital movements  
5.4.  Restrictions on current payments and capital movements relati ng to commercial presence in 
non-services sectors are prohibited (Article 4.9) , except for r estrictions to safeguard the balance -of-
payments  (for this purpose, Article XII para. 1 -3 of the GATS  have been incorporated mutatis 
mutandis ). Moreover, nothing in Chapter 4 shall affect the rights and obligations of the Parties under 
the Articles of Agreement of the IMF provided that a Party shall not impose restrictions on capital 
transactions inconsistent with its obligations under Chapter  4. 
5.3  Exceptions  
5.5.  For trade in goods, Article XX of the GATT 1994 shall apply to and is incorporated into and 
made part of the Agreement (Article 2.1 9). For trade in services  Article 3.16 replicates Article XIV  
of the GATS  mutatis mutandis while for investment , Article  XIV of the GATS applies and is 
incorporated into the Agreement , mutatis mutandis  (Article  4.11).  
5.6.  With respect to trade in goods, Article XXI of the GATT 1994 shall apply to and is incorporated 
into and made part of the Agreement (Article 2. 20). With respect to trade in services Article 3.7 
replicates Article XIV mutatis mutandis while for investment, Article  XIV of the GATS applies and is 
incorporated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis  (Article  4.12).  
5.7.  Article 1.8 contains  an exception for taxation measures  and tax conventions, subject to i) 
Article 2.9 and other provisions of the Agreement as are necessary to give effect to Article 2.9 to 
the same extent as does Article III of the GATT and ii) Articles 3.16 and 4.11 to the sam e extent as 
does Article XIV of the GATS . 
5.4  Accession and Withdrawal  
5.8.  Any State joining EFTA may accede to the Agreement (Article 1 2.3).  
5.9.  Withdrawal is allowed under Article 1 2.4 through written notification to the Deposit ary 
(Norway) and takes effect six mon ths following the notification . Any EFTA State which withdraws 
from the Convention establishing the EFTA shall, ipso facto , cease to be a Party to the Agreement.  
5.5  Institutional framework  
5.10.  The EFTA –Indonesia Joint Committee (Joint  Committee), inter alia, oversees implementation 
of the Agreement (Article 10.1). The first meeting of the Joint Committee shall be within one year 
from the entry into force of the Agreement and, thereafter, shall meet whenever necessary but 
normally every two years. A first Joint Co mmittee meeting took place on 7 December 2022 in 
Jakarta , Indonesia . The Joint Committee shall take decisions and make recommendations by 
consensus.  
5.11.  A Sub -Committee on Trade in Goods, whose mandate is in Annex VII to the Agreement, is 
established in Articl e 2.23. T he Joint Committee may decide to set up other sub-committees and 
working groups as it considers necessary to assist it in accomplishing its tasks. The Sub-Committee 
on Trade in Goods met on 6 December 2022. A  meeting of the  Sub-Committee on Cooperation and 
Capacity Building took place on 6 December 2022.  
5.6  Dispute settlement  
5.12.  Chapter 1 1 of the Agreement establishes a dispute settlement mechanism between the Parties 
on the interpretation and application of the Agreement. The Agreement  provides for the choice of 
forum  for the settlement of disputes (Article 11.1). Once the forum (either the Agreement's or the 
WTO) is selected, it shall be used to the exclusion of the other in respect of the matter under dispute.  
5.13.  Good offices, con ciliation and mediation are procedures that are undertaken voluntarily if the 
Parties so agree  (Article 11.2) . They may begin and be terminated at any time and may continue 
while proceedings of an arbitration panel established under  Chapter 1 1 are in progr ess. These 
proceedings shall be confidential and without prejudice to the Parties' rights in any further 
proceedings.  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  5.14.  Article 11. 3 provides for consultations between t he Parties to reach  a mutually acceptable 
solution on any dispute raised with respect to any measure a Party considers in breach of the 
Agreement. Requests for consultations shall be made in writing and consultations shall commence 
within 30 days from the date of receipt of the request  or 20 days in cases of urgency.  
5.15.  An Arbitration Panel may b e requested and established, if the dispute is not resolved through 
consultations within 60  days or 45 days for urgent matters  (Article 11.4) . A copy of the request 
should also be made available to other Parties to the Agreement not involved in the dispute  so that 
they may determine whether to participate in the arbitration process.26 The panel must present its 
initial report within 90 days from the date of its establishment (Article 11.6).  Its ruling is final and 
binding on the parties to the dispute. Susp ension or termination of arbitration panel proceedings is 
regulated in Article 11.7. 
5.16.  The Party complained against shall promptly comply with the ruling in the final report or, if it 
is impracticable to comply immediately, within a reasonable period of time  that may be agreed upon 
by the Parties which are parties to the dispute  (Article 11.8) . In the absence of an agreement within 
45 days from the date of the issuance of the final report, either party to the dispute may request 
the original panel to determin e the length of the reasonable period of time  and must  make a ruling 
within 60 days from the date of receipt of that request. The Party complained against shall notify 
the other party to the dispute of the measure adopted to comply with the ruling. In case  of 
disagreement on the implementation of the final report, such disagreement shall be decided by the 
original arbitration panel before compensation  can be sought, or suspension of benefits can be 
applied.  
5.17.  Compensation and suspension of benefits shall be t emporary and only applied by the 
complaining Party until the measure or other matter found to be inconsistent with the Agreement 
has been withdrawn or amended so as to bring it into conformity with the Agreement, or until the 
parties to the dispute have re solved the dispute otherwise (Article  11.9). At the request of a party 
to the dispute, the original panel shall rule on the conformity with the final report of any 
implementing measures adopted after the suspension of benefits and, in light of such ruling, whether 
the suspension of benefits should be terminated or modified. The ruling of the arbitration panel shall 
be made within 30 days from receipt of that request.  
5.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
5.18.  The Parties reaffirm the ir rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement and the other 
agreements negotiated thereunder, and any other international agreement to which they are party 
(Article 1.5). If a Party considers that the maintenance or establishment of customs unions, fre e 
trade areas,  arrangements for frontier trade or other preferential agreements by another Party has 
the effect of altering the trade regime provided for by the Agreement, it may request discussions 
with the Party concluding such agreement. That Party shal l afford an opportunity for such discussions 
with the requesting Party.  
5.19.  Table 5.1 below shows the Parties' participation in RTAs, notified and non -notified, other than 
the Agreement.  
Table 5.1 EFTA States and Indonesia: Participation in other RTAs (notified and non -
notified in force), as of 24 August  2023  
RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EFTA States - Collectively  
EFTA - Türkiye  01-Oct-21 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Ecuador  01-Nov-20 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Philippines  01-Jun-18 Goods & 
Services  2018 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
 
26 The Panel shall consist of three members appointed in accordance with the Optional Rules for 
Arbitrating D isputes between Two States of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which shall also govern the 
procedures of the panel (Article 11.5).  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EFTA - Georgia  01-Sep-17 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Bosnia and Herzegovina  01-Jan-15 Goods  2015 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Central America (Costa Rica 
and Panama)  19-Aug-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA – Gulf Cooperation Council 
(GCC)  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Hong Kong, China  01-Oct-12 Goods & 
Services  2012 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Montenegro  01-Sep-12 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Ukraine  01-Jun-12 Goods & 
Services  2012 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Colombia  01-Jul-11 Goods & 
Services  2011 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Peru 01-Jul-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Albania  01-Nov-10 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Serbia  01-Oct-10 Goods  2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Canada  01-Jul-09 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - SACU  01-May-08 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Egypt  01-Aug-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Lebanon  01-Jan-07 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Republic of Korea  01-Sep-06 Goods & 
Services  2006 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Tunisia  01-Jun-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Chile 01-Dec-04 Goods & 
Services  2004 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Singapore  01-Jan-03 Goods & 
Services  2003 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Jordan  01-Sep-02 Goods  2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - North Macedonia  01-May-02 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Mexico  01-Jul-01 Goods & 
Services  2001 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Morocco  01-Dec-99 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Palestine  01-Jul-99 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Israel  01-Jan-93 Goods  1992 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Free Trade Association 
(EFTA)  03-May-60 
01-Jun-02 Goods  
Services  1959 
2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
• EFTA - Accession of Iceland  01-Mar-70 Goods  1970 GATT Art. XXIV  
Individual EFTA States  
United Kingdom - Iceland, 
Liechtenstein and Norway  01-Dec-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Switzerland - 
Liechtenstein  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
Iceland - China  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Switzerland - China  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Japan - Switzerland  01-Sep-09 Goods & 
Services  2009 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Iceland - Faroe Islands  01-Nov-06 Goods & 
Services  2008 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Faroe Islands - Switzerland  01-Mar-95 Goods  1996 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Economic Area (EEA)  01-Jan-94 Services  1996 GATS Art. V  
Faroe Islands - Norway  01-Jul-93 Goods  1996 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Norway  01-Jul-73 Goods  1973 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Iceland  01-Apr-73 Goods  1972 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Switzerland - Liechtenstein  01-Jan-73 Goods  1972 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG464/1  
 
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  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
INDONESIA  
Indonesia – Republic of Korea  01-Jan-23 Goods & 
Services  2023 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Indonesia – Australia  05-Jul-20 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Chile - Indonesia  10-Aug-19 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
ASEAN - Hong Kong, China  11-Jun-19 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Indonesia - Pakistan  01-Sep-13 Goods  2019 Enabling Clause  
ASEAN - Republic of Korea  01-Jan-10 
14-Oct-10 Goods  
Services  2010 GATT Art. XXIV, Enabling Clause 
& GATS Art. V  
ASEAN – Australia and New Zealand  01-Jan-10 Goods & 
Services  2010 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
ASEAN - India 01-Jan-10 
01-Jul-15 Goods  
Services  2010 
2015 Enabling Clause  
GATS Art. V  
ASEAN - Japan  01-Dec-08 
01-Aug-20 Goods  
Services  2009 
2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
Japan - Indonesia  01-Jul-08 Goods & 
Services  2008 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
ASEAN - China  01-Jan-05 
01-Jul-07 Goods  
Services  2005 
2008 Enabling Clause  
GATS Art. V  
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)  
• ATIGA  
• AFAS 
• ATISA   
17-May-10 
12-Aug-98 
n.a.  
Goods  
Services  
Services   
2021 
2022 
  
GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
Not notified  
Global System of Trade Preferences 
among Developing Countries (GSTP)  19-Apr-89 Goods  1989 Enabling Clause  
Regional Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (RCEP) Agreement  01-Jan-22 Goods & 
Services  Not notified  
Developing -8 PTAb 2016 Goods  Not notified  
a Dates of the first entry into force/provisional application for at least one of the Parties. Where dates 
of provisional application have been provided by the Parties, further notifications to confirm the 
dates of entry into force are awaited.  
b Developing -8 is an organization for development cooperation among the following countries: 
Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia , Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Türkiye.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information on these Agreements and on specific dates of entry into 
force/provisional applications may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org .  
 
5.8  Government procurement  
5.20.  Chapter 6 of the Agreement contains rules on Government procurement.  
5.21.  The Parties shall promptly notify each other if they enter into an agreement granting market 
access for government procurement with a non -party and shall, upon request, enter into negotiation 
on market access on government procurement (Article 6.2).  
5.22.  No Pa rty may have recourse to the Agreement's dispute settlement for any matter arising 
under Chapter 6 but they reserve the right to negotiate the application of mechanism to any new 
articles in the context of Article 6.2.  
5.23.  Article 6.1 provides for transparenc y while Article s 6.3 establishes contact points.27  
5.24.  All the EFTA States are parties to the plurilateral WTO 1994 Agreement on Government 
Procurement (GPA) and/or the revised GPA while Indonesia is an observer.  
 
27 The EFTA Secretariat for EFTA members and the National Public Procurement Agency for Indonesia.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 49 - 
 
  5.9  Intellectual property rights  
5.25.  Chapter 5, Annex XVII to the Agreement  and the Record of Understandin g regarding Patents 
cover protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs).  
5.26.  The Parties reaffirm their commitments to accord each other national treatment on IPRs  but 
also to grant to each other national treatment no less favourable than that accorded to  nationals of 
a third -party (Article 5).28 If a Party concludes a trade agreement containing provisions on the 
protection of  IPRs with a third -party, that has to be notified under Article XXIV of the GATT 1994, it 
shall notify it and accord to the other Pa rties treatment no less favourable than that provided under 
such agreement. Upon request by a Party, negotiation s to incorporate into the Agreement provisions 
of the agreement with third -parties granting such preferential treatment shall take place.  Article 5 
also includes a review clause (upon request by a Party) of the Agreement's IPR provisions.  
5.27.  Article 1  of Annex XVII defines intellectual property in particular as copyright, including the 
protection of computer programmes and compilations of data, as we ll as related rights, trademarks 
for goods and services, geographical indications including appellations of origin, where applicable, 
for goods, indications of source for goods and services, industrial designs, patents, plant varieties, 
topographies of int egrated circuits, as well as undisclosed information. In Article 2 of Annex XVII,  
the Parties reaffirm their obligations under a number of multilateral agreements29 and commit to 
either comply with the substantive provisions of, apply, or endeavour to acce de to a number of other 
agreements.30  
5.28.  Section II of Annex XVII contains standards concerning the availability, scope and use of IPRs. 
With respect to copyright, the terms of protection granted are  at least  i) 50 years from the end of 
the year in which the  performance was fixed for performers, ii) 50 years from the year in which the 
audio -visual fixation was published or from the year in which the fixation was made for producers of 
audio -visual fixations, and iii) 20 years from the end of the year in which the broadcast took place 
for broadcasting organizations (Article 3 of Annex XVII).  
5.29.  With respect to  trademarks , the Parties shall grant adequate and effective protection to 
trademark holders of goods and services (Article 4 of Annex XVII). The Parties  also reaffirm the 
importance of, and shall be guided by, the principles contained in the WIPO Joint Recommendation 
Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well -Known Marks, adopted by the Assembly of the Paris 
Union for the Protection of Industrial Pro perty and the General Assembly of the WIPO in 1999.  
5.30.  With respect to patents , the level of protection corresponds to that in Article 27.1 of the TRIPS 
Agreement (Article 5 of Annex XVII). However, in addition to that provided for in Article 27.2 of the 
TRIPS Agreement the Parties may exclude from patentability diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical 
methods for the treatment of humans or animals; and plant or animal varieties or essentially 
biological processes for the production of plants or animals (excluding  microbiological processes or 
the products thereof).  
5.31.  The Parties shall ensure in their domestic laws and regulations adequate and effective 
protection for industrial designs by providing a period of protection of at least 10 years in total 
(Article 7 of An nex XVII) .31 
 
28 Exemptions to these pr inciples must be in accordance with the respective substantive provisions of 
the WTO TRIPS Agreement.  
29 The TRIPS Agreement , the 1883 Paris Convention (revised by the 1967 Stockholm Act) , the 1886 
Berne Convention (revised by the 1971 Paris Act) , the 1970 Patent Cooperation Treaty (revised by the 2001 
Washington Act), and the 1989 Protocol relating to the Madrid Agreement on international registration of 
marks.  
30 The 1999 Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement concerning the international registration of industr ial 
designs , the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty; the 1996 WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) , the 
WIPO Copyright Treaty of 20 December 1996, the International Convention of 26 October 1961 for the 
Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms an d Broadcasting Organisations, the Budapest Treaty of 28 
April 1977 on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent 
Procedure , the 1957 Nice Agreement (revised by the 1979 Geneva Act) and the 2012 Beijing Treaty on Audio -
visual Performances.  
31 The protection may be renewed for one or more periods of five years each, up to the maximum term 
of protection established in each Party’s domestic laws and regulations.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 50 - 
 
  5.32.  With respect to geographical indications  (GIs),32 without prejudice to Article 23 of the TRIPS 
Agreement, the Parties shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent the use of a 
GI in a manner which mislead the public or which  constitutes an act of unfair competition within the 
meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (Article 8  of Annex XVII) . For indications of source 
and country names ,33 similarly, the Parties shall provide the legal means for interested parties to 
prevent the use of an indication of source  in a manner which misleads the public or which constitutes 
an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention , and also to 
prevent any incorrect or misleading registration as t rademarks or other protected titles  (Article 9 of 
Annex XVII) . 
5.33.  With respect to genetic resources and traditional knowledge , the Parties reaffirm their 
sovereign rights over their natural resources and recognise their rights and obligations under  the 
Conve ntion on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and 
Agriculture and other relevant international agreements to which they are a party (Article 10 of 
Annex XVI I). The Parties also agree to exchange views and infor mation on their domestic and 
international practices and policies affecting transfer of technology (Article 11 of Annex XVII).  
5.34.  Article 6 of Annex XVII covers undisclosed information with regard to agricultural chemical 
products and pharmaceutical products.  
5.35.  Article 12 of Annex XVII provides for transparency in the administration of intellectual 
property protection systems.  
5.36.  Article 13 of Annex XVII  confirms that the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement, in particular 
Article 62, set the minimum standards between the Parties  in terms of acquisition and maintenance 
of an intellectual property right .  
5.37.  With respect to enforcement of IPRs, Section IV of Ann ex XVII to the Agreement builds on 
the TRIPS Agreement (in particular Article 41 through 61) in particular on suspension of release , 
right of inspection , liability declaration, security or equivalent assurance, injunctions , civil remedies  
and criminal reme dies (Articles 1 4 through 20 of Annex XVII).  
5.38.  Article 21 provides for cooperation between the Parties in the field of intellectual property 
rights.  
5.10  Competition  
5.39.  Chapter 7 addresses competition. Anti -competitive practices of undertakings identified under 
Article 7.1 are incompatible with the proper functioning of the Agreement as far as  they may affect 
trade between the Parties. The Parties shall apply their respective dome stic competition laws and 
regulations with a view to proscribe anti -competitive practices in conformity with the principles of 
transparency, non -discrimination and procedural fairness.  
5.40.  The Parties are allowed to establish or maintain state enterprises, en terprises with special or 
exclusive rights or designated monopolies but they shall ensure that they do not adopt or maintain 
anti-competitive practices affecting trade between the Parties (Article 7.2).  
5.41.  Articles 7.3 and 7.4 provide for cooperation between the Parties and consultations.  
5.42.  No Party may have recourse to the Agreement's dispute settlement under Chapter 11 for any 
matter arising under Chapter 7.  
5.43.  Chapter 3 includes provisions on monopolies and exclusive service suppliers. Each Party shall 
ensure t hat any monopoly supplier of a service in its territory does not, in the supply of the monopoly 
service in the relevant market, act in a manner inconsistent with that Party's obligations under 
Article  3.3 (Most -Favoured -Nation Treatment) and specific commi tments (Article 3.11). If a Party 's 
 
32 GIs are defined as indications  identifying goods as originating in the territory of a Party, or a region or 
locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of such goods is essentially 
attributable to their geographical origin.  
33 Indications of source are defined as direct or indirect references to the geographical origin of goods or 
services.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 51 - 
 
  monopoly supplier competes in the supply of a service outside the scope of its monopoly rights and 
which is subject to that Party 's specific commitments, that Party shall ensure that such a supplier 
does not abuse its mo nopoly position to act in its territory in a manner inconsistent with such 
commitments.34 
5.44.  The Parties recognise that certain business practices of service suppliers, other than 
monopolies and exclusive service suppliers, may restrain competition and thereb y restrict trade in 
services (Article 3.12). Each Party shall, at the request of another Party, enter into consultations 
with a view to eliminating such practices.  
5.11  Sustainable development, environment and labour  
5.45.  Chapter 8 covers trade and sustainable devel opment and applies to measures adopted or 
maintained by the Parties affecting trade -related and investment -related aspects of labour and 
environmental issues.  
5.46.  The Parties reaffirm their commitment to promote the development of international trade in 
such a way as to contribute to the objective of sustainable development and to ensure that this 
objective is integrated with and reflected in the Parties' trade relations  (Article 8.1) . Moreover, a 
number of global declarations, principles and plans of actions developed internationally are recalled.  
5.47.  Article 8.2  recognises each Party's right to regulate and to establish its own levels of 
environmental and labour protection  consistent with the international standards, principles and 
agreements which they are committed or a Party to . Article 8.3 covers upholding levels of protection 
in the application and enforcement of the Parties' laws, regulations or standards. Parties sha ll not 
weaken or reduce environmental and labour protection provided in its laws, rules, regulations and 
standards with the sole intention to attract investments or seek to enhance competitive trade 
advantage of producers in its territory.  
5.48.  The Parties sha ll strive to facilitate and promote investment, trade in, and dissemination of, 
goods and services beneficial for sustainable development (Article 8.4). They recall the obligations 
deriving from the international human rights instruments to which they are a party (Article 8.5).  
5.49.  The Parties recall their obligations deriving from their membership of the ILO and particularly 
to respect, promote and realise fundamental rights  (Article 8.6) . They also reaffirm their 
commitment to effective implementation in thei r laws, regulation and practices of the multilateral 
environmental agreements to which they are party  (Article 8.7) .  
5.50.  Articles 8.8 , 8.9 and 8.10  respectively provide for i) sustainable forest management and 
associated trade , ii) sustainable management of f isheries and aquaculture and associated trade , and 
iii) sustainable management of the vegetable oils sector and associated trade . The EFTA States’ 
schedules on tariff commitments for goods specify that products of HS Heading s 15.11 and 15.13 
(palm oil, ste arin, palm kernel oil ) imported into the EFTA States under the Agreement shall meet 
the sustainability objectives as set out in Article 8.10.  
5.51.  The Parties agree to strengthen their cooperation in the relevant bilateral, regional and 
multilateral for a (Arti cle 8.11) .  
5.52.  The Parties shall designate contact points for implementing Chapter 8 (Article 8.12) . No Party 
may have recourse to arbitration under the Agreement's dispute settlement Chapter for any matter 
arising under Chapter 8.  
5.53.  Article 8.13 provides for periodical review of the progress achieved in pursuing the objectives 
of the Agreement with respect to sustainable development and consider relevant international 
developments in order to identify areas where further action could promote the Agreements' 
objectives.  
 
34 Article 3.11 also applies to cases of exclusive service suppliers, where a Party, formally or in effect 
authorises or establishes a small number of service suppliers and substantially prevents competition among 
those suppliers in its territory.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 52 - 
 
  5.12  Electronic commerce  
5.54.  The Agreement does not contain any specific disciplines on electronic commerce.  
5.13  Small and medium -sized enterprises  
5.55.  Articles 4.3 and 9.5 mention SMEs as a field of cooperation and capacity building between the 
Parties . 
5.14  Gender  
5.56.  The Agreement does not contain any specific disciplines on gender.  However, Article 8.5 states 
that the Parties underline the need to protect the welfare and improve the livelihoods of vulnerable 
groups including women.  
5.15  Cooperation and capacity building  
5.57.  Chapter 9 sets out a framework for cooperation and capacity building (Article 9.1). The aim 
of cooperation and capacity building is to foster competitiveness of goods and services, to enhance 
the fulfilment of applicable international standards, and to achie ve sustainable development, in 
particular by strengthening human and institutional capacities.  The Chapter is implemented on the 
basis of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation and Capacity Building between the EFTA 
States and Indonesia (Article 9.4).  
5.58.  Cooperation under Chapter 9 aims at facilitating the implementation of the overall objecti ves 
of the Agreement and supporting Indonesia 's efforts to achieve sustainable economic and social 
development, including by strengthening human and institutional capacities (Article 9.2). 
Cooperation and capacity building shall cover sectors affected by t he process of liberalisation and 
restructuring of the Indonesian economy as well as sectors with the potential to benefit from the 
Agreement.  Article 9.5 includes a non -exhaustive list of fields for cooperation and capacity building. 
Cooperation and capaci ty building by the EFTA States to Indonesia shall be provided bilaterally 
through EFTA programmes, multilaterally or in a combination thereof (Article 9.3).  Article 9.6 covers 
financial arrangement.  
5.59.  Article 9.7 establishes a Sub -Committee n Cooperation and  Capacity Building whose functions 
include discussing and identifying detailed proposals for the implementation of the Chapter, 
cooperating with other Sub -Committee and undertaking a periodic review and monitoring the 
implementation of Chapter 9.  
5.60.  No Party may have recourse to the Agreement's dispute settlement for any matter arising 
under Chapter 9 and any dispute concerning interpretation and implementation of the Chapter shall 
be settled amicably  (Article 9.8) . WT/REG464/1  
 
- 53 - 
 
  ANNEX 1 
The EFTA Market  
Iceland  
1. In 202 2, 88.9% of Iceland's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis  (Table A1. 1). All industrial  
products were duty free while 63 .7% of agricultural products wer e duty free. The average MFN tariff 
was 2. 6% and 63.7% for agricultural products. As a result of the Agreement, 95.1% of Iceland's 
tariff became duty free for imports from Indonesia , of which all industrial  products and 84% for 
agriculture. The average tar iff for exports from Indonesia  to Iceland fell to 1. 3% overall and 4.2 % 
for agricultural products. This gave Indonesia 's exporters to Iceland a 50% relative margin of 
preference overall, 52% in agriculture and 100% for non -agricultural products.  
Table A1. 1 Iceland: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from Indonesia  
Origin of 
goods  Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of 
duty-free 
tariff lines 
(%) Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2022 2.6 24.9 88.9 8.7 24.9 63.7 0.0 0.0 100.0  
Indonesia  2022 1.3 28.7 95.1 4.2 28.7 84.0 0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
2. Table A1. 2 shows  additional market access in Iceland from the entry into force of the 
Agreement  for Indonesia ' top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 43 lines in the Icelandic tariff 
at the HS six-digit level. 42 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level and one line became 
duty free under the Agreement . 
Table A1. 2 Iceland: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Indonesia 's top 
25 exports to the world  
Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to Iceland's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN (2022 ) Duty -
free 
under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
270119  Coal, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  7.5 0.0 1    
151190  Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not 
refined  7.2 0.0 2    
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  3.1 0.0 1    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not 
pulverised, non-agglomerated  3.0 0.0 1    
151110  Crude palm oil  2.3 0.0 2    
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary purposes  2.2 0.0 1    
400122  Technically specified natural rubber  2.0 0.0 1    
720260  Ferro-nickel  1.7 0.0 1    
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  1.7 0.0 1    WT/REG464/1  
 
- 54 - 
 
  Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to Iceland's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN (2022 ) Duty -
free 
under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  1.6 0.0 1    
270210  Lignite, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  1.6 0.0 1    
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  1.5 0.0 1    
470329  Semi-bleached or bleached non -
coniferous chemical wood pulp, soda or 
sulphate  1.4 0.0 1    
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other than silver, 
whether or not plated or clad with 
precious metal  1.0 0.0 1    
382319  Fatty acids, industrial, monocarboxylic; 
acid oils from refining  0.9 0.0 1    
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons  0.8 0.0 5    
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons  0.8 0.0 4    
640319  Sports footwear, with outer soles of 
rubber, plastics, leather or composition 
leather and uppers of leather  0.8 0.0 2    
030617  Frozen shrimps and prawns, even 
smoked, whether in shell or not  0.8 2.0 4 1 1  
640411  Sports footwear, incl. tennis shoes, 
basketball shoes, gym shoes, training 
shoes and the like  0.8 0.0 2    
441231  Plywood consisting solely of sheets of 
wood <= 6 mm thick, with at least one 
outer ply of tropical wood  0.8 0.0 4    
800110  Unwrought tin, not alloyed  0.8 0.0 1    
401110  New pneumatic tyres, of rubber, of a 
kind used for motor cars  0.8 0.0 1    
480256  Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a 
kind used for writing, printing or other 
graphic purposes, and non -perforated 
punch cards  and punch -tape paper  0.7 0.0 1    
721913  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of 
a width of >= 600 mm, not further 
worked than hot -rolled, in coils, of a 
thickness of >= 3 mm and < 4,75 mm  0.7 0.0 1    
 Total of above  46.5  42 1 1 0 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.   
Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source : WTO estimates based on the data from the WTO -IDB and the UNSD, Comtrade database.  
Norway  
3. In 2022, 85.4% of Norway 's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis  (Table A1. 3). For agricultural 
and industrial  products, 54.6% and 95.2% of tariff lines respectively were duty -free at the MFN 
level. The average MFN tariff was 2. 3% overall, 11 .7% for agricultural produ cts and 0.5% for 
industrial  products . As a result of the Agreement, 9 0.4% of Norway 's tariff became duty free for 
imports from Indonesia, of which 84% for agriculture  and 99.7% for industrial  products. The average 
tariff for exports from Indonesia to Norwa y fell to 1. 7% overall , 9.6% for agricultural products  and 
0.1% for industrial  products . This gave Indonesia's exporters to Iceland a 26% relative margin of 
preference overall, 18% in agriculture and 80% for industrial  products.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 55 - 
 
  Table A1. 3 Norway: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from Indonesia  
Origin of 
goods  Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of 
duty-free 
tariff 
lines (%)  Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2022 2.3 42.9 85.4 11.7 116.4  54.6 0.5 11.2 95.2 
Indonesia  2022 1.7 199.8  90.4 9.6 204.3  61.4 0.1 138.1  99.7 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
 
4. Table A1. 4 shows  additional market access in Norway  from the entry into force of the 
Agreement for Indonesia' top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 33 lines in the Norwegian 
tariff at the six -digit level. 29 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level , one line became 
duty free under the A greement  while 3 (palm oil and fatty acids) remain dutiable  with applied MFN 
duties in 2022 at 7.2% for palm oil and  for fatty acids . 
Table A1. 4 Norway: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Indonesia 's 
top 25 export s to the world  
Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Norway's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2022 ) 
Duty -free under 
the Agreement 
2022  
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
270119  Coal, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  7.5 0.0 1    
151190  Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not 
refined  7.2 7.2 1 2 1 1 
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  3.1 0.0 1    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverised, 
non-agglomerated  3.0 0.0 1    
151110  Crude palm oil  2.3 - 1 1  1 
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary purposes  2.2 0.0 1    
400122  Technically specified natural rubber  2.0 0.0 1    
720260  Ferro-nickel  1.7 0.0 1    
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  1.7 0.0 1    
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  1.6 0.0 2    
270210  Lignite, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  1.6 0.0 1    
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  1.5 0.0 1    
470329  Semi-bleached or bleached non-coniferous 
chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate  1.4 0.0 1    
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other than silver  1.0 0.0 1    
382319  Fatty acids, industrial, monocarboxylic; acid oils 
from refining  0.9 - 1 1  1 
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons  0.8 0.0 2    WT/REG464/1  
 
- 56 - 
 
  Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Norway's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2022 ) 
Duty -free under 
the Agreement 
2022  
Remain dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 
designed for the transport of <10 persons  0.8 0.0 2    
640319  Sports footwear, with outer soles of rubber, 
plastics, leather or composition leather and 
uppers of leather  0.8 0.0 1    
030617  Frozen shrimps and prawns, even smoked, 
whether in shell or not  0.8 0.0 1    
640411  Sports footwear, incl. tennis shoes, basketball 
shoes, gym shoes, training shoes and the like  0.8 0.0 1    
441231  Plywood consisting solely of sheets of wood <= 
6 mm thick, with at least one outer ply of 
tropical wood  0.8 0.0 2    
800110  Unwrought tin, not alloyed  0.8 0.0 1    
401110  New pneumatic tyres, of rubber, of a kind used 
for motor cars  0.8 0.0 1    
480256  Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used 
for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, 
and non -perforated punch cards  and punch -
tape paper  0.7 0.0 1    
721913  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width 
of >= 600 mm, not further worked than hot -
rolled, in coils, of a thickness of >= 3 mm and 
< 4,75 mm  0.7 0.0 1    
 Total of above  46.5  29 4 1 3 
-  contains specific duties only.  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.   
Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data from the WTO -IDB and the UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
Switzerl and1 
5. In 2022, 27.4% of Switzerland 's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis  (Table A1. 5). For 
agricultural and industrial  products, 27.5% and 27.3% of tariff lines respectively were duty -free at 
the MFN level. As a result of the Agreement, 86% of Switzerland 's tariff became duty free for imports 
from Indonesia, of which 49% for agriculture  and 99.9% for industrial  products. Switzerland's tariff 
is subject to specific duties for which ad valorem  equivalents are not available.  
 
1 As a res ult of the Treaty between Switzerland and Liechtenstein forming a Customs Union on 29  March 
1923, Liechtenstein is represented by Switzerland in matters covered thereby (Article 2). Due to the Customs 
Union, products originating in Liechtenstein are consid ered as originating in Switzerland.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 57 - 
 
  Table A1. 5 Switzerland: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from Indonesia   
Origin of 
goods  Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2022 … … 27.4 … … 27.5 … … 27.3 
Indonesia  2022 … … 86.0 … … 49.0 … … 99.9 
…  Not available: Switzerland's tariff is subject to specific duties for which ad valorem  equivalents are 
not available.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source :  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB. 
6. Table A1. 6 shows  additional market access in Switzerland  from the entry into force of the 
Agreement for Indonesia' top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 40 lines in the Swiss tariff 
at the six -digit level. 16 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level ; 19 lines became duty 
free under the Agreement  while 5 (palm oil) remain dutiable , all at specific rates . 
Table A1. 6 Switzerland: Market access opportunities unde r the agreement for 
Indonesia 's top 25 exports to the world  
Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Switzerland's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2022 ) 
Duty -free 
under the 
Agreement 
(2022)  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
270119  Coal, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  7.5 …  1 1  
151190  Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not 
refined  7.2 … 2 4  4 
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  3.1 0.0 2    
270112  Bituminous coal, whether or not 
pulverised, non -agglomerated  3.0 …  1 1  
151110  Crude palm oil  2.3 … 1 1  1 
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary purposes  2.2 0.0 1    
400122  Technically specified natural rubber  2.0 0.0 1    
720260  Ferro-nickel  1.7 0.0 1    
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  1.7 0.0 2    
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  1.6 0.0 2    
270210  Lignite, whether or not pulverised, non -
agglomerated  1.6 …  1 1  
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  1.5 0.0 1    
470329  Semi-bleached or bleached non -coniferous 
chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate  1.4 …  1 1  
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other than silver  1.0 …  1 1  
382319  Fatty acids, industrial, monocarboxylic; 
acid oils from refining  0.9 … 1 1 1  
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons  0.8 …  1 1  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 58 - 
 
  Indonesia 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Switzerland's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2022 ) 
Duty -free 
under the 
Agreement 
(2022)  
Remain 
dutiable  Avg. MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons  0.8 …  3 3  
640319  Sports footwear, with outer soles of 
rubber, plastics, leather or composition 
leather and uppers of leather  0.8 …  1 1  
030617  Frozen shrimps and prawns, even smoked, 
whether in shell or not 0.8 0.0 1    
640411  Sports footwear, incl. tennis shoes, 
basketball shoes, gym shoes, training 
shoes and the like  0.8 …  1 1  
441231  Plywood consisting solely of sheets of 
wood <= 6 mm thick, with at least one 
outer ply of tropical wood  0.8 …  1 1  
800110  Unwrought tin, not alloyed  0.8 …  1 1  
401110  New pneumatic tyres, of rubber, of a kind 
used for motor cars, incl. station wagons 
and racing cars  0.8 …  1 1  
480256  Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind 
used for writing, printing or other graphic 
purposes, and non -perforated punch cards  
and punch -tape paper  0.7 … 1 2 2  
721913  Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a 
width of >= 600 mm, not further worked 
than hot -rolled, in coils, of a thickness of 
>= 3 mm and < 4,75 mm  0.7 …  2 2  
 Total of above  46.5  16 24 19 5 
…  Not available: Switzerland's tariff is subject to specific duties for which ad valorem  equivalents are 
not available.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2022 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the WTO -IDB and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
Indonesia's market  
7. In 2021, 12% of Indonesia's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis ( Table A1. 7). 13% of 
industrial products were duty free while 7% of agricultura l products were duty free. The average 
MFN tariff is 10.1%. As a result of the Agreement, 38% (47% for agricultural products and 36% for 
industrial products) of Indonesia's tariff  became duty free on entry into force for imports from EFTA 
States. At the e nd of implementation in 2034, 84% of Indonesia's tariff will be duty -free (83% of 
agricultural products and 84% of industrial products). The average tariff for exports from EFTA 
States to Indonesia will fall to 4.2% overall, 4.9% for agricultural products and 4.1% for industrial 
products. This will give EFTA States' exporters to Indonesia a 58% relative margin of preference 
overall, 51% in agriculture and 59% for non -agricultural products.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 59 - 
 
  Table A1. 7 Indonesia: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from EFTA  
Origin of 
goods  Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of 
duty-free 
tariff 
lines (%)  Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 10.1 11.4 12.0 10.1 10.9 7.0 10.1 11.6 13.0 
EFTA 2021 7.7 12.4 37.7 7.4 14.0 46.6 7.8 12.2 36.0 
 2022 7.4 11.8 37.7 7.1 13.4 46.6 7.4 11.6 36.0 
 2023 6.7 10.7 37.7 6.7 12.6 46.6 6.7 10.4 36.0 
 2024 6.2 9.9 37.7 6.2 11.8 46.6 6.2 9.7 36.0 
 2025 5.5 15.3 64.1 5.8 18.3 67.2 5.4 14.8 63.5 
 2026 5.4 15.2 64.1 5.8 18.1 67.2 5.4 14.7 63.5 
 2027 4.9 13.8 64.1 5.5 17.2 67.2 4.8 13.3 63.5 
 2028 4.9 13.7 64.1 5.4 17.0 67.2 4.8 13.2 63.5 
 2029 4.5 23.1 80.3 5.2 21.4 74.6 4.4 23.6 81.4 
 2030 4.4 22.4 80.3 5.1 20.7 74.6 4.2 22.8 81.4 
 2031 4.4 22.6 80.3 5.0 20.4 74.6 4.3 23.1 81.4 
 2032 4.3 27.3 84.2 4.9 31.5 83.4 4.1 26.5 84.3 
 2033-
2034 4.2 26.9 84.2 4.9 31.2 83.4 4.1 26.0 84.3 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation .   
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities.  
8. Table A1. 8 shows additional market access in Indonesia from the entry into force of the 
Agreement for Iceland' s top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 62 lines in the Indonesian 
tariff at the HS six -digit level. 20 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level and 38 lines 
will become duty free under the Agreement at the end of implementation leaving  only 4 dutiable 
lines.  
Table A1. 8 Indonesia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Iceland's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Iceland 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Indonesia's import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2021)  
Duty -free under 
the Agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty -
free  Duti-
able 
2021  
2025  
2029  
2032  
760110  Aluminium, not alloyed, 
unwrought  26.7 0.0 1       
030444  Fresh or chilled fillets  7.7 10.0  1   1   
030471  Frozen fillets of cod  5.6 10.0  1   1   
230120  Flours, meals and pellets of 
fish or crustaceans  3.1 0.0 3       
760511  Wire of non -alloy aluminium, 
with a maximum cross -
sectional dimension of > 7 
mm  3.0 10.0  1    1  
760120  Unwrought aluminium alloys  2.8 0.0 1       
720221  Ferro-silicon, containing by 
weight > 55% of silicon  2.7 0.0 1       WT/REG464/1  
 
- 60 - 
 
  Iceland 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Indonesia's import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN (2021)  
Duty -free under 
the Agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty -
free  Duti-
able 
2021  
2025  
2029  
2032  
760429  Bars, rods and solid profiles, 
of aluminium alloys, n.e.s.  2.5 11.7  3  1 1 1  
030562  Cod  2.4 5.0  1    1  
030354  Frozen mackerel  2.2 5.0  2   1  1 
030214  Fresh or chilled atlantic 
salmon  2.1 5.0  1   1   
150420  Fats and oils of fish and their 
fractions  1.6 5.0  2    1 1 
030532  Fillets, dried, salted or in 
brine, but not smoked  1.6 5.0  1   1   
760719  Aluminium foil, not backed, 
rolled and further worked  1.6 10.0  1   1   
271019  Medium oils and preparations  1.5 1.3 12 4 4     
160521  Shrimps and prawns, 
prepared or preserved, not in 
airtight containers  1.4 5.0  1   1   
030473  Frozen fillets of coalfish  1.3 10.0  1    1  
030472  Frozen fillets of haddock  1.3 10.0  1    1  
030331  Frozen lesser or greenland 
halibut  1.2 5.0  1    1  
030572  Fish heads, tails and maws, 
smoked, dried, salted or in 
brine 1.1 5.0  4    2 2 
030389  Frozen fish, n.e.s.  1.1 5.4  13  9 1 3  
880240  Aeroplanes and other powered 
aircraft  1.0 0.0 2       
030391  Frozen fish livers, roes and 
milt 1.0 5.0  1   1   
902131  Artificial joints for orthopaedic 
purposes  1.0 5.0  1 1     
030251  Fresh or chilled cod  0.9 5.0  1   1   
 Total of above  78.4  20 42 5 1
0 11 1
2 4 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities and the UNSD, Comtrade 
database.  
 
9. Table A1. 9 shows additional market access in I ndonesia from the entry into force of the 
Agreement for Norway's top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 112 lines in the Indonesian 
tariff at the HS six -digit level. 46 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level and 64 lines 
will become du ty free under the Agreement at the end of implementation leaving only 2 dutiable 
lines.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 61 - 
 
  Table A1. 9 Indonesia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Norway's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Norway 's top export products  
in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Indonesia's import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share 
in 
global 
exports  
(%) MFN (2021)  
Duty -free under 
the Agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  Duty -free 
Dutiable  
2021  
2025  
2029  
2032  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained 
from bituminous minerals, 
crude  27.4 0.0 3       
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  20.2 5.0  2 2     
030214  Fresh or chilled atlantic salmon  6.0 5.0  1   1   
271012  Light oils and preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous 
minerals  2.9 0.0 22       
760120  Unwrought aluminium alloys  2.7 0.0 1       
271019  Medium oils and preparations  2.5 1.3 12 4 4     
750210  Nickel, not alloyed, unwrought  1.2 5.0  1  1    
271112  Propane, liquefied  1.1 5.0  1 1     
292429  Cyclic amides, incl. cyclic 
carbamates, and their 
derivatives; salts thereof  1.1 7.5  4 2 1  1  
030441  Fresh or chilled fillets of pacific 
salmon  1.0 10.0  1    1  
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  0.9 5.0  1 1     
271113  Butanes, liquefied  0.8 5.0  1 1     
271600  Electrical energy  0.6 0.0 1       
030481  Frozen fillets of pacific salmon  0.5 10.0  1     1 
030354  Frozen mackerel  0.4 5.0  2   1  1 
280469  Silicon containing < 99,99% by 
weight of silicon  0.4 5.0  1  1    
300490  Medicaments consisting of 
mixed or unmixed products for 
therapeutic or prophylactic 
purposes  0.4 4.5 3 26 21 5    
030551  Dried cod  0.4 5.0  1    1  
890110  Cruise ships, excursion boats 
and similar vessels principally 
designed for the transport of 
persons; ferry -boats of all kinds  0.4 5.0  6  6    
880330  Parts of aeroplanes or 
helicopters, n.e.s.  0.3 0.0 1       
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in 
powder form  0.3 5.0 1 1 1     
720230  Ferro-silico-manganese  0.3 0.0 1       
843143  Parts for boring or sinking 
machinery of subheading 
8430.41 or 8430.49, n.e.s.  0.3 5.0  1 1     
790111  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, 
containing by weight >= 
99,99% of zinc  0.3 0.0 1       
841370  Centrifugal pumps, power -
driven  0.3 5.0  11 6 5    
 Total of above  72.6  46 66 40 19 2 3 2 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities and the UNSD, Comtrade 
database.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 62 - 
 
  10. Table A1. 10 shows additional market access in I ndonesia from the entry into force of the 
Agreement for Switzerland's top 25 global exports. These corresponded to 77 lines in the Indonesian 
tariff at the HS six -digit level. 11 of these tariff lines were duty -free at the MFN level and 66 lines 
will becom e duty free under the Agreement by the end of implementation.  
Table A1. 10 Indonesia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for 
Switzerland's top 25 exports to the world  
Switzerland 's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to Indonesia's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN (2021)  Duty -free under 
the Agreement  Avg. 
MFN 
applie
d rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty -
free  Duti-
able 
2021  
2025  
2029  
2032  
710812  Gold for non -monetary purposes 
(excl. gold in powder form)  18.6 2.5 1 1 1    
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for therapeutic or 
prophylactic purposes  13.3 4.5 3 26 21 5   
300215  Immunological products, put up in 
measured doses or in forms or 
packings for retail sale  9.4 0.0 1      
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts 
thereof, of precious metal other than 
silver, whether or not plated or clad 
with precious metal  3.3 15.0  2    2 
910221  Wrist-watches (excl. of precious 
metal or of metal clad with precious 
metal)  3.2 10.0  1 1    
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
in semi -manufactured forms, for 
non-monetary purposes  2.4 5.0  1  1   
293399  Heterocyclic compounds with 
nitrogen hetero -atom[s] only  1.5 2.5 1 1 1    
910121  Wrist-watches of precious metal or of 
metal clad with precious metal  1.4 10.0  1  1   
293359  Heterocyclic compounds with 
nitrogen hetero -atom[s] only, 
containing a pyrimidine ring, whether 
or not hydrogenated, or piperazine 
ring in the structure  1.1 5.0  2 2    
300439  Medicaments containing hormones or 
steroids used as hormones but not 
antibiotics  0.9 5.0  1 1    
300212  Antisera and other blood fractions  0.8 0.0 2      
293719  Polypeptide hormones, protein 
hormones and glycoprotein 
hormones  0.8 5.0  1 1    
902110  Orthopaedic or fracture appliances  0.8 5.0  1  1   
090121  Roasted coffee (excl. decaffeinated)  0.7 20.0  2    2 
910211  Wrist-watches, with mechanical 
display only (excl. of precious metal 
or of metal clad with precious metal)  0.7 10.0  1 1    
901890  Instruments and appliances used in 
medical, surgical or veterinary 
sciences, n.e.s.  0.6 5.0  3 3    
271600  Electrical energy  0.6 0.0 1      
220299  Non-alcoholic beverages  0.6 16.0  5   2 3 
710239  Diamonds, worked, but not mounted 
or set (excl. industrial diamonds)  0.5 0.0 1      
300420  Medicaments containing antibiotics, 
put up in measured doses  0.5 5.0  8 8    WT/REG464/1  
 
- 63 - 
 
  Switzerland 's top export products  
in 2018 - 2020  Access Conditions to Indonesia's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN (2021)  
Duty -free under 
the Agreement  Avg. 
MFN 
applie
d rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty -
free  Duti-
able 
2021  
2025  
2029  
2032  
294190  Antibiotics (excl. penicillins and their 
derivatives)  0.5 0.0 1      
330499  Beauty or make -up preparations and 
preparations for the care of the skin  0.4 15.0  3   3  
910129  Wrist-watches of precious metal or of 
metal clad with precious metal with 
hand winding only  0.4 10.0  1   1  
292429  Cyclic amides, incl. cyclic 
carbamates, and their derivatives; 
salts thereof  0.4 7.5  4 2 1  1 
330290  Mixtures of odoriferous substances 
and mixtures  0.4 5.0  1 1    
 Total of above  63.9  11 66 43 9 6 8 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Indonesian authorities and the UNSD, Comtrade 
database.  WT/REG464/1  
 
- 64 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
Table A2. 1 Switzerland: Tariff rate quotas under the Agreement  
Tariff line  Description  Quota * In quota duties  Out of quota 
duties/MFN  
ex1511.1090  other  A 79.35 CHF/100 kg 
gross  116.05 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.1090  other  D 0% 116.05 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9018  in tanks or metal drums  B1 91.45 CHF/100 kg 
gross  157.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9018  in tanks or metal drums  B2 124.35 CHF/100 kg 
gross  157.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9019  other  A 115.3 CHF/100 kg 
gross  168.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9019  other  D 0% 168.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9098  in tanks or metal drums  A 94.55 CHF/100 kg 
gross  138.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9098  in tanks or metal drums  D 0% 138.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9099  other  A 102 CHF/100 kg gross  149.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1511.9099  other  D 0% 149.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2190  other  C1 70.3 CHF/100 kg gross  121.6 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2190  other  C2 96 CHF/100 kg gross  121.6 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2918  in tanks or metal drums  C1 91.45 CHF/100 kg 
gross  157.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2918  in tanks or metal drums  C2 124.35 CHF/100 kg 
gross  157.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2919  other  C1 97.7 CHF/100 kg gross  168.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2919  other  C2 132.9 CHF/100 kg 
gross  168.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2998  in tanks or metal drums  C1 84.25 CHF/ 100 kg 
gross  145.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2998  in tanks or metal drums  C2 114.75 CHF/100 kg 
gross  145.25 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2999  other  C1 90.5 CHF/100 kg gross  156.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
ex1513.2999  other  C2 123.3 CHF/100 kg 
gross  156.1 CHF/100 kg gross  
Note:  A: quantity increasing in equal steps from 1,000 metric ton nes (MT) at entry into force to 1,250  MT 
from year 6 onwards.  
 B1: quantity increasing in equal steps from 5,000 MT at entry into force to 6,250 MT from year 6 
onwards.  
 B2: quantity increasing in equal steps from 1,000 MT at entry into force to 1,250 MT from year 6 
onwards.  
 C1: quantity increasing in equal steps fro m 2,000 MT at entry into force to 2,500 MT from year 6 
onwards.  
 C2: quantity increasing in equal steps from 1,000 MT at entry into force to 1,250 MT from year 6 
onwards.  
 D: 100 MT for products imported for human nutrition, in bottles of no more than 2 li tres and ready 
for consumption . 
 *: Products of HS Headings 15.11 and 15.13 imported into Switzerland under the Agreement shall 
meet the sustainability objectives as set out in Article 8.10 of the Agreement.  
Source:  WTO-IDB and the Agreement.  
 
Table A2. 2 Norway: Tariff rate quotas under the Agreement  
Tariff line  Description  In quota duties  Out of quota 
duties  
02031109, 
02031209, 
02031909, 
02032109, 
02032209, 
02032909  Of other swine  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for other meat and edible meat offal, fresh, 
chilled or frozen, game quota of 250 tonnes.  MFN WT/REG464/1  
 
- 65 - 
 
  Tariff line  Description  In quota duties  Out of quota 
duties  
02081000  Of rabbits or hares  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for other meat and edible meat offal, fresh, 
chilled or frozen, game quota of 250 tonnes.  MFN 
02089030  Of wood birds or 
grouses, except 
tongues  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for other meat and edible meat offal, fresh,  
chilled or frozen, game quota of 250 tonnes.  382.5% plus 43 .56 
NOK/kg  
02089043  Carcasses and half-
carcasses  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for elk meat of 100 tonnes.  MFN 
02089044  Other cuts with bone 
in Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for elk meat of 100 tonnes.  MFN 
02089045  Boneless; meat offal  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for elk meat of 100 tonnes.  MFN 
02089046  Carcasses and half -
carcasses  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for deer meat of 200 tonnes.  MFN 
02089047  Other cuts with bone 
in Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for deer meat of 200 tonnes.  MFN 
02089048  Boneless; meat offal  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for deer meat of 200 tonnes.  MFN 
02089094  Of ostrich  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for other meat and edible meat offal, fresh, 
chilled or frozen, game quota of 250 tonnes.  309.6% plus 107 .10 
NOK/kg  
02089099  Other  Duty free within the annual global WTO quota 
for other meat and edible meat offal, fresh, 
chilled or frozen, game quota of 250 tonnes.  MFN 
04051000  Butter  30% reduction in the in quota duty of the 
annual global WTO quota for butter of 575 
tonnes.  MFN 
04090000  Natural honey  Duty free within the annual quota for honey of 
192 tonnes.  302.6 % plus 20 .80 
NOK 
07049013  From 1 October to 31 
May 25% reduction in the in -quota duties of the 
annual WTO global quota for white cabbage of 
134 tonnes.  MFN 
07049020  From 1 June to 31 
July 25% reduction in the in -quota duties of the 
annual WTO global quota for white cabbage of 
134 tonnes.  MFN 
07049040  From 1 October to 31 
July 25% reduction in the in -quota duties of the 
annual WTO global quota for white cabbage of 
134 tonnes.  MFN 
Source:  The Agreement.  
Table A2. 3 Indonesia: Tariff rate quotas under the Agreement  
TL Description  Rate of Duty (%)  
MFN In-Quota  Out-Quota  
03021300  Pacific salmon  5 2.5 3 
03031100  Sockeye salmon (red salmon)  5 2.5 3 
03031200  Other Pacific salmon  5 2.5 3 
Source:  The Agreement.  
__________