RESTRICTED  
  
WT/TPR/W/ 228 
28 June 2023  
(23-4392) Page: 1/103 
Trade Policy Review Body    
 
*In Original language only/ En langue originale seulement /En el idioma original solamente . 
  
EUROPEAN UNION 
DRAFT MINUTES  OF THE MEETING* HELD ON 5 AND 7 JUNE 2023  
Delegations are invited to submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the 
Secretariat ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , or to  tprd@wto.org ) no later than 
12 July 2023. 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
 
UNION EUROPÉENNE  
PROJET DE COMPTE RENDU DE LA RÉUNION* TENUE LES 5 ET 7 JUIN 2023  
Les délégations sont invitées à soumettre  leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles concernant leurs 
propres déclarations au Secrétariat ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , ou 
tprd@wto.org ) le 12 juillet  2023 au plus tard.  
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
 
UNIÓN EUROPEA  
PROYECTO DE ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN* CELEBRADA LOS DÍAS 8 Y 7 DE JUNIO DE 2023  
Las delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , 
o tprd@wto.org ) a más tardar el 12 de julio de 2023  las correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir 
en sus propias declaraciones.  
 
_______________  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 2 - 
 
  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
EUROPEAN  UNION 
DRAFT  MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Saqer Abdullah Almoqbel (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)  
CONTENTS  
 
1   INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ ......................  3 
2   OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN  UNION 
(H.E.  SABINE  WEYAND)  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 5 
3   STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ .............  11 
4   STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS ................................ ................................ ........................  15 
5   REPL IES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF EUROPEAN  UNION (H.E.  AMBASSADOR 
JOÃO  AGUIAR MACHADO) AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ................................ ..............  93 
6   CONCLUDING REMAR KS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ ......................  102  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the European  Union are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/442/Add.1 and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 3 - 
 
  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The 15th Trade Policy Rev iew of the European  Union was held on 5 and 7  June 2023. The 
Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Saqer  Abdullah  Almoqbel (Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia) welcomed the delegation 
of the European  Union, headed by H.E.  Ms Sabine  Weyand Director -General, Directorate -General for 
Trade, European  Commission; H.E. Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, Permanent Representative of 
the European  Union to the WTO; the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand).  
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition t o physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership. The 
Chairperson informed Members that, in agreement with the European  Union, a group of students 
from the Universit y of West Indies who were visiting the WTO would attend the first day of the 
meeting.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The Report by the European  Union is contained in document WT/TPR/G/442, and that of 
the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/442.  
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Guatemala; United  Kingdom; Canada; Ecuador; Philippines; Thailand; Australia; Japan; Singapore; 
Chinese  Taipei; Norway; Hong  Kong,  China; Russian  Federation; China, Colombia, Israel, 
Brunei  Darussalam; Argentina; Chile; Mauritius; New  Zealand; Dominican  Republic; Costa  Rica; 
United  States; Switzerland; Brazil; Ukraine; and India. The following delega tions submitted written 
questions after the deadline: Honduras, Republic of Korea, Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia, Paraguay, 
Türkiye, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Iceland, El  Salvador, Malaysia, Indonesia, Uruguay, 
South  Africa, and Tunisia.  
1.5.  The Chairperson first recalled some elements of the European  Union's previous Review and 
developments since then, as well as by identified some key issues arising from the advance written 
questions submitted by Members for the current TPR.  
1.6.  At the time of the previous TPR B meeting on 18 and 20  February  2020, Members had 
commended the European  Union for its leadership role and strong support to the multilateral trading 
system. They also highlighted its efforts to further facilitate and liberalize trade through an extensive 
RTAs' network as well as non -reciprocal trade arrangements that support exporters in developing 
economies. Members further noted that the EU is the most important trading partner for some 
80 economies.  
1.7.  At that time, Members acknowledged the many initiativ es aimed at further harmonizing the 
single market, but also pointed to areas where policies continued to be divergent. Members raised 
some concerns regarding some SPS and TBT measures, developments in investment policies, and 
the usage of trade remedies. R egarding agricultural policies, Members highlighted positive 
developments, such as the movement towards more market orientation and the elimination of export 
subsidies, while referring to the continued high levels of domestic support.  
1.8.  The European  Union's  agricultural policies remained a topic of interest in the current Review. 
Energy and environmental policies, also discussed at the time of the previous Review, also attracted 
significant interest by Members this time, in particular the adoption of the Eur opean Green Deal. 
In this regard, Members sought further information about its implementation and related legislative 
proposals such as the adoption of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The new trade 
strategy entitled "An Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade Policy", has also raised great interest 
among Members in the current Review.  
1.9.  In the advance written questions for the current Review, Members sought information 
regarding notably the proposal for a new generalized scheme of tariff preferenc es (GSP), a regulation 
to counteract economic coercion by third countries and the recently enacted regulation establishing 
a mechanism to address foreign subsidies.  
1.10.  Members also showed keen interest in a wide range of trade and investment issues including  
the implementation of the EU common framework for the screening of FDI; the ratification of the WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 4 - 
 
  Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies; WTO reform; the deepening of RTAs; EU digital Partnerships; 
the current GSP; rules of origin; the implementation of the elect ronic customs systems, excise 
duties; export controls for dual -use goods; export credits; trade remedies; the new Common 
Agricultural Policy; the proposed Regulation on deforestation -free products; State Aid; emissions 
trading and energy subsidies; the Dig ital Services Act; and gender - and trade -related policies.  
1.11.  In total, the European  Union received over 1,600 advance written questions from 
41 delegations for the current Review, out of which 1,321 questions from 28  delegations were sent 
within the establis hed deadline. Prior to the meeting, the European  Union already provided written 
replies to all questions submitted within the established deadline.  
1.12.  The meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and o f systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. The Chairperson looked 
forward to a fruitful exchange  
1.13.  The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing the European  Union a very 
successful 15th Trade Polic y Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 5 - 
 
  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE OF T HE EUROPEAN  UNION 
(H.E. SABINE  WEYAND ) 
2.1.  It is an honour for me to lead the EU delegation at the 15th Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union today. On behalf of the EU, I would like to thank Ambassador H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok 
Pitfield ( Thailand) for acting as discussant for this review, as well as the Chair of the Trade Policy 
Review Body, Ambassador H.E.  Mr Saqer Abdullah Almoqbel (Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia) also for the 
setting the scene. I would like to extend our appreciation to the WT O Secretariat for their hard work 
on the Secretariat Report.  
2.2.  The EU attaches great importance to the monitoring and transparency functions of the WTO 
for which the Trade Policy Review Mechanism is a key tool. It is an intensive process for the Member 
under  review. I don't need to repeat the figures already mentioned by Ambassador  Almoqbel. Just 
to reassure you that in addition to the 1,200 questions we already replied to, we will of course 
respond to the questions received after the deadline.  
2.3.  The European p roject started almost 70  years ago to bring peace and prosperity to a group of 
countries that had often been in conflict. The Treaty drafters opted to use economic instruments to 
bring member States together into a common market without internal borders. T he pursuit of a 
single, common trade policy was one of its most important features and this remains the case to 
this day.  
2.4.  The economic integration brought about by the EU's single market, and its openness to the 
world has benefit ed not just EU member Stat es, companies, and citizens, but all of our trading 
partners as well. In the same way that our member States are anchored in the EU, the rules -based 
multilateral trading system remains a strategic anchor for the EU's trade policy.  
2.5.  Today, despite the chall enging trading environment, EU trade policy continues to be driven by 
the principle of openness. Openness keeps the EU competitive and is the bedrock of our long -term 
competitiveness and prosperity.  
2.6.  Let me illustrate our openness with some figures. EU trad e with the rest of the world represents 
over 16% of world trade, counting both goods and services. This is more than the EU's share in 
global GDP, meaning we punch above our weight in the area of trade. The EU is the world's largest 
single trading entity a nd the number one trading partner for 53  countries around the world that 
represent almost half of the world's GDP. We are the first partner of Asia as a whole, Africa, the US, 
the Western Balkans and the EU's Neighbourhood.  
2.7.  Despite a rising tide of protect ionism around the world, the EU maintains very low tariffs: the 
average weighted tariff on our imports is below 4%. These low tariffs are complemented by a wide 
network of preferential trade agreements and arrangements that continued to grow during the 
review period and will go on growing.  
2.8.  The EU is the world's largest investor abroad, with 34% of the global total. It is also the most 
attractive destination for investments, hosting a stock of investments of more than EUR  10 trillion, 
or 28% of the global st ock.  
2.9.  Openness is a key feature of other policies too. The EU practices openness in international 
public procurement markets and is one of its main advocates.  
2.10.  This open trade policy is underpinned by unparalleled strict disciplines on subsidies within the 
EU providing a safeguard against market distortions.  
2.11.  The commitment to openness extends also to our approach to supporting development.  
2.12.  For five decades, the EU Generali zed Scheme of Preferences has supported vulnerable 
countries to grow in a sustainable manner by giving them preferential access to the EU market.  Our 
GSP system is the most comprehensive in the world in terms of market access offered. The EU 
currently grants partial or full tariff reductions for two -thirds of tariff lines to 19  countries under its 
GSP and GSP+ schemes. The Everything But Arms (EBA) arrangement, gives Least Developed 
Countries (LDCs) tariff -free, quota -free access to the EU market for all products except arms and WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 6 - 
 
  ammunition. Forty-six Least Developed Countries ben efited from the EU's EBA in 2022. Thanks to 
EBA, only 5% of EU imports from LDCs actually paid a tariff in 2021. In the review period, the EU is 
revamping its GSP system to make it more sustainable, more flexible and to focus the advantages 
on those most i n need.  
2.13.  To support developing countries' integration into the world economy, poverty reduction and 
sustainable development , Aid for Trade is a crucial tool. The EU and its member States collectively 
constitute the world 's largest Aid for Trade donor, acco unting for  around 40% of global Aid for Trade.  
2.14.  To bridge investment gaps beyond European borders, the EU launched Global Gateway. Our 
aim is to mobilize EUR  300 billion by 2027 in smart, clean , and secure links in digital, ener gy and 
transport sectors and to strengthen health, education , and research systems across the world.  
2.15.  During the experienced serious external shocks, which have impacted the global economy 
and revealed weaknesses in intern ational supply chains . 
2.16.  The Russian  Federation's  unprovoked, unjustified , and brutal invasion of Ukraine brought war 
once again to our continent, resulting in an unspeakable loss of life and devastating destruction. 
The EU will stand with Ukraine as long as  it takes. For trade relations that means the EU has granted 
temporary trade liberali zation – the suspension of all remaining customs duties, quotas and trade 
defence measures on Ukrainian exports to the EU.  
2.17.  We provide massive financial support, including  macro -financial assistance of EUR  18 billion 
this year to cover the budgetary needs of Ukraine and we provide EUR  1 billion for fast recovery to 
re-build critical infrastructure. As the most important sign of our political commitment, the EU 
decided to gr ant candidate country status to Ukraine – this is also a logical step economically to start 
closer integration of Ukraine into our Single Market.  
2.18.  We are now discussing our 11th package of sanctions against  the Russia n Federation , in 
coordination with inte rnational partners. Our sanctions are designed and targeted carefully at the 
Russia n Federation 's military and industrial capacity to wage its barbaric war.  
2.19.  Since this is also a war of disinformation, let me clearly dispel any confusion: EU sanctions do 
not target food or fertilizers and they are not the cause of the looming food crisis around the globe. 
On the contrary, the EU created the Solidarity Lanes to continue to support Ukraine and preserve its 
capabilities to export its grains. Ukrainian productio n is critical to feed the world and keep food prices 
down, in face of the huge challenges posed by the Russian aggression.  
2.20.  EU trade policy had to react to the major external shocks that we are experiencing. As a 
result, it has become more assertive, w hile remaining fully consistent with the law and spirit of the 
WTO. We have taken legislative action to better protect the Single Market from unfair practices. 
The International Procurement Instrument will strengthen reciprocity in public procurement. Our 
new F oreign Subsidies Regulation creates a framework to deal with unfair subsidies affecting 
operations, procurement, and mergers in the EU's Single Market.  
2.21.  But this is not enough.  In the current geostrategic environment of increased uncertainty and 
risks, mark ed by systemic rivalry, there is a growing need for a comprehensive economic security 
strategy that brings together in a coherent fashion internal and external action and deepening our 
understanding of the risks we face. These include notably the risk of e conomic coercion and more 
broadly the risk of weaponization of dependencies.  
2.22.  We are therefore assessing our strategic dependencies and we are in the process of adopting 
an anti -coercion instrument.  
2.23.  More broadly, the Commission will publish later this mont h a Communication on economic 
security which will continue to be anchored in the WTO and stress the need for a well -functioning 
rules-based trading system.  
2.24.  The EU has despite the challenges remained during the review period steadfast in its 
commitment to o penness and multilateralism.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 7 - 
 
  2.25.  For instance, during the pandemic, we managed the shocks better thanks to openness and 
diversification. For every dose of vaccine distributed inside Europe, one dose was shipped abroad. 
Our vaccine export authorization scheme was fully transparent and provided  exceptions in favour of 
the most vulnerable countries. Further, we have increased our support to the development of 
manufacturing capacity in other parts of the world.  
2.26.  But economic openness is of course not confined for u s to internal and autonomous measures, 
or to just our own choices. It is about cooperation with partners and globally, too, rooted in the 
rules-based international order.  
2.27.  The rules-based multilateral system governs the majority of EU trade and remains our best 
guardrail against global economic fragmentation. The EU has a fundamental  strategic interest in a 
strong and reformed WTO. This is why we put the multilateral trading system at the centre of our 
trade strategy during the review period.  
2.28.  However, there is no rules -based system without an ability to enforce those rules. A fully 
functioning Dispute Settlement  System by 2024 that preserves the core characteristics of the system 
put in place in 1995 – binding, two -tier and independent  adjudicati on – is the most critical goal that 
the Organi zation has to achieve . This will be the key issue for MC13 . 
2.29.  In the meantime, the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) preserves a 
fully functioning Dispute Settlement System among its parti cipants. The EU invites WTO Members 
to join the MPIA as the best interim solution until a permanent one is found.  
2.30.  The EU plays a proactive and positive role in the WTO in other areas too. The Secretariat 
Report highlighted the EU's key contributions in th e run up to and at MC12 across the full range of 
topics, promoting a more effective multilateral trading system. We have tabled proposals and 
submissions on WTO reform, trade and health, e -commerce, fisheries subsidies, food security, and 
trade-distorting policies in agriculture.  
2.31.  Moreover, the EU participates actively in the intensive work of Joint Statement Initiatives  on 
E-Commerce, Investment Facilitation for Development and Services Domestic Regulation. These 
open, flexible, plurilateral initiatives ar e vital for the negotiating function of the WTO. They 
demonstrate that the WTO can deliver on issues that are pertinent for modern trade.  
2.32.  In this vein, we also look forward to the renewal of the WTO's E-Commerce Work Programme 
at MC13, and to the continua tion of the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions. 
Together with the JSI on E-Commerce, this is important to make a timely  contribution to the digital 
transition we all have to deal with.  
2.33.  The EU will continue its leadership in the agric ultural negotiations calling for solutions to food 
security challenges, improved transparency, as well as reforms of agricultural policies towards  less 
trade distortion and towards more environmentally sustainable approaches.  
2.34.  The EU is also keen on promoti ng the positive contribution that the WTO can play in the fight 
against climate change and environmental degradation. We are actively participating in three 
plurilateral initiatives, namely, the Trade and Environmental Sustainability  Structured Discussions , 
the Dialogue on Plastic Pollution, and Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform.  
2.35.  The EU also proudly co -leads political level dialogue on trade, climate and development in the 
Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate. Conscious of the need for all to be involved in what is the 
global challenge of our age, we are also  now feeding the multilateral debate on this through a 
revitali zed Committee on Trade and Environment.  
2.36.  During the last Ministerial Conference, the EU was instrumental to find the necessary solutions 
on fisheries subsidies. Now  we are working to give effect to what was agreed. The internal EU 
procedure for the acceptance of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement is finali zed. The EU stands ready 
to contribute to the to the WTO Fisheries Funding Mechanism to assi st developing countries to 
implement the new disciplines, and as you are aware some EU member States have already 
announced contributions.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 8 - 
 
  2.37.  MC12 put the WTO back on track because it delivered on specific files that matter, but also 
because Members were read y to acknowledge the need to reform . MC13 must confirm that we are 
on our way to a more effective Organization. This requires f irst and foremost a fully and 
well-functioning Dispute Settlement Mechanism, as well as other concrete outcomes in the process 
of WTO reform.  
2.38.  A second focus must be for the WTO to tackle the critical topics for global trade  today. If the 
WTO is unable to respond to the challenges of our time, there is a serious risk of the erosion of the 
system and loss of credibility.  
2.39.  This is why the EU has submitted recently its Communication on " Reinforcing the deliberative 
function of the WTO to respond to global trade policy challenges".  This communication covers the 
areas of state support, environment , and inclusiveness.  
2.40.  Taking deeper policy deliberation forward as part of WTO reform could not only reinforce the 
WTO as the key international forum for global trade governance but could also help Members when 
designing their domestic policies in response to these global chall enges.  
2.41.  The most pressing challenge we are all facing is how to drive the green and digital twin 
transitions  with the development of the right policy framework.  
2.42.  Climate change – magnified by environmental degradation – is the civilizational challenge of 
our time. We must tackle it as  a global community. And we must act now.  
2.43.  Openness and sustainability have to go hand in hand.  
2.44.  The EU is fully engaged internationally and domestically to create the drivers of the green 
transition and climate ne utrality.  
2.45.  The EU's "Net Zero" goal is our  central policy objective responding to this challenge, and our 
trade policy is playing its role here.  
2.46.  The EU has laid out the path towards climate neutrality by 2050 through the ambitious 55% 
reduction of greenhous e gas emissions goal by 2030 under the European Green Deal.   
2.47.  The Green Deal comprises many policy actions tackling reduction of carbon footprint and 
halting biodiversity loss from a number of angles. Boosting circular economy, creating sustainable 
food sys tems, greening of our Common Agricultural Policy, investing in renewable energy are just a 
few examples of the policy initiatives taken in this context.  
2.48.  The European Green Deal is not only our plan to fight climate change and to become the 
first climate -neutral continent. It is also our growth model for a prosperous, responsible , and resilient 
economy.  
2.49.  To this end, we also need a regulatory environment that allows us to scale up the clean energy 
transition quickly. Driving the green transition at the EU l evel helps us prevent the fragmentation of 
the EU internal market and maintaining this EU Single Market benefits EU and third country traders 
alike.  
2.50.  The Repower EU communication, the European Critical Raw Materials Act, the  reform of the 
electricity market  design , the Net-Zero Industry Act are key enablers of the EU industry's 
contribution to the global green transition.  
2.51.  Drawing on the lessons learnt from the COVID -19 pandemic and the energy crisis sparked by 
the Russia n Federation 's war on Ukraine, these measures will help increase the resilience of Europe's 
clean energy supply chains, while diversifying partnerships to support others in their green 
transitions.  
2.52.  We were pleased to see your interest in the new reformed common agricultural policy , which 
became applicable in January this year. Our moderni zed policy is expected to contribute to the efforts WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 9 - 
 
  in the green transition. It also continues on the path towards market orientation and away from 
trade-distorting support.  
2.53.  We have received a lot of questions  on the EU policy framework related to the green transition. 
Individual measures belonging to the European Green Deal package such as the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism, Farm  to Fork and our measures against deforestation are followed closely 
by many W TO Members.  
2.54.  Let's be clear , domestic policy -making is essential  to deliver on the Paris  Agreement 
commitments we all made. Non -action is not an option. And addressing the climate challenge is 
obviously not something that the EU can do on its own. The ques tion is not "if", but how w e design 
policies while ensuring their WTO compatibility and minimi zing the negative spill -over effects.  
2.55.  As we all act to reduce our carbon footprints, we must acknowledge that there might be some 
impact on trade. This is why th e EU is committed to full transparency and non -discrimination  when 
it comes to designing our measures and when it comes to implementation of these measures. As we 
have done during the review period, we will continue full engagement and cooperation with our  
trading partners in the context of this TPR exercise, in appropriate WTO bodies, including in the 
Committee on Trade and Environment, as well as bilaterally.  
2.56.  The EU is taking a pro -active stance on the implementation of the Green Deal. Our outreach 
is aim ed to ensure that measures can be implemented in a manner that avoids unnecessary impacts 
on trade. We will continue to facilitate implementation through guidelines  and cooperative 
instruments. Addressing concerns of our developing and least developed part ners is a priority area 
within the capacity building, and the technical assistance we provide. We are also deploying funding 
streams through Global Gateway to help plug the global investment gap in this area.  
2.57.  Let me be very clear , we will not succeed in t his transition if we do not succeed in the 
coordination of our national measures.  
2.58.  So, I would like to stress, the adoption of EU legislation like CBAM or the deforestation 
instrument will go together with an intensification of our efforts to cooperate wit h our trading 
partners in responding to fundamental global challenges both in the WTO and bilaterally.  
2.59.  Now turning to other Single market developments that has attracted the interest of other 
WTO Members.  
2.60.  Digital transformation  is another key priority for  the EU. During the review period, the EU 
made strides in the implementation of the Digital Single Market strategy.   
2.61.  We are updating our regulatory toolbox to reflect the increased socio -economic importance of 
the digital economy and to ensure safe, fair,  transparent , and contestable  digital markets.  
2.62.  To this end, we have adopted the Digital Services Act, which aims to make the Internet safer 
and protect fundamental rights, and the Digital Markets Act,  with the objective of injecting greater 
competition and innovation into digital markets.  
2.63.  We have also put forward proposals on data, artificial intelligence , and cyber resilience in 
order to strengthen the policy framework and enhance trust in and safety of the digital  market, 
foster innovations and help create a level playing field.  
2.64.  Government support to industrial sectors is increasingly a sign of our times and it is necessary 
to drive the green and digital transitions. Such intervention must however al ways be well -designed 
and non -discriminatory to ensure healthy competition and to minimi ze negative spill -overs on other 
WTO Members.  
2.65.  In the EU, our subsidy policies have been temporarily adapted to the current circumstances, 
for example in order to accel erate the green  transition. But we are doing this while maintaining the 
key features of state aid disciplines: we remain WTO -consistent; we ensure that subsidies are limited 
to the strictly necessary; and minimi ze the impact on trade and competition.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 10 - 
 
  2.66.  As we have stated in our submission on reinforcing the deliberative function, the WTO is the 
place to establish the international consensus on what are the acceptable parameters for countries' 
interventions in support of industrial sectors and their impact on trade. We propose to launch a 
deliberative track at MC13. Ministers would then take decisions on the way forward at MC14.  
2.67.  In order to maintain societal support for open trade, it is indispensable that the benefits of 
trade are distributed in an equitable m anner. To achieve that, we need an active soci al policy and 
trade policy that contributes to this.  
2.68.  Trade policy can play a role in promoting social justice, participation of women in trade and 
facilitate trade for SMEs. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism p rovides a good opportunity for WTO 
Members to exchange experiences on policies that facilitate inclusive trade.  
2.69.  A key for inclusiveness is transparency  and dialogue with stakeholders. Transparency is 
engraved in the fabric of our overall policy making. The  EU's Better Regulation practices ensure 
evidence -based and transparent EU law -making with an open public consultation available also to 
non-EU citizens, businesses and stakeholders, as well as to all WTO Members. We also publish all 
key documents of trade  negotiations. This is all to ensure that those who may be affected by a policy 
of the EU can be heard .  
2.70.  The EU has pursued these objectives in bilateral trade agreements and in the WTO, and we 
want the WTO to go further. We would support multilateral work on the theme of trade and 
inclusiveness, on the one hand to better understand the distributional impacts  of trade, and on the 
other to better cover social and developmental aspects.  
2.71.  To conclude, we very much welcome this Trade Policy Review as an opportunity to engage 
with Members on the whole range of our policy developments that are relevant to our tradin g 
partners. We look forward to showing that the EU remains committed to openness and to rules -based 
trade. We are ready on this basis to continue to work with you towards a more effective WTO that 
can help us all in delivering on the trade challenges that we face.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 11 - 
 
  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  First and foremost, I would like to thank the European  Union for giving me an honour to serve 
as a discussant for this 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
3.2.  I would like to extend my warmest welcome to the delegation of  the European  Union, headed 
by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade  o the  
European  Commission and my good colleague, Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, and his team in 
Geneva.  
3.3.  I would also like to thank Mrs  Sabine  Weyand again for providing comprehensive overviews of 
the trade and economic policies of the European  Union during the period under review. Also thanks 
the WTO Secretariat and the EU delegation for the informative reports which I enjoyed reading very 
much.  
3.4.  Before I get into the substance, I must say that the EU has always held a special place in my 
heart since the days that I served as Director of Office of Commercial Affairs of Thailand in Brussels 
between 2011 -15. I have also known Ambassador  Machado sinc e 2000 when he headed the EU 
services negotiation delegation to the WTO and later as Chief Negotiator for the EU -Thailand FTA 
Negotiations. Ambassador  Machado, put it simply, is one of my role models as trade negotiator.  
3.5.  I will organize my statement today in three broad sections. First of all, I will begin by discussing 
the general observations of the EU economic growth and trade. This will be followed by a discussion 
on the latest development and some notable areas of success of the trade policies of the 
European  Union since her previous review in 2020. I will then touch upon some topics that might 
require further attention regarding the EU's trade and economic policies. My statement will end by 
highlighting other Members' key issues and areas of interest o n the TPR of the EU this year.  
General observation of the EU's economic growth and trade  
3.6.  During the  period as short as three years since 2020, the world has undergone significant 
challenges, including the COVID -19 pandemic, conflict in Ukraine, food and e nergy crises, and high 
inflation.  
3.7.  Despite all those challenges, significant economic clout of the EU on the global stage still 
remains intact. The EU is the world's largest single market, with a population of approximately 
450 million people. The EU is the  world's largest trade bloc in both goods and services, the second 
largest economy after the United  States, accounting for about 15% of the global GDP, and the largest 
exporter after China . 
3.8.  During the period under review, the GDP of the EU declined by 5.7%  in 2020. However, because 
of the effective response to the pandemic and the successful vaccine roll -out campaign, the GDP 
bounced back at 5.4% in 2021, just enough for the economy to recover to levels seen before the 
COVID -19 pandemic.  
3.9.  With respect to tra de, the EU is, without a doubt, a major player in international trade. It is 
the world's largest trader of goods and services with the total trade value of EUR  6.28 trillion or 
16.2% of the global trade value, well ahead of China and the United  States. The  EU is itself the 
largest export market for 80  countries. However, I have noted that the share of the EU in world 
trade has fallen to 14.7% in 2021, the lowest in the last two decades.  
3.10.  Extra -EU goods trade has recovered from the COVID -19 pandemic with EUR  5.6 trillion 
in 2022 compared to EUR  4.1 trillion in 2019. As for the merchandise export market, however, the 
EU highly depends on the United  States (18%) and the United  Kingdom (13%) which account for 
almost one -third (31%) of its total export value. Rega rding merchandise imports, China stands out 
as the EU's top import source with almost one quarter (22%) of the total import value, well ahead 
of the United  States (11%) in 2021. This reflects the EU's strong trade ties with both sides of the 
Pacific.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 12 - 
 
  3.11.  The E U is the world's largest trader of services, accounting for one quarter of the total world. 
However, the EU's trade in services has not quite recovered to the levels seen in the pre -pandemic 
period, attributable to the travel sector which has yet to recove r. 
3.12.  As the share of GDP, total EU's trade in goods and services account for 43% in 2021 and has 
been growing steadily over the last decade, indicating the high degree of trade openness of the EU's 
economy. Having said that, the extra -EU exports as a share o f all exports by EU countries fell to  38% 
in 2022 from 41% in 2020 and its peak at 43% in 2013, implying that the EU economy has become 
more inward looking in the last decade, particularly under the period under review.  
Latest development and notable areas  of success  
3.13.  Over the review period where the world has experienced unprecedented challenges, we have 
increasingly heard several key words linked to trade policy of the EU: sustainable, digital, 
enforcement, resilience, autonomous, and openness. These keywo rds correspond to the areas of 
focus of the EU's New Trade Policy Strategy 2021 which, in my view, is the most significant shift in 
the EU trade policy during the review period. I would like to address them as key aspects of the EU 
current trade policy.  
3.14.  Openness: openness is in fact always at the heart of the EU's trade policy, aiming to maintain 
a free, fair, and rules -based global trading system. But since openness was already addressed by 
the Head of the EU delegation, M rs Sabine  Weyand , I just want to point out one aspect of the EU 
openness – the RTAs negotiations. Currently, the EU has maintained the largest network of trade 
agreements in the world with 44  agreements and more than 70  trade partners. In this sense, to 
borrow Ambassador Machado's words i n his discussion on the 15th TPR of Japan, the EU is another 
"best" friend of Article  XXIV. But while the EU pursues and maintains the ever -growing network of 
regional trade agreements, I wish to point out that the EU remains active and is committed to the  
multilateral trading system based on the WTO system.   
Sustainability  
3.15.  This is one of the highlights of the EU new trade policy, aiming to ensure that trade and 
investment contribute to sustainable development, fairness and inclusiveness, and respect labour 
rights, protect the environment, and combat climate change. The EU ha s been pushing for more 
ambitious environmental and sustainability provisions in its trade agreements, as well as initiatives 
to address deforestation, promote circular economy principles, and reduce carbon emissions. By the 
same token, the shift of the po licy has also been reflected in the EU's active participation in the 
WTO, not least on its communication on the WTO reform , titled: Reinforcing the Deliberative Function 
of the WTO to Respond to Global Trade Policy Challenges proposing three areas for re -invigorating 
the WTO's deliberative function, namely trade policy and state intervention in support of industrial 
sectors, trade and global environmental challenges, and trade and inclusiveness . 
3.16.  Under this new policy direction, an impressive number of regul ations, standards, and 
strategies have been put in place, some are inevitably controversial. Notable examples include those 
under the European Green Deal – CBAM, Fit for 55  package, Biodiversity strategy for 2030, 
Zero Pollution Action Plan, and Circular E conomy Action Plan, and Farm  to Fork strategy, to name 
but a few. While the EU's high regulatory standards are often adopted as benchmarks by other 
countries and regions, potentially influencing global norms and regulations, I believe that 
Membership would  like to hear view from the European  Union how it ensures that any trade -related 
measures by the EU to promote sustainability are implemented in a fair and non -discriminatory 
manner and not a disguised trade restriction and how the EU engages and increase cooperation with 
trading partners to collectively tackle these global challenges. Moreover, how does the EU ensure 
the balance between economic growth and environmental preservation it holds dear.  
3.17.  Assertiveness: during the time of increasing geopolitical tensions, it is no surprise that the EU 
seeks to be more assertive in safeguarding its economic interests and ensuring a levelled playing 
field. This includes measures to address unfair trade practices, such as subsidies, forced technology 
transfers, and m arket access barriers. The EU has also been working on enhancing its tools for 
enforcing trade rules and addressing challenges related to intellectual property rights, state -owned 
enterprises, and public procurement. An interesting question I believe Membe rship would like to ask 
the EU delegation today is how the EU ensures the balance between addressing its "own" concerns 
on the one hand and understanding and accommodating the others' concerns on the other.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 13 - 
 
  3.18.  Based on the new trade policy of the EU, it is no  surprise that the EU has made continuous 
contributions to improving the multilateral trading system and pushing forward the WTO Reform in 
all three functions – dispute settlement, negotiation, and deliberation and monitoring which I believe 
has been well -received by the membership.  
3.19.  Trade and development – it would be a remiss of me not to mention the enormous contribution 
of the EU to promote development. The EU has always been a generous preference -granting Member 
to LDCs. Sixty-six percent of all goods imported from LDCs or about E UR 22 billion use Everything 
But Arms (EBA) preferences. According to Global Trade Alert, LDCs are also relatively less exposed 
to the EU's restrictive trade measures and more exposed to the EU trade reforms. The EU and its 
member States are also the large st Aid for Trade donors where 13% of which goes to the LDCs.  
Challenges and areas for improvements  
Trade and Environment  
3.20.  The first area I would like to discuss regarding the challenges surrounding the EU's trade 
policy is its trade -related environmental policy. Chief among them is the European Green Deal, which 
is an integral part for the implementation of the UN  2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development and 
is a cornerstone of the EU's agenda for sustainable growth. In the WTO, Members have re cognized 
and appraised the EU strong commitment and its ambition to address climate challenge and 
environmental sustainability to reach climate -neutral target with net -zero greenhouse gas emissions 
by 2050.  
3.21.  During the review period, the EU environmental po licies and trade -related measures including 
the Fit -for-55 package are guided by the overall objectives of the European Green Deal. Against this 
backdrop, many Members have posed questions and expressed interest particularly in the 
implementation of a carb on border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), deforestation regulation, and 
due diligence regarding on how the EU visions the principle of "Common but Differentiated and 
Responsibilities (CBDR)" to be incorporated within its policy as well as a mechanism to suppo rt 
countries to adjust to EU environmental measures.  
3.22.  While it is true that trade and environmental policies have become inextricably intertwined, 
I believe that trade policy should demonstrate complementary characteristics to environmental 
objectives and t rade-related measures should conform to multilateral trade rules, mutually support 
the green transition, and do not serve as a tool to restrict trade or create trade disruption in global 
supply chains.  
Agriculture  
3.23.  Agriculture is another outstanding issue t hat the EU could have done more in its new trade 
policy direction.  During the review period, the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has undergone 
the reform process towards further market orientation, reducing the trade -distorting supports, and 
greater environmental sustainability. The new CAP was finally adopted in 2021 and the new 
legislation has just been fully applied as from 1  January  2023. Therefore, there were no substantial 
changes during the review period (2021 -2022) where the transitional legis lation was put in place 
and it remains to be seen how far the new CAP and the implementation thereof, ensues. It is worth 
mentioning that the EU has removed all export subsidy provisions from its regulations. This means 
that the EU no longer has any legal basis for granting any export subsidies in the agricultural sector, 
although the process of certifying the EU's revised schedule, regarding the elimination of annual 
export subsidies commitment levels, remains pending.  
3.24.  In terms of the market access, the EU 's agricultural sector continues to stand out due to its 
high tariffs and tariff peaks, with the overall tariff averages (14.9%), more than three times higher 
than industrial ones (4.3%). Numerous tariff quotas and complex tariffs (i.e. specific, compound,  
mixed, agricultural components) also remain prominent in the agricultural sector with the EU's 
continued use of agricultural special safeguards for certain products, such as poultry and egg 
products, during the review period.  
Digital trade  
3.25.  Besides the green transformation, digital transformation is also at the core of the EU's trade 
policy. To that end, the European  Union adopted a Digital Strategy to maximize the benefits of WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 14 - 
 
  technological progress. The EU's Digital Strategy comprises severa l acts but the most relevant ones 
to trade are the Digital Services Act and Digital Market Act. While these two acts aim to tackle some 
of the major issues facing the EU's digital market at the moment to create safer digital space and 
ensure level playing field, it goes without saying that the implementation of these two laws will be 
challenging and contentious, with implications for international trade relations and the EU's internal 
market alike.  
Questions and areas of interest of members  
3.26.  As I mentioned e arlier, the EU is the largest trade bloc and one of the largest economies in 
the world and plays a critical role in the world trading system, it comes as no surprise that its TPR 
has received considerable attention by Members, 42 of whom have submitted mor e than 1,600 
advance written questions for this review. The questions unsurprisingly cover wide variety of issues, 
some of which are new and the others remains from the last TPR. I, therefore, will just briefly 
summarize the main topics that Members are in terested about the EU trade policy.  
3.27.  I believe that there are four key areas which Members have shown interest to and seek 
clarifications from the EU.  
3.28.  First and foremost, it is the EU's trade policy relating to sustainability that is of the greatest 
intere st to Members. The questions centre around the policies on climate change and 
decarbonization, fairness, gender equality, and inclusiveness as well as the Farm to Fork strategy.  
3.29.  Secondly, the topics of enforcement and responding to trade distortive practi ces and how to 
EU goes about in defending its interest and values also received much attention from wide 
Membership.  
3.30.  The third area of issues is measures affecting production and trade, particularly, standards 
and technical requirements, sanitary and phyto sanitary measures, intellectual property rights, and 
competition policy.  
3.31.  Last but not least, Members are also interested in other trade matters that the EU pursues 
including the EU's policies on bilateral trade agreements, the WTO Reform as well as agricu lture, 
fisheries and service sectors.  
Concluding Remarks  
3.32.  To conclude, one thing was very clear to me while reading the TPR reports, that during the 
period under review, the EU has demonstrated its outstanding leadership in setting the course of its 
trade and economic policy in a forward -looking and strategic manner. And the policy direction the 
EU has taken will have a significant influence both within its borders and globally due to its economic 
size and position. However, as the EU advances its new trade  policy to address contemporary trade 
challenges such as digital trade and sustainability issues, I hope that it will seek a good balance 
between economic growth, sustainable objectives, and increasing multilateral cooperation. However, 
as the EU has alway s been a staunch supporter of a rules -based multilateral trading system and 
main proponent to reform the WTO, I am strongly confident that the EU will lead by example to 
ensure that the EU's objectives are met in the spirit of multilateralism and cooperati on. With that, 
I conclude my statement and I wish the EU all the success in its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 15 - 
 
  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
GUATEMALA  
4.1.  En nombre de mi país, quisiera dar la más cordial bienvenida a la delegación que encabeza la 
Señora Sabine  Weyand, Directora  General para Comercio de la Comisión  Europea y a 
S.E. Embajador João Aguiar  Machado.  
4.2.  Queremos destacar el buen trabajo realizado por la Secretaría de la OMC , lo que se ve reflejado 
en el informe de las políticas comerciales de la Unión  Europea que ha presentado. La valiosa 
información que nos presenta en el informe nos permite conocer al detalle aspectos relevantes de 
la situación general del marco económico y  comercial de un socio tan importante para nosotros como 
es la Unión  Europea.  
4.3.  Agradecemos también a la Embajadora de Tailandia , Sra. Pimchanok  Pitfield , por su 
presentación la cual nos ha parecido sumamente objetiva y directa.  
4.4.  Habiendo dicho lo anterior, es importante manifestar la enorme importancia que reviste para 
nosotros las relaciones bilaterales con un bloque económico y comercial tan importante co mo lo es 
la Unión  Europea.  Ello se hizo más evidente con la firma del Acuerdo de Asociación entre la 
Unión  Europea y Centroamérica, ya que como resultado de ello hemos obtenido un amplio programa 
de cooperación en diversas áreas de desarrollo, así como un régimen comercial favorable.  
4.5.  En 2022, las importaciones guatemaltecas desde la Unión  Europea alcanzaron 
USD 2.178,8 millones , mientras que las exportaciones de Guatemala hacia los países europeos 
representaron USD 1.531,4 millones. Dentro de los principal es productos que Guatemala exporta a 
la Unión  Europea encontramos: el aceite de palma en bruto, café oro, ferroníquel, bananas frescas. 
Asimismo, importamos de la Unión  Europea productos tales como ricinas, urea, medicinas de uso 
humano, malta sin tostar.  
4.6.   Sin embargo, Guatemala ha venido manifestado de manera recurrente , desde el año 2017 , 
preocupación por el cambio de los límites máximos de residuos de plaguicidas LMR, sin un análisis 
de riesgo definido previamente lo cual afecta grandemente a nuestro se ctor productivo y exportador . 
4.7.  Agradecemos a la Unión  Europea, la voluntad de aceptar el espacio de diálogo técnico realizado 
el pasado 17  de marzo, el cual se realizó con un intercambio franco y constructivo de información y 
preguntas, necesario para el proceso mismo. Lamentamos que la Unión  Europea no haya podido 
brindarnos soluciones a las preocupaciones planteadas, sin embargo, estamos abier tos a continuar 
en este dialogo a fin de poder encontrar soluciones técnicas e igualitarias para los productores de 
ambas regiones.  
4.8.  Guatemala ha formulado una serie de preguntas relacionadas con el examen de  las política s 
comercial es de la Unión  Europea, l as cuales han sido trasladadas oportunamente y de antemano 
agradecemos sus respuestas a las mismas.  
4.9.  En términos generales, reconocemos los esfuerzos de la Unión  Europea en importantes áreas 
y esperamos que estos esfuerzos vayan progresivamente alcanzando los objetivos que se han 
planteado.  
4.10.  Para finalizar, deseamos a  la Unión  Europea y a la delegación que hoy nos visita una 
conclusión exitosa de este examen de  sus políticas comerciales.  
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.11.  May I warmly welcome the EU 's delegation, led by Directo r-General for Trade , 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, to their 15th Trade Policy Review and thank our discussant, 
Ambassador  Pimchanok Pitfield, and you, Chair, for your insightful comments.  
4.12.  Let me acknowledge the uniqueness of this moment. It w ill not  escape the notice of my 
ever-observant colleagues that for the first time, the UK is participating in this Trade Policy Review 
not as a member State of the EU, but as an independent WTO Member. And although we may no WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 16 - 
 
  longer sit next to each other in this chamber, we remain close allies not just at the WTO, but indeed 
on the wider global stage, fostering a relationship built on shared values, and cooperation across 
our shared interests.  
4.13.  Despite the change in our relationship, and some of the challenges we h ave worked on 
together in that process, we are fully committed to maintaining a strong partnership that benefits 
both our citizens and the global community.  
4.14.  The trade relationship between the EU and UK is one of the world 's great economic 
partnerships. Tot al trade between the UK and the EU was worth more than GBP 730 billion last year. 
Member States of the EU are still the largest overseas investors in the British economy, and Britain 
is one of the biggest investors in member States of the EU, with thousand s of British and continental 
European companies and millions of jobs relying on ties between our markets.  
4.15.  Challenges to trade exist of course, but together we can – and must – overcome them. And 
we are making progress. Our Trade and Cooperation Agreement i s the E U's biggest and broadest 
FTA to date, and a cornerstone of our bilateral relationship. And the recently agreed Windsor 
Framework marks a turning point in how the UK and the EU will work together collaboratively to 
fully exploit the potential of this  agreement and maximi ze the relationship between us.  
4.16.  This close partnership is what allows us to tackle shared priorities including trade, energy, 
security, migration, and climate. And it has of course underpinned our consistent collaboration 
against Presi dent Putin 's brutal invasion of Ukraine. Together, we sanctioned the Russian economy 
by delivering bans on goods and services trade to restrict the funding of the Russian war machine. 
We welcome our close co -ordination of sanctions packages with the EU, in cluding through the new 
Enforcement Coordination Mechanism.  
4.17.  The EU 's leadership and influence within the WTO are instrumental to shaping the future of 
global trade. We are committed to working with our EU allies and partners to address the challenges 
we fa ce and harness fresh opportunities for growth.  
4.18.  And we have already seen the fruits of our close collaboration. We worked together throughout 
the pandemic, whether that be in promoting the widely supported Trade and Health Initiative, the 
Declaration on Foo d Insecurity at MC12, and in the WTO Committee on Market Access, which has 
created a rich resource for future policy makers addressing crises in the future. We appreciate the 
EU's promotion of open trade principles in negotiations on Fish eries and E-Commer ce and welcome 
the EU 's recent proposal for WTO dialogues on State Intervention. We must carry this spirit of 
collaboration into all our shared challenges, such as strengthening trade resilience through 
diversifying supply chains, which the Director -Genera l and the G7 have also called for.  
4.19.  However, as we set our sights on the future, we must not lose sight of the pressing need to 
reform the WTO. We all know that this institution has faced significant challenges in recent years. 
Its ability to address emergi ng trade issues and disputes has been called into question. To safeguard 
the benefits of free trade and ensure that it remains an enabler of global growth and prosperity, we 
must reinvigorate the WTO and adapt it to the realities of the 21st century.  
4.20.  In this endeavour, we look to the EU as a key partner. EU leadership and influence within the 
WTO are instrumental in shaping the future of global trade. We encourage the EU to continue its 
efforts to promote transparency, inclusivity, and effectiveness within the Organi zation, and its deep 
and valuable engagement on Dispute Settlement Reform.  
4.21.  On this World Environment Day, we welcome the EU 's ambition on climate and the emphasis 
placed on open trade through its Green  Deal Industrial Plan. However, the global ch allenges we face 
cannot be resolved through unilateral action alone, and we must ensure that the green transition 
does not come through acting at each other 's expense or at the expense of our rules -based 
international system. The UK and EU have mutual trad e obligations under the TCA and WTO. We 
must work together to avoid a subsidy race that could distort trade or negatively impact emerging 
sectors.  
4.22.  The UK shares the EU 's concerns about carbon leakage risks, which could undermine our joint 
efforts to reduce  global emissions. The UK has strongly advocated and supported international WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 17 - 
 
  solutions to carbon leakage risk. We have an ambitious Emissions Trading Scheme and Carbon Price 
Support mechanism which we expect the EU to take into account when implementing it s own Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism.  
4.23.  The UK shares the EU 's ambition of identifying effective approaches to shortage management 
in future crises, however we have questions over the trade impacts of the EU 's Single Market 
Emergency Instrument. The fram ework seems to be an overly inward -looking response to managing 
supply chains in a crisis, which risks trade with third countries at a time of potential global shortage. 
We submitted written questions about the SMEI, and we encourage the EU to pursue close r 
coordination with third countries as part of planning for future crises.  
4.24.  The UK recogni zes that the complexity and variety of semiconductors makes it impossible for 
any country to address the challenges of semiconductor supply chain resilience alone. We also 
submitted written questions to understand the trade implications of the EU 's approach. We want to 
work with the EU and other partners to pursue a coordinated, multilateral approach to this issue. 
Our vision is that a coordinated approach wil l work in tandem with industry to increase the resilience 
in key sectors.  
4.25.  We also encourage the EU to ensure its digital sovereignty agenda maintains fair market 
access for British businesses, in keeping with the UK 's high data protection standards and uph olding 
our shared interests in digital trade and competitiveness.  
4.26.  As we navigate the uncharted waters of the green transition and the digital revolution, it is 
imperative that we reinforce our commitment to one another. We must collaborate to leverage our 
collective strengths, and work tirelessly to reform the WTO. Together, we can protect and promote 
free and open trade, ensuring a prosperous future for all. In that critical endeavour, we look to the 
EU as a formidable and crucial ally.  
CANADA  
4.27.  I would like  to extend a warm welcome to the EU delegation and to my colleague 
H.E. Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado. I would also like to thank H.E. Ambassador  
Pimachok  Pitfield (Thailand) and the Secretariat for their preparations for today.   
4.28.  Canada appreciates the EU 's continued commitment to rules -based multilateral trade in 
context of the WTO, as one of the most active voices for reform and advancement of fresh ideas. 
We are deeply glad to have the EU 's participation in the Ottawa  Group, and to have partnered with 
the EU on several initiatives, including the Trade and Health Declaration and the MPIA. We look 
forward to working with the EU to advance discussions at the WTO on industrial policy, climate, and 
inclusiveness.  
4.29.  Last year marked the fifth anniversary of the Canada -EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade 
Agreement (CETA). While the increase of our bilateral trade resulting from this agreement, and its 
resilience to the effects of COVID -19, have been impressive, CETA represents more than just a trade 
agreement: it is a platform for partnership on a wide range of economic and strategic issues, 
including sustainable and inclusive trade, and the foremost example of our joint commitment to a 
rules-based trading system. Canada welcomes further progres s towards the implementation and 
ratification of CETA by all EU member States.  
4.30.  Turning to the review itself, we wish to seize this opportunity to raise questions about 
developments during the review period with respect to the EU 's sanitary and phytosanitar y 
regulatory requirements. While we recognize the EU 's right to adopt measures to achieve legitimate 
health and food safety objectives, such measures must be implemented in a way that does not 
unjustifiably restrict international trade.  
4.31.  Canada is concerne d that the EU has begun to integrate consideration that are unrelated to 
the health and safety of the people who use or are exposed to a product in their Maximum Residue 
Limit and import tolerance setting processes. This has far -reaching implications that have not been 
fully addressed, is potentially in conflict with well -established international trade rules, and is likely 
not the most effective approach to addressing important global environmental objectives.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 18 - 
 
  4.32.  The implementation of the EU Circular Economy  Action Plan is also of keen interest for Canada, 
as we prepare to host the World Circular Economy Forum in Toronto from 29 September to 1 October  
this year. Canada is also following closely the implementation of the EU 's Regulation on 
deforestation -free p roducts to ensure that the rules will be applied equally and fairly to both EU and 
foreign producers.  
4.33.  Lastly, although the newly -approved European Green Deal falls outside the scope of this Trade 
Policy Review, Canada welcomes this opportunity for the EU to elaborate on how the strategy will 
be considered in its trade policies, and the process by which it will set priorities and assess potential 
trade-offs.  
4.34.  In closing, Canada appreciates the EU 's partnership as a strong supporter of the rules -based 
multil ateral trading system with the WTO at its core. We wish the delegation of the EU the utmost 
success during this review process.  
PHILIPPINES  
4.35.  The Philippines warmly welcomes and congratulates the delegation of the European  Union led 
by H.E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission as well as 
H.E. Mr João Aguiar Machado of the Permanent Mission of the European  Union on their 15th Trade 
Policy Review. We also thank H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her pers pective as 
discussant, and the WTO Secretariat for its comprehensive Report. I had the honour to Chair the 
last Trade Policy Review of the European  Union in February  2020 as the Chairperson of the TPRB.  
4.36.  We also associate with the ASEAN statement to be del ivered by Indonesia noting the 
significant role that the EU plays in the region as its third largest trading partner and second -largest 
source of FDI in 2021. A proof of this increasing relationship is the recently signed Comprehensive 
Air Transport Agreem ent or ASEAN -EU CATA which is the world 's first bloc -to-bloc air transport 
agreement. The agreement is expected to provide greater opportunities for airlines of ASEAN and 
the EU to operate passenger and cargo services between and beyond both regions. The P hilippines 
is also pleased to be the ASEAN Country Coordinator of the EU from 2021 until 2024.  
4.37.  Bilaterally, the EU is one of the most important economic partners of the Philippines. It is one 
of the largest foreign investors of the country and the fourth largest trading partner with total 
bilateral trade valued at USD  16.5 billion in 2022. Among the top Philippine exports to the EU in  2022 
are digital monolithic integrated circuits, crude coconut oil, semiconductor devices and storage units. 
While the main exports of the EU to the Philippines are dominated by machinery, aircraft, 
pharmaceutical products, and frozen meat.  
4.38.  The Philippines is a beneficiary of the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences plus (GSP+) 
which covers duty -free entry for over 6,000 tariff  lines and translates to enhanced access of 
Philippine exports to the EU market. The Philippines has been laying the groundwork and is intent 
on reapplying to the new GSP+ program me in 2024 as the current preferential scheme is set to 
expire in December th is year. Further, the Philippines is keen to resume negotiations and forge a 
bilateral FTA to further deepen our relations with the EU. It promises to achieve our mutually 
beneficial economic goals, while maintaining consistency with the EU 's core ideals o f sustainable 
development and environment protection, as well as with EU 's Indo -Pacific Strategy. The FTA is also 
solidly founded on the Philippines -EU Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) that entered 
into force in March  2018 which if we recall cor rectly involved Ambassador Machado. The Philippines 
is also a beneficiary of the ARISE Plus project, funded by the EU through the ITC, which aims to 
foster inclusive economic growth in the country through improved international trade performance 
and compet itiveness as well as economic integration.  
4.39.  Turning to the TPR reports, as noted in both reports by the Secretariat and the EU, the EU 
economy had a strong recovery in 2021 from the outbreak of the COVID -19 pandemic and remained 
resilient despite the war in  Ukraine. The period under review, as noted in the Secretariat 's Report, 
is characterized by a major change in development and political goals and priorities, which among 
others include the adoption of the European Green Deal and a Europe fit for the digit al age. We also 
note that the EU adopted a new trade strategy entitled "An Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade 
Policy " in February  2021. This is seen to integrate EU trade policy within its economic priorities in 
facing challenges such as economic recov ery, climate change and environmental degradation, WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 19 - 
 
  geopolitical developments, and its consequences for multilateral institutions. We also note that new 
measures such as the Digital Services Act (DSA), Digital Markets Act (DMA), and Carbon Border 
Adjustment  Mechanism (CBAM) regulation have already been adopted, while other measures are 
still a work in progress such as on green taxation and green government procurement. We note the 
strong level of ambition on these critical areas and would stress the importan ce of EU ensuring 
equitable support for just economic transition in developing countries.  
4.40.  Likewise, the EU is a firm supporter of the multilateral trading system and an active Member 
of the WTO, demonstrated by its dynamic participation through joint propo sals/initiatives involving 
WTO's core functions and plurilateral discussions, as one of the main donors for capacity -building 
and technical assistance activities, and has led the establishment of the Multi -Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement with other WTO Members. We also note that the ratification process for the 
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies is progressing quickly following the EU Council adoption two weeks 
ago.  
4.41.  We note the significant developments in the economic policies of the EU, and we appreciate 
the opportunity to learn more about these policies through this Trade Policy Review. Our delegation 
has submitted advance written questions and we thank the delegation of the EU for its timely 
responses.  
4.42.  In closing, the Philippines looks forwar d to further enhancing the mutually beneficial economic 
relations with the EU in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
THAILAND  
4.43.  Thailand would like to associate itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by Indonesia.  
4.44.  Thailand is pleased to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Review of the European  Union and 
we would like to join others in welcoming the European  Union delegation led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand from Directorate -General for Trade of the European  Commission . We also thank the 
European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for preparing such comprehensive reports.  
4.45.  Thailand and the European  Union  have enjoyed robust trade and economic relations 
for 45 years  when  the Office of the Delegation of the European Economic Commun ity was first 
established in Bangkok in 1978 which was the first such office in South -East Asia.  
4.46.  The European  Union has always been one of Thailand 's major trading partners. Mo re recently 
during the past five years, bilateral trade between Thailand and the  European  Union averaged 
USD 38 billion. In 2022, Thailand 's trade with the European  Union amounted to USD  41 billion, 
increasing by 11.5% on average annually from 2020. The European  Union was Thailand 's 4th largest 
trading partner and Thailand is the European  Union 's 29th trading partner in the world. The 
European  Union has been Thailand 's 4th largest export destination and is our 3rd largest source of 
imports.  
4.47.  Additionally, Thailand and the European  Union have enjoyed continuous cooperation and 
dialog ues through  the Thai -European  Union  Senior Officials ' Meeting and Thailand -EU Working Group 
on Trade and Investment (or WGTI), both of which have been held for 16  times. In the most recent 
WGTI meeting, the two sides exchanged information and initiatives o n various policy -related issues 
and reaffirmed the importance of working together to strengthen the bilateral trade and investment 
relationship.  
4.48.  Most recently, in December  2022, Thailand and the European  Union have concluded and 
signed the "Framework Agree ment on Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation between the 
European Union and its Member States, on one part, and the Kingdom of Thailand, of the other Part " 
or "Partnership and Co -operation Agreement or PCA in short ". The PCA is a reaffirmation of thes e 
growing links and marks a big step forward in Thailand -EU relations. The Agreement will give more 
scope for sectoral cooperation in a broad number of areas such as tourism, employment, education, 
transport, environment, and trade and industry such as aut omotive and parts, organic agri -business, 
and jewellery.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 20 - 
 
  4.49.  Thailand acknowledges and welcomes the European  Union 's long -standing efforts to uphold 
the open, inclusive, and rule s-based multilateral trading system.  
4.50.  The European  Union has played an active and indispensable role in all spheres of WTO 
discussions and negotiations in  both multilateral and plurilateral fronts, notably in the areas of trade 
and environment, agriculture, joint statements initiatives, trade and gender, and trade and 
development where the European  Union is one of the major donors for capacity building and 
technical assistance and, last but not least, its positive engagement and crucial contribution leading 
up to the success of the 12th Ministerial Conference.  
4.51.  Thailand applauds the contribution of the European  Union in the reform of the WTO in all 
functions,  including dispute settlement, negotiations and deliberation. In particular, we recognize 
the European  Union 's proposal on Reinforcing the Deliberative Function of the WTO to Resp ond to 
Global Trade Policy Challenges and appreciate the three areas in the proposal for further deliberation, 
namely trade policy and state intervention in support of industrial sectors, trade and global 
environmental challenges, and trade and inclusivene ss. We are ready to work with the 
European  Union and other Members to advance our mutual interest on this matter.  
4.52.  Thailand closely follows the European  Union 's new trade policy which  seeks to promote more 
openness, sustainability, and to defend the Europea n Union 's interests and core values. In this 
regard, we strongly hope and are ready to work with the European  Union to ensure that its new 
trade policies will remain non -discriminatory, cooperative, and supportive of the development  of 
LDCs and developing countries.  
4.53.  Thailand takes note of the environmental policies and trade -related measures of the 
European  Union, including  the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the Fit -for-55 package, 
legislated as part of the European Green Deal. Although we value th e European  Union 's constructive 
engagement in trade and environment in multiple WTO bodies  and fully share the firm commitment 
of the European  Union to addressing the pressing global issue of climate change, we are also 
concerned and believe that it is imp ortant to ensure that well -established international rules and 
principles, including the WTO's principle of Most-Favoured Nation and National Treatment obligations 
and the principles of "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilitie s", firmly 
enshrined in the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC, are respected.  
4.54.  On agriculture, Thailand recognizes the European  Union 's effort to reform its Common 
Agricultural Policy and welcomes its application in January this year. We hope that, with this n ew 
CAP, the European  Union can achieve greater market orientation and significant reduction of 
distortions to international trade. We also note that agricultural sector of the European  Union 
remains highly protected with high and complex tariffs. We, there fore, encourage the 
European  Union to further improve the market access of its agricultural sector.  
4.55.  In this review, Thailand submitted questions to the European  Union regarding various aspects 
of its trade and economic policies. We thank the European  Union for responding to our questions.  
4.56.  In closing, Thailand appreciates the opportunity to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Review 
of the European  Union today. We would also like to commend the able leadership of Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machad o and his team in Geneva. We are thankful of the corporation between our two 
missions and wish the European  Union every success in its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.57.  Australia is pleased to participate in this 15th Trade Policy Review of the European  Union and 
thanks the EU and the Secretariat for their comprehensive reports.  
4.58.  Australia and the EU have a significant relationship built on shared values, a commitment to 
the rules -based order, human rights and multilateralism, as well as significant econom ic, trade and 
investment ties.  
4.59.  Australia has welcomed EU leadership in holding the Russia n Federation  to account for its 
illegal invasion of Ukraine. The Russia n Federation 's continued unilateral, illegal , and immoral 
aggression against the people of Ukra ine remains a gross violation of international law.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 21 - 
 
  4.60.  We share a strong interest in an effective rules -based global trading system, with the WTO at 
its core. Australia greatly values EU leadership within the WTO and the EU 's commitment to continue 
working wi th others to achieve broad -based, tangible outcomes. We believe we share the EU 's view 
that global trade rules can and must help WTO Members address current and emerging challenges, 
such as the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the developm ent of sustainable, 
market -based approaches to promoting economic growth and resilience.  
4.61.  A major WTO reform priority shared by Australia and the EU is to achieve a fully functioning 
Dispute Settlement System by 2024, in line with the mandate from the WTO 's 12th Ministerial 
Conference (MC12). We are pleased to work closely with the EU in the informal dispute settlement 
reform process and appreciate our close collaboration on the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration 
Arrangement (MPIA).  
4.62.  We value the EU 's leadership on the broader WTO reform agenda, including its efforts to 
reinvigorate the deliberative function. We have welcomed early EU engagement with Australia 's 
proposal to reform WTO Ministerial Conferences and look forward to further discussions to progress 
the EU 's important contribution on revitali zing the WTO 's deliberative function.  
4.63.  Australia has welcomed significant EU contributions to new rulemaking efforts, including the 
Joint Statements on Services Domestic Regulation and E-Commerce. Such open, transparent 
plurilaterals can help ensure that the WTO remains responsive to modern trade realities.  
4.64.  The EU is in a position to show more leadership on agriculture, given its reforms to its own 
subsidy regime. We would welcome the EU 's leadership in advancing reforms to domestic support, 
in order to promote food security and help address the negative environmental impact of such 
subsidies. The Cairns Group is committed to working with all Members to reform trade -distorting 
domestic suppo rt in particular.  
4.65.  Australia and the EU share the view that trade has an important role in contributing to 
environmental outcomes. We are both committed to advancing trade and environment discussions, 
both through WTO for a and the newly established Coalitio n of Trade Ministers on Climate. Australia 
recogni zes the importance of tackling carbon leakage globally and acknowledges EU efforts to discuss 
with Members its recently approved Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). We look forward 
to continued coope ration with the EU to ensure that domestic environmental sustainability measures 
are science - and evidence -based and the least trade restrictive possible.  
4.66.  We welcome improvements to the EU 's internal market outlined in the new Single Market 
Strategy to th e extent that these deliver positive impacts for the global trading system.  We 
encourage the EU to continue deepening the Single Market in ways that do not establish greater 
barriers for third countries seeking access to the EU but instead reduce them.  
4.67.  The EU is one of Australia 's largest trading partners and a significant source of investment.  
The Australian Government is committed to concluding a comprehensive and ambitious Australia -EU 
free trade agreement to strengthen these links further. We welcome pr ogress so far and look forward 
to finali zing a deal that delivers for both parties.  
4.68.  As we have seen in the three years since the EU 's last TPR, developments such as pandemics, 
conflict, natural disasters , and global economic downturns can put stress on the  rules-based order.  
As Australia and the EU have committed, it is critical that we continue to invest in the health and 
relevance of multilateral institutions such as the WTO.  
4.69.  Australia wishes the European  Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 22 - 
 
  JAPAN  
4.70.  First of all, Japan warmly welcomes the delegation of the European  Union, headed by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade, European  Commission. We also thank the WTO 
Secretariat in preparing the comprehensive reports for today 's review and the discussant, 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for her insightful comments.  Japan would also like to express our 
special appreciation to Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado and his delegation for ongoing contribution 
to this Organization and would like to say again Arigato  for Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado for 
serving as the discussant for Japan 's most recent TPR in March this year.  
4.71.  As one of the world 's largest economies, the EU is a vital global partner for Japan and we 
highly value our many years of close dialogue and cooperation at the multilateral and bilateral levels. 
This alliance becomes all the more important under the current severe geopolitical circumstances, 
especially unlawful Russian aggression to Ukraine.  
4.72.  In the broader context, Japan appreciates that the EU has contributed to upholding and 
strengthening the multilateral trading system through its active engagements in the WTO. 
In particular, Japan commends the EU 's leadership in MC12 negotiations such as the WTO response 
to the COVID -19 pandemic. For WTO Dispute Settlement Reform, noting the EU 's commendable 
engagement in this area, we look forward to working together in advancing the current informal 
session for the text -based discussion after the summer break. W e are also pleased to acknowledge 
the EU 's efforts to promote transparency —as pointed out in the Secretariat 's Report, these efforts 
have been exemplified by the EU 's submission of a large number of notifications. Moreover, the EU 
has also been actively co ntributing to the regular activities of the WTO by proposing useful and 
concrete ideas in many areas.  
4.73.  Noting the significance of the TPR of the EU, in addition to the written questions, I would like 
to take this opportunity to highlight a few points.  
4.74.  First, on WTO reform, I would like to touch upon the EU 's efforts for WTO reform. As stated 
in Paragraph  3 of the MC12 outcome document, Japan would like to cooperate with the EU in the 
run up to the next Ministerial Conference. In this regard, we believe that  the three areas proposed 
by the EU in the recent discussions, particularly state intervention in support of industrial sectors, 
accurately capture the challenges posed by the current global economic situation; it is therefore 
meaningful to advance these d iscussions ahead of the MC13 and toward the 14th. 
4.75.  On trade and environment, as for the efforts made by the EU in response to current global 
challenges such as the environment and digital issues, we recognize the EU 's active contribution as 
a co-sponsor to the TESSD and other initiatives. In addition to this, the EU led the establishment of 
the Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate as a co -lead. In order to address climate change, Japan 
will work together with the EU to promote climate -focused trade polici es. As for other trade and 
environment related efforts, the EU has been voluntarily explaining its measures such as the 
Green  Deal in the CTE. From the perspective of transparency, we commend its efforts to respond to 
questions from other WTO Members.  
4.76.  We greatly welcome the launch of the Japan -EU Digital Partnership at the Japan -EU Summit 
in May  2022. The Partnership is a framework to take our relations in the digital field to a higher 
level, and we hope to make steady progress.  
4.77.  In the area of personal dat a protection, Japan welcomes the recent joint review of the mutual 
adequacy arrangement, which has reaffirmed the high standard of personal data and privacy 
protection systems between both Japan and the EU. As demonstrated by the successful conclusion 
of this first review, we look forward to continuing to deepen our bilateral cooperation on the 
protection of personal information.  
4.78.  Turning to the Cyber Resilience Act, we would like to seek clarification on the scope of "critical 
products containing digital elements" for which third -party conformity assessment is required, as 
well as the relationship with relevant regulations being developed in the EU. We also believe that 
considering the utilization of existing international standards and mutual comp atibility with similar 
systems will be beneficial and Japan hopes this exercise will be ensured through the exchange of 
information with other countries including Japan.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 23 - 
 
  4.79.  In addition, since the NIS2 covers a wide range of industries, we hope that more speci fic 
guidance will be provided on the requirements to be complied with by the target industries before 
the regulation comes into effect in October  2024.  
4.80.  Finally, we would like to address another important area: intellectual property. Until recently, 
each EU  member State had administered different patent systems. Nevertheless, we welcome the 
launch of the Single European Patent System and the Unified Patent Court System on 1  June of this 
year. In this respect, we appreciate the EU's efforts to ensure the appr opriate operation of the unified 
patent system and to reduce the burden on its users. We also hope that sufficient information will 
be provided to them on how to use the system.  
4.81.  To conclude, Japan and the EU share our strong commitment on maintaining free and open 
trade, securing a level playing field, and addressing non -market and unfair trade practices. As 
reaffirmed at the most recent G7 Summit in Hiroshima, Japan will continue to work together with 
the EU and its member States to facilitate trade and pr omote economic resilience, based on the 
rules-based multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core.  
4.82.  We would like to thank the EU for providing answers to our written questions and wish the EU 
a successful and productive 15th Trade Policy Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.83.  The Singapore delegation warmly welcomes Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission , Sabine  Weyand, and the EU delegation to Geneva. We would like to express 
our appreciation to the EU for the comprehensive Government Report an d statement. We also thank 
the Chair, Ambassador Saqer  Abdullah  Almoqbel and the discussant, Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield, for their insightful statements and the Secretariat for its detailed Report. Allow 
me to make three points.  
4.84.  First, Singapore and th e EU share a steadfast and longstanding relationship that is 
underpinned by robust, multi -faceted and forward -looking cooperation in a wide range of areas. 
The EU is Singapore 's fifth largest trading partner for goods, and second  largest trading partner fo r 
services. In 2022, our total goods trade was US D 113.5  billion, which represents a 11.3% increase 
from 2021. In turn, Singapore is the EU 's largest trading partner in ASEAN and Singapore is proud 
to be the first ASEAN member State to sign an FTA with the  EU which entered into force in 2019. 
The comprehensive EU -Singapore FTA (or EUSFTA) has delivered significant tangible benefits to our 
consumers and businesses. Since its entry into force, annual merchandise trade between the EU and 
Singapore has grown by  22% and services trade has grown by 12.1% from 2019 to 2021. It is also 
worth highlighting that the EU -Singapore FTA is the first one for Singapore that includes a dedicated 
Chapter on Trade and Sustainable Development, which reflects the progressive and forward -looking 
character of Singapore -EU relations.  
4.85.  In this context, Singapore and the EU are equally invested in future -proofing our economies, 
particularly in the face of rapid digital transformation. Hence, my Minister -in-charge of Trade 
Relations , S. Iswaran , and European Commissioner for Internal Market , Thierry Breton , signed the 
EU-Singapore Digital Partnership in February this year. This Partnership underscored our mutual 
commitment to promote an open, fair, and competitive digital ecosystem. Beyo nd cooperation in 
areas such as digital trade facilitation and trusted data flows, this Partnership includes cooperation 
in emerging areas such as artificial intelligence and digital identities. Singapore looks forward to 
further deepening and expanding ou r cooperation with the EU, especially in new and emerging areas.  
4.86.  Second, as one of the top three economies in the world accounting for 16.2% of total world 
trade, the EU 's trade policies have far -reaching impact on its trading partners and the global 
economy. For example, the EU 's policy initiatives such as the European Green  Deal and Foreign 
Subsidies Regulations will impact its trading partners. It is concerning that the Global Trade Alert 
has re ported that out of the EU 's 8,014 commercial policy measures currently in force, 96% would 
cause the EU 's trading partners to become less competitive. For small countries like Singapore, it is 
extremely important that the EU ensures that its trade policies  are consistent with WTO rules  and 
reinforce the multilateral trading system. While we  appreciate the EU 's efforts to be transparent , it 
is equally important that the EU takes Members ' views and concerns into account in the 
implementation of these measures , and align them with our shared objective of strengthening the WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 24 - 
 
  rules-based multilateral trading system. Singapore looks forward to working closely with the EU in 
this area.  
4.87.  Third, Singapore commends the EU 's active and constructive role at the WTO. The sm ooth 
and efficient functioning of the EU is underpinned by trust and cooperation among its 27  member 
States, which has enabled the EU to be greater than the sum of its parts. Likewise, the WTO needs 
all its 164  Members to be aligned in pursuing the common goal of strengthening the rules -based 
multilateral trading system. In this connection, the EU has "walked the talk " by playing an active 
and constructive role in the negotiations of key issues, and updating the WTO 's rule book through 
the Joint Statement I nitiatives (JSI). In particular, Singapore appreciates the EU 's contributions in 
the JSI on E -Commerce and we count on the EU 's continued support so that we can achieve our 
collective target of substantial conclusion by end 2023. The EU 's initiative to est ablish the MPIA, 
following the paralysis of the Appellate Body, is another illustration of its leadership in the WTO. 
Singapore is committed to work closely with the EU and other MPIA Members to achieve the MC12 
mandate of "having a fully and well -function ing Dispute Settlement System accessible to all Members 
by 2024 ".  
4.88.  In closing, allow me to quote a founding father of the EU, Jean  Monnet, who eloquently said 
that "nothing is possible without men, but nothing lasts without institutions ". Singapore will wo rk 
closely with the EU and all Members to ensure that the WTO remains relevant and continues to 
generate concrete benefits for its Members.  
4.89.  Finally, I must acknowledge the active, constructive , and valuable role that my good friend 
Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado has played, as well as the significant contributions of his excellent 
team at the EU Mission in Geneva. We wish the EU a very successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU  
4.90.  On behalf of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, I would 
like to extend my warm welcome to the EU delegation, led by Director -General for Trade, 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, for its 15th Trade Policy Review. I would also like to express our sincere th anks 
to the Chair and to the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, for her in -depth introduction, as 
well as the WTO Secretariat for their hard work in preparing the reports.  
4.91.  Let me start by commending  the EU  and its member  States  for the great efforts in supporting  
Ukraine  to resist  unjustifiable  invasion . I also like to recognize  EU's economy  being  always  robust  
and stable , even it has experienced  the COVID -19 pandemic  and the war in Ukraine . It is notable  of 
EU's reform  of its economic  governance  framework . It is also important  for Members  to note the 
adoption  of the European Green Deal, a Europe fit for the digital age and a new political agenda to 
reinforce the European  Union' s global influence. These  will have profound  implications for 
international trade and economy .  
4.92.  The background  and causes  of adopting  the environmental  related  policies  are understandable 
and should  be appreciated . However , many  uncertainties  potentially  caused  by the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism ( CBAM ), green taxation, and green government procurement need to be 
carefully  addressed  at the WTO.  
4.93.  On its role at the WTO, EU remains one of the most active and leading  Members supporting  
open, inclusive , and susta inable  multilateral  trading  system  and making  efforts  to improve  the 
operation  of the Organization . On many  issues , we share  the same  views  with the EU and work 
closely  with colleagues  from the EU. In this regard , we would like to take this opportunity to 
acknowledge the EU Mission in Geneva, headed by Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, for its efforts. 
We expect  that EU continues  taking  the leading  role in promoting  WTO reforms  on many  important  
issues . We will work closely  with EU to help improve  the WTO. 
4.94.  On the bilateral front, we have strong economic ties with the EU for decades. The EU is our 
fourth largest trading partner and largest source of foreign investment. Last year, the value of 
bilateral trade between us amounted to USD 75 billion, increasing for 9.46% compared with the 
previous year. Earlier  this year, both sides held a Trade and Investment Dialogue, which  was a useful  
event  to allow the parties  engag ing in in-depth exchanges on important issues, including strategic 
trade and i nvestment security, offshore wind power investment, development of electric buses, and WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 25 - 
 
  cooperation on concrete digital trade facilitation project. We believe our economic relations can be 
further enhanced by more interactive  exchanges  and cooperations  of similar  type. 
4.95.  Having said th e above , we like to remind , as indicated  above , that the potential impact and 
concerns  of the CBAM need to be eased , not only at the multilateral level, but also at the bilateral  
level for our export . Another concern relates to Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework (TCTF), 
where more detail is required. In particular, we would like to learn how T CTF will affect the EU's 
production and trade and how EU will avoid global subsidy race.  
4.96.  We wish the EU a successful 15th Trade Pol icy Review.  
NORWAY  
4.97.  Norway would like to join others in welcoming Sabine  Weyand and the delegation from the 
European  Union to this 15th Review of EU 's trade policy and we thank the Secretariat and the EU for 
their reports.  
4.98.  Let me start by saying that The EU and Norway enjoy a particularly strong relationship as 
neighbours, partners , and allies. We share the same values which also are reflected in posi tions we 
take in the WTO, including our wish for transparency and openness and engagement with 
stakeholders More particularly on trade, Norway and the EU have invested in a strong relationship 
that benefits both parties. The EEA Agreement ensures that we s hare a common set of rules with 
our most important trading partners and is the cornerstone of Norway 's relationship with the EU.  
4.99.  We note with great interest the EU 's increased ability to respond quickly to global and 
geopolitical developments, with concre te actions and instruments. Norway is part of the EU 's internal 
market, and to ensure its level playing field and resilience is equally important for us.  
4.100.   Norway values our close and longstanding cooperation with the EU in the WTO. The EU is a 
key player i n shaping the multilateral trading system. We appreciate the EU 's active engagement to 
strengthen and modernize the WTO through various reform initiatives and in ongoing negotiation 
processes.  
4.101.   Let me in this context highlight the trade and health initiati ve in response to the pandemic, 
the establishment of the MPIA as a response to the Appellate Body crisis, and the recent proposals 
to strengthen the deliberative function as an important element of WTO reform. We recognize the 
EU's efforts to prevent a sub sidies war, and in this context the need for the WTO to take action to 
address the demand for new rules.  
4.102.   I would also like to commend the EU for its active role in the various plurilateral initiatives, 
in particular on domestic regulations in services trad e. The EU 's active engagement in the plurilateral 
negotiations on e -commerce, which represents a key opportunity to update the rulebook and address 
the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy, has been and is an important force moving 
us forwar d. 
4.103.   The EU is also an important participant in the ongoing fisheries subsidies negotiations in 
the WTO. To prohibit certain forms of subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing is 
the most important part of the mandate of SDG  14.6. These negotiations must lead to real reductions 
in global fisheries subsidies. Norway expects major subsidizers and big fishing nations to make the 
strongest commitments to reduce harmful fisheries subsidies. We encourage the EU to indicate how 
it will contribute accordingly.  
4.104.   We commend the EU for its leadership in the green transition. If anything, your already high 
ambitions seem to increase as multiple challenges continue to face Europe and the world. We stand 
with you in this.  
4.105.   We cooperate to meet  our climate targets. And we recently established a Green Alliance, 
preparing the ground for further cooperation on climate, the environment, energy , and green 
industrial transition.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 26 - 
 
  4.106.   Together, we will build a more secure, smarter , and greener future, whil e safeguarding open 
and rule s-based trade and the integrity of the internal market which has served us all so well for the 
past three decades.  
4.107.   In closing, I would like to say that Norway is looking forward to continuing the close 
cooperation on trade relat ed issues, including on how to strengthen and modernize the WTO.  
ECUADOR  
4.108.   Mi delegación empieza por agradecer a la Unión  Europea y a la Secretaría por los reportes 
presentados, así como por las respuestas ofrecidas por la UE a las preguntas de los Miembros  de 
nuestra Organización. Quisiera asimismo reconocer la exposición de la Embajadora 
Pimchanok  Pitfield, ponente en este ejercicio.  
4.109.   Doy la bienvenida a la delegación de la Unión  Europea, presidida por la Sra. Sabine  Weyand, 
Directora General para el Comerc io de la Comisión  Europea. Un saludo cordial a mi colega 
João Aguiar  Machado , y los integrantes de la representación europea en Ginebra, cuyo 
profesionalismo apreciamos y con quienes mantenemos una dinámica y fructífera relación de 
trabajo.  
4.110.   Ecuador comparte con la Unión  Europea el interés común de promover, junto a otras 
naciones, una agenda multilateral que contribuya a la paz, al desarrollo sostenible y la cooperación 
en el mundo. La OMC es una Organización capital para concretar esos propósitos de sde la 
perspectiva del comercio.  
4.111.   La UE es uno de los más importantes socios comerciales del Ecuador y tenemos en vigencia 
un Acuerdo Multipartes de Comercio, que también integra a Colombia y Perú. Con los países de la 
Unión nos une por cierto una relación fecunda en varias otras áreas, a más de la comercial.  
4.112.   Ecuador y la UE están comprometidos con la protección del ambiente y en la lucha contra la 
crisis climática. En la OMC somos parte de iniciativas que crean espacios desde la perspectiva del 
comercio y d el desarrollo sostenible: los Debates Estructurados sobre el Comercio y la Sostenibilidad 
Ambiental, y el Diálogo Informal sobre la Contaminación Producida por los Plásticos. Además, 
Ecuador y la UE, junto a Ken ya y Nueva  Zelandia, han promovido el estable cimiento de la Coalición 
de Ministros de Comercio sobre temas de cambio climático. A propósito, ya que me estoy refiriendo 
a iniciativas de Miembros de la OMC, aprovecho para invitar a la UE a acompañar la consideración a 
las particulares características q ue tienen los países en desarrollo en el marco de los debates de la 
iniciativa sobre comercio electrónico.  
4.113.   Ecuador se congratula al haber coincidido con la UE y con otros Miembros de la OMC, en 
esfuerzos para incorporar en los trabajos de nuestra Organizac ión una perspectiva de género, a 
potenciar el rol económico y comercial de las mipymes, y en la construcción de mecanismos que 
faciliten la promoción de inversiones para el desarrollo.  
4.114.   En la misma línea y para consolidar la implementación efectiva del sist ema multilateral de 
comercio, coincidimos con la UE en la necesidad de contar con un Órgano de Solución de Diferencias 
en pleno funcionamiento y con mecanismos de apelación adecuados. Entretanto estas herramientas 
cruciales de la OMC se reactivan, somos pa rte del "Procedimiento Arbitral Multipartito de Apelación 
Provisional de conformidad con el artículo  25 del ESD ", conocido como el MPIA.  
4.115.   Desde el 2017, año en el que entró en vigor el Acuerdo Comercial Multipartes, ha mejorado 
de manera manifiesta el acces o al mercado europeo de productos ecuatorianos, en particular bienes 
agrícolas y pesqueros. Asimismo, productos de origen europeo han podido ingresar a nuestro país 
en las particulares condiciones arancelarias acordadas. Entre los productos que compramos a  la UE 
destacan medicamentos, vacunas, automóviles livianos y pesados, repuestos de maquinaria y 
agroquímicos.  
4.116.   La Unión  Europea se ha constituido en el principal inversor en nuestro país en el 
período  2020-2021. El principal sector destino de los flujos pr ovenientes de Europa ha sido el área 
de la construcción, seguida de los servicios prestados a empresas y de la industria manufacturera. WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 27 - 
 
  Ecuador se congratula por la confianza y participación de los inversores europeos, que se han 
acogido también a las polí ticas estatales de fomento de la inversión productiva en nuestro país.  
4.117.   Nuestra relación comercial siempre puede crecer y mejorar todavía más, utilizando los 
mecanismos que ofrecen los Acuerdos que sostienen a la OMC, en particular en materia de 
obstáculos técnicos al comercio, medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, y agricultura.  
4.118.   Con base al interés que compartimos con la UE por la protección ambiental y el desarrollo 
sostenible, creemos que hay espacio para que la Unión considere las preocupaciones que Miembros 
de la OMC en desarrollo hemos expresado por sus programas ambientales y el impacto de estos en 
nuestros sistemas productivos y, paradójicamente, en nuestra sostenibilidad ambiental, social y 
económica.  
4.119.   Las diferentes realidades productivas y climáticas , vulnerabilidades y objetivos de lucha 
contra la pobreza en Europa y el mundo en desarrollo -como Latinoamérica, por ejemplo - demandan 
el análisis coordinado de las medidas europeas que se orientan a la conservación del ambiente y 
protección de la salud h umana, a fin de evitar que resulten en consecuencias comerciales no 
deseadas, similares a los obstáculos no arancelarios.  
4.120.   El Ecuador agradece a la Unión  Europea por sus respuestas a las preguntas mi país ha 
planteado y le augura éxitos en la conducción y r esultados de este ejercicio.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.121.   I would like to start by welcoming the delegation of the European  Union led by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission. I would also thank 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for serving as the discussant and the Secretariat for 
preparing the comprehensive Report.  
4.122.   The trade and economic relationship between Hong  Kong,  China (HKC) and the EU has 
continued to remain strong over the years, as evident in the hi gh value of trade flow between us. 
In 2022, the EU was HKC 's third largest trading partner, nineth largest domestic export market, 
second  largest re -export market, and sixth largest supplier in merchandise trade. Our bilateral 
merchandise trade amounted to  USD 67 billion in 2022, while bilateral services trade amounted to 
US 15 billion in 2021.  
4.123.   We highly appreciate the E U's unwavering commitment to strengthening the multilateral 
trading system and its longstanding constructive engagement in WTO 's work on al l fronts, including 
participation in the work on WTO response to COVID -19 pandemic and the Joint Statement Initiative 
on E-commerce. The EU 's active role in driving WTO reform is commendable, ensuring the continued 
relevance of the WTO in our ever -changing  global environment. We share the EU 's view that having 
a fully and well -functioning Dispute Settlement System accessible to all by 2024 is critical and a top 
priority of the WTO, and HKC would work together with the EU and other Members towards a lasting 
multilateral solution.  
4.124.   We have the following observations on the EU 's trade policy regime.  
4.125.   First, we recogni ze the EU 's proactive participation in the Joint Statement Initiative on 
Investment Facilitation for Development. HKC will continue to work closely with the EU and other 
like-minded Members to finali ze the substantive text negotiation before the summer break and 
participate in relevant outreach efforts to non -participants in the coming months.  
4.126.   We commend the EU for its exemplary efforts in trade facil itation. The EU not only actively 
implemented the Agreement on Trade Facilitation itself, but also provided supports to developing 
and least -developed country Members through grants, technical assistance, and capacity building. 
During the review period, th e EU introduced customs flexibilities to address pandemic -related 
challenges and launched initiatives such as the Import One -Stop Shop to simplify procedures. We 
appreciate the EU 's dedication to digitali zing customs processes and look forward to the upcom ing 
implementation of its fully automated export procedures and exit formalities by the end of 2023.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 28 - 
 
  4.127.   Regarding tariff, we appreciate that the EU has bound all of its tariff lines and that the simple 
average applied rate stands at 6.5%, with a slight increa sed number of duty -free lines. However, 
we note that the proportion of non -ad valorem  tariffs continue to account for about 10% of all tariff 
lines, and the agricultural sector continues to maintain high tariff levels and tariff peaks. We would 
encourage t he EU to further liberali ze its tariff regime on agricultural products and convert its 
non-ad valorem  rates to ad valorem  rates as far as possible to enhance their predictability.  
4.128.   On standards and other technical requirements, w e note that the EU has identified 
standardi zation as a strategic tool for advanc ing its  green, digit al, industrial and trade strategies. 
While appreciating the objectives of these strategies, we would encourage the EU to consider other 
relevant international initiatives and the concerns of Members to guard against creating unnecessary 
technical trade barriers.  
4.129.   Lastly, on services, we are pleased to note the gradual relaxation of different restrictions 
over the years and the consistent improvements in the availability of electronic procedures in the  EU. 
We also appreciate the EU 's efforts in trying to resolve the objections raised by some WTO  Members 
in the certification procedure for the proposed improvements in Services Domestic Regulation by the 
JSI participants. We loo k forward to further facilitation for trade in services within the Single Market 
and continuation of the close cooperation in multilateral efforts to further liberali ze services trade.  
4.130.   As we navigate the global economic challenges, we look forward to worki ng closely with 
the EU to strengthen the multilateral trading system and drive WTO reform. Together, we can 
address pressing issues such as restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System which is 
core to the security and predictability of the mult ilateral trading system. We thank the EU for their 
answers to our written questions and wish the EU a fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.131.   To begin with, I would like to bring to the attention of the Membership the unfortunate tr end 
of selective compliance with the WTO rules within the framework of the TPR exercise. We have 
always considered the EU to be a stalwart defender of the multilateral trading system . In fact, just 
this morning the head of the EU delegation reiterated supp ort for and adherence to the rules and 
principles of the WTO. In practice, Brussels has chosen to succumb to political emotions and not 
answer a significant number of advance written questions. By doing so, the EU blatantly broke the 
rules of this Organiza tion - an action that has no excuse. We find it highly regrettable that the EU 
has decided to kick off its TPR by discrediting itself and undermining its reputation of a reliable 
trading partner.  
4.132.   With this out of the way, let me now highlight Russia n Feder ation's key concerns, which are 
reflected in our written questions:  
4.133.   The extreme focus of the EU's trade policy on sanctions is rather perplexing. Trade statistics 
prove that unilateral restrictive measures generate a "boomerang effect ", affecting trade int erests 
not only of sanctioned States, but also the economies of those who impose them. It  is hard to 
understand the strange fondness for self -harm, developed by the EU, but even more so – the lack 
of care for the spill over effects on other WTO Members. So me of the direct costs from sanctions 
and respective global trade disruptions caused by the EU's actions include: skyrocketing commodity 
prices, rising inflation and mounting uncertainty, as well as food insecurity that has hit developing 
and least develop ed countries the most.  
4.134.   Sadly, my previous point serves as yet another example of EU 's duplicity and use of double 
standards. Right in this very room the EU claimed that its sanctions "explicitly exclude food and 
foodstuffs ", all the while knowing perfectly  well that in reality it has created numerous barriers for 
Russian food exporters. Among them - blocked payments; endless restrictions and prohibitions in 
transportation and logistics; disruptions in the supply of agricultural machinery, etc.  
4.135.   On a similar note - the ongoing situation with the Black  Sea Grain Initiative (the Grain  Deal) 
is also rather worrisome. It would be interesting to hear the EU's explanation of the fact that its 
member States have turned out to be the main beneficiaries of the Grain  Deal, instead of the least 
developed and economically vulnerable countries in food insecure  regions that were supposed to 
benefit from grain supplies. Just think about this: countries that need them the most have received WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 29 - 
 
  hardly anything - a little over 700, 000 tonnes (or 2.5%) of the total amount of 30  million tonnes 
that have been moved from Ukrainian ports over the nine months. Compare this to almost 12  million 
tonnes that European countries got, which amounts to around 40% of the grand total (official dat a 
provided by the Joint Coordination Center).  
4.136.   Speaking more broadly, we regret the EU 's recent shift to flagrant protectionism in the 
formulation of its trade policy. In particular, we would like to highlight the following measures:  
i. an anti-coercion instrument, which allows the EU to  develop and implement 
unauthorized unilateral "anti-coercion " measures under the pretext of "national 
security ", instead of resolving trade disputes in accordance with the WTO rules;  
ii. numerous policies introduced  within the framework of the Green Deal,  focused not on 
environmental protection, but rather on the acquisition of economic benefits through 
non-market tools, such as massive subsidies, bans and restrictions on the production 
and circulation of various goo ds under the pretext of their non -environmental 
character;  
iii. import substitution policies, in particular in light of the  EU Critical Raw Materials Act,  
pursued under the guise of "economic sovereignty "; 
iv. the EU CBAM, which will not only become a new significa nt challenge for the exporters, 
but will also fundamentally challenge the structure of global goods flows and the state 
of competition in the worlds' largest markets;  
v. the EU's deforestation strategy and its' mandatory due diligence rules for all operators 
and traders which is a plain import restriction, preventing the exportation of products 
such as palm oil, beef, timber, coffee, cocoa, rubber , and soy into the EU market;  
vi. finally, the Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium  the legitimacy 
and compliance with the GATT  1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards of which is also 
under question.  
4.137.   These are just some of the worrisome elements of the EU 's trade policy in recent years. 
I would like to end my statement by expressing hope that in time the EU will come to reason and 
abandon its attempts to unilaterally impose its will on others. After all, sanctions and other forms of 
pressure were never an effective instrument to force sovereign States to change their decisions. 
Hopefully, the EU will choose t he approaches that are indeed effective - constructive dialogue and 
cooperation, readiness to compromise and resolve differences.  
4.138.   I join others in wishing our once largest trading partner a successful Trade Policy Review.  
CHINA  
4.139.   Let me first warmly welcome Director -General Sabine  Weyand, and the delegation of EU to 
this T rade Policy Review . I would like to thank Chair and the Secretariat for their preparation of this 
TPR. My thanks also go to the discussant, Ambassador Pitfield for her insightful remarks. Pl ease 
allow me to also express our sincere thanks to Ambassador Aguiar  Machado for his personal efforts 
and contributions to this Organization.  
4.140.   As a key Member in the WTO, EU has played an important role, especially at a time when 
the WTO is facing unprece dented challenges. We appreciate its leadership in establishing the MPIA 
after the paralysis of A ppellate  Body. We also commend its active and constructive role in the WTO 
reform and JSI negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation, E -commerce, Investment Facilitation 
for Development, and its engagements with non -participants. EU 's contribution to the successful 
MC12 is highly appreciated. We look forward to EU 's continuing leadership in the run up to MC13.  
4.141.   More broadly, as economic globalization is facing headwinds, and when trade has been 
politicized and weaponized, the strategic autonomy is crucial to a member like EU and we appreciate 
EU's efforts in this regard.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 30 - 
 
  4.142.   While China would like to join others to commend EU for its leaders hip in upholding the 
multilateral trading system, we would like to express our concerns on some trade and trade -related 
policies recently taken by EU, which we believe have deviated from agreed international principles 
and rules, including those in the WTO .  
4.143.   We share those concerns expressed both in this TPR and relevant WTO bodies over the 
increasing measures by EU on climate change. We fully understand EU 's environmental objective 
and appreciate its efforts. It is believed when such measures are taken, th ey should abide by 
international rules, including UN and WTO principles and agreements. They should not undermine 
the rights and benefits of others, especially those of developing Members. However, it is regrettable 
to see the measures taken by EU, such as  CBAM, failed to follow the basic principles under the 
UNFCCC and Paris Agreements, as well as the WTO rules. In fact, such measures would discriminate 
against imported products and restrict market access, especially to those from developing Members. 
Accor ding to the latest study by the African Climate Foundation, CBAM will cause an annual loss of 
USD 25 billion for African countries. EU Net -Zero Industry Act also limits the market share of 
net-zero products from third parties, which runs counter to the mar ket principles and the basic rules 
of multilateral trading system.  
4.144.   We also note with regret that EU has increasingly enhanced its defensive economic and trade 
instruments, which are unfair and inconsistent with WTO rules. We are severely concerned of cert ain 
new EU policy tools which could result in serious ramification to the international trade, global supply 
chain and the WTO. Here, I just name some of them. Deviating from WTO rules in trade remedy 
practices by creating new concepts, such as "transnatio nal subsidies "; introducing unjustified and 
discriminatory foreign investment review system, even taking measures to restrict investments from 
specific enterprises of certain Members; imposing quantitative restrictions on imports from other 
Members such as  its Critical Raw Materials Act; granting substantial amount of industrial subsidies 
and expanding "export control measures ", such as the European Chips Act; and legitimizing its 
unilateral trade actions through its Foreign Subsidies Regulation.  
4.145.   The EU statement acknowledges that "today’s challenges require more rather than less 
global cooperation ". China fully agrees with this. To achieve climate goals and address economic 
and trade concerns, more dialogues and cooperation are needed. However, such dialogu e and 
cooperation shall never be in a way against third parties , nor use so -called defensive tools to replace 
dialogue and cooperation. We believe EU, which has made enormous efforts to safeguard the 
multilateral trading system, could well recognize the po tential threats of its recent actions to this 
system. We, therefore, request EU to be prudent and refrain from developing and implementing 
such measures. Moreover, we expect EU to continue to be the one that plays the leading role in 
defending the multilat eral trading system.  
4.146.   This year marks the 20th anniversary of the China -EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 
The two sides are the second largest trading partners to each other. Last year, the bilateral trade 
hit a new record of USD 847.3  billion. This means, every minute, over USD 1.6 million worth of 
goods and services are traded between China and the EU on average. The two -way investment is 
also expanding. In 2022, the EU 's investment to China increased rapidly by 97% to USD 10 billion ; 
350 products w ere added to the new list of Geographical Indications (GIs) under the bilateral 
Agreement. Tokaj wine from Hungary, Baileys cream from Ireland , and aceto balsamico di Modena 
from Italy have all become very popular products for Chinese consumers.  
4.147.   In conclud ing, I want to highlight that China and EU share many commonalities. We are both 
strong supporters of the multilateral trading system and are working hard to revitalize the WTO. We 
also share many common ideas, such as openness and green development. We ar e looking forward 
to deepening the dialogue and cooperation with EU in the fight against global challenges while 
safeguarding the multilateral trading system.  
4.148.   Finally, we thank EU for providing replies to our advance questions. I wish the TPR of the EU 
a full success and the delegation of the EU a good stay in Geneva.  
COLOMBIA  
4.149.   Mi delegación saluda a Sabine  Weyand, al Embajador Aguiar  Machado, el Representante 
adjunto Hiddo  Houben y a la delegación de la Unión  Europea tanto de Bruselas como de Ginebra, y WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 31 - 
 
  les desea el mejor de los éxitos en este examen de política comercial. Agradecemos los informes del 
Gobierno y de la Secretar ía, así como las prontas respuestas a las preguntas que formulamos. 
Agradecemos tambié n el informe de la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield  de Tailandia  y el trabajo de 
la Secretaria.  
4.150.   Colombia valora ampliamente su alianza histórica y estratégica con la Unión  Europea, que 
cubre aspectos tan diversos como el fortalecimiento de la democracia, la c onsolidación de la paz, la 
lucha contra el narcotráfico, y por supuesto, la promoción del comercio bilateral, para lo que 
contamos con un tratado de libre comercio que este agosto cumple 10  años en aplicación.  
4.151.   Para este examen de política comercial, Colom bia se alegra al constatar que la economía 
europea registra crecimiento. El crecimiento de la Unión  Europea es siempre una buena noticia para 
los exportadores y productores de todo el mundo. Además, resaltamos su rol protagónico en la 
economía mundial y, e n particular, su rol de liderazgo en la OMC con propuestas en múltiples temas, 
siempre con dinamismo, siempre con voluntad constructiva.  
4.152.   Ahora bien, quisiéramos hablar de varios temas y apoyar algunas de las iniciativas de 
negociación y de reforma que pro pone la Unión  Europea para la OMC, pero hoy, en esta ocasión en 
la que nos centramos más en sus políticas comerciales actuales, quisiera enfocarme en expresar las 
inquietudes de Colombia por el aumento significativo y sin pausa de varias medidas con efecto s de 
distorsión en el comercio que afectan, o amenazan afectar, las exportaciones de Colombia. Así que 
haremos énfasis solo en dos aspectos: en primer lugar, algunos elementos del Pacto  Verde. En 
segundo lugar, los niveles de subvenciones que exhibe la Uni ón Europea. Al final concluiremos con 
una serie de observaciones sobre el futuro del sistema multilateral de comercio y el rol de uno de 
sus principales motores, la Unión  Europea.  
4.153.   Primero, algunos elementos del Pacto  Verde. Algunas medidas derivadas del Pa cto Verde, 
que entendemos como una gran sombrilla en la que entran medidas como las "De la Granja a la 
Mesa", el Mecanismo de Ajuste de Carbono en Frontera CBAM, las que relacionan al comercio con la 
deforestación, algunas directivas sobre transporte, y la s exigencias de debida diligencia, entre otras, 
son todas medidas que afectan o que amenazan con afectar nuestra participación en el comercio 
internacional. Todas ellas, individualmente consideradas y aún más como cúmulo de medidas, crean 
un muro creciente  a las importaciones, con una afectación significativa y desproporcionada a los 
países que dependen de sus exportaciones agrícolas.  
4.154.   Las medidas correctivas tradicionales, es decir antidumping, derechos compensatorios y 
salvaguardias son muy utilizados por los Unión  Europea, algo que es desde nuestra perspectiva es 
válido e incluso deseable. Sin embargo, lo que vemos con varios elementos del Pacto  Verde, es un 
creciente y ya recurrente uso de medidas correctivas no tradicionales, de mecanismos de ajuste, de 
mecanismos "espejo ", en general de medidas de difícil definición, pero con efectos equivalentes a 
las medidas tradicionales. Este creciente paquete de medidas, además, están basados siempre en 
disposiciones internas y no multilaterales, amparados en objeti vos cada vez más amplios y variables 
(en los que se mezcla el medio ambiente, con la salud, con la seguridad, con la resiliencia, etc.), y 
anclados cada vez más en defensa de las medidas que llegan por la vía de las "excepciones ", que 
por la vía del apego a las reglas multilaterales.  
4.155.   Asociada a esta preocupación, llamamos la atención sobre un punto crucial de estas medidas, 
y son los criterios para exceptuar a ciertos productores internos de las medidas relativas al 
Pacto  Verde. En efecto, para todas estas medidas, existen regímenes de excepción que sólo 
funcionan para los productores locales. Por ejemplo, las reglas europeas sobre Límites Máximos de 
Residuos en los productos agrícolas contemplan excepciones que solo pueden  ser utilizadas por 
productores europeos. Otro ejemplo: las medidas sobre biocombustibles en el sector transporte 
exceptúan de plano los biocombustibles que se producen en Europa. Estos criterios podrían ser 
incluso contrarios a los principios multilateral es de no discriminación y Nación Más Favorecida.  
4.156.   Adicionalmente, nos inquieta que, sin desconocer la multiplicidad de formas en las que la 
Unión  Europea puede elegir sus estrategias ambientales como parte de su plena soberanía, ha 
escogido aquellas en las  que los costos los asumen otros, a menudo países en desarrollo. Así, frente 
al menú de opciones existentes para limitar las emisiones, que podrían ir desde los combustibles 
fósiles, a la aviación, al consumo interno, etc., una parte importante de las medi das bajo la sombrilla 
del Pacto  Verde parece trasladar la mayor carga a recortes y ajustes que deben llevar a cabo otros.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 32 - 
 
  4.157.   Instamos a la Uni ón Europea a construir los elementos del Pacto  Verde en cumplimiento 
pleno de las reglas de la OMC y no por la vía d e las excepciones. El Pacto  Verde y sus elementos no 
pueden seguir construyéndose de manera unilateral, de modo que llamamos a la Unión  Europea a 
que establezca un procedimiento cooperativo, con repartición equitativa de los costos para lograr 
sus propias metas, respetuoso de la soberanía y de las distintas condiciones geográficas y de las 
distintas formas de alcanzar las propias metas que cada uno de nuestros países tenga. Un escenario 
constructivo es posible, pero el creciente número de medidas unilateral es amenaza con resquebrajar 
los propósitos colectivos y las reglas multilaterales.  
4.158.   En segundo lugar, pero por supuesto conectado a lo anterior, nos preocupa el crecimiento 
de los niveles de subvenciones en la Unión  Europea en los últimos años. Aquellos cos tos en que 
deban incurrir los sectores económicos europeos por las medidas del Pacto  Verde y otras, se ven 
rápidamente compensados por subsidios. En materia agrícola, desde el 2018, altas sumas han sido 
inyectadas a este sector por la Política Agrícola Com ún. Estas son inquietantes a la luz de algunos 
de los más importantes objetivos del Acuerdo de Agricultura de la OMC, en el sentido de minimizar 
las distorsiones en los mercados internacionales y prevenir daños a las industrias de otros países. 
En materia industrial, los nuevos subsidios anunciados para proyectos de energía y producción más 
limpia (muchos de ellos como respuesta a los subsidios de otras economías) alcanzan niveles sin 
precedentes.  
4.159.   Estos cuantiosos incentivos afectan nuestra capacidad de co mpetir y de desarrollar un sector 
agrícola o industrial sostenible. Colombia ve con la mayor preocupación esta nueva carrera por los 
subsidios y por políticas industriales agresivas por parte de las economías más grandes: Un país de 
ingresos medios y con u n espacio fiscal reducido como Colombia, no puede ni competir ni prosperar 
bajo estas condiciones desiguales. Los países pequeños y medianos, solo podemos salir mal librados 
de este escenario . Ahora bien, también está en el interés propio de las economías grandes regular 
la proliferación de subsidios. Las reglas de comercio tienen como uno de sus objetivos asegurar una 
cancha de juego nivelada y promover la competitividad.  
4.160.   En resumen, la combinación de barreras al comercio cada vez más altas, muchas veces con 
excepciones aplicables solo a sí mismos, aunadas a una proliferación de subsidios como el 
mecanismo de ajuste por excelencia, es extremadamente preocupante. Este escenario de evaluación 
de la política comercial es importante para resaltar que, desde nu estra perspectiva, estos dos ejes 
de la política comercial europea riñen con el mercado mundial nivelado y en competencia, y con las 
expectativas de los Miembros que anclaron en el acceso al mercado europeo sus negociaciones 
comerciales.  
4.161.   La Unión  Europea ha sido tradicionalmente un motor del sistema multilateral de comercio y 
ha tenido un destacado rol de liderazgo evidente en esta Organización. A la luz de los retos y 
oportunidades que enfrentamos hoy en el sistema, la Unión  Europea se destaca por sus ide as y 
propuestas para mejorar, fortalecer y desbloquear esta organización. Sin embargo, esos esfuerzos, 
muy valiosos, con los cuales ganamos todos, no deben verse empañados por la creación de barreras, 
el desequilibrio comercial, la falta de una cancha de j uego nivelada y la erosión de las reglas 
multilaterales.  
4.162.   Instándola a redoblar esfuerzos por mantener una posición de defensa y plena aplicación del 
multilateralismo en la OMC, deseamos a la delegación de la UE un exitoso examen de políticas 
comerciales. C olombia está abierta a continuar, profundizar y fortalecer su relación comercial 
estratégica y desea reconocer los excelentes vínculos de trabajo en múltiples temas entre las dos 
misiones en Ginebra.  
ISRAEL  
4.163.   Chair, Israel would like to thank you, the discussant H.E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of 
Thailand, EU Ambassador Aguiar  Machado, and the Secretariat for the comprehensive reports. Israel 
also welcomes Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade, from the European 
Commission, as the  Head of Delegation.  
4.164.   Israel and the EU have had broad close relations extending beyond trade for many decades. 
But specifically, in trade, it is worth pointing out that Israel signed its first Free Trade Agreement 
with the EU way back in July  1975.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 33 - 
 
  4.165.   For Israel, as is the case for many other Members, the EU is a crucial economic ally. This is 
due to our strong bilateral ties but also because the EU plays a leading role here at the WTO.  
4.166.   Since the last Review, the EU has been marked by a significant change i n priorities, primarily 
exemplified by the European Green  Deal, to name just one. Another example is the EU's leading role 
in regulating the digital age, to name another example. These developments are essential for Israel 
because they impact many trade an d investment policies.  
4.167.   The EU is Israel 's biggest trade partner. In 2022, Israel 's exports of goods to the EU 
amounted to around USD 16.6 billion, while Israel 's imports from the EU amounted to around 
USD 25.9 billion.  
4.168.   When it comes to business services, 2021 and 2022 saw a stable growth trend in Israel 's 
and the EU 's exports.  
4.169.   We want to highlight that our relationship is also characterized by strong scientific and 
academic ties and solid technological cooperation, epitomized by Israel 's associa tion to Horizon 
Europe, the EU 's funding programme for research and innovation.  
4.170.   On the multilateral front, the EU's active participation and leadership remain vital for this 
Organization. Israel appreciates the EU's constructive role across the various to pics we are currently 
discussing. We want to note the EU's recent proposal on WTO reform. Israel has reviewed it, and 
we note some areas of convergence across some of the proposals Israel has co -sponsored. Israel is 
confident that we can build on these com monalities, as the ultimate motivation behind them is 
similar, making our work at the WTO more effective and efficient. Israel looks forward to our 
continued dialogue leading to MC13.  
4.171.   In the plurilateral arena, Israel shares similar goals with the EU acros s various initiatives, 
namely Services Domestic Regulation and the Joint  Statement Initiative on E-commerce. On Services 
Domestic Regulation, we look forward to the certification of schedules, which is bound to have 
significant benefits for the entire Memb ership.  
4.172.   On the E-commerce JSI, the negotiations have intensified in the last months, and we are 
gearing up to make substantial progress before the end of the year leading up to MC13.  
4.173.   During this exercise, Israel submitted various questions to the EU , we look forward to 
reviewing the replies carefully. Although we do  not intend to address all the questions here, we 
would like to highlight some areas of interest for Israel during this period.  
4.174.   With regard to the European Green  Deal, Israel has been closely following the process 
leading up to the establishment of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (EU CBAM), which was 
recently finali zed. We will continue to monitor its implementation, noting that some key aspects 
relating to the functioning of the  mechanism have been left to be defined at the implementation 
stage. We thus look forward to receiving further information from the EU in this respect.  
4.175.   Still under the European Green  Deal umbrella, Israel seeks clarification on the EU 's work 
relating to c ircular economy and setting eco -design requirements for products, most notably in terms 
of how the new requirements will tie -in with existing sector  - or product  - specific legislation, such 
as chemicals legislation.  
4.176.   Israel is interested in hearing from th e EU how it plans to support businesses and third 
countries in understanding all these new requirements, so as to ensure their smooth and effective 
application, while also minimi zing the resulting administrative burden and any negative impact on 
trade flow s. 
4.177.   Israel also continues to watch closely developments regarding SPS measures, most notably 
the EU 's decision to lower maximum residue levels (MRLs) due to environmental concerns. We 
remain concerned about the implementation of an SPS measure for an object ive that – according to 
our understanding - does not fall within the remit of the Agreement.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 34 - 
 
  4.178.   Israel has been following the EU 's ambitions in becoming a global leader in setting standards 
and norms for the digital economy. Efficiently supporting digital tr ade and innovation is key to 
addressing the rapid development of new technologies. We are therefore interested in obtaining 
clarifications on the EU 's approach to regulating data flows through legislation, such as the Data Act, 
and how the EU plans on ensu ring it fosters a competitive and accessible environment. Additionally, 
we hope to obtain further information and guidance regarding important changes the EU has made 
through its Digital Services Act.  
4.179.   The EU and Israel have a strong and dynamic ties when it comes to trade in Medical Devices. 
Israel hopes to see this trade continue to flourish and has therefore paid attention to the EU 's gradual 
entry into force of its medical devices MDR & IVDR legislation and certain implementation challenges 
in this rega rd for both new and legacy products. We are interested to get a better understanding of 
how the EU intends to proceed to ensure that the new rules enable a smooth continuation of trade.  
4.180.   Finally, we would like to note the excellent work by the EU delegatio n, ably led by 
Ambassador Machado. Israel looks forward to continuing our fruitful working relationship with him 
and his team.  
4.181.   We wish the EU a very successful TPR.  
BRUNEI  DARUSSALAM  
4.182.   Brunei  Darussalam joins others in warmly welcoming the delegation from t he 
European  Union led by H .E Sabine  Weyand, Director -General of the Directorate -General for Trade of 
the European Commission and associates itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by 
Indonesia.  
4.183.   We thank the EU and the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive reports and 
H.E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her role as the discussant.  
4.184.   We welcome the expansion of cooperation between Brunei  Darussalam and the EU since the 
establishment of our diplomatic relations on 18  July 2003. This includes the recently launched 
"Brunei  Darussalam -EU Partnership Facility " that aims to promote two -way exchanges in the field of 
political affairs; economic cooperation; higher education and research; environment, climate and 
sustainable growth, among ot hers.  
4.185.   Furthermore, we hope to improve our trade, which remains in favour of the EU where our 
main trade commodities include machinery; electrical and transport equipment; chemicals; foodstuff 
and beverages.  
4.186.   In a regional and multilateral context, we valu e our engagement with the EU in the various 
multilateral for a including ASEM and ASEAN. In 2022, we celebrated the 45th Anniversary of 
ASEAN -EU Dialogue Relations, which is a significant milestone, where our Leaders agreed to 
establish the ASEAN -EU Strateg ic Partnership that aims to increase the level of engagement across 
wide range of areas, including sustainable trade and investment and economic recovery.  
4.187.   While we note that the EU has established trade agreements with a number of ASEAN 
member States, we are interested to hear the EU 's short and long -term plans in improving economic 
engagement with the wider ASEAN bloc in the absence of regional ASEAN -EU FTA.  
4.188.   Like others, we commend the EU for its continued commitment to rules -based multilateral 
trading sy stem and the EU 's active engagement in this Organization, particularly on WTO Reform 
and sustainability agenda.  
4.189.   We also commend the EU for setting out an ambitious and forward -looking 2021 trade 
strategy in responding to global challenges including on gre en and digital transitions. We appreciate 
the EU 's effort in presenting some of these policies, such as the European Green  Deal and the Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), in the relevant WTO bodies and we look forward to learn 
more on the progress of their design and implementation, and how any adverse impacts on global 
trade and to Members could be avoided.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 35 - 
 
  4.190.   Brunei  Darussalam has submitted several questions in relations to the reports by the EU and 
we thank them for their responses.  
4.191.   Finally, we wou ld like to take this opportunity to wish the EU a successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
ARGENTINA  
4.192.   Quiero dar la bienvenida a la delegación de la Unión  Europea, presidida por la 
Sra Sabine  Weyand, Directora  General para el Comercio de la Comisión  Europea. Permítame 
también agradecer a la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield de Tailandia por su presentación.  
4.193.   La relación bilateral entre Argentina y la Unión  Europea es positiva ya que los valores y 
principios compartidos ocupan un lugar central de las agenda s de ambos países. Actualmente, la 
relación bilateral se desarrolla en el Acuerdo Marco de Cooperación Comercial y Económica, que se 
estructura sobre la base de "Diálogos sobre Políticas". Estos Diálogos abarcan una amplia gama de 
temas tales como Derechos  Humanos; Género; Diálogo Digital; Ciencia y Tecnología; Diálogo 
Macroeconómico, Diálogo en Biotecnología aplicada a la Agricultura y Diálogo en Energía.  
4.194.   Luego de la severa ralentización registrada en el primer año de la pandemia de COVID -19, 
el comercio b ilateral entre la Argentina y la Unión  Europea tuvo un fuerte repunte a partir de 2021, 
alcanzando los U SD 21.962  millones en 2022 -un aumento del 29,2% con respecto al año 
precedente. Este nivel del intercambio comercial es el más alto registrado en la hi storia de la relación 
bilateral con la UE. La balanza comercial entre ambas partes es equilibrada.  
4.195.   Más allá de los buenos resultados del comercio bilateral en términos históricos, existen 
oportunidades para intensificar la relación comercial y el flujo de inversiones entre ambas partes.  
4.196.   Argentina y la UE están trabajando en dos acuerdos de relevancia estratégica ante los 
desafíos que plantea el escenario mundial: un Memorando de Entendimiento sobre una asociación 
estratégica relativa a las cadenas de valor sostenibles de las materias primas y un Memorando de 
Entendimiento sobre cooperación en materia de energía, que esperamos finalizar en los próximos 
meses.  
4.197.   Asimismo, se encuentra en proceso de negociación el Acuerdo de equivalencias recíprocas 
de producción  orgánica que sustituirá el esquema actual de equivalencia unilateral otorgado por la 
UE a la Argentina y dará un marco de continuidad y seguridad jurídica a exportaciones provenientes 
de varias economías regionales de mi país.  
4.198.   En el plano birregional UE -América  Latina/Caribe, Argentina destaca positivamente la 
revitalización del diálogo político estructurado entre la UE y América  Latina y el Caribe bajo el 
mecanismo CELAC -UE. En este sentido, concedemos especial interés a la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado 
y Gob ierno CELAC -UE que se realizará el 17 y 18  de julio de 2023 en Bruselas, con el objetivo de 
fortalecer la relación entre la UE y América  Latina y el Caribe en este nuevo contexto internacional.  
4.199.   En el plano del MERCOSUR, Argentina se encuentra trabajando a ctivamente con los socios 
regionales para lograr avances sustantivos durante la Presidencia Pro  Témpore de Argentina del 
MERCOSUR y alcanzar un acuerdo mutuamente beneficioso para las partes.  
4.200.   Argentina tiene un importante compromiso ambiental y comparte las preocupaciones 
europeas sobre el cambio climático y en especial comparte el objetivo de producir alimentos en 
forma sostenible, teniendo en cuenta los desafíos actuales de salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria 
en condiciones climáticas cambian tes. Entendemos que en este marco resulta de fundamental 
importancia avanzar en la largamente postergada reforma de las reglas agrícolas multilaterales, 
teniendo en cuenta, sobre todo, el impacto negativo de los subsidios agrícolas sobre el ambiente, y 
el efecto positivo que tal reforma conllevará para el logro del desarrollo sostenible, el comercio y la 
seguridad alimentaria. Argentina también sigue con mucha atención el trabajo normativo de la UE 
en materia ambiental. Por la matriz de nuestras exportacion es al mercado comunitario, nuestros 
principales productos se encuentran expuestos a sufrir restricciones en el acceso al mercado europeo 
como consecuencia de las normativas que instrumentan las políticas del Pacto  Verde Europeo. En  ese 
contexto, resulta ne cesario que la nueva normativa derivada del Pacto  Verde Europeo respete los WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 36 - 
 
  compromisos de la UE ante la OMC y se base en evidencia científica, a fin de asegurar que sus 
medidas no constituyan un medio de discriminación arbitrario o injustificable, o una r estricción 
encubierta al comercio internacional.  
4.201.   Argentina aprecia las contribuciones de la Unión  Europea al sistema multilateral de comercio 
basado en normas y su participación activa en las actividades y órganos de la OMC. Al igual que 
la UE, nuestro paí s considera de vital importancia volver a contar con un sistema de solución de 
controversias en pleno funcionamiento y operatividad como mecanismo vinculante que ofrezca 
garantías de que se respetarán las disposiciones actuales y futuras.  
4.202.   Quisiéramos desta car en particular el liderazgo de la UE en materia de reglamentación 
nacional en servicios y su aporte positivo a las discusiones sobre comercio y género, en especial el 
proyecto para el desarrollo de una lente de género para el trabajo de la OMC.  
4.203.    En el marco de este examen de política comercial, Argentina agradece a la UE por las 
respuestas brindadas a nuestras preguntas. Las respuestas recibidas serán analizadas 
detenidamente por nuestros y nuestras colegas en Buenos  Aires.  
4.204.   Finalizando, y al tiem po de reiterar nuestro reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de 
intercambiar opiniones y consideraciones sobre las políticas y prácticas comerciales de la 
Unión  Europea, no quisiéramos dejar de resaltar una vez más la importancia de este ejercicio de 
transparencia en todos sus aspectos y desear a sus autoridades su exitosa conclusión.  
CHILE  
4.205.   Saludamos cordialmente y damos la bienvenida a la delegación de La Unión  Europea, 
encabezada por Sabine  Weyand, Directora General para el Comercio de la Comisión  Europea . 
4.206.   Agradecemos a la Unión  Europea las respuestas a nuestras preguntas para el presente 
examen, y a la Secretaría por el informe preparado para este ejercicio, así como a la Embajadora 
Sra. Pimchanok  Pitfield (Tailandia), por su presentación como relato r. 
4.207.   También enviamos un especial saludo a la Misión de la Unión  Europea ante la OMC en 
Ginebra, dirigida por el Embajador Aguiar Machado.  
4.208.   En términos generales desde Chile vemos a la Unión  Europea como un exitoso proyecto 
político, con una base económica só lida, centrado en la cooperación y cuyo principal objetivo ha sido 
y es asegurar la paz y el desarrollo.  
4.209.   La relación de Chile con la Europa comunitaria es de larga data. En 1963 se firma el primer 
acuerdo de cooperación científica y tecnológica entre Chil e y el Observatorio Austral Europeo, cuyo 
desarrollo hasta ahora significa importantes programas de observación del espacio desde el Norte 
de Chile.  
4.210.   Este significativo paso preludió el inicio de nuestra relación política con la entonces 
Comunidad Económica  Europea, que en el año 1964 instaló su Oficina para Latinoamérica en 
Santiago. A partir de entonces, la relación avanzó en varios planos y se reafirmó, primero, con el 
Acuerdo de Tercera Generación firmado en 1990, el Acuerdo preparatorio de la Asociación  
Estratégica firmado en 1996, culminando con el Acuerdo de Asociación de 2002.  
4.211.   Este 2023 se cumplieron 20 años desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación entre 
Chile y la Unión  Europea, en cuyo alero se han desarrollado no sólo estrechas relacion es 
económico -comerciales entre ambos mercados, sino también valores compartidos que incluyen el 
compromiso por la democracia, la paz mundial y la seguridad, los derechos humanos, el comercio 
abierto y la cooperación multilateral.  
4.212.   Desde su entrada en vigor,  la evolución de las relaciones económicas y comerciales con la  UE 
ha sido muy positiva, constituyéndose como nuestro cuarto socio comercial, duplicando el 
intercambio, con una tasa media de expansión anual del 4,5%. Lo anterior es consecuencia 
principalme nte del paulatino proceso de desgravación que culminó el año 2013, estimulando una 
mayor diversificación de productos, empresas y procedencia regional de nuestra exportación, WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 37 - 
 
  destacando mayores beneficios en los sectores frutícola; vinícola y los alimentos  procesados, entre 
otros. Por otro lado, la UE es el principal inversor en Chile, representando un 26% del monto total, 
favoreciendo el empleo y las exportaciones a terceros mercados.  
4.213.   Así mismo, desde la suscripción del Acuerdo de Asociación, las relacione s entre Chile y la 
Unión  Europea se han visto intensificadas mediante "Diálogos  Estructurados", marcos de 
cooperación temáticos para desarrollar proyectos comunes e intercambios de información y buenas 
prácticas en varias áreas, como medio ambiente, energí a, gobernanza oceánica y pesca, pymes y 
derechos humanos.  
4.214.   En diciembre del año pasado se produjo el cierre político de la modernización del Acuerdo 
de Asociación Chile -Unión  Europea. Este importante logro, fue fruto de seis años de arduo trabajo 
con la UE , un aliado histórico . Esperamos firmar este nuevo acuerdo a fines de 2023 .  
4.215.   La UE ha sido también un socio estratégico para el trabajo tanto en la OCDE como en el 
marco de la Alianza del Pacífico. Chile y la UE se ven enfrentados a nuevos desafíos comunes, que 
otorgan un nuevo impulso a la cualidad estratégica de la relación Chile -UE, expresada en el espíritu 
del Acuerdo de Asociación existente y su proceso de modernización en marcha.  
4.216.   Chile y la UE apoyan firmemente el multilateralismo y el rol de la OMC. En el contexto de la 
reforma de la Organización, coincidimos en la prioridad de llevar adelante un proceso de 
fortalecimiento y modernización en los tres pilares. Agradecemos la propuesta presentada por la 
Unión  Europea en relación con la función deliberativa y el apoyo al sector industrial, al desarrollo 
sustentable y a la inclusi vidad.  
4.217.   En este marco y considerado la prioridad que Chile da al comercio inclusivo y sostenible, 
vemos como oportunidades interesantes las ideas que apuntan al fortalecimiento del debate en el 
Comité de Comercio y Medio Ambiente, considerando que las polí ticas ambientales sean diseñadas 
para cumplir con los objetivos ambientales y considerando el menor impacto posible al comercio y 
de manera consistente con los compromisos y disposiciones en la OMC. El comercio internacional 
puede contribuir a abordar los desafíos de sostenibilidad y la crisis del cambio climático, para lo que 
será necesaria una respuesta multilateral coordinada que incluya la aceleración de la difusión de 
conocimiento y tecnologías relevantes, e incentivar la innovación y la creación de un  mercado de 
bienes y servicios ambientales menos concentrado. Asimismo, la propuesta de la UE relativa a 
inclusividad presenta una oportunidad para que esta Organización también considere cómo puede 
contribuir, desde el comercio internacional, a abordar lo s desafíos particulares que enfrentan 
sectores subrepresentados en la economía global como las pymes y las mujeres. En relación con la 
propuesta relativa a apoyos estatales de políticas industriales, Chile ha expresado claramente su 
preocupación por lo dis torsivo que pueden ser las subvenciones en el comercio internacional, por 
ejemplo, en materia agrícola o pesquera, por lo que apoyamos la posibilidad de sostener una 
discusión amplia sobre esta materia que incluya el sector industrial.  
4.218.   Del mismo modo, los debates sobre las disciplinas a las subvenciones que contribuyen a la 
sobrepesca y sobrecapacidad ofrecen la oportunidad de avanzar hacia los objetivos de sostenibilidad 
que Chile y la UE comparten y persiguen, así como de fortalecer el rol del sistema mul tilateral de 
comercio en la solución de los desafíos globales que enfrentamos. En ese sentido, destacamos la 
disposición de la UE para lograr consensos en este ámbito antes de la Decimotercera Conferencia 
Ministerial, y reafirmamos la importancia de discip linar las subvenciones que contribuyen a la 
sobrepesca y sobrecapacidad considerando adecuadamente las necesidades de los Miembros en 
desarrollo.  
4.219.   En materia  de agricultura, agradecemos el compromiso de la UE en mejorar los aspectos de 
notificaciones y tran sparencia. Con todo, consideramos que esos esfuerzos serán insuficientes si no 
se acompañan de avances ambiciosos en materia de reforma agrícola, tal como dispone el Acuerdo 
sobre la Agricultura, particularmente en la reducción de las ayudas internas más d istorsionantes.  
4.220.   Respecto a la situación del OSD, coincidimos con la UE en la importancia que tiene contar 
con un sistema completamente operativo y accesible para los Miembros. Adicionalmente, ambos 
participamos del MPIA, mecanismo que emitió su primer laud o en la disputa entre Colombia y UE, y 
donde destacamos el rol de ambas partes para contar con un proceso exitoso. Del mismo modo, 
nuestras delegaciones se encuentran participando de  las actuales discusiones informales sobre WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 38 - 
 
  sistema de solución de diferenc ias, encaminadas a buscar convergencias que conduzcan a 
restablecer su funcionamiento lo antes posible.  
4.221.   Además, tanto Chile como la UE participamos activamente en las iniciativas conjuntas, como 
por ejemplo aquellas relacionadas al comercio electrónico y s obre la facilitación de las inversiones 
para el desarrollo, respecto de la cual, en mi calidad de co -coordinadora, agradezco la enorme 
contribución que la Unión  Europea ha hecho a este proceso.  También coincidimos en iniciativas 
informales orientadas a abo rdar, desde la perspectiva del comercio internacional, desafíos actuales 
ya mencionados como la sostenibilidad ambiental, la emergencia climática y el empoderamiento de 
las mujeres.  
4.222.   Para este ejercicio hemos formulado más de 20  preguntas en áreas como come rcio y 
desarrollo, inclusión de pymes y empoderamiento femenino, régimen de comercio e inversión, 
medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, política agrícola, pesca, energía y servicios. Agradecemos las 
respuestas entregadas, que estamos procesando con nuestros  equipos técnicos.  
4.223.   Al respecto quisiéramos destacar la resiliencia de la Unión  Europea quien, a pesar de haber 
sido impactada por los vaivenes económicos del último per iodo, tiene una buena proyección de 
crecimiento para el 2023. Compartimos en parte el us o de su política comercial para promover 
valores universales como el derecho a legislar en áreas de interés público.  
4.224.   Finalmente, le deseamos a la Unión  Europea una exitosa revisión de su política comercial en 
este examen.  
MAURITIUS  
4.225.   I make this statement on  behalf of my Ambassador who is unfortunately not able to be 
personally present as we have a Ministerial delegation in Geneva. Unfortunately, as a small 
delegation, we often have to make hard choices, including when required to cover important 
meetings bei ng held concurrently.  
4.226.   Mauritius would like to welcome the EU delegation led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General of DG Trade of the European Commission  for the EU 's 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.227.   We thank the Secretariat and the European  Union for their respective reports. We also thank 
Ambassador  Pitfield for her insightful remarks as discussant for today 's exercise.  
4.228.   We further thank the EU for the replies to our advance written questions. These replies are 
being studied by our colleagues  in capital.  
4.229.   The EU remains a very important development partner for Mauritius and we thank them for 
the support they have provided over the years. We have read with much interest about the new 
trade strategy adopted by the EU to enhance its ability in pla ying a leadership role. A role based on 
the belief that addressing the multiple challenges we all face require global cooperation. We note 
with appreciation that for the EU, with a global trade share of around 17%, the multilateral trading 
system and the W TO remains at the centre of its trade policy.  
4.230.   We have all been successively subject to the negative impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic, 
and the ongoing geopolitical situations that have affected economies around the world, although at 
varying degrees. We con gratulate the EU and its members for having taken appropriate policy 
actions, including the Next Generation Recovery Plan, to alleviate such impacts and to contain the 
downturn.  
4.231.   As a small island developing state that is highly reliant on external trade an d the EU being 
one of our major trading partners, we would like to join the call by other developing economies, 
especially the smaller and vulnerable ones, as we face unprecedented economic and financial 
difficulties. The policies adopted and actions taken  by the EU directly affects us – the external impact 
of EU internal policies can often be huge for small and vulnerable economies.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 39 - 
 
  4.232.   We, therefore, call on the EU and its members to comprehensively consider the implications 
of such policy actions on global t rade, especially how the exports of small developing countries are 
affected and consequently constrain us in meeting our legitimate development objectives.  
4.233.   For instance, we acknowledge the need to adopt measures such as the CBAM or the EU 
regulation on def orestation to address challenges of climate change and environmental degradation. 
However, these should not become unduly trade restrictive. There should be a constructive dialogue 
with Members on how they can be supported, including through transfer of te chnology, to meet new 
standards that are reasonable.  
4.234.   Mauritius commends the EU for its active engagement in strengthening the principles of the 
multilateral trading system. We also acknowledge the need to reform the WTO – we need an 
Organization that is re sponsive to new challenges, ensures equity, caters for the differences in 
production and trading capacities of its Members, and provides for a rule s-based, stable and 
predictable trading environment. The ultimate objective should be to help Members meet th eir 
development objectives. We look forward to working with our partners, including the EU, to restore 
a fully functional Dispute Settlement System, improve the negotiating function of the Organization, 
address the imbalance in the system such as the use o f subsidies, including in agriculture and 
fisheries, and bring development to the centre.  
4.235.   We further note the proactive approach of the EU in the various Joint Statement Initiatives 
on Investment Facilitation, MSMEs, E-commerce and Services Domestic Regula tion. Mauritius is also 
actively engaged in these discussions and we feel that it is important, at some stage, to assess the 
implications of these initiatives on small economies.  
4.236.   As said earlier, Mauritius and the EU enjoy excellent relations that have exp anded and 
deepened over decades. We are confident that new dimensions will be added to our relations through 
the conclusion of a full Economic Partnership Agreement. An agreement that will respond to the 
development needs of the Eastern and Southern  Africa  countries and provide adequate policy space 
to develop our economies. In this regard, a development chapter that will provide for financial and 
non-financial support to implement the various commitments, including on sustainable development, 
will be cruci al for the successful implementation of the agreement.  
4.237.   In conclusion, we would like to commend Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his team for their 
proactive role in Geneva and express our commitment to working with them in further strengthening 
our relations and cooperation with the EU both bilaterally and within the WTO framework.  
4.238.   We wish the E uropean  Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
NEW ZEALAND  
4.239.   New Zealand welcomes the EU delegation to Geneva, led by DG Trade Sabine  Weyand. 
We also thank the discussan t Ambassador  Pitfield for her remarks, and to Ambassador 
Aguiar  Machado and his team for all their work.  
4.240.   New Zealand has a strong, long -standing, and broad relationship with the European  Union. 
We share a deep commitment to democracy, human rights, international citizenship, and the 
importance of the global rules -based system. We share many common values and approaches to 
free trade. We are both committed to institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the 
United  Nations, which have helped t o foster international rules and cooperation for decades.  
4.241.   As the third largest economy globally, and New  Zealand ’s fourth largest trading partner, the 
EU is a significant and highly valued economic partner, and New  Zealand  takes an active interest in 
its trade and investment policy. Our relationship is reinforced by the Partnership Agreement on 
Relations and Cooperation, which entered into force in 2022,  
4.242.   In June  2022, New  Zealand and the EU also concluded negotiations on a comprehensive and 
high-quality f ree trade agreement. The FTA will deliver important economic, commercial and broader 
benefits to consumers, small and large businesses, and farmers in New  Zealand and in the EU as 
our economies deal with the ongoing impact of Russia n Federation 's illegal i nvasion of Ukraine, and 
the recovery from the COVID -19 pandemic. The FTA also contains ground -breaking outcomes to WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 40 - 
 
  promote inclusive and sustainable trade, including on climate change, labour rights, harmful 
environmental subsidies, gender equity and a cha pter to facilitate economic engagement between 
the EU and New  Zealand 's indigenous Maori. We look forward to signing and bringing the FTA into 
force as soon as possible.  
4.243.   For New  Zealand, the WTO is of critical importance to protecting the rules -based 
international trading system. New  Zealand looks to the EU as a champion of the multilateral trading 
system to continue its leadership to build consensus on our mutual WTO objectives, including the 
second wave of fisheries subsidies negotiations, concluding new  rules in the E-commerce JSI and 
bringing into effect the Services Domestic Regulation JSI disciplines. The EU is a valued partner in 
efforts to progress contemporary issues, including support for a permanent moratorium on customs 
duties for electronic tra nsmissions and to advance agriculture discussions. We appreciate the EU 's 
leadership in supporting micro, small and medium sized enterprises and women 's economic 
empowerment.  
4.244.   We welcome that, as a major international economic player committed to a rules -based 
international system, the EU sees a responsibility for leadership and constructive engagement across 
the suite of reform discussions, including a fully functioning dispute resolution mechanism by 2024.  
4.245.   On agriculture, New  Zealand has previously expres sed concerns about aspects of the EU 's 
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). New  Zealand recogni zes and commends the ongoing efforts of 
the EU to reform the CAP and joins others in encouraging the EU in the direction of greater market 
orientation and reduction  of distortions to international trade.  
4.246.   New Zealand shares the EU 's ambition to lift global sustainability and environmental 
standards in agricultural production. However, a proliferation of unilateral trade measures for 
environmental and sustainability pu rposes risks excluding third countries, slowing technological 
progress and shared learning, fragmenting food trade, and risks potentially perverse environmental 
and food security outcomes. New  Zealand has questions about how the EU intends to ensure its 
policies support and strengthen the multilateral system, and is inclusive of third countries.  
4.247.   On climate, we have welcomed the opportunity to work with the EU, Kenya , and Ecuador on 
the establishment of the Trade Ministers on Climate. New  Zealand commends th e EU's efforts to 
increase global mitigation ambition. We have asked if the EU has considered how the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will interact with other plurilateral and multilateral initiatives to 
mitigate the risk of fragmented and compet ing global approaches to addressing the issue of carbon 
leakage.  
4.248.   In this review, New  Zealand has encouraged the EU to provide further detail on how it 
intends to rationali ze inefficient fossil -fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, so as to 
contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and support renewable energy uptake. We 
also posed some questions around the EU 's Deforestation Law, including how it will safeguard against 
negative consequences for the multilateral rules -based tradi ng system arising from use of this 
instrument.  
4.249.   Finally, on fish, New  Zealand commends the EU for its leadership in support of the 
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. We look forward to working constructively with the EU and other 
Members in establishing furt her disciplines in relation to overcapacity and overfishing. In this review, 
New Zealand has lodged questions regarding the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture 
Fund, including its consistency with both the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement and UN Sust ainable 
Development Goal 14.6.  
4.250.   The preservation of a stable rules -based international trading environment is of fundamental 
interest to New  Zealand. We note the importance of the European  Union  – as one of the world 's 
largest economies  - maintaining and co ntinuing to strengthen its broadly open and 
market -orientated approach to international trade policy. This is vital not only for the health of the 
global economy and the multilateral trading system, but also for the EU 's own ambitions for jobs, 
growth and investment.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 41 - 
 
  4.251.   With those comments, we congratulate the European  Union, in particular to Ambassador 
João Aguiar Machado and his excellent team, on its successful Trade Policy Review. We look forward 
to working together as we build on our already productive economic relationship.  
REPÚBLICA  DOMINICANA  
4.252.   La delegación de la República  Dominicana agradece el informe presentado por la 
Sra. Sabine  Weyand, Directora General para el Comercio de la Comisión Europea  y jefa de la 
delegación. También valoramos la enriquecedora ponencia de la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield, 
Representante Permanente de Tailandia. Nuestra Misión además reconoce la importante labor que 
realizan el Embajador João  Aguiar  Machado y su equipo en Ginebra para que las discusiones entre 
los Miembros sean sustanciales y fructíferas.  
4.253.   En los tres años transcurridos desde su último examen de las políticas comerciales, la política 
comercial de la Unión  Europea ha operado en un entorno internacional complejo. La pande mia 
derivada de la COVID -19, al igual que para la mayoría de los Miembros de la OMC, impactó 
negativamente sobre su economía -la actividad económica se contrajo 5 ,7% en 2020.  
4.254.   Pero la Unión  Europea implementó una exitosa campaña de vacunación, trabajó para  
adaptar las empresas y los hogares a las limitaciones del entorno causado por la pandemia, y 
concertó políticas al nivel nacional y de la Unión.  
4.255.   Permítanme enfocarme atención sobre el importante contexto macroeconómico, y en 
particular sobre las acciones del Banco  Central  Europeo. Al igual que en las demás economías 
avanzadas, el Banco  Central  Europeo expandió la política monetaria utilizando todas las 
herramientas posibles -incluyendo nuevas técnicas de comunicación formal con el público.  
4.256.   El final de la p ostura inusualmente holgada de la política monetaria -prevaleciente desde 
finales de la primera década de este milenio - fue precipitado por el incremento de la inflación en 
Europa. El aumento de la tasa de interés de la política monetaria es la medida corr ecta de acuerdo 
con modelos económicos.  
4.257.   Las autoridades del Banco  Central  Europeo entienden la magnitud del problema. Por esa 
razón, durante el per iodo que abarca este examen ante la OMC, concomitantemente al primer 
incremento en las tasas de interés en 11  años, anunciaron el mecanismo para la protección de la 
transmisión de la política monetaria. Al igual que en otros países avanzados, controlar la inflación 
continúa siendo una prioridad para la Unión  Europea.  La estabilidad macroeconómica es una 
condición para que pueda prosperar el comercio internacional.  
4.258.   Enfocándonos sobre la política comercial, es relevante destacar la nueva estrategia de 
comunicación sobre la política comercial de la Unión  Europea para responder a los desafíos que 
enfrenta  el bloque y apoyar las transiciones verde y digital.  
4.259.   Respecto al Acuerdo de Asociación Económica entre la Unión  Europea y el CARIFORO, del 
cual la República  Dominicana forma parte, avanzan las negociaciones para proteger las indicaciones 
geográficas en e l contexto de la aplicación del Acuerdo.  
4.260.   Las relaciones económicas, comerciales y de cooperación entre la Republica  Dominicana y 
los Estados Miembros de la Unión  Europea son de gran importancia para nuestro país, y se fortalecen 
cada día. Las relaciones a barcan los ámbitos del comercio de bienes, el turismo, las inversiones, y 
las remesas.  
4.261.   La República  Dominicana agradece la cooperación de la Unión  Europea con nuestro país a 
través del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo, y los acuerdos de Lomé y Cotonú, firmados  con los Estados 
de la Organización de Estados de África, del Caribe, y del Pacífico. El Fondo ha contribuido con 
programas en múltiplex áreas incluyendo la salud, la educación, y el comercio.  
4.262.   Nuestra Delegación agradece las respuestas de la Unión  Europea a las preguntas que 
formulamos por escrito.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 42 - 
 
  4.263.   Finalmente, agradecemos a la delegación de la Unión  Europea por su contribución al buen 
funcionamiento del sistema global de comercio, y reiteramos nuestros deseos para que concluyan 
exitosamente el examen que ho y nos reúne.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.264.   Quisiera iniciar saludando a la delegación de la Unión  Europea, encabezada por la 
Sra. Sabine  Weyand, al Embajador João Aguiar  Machado , y al distinguido equipo de Ginebra y 
Bruselas que hoy nos acompaña.  
4.265.   De igual forma, agradezco l as reflexiones de la ponente , la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield 
de Tailandia y el acostumbrado apoyo de la Secretaría de la OMC.  
4.266.   Es un placer ser parte de este examen de políticas comerciales. Para iniciar, quisiera destacar 
la estrecha relación que mantene mos con la Unión  Europea. Esta relación , prolífera y respetuosa, se 
basa en valores y aspiraciones comunes en materias como el respeto al estado de derecho, la 
promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales, la promoción de la 
paz, el desarrollo sostenible, la cooperación internacional, el diálogo político y el comercio exterior.  
4.267.   Coincidimos con la Unión  Europea en que el sistema multilateral del comercio es esencial 
para la política comercial, el cual ha contribuido a la capaci dad resiliente de nuestras economías para 
enfrentar los desafíos que enfrentamos ante los impactos de la pandemia del COVID -19 y las 
tensiones en el contexto geopolítico actual. Asimismo, reconocemos las contribuciones de la 
Unión  Europea para fortalecer l a OMC, particularmente en su proceso de reforma, en el que 
Costa  Rica también participa activamente. Compartimos además con la Unión  Europea, el interés en 
iniciativas plurilaterales sobre reglamentación nacional de servicios, comercio electrónico y 
facilitación de las inversiones.  
4.268.   La Unión  Europea se ha consolidado como nuestro segundo socio comercial en importancia, 
ocupando este lugar consistentemente durante los últimos siete años. Esta relación se ha logrado 
consolidar gracias a la aplicación del pilar  comercial del Acuerdo de Asociación entre Centroamérica 
y la Unión  Europea desde 2013. En el último decenio, nuestro comercio bilateral ha crecido 7% en 
promedio, en el último año 18% de nuestras exportaciones se dirigieron a este mercado y el 9% de 
nuest ras importaciones. Costa  Rica ha afianzado su posición como exportador a esa región, no solo 
de productos agrícolas tradicionales, sino también de bienes y servicios de alto valor agregado, 
cumpliendo con altos estándares internacionales.  
4.269.   Para que esta re lación comercial crezca y continue generando beneficios, se hace necesario 
seguir trabajando juntos, particularmente ante el desafío de procurar cada vez más un comercio 
más justo, sostenible e inclusivo.  
4.270.   Compartimos los objetivos legítimos de la Unión  Europea de frenar el cambio climático y 
proteger la salud y el bienestar de los seres humos, animales y plantas, a través de la 
implementación del Pacto  Verde. Nuestra convicción sobre la relevancia de estos temas a nivel 
comercial se refleja en la inclusión de estas temáticas en muchos de nuestros acuerdos comerciales 
bilaterales, incluyendo el que tenemos con la Unión  Europea junto con el resto de países de 
Centroamérica; nuestra participación en la iniciativa plurilateral para el Acuerdo sobre Cambio 
Climát ico, Comercio y Sostenibilidad (ACCTS), el cual se encuentra en proceso de negociación; así 
como en la coordinación de  las Discusiones Estructuradas sobre Comercio y Sostenibilidad 
Ambiental , que conocemos como TESSD.  
4.271.   No obstante, actualmente nos enfrenta mos a importantes retos debido al impacto en las 
condiciones de ingreso de nuestras exportaciones al mercado europeo, producto de las diversas 
normativas que se están implementando con base en los objetivos del Pacto  Verde, las cuales 
establecen nuevas exi gencias a nuestros productores y exportadores. En este contexto, y de cara a 
las nuevas regulaciones que se están gestando, se hace aún más relevante el diálogo y trabajo 
conjunto.  
4.272.   Específicamente, en relación con la política sobre pesticidas y límites má ximos de residuos, 
Costa  Rica ha visibilizado consistentemente en múltiples foros la importancia de que cualquier 
modificación a los límites máximos de residuos se base en evidencia científica y concluyente, que WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 43 - 
 
  permita la aplicación de la medida menos res trictiva al comercio. Además, que estas modificaciones 
se realicen en el marco del Codex  Alimentarius, mediante trabajo coordinado de la comunidad 
internacional, en beneficio de la armonización y facilitación del comercio. Costa  Rica quisiera 
agradecer a l a Unión  Europea por el diálogo constructivo con países del continente americano a este 
respecto, por lo que instamos a que este diálogo continúe en aras de que las preocupaciones de 
nuestro sector agroexportador sean consideradas.  
4.273.   Otra normativa de particu lar interés, es el reglamento sobre productos libres de 
deforestación, sobre el cual varios países hemos también visibilizado a la Unión  Europea nuestras 
preocupaciones. En nuestro caso, persisten dudas sobre cómo se considerarán, de manera efectiva, 
las particularidades, regulación nacional y situación de cada país, sobre todo, considerando que la 
evaluación de debida diligencia considera aspectos más allá de los ambientales. Asimismo, 
quisiéramos tener mayor claridad sobre la forma en que la Unión  Europea  implementará su 
compromiso de establecer alianzas y mecanismos de cooperación con los países afectados. 
Finalmente, quisiéramos conocer más sobre la posición de la Unión  Europea en relación con la 
notificación de esta regulación bajo el Acuerdo de Obstácu los Técnicos al Comercio.  
4.274.   Esperamos continuar trabajando con la Unión  Europea en estas, así como en las demás 
iniciativas que se deriven del Pacto  Verde, o que de alguna manera puedan afectar el ingreso de 
nuestros productos a este importante mercado para nuestro país. Lo anterior, promoviendo un 
diálogo constante y abierto, que reconozca las realidades de nuestros productores y su capacidad 
de adapt arse, y que contemple tanto en el proceso de elaboración de las normativas, como iniciativas 
que anticipen cambios, informen adecuadamente y promuevan la adaptación a las nuevas 
exigencias. Asimismo, Costa  Rica tiene la mejor disposición de continuar traba jando con la 
Unión  Europea en todos aquellos proyectos de interés común y, de esta manera, seguir construyendo 
una historia comercial sólida y duradera que continue beneficiando a nuestros ciudadanos.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.275.   On behalf of the United  States, I am plea sed to participate in the European  Union's 
15th Trade Policy Review and extend a warm welcome to the EU delegation, led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand.  
4.276.   The EU and the United  States are vital strategic partners and share the largest trade and 
investment relationship in the world. The United  States highly values its close working relationship 
with the EU in the WTO and in multiple other fora.  
4.277.   We are also grateful for the EU 's partnership over the past two and a half years in finding 
solutions to trade -related disagreements, including some longstanding ones.  
4.278.   Notwithstanding our close strategic partnership, it is important to acknowledge in the context 
of this TPR that certain U.S. goods and services face persistent barriers in the EU market. These 
barriers limit the opportunity of U.S. workers and businesses t o benefit from transatlantic trade. It 
is important that we are able to speak honestly with one another about issues of concern, always 
with a view to finding ways to resolve them.  
4.279.   I want to highlight a few specific examples . 
4.280.   First, U.S. stakeholders have  longstanding concerns with the EU 's lack of adequate 
opportunities to offer meaningful comments on proposed regulations and decisions. EU notifications 
often are made at a procedural stage when it is too late to revise proposed measures to take into 
consideration substantive concerns raised by other WTO Members.  
4.281.   In addition, we have had longstanding concerns regarding the EU 's hazard -based approach 
to regulations, which can lead to measures that limit U.S. market access. One well -known example 
is the EU r egulation known as REACH. It relies on an unduly restrictive hazard -based approach 
instead of a scientific assessment of the actual risks of exposure to a chemical in a specific use. U.S. 
stakeholders have raised concerns that, as part of the registration process under REACH, they must 
provide data that is not relevant to the specific hazards and proposed uses of a registered substance. 
Additionally, EU member States ' application of REACH appears to be inconsistent and lacks WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 44 - 
 
  transparency, resulting in requi rements that are more onerous for U.S. exporters than for EU 
businesses and products that are already in the EU single market.  
4.282.   Third, U.S. agricultural products continue to face a number of market access barriers. For 
example, U.S. stakeholders are concern ed that implementing regulations for the EU's Farm  to Fork 
strategy require the adoption of EU production practices in order to access the EU market. These 
practices are not appropriate, effective, or efficient in other parts of the world, and these 
requir ements could unnecessarily restrict trade or force farmers in the United  States and other 
countries outside the EU to produce crops in less sustainable ways than they otherwise would have.  
4.283.   Additionally, despite having succeeded in litigation years ago, the  United  States continues 
to have concerns regarding the lack of predictability, excessive data requirements, and delays in the 
EU's approval process for genetically engineered crops, which have prevented safe products from 
being exported to the EU .  
4.284.   The EU  also continues to restrict the use of "traditional terms ", such as "tawny ", "ruby", and 
"chateau ", on labels on imported wine. This impedes U.S. wine exports to the EU, including U.S. 
wines that include these traditional terms within their trademarks. We also remain troubled by the 
EU's overbroad protection of geographical indications and approach on geographical indications with 
its trading partners, which adversely impacts both protection of U.S. trademarks and market access 
for U.S. products that use co mmon names in the EU and third country markets.  
4.285.   Fourth, the EU has proposed a new cybersecurity certification scheme for procurement of 
cloud services that would close access to foreign suppliers. U.S. stakeholders have expressed 
concerns about provisions of the proposed scheme, including restrictions on domestic ownership 
requirements. The EU covers cloud services in its GPA commitments and is required to provide 
non-discriminatory access to covered procurement.  
4.286.   Fifth, U.S. companies across a range of sec tors also continue to cite concerns about the EU 's 
exclusionary approach to standards -related measures, including its conformity assessment 
framework, and its efforts to encourage governments around the world to adopt this restrictive 
approach. The EU 's approach impedes market access for products that do not conform to European 
regional standards (ENs), even if they conform to international standards that meet or exceed the 
EU regulatory requirements. Products regulated by the EU must conform to these EU -specific 
regional standards – and must then be certified by European testing bodies – in order to benefit 
from a presumption of conformity with the EU 's essential regulatory requirements.  
4.287.   The new European Standardization Strategy raises concerns that the EU is moving away 
from cooperation with trading partners in standardization. Under it, European Standardization 
Organizations will constrain the involvement of non -EU interests in the development of harmonized 
EN standards. In addition, new Commission poli cies, such as a refusal to reference underlying 
standards developed outside of Europe and new restrictions on participation in expert advisory 
committees, signal a deliberate effort to exclude foreign participants, undermine the acceptance of 
international  standards developed in the United  States , and impose European regional standards on 
foreign trade partners.  
4.288.   Finally, notwithstanding the existence of EU -wide customs legislation, the EU does not have 
a single customs administration. EU customs law is adm inistered by agencies in each Member State, 
making it difficult for the EU to ensure that its rules and decisions on classification, valuation, origin, 
and customs procedures are applied uniformly across member States. The EU also lacks tribunals or 
proced ures for the prompt review and EU -wide correction of administrative actions relating to 
customs matters. Although differences in member State tribunal decisions can be taken to the Court 
of Justice of the European  Union, referral of a question to the Court  is generally discretionary, may 
take many years, and may not afford sufficient redress.  
4.289.   Notwithstanding the particular concerns we have raised, the United  States looks forward to 
continued close partnership with the EU in working towards our shared trade  policy goals  and reform 
of the WTO . I heard today a clear vision to use and adapt trade policy to serve important global and 
societal goals , and the need for cooperation and consultation at the WTO to improve understanding 
by trading partners of the balan cing and trade of f necessary . We want to work with the EU to better WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 45 - 
 
  understand its objective and hope the EU will work with the rest of the Membership with an open 
mind as we all seek to adapt trade policies to meet global challenges.  
4.290.   Finally, I want to r ecognize  the strong leadership of Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado here 
at the WTO and look forward to continued collaboration on many areas of joint interest with him and 
his team.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.291.   Merci M. le Président et merci à la Directrice  Weyand de sa décl aration liminaire qui fixe bien 
les contours de la politique commerciale de l'UE.  
4.292.   Un grand merci également à l'Ambassadrice Pitfield de Thaïlande pour ses très pertinentes 
remarques introductives  ; et au Secretariat pour son rapport détaillé.  
4.293.   La Suisse se félicite de l'engagement constant de l'UE à l'OMC, et de son soutien constructif 
en faveur de la réforme de l'Organisation. Sur le fond, la Suisse et l'UE partagent les mêmes objectifs 
quant à la pertinence et à la crédibilité du système commercial multila téral, y compris lorsqu'il s'agit 
d'y défendre le mécanisme de règlement des différends. Tant la Suisse que l'UE sont d'ailleurs partie 
au MPIA.  
4.294.   Cet engagement de l'UE à l'OMC est fondamental. Car l'UE – même après le retrait du 
Royaume -Uni – reste le bloc  commercial qui a le plus grand commerce extérieur au monde. 
La Suisse, comme beaucoup d'autres, est très étroitement liée à l'UE et fait partie de ses plus 
importants partenaires commerciaux. C'est pourquoi la stabilité économique de l'UE et celle de son 
commerce extérieur sont particulièrement scrutées en Suisse; et c'est pourquoi nous nous félicitons 
des importantes mesures de stabilisation économique prises par l'UE et ses Etats membres pendant 
la pandémie et au lendemain de l'agression russe en Ukraine . L'économie de l'UE a renoué avec la 
croissance dès 2021 et est restée globalement dans une dynamique de croissance en 2022, malgré 
les difficultés dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement à cause de la guerre en Ukraine.  
4.295.   D'un point de vue commercial, la cris e sanitaire nous a renforcé dans notre conviction que 
c'est précisément lorsque l'approvisionnement devient incertain que le maintien de flux commerciaux 
ouverts est le plus important. C'est pourquoi la Suisse a observé avec inquiétude l'introduction de 
nombreuses restrictions commerciales par les États membres de l'UE au début de la pandémie; et 
que nous avons par la suite salué le fait que la plupart de ces mesures aient été rapidement levées. 
Pour l'avenir, nous aimerions néanmoins savoir si l'UE a mis e n place des mécanismes propres à 
éviter de telles réactions lors de futures crises.  
4.296.   Nous saluons les ambitions de l'UE en matière de protection du climat et ses efforts pour les 
mettre en œuvre rapidement. La Suisse s'est d'ailleurs fixée des objectifs équ ivalents, notamment 
celui de parvenir à zéro émission nette de CO2 en 2050. Dans ce contexte, permettez -moi trois 
remarques:  
1. D'abord, nous reconnaissons que le Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) est 
susceptible d'aider l'UE à atteindre ses objectifs  de réduction de CO2. Pour la Suisse 
toutefois, il est important que cette mesure, dans sa mise en œuvre, ait le moins d'effets 
possibles sur le commerce international et ne crée pas de discrimination entre produits 
similaires. Nous relevons à cet égard qu e l'exemption dont bénéficie la Suisse est due au 
couplage de son système d'échange de quotas d'émission avec celui de l'UE, plus connu sous 
son acronyme anglais ETS.  
2. Ensuite, La Suisse suit avec intérêt les travaux de l'UE qui visent à limiter le "greenwa shing" 
des instruments financiers; et nous nous demandons quels seront les effets concrets sur la 
finance durable de la Taxonomy Regulation de l'UE dans le cadre de son Green  Deal. Nous 
serions en particulier intéressés à savoir si la Commission mène des a ctions de suivi à ce 
sujet.  
3. Enfin, le secteur suisse de l'acier et de l'aluminium étant très étroitement lié à ceux de l'UE 
et des États -Unis, nous nous intéressons de près à l'évolution du Global Arrangement on 
Sustainable Steel (GSA). Nous saluons l'inte ntion d'ouvrir cette initiative à d'autres pays et WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 46 - 
 
  sommes particulièrement intéressés par la manière dont elle réduira les émissions de CO2 
liées au commerce.  
4.297.   Pour conclure, laissez -moi réaffirmer que la Suisse continuera à s'engager avec l'UE en 
faveur d 'un système commercial multilatéral juste et une OMC efficace. Nous nous réjouissons de 
coopérer avec nos collègues de la Mission à Genève placé sur la conduit avisée e t compétente de 
l'Ambassadeur Aguiar  Machado.  
4.298.   Je remercie encore vivement l'UE pour les informations fournies dans son rapport et pour 
les réponses à nos nombreuses questions. Je lui souhaite un fructueux examen de sa politique 
commerciale.  
BRAZIL  
4.299.   Allow me to extend a warm welcome to the European delegation, led by DG Trade 
Sabine  Weyand, as well as Ambassador João Machado and his team. I would also like to express our 
gratitude to the EU, the Secretariat, and the discussant, Ambassador  Pitfield, for their valuable 
contributions. Moreover, I commend you, Mr  Chair, Ambassador  Almoqbe l, for your sharp opening 
remarks.  
4.300.   Firstly, I wish to emphasize that the review of the EU's trade policies serves as a testament 
to the significance of the monitoring pillar of the WTO. It provides us with an opportunity to examine 
and comment on various aspects of the EU's contributions to  the multilateral trading system, a 
matter of great importance to Brazil.  
4.301.   Such an exercise is fitting given the longstanding political and economic relationship between 
Brazil and the EU. In fact, Brazil was among the first countries to establish diplomati c relations with 
the European Economic Community back in 1960. Over the years, this relationship has evolved and 
gained high prominence within the framework of Brazilian foreign policy, moving into a Strategic 
Partnership in 2007, now encompassing over 30 Sectorial Dialogues.  
4.302.   Despite the challenges posed by the COVID -19 pandemic and the subsequent slow social 
and economic recovery, Brazil has maintained intense high -level engagement with European 
authorities on crucial matters. These dialogues underscore th e strength and diversity of the Brazil -EU 
Strategic Partnership. In this regard, we look forward to the imminent implementation of the SPS 
Bilateral Consultation Mechanism, following a prolonged period of inactivity.  
4.303.   Within this context, we hold great hope  for the future growth and fortification of our 
economic relationship with the EU, particularly as both parties strive for the conclusion of the 
MERCOSUR -EU Association Agreement.  
4.304.   As we delve into the Secretariat and Government reports, Brazil would like t o address specific 
topics relating to the EU's trade policy within the framework of our bilateral relationship.  
4.305.   Firstly, I would like to draw attention to the agricultural sector, which continues to present 
challenges in terms of openness within the EU. The average tariff rate on agricultural goods, 
currently standing at around 14%, is more than three times higher than the overall EU average of 
around 4%. Tariff escalation, as well as the extensive use of non -ad valorem  rates and tariff quotas, 
remain signi ficant barriers to imports.  
4.306.   Even after carefully examining the Secretariat's Report, gaining a clear understanding of the 
complex array of agricultural support policies implemented by the EU and its member States poses 
a significant challenge, as highlight ed by the discussant. Additionally, we note that the most recent 
EU Domestic Support notification to the WTO covers the marketing year 2016/2017. We encourage 
the EU to promptly notify more recent measures.  
4.307.   Furthermore, in the areas of Technical Barriers t o Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary 
Measures, Brazil has identified specific instances where the EU has adopted measures that appear 
to be more trade restrictive than necessary, without due consideration for international standards 
and scientific justif ication. Our concerns encompass issues such as the registration of pesticides and 
the reduced transitional periods for the entry into force of new Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs).  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 47 - 
 
  4.308.   I would like to express some concerns regarding certain aspects of the Europea n Union's 
trade policy. It is important to address these matters as we engage in constructive dialogue.  
4.309.   In light of our shared commitment to preserve the multilateral trading system and achieve 
a sustainable future and a decarbonized economy, Brazil expres ses its concerns with the EU 's 
unilateral measures proposed under the European Green Deal. Three measures, in particular, appear 
to present risks to both the trade and the environmental multilateral regimes: the Deforestation -Free 
Commodities Regulation, t he Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the establishment of 
maximum residue limit requirements that deviate from the purpose of addressing sanitary risk.  
4.310.   The proposed European Deforestation -Free Commodities Regulation includes a 
country -based benchmarki ng system with a tiered classification that would impose different 
treatments to Members according to criteria unilaterally set by the European  Union. The proposed 
regulation could promote trade diversion, as operators interested in avoiding heavy complian ce 
burdens would have an incentive to reduce exchanges with countries deemed as "high risk ". It could 
also undermine our common goals of curbing deforestation and forest degradation.  
4.311.   In turn, the proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism appears to pose challenges to 
a broad array of WTO rules, including in disciplines related to tariffs and TBT, as well as in the 
fundamental principles of non -discrimination and national treatment. From an environmental 
perspective, it fails to recognize the CBDR principl e. Importantly, it also lacks a provision to account 
for decarbonization efforts that do not involve carbon pricing, such as regulatory approaches.  
4.312.   Brazil urges the EU to observe the need for its trade -related environmental measures to 
comply with both tra de and environmental multilateral rules. In that sense, we call upon the EU to 
avoid attempts to impose specific standards and decarbonization strategies on other economies. We 
remain committed to work together with the EU to shape a fair and effective mul tilateral treatment 
for the nexus between trade and sustainability that aligns with and supports the commitments made 
by Members in environmental fora, such as the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris 
Agreement.  
4.313.   Another aspect of concern in the European  Union's recent trade policy is the substantial 
increase in subsidy volumes allocated to various economic sectors. The COVID -19 pandemic, the 
conflict in Ukraine, and the EU's green and digital transitions have prompted the establishment of 
new funds, as well as the expansion of existing funds, with more flexible conditions for access. This 
has led to the provision of higher amounts of direct transfers and financing at subsidized interest 
rates.  
4.314.   In conclusion, we appreciate the responses provide d by the EU delegation to Brazil's 
inquiries. We extend our best wishes to the European  Union for a fruitful Trade Policy Review, and 
we remain committed to engaging in encouraging discussions on these matters.  
UKRAINE  
4.315.   On behalf of Ukraine, we would like t o extend a very warm welcome to the distinguished 
delegation of the European  Union led by the Directorate -General for Trade, European  Commission 
Sabine  Weyand  and express our appreciation to the EU team and to the WTO Secretariat for their 
hard work while preparing to the 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
4.316.   I would also like to thank the d iscussant, H.E. Amba ssador Pimchanok  Pitfield , for her 
introductory remar ks. 
4.317.   I would like to express my sincere gratitude  to H.E. Ambassador  João Aguiar  Machado  and 
his esteemed team for the excellent cooperation between our two missions in every level which 
serves our mutual interests and thank them for their active engagement  in all WTO activities.  
4.318.   It is a great honour for us to participate in this TPR, which gives a good opportunity to 
enhance our understanding on the wide range of aspects concerning trade policy and practices of 
the biggest trading bloc in the world.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 48 - 
 
  4.319.   The EU is a largest trading partner and a very important strategic ally for Ukraine, at the 
WTO and beyond. The share of EU trade in goods constituted almost 55% of our external trade (in 
January -February  2023).  
4.320.   Last year, the volume of our bilateral trade in go ods and services decreased by 5.2% 
compared to 2021, although it was not such severe contraction, as we experienced in trade with 
other partners because of the disastrous repercussions of Russia n Federation' s war of aggression 
against Ukraine.  
4.321.   Our bilatera l trade performance remains strong due to longstanding close cooperation with 
the EU that continues to be  directed by t he the Ukraine -EU Association Agreement, including a Deep 
and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, covering a substantial part of the EU acquis  in different areas.  
4.322.   Unprecedented comprehensive support of the EU, given to Ukraine in response to 
Russia n Federation' s war, have helped to alleviate its disruptive impact and to make trade more 
resilient as well.  
4.323.   Taking this opportunity, we would like t o express our sincere respect and gratitude to the 
EU for all the continued support and assistance to Ukraine and its people, for recognition of our 
European perspective and granting candidate country status to Ukraine, for all measures taken to 
mitigate t he subsequent shocks, arisen from Russia n Federation' s unprovoked full -scale military 
invasion of Ukraine, and to reduce the war capacity of the aggressor state.  
4.324.   Today, Ukraine sets itself the ambitious goal of moving from being a candidate to the EU 
membe r State as soon as possible and, even before obtaining membership, to ensure full integration 
into the EU single market.  
4.325.   One of our most important tasks is the further approximation of Ukraine 's legal and 
institutional system with the relevant EU system, a s well as the start of the negotiations on the EU 
membership.  
4.326.   Thus, we would welcome the involvement of our country into the EU economic governance 
system to the extent our candidate status allows.  
4.327.   Since the beginning of the application of the trade provisions of the Association Agreement, 
Ukraine has been actively implementing the legislation, in particular in terms of raising quality 
standards and product safety. The number of enterprises whose production conditions meet the EU 
requirements is const antly growing.  
4.328.   Ukraine remain s to be  a reliable and predictable trading partner. We are ready to continue 
to guarantee food security and provide consumers with quality Ukrainian products, even in the face 
of changing traditional supply chains for agricultu ral products.  
4.329.   We highly appreciate temporary trade -liberali zation measures supplementing trade 
concessions applicable under the Ukraine -EU Association Agreement that have made it possible to 
maintain the dynamics of our exports to the European markets, sup port displaced production, and 
lay the basis for further economic integration, helping Ukrainian exporters to withstand the burden 
of the war and strengthen their position.  
4.330.   Ukraine is counting on the further support of the European  Union in this regard.  
4.331.   We are working on the implementation of the recommendations, outlined in the Decision of 
the EU Council and in the conclusion of the European  Commission. Preparations for the official start 
of negotiations on acquiring full membership in the EU are underway as well.  
4.332.   We highly value leadership of the EU at the multilateral level, its active contribution to the 
WTO's core functions and putting the WTO reform issues at the heart of its trade policy agenda. 
We are looking forward to further collaborating with the  EU on the ongoing negotiations to provide 
a fully - and well -functioning Dispute Settlement Mechanism by 2024 and to improve deliberative 
function of the WTO.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 49 - 
 
  4.333.   To underline importance of our close cooperation in this context, we would like to thank the 
EU for the conclusion that Ukraine "has a good level " and "good administrative capacity to manage 
commitments in external commercial relations ", considering, in particular, Ukraine 's membership in 
the WTO, which was made recently in Commission Analytical report on Ukraine 's alignment with the 
EU acquis.  
4.334.   Ukraine also notes movement of the EU 's trade policy towards a circular economy and 
believes that effective implementation of its new trade strategy and relevant action plans will allow 
to reach established objectives and to amplify development trends, fostering growth, green and 
digital transitions in coming years.  
4.335.   Given the importance of this TPR exercise, we submitted questions to the EU concerning 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, trends in services trade, the state of play with the 
appointment of digital services coordinators, IPRs enforcement in the digital environment, updated 
tax regime, particularities of new Common Agricultural Policy, subsidization, and other aspects of 
the EU 's trade policy and practices.  
4.336.   We wish the EU a very successful Trade Policy Review and hope that the next TPR we will 
undergo together following further enlargement of the EU with Ukraine as one of its new member 
States.  
HONDURAS  
4.337.   En representación del Estado de Ho nduras, quisiéramos dar la más cordial bienvenida a todo 
el equipo de la Unión  Europea, encabezad o por su Jefa de Delegación, S.E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Directora General para el Comercio de la Comisión  Europea , así como al equipo de la Misión 
Permanente ante la OMC liderado de manera brillante por el Embajador, João  Aguiar  Machado y a 
las autoridades de la UE que nos acompañan.  
4.338.   Agradecemos su valioso informe y su declaración inicial.  
4.339.   Hacemos extensivo el agradecimiento a usted Presidente por su conducción y ori entación, a 
la ponente, Embajadora  Pimchanok  Pitfield por sus valiosos comentarios, y a la Secretaría de la OMC 
por su informe y por su valioso trabajo.  
4.340.   La Unión  Europea es una de las economías más orientadas al exterior del mundo y el libre 
comercio entre  sus Estados miembros fue uno de los principios fundacionales.  
4.341.   La UE, sigue siendo el principal bloque comercial del mundo si se consideran las 
importaciones y las exportaciones de bienes y servicios en conjunto. En 2021, representó el 16,2% 
del total del  comercio mundial de bienes y servicios. Asimismo, el comercio internacional representó 
el 21,5% del PIB de la UE.  
4.342.   En ese sentido, Honduras resalta el importante papel de esta Unión Política y Económica, 
como jugador en esta Organización, siendo un impulso r de la inversión internacional y del comercio 
de bienes y servicios, así como un promotor del desarrollo a través de la cooperación en el comercio.  
4.343.   De los informes se desprende que durante el per iodo objeto de examen, diversos 
acontecimientos generaron ma yor volatilidad e incertidumbre.  
4.344.   La pandemia de COVID -19 provocó la mayor recesión desde la crisis financiera de 
2008-2009, y el PIB real disminuyó un 5,7% en 2020. Sin embargo, gracias en parte, a las 
enseñanzas extraídas de la anterior crisis y a las rá pidas medidas adoptadas por los Estados 
miembros de la UE, la reapertura en 2021 dio lugar a una recuperación más fuerte y el PIB rebotó 
hasta alcanzar un crecimiento del 5,4% en 2021.  
4.345.   Observamos que en el período objeto de examen, se concluyeron varias in iciativas 
legislativas tales como las relativas a la gobernanza europea de datos, los mercados disputables y 
equitativos en el sector digital, la regulación sobre el mercado único de servicios digitales y la 
modernización de las normas de protección de los  consumidores de la Unión, por mencionar algunas.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 50 - 
 
  4.346.   En lo que respecta al plano bilateral, Europa siempre ha tenido fuertes vínculos culturales, 
políticos e históricos con Honduras.  Desde la Declaración de Estocolmo de 1999, que cubría aspectos 
como la gobe rnanza, los derechos humanos y la eficacia de la ayuda, donde se han desarrollado 
planes de acción conjunta.  
4.347.   En el plano regional, la UE y Centroamérica han continuado con la aplicación dinámica del 
pilar comercial de su Acuerdo de Asociación.  
4.348.   La UE y Cen troamérica firmaron el protocolo de adhesión de Croacia al Acuerdo de Asociación 
en 2020. Asimismo, la UE acordó proteger 11  nuevas indicaciones geográficas de Centroamérica en 
junio de 2022 y una evaluación ex post publicada por la UE en septiembre  de 2022 mostró que la 
aplicación provisional del pilar comercial del Acuerdo desde 2013 había contribuido a fortalecer la 
integración regional, crear empleo, aumentar el bienestar y reducir la pobreza entre otros.  
4.349.   A marzo  de 2023, el intercambio comercial con Europa fue superavitario para Honduras en 
USD 157 millones, aunque menor interanualmente en USD 31 millones, debido en parte a la 
reducción en las exportaciones de café, fundamentalmente hacia Italia y Alemania.  
4.350.   Los p rincipales productos que Honduras exporta hacia la Unión  Europea son el café, aceites 
vegetales y mariscos. En contraste, los productos que más se importan desde la Unión  Europea son 
los relacionados con maquinaria mecánica y eléctrica, y productos farmacé uticos . 
4.351.   Para nuestro país, la Unión  Europea representan un aliado extremadamente importante, con 
el cual hemos sostenido diálogos estratégicos sólidos y compartimos la visión que el preservar un 
entorno comercial internacional estable y previsible, fundame ntado en normas claras de obligado 
cumplimiento para todos los Miembros de esta Organización, revierte en un interés estratégico.  
4.352.   En este y otros contextos, esperamos continuar haciendo nuestros mejores esfuerzos y 
fortaleciendo el dialogo a fin de lograr entendimientos comunes que nos permitan forjar una 
asociación que nos ayude a construir economías más resistentes e inclusivas, a proteger nuestras 
democracias y reforzar la cohesión social.  
4.353.   Para finalizar, quisiéramos reiterar nuestro reconocimiento por e ste nuevo ejercicio de 
intercambio sobre las prácticas comerciales de la Unión  Europea, al tiempo que les agradecemos por 
las respuestas a las preguntas iniciales formuladas por Honduras y les deseamos el mayor de los 
éxitos.  
REPUBLIC OF KOREA  
4.354.   Let me join the previous speakers in extending a warm welcome to Dr Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade from the European  Commission, Ambassador Machado and the delegation 
of the European  Union for its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.355.   My special thanks also go to Ambassador Pitfield of Thailand for her contribution as the 
discussant today and to the Secretariat for its comprehensive and informative Report.  
4.356.   This year marks the 60th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between the Repu blic of 
Korea and the European  Union. With this symbolic number of long -standing relationship, it is also 
worth mentioning that the Republic of Korea  particularly values the mutual trust and cooperation 
that we have built upon the Korea -EU FTA for more tha n a decade.  
4.357.   Through the high -level and comprehensive FTA, both sides had nearly free access to each 
other's market which has served as a solid foundation for economic cooperation despite the growing 
global uncertainties.  
4.358.   Even during the pandemic, our bilat eral trade continued to increase. The trade volume even 
recorded an all -time high for two consecutive years. The amount of mutual investment also 
significantly increased in 2021 and remains at a high level since then.  
4.359.   Building on this close trade partnersh ip, the Republic of Korea and the EU have recently 
expanded their cooperation in areas such as digital, supply chain, and climate change. The Republic WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 51 - 
 
  of Korea looks forward to seeing positive results from our joint efforts to improve digital trade rules 
in a way to incorporate various digital aspects and elements of cooperation. In addition, as a strong 
supporter of the multilateral trading system as well as a partner who shares common values with 
the EU, the Republic of Korea is seeking cooperation with t he EU at various levels to establish a 
stable global supply chain and to effectively respond to climate change.  
4.360.   The Republic of Korea appreciates that the EU shows leadership in maintaining openness, 
fairness, and sustainability of the global trade and inv estment. Along with its contribution to 
discussions in international organizations including the WTO, European  Union internally introduces 
various policy tools in order to achieve carbon neutrality, to promote high -tech industries, and to 
ensure the founda tion of fair competition. We also observe the cooperation with global partners 
continues to be strengthening. The Republic of Korea believes that the core value of these efforts is 
no different from the direction that Members are headed to enhance the rele vance of multilateral 
trade norms at the WTO.  
4.361.   We note that the EU is seeking new trade policies to implement carbon -neutral goals and 
lay the foundation for fair competition. While we can agree with the objective of these policies, we 
would like to point o ut that given the size and status of the EU in the global economy, it may have 
considerable repercussions in global trade and investment. Hence, when implementing these 
policies, it is necessary to minimize corporate burden and resolve uncertainties so as not to hinder 
free economic activities among stakeholders.  
4.362.   We encourage the EU to ensure the WTO consistency and non -discriminatory legislation and 
implementation of the policies. To be specific, the Republic of Korea expects the CBAM 
Implementation Regula tion to sufficiently reflect each country 's Carbon Reduction Mechanism. With 
regard to the Foreign Subsidies Regulation, we also urge the EU to address the issue of heavy 
administrative burden imposed on companies complying with the regulation.  
4.363.   When it com es to the EU 's recent subsidy policy, we understand that the EU believes it is 
necessary to achieve various policy goals. Our view is that policy should be implemented in a way 
that maintains the global trade order and keep it from triggering subsidy compe tition, or in other 
words, a race to the bottom.  
4.364.   Throughout the process of enacting and implementing the EU directives and regulations in 
general, we look forward to active information sharing and consultation, whenever appropriate and 
possible. Guidelines  to those directives and regulations published in a timely manner could also 
provide further clarity to relevant businesses and trading partners.  
4.365.   Another area of interest for the Republic of Korea is  the progress of the EU -US GSSA 
consultations. Since the Republic of Korea expects the agreement to be open and transparent from 
its early stage of rule -making, we encourage the EU to consider engaging third countries and sharing 
information in a transparent manner.  
4.366.   Ensuring fair competition in trade should be b ased on WTO trade rules. The Republic of Korea 
is concerned, however, about the EU's steel Safeguard measures in this respect. Thus , we are 
disappointed to hear the last week 's decision to prolong the measure. We expect a meaningful 
consultation on this ma tter could be held in near time.  
4.367.   Turning to the WTO, the Republic of Korea commends the EU for making meaningful 
contribution in various aspects to restore the functioning of the WTO which is the foundation of a 
rules-based multilateral trading system.  
4.368.   The Republic of Korea, as a country that has grown through trade, values WTO reform as 
one of the major agenda in our trade policy. We wish to work closely with the EU, based on mutual 
understanding, in relevant discussions including restoration of  the Dispute Settlement System.  
4.369.   Further, we hope that the Republic of Korea and the European  Union join forces together to 
establish new trade rules so that the WTO becomes relevant Organization responding to the future. 
The Republic of Korea believes tha t both sides could enhance cooperation to coordinate Members ' 
trade-related climate measures, and promote liberalization of environmental goods and services. 
We also wish to enhance efforts together with the EU to conclude the text negotiation on the futur e WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 52 - 
 
  IFD agreement soon and to incorporate it into the WTO rule book. E -commerce is another area 
where the two digital leaders, the Republic of Korea and the EU, could support the WTO to set 
appropriate rules in line with digital transformation.  
4.370.   To conclude,  the Republic of Korea  would like to reiterate its commitment to keep close 
cooperation with the EU in addressing emerging trade issues as well as future discussion on the WTO 
reform.  
4.371.   Let me once again express my gratitude to the EU delegation for its hard  work for this T rade 
Policy Review . We appreciate the responses from the EU to our written questions and we will closely 
review them back in Seoul.  
KINGDOM OF SAUDI  ARABIA  
4.372.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia is very pleased to take part in the 15th Trade Policy Re view of 
the European  Union and would like to extend a very warm welcome to the distinguished delegation 
of the European  Union headed by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General of the Directorate 
General for Trade in the European  Commission.  
4.373.   We thank the E uropean  Union and the WTO Secretariat for their detailed and comprehensive 
Trade Policy Review reports. We also thank the discussant H .E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield, Ambassador 
and Permanent Representative of Thailand to the WTO for her insightful comments.  
4.374.   The European  Union economy had many years of stability when its GDP growth 
averaged  2.1% although it declined by 5.7% in 2020 due to the COVID -19 pandemic, and yet, 
in 2021, a strong recovery occurred, and it reached 5.4%.  
4.375.   The period under review was marked  by a major change in development goals and priorities 
led by the new measures of the Digital Services Act (DSA), the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Import 
One-Stop Shop (IOSS) and the Regulation on the EU Single Window Environment for Customs.  
4.376.   The Kingdom  of Saudi  Arabia appreciates the efforts of the European  Union into the 
reinforcement of the multilateral trading system which remains an integral component of the 
European  Union's trade policy and actively contributes to the WTO's core functions including  the 
discussions through joint proposals and initiatives in many areas such as WTO's reform, 
transparency, domestic regulation of trade in services, e -commerce, investment facilitation and 
MSMEs.  
4.377.   In terms of regional and bilateral agreements, the European  Union has the largest network 
of RTAs in the world with 44  agreements in place. To strengthen implementation, enforcement and 
mechanism of the Chapters of its RTAs, the European  Union established a new internal complaint 
mechanism – the Single -Entry Point.  
4.378.   Trade exchange between the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and the European  Union exceeded 
SAR 200 billion in 2021. Mineral products are the major commodities exported by the Kingdom of 
Saudi  Arabia to the European  Union. Machinery appliances, on the other hand, are the main 
commodities imported by the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia from the European  Union. In addition, the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia has a strong trade relationship with the European  Union supported by the 
shared membership in the G20. Moreover, Business Cou ncils remain very active in paving the way 
for closer economic cooperation and generating valuable business opportunities between the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and 11  countries from the European  Union which are: Austria, 
Czech  Republic , Denmark, France, Germ any, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain , and Sweden.  
4.379.   Before I conclude, I would like to express my thanks to H.E.  Mr João Aguiar  Machado, 
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the European  Union to the WTO, and his delegation 
for the excellent coo peration between our two missions.  
4.380.   Finally, the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia congratulates the European  Union for its solid economic 
performance and wishes the delegation of the European  Union a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
 WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 53 - 
 
  PARAGUAY  
4.381.   La República de Paraguay desea enviar un cordial saludo a la delegación de la Unión  Europea, 
representada por la jefa de delegación S.E.  Sabine  Weyand, Directora General para el Comercio de 
la Comisión  Europea , y a la representación de la Unión  Europea ante la OMC encabezada por el 
colega Embajador João  Aguiar  Machado. Asimismo, nos gustaría expresar nuestro agradecimiento a 
usted Sr. Presidente por su liderazgo en este examen, así como a la ponente Embajadora 
Pimchanok  Pitfield de Tailandia y a la Secre taría por la elaboración exhaustiva del informe.  
4.382.   La Unión  Europea, como se destaca en el informe de la Secretaría, sigue siendo el principal 
comerciante mundial, con una significativa participación tanto en las importaciones como en las 
exportaciones a niv el global. Por lo tanto, no sorprende la cantidad de preguntas planteadas por los 
miembros durante este examen y la asistencia el día de hoy.  
4.383.   Cuando un mercado es tan importante como el de la Unión  Europea, las medidas unilaterales 
con implicancias comerci ales pueden afectar el comercio y la producción a nivel mundial, incluso 
aquella que no está destinada a dicho mercado. Por esta razón, Paraguay sigue de cerca los 
desarrollos de políticas y medidas con implicancias comerciales de la Unión  Europea. En este  sentido, 
hemos presentado una serie de preguntas que agradecemos hayan sido respondidas y que estamos 
analizando para plantear preguntas de seguimiento, si fuera necesario. Además, también hemos 
enviado una serie de preguntas adicionales.  
4.384.   Paraguay y la Un ión Europea comparten lazos de amistad y comercio, así como años de 
negociación, en los cuales he tenido el honor de participar directamente, en busca de un Acuerdo de 
Asociación Birregional que incluye el Capitulo Comercial entre el MERCOSUR y la Unión  Europea. 
Esperamos que este acuerdo pueda finalizar los trámites pendientes e iniciar el proceso de 
suscripción, posterior ratificación y de incorporación a los respectivos ordenamientos jurídicos para 
su pronta entrada en vigor.  
4.385.   Asimismo, en el marco de la OMC, agradecemos a la UE por el trabajo conjunto que hemos 
llevado a cabo y su participación activa en todas las áreas que compartimos. Así como en elementos 
centrales de esta casa como su reforma y las negociaciones para la liberación del comercio de bien es 
y servicios.  
4.386.   Sin embargo, me gustaría aprovechar esta intervención para referirme a tres puntos 
concretos mencionados por la UE en su informe:  
i. la importancia del trabajo regular de los Consejos y Comités en la OMC y los 
compromisos de transparencia;  
ii. la necesidad de reformar el sector agrícola;  
iii. y los compromisos en materia de respaldo científico y técnico de las medidas de 
acuerdo con los Acuerdos MSF y OTC.  
4.387.   Apreciamos y compartimos el interés de la UE en seguir mejorando el trabajo regular de los 
Consejos y Comités de la OMC a través de la función deliberativa y los compromisos de transparencia 
establecidos en el marco de la OMC. Son estos aspectos los que, en el día a día, permiten obtener 
respuestas a muchas de las preocupaciones comerciales específi cas que generan en los miembros 
algunas medidas.  
4.388.   Sin embargo, algunas de las preguntas planteadas a la Unión  Europea, no solo por Paraguay 
sino también por muchos otros miembros, no reciben respuestas o solo se responden parcialmente, 
a pesar de haber sid o presentadas por escrito con la debida anticipación.  
4.389.   Además, hemos observado que las notificaciones realizadas tanto en el marco de OTC como 
MSF reciben respuestas por escrito, pero en ninguna ocasión se tienen en cuenta los comentarios 
de los Miembros.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 54 - 
 
  4.390.   A pesar de contar con otros foros y canales, es la OMC la que permite a algunos Miembros 
en desarrollo más pequeños y menos adelantados acceder a esta información por lo que esperamos 
poder seguir trabajando juntos para mejorar este aspecto.  
4.391.   La reforma agr ícola mandatada por el artículo 20 del Acuerdo sobre Agricultura es un tema 
central para Paraguay y este es a la vez el sector más relegado en la OMC, especialmente en lo que 
respecta a los pilares de Acceso a Mercados y Ayudas Internas. Si bien notamos que la UE señala 
que está reformando  sus ayudas internas para pasarlas a la categoría de caja verde, incluso en esta 
categoría, las ayudas internas son solo un juego accesible para países desarrollados, mientras que 
muchos países en desarrollo y menos adelantados no pueden participar. Por lo  tanto, consideramos 
que no solo se necesita una reestructuración, sino también una reducción efectiva y disciplinas 
estrictas para evitar lo que informalmente llamamos "box painting".  
4.392.   Acceso a mercado para estos productos también generará una mejora susta ntiva tanto para 
los productores de países que dependen de la agricultura como para la sostenibilidad mundial al 
permitir una mejor y más eficiente utilización de los recursos naturales. Por lo que esperamos contar 
con el apoyo de la Unión  Europea para ava nzar en las negociaciones y reforma efectiva del sector.  
4.393.   Por último, en lo que respecta al respaldo científico, como mencioné anteriormente, las 
decisiones con impacto comercial que toma el principal actor comercial mundial afectan la producción 
y el comer cio a nivel global, incluso aquellos que no están destinados a ese mercado. Por lo tanto, 
esperamos que la UE se ajuste a las obligaciones de rigor científico y técnico al imponer medidas y 
busque consensos que beneficien a todos, en lugar de imponer medid as unilaterales.  
4.394.   Paraguay está listo para continuar trabajando en conjunto con la UE en estos temas tanto 
en la OMC como en todos los foros pertinentes, con el objetivo de alcanzar resultados consensuados 
que beneficien a todos.  
4.395.   En nombre de mi país, quier o reiterar mis felicitaciones a quienes están a cargo de la 
conducción de este examen y expresar mi agradecimiento al Embajador Aguiar  Machado y los 
delegados de la Misión Permanente de la Unión  Europea ante la OMC.  
TÜRKİYE  
4.396.   We welcome the delegation of the  European  Union headed by Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade of the European Commission.  
4.397.   We thank the Secretariat and the EU for their detailed reports as well as discussant 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her insightful remarks.  
4.398.   As th e world 's top trader, the EU has a leading role in the trade of goods and services as 
well as in foreign direct investments on a global scale. Thus, any change in the EU policies has wider 
effect.   
4.399.   We understand that the EU 's revamped trade policy is based  on sustainability and puts an 
emphasis on green and digital transition in all sectors.  
4.400.   Combating  climate change and mitigating its impacts is a critical agenda item for us all. 
In our view, it is of utmost importance to base climate mitigation efforts on constructive, inclusive , 
and fruitful cooperation so that a strong global response to the challeng es could be generated.  
4.401.   As such, we are closely following the ongoing legislative processes under the European 
Green  Deal. We would like to thank the EU for the transparency and information sharing with regard 
to their trade related environmental policies so far.  
4.402.   We need to keep in mind that the matter at hand has two dimensions when bringing together 
the environment and trade nexus. Thus, it goes without saying that policies designed to combat 
climate change which have trade impacts have to be compatible with the WTO rules as well as other 
international rules, including those stemming from international environmental agreements. These 
policies should by no means impose unnecessary restriction on trade and must be 
non-discriminatory.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 55 - 
 
  4.403.   It is worth emphasizing  here that as a close trading partner with a customs union relationship 
with the EU, we are particularly cautious about the design and implementation of the CBAM. It is 
crucial to make sure that the CBAM is designed and applied in a non -discriminative way,  without 
putting the importers and imported goods at a competitive disadvantage compared to their 
counterparts in the EU. It is equally important not to make it more burdensome than necessary to 
achieve its objectives and to keep in mind different responsi bilities and capabilities of countries.  
4.404.   We believe that the allocation of CBAM revenues to the financing of green transformation 
projects has to take into account the needs of developing countries, since combat ing climate change 
has to be a global effort.  
4.405.   With regard to the regulation to prevent deforestation and forest degradation, it is important 
that technical requirements of the proposed regulation like certification or verification for third 
country operators should be the same with the EU operators. In that regard, no additional 
administrative burden must be placed on third countries.  
4.406.   On the Regulation on Shipments of Waste again it is very important to ensure that the set 
requirements for monitoring and inspection should not go beyond legitimate env ironmental 
objectives. Türkiye shares the EU 's objectives of supporting the transition to a green and circular 
economy, thus it is crucial not to endanger the supply of raw materials to third countries ' recycling 
facilities, hampering the already functioni ng circular economy in these countries.  
4.407.   The Secretariat Report indicates that traditionally the EU had little use of safeguard measures 
and has imposed only six safeguard measures since inception. Although we recognize EU 's good past 
record in this regard, we witnessed that this has been reversed as the safeguard measure on imports 
of certain steel products, which remained in place until now corresponds to significant import volume 
covering many distinct steel products. Fur thermore, we were of the view that the safeguard measure 
was imposed as a result of a deficient investigation, which we had to challenge under the dispute 
settlement system.  
4.408.   In this dispute, the Panel had found inconsistencies under the GATT and the Agree ment on 
Safeguards and recommended that the EU should bring its measure into conformity with these 
Agreements. However, the EU failed to comprehensively re -assess those elements as was required 
by the findings of the Panel and we believe the implementation  measures of the EU is manifestly 
deficient. Notwithstanding this, the EU has unfortunately decided very recently to extend its 
measures for an additional year.  
4.409.   We invite the EU to abide by the Panel ruling in this regard, and to repeal its unfounded 
safeguard measure without delay.  
4.410.   Regarding the structural issues related to the Dispute Settlement System, we appreciate the 
EU's efforts and stance to overcome the current non -functionality of the Appellate  Body. A good 
example set by Türkiye and the EU in th is regard was our Appeal Arbitration Agreement.  
4.411.   During the review period, the EU put into force its Enforcement Regulation and prepared a 
draft for Anti -Coercion Instrument. We would like to voice our expectation that both the Enforcement 
Regulation itsel f and its implementation should be consistent with WTO Agreements and this 
expectation also applies to the EU 's draft Anti -Coercion Instrument.  
4.412.   Türkiye, as a candidate country and Customs  Union partner, enjoys a very special 
relationship with the EU which cannot be confined only to economic and trade ties.  
4.413.   The economies of the EU and Türkiye are highly integrated, Türkiye is currently EU 's sixth 
largest trading partner, while EU is Türkiye 's largest.  
4.414.   Thanks to Customs  Union, Turkish firms have become a vita l part of the EU value chains and 
contribute to the resilience of the EU economy through already well -integrated market structures.  
4.415.   However, it can no longer respond to the needs stemming from the pace of our economic 
and trade ties and relatively new and emerging trade issues. It has now become crystal clear that WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 56 - 
 
  Customs  Union with the EU which dates back to 1996 needs a comprehensive update and this update 
is already overdue.  
4.416.   In conclusion, we would like to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Aguia r Machado  
for the excellent preparation for this review as well as his important contributions to WTO activities.  
4.417.   We wish the European  Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
PAKISTAN  
4.418.   Pakistan appreciates the opportunity to participate at this fifteenth Review of the 
European  Union trade policy.  
4.419.   We wish to welcome the EU delegation led by H.E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, 
Directorate -General for Trade, European Commission at this review of the EU trade policy.  
4.420.   We wish to thank the discussant Thailan d Ambassador to the WTO, 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield for her insightful comments by walking us through the various 
developments of the EU trade policies since its last Review.  
4.421.   Our thanks and appreciation to the Secretariat for their work in preparing the Report for this 
review.  
4.422.   We wish to commend the EU for its bold and targeted policies which have supported the EU 
through turbulent times during the period under review as reflected by its strong GDP growth 
since 2021.  
4.423.   We take note of the new developments in  the EU trade policy as outlined in its 2021 open, 
sustainable and assertive trade policy to address its post pandemic recovery, the challenges arising 
from climate change and the international tensions including unilateralism and its impacts on 
multilater al institutions.  
4.424.   While we applaud the ambitious objectives set out in this new trade policy framework, we 
are hopeful that the EU has taken and will take into consideration the impacts of its trade policies 
on its trading partners when implementing the new  policies outlined in this framework.  
4.425.   While we are also appreciative of the leadership role of the EU in addressing the global 
commons, especially in addressing the environmental challenges, we wish to see more effective 
partnership with the EU in addressi ng such challenges.  
4.426.   The EU is one of Pakistan 's largest trading partners with bilateral trade totalling 
USD 13 billion during FY21 -22, which has increased by  25% compared to the previous financial year 
FY20-21. 
4.427.   Pakistan is a beneficiary of the EU  GSP scheme as well as an important EU development 
program me for the year 2021 -2024 focusing on green inclusive growth, human capital, governance, 
including rule of law and human rights.  
4.428.   Pakistan appreciates the EU support during the devastating floods in 2022,  where the EU 
has provided EUR 1.8 million in humanitarian aid to affected families across large parts of Pakistan.  
4.429.   At the multilateral level we commend the active engagement and leadership of the EU, led 
by Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his able team in G eneva in supporting the multilateral trading  
system. The EU led the establishment of the MPIA, an alternative appeal mechanism while members 
are working to find solution to the current impasse in the WTO dispute settlement system.  
4.430.   To conclude, we wish the European  Union a successful T rade Policy Review . 
 WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 57 - 
 
  KAZAKHSTAN  
4.431.   Kazakhstan warmly welcomes the d elegation of the European  Union, led by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand , Director -General for Trade, European Commission , we express our gratitude to 
the European  Union for thei r informative Report and statement. We also thank Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield  for her insightful comments as discussant,  and the WTO Secretariat for its 
comprehensive Report.  
4.432.   Kazakhstan enjoys strategic bilateral cooperation with the Europea n Union and attache s high 
importance to further deepening economic and trade relations. The European  Union is a key and 
largest trading partner of my country accounting for 30% of Kazakhstan's foreign trade. In 2022, 
the trade turnover between Kazakhstan and the Europ ean Union increased by more than 38 %, 
despite the uncertainties in the global trading environment , and constituted around USD 40 billion.   
4.433.   Dynamic growth also continuous in this year, in the first three months, trade volume 
increased by 12.5% and exceeded USD  10 billion.  Aside from trade, the European  Union is one of 
the largest investors in the economy of Kazakhstan accounting almost USD  170 billion over the 
past 15 years.  
4.434.   During the Second  EU-Central Asia Economic Forum held in Almaty on 19 May 2023, the 
roadmap for the implementation of the memorandum of cooperation on sustainable raw materials , 
batteries and renewable hydrogen values chains  was approved . We believe that this document will 
create conditions for establishing financial and technol ogical cooperation between Kazakhstan and 
the EU's industrial alliance . 
4.435.   We would also  like to mention the enhanced partnership and cooperation agreement 
between  Kazakhstan and the European  Union, which covers 29  areas of cooperation, including 
investment, trade, innovation and infrastructure development , and others ; we believe that the 
effective implementation of this agreement will further enhance economic ties and boost trade 
between Kazakhstan and the EU as well as attract European technologies and inves tments.  
4.436.   Kazakhstan also appreciates the technical assistance and capacity building including the 
Ready4Trade  Central Asia project provided by the EU to facilitate trade cooperation in the region 
and to help the developing Members better integrate into the  multilateral trading system . 
4.437.   We commend the European  Union for its strong and resilient economic performance at the 
EU level despite the challenges in the global economy reflected in the constant GDP growth of 5.4 % 
in 2021 and 3.6% in 2022.  
4.438.   From the mult ilateral trading perspective, we welcome the agreement reached  in May  2022 
between the c o-legislators on the new EU Single Window for Customs Initiative, making it easier for 
different authorities to exchange electronic information submitted by traders. Th e ambitious project 
aims to further facilitate trade, improve safety and compliance checks; support digital and green 
transitions and reduce the administrative burden for national authorities and companies .  
4.439.   The European  Union has always been a key and val uable contributor to the W TO as the 
world's largest trader in both goods and services, in particular the EU is demonstrating its strong 
leadership towards MC13 by proposing useful and concrete ideas in WTO reform, agriculture  and 
food security, e -commerce and dispute  settlement, among others  to address the current crisis in the 
multilateral trading system.  
4.440.   Having said that, Kazakhstan continues to follow developments around the Green  Deal 
announced by the European  Commission and its ambitious Carbon Border  Adjustment Mechanism, 
we urge the European  Union to fully consider the CBM's compatibility with WTO rules and regulations 
to ensure that any such mechanism does not create obstacles to trade . 
4.441.   For this review Kazakhstan has submitted questions covering the  policies and measures of 
our interests including trade remedies and the environment. We are looking forward to receiving the 
European  Union's responses to our questions and we will study them with great interest.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 58 - 
 
  4.442.   In conclusion, we would like to congratul ate the delegation of the European  Union and the 
WTO Secretariat for the hard work and efforts that went into the preparation of this TPR . We would 
like also to express our appreciation to Ambassador João Aguiar Machado  and his team here in 
Geneva. We wish the delegation of the European  Union every success for their 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
BANGLADESH  
4.443.   At the outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, 
Directorate -General for Trade, European Commission and Head of delegation for her introductory 
presentation at the  15th Trade Policy Review of EU. The Bangladesh i delegation also thanks 
H.E. Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her insightful discussions. Our sincere 
appreciations also go to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive reports.  
4.444.   The relations between EU member countries and Bangladesh have been friendly. 
Our bilateral trade a nd ties are further bolstered with the regular high -level visits from both sides. 
Broad -based institutional mechanisms of dialogue have contributed to the deepening of relations. 
Bangladeshi exports to EU dominated by ready-made garments and in the FY2021-22 export volume 
was over USD  23 billion. As we consolidate our trade relationship, we also cooperate closely in 
multilateral area in fostering a rule s-based, fair , and equitable multilateral trade system. As one of 
the largest trading partners, Bangladesh  is delighted to note the great strides and significant 
progress that EU has made despite COVID -19 and other cris es.  
4.445.   During the review period, we have noted that the EU has focused on carrying out many 
structural reforms for ensuring inclusive growth. The fundamentals of the EU economy remain strong 
and this has ensured macroeconomic stability. We applaud EU for the various reform measures that 
it has adopted new trade strategy in 2021 namely openness, sustainability and assertiveness in the 
Trade Policy C ommunication. The multilateral trading system and the WTO remain at the centre of 
the EU's trade policy and a testimony to the importance attached to multilateralism. We note the EU 
commitment to WTO reform for stable and predictable international trading environment based on 
clear and enforceable rules for all WTO Members. Bangladesh welcomes EU 's role in the MC12 to 
identify WTO reform as a fundamental interest and contains a political commitment to discussions 
with a view to having a fully and well -functioning dispute settlement mechanism by 2024.  
4.446.   Being an LDC, Bangladesh enjoys duty free and quota free market access for all products 
under EBA. This has created opportunity for LDCs to further enhance trade with EU. However, we 
need to make efforts, in par tnership with EU, to resolve the challenges with regard to graduation 
from LDC category, product diversification, product standardization, and others. In this context, 
Bangladesh delegation particularly flags four issues such as GSP, rules of origin, econo mic relevance 
of IPRs, and sustainable energy and climate. We have sent six questions through the Secretariat 
earlier and thank the EU delegation for answering the questions. We hope the recent EU notification 
to the WTO on carbon tax while addressing the needs of climate change and rise of climate ambition 
will not create barrier for exports from LDC, LMIC in particular.  
4.447.   To conclude,  we wish the delegation of EU a productive and successful T rade Policy Review . 
My delegation will continue to work closely with the EU delegation, led by H.E. Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado to strengthen multilateral trading system, as we assist our countries to 
enhance our bilateral trade ties.  
ICELAND  
4.448.   It is with pleasure that Ice land welcomes the distinguished delegation of the European  Union 
its Trade Policy Review, led by Director -General for Trade Sabine  Weyand. We also express 
appreciation to the WTO Secretariat as well as the European  Union for the reports prepared, as well 
as to the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, for the excellent framing of the issues for our 
discussion today.  
4.449.   Iceland welcomes the EU 's strong commitment to the smooth functioning of the multilateral 
trading system – with the international trading system and WTO remaining at the centre of EU 's 
trade policy.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 59 - 
 
  4.450.   The EU and Iceland share a close and longstanding relations. The EU is Iceland 's largest 
trading partner, with significant trade flows between the two markets. Both are part of the 
European  Economic Area, providing the framework for close trade relations, harmoni zation, and 
cooperation.  
4.451.   In the past few years Members have been confronted with a challenging international 
environment. The COVID -19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on t he world economy as well as 
the EU 's. 
4.452.   Geopolitical tensions add to the challenges the global economy is facing after the pandemic, 
both with regards to climate change and Russia n Federation' s illegal invasion in Ukraine, which is 
particularly affecting the  EU's economies due to its geographical proximity.  
4.453.   Iceland welcomes EU 's approach to countering those challenges, with the emphasis on 
preserving stable and predictable international trading environment based on clear and enforceable 
rules.  
4.454.   As many Member s, the EU acknowledges that trade policies can have a different impact on 
man and women and addresses existing disparities by a mainstreaming gender in its work. The 
Action Plan on Gender Equality and Women 's empowerment in external relations for 2020 -2025 is 
an important input in that regard.  
4.455.   Iceland welcomes the valuable contribution of EU towards pushing the gender agenda within 
the WTO. First though the work on the Buenos  Aires Declaration and later in the Informal Working 
Group on Trade and Gender whe re the EU, in collaboration with ITC, leads work on how to apply the 
gender lens to the work of the WTO.  
4.456.   In the spirit of supporting relevant data gathering in this field, Iceland has submitted in 
advance written questions on the participation of women in the economies of the EU.  
4.457.   We welcome the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best practices in the 
promotion of gender -equality within trade.  
4.458.   Finally, Iceland once again appreciates the European  Union 's firm support to the multilateral 
trading system and its active engagement in the WTO. We wish the delegations of the EU every 
success for their Trade Policy Review.  
INDIA  
4.459.   At the outset, my delegation extends a warm welcome to the delegation of the 
European  Union led by Sabine  Weyand , Director -General for Trade  of the European Commission for 
their 15th Trade Policy Review, we also take this opportunity to welcome and convey our deep 
appreciation to the EU delegation in Geneva ably led by my friend João Aguiar  Machado  and his 
colleagues for their excellent work and close cooperation with our delegation.  
4.460.   We thank the WTO Secretariat and EU delegation for the comprehensive reports prepared 
for the R eview, these reports have given us very good insights into the trade poli cy of EU. I would 
also like to thank H .E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her insightful remarks as 
discuss ant. 
4.461.   India and the EU enjoy long -standing strategic partnership which goes beyond trade, both  
India and the  EU have so much in common, we both are vibrant democracies with shared values, 
we both support the rule s-based international order and the multilateral trading system, both are 
large economies faced  with a challenging landscape .  
4.462.   For India, the partnership with the EU is one of our most important relationships, visits and 
exchanges at the highest level are a regular feature between India and the E uropean  Union and 
members of the European  Union today, for recent examples of that . The first one is the 15th India-EU 
Summit which took pl ace amidst the lockdown around the world in July 2020; the second one was 
our P rime Minister 's participation in the first ever, India -EU Leaders ' Meeting which happened in 
hybrid mode at Porto in May  2021, which led to the resumption of the bilateral free trade agreement WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 60 - 
 
  dialog ue; the third one was India -EU Trade and Technology Council launch by our Prime  Minister 
and by the President of the European  Commission when he visited India during April 2022; and the 
last one , which I was also part of three weeks b ack, when we had our first Trade and Technology 
Council meeting at Brussels in May  2023.   
4.463.   These interactions have contributed to resumption of  India-EU FTA negotiations and in 
setting up the India -EU Trade and Technology Council that will address cooperation in trade, 
technology , and security  in a comprehensive manner . Both the FTA  negotiations and the TTC pillars 
are providing the necessary impetus needed to upscale our economic engagement . We have made 
a good start with TTC at its first meeting i n Brussels, the working groups within India-EU TTC will 
enable closer strategic cooperation across subjects and sectors.  
4.464.   The EU presently is India's  second -largest and a very important trade partner , our bilateral 
trade was around US D 170 billion taking g oods and services both in account . Similarly, EU is an 
important source of FDI with more than USD 100 billion inflows during the last two decades, which 
accounted for 16% of the cumulative FDI inflows into India during that perio d, at the same time , 
Indian  companies have also invested about USD 50 billion in the EU.   
4.465.   While the bilateral economic and commercial relations have been on the ups wing, certain 
irritants are acting as barriers preventing us from achieving the full potential of our economic 
partners hip. We take this opportunity to highlight some of them, we note with concern that during 
the review period there has been a general upswing in the unilateral trade policy measures 
implemented by the EU that have a negative impact on its trading partners, including India .  
4.466.   The adoption of climate and environment -related policies, particularly the CBAM, regulation 
on deforestation and forest de gradation , the proposal on corporate sustainability  due diligence and 
MRLs, associated derogation power given to EU members are really problematic and are becoming 
non-tariff barriers to trade for the product categories included. These  measures have far -reaching 
implications on existing trade volume and future trade potential. The WTO compatibility of these 
measures is also an open question and require s deeper discussions among the WTO Members to 
ensure that these trade measures are compatible with the WTO rules and the multilateral trading 
system . 
4.467.   EU's stringent SP S and TBT measures and its high use of anti -dumping and countervailing 
measures are also a matter of continued concern to India.  
4.468.   As part of th is TPR exercise, the Indian delegation had submitted several questions on 
various schemes, policies, and measures of the Eu ropean  Union Government in areas including 
goods, agriculture, services, intellectual property, and trade facilitation to name a few. We thank 
the European  Union for their replies to these questions and they are being reviewed by our capital 
and let me ass ure that these questions are emanating because we see more potential in increasing 
our trade . 
4.469.   We recognize the commitment and contribution of the EU to strengthen the multilateral 
trading system, both India and the European  Union have shared interest in a strong and effective 
multilateralism, therefore naturally there remains a high expectation from the EU that its actions 
conform  to the multilateral trade rules and that it will work collectively with its trade partners  to 
ensure that we do not take recours e to measures that will weaken the multilateral trading system . 
4.470.   We look forward to working with the EU on our share d objectives  and common priorities of 
a strong and effective multilateral trading system , and in that regard, in working together to achieve 
balanced and meaningful outcomes at MC13. We are also equally committed and enthusiastic to 
advance our bilateral cooperation with the EU with renewed momentum, our common trade 
concerns, global economic and developmental challenges , and building of resili ent global supply 
chains will remain key focus areas of our work . 
4.471.   In closing,  the prospects for a closer India and EU engagement in the twin -track of 
multilateral and bilateral remains very high, we are looking forward to work with the EU more closely, 
capitalizing on the new momentum to take our partnership to new heights.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 61 - 
 
  4.472.   India wishes the delegation of the European  Union a productive and successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
EL SALVADOR  
4.473.   En nombre del Gobierno de El  Salvador, deseo unirme a los oradores que me h an precedido, 
dando un cordial saludo a la distinguida delegación de la Unión  Europea, encabezada por la 
Sra. Sabine  Weyand , Directora General para el Comercio de la Comisión Europea , los funcionarios 
de la Comisión, quienes nos visitan desde Bruselas, así  como al Embajador Aguiar  Machado y su 
equipo en Ginebra, en ocasión de su decimoquinto examen de políticas comerciales.  
4.474.   Permítanos agradecer tanto a la Unión  Europea, como a la Secretaría de la OMC, por la 
preparación y presentación de los informes detallados para el presente ejercicio, los cuales son de 
gran utilidad en el desarrollo del mismo y nos han permitido conocer la evolución en materia 
económica y comercial de los países miembros de la Unión  Europea para el per iodo objeto de 
examen , especialmente en el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID -19 y de las diferentes crisis 
sobrepuestas que se están viviendo.  
4.475.   De la misma forma agradecemos Pimchanok  Pitfield, por sus importantes comentarios y 
reflexiones, los cuales contribuirán a enriquece r nuestras discusiones.  
4.476.   Las relaciones entre la Unión  Europea y El  Salvador continúan fortaleciéndose a través de 
los años, especialmente a raíz de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación entre la 
Unión  Europea y los países de Centroamérica, cuyos 10  años de vigencia serán celebrados en 
octubre  del 2023. Este Acuerdo fue pionero, por ser el primero que se estableció de región a región, 
abarcando todos los aspectos claves de las relaciones birregionales: el diálogo político, la 
cooperación y el comercio exterior. Entre los principales avances logrados durante estos años resalta 
el reconocimiento bajo la protección del Acuerdo de Asociación a 10  nuevas indicaciones de 
geográficas de productos salvadoreños, principalmente para produ ctos del café. 
4.477.   A lo largo de la última década, la Unión  Europea ha ido ganando espacio como destino de 
las exportaciones salvadoreñas, siendo uno de los principales socios comerciales de El  Salvador y de 
la región Centroamericana en general. La UE ocupa el  puesto número seis como destino de las 
exportaciones del país .  
4.478.   Aunque la balanza comercial entre mi país y la Unión  Europea ha sido constantemente 
favorable a esta última, se han implementado diversos mecanismos encaminados a promover la 
diversificación de las exportaciones salvadoreñas al mercado europeo y, sobre todo, a lograr un 
mayor aprovechamiento de las ventajas que brinda el acuerdo comercial.  
4.479.   Los principales productos salvadoreños que llegan al territorio de los países de la 
Unión  Europea  son: ca fé, azúcar, miel, atún, textiles, papel y cartón, calzado, entre otros, e 
importamos principalmente: medicamentos, maquinaria, manufacturas de hierro y acero, y 
preparaciones alimenticias.  
4.480.   Asimismo, el saldo de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) de la Unión  Europea en 
El Salvador ascendió a USD  1.513 millones hasta el último año.  
4.481.   Por otro lado, es importante resaltar la cooperación y ayuda para el comercio que la 
Unión  Europea brinda a El  Salvador y la región centroamericana, a través de varias Agendas  de 
Trabajo, destacándose y a manera de ejemplo, áreas como la digitalización, el desarrollo tecnológico, 
la infraestructura, integración económica centroamericana y transporte.  
4.482.   Asimismo, continúan implementándose proyectos de asistencia técnica y coopera ción en 
materia de educación, medioambiente y combate al cambio climático, desarrollo económico, 
seguridad y la facilitación del comercio.  
4.483.   La Unión  Europea mantiene su posición como el comerciante más grande del mundo, por 
tanto, los avances de este bloqu e tienen una importante incidencia en el intercambio comercial. 
Como la mayoría de Miembros de esta casa, los países de la Unión se vieron fuertemente afectados 
por la pandemia, como lo indica el reporte de la Secretaría, la pandemia de COVID -19 provocó la  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 62 - 
 
  mayor recesión desde la crisis financiera de 2008 -2009, y el PIB real disminuyó un 5,7% en 2020; 
sin embargo, siendo una economía desarrollada y con mejores elementos para contrarrestar los 
efectos negativos de la pandemia, la Unión logró una importante y  rápida recuperación.  
4.484.   Siendo el mercado europeo uno de los principales destinos de diversos productos 
salvadoreños, resulta de mucho interés la adopción por parte de la Unión, de su nueva estrategia 
comercial en el 2021, titulada "Una política comercial ab ierta, sostenible y firme", así como, la 
adopción de diversas medidas que tienen efectos sobre sus importaciones, como el Pacto  Verde 
Europeo, el Mecanismo de Ajuste en Frontera por Carbono, la tributación ecológica y la contratación 
pública ecológica. Instamos a la Unión  Europea a que, junto con todas estas iniciativas en materia 
sostenibilidad, pueda ir implementando mecanismos d e acompañamiento a los países en desarrollo, 
como es el caso de El  Salvador, para que nuestro sector exportador se pueda ir adecuando 
oportunamente a estas nuevas medidas y mantener así nuestra participación en el mercado de la 
Unión . 
4.485.   Pasando al marco mult ilateral, El  Salvador comparte la visión de la Unión  Europea sobre la 
importancia del sistema multilateral de comercio, el cual es un elemento integrante de la política 
comercial de los países miembros de la Unión.  
4.486.   Se destaca la activa y constructiva part icipación de la Unión Europea en el trabajo ordinario, 
la agenda de negociación, los temas de vanguardia y la reforma de la Organización, incluyendo el 
mecanismo de solución de diferencias. En adición, la Unión Europea sigue siendo uno de los 
principales d onantes para las actividades de creación de capacidades de la Organización.  
4.487.   Por otra parte, la Unión  Europea ha continuado promoviendo debates mediante propuestas 
e iniciativas conjuntas, entre otras cosas, sobre la reglamentación nacional del comercio de  servicios, 
el comercio electrónico, la facilitación de las inversiones, la transparencia, el comercio y el medio 
ambiente, el comercio y género, y las mipymes.  
4.488.   En este contexto, es de señalar el importante apoyo y liderazgo de la Unión  Europea en las 
discusiones sobre comercio y género en el marco del Grupo Informal.  
4.489.   Estaremos atentos a las iniciativas y propuestas que promoverá la Unión  Europea en la ruta 
a la próxima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC.  
4.490.   Mi país realizó diversas preguntas a la Unión  Europe a en temas como normas de origen, el 
Sistema REX, la Política Agrícola, obstáculos técnicos al comercio, medidas sanitaras, entre otros. 
Deseamos agradecer a la Unión  Europea por las prontas respuestas, las cuales han sido remitidas a 
capital.  
4.491.   Para conclu ir, deseo transmitir a la delegación de la Unión  Europea los mayores deseos de 
éxito en su decimoquinto examen de política comercial.  
MALAYSIA  
4.492.   At the outset, please accept our warm welcome to M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General of 
the Directorate -General f or Trade, European  Commission, and her delegations, as well as 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, to the European  Union 's 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.493.   We would like to record our appreciation to the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for 
the reports prepared as both are very comprehensive and helpful to further guide us in this review 
exercise. We also thank Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for her appreciative and thoughtful 
assessment of EU 's trade policy d evelopment since its last Review in 2020.  
4.494.   Malaysia appreciates the opportunity to participate in EU 's 15th TPR, and we also associate 
ourselves with the ASEAN statement to be  delivered by colleague from Indonesia.  
4.495.   Malaysia would like to commend the Europea n Union for its strong economic growth 
post-COVID -19 pandemic. The EU's coordinated policy responses to the pandemic have been 
effective in mitigating the economic fallout and promoting a quick recovery from the negative impact 
of the pandemic and the on -going geopolitical tensions.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 63 - 
 
  4.496.   On the multilateral front, Malaysia appreciates that the European  Union has been a strong 
supporter of the multilateral trading system evident through its active engagements in the WTO.  
4.497.   We recogni zed the EU 's critical role whe re the bloc has demonstrated its leadership towards 
achieving the success of MC12 in many areas, including in the WTO Reform, particularly the Dispute 
Settlement Mechanism, the momentous Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, TRIPS Waiver Decision 
as well as on  Agriculture and Food Security.  
4.498.   We also value the EU 's constructive participation and contributions in the JSIs that Malaysia 
is also part of such as JSI on e -commerce and investment facilitation for development. We trust that 
the EU will continue to make  further contributions to our ongoing negotiations and discussions at 
the WTO, with the view to achieving an ambitious outcome at MC13 next year.  
4.499.   We also applaud the EU's leadership in addressing climate change issues at the global level 
as well as its com mitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 which has led other countries to 
follow suit. Nevertheless, Malaysia would like to emphasi ze that any trade measures undertaken by 
any Members under the guise of environmental sustainability objective, should not be trade 
restrictive or discriminatory in nature.  
4.500.   Bilaterally, Malaysia and the European  Union have enjoyed a long -standing and fruitful 
bilateral relationship, marked by close economic and political ties. The two sides engage in various 
forms of bila teral cooperation, including in areas such as education, science and technology, and 
culture.  
4.501.   Malaysia views with great importance of our trade relationship with the EU, as the EU is one 
of Malaysia 's largest trading partners. In 2022, the EU was Malaysia 's fourth  largest trading partner, 
as well as export destination, and fifth largest import source. In the same year, Malaysia was the 
EU's 23rd largest trading partner.  
4.502.   On the investment front, as of 2022, a total of 1,803 manufacturing projects with the E U's 
participation worth MYR 251.6  billion (USD  65.3 billion) had been approved.  
4.503.   Malaysia looks forward to enhancing the trade and investments activities between both 
economies in the future, particularly in new areas of mutual interest, such as promoting 
environmental sustainability, advancing digital transformation and innovation, and enhancing ESG 
standards.  
4.504.   For this review, Malaysia seeks further information from the total of 39  written questions we 
have submitted earlier on the EU 's economic and trade policies and procedures, as well as investment 
regime and domestic legislation in relation to, among others, micro, small and medium -sized 
enterprises; and data security.  
4.505.   Malaysia appreciates the responses provided by the EU which surely help our  stakeholders 
to better understand the EU 's trade and related policies. We take this opportunity to thank the EU 
delegation for responding to our questions and we will examine the responses with great interest.  
4.506.   We wish the delegation of the EU a productiv e and successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
INDONESIA ON BEHALF OF ASEAN  
4.507.   Indonesia would like to m ake a statement on behalf of ASEAN . It is a great pleasure to 
warmly welcome the delegation from the European  Union led by M rs Sabine  Weyand , 
Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission, to their 15th Trade Policy Review . We thank 
the EU and the WTO  Secretariat for the comprehensive reports as well as H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  
of Thailand for her role as discuss ant. 
4.508.   Over the years ASEAN and t he EU partnership continues to strengthen, indeed, at the 
ASEAN -EU Commemorative Summit in Brussels on 14  December  2022, both ASEAN and the EU have 
made the commitment to develop the ASEAN -EU Strategic Partnership  based on international law,  
mutual  interes ts, and mutually beneficial cooperation on issues of common concerns and the 
principle of equality. In this regard, despite the ongoing global economic challenges, the potential WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 64 - 
 
  for the growth of ASEAN -EU trade and investment relationships remains robust . According to the 
ASEAN statistics  the total value of two -way merchandise trade between ASEAN and the EU  reached 
USD 268.9  billion in 2021 , grew by 18.6 % year-on-year from 2020 . Furthermore, ASEAN's FDI from 
the EU increased by 42 .9% in 2021 on a year -on-year basis and amounted to USD 26.5 billion .  
4.509.   Going forward, we will intensify our engagement on trade and economic issues and explore 
other avenues to promote cooperation in areas of mutual interest such as digital economy, green 
technologies and green serv ices, and supply chains resilience . We will also continue to work together 
with the EU to promote and uphold an open, inclusive , transparent, non -discriminatory and 
rules-based multilateral trading system as embodied by the WTO . 
4.510.   Last but not least, several ASEAN member States in the WTO have submitted w ritten  
questions to the European  Union, and we would like to express our appreciation in advance to EU 's 
written  responses.  
4.511.   Finally, we would also like to thank the EU delegation fo r their constructive engagement and 
commend the contribution of H.E. Ambassador  João Aguiar  Machado  and members of the EU 
Permanent Mission in Geneva for their hard work . We wish the  EU a successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review  
INDONESIA  
4.512.   The European  Union has  long been Indonesia's economic partner , and since July  2016 we 
have been negotiating a free trade agreement that we hope will conclude successfully  and will benefit 
both countries' economies, including in the face of global crisis.  
4.513.   I would like to share o ur observation s on a few specific areas in the EU's trade policies . We 
would like to again reiterate our systemic concern regarding EU's unjustified measures to our palm 
oil products, as well as EU's sanitary and phytosanitary measures. In regards with the  
implementation of REDII  and its delegated regulations, the EU classified palm oil  as a high indirect 
land-use change risk and  prohibits its use in 202 3. On the other hand, many international standards, 
including RS PO, ISCC, ISPO , and RSB have certified th at palm oil is produced in a sustainable 
manner.  Therefore , Indonesia urged the EU to review the regulation and ensure that it is consistent 
with WTO principles and applied in a non -discriminatory manner . 
4.514.   On the set of the EU new trade strategy  which include s EU regulation on CBAM  and 
deforestation , Indonesia sees  the proposed regulation w ill generate an unnecessary barrier to trade, 
particularly for non -EU and direct competitors with the EU product s such as coffee , rubber, processed 
wood, and palm oil. This policy we believe will have an impact on small and medium  enterprises as 
well. 
4.515.   In addition, the use of geo -location data as part of products origin traceability  procedure s 
may expose geographic data and violate data privacy laws, since the EU could identify, process, 
verify , and inspect  the privacy area of produ cers in the country of origin . On contrary, the EU has 
strict rules on geo -tagging and data privacy as stated in Article  7 and 8 of the EU Charter of 
Fundamental Rights.  
4.516.   Dozens of WTO Members have consistently raised concern s in the SP S and TBT committees,  
regarding EU 's practices of setting maximum residue level limits, which are trade restrictive and 
have created significant barriers for Indonesian exports of coffee beans, tea, fruits, and cinnamon. 
A number of these levels are significantly higher and de viated from the C odex and are maintained 
for reasons other than demonstrated risk to human health.  Beyond that, one EU -member, Hungary, 
has implemented a Public Help Product Tax (PHPT) , which imposes an additional tax on chip-products  
which are classified as an unhealthy product . The PHPT will undoubtedly have an additional impact 
on cassava  products  exported by Indonesia after obtaining a tariff rate quota concession  as a result 
of Brexit . Having that  said, we urge the EU to reduce and eliminate these non-tariff barriers and 
ensuring that SPS measures adhere to objective criteria of scientific justification of risk, as acquired 
by WTO SPS  Agreement  in accordance with the WTO principle of National Treatment . 
4.517.   Before concluding, Indonesia expresse s appreci ation for the EU's active participation in the 
discussion s on WTO functions , issues,  and various initiatives . It is also important to highlight the WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 65 - 
 
  EU's significant contribution to promoting developing countr ies participation in trade negotiations  
through grant program mes. 
4.518.   Finally , Indonesia would  like to wish this review every success.  
URUGUAY  
4.519.   Uruguay desea brindar la más cordial bienvenida a la delegación de la Unión  Europea, 
encabezada por  la Sra.  Sabine  Weyand, Directora General para el Comercio de la C omisión  Europea , 
en oportunidad del decimoquinto examen de sus políticas comerciales, a quien agradecemos por su 
presentación. Asimismo, agradecemos a la Secretaría por su completo informe y a la Emb ajador de 
Tailandia, Sra. Pimchanok  Pitfield,  por su demo strativa interpretación del análisis realizado.  
4.520.   A nivel bilateral, la Unión  Europea es el principal origen de las inversiones extranjeras en 
Uruguay, y el segundo destino comercial de nuestras exportaciones de bienes.  
4.521.   En cuanto al sector agropecuario, Uru guay continúa manteniendo preocupación ante los 
altos niveles de intervención y protección prevalentes en la Unión  Europea. Además de las 
distorsiones generadas por los altos niveles de apoyo a los productores que continúan siendo 
brindados a través de la PAC, observamos que el acceso al mercado europeo para los productos de 
interés de Uruguay se encuentra fuertemente restringido por aranceles altos y complejos, mientras 
los contingentes arancelarios son una ventana de acceso cada vez más limitada. Sobre  este punto, 
permítame reiterar en este foro el llamado a la Unión Europea a buscar soluciones reales a las 
preocupaciones legítimas manifestadas por mi país en el marco del proceso de renegociación de 
concesiones abierto bajo artículo  XXVIII del GATT como  consecuencia del Brexit.  
4.522.   Más allá de los subsidios y barreras arancelarias, observamos con preocupación la tendencia 
a adoptar medidas no arancelarias cada vez más restrictivas, que parecen entrar en tensión con 
algunos de los principios y normas fundamen tales de la OMC, tales como la armonización 
internacional, la justificación científica y la necesidad de las medidas, la no discriminación y la 
consideración de alternativas menos restrictivas para el comercio. En este sentido, Uruguay 
considera que la Uni ón Europea debe hacer mayores esfuerzos para escuchar y atender las 
preocupaciones legítimas manifestadas por un amplio y diverso número de socios a nivel bilateral y 
multilateral, de manera de asegurar que sus políticas contribuyan de manera efectiva al l ogro de los 
objetivos perseguidos, sin contradecir las normas y principios de la OMC y sin perjudicar a terceros.  
4.523.   En cuanto al comercio de servicios, la Unión  Europea es el tercer origen de turistas que 
visitan Uruguay, un sector que nuestro país impulsa f uertemente.  
4.524.   Por otra parte, las inversiones europeas han jugado un rol clave en el desarrollo del Uruguay, 
en particular en apoyo a transformaciones productivas en materia de energía renovable, producción 
forestal, sector farmacéutico, tecnologías de la información y en el Puerto de Montevideo, entre 
otros. Como contrapartida, muchas empresas europeas han recibido enormes ganancias, al amparo 
de la seguridad jurídica y el excelente ambiente de negocios de Uruguay, como plataforma regional.  
4.525.   Pasando el plano regional, entendemos que tanto el comercio como las inversiones pueden 
verse potenciadas si se concreta la firma del Acuerdo MERCOSUR -UE, en lo que sería una 
transformación estructural y estratégica de las relaciones económicas bilaterales, por lo que 
reiteramos aquí una vez más el fuerte apoyo de nuestro país a este Acuerdo.  
4.526.   A nivel multilateral,  ambos coincidimos en que la OMC juega una función central en el 
sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas. Esto nos brinda un escenario de certidumbre 
necesario para asegurar que los Acuerdos de esta casa sigan siendo relevantes  y estando a la altura 
de las circunstancias.  
4.527.   Hemos trabajado juntos en la implementación de los compromisos asumidos en la 
Duodécima Conferencia Ministerial, el "Paquete de Ginebr a", en la implementación del acuerdo para 
impedir los subsidios a la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, en todos los temas relativos 
a la lucha contra la pandemia del coronavirus COVID -19 y en la reforma de la OMC.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 66 - 
 
  4.528.   De cara a la CM13, esperamos colaborar con la Unión para dar pasos concretos hacia el logro 
de resultados significativos en temas prioritarios en los que el status  quo lamentablemente continúa 
siendo la norma. Me refiero, particularmente, a la necesidad de  avanzar en el proceso de reforma 
del artículo  20 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, en especial en los pilares de ayuda interna y acceso 
a los mercados. Respecto a este último, permítame aprovechar la oportunidad para hacer un llamado 
a la Unión  Europea a mostrar mayor apertura y disposición para avanzar en línea con el mandato 
del Acuerdo, reconociendo el amplio espacio existente para realizar mejoras a nivel multilateral que 
permitan avanzar hacia el establecimiento de un sistema de comercio agropecuario abierto, 
equitativo y orientado al mercado.  
4.529.   Uruguay, como productor eficiente y exportador de alimentos, considera que los problemas 
de seguridad alimentaria deben ser abordados principalmente a través de un comercio más libre, 
sin restricciones injustifi cadas a las importaciones ni a las exportaciones, y fomentando mecanismos 
de transparencia. A tal efecto, en el contexto de la OMC, resulta ineludible reiterar la necesidad de 
mostrar compromiso para avanzar en línea con el mandato del artículo  20 del Acue rdo sobre la 
Agricultura.  
4.530.   En otro orden,  felicitamos a la Unión  Europea por sus iniciativas tendientes a mejorar las 
condiciones de las  exportaciones para las pequeñas y medianas empresas, en especial aquellas 
lideradas por  mujeres. La OMC es una Organizac ión multilateral y las mipymes son un asunto global. 
Necesitamos la voz y los aportes de los Miembros dentro del Grupo Informal sobre este tema, para 
mejorar el desarrollo de masa crítica y de buenas prácticas.   
4.531.   La Unión, al igual que el resto de la Membre sía, está pasando por momentos desafiantes, en 
cuanto a la recuperación de la pandemia, la inflación desmedida de los precios y un reordenamiento 
geopolítico sobre el cual aún hay más incógnitas que certezas. Es por ello que, siguiendo con las 
lecciones ap rendidas del pasado, hay que dialogar para asegurar una libre y eficiente circulación de 
bienes y servicios, en base a criterios objetivos y compartidos.  
4.532.   Finalmente, recordarles que le hemos hecho llegar varias preguntas técnicas en cuanto a 
política comer cial bilateral y multilateral, sostenibilidad, efectos externos de las políticas internas de 
la Unión, comercio agropecuario, pesca y mipymes.  
4.533.   Nuestros mejores deseos para un exitoso examen de  las política s comercial es. 
SOUTH  AFRICA  
4.534.   The EU is South  Africa 's largest trading partner, accounting for more than ZAR 687 billion 
in 2021 and ZAR 830 billion in 2022. South  Africa is the EU 's largest trading partner in Africa with 
exports to the EU growing and becoming more diverse, with an increase in the exp ort of 
manufactured products.  
4.535.   South  Africa and the EU bilateral trade relations are governed by the SADC -EU EPA and are 
further characterized and anchored by the SA -EU Strategic Partnership and Joint Action Plan.  
4.536.   The EU continues to be one of South  Africa 's largest sources of foreign direct 
investment  (FDI). There are over 2 ,000 EU companies operating across a wide industry spectrum – 
manufacturing, wholesale and retail, services.  
4.537.   Given that the EU is South  Africa 's largest trading partner, we attach great importance to 
this TPR as we continue to examine EU trade practices, policies, and strategies because EU 
developments and specific economic policies have an impact on WTO Members. To this extent, we 
wish to share our observations and concerns on several ar eas of the EU 's trade policies.  
4.538.   We read with great interest the 2021 EU trade strategy based on the concept of open 
strategic autonomy, underpinned by openness, sustainability, and assertiveness. Overall, looking at 
the recent slate of EU initiatives and legislation in pursuit of this vision, the EU 's trade policy direction 
has significant implications for trading partners and their ability to access the EU market. Examples 
are the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Regulation, Deforestation Regulat ion, 
Anti-Coercion Act, Foreign Subsidies Regulation, Enforcement Regulation for trade disputes, revised 
state aid rules, proposal for an export credit facility, to mention a few. This leads to the question as WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 67 - 
 
  to the extent to which the twin aims of achiev ing strategic autonomy and preserving an open 
economy are compatible with one another? This also raises the need to reflect on how we can 
promote multilateral cooperation and collaboration on issues of global commons and whether 
unilateral and protectionis t trade practices and policies are a solution and what the implications are 
on WTO rules.  
4.539.   We note the importance the EU places on its climate and energy policy framework through 
the Green  Deal. Its implications for developing countries are multifaceted and  its economy -wide 
effects extend beyond energy transition to agriculture, biodiversity, critical raw materials (CRMs), 
new technologies, and finance. We look forward to receiving further information from the EU on its 
Green  Deal measures, in particular the  Carbon Border Adjustment Measures (CBAM) and 
Deforestation measures, their consistency with WTO obligations and their trade implications. 
We hope to engage the EU about our concerns on these matters with a view to avoiding or mitigating 
potential trade im pacts.   
4.540.   On tariffs, we appreciate that the EU has bound all its tariff lines, of which around a quarter 
are duty -free. As per Secretariat Report, we note that the agricultural sector still stands out in the 
tariff analysis due to being heavily protected w ith higher tariffs and tariff peaks, non -ad valorem  
duties, and tariff quotas.  
4.541.   We also note that the number of non -ad valorem tariff lines remains significant and 
constitutes about 10% of the EU 's tariff lines. Of the non -ad valorem  tariffs, about one third are 
compound, mixed, or other, making it difficult to determine the duty rate or assess the real impact 
of these tariffs. Complex tariffs act as barriers to trade and we encourage the EU to transform its 
non-ad valorem  tariff line s to ad valorem ones because tariff simplification is important for bringing 
about greater transparency and predictability to global trade rules. Considerable scope remains for 
further progress on market access, especially where the EU retains complex or p rohibitive tariffs on 
highly traded products. We reiterate our concern regarding the EU 's diverse and complex nature of 
applied tariff rates within the EU, non -ad valorem  duties mostly in agriculture, tariff quotas, and 
significant tariff escalation and pe aks in areas such as agriculture where developing countries like 
South  Africa have interests.  
4.542.   In addition, the EU continues to maintain high levels of domestic subsidies under its 
revamped 2021 -2027 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which leads to distort ions in production 
and international trade. The impact of agriculture subsidies displaces farmers not only in the 
international market but also the domestic market. We urge the EU to take the lead in reducing 
trade-distorting domestic support by considerin g capping, reducing, and finally eliminating the most 
trade-distorting forms of agricultural support. In this respect, we join others in encouraging greater 
market orientation, considering non -direct payment policies to help achieve EU climate objectives, 
and in reducing distortions to international trade. The EU is key in achieving agriculture envisaged 
in the Agreement on Agriculture.  
4.543.   We seize this opportunity to raise concerns about the EU 's increasing implementation of 
sanitary and phytosanitary measure s. In a constructive spirit, and even as we recognize the EU 's 
efforts to ensure the health and safety of its population, and the EU 's right to adopt measures to 
achieve legitimate health and food safety objectives, we urge the EU to ensure that such measu res 
are science -based, and do not unjustifiably restrict international trade. We have serious concerns 
over EU  SPS measures that lack science and risk -based assessment. The proliferation of trade 
restrictions that are based on factors other than the object ive criteria offered by scientific 
assessments of risk and deviate from internationally agreed standards, run counter the SPS 
Agreement and could have a very negative impact on our agricultural products, and those of a great 
number of developing countries without proper justification.  
4.544.   The effects of certain EU  SPS measures are of note due to their importance for economic, 
commercial, and social development. Examples include the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and 
other changes to plant and animal health regul ations that do not provide for adequate transition 
periods. We take this opportunity to urge the EU to consider adopting least trade restrictive measures 
and to engage in a solution -oriented manner with concerned Members that are raising legitimate 
concern s so that these measures do not become de facto barriers to trade.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 68 - 
 
  4.545.   Through the review period, the EU continued to be a significant user of trade remedies. 
The steel safeguard measure implemented in 2018 continues to remain in place for three years 
until 30 June 2024 with an annual TRQ growth rate of 3%. In addition, in 2022, the EU extended 
the safeguard measure to South  Africa under the SADC -EU EPA, for certain steel product categories. 
South  Africa is directly affected by the safeguard measures on steel.  We wish to use this opportunity 
to reiterate our concern at the disruptive effects of inappropriate trade defence measures. These 
measures breakup value chains, undermine competition policies and contribute to the escalation of 
trade tensions.  
4.546.   We recogniz e the EU 's contribution to the DSS, as well as its active participation in the 
informal DS discussions and search for a solution to the impasse of the AB and having a fully 
functioning Dispute Settlement System by 2024. At the same time, the EU is a co -sponsor of the 
Joint Proposal which, now with 129  Members, seeks to launch the process to fill Member vacancies 
in the AB.  
4.547.   We wish to acknowledge the EU 's commitment to the WTO, its active engagement in 
negotiations, its efforts for sustaining a stable and pr edictable rules -based multilateral trading 
system, as well as advocating for its reform. Such reform should preserve development at its core, 
and consider the flexibilities, capacity -building and technical cooperation needs of developing 
countries.  
4.548.   Within  this TPR exercise, South submitted several questions and raised concerns on a range 
of topics covered in the EU 's trade policy. South  Africa remains ready to engage with the EU on these 
issues. We wish the EU a successful TPR and look forward to further e ngaging on issues raised and 
to strengthen our bilateral relations.  
TUNISIE  
4.549.   Ma délégation a le plaisir de participer au quinzième examen des politiques commerciales de 
l'Union  européenne et souhaite la bienvenue à la délégation conduite par Mme.  Sabine  Weyand, la 
Directrice  générale du commerce à la Commission  européenne, à qui no us exprimons notre 
considération pour l'exposé exhaustif sur la situation économiques et la politique commerciale de 
l'UE.  
4.550.   Je remercie également S.E.  l'Ambassadrice  Pitfield pour les remarques pertinentes 
développées dans sa présentation et félicite le Se crétariat pour le rapport complet qu'il nous a soumis 
à l'occasion de cet examen.  
4.551.   La période d'examen considérée, grandement impactée par la pandémie et la crise 
russo -ukrainienne, a été marquée par un changement majeur des objectifs et priorités de 
l'Unio n Européenne en matière de développement et de politique, à la suite de l'adoption, entre 
autres choses, du Pacte  Vert pour l'Europe, de l'initiative "Une Europe adaptée à l'ère du numérique" 
et d'un nouveau programme politique visant à renforcer l'influen ce globale de l'UE et son leadership 
afin de maintenir sa position comme le plus grand bloc commercial mondial et acteur de premier 
plan du commerce des marchandises et des services.  
4.552.   Force de constater, à la lecture des rapports, le niveau de résilience d es Etats membre du 
l'UE et de la solidité économique du bloc européen, qui a réussi à répondre rapidement à la polycrise 
et au Brexit, grâce entre autres aux mesures prises par les États membres mais également de 
l'adaptation des politiques et pratiques de  l'UE et des financements supplémentaires européens, qui 
se sont efficacement traduits par une forte reprise du PIB affichant même une croissance particulière 
de 5,4% en 2021.  
4.553.   Au niveau multilatéral, nous apprécions à leur juste valeur l'engagement et la d étermination 
de l'UE dans le soutien et le renforcement du système commercial multilatéral. Nous partageons en 
grande partie la vision de l'UE proposée pour une réforme globale de l'OMC pour ce qui est de ses 
fonctions de négociation, de suivi et de règlem ent des différends, et nous attendions que l'UE 
continuera à jouer un rôle actif pour appuyer les aspirations des pays en développement et PMA, 
dont elle est étroitement liée par différents accords de partenariat, pour un système commercial 
multilatéral fa vorable au développement pour tous et à la promotion des capacités d'industrialisation 
des PED.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 69 - 
 
  4.554.   La prochaine CM13 constituerait une occasion pour l'UE et ses partenaires en 
développement, notamment africains, de pousser en avant ces valeurs en s'accordant sur certaines 
décisions en faveur du développement, de la sécurité alimentaire, du SPS et du transfert 
technologique.  
4.555.   Au niveau bilatéral, les relations traditionnelles, économiques et commerciales 
tuniso -européennes, remontent au début des ann ées 60 avec les négociations d'une formule de 
coopération avec la CEE, concrétisée en 1969.  
4.556.   L'Accord d'Association UE -Tunisie   signé en 1995, et érigé en Partenariat Privilégié en 2012, 
a marqué l'entrée en vigueur de la Zone de Libre -Échange avec l'UE pour les produits industriels. 
Cet accord d'association est con sidéré comme le premier accord de ce type signé entre l'UE et un 
pays du sud de la Méditerranée. Il a ouvert la voie à la mise en place d'une politique de voisinage 
de l'UE.  
4.557.   La Tunisie a fait de son rapprochement avec son partenaire européen une constante de sa 
politique étrangère et un choix irréversible que justifient une proximité géographique, une 
communauté de destins, des intérêts économiques partagés et des échanges culturels et humains 
séculaires.  
4.558.   L'Union  européenne demeure le principal partenaire c ommercial de la Tunisie, représentant 
environ 65% de ses échanges commerciaux, avec des perspectives encourageantes pour la 
stimulation des échanges commerciaux en supprimant les barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires, la 
promotion des investissements, not amment dans les secteurs de l'industrie, des services et du 
tourisme, la diversification des exportations des produits à forte valeur ajoutée, tels que les produits 
agricoles biologiques, les produits textiles haut de gamme et les produits manufacturés et la 
promotion du commerce électronique et du savoir -faire. 
4.559.   La régularité de la tenue des conseils d'association et d'échanges de visites de haut niveau, 
devraient permettre aux parties tunisienne et européenne de concrétiser l'objectif commun d'une 
intégrat ion économique plus étroite et plus profonde de l'économie tunisienne dans le marché unique 
européen, et d'aller au -delà des difficultés actuelles dues essentiellement aux impacts combinés de 
la pandémie et la guerre en mer noire, au poids des revendicatio ns sociales post -révolution et à 
l'envergure des réformes économiques sociales et politiques entamées en Tunisie.  
4.560.   Nous osons espérer à cet endroit, un engagement plus étroit de notre premier partenaire 
pour s'adapter au contexte et soutenir une rapide repr ise de la stabilité économique de la Tunisie.  
4.561.   Dans cet esprit constructif, nous avons exprimés quelques préoccupations et nous saurions 
grés à la délégation de l'UE de bien vouloir apporter son éclairage, il s'agit.  
4.562.   La première sollicitude concerne le béné fice du système des préférences généralisées de 
l'Union  européenne SPG+, notamment, les critères d'éligibilité et les délais de révision de la liste des 
pays bénéficiaires; Nous demandons, à cet égard, des clarifications sur la relation et 
l'interdépendanc e entre les différentes catégories à savoir, le régime général et le régime spécial en 
faveur des pays les moins avancés.  
4.563.   Une interaction positive avec le dossier tunisien déposé depuis quelques années et jugeant 
remplir les critères d'éligibilité, à l'instar des 66  Etas bénéficiaires, serait très c onsidérée dans le 
cadre des efforts diversifiés pour la relance économique.  
4.564.   La deuxième préoccupation est relative aux difficultés d'accès au marché de l'UE suite à 
l'utilisation par ses pays membres, à la fois de réglementations nationales et de réglemen tations 
communautaires en matière des normes techniques et de mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires.  
4.565.   Nous estimons que le chevauchement des règlementations ne servirait pas la transparence 
de la politique commerciale de l'UE et fut été source d'obstacles m ajeurs pour le développement des 
exportations des produits industriels et agricoles tunisiennes vers le marché de l'UE.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 70 - 
 
  4.566.   Les deux parties, tunisienne et européenne, faudrait -il le souligner, restent déterminés à 
capitaliser sur les acquis politiques et écon omiques et les cadres institutionnels existants pour 
renforcer leur coopération.  
4.567.   Je voudrais, en conclusion, saluer l'Ambassadeur Aguiar  Machado, ainsi que son équipe à 
Genève, et l'équipe des experts à Bruxelles, pour leur engagement actif aux travaux de l'OMC et 
souhaiter à la délégation européenne un examen fructueux de sa politique commerciale.  
ANGOLA  
4.568.   The delegation of Angola  would like to commend the European  Union for the 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  We acknowledge the important document informing on 27  UE member countries' significant 
economic and trade evolution through an impressive set no vel strategies, policies , and reforms 
drafted and implemented in the last three challenging years .  
4.569.   Our delegation is also particularly grateful for exhaustive  Report from the WTO Secretariat 
that provides a thorough  review of the economic and trade evolution of the European  Union  
since 2020. We fully agree with the EU's general diagnostic that the  world economy is still negatively 
affected by the persisting impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, the ongoing war in Ukraine and the 
rise of geopolitical tensions in the context of growing c onsequences of climate change . 
4.570.   Angola also understands that we are truly experiencing a  world in transition that demands 
much more dialog ue, cooperation , and global trade in order to develop fair and dynamic policies able 
to sustain worldwide  economic and social development . Therefore , Angola can only express its 
solidarity and regret the negative impact of the global pandemic crisis on the EU economy.  
4.571.   Since the EU remains the first and largest trading bloc in the world in import s and  exports 
of goods and services combined, all economic downturns in the European  Union have a perverse  
impact worldwide, particularly in LDCs and the majority of developing countries . Consequently, it is 
even a more urgent to continue  supporting a global rules -based  trading syst em within a 
well-functioning WTO  which has become  undoubtedly  the most critical international institutional tool 
for ensuring free and fair trade . 
4.572.   We are pleased to note the firm EU commitment to the WTO and its longer -awaited reform  
expected to have serio us development in forthcoming M C13, namely on Dispute Settlement 
negotiation and deliberative system. We support the EU's engagement to strengthen the WTO's role 
in health, food security , and trade sustainability, in these trends, the Fisheries Subsidies A greement  
is a relevant example of integrating sustainability into WTO rules and reinforcing disciplines  on 
subsidies . 
4.573.   Angola  expects that the EU will also turn into a major contributor for similar success in the 
ongoing negotiations on agriculture subsidie s, including cotton trade, promoting an agreement in 
forthcoming MC13 beneficial to the LDCs and developing countries that still have large proportions 
of their population and local economies relying on agricultural production.   
4.574.   We still have doubts about the merits of open plurilateral JSIs that risk eroding the WTO 
consensual and other organizational policy deliberation and decision -making through negotiations in 
General Councils, Committees, and Ministerial Conferences. Moreover , the EU and all the devel oped 
countries must be aware that fairness and equity must start within the WTO  itself.  Angola and the 
other LDCs and most developing countries do not simply have the financial and technical resources 
to support large delegations of diplomats, experts, and staff to WTO as the EU and its 
27 country -members do. W e do not simply have enough people to follow al l meetings and initiatives, 
read proposals, reports and suggest ions, and elaborate our declarations and recommendations. 
Angola sincerely hopes that these serious dysfunctions can  be addressed and solved in the process 
of the WTO reform.  
4.575.   Nonetheless, our delegation is pleased to acknowledge the EU's efforts to find the way to 
support developing countries facing the difficulties integrating into the global training system and 
value chains.  We agree with the EU's suggestion  to improve the deliberative functi ons in key 
committees, including the Committee on Trade and Development, and make them a forum for WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 71 - 
 
  meaningful policy discussions . Angola also welcome s the EU declaration inviting WTO to give even 
more concrete attention to LDCs, including to ensure a small  transition in the graduation process.  
4.576.   The EU is one of Angola's most important trade partners with a trade balance widely 
favourable to our country . The EU import s from Angola  were USD 14.24 billion in 2022, according 
to the UN  COMTRADE , while you have  imported goods and services from the EU amounting to 
USD 2.49 billion. In  concrete terms, our exports were 94% made  of mineral f uels following the 
well-known pattern of our country's substantial economic dependency on crude oil production and 
export s. The EU  has become a key partner in supporting Angola's efforts to diversify the economy 
and move towards a sustainable development model, among other important cooperation examples , 
the EU -UNCTAD Joint Programme for Angola: Train for Trade  II became a crucial in strument in the 
process of diversification of our country economy and exports  by building the critical components of 
its product ive capacities aiming towards a smooth transition from the LDC and beyond.  
4.577.   More important , the EU and Angola concluded the techn ical discussions on November last 
year for the first -ever Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA), the EU -Angola SIFA 
will make attracting and expanding investments easier, while integrating environment and labour 
rights commitments in the EU-Angola relationship . The SIFA will also provide technical aid and 
support Angola's  efforts to improve the investment climate for foreign and local investors , especially 
for small and medium -sized enterprises . We are very grateful for the EU's cooperation and continue d 
support to Angola's development and hope that SIFA will be signed soon . 
4.578.   Angola wishes the EU  a success ful Trade Policy Review.  
FIJI 
4.579.   We welcome the delegation of the European  Union led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Tr ade of the EU Commission and the EU delegation this morning to its 15th Trade 
Policy Review. The European  Union 's vast experiences and leadership in the field of trade amongst 
others is highly commendable and which has implications on development and progr ess across all 
economies. Its deeper economic integration and stability over the years consisting of the world 's 
economic powerhouse is commendable.  
4.580.   Fiji also recogni zes and thank the discussant H .E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of 
Thailand, I am sure the Secretariat with the EU made the right choice.  
4.581.   The EU has consistently remained amongst the top five export destination for Fiji. Apart from 
aircrafts, major imports from the EU mainly revolves around machinery and part s. The European 
continent is also considered one of the key tourism markets for Fiji. Regarding investment, the 
registered projects by EU member countries are in the services, tourism, manufacturing, wholesale 
and retail, agriculture , and forestry sector.  
4.582.   Fiji opens its market to 87% of imports from the EU, the EU and Fiji continues to hold High 
Level Political Dialogues to address common interests and challenges such as climate change, 
oceans, human rights, development cooperation as well as economic and t rade cooperation. Fiji and 
the EU are engaged in the Pacific region through the Pacific Islands Forum and the Pacific Community 
as well as through the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) which 
coordinates the OACPS -EU policy dialo gues.  
4.583.   The European  Union has supported a range of cooperation projects that benefited Fiji in 
areas of climate change adaption, disaster risk reduction, sustainable rural livelihoods, public 
administration reform and governance, gender , and human rights.  
4.584.   As highlighted in the EU 's Report, it is tabled at such a challenging international environment 
with heavy implications on international trade. With this we have the following comments to offer:  
i. We urge the EU to revise its tax blacklisting approach which i s unilaterally applied to 
a number of small island s developing states in the Pacific region and beyond. In the 
Pacific for instance, a number of countries such as American  Samoa, Fiji, Guam, Palau, 
Samoa , and Vanuatu are unfortunately included in this cate gory of countries. During 
this difficult time this is the last we expect from our development partner such as WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 72 - 
 
  the EU, solidarity and understanding is key. These countries unfortunately were not 
aware of these standards nor have the capacity to implement th e requirements. Having 
address this longstanding issue will bring the EU and the Pacific region much closer 
than they are geographically.  
ii. The EU 's support for free and fair trade, sustainable supply chains and digitalization 
can help boost economic growth and reduce poverty in our region. With this, we 
request the EU to expedite the finalization of post -Cotonou Agreement which is a 
longstanding issue pending on the side of the EU. The agreement should pave the way 
for a predictable and enhan ced trade relations among our countries with the EU that 
should foster equity and development.  
iii. In relation to the CBAM, we see utilities in its imposition as a means to address carbon 
leakage but should not be a unilateral measure condition to affect trade . This remains 
an uneven playing field with mixed reactions despite its perceived effectiveness as a 
catalyst for climate action and economic driver. Certainly , for Fiji, our current level of 
development is a major prohibitive factor, but we are fully comm itted to adopt 
measures to reduce carbon leakage. We , however, need to keep the momentum going 
particularly in the space of transitioning to cleaner energy and adopting greener 
technology.  
iv. We noted with appreciation EU 's continued commitment and leadership  on gender 
equality and women 's economic empowerment. Its Gender Equality Strategy 
2020-2025 is a useful guide on EU 's inclusive approach that is sensitive to the 
economic abilities of all its people.  
v. While we applaud the EU on the milestones it has taken  on the WTO fisheries subsidies 
agreement ratification, likewise its support to the fisheries fund, we continue to count 
on EU 's leadership and flexibility in the ongoing negotiation that should culminate in 
the successful conclusion of the remaining pilla r of the agreement.  
4.585.   With these comments , we thank the EU delegation in particular we would like to thank the 
EU Permanent Mission to the WTO in Geneva led by H .E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado and his team for 
their dedication and commitment in all WTO committees  and the collegial relations we have 
developed in Geneva. We wish the EU delegation every success in its Review.  
JAMAICA  
4.586.   Jamaica extends a very warm welcome to the delegation of the European  Union, led by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate fo r Trade of the European  Commission, to 
its 15th Trade Policy Review. We thank the delegation for its very detailed Report.  
4.587.   We commend the efforts made by you Chair, our discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield 
of Thailand, and the Secretariat to facilitate today 's discussions.  
4.588.   We note that the EU outstrips several countries including the United  States in imports and 
exports of goods and services combined. It is the second largest trading bloc, and maintains the top 
position in terms of global tra de in services (approximately 25%). We further note from the 
delegation 's Report that 38  million EU jobs are dependent on EU exports. Therefore, EU 's continued 
support for the preservation of a rules -based multilateral trading system is unsurprising.  
4.589.   We h ave heard from Ambassador  Pitfield about the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on 
the EU economy, including a contraction of 5.7% in 2020. We note that efforts to improve the 
economic situation have been constrained by geopolitical tensions, supply chain dis ruptions, the 
negative impacts of climate change and rising inflation. Nevertheless, my delegation notes further 
that the projections for economic growth for 2023 and 2024, although modest, are positive. This is 
largely due to the successful implementation  of several national and EU government policy 
measures.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 73 - 
 
  4.590.   The effects of the abovementioned issues are undoubtedly being experienced by other WTO 
Members; they offer an opportunity for WTO Members to discuss more intensely, the role the WTO 
could play in en suring a more balanced recovery, and stable trading environment.  
4.591.   Jamaica, therefore, commends the EU 's ongoing support for the integration of all Members 
into the global trading system, including through trade, investment, and the provision of technical 
assistance and capacity building, in particular, to developing countries, small island developing states 
and least developed countries (LDCs). This has been most evident in the EU 's contribution to bilateral 
development programmes, various WTO programmes an d initiatives, Aid for Trade, and the trade 
facilitation facility; these have greatly assisted developing and least developed countries to enhance 
the technical and negotiation capacities.  
4.592.   Jamaica and the EU share a mutual interest in ensuring that the mu ltilateral trading system, 
with the WTO at its core, remains stable, inclusive, predictable, free and fair, and rules -based. 
We appreciate the EU 's active support for a well -functioning WTO. Jamaica notes, with keen interest, 
that the EU has elaborated a r obust trade policy agenda, including a focus and proposals on reform 
of the Organi zation. The EU has also tabled proposals which focus on improving the efficiency, 
transparency and functioning of several WTO bodies. Indeed, a strengthened and more enhanced  
WTO that is fit -for-purpose, and readily responds to the needs of all its Members augurs well for 
securing a sustainable multilateral trading system. We, therefore, welcome open and inclusive 
exchanges on these issues in future.  
4.593.   Against this background, my delegation wishes to convey Jamaica 's appreciation to 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, Head of the EU Permanent Mission to the WTO, for his 
delegation 's active engagement across the various work streams at the WTO. The delegation 's 
contribution on a numb er of matters during the 12th Ministerial Conference, helped to facilitate the 
success of the Conference. Additionally, we thank the EU for advancing proposals to implement those 
outcomes. As momentum increases towards MC13, we look forward to continuing t his spirit of 
constructive engagement with and flexibility of the EU delegation, especially on issues of mutual 
concern.  
4.594.   Many Members have raised several  questions related to the trade policy formulation and 
objectives of several of its strategies includi ng its "Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade Policy", 
the EU Digital strategy and the European Green Deal. Questions were also posed on its Customs 
Procedures, valuation and requirements; the new European Standardization Strategy; the scope of 
its MRAs; the new CAP (result -orientation, "greening" and eco -schemes) among others. We thank 
the delegation for the responses already provided, and welcome additional information/responses to 
other questions that may be raised during today 's discussions.  
4.595.   At the bi lateral level, Jamaica 's relationship with the EU remains robust. This partnership 
includes collaboration through the OACPS and EU -CELAC institutions and economic relations within 
the context of the CARIFORM -EU EPA and the post Cotonou Agreement. The EU 's cooperation with 
Jamaica pursues the global objective of poverty reduction and sustainable development, based on 
the principles of the ACP -EU as well as the framework of EU -CARIFORUM partnership and Jamaica 's 
national development plan, Vision  2030 Jamaica.  
4.596.   The EU is Jamaica 's second largest trading partner and represents Jamai ca's second largest 
export market and the third largest import market. We currently are pursuing several economic 
activities in Europe, particularly in Belgium, France, G ermany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, 
Spain , and Switzerland. These are focused on a multiplicity of sectors, namely tourism, agriculture 
(primarily coffee), financial services, and technology. It is hoped that these will garner (greater) 
trade and in vestment relations with the EU.  
4.597.   In conclusion, we wish the delegation of the EU the very best for a successful 15th Trade 
Policy Review.  
EGYPT  
4.598.   Allow me, at the outset, to join previous speakers in congratulating the delegation of the 
European  Union, led b y Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at European  Commission, WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 74 - 
 
  on the successful completion of the 15th Review of its trade policy and the hard work done on this 
exercise.  
4.599.   We would like also to express our appreciation to the EU as well as the WTO  Secretariat for 
their comprehensive reports and we thank H.E.  Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand who 
assumed the role of the discussant.  
4.600.   The EU is one of the major and key players in the multilateral trading system. It is the 
world's top trader, one of the main donors for capacity -building and technical assistance activities 
in WTO and has the largest network of RTAs in the world. Moreover, the reports presented today 
show how dynamic is the EU. It has the ability to mobilize 27  countries to adapt swiftly to new 
evolutions and shocks, including through adopting new strategies, rules and frameworks or updating 
them. We  believe that the EU is a successful model for regional integration and how this integration 
could achieve economic gains and  trade advantages.  
4.601.   On the bilateral level,  we share long -lasting and strategic relations with the EU at all levels. 
These were specifically reinforced through the adoption of the "EU-Egypt  Association Agreement ", 
which entered into force in 2004, as well as the adoption of the "EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities " for 
the years 2021 -2027 in June last year. These documents represent a roadmap for the EU -Egypt 
relationship in all fields.  
4.602.   On the economic and trade side, we  appreciate the common interests identified in the 
"EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities ", which include, among others, digitalization, green economy, 
investments, energy, co mpetition, e -commerce and digital economy, as well as the integration into 
the global and regional supply chains and the cooperation in food systems. In addition to that, Egypt 
benefits from the EU financial support, which contribute to the achievement of the SDG goals.  
4.603.   On another note, the EU  is Egypt's biggest trading partner,  covering 26.3% of Egypt's 
exports in 2021. According to our latest data, Egyptian exports to the EU have increased by 79%, 
reaching more than EUR 16 billion in 2022. In addition, th e total bilateral trade exchanges rose by 
21.2%, reaching more than EUR 37 billion last year.  
4.604.   Furthermore, Egypt cooperates with the EU under several regional frameworks, especially 
the EU -AU Summit , where the EU announced the adoption of the "Global Gatew ay Africa Europe 
Investment Package " of at least EUR  150 billion that will support our common ambition for 2030 and 
AU Agenda  2063; as well as the  Euro-Mediterranean Partnership,  most notably through the 
"Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood  2021-2027". 
4.605.   All the above -mentioned  data reflect how deep is the bilateral relationship between Egypt 
and the EU on the economic and trade level. These relations are guided by dialogue, cooperation 
and good will, as in other fields.   
4.606.   In this regard, we wo uld like to highlight some issues of concern that we want to address 
together with our EU partners. The European Green  Deal may have detrimental effects on Egyptian 
exports to the EU. Some studies estimate that Egypt will be amongst the top 20  countries mo st 
affected by the CBAM, once implemented, with its real income falling per annum by USD 391 million. 
Exports of energy intensive products from Egypt to EU are expected to decline by 8.7%. Moreover, 
some experts warn that CBAM could also severely affect th e ability of some African countries, 
including Egypt, to continue with industrialization.  
4.607.   Furthermore, the EU Deforestation Regulation, as well as the proposal on corporate 
sustainability due diligence are other EU initiatives that might have impact on Egy pt's exports. All 
these repercussions may lead to an erosion of the preferences granted to Egyptian products within 
the framework of the EU -Egypt Association Agreement.  
4.608.   We believe that while it  is important to address sustainability issues across all sect ors, 
including trade; there is a need to ensure that environmental trade related measures are consistent 
with WTO rules and have no harmful effects on other countries, especially developing countries. 
These measures should be transparent and should take in to consideration the specific needs of 
developing countries and LDCs, while avoiding creating unnecessary barriers to trade flows, WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 75 - 
 
  especially those from developing countries, in order to help them increase their share in international 
trade, as recognized in para s. 1 and 2 of the Marrakesh Agreement.  
4.609.   We are already engaged in discussions on these issues in depth with our EU partners, in 
Brussels, Cairo and here in Geneva. We very much look forward to addressing them, in light of the 
cordial relations betwee n the two sides.  
4.610.   Finally, we wish the EU delegation a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
NIGERIA  
4.611.   On behalf of the delegation of Nigeria, I would like to extend our warm welcome to the 
delegation of the European  Union from Capital and Geneva. I would also like to thank the head of 
the delegation, DG  Mrs Sabine, for her effective leadership in this Trade Policy Review and the 
discussant, Ambassador H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield for this review.  
4.612.   Since the last Trade Policy Review, we are pleased to note that t he EU is taking a lead role 
in steering an open and rule s-based multilateral trading system embodied by the WTO. As the largest 
trading bloc as well as the largest trader of manufactured goods and services in the world, the EU 's 
economy continues to improv e. The EU experienced a decrease in the growth rate of the real GDP 
of 5.7% due to the pandemic in 2020. However, a strong recovery occurred in 2021, with GDP 
growth reaching 5.4%, and has remained strong through 2022, leading to the review of various EU 
policies and practices, including in the areas of trade, agriculture, and energy.  
4.613.   We have enjoyed strong economic ties with the EU and even signed bilateral investment 
agreements with member States of the EU. Having a cordial partnership, which has led to a n 
improved interface of relevant Nigerian institutions, private sector development, business 
environment, and trade facilitation with their EU counterparts. Recent exchanges in 2022 by officials 
of the two sides provided an opportunity to express commitmen t to deepening ties and renew the 
support of the EU towards Nigeria 's efforts in diversifying the economy, especially in agriculture, 
digitalization, energy, science, research, and innovation. With respect to trade, the EU has remained 
one of Nigeria's mos t important trading partner s, representing about 40% of Nigeria's total external 
trade. The current trade volume of EU -Nigeria trade as of 2022 stands at US D 19.42  billion.  
4.614.   We commend the EU for its leadership role in WTO reform and its active engagement i n WTO 
Dispute Settlement Reform discussions and we share the EU 's commitment in the preservation of 
the WTO standard Dispute Settlement System.  
4.615.   We are mindful of the new policies by the EU and their impact on trade and investment 
policies. We encourage the  EU to eliminate barriers to trade that make access to its market difficult 
for developing and least developed countries using non -market tools. Nigeria is a major exporter of 
commodities like crude oil, natural gas , and agricultural products. If the EU im plements the CBAM, 
it will lead to additional costs for Nigerian exporters, thus therefore leading to a fall in export 
competitiveness of Nigeria. We would encourage the EU to consider some of these concerns.  
4.616.   Nigeria would be interested in partnerships wit h EU or participation in any carbon offset 
programs to address the carbon impact of its exports. By working together, Nigeria is interested in 
exploring avenues for green technology transfer, capacity -building and other assistance to support 
its transition  to a more sustainable and low carbon economy.  
4.617.   7. Ahead of the 13th Ministerial Conference, we encourage the EU to renew its dedication 
in building a consensus around credible outcomes in several areas, like the restoration of the Dispute 
Settlement System , WTO reform, agriculture, Services Domestic Regulation, E-commerce, and 
Fisheries Subsidies negotiations.  
4.618.   We look forward to working with the EU in ensuring a stable multilateral trading system. In 
conclusion, my delegation would continue to work closely  with the EU and the rest of the Membership 
to maintaining a rule s-based stable multilateral trading system. We look to the EU for continued 
leadership in the lead up to MC13.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 76 - 
 
  4.619.   We congratulate the entire delegation of the EU for their engagement, and we wi sh the EU 
a successful 15th Trade Policy Review exercise.  
JORDAN  
4.620.   I would like to start by extending a warm welcome to the entire EU delegation, and to join 
other delegations in thanking and congratulating them for the efforts exerted in the preparation for  
this Trade Policy Review. I would also like to thank the head of the delegation for h er opening 
statement and detailed introductory remarks which show the positive developments in the European 
economy and the continued reforms, in addition to the EU 's com mitment to the multilateral trading 
system. Thanks is extended to the WTO Secretariat for their excellent Report.  
4.621.   Our appreciation is also extended to the discussant H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand), 
for her insightful introductory remarks.  
4.622.   The Report highlighted the solid EU policy towards global trade openness, economic growth, 
and sustainable development, which is translated in the EU active and positive international presents 
in all negotiations files including trade.  
4.623.   The remarkable figures sh own in the reports related to investment and GDP, and labour 
market despite the challenging environment  are a result of the ambitious economic policies, wise 
development trade strategy, and robust macroeconomic fundamentals.  
4.624.   The long -standing and deeply -rooted relationship between Jordan and the EU witnessed 
many milestones, one of them is the Association Agreement which entered into force in 2002, and 
contributed in doubling the value of trade exchange between Jordan and EU to reach USD 3.6 billion 
in 2022 , and we look forward to further increasing and diversifying our bilateral trade, these relations 
were also boosted up by the EU Government support directed toward economic developments 
whether on bilateral or multilateral.  
4.625.   Jordan attaches great importance  to its relations with the EU and always keen to further 
expand our bilateral economic ties, and we believe that many potentials are still ahead of us , whether 
on bilateral or multilateral levels.  
4.626.   Finally, Jordan congratulates the EU Government and the business society for their efforts 
and valuable contribution in the world trade hand in hand with other trading partners.  
4.627.   We would like to wish you more prosperity and a fruitful and successful Trade  Policy Review.  
VIET NAM 
4.628.   Viet Nam would like to join other Members in warmly welcoming the distinguished delegation 
from the European  Union  led by M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission  to their 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.629.   We would like to express our appreciation to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for the 
comprehensive reports for this review. We also would like to thank the discussant , H.E. Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent Representative of Thailand for her insightf ul observations.  
4.630.   Viet Nam associates itself with the ASEAN Joint Statement delivered by Indonesia.  
4.631.   Our Delegation would like to highlight the following points.  At the multilateral level, Viet  Nam 
appreciates the close and longstanding cooperation between the EU and Viet  Nam in the WTO. 
We are encouraged by the EU dedication and commendable leadership with regard to promoting an 
open, fair , and sustainable trade environment and welcome the EU 's full commitment and continued 
efforts to re invigorate the multilateral trading system in times of uncertainties.  
4.632.   At the bilateral level, the EU has become one of Viet  Nam's most important partners, 
especially in economic and trade fields. The effective and comprehensive cooperation between the 
EU a nd Viet  Nam has contributed positively to Viet  Nam's socio -economic development and 
international integration.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 77 - 
 
  4.633.   The EU is currently Viet  Nam's fourth largest trading partner and the third largest export 
market and the fifth largest import market. On the oth er hand, Viet  Nam is ranked as the 16th trading 
partner of the EU and the largest trading partner of the EU in ASEAN; In terms of exports alone, 
Viet Nam ranks the 11th among the largest suppliers of goods to the EU.  
4.634.   Two-way trade between Viet  Nam and the  EU post COVID -19 pandemic witnessed a positive 
recovery and growth, reached USD 62.24  billion with an increase of 9.2% compared to 2021. This 
positive result has a significant supporting role from the Free Trade Agreement between Viet  Nam 
and the EU (EVFT A). It is especially noteworthy in the context of market instability, supply chain 
disruption, difficulties in trade, and economy of the EU.  
4.635.   In terms of investment, the EU is currently the 6th largest foreign investor in Viet  Nam 
with 2,469  projects, tota l registered capital worth USD 28.35  billion. In particular, the scope of 
activities of EU investors not only focuses on industries but also has expanded to services, clean 
energy, supporting industries, food processing, and high -tech agriculture. The fact  that the 
Lego Group of Denmark started the construction of its first carbon -neutral factory with an investment 
of more than USD 1 billion in Viet  Nam is a clear proof of this expansion.  
4.636.   In conclusion, our delegation would like to take this opportunity to thank H.E. Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado, Permanent Representative of the EU to the WTO and his able team for their 
constructive and active contribution and engagement in WTO activities. We wish the EU a ve ry 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.637.   I would like to first welcome the delegation of the European  Union led H.E. Sabine  Weyand , 
Director -General for Trade  of the European  Commission , we thank the WTO Secretariat and the EU's 
Government report s and appreciate the opportunity to gain a clear sense of the changes to the trade 
and investment polic ies since its last Review in  2020. We would also like to thank the discussant 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield , Ambassador of Thailand , for introducing us to the 15th Review of the 
European  Union's trade policy . 
4.638.    The European  Union and the Kyrgyz  Republic have been partners since our country's 
independence in 1991  increasing our cooperation and areas of interaction every year . To strengthen 
the links between th e Kyrgyz  Republic and the EU and its member States we signed the Partnership 
and Cooperation Agreement which entered into force 1999, and outlines t he main pillars of 
cooperation, political dialog ue, economic relations , and cooperation in social econom y, social  finance, 
science, technology , and cultural sectors . In July  2019, the EU and the K yrgyz  Republic concluded 
negotiations of a new Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which will provide a new 
legal basis for stronger bilateral cooperation in a number of new areas, hopefully our Government s 
will soon proceed preparing  the text for signature . 
4.639.   The Kyrgyz  Republic is also part ner of the new European  Union strategy for Central Asia 
adopted in June  2019, the dis cussions of bilateral economic agenda between our countries take place 
on many levels in different forms and on different issues but mainly in the framework of annual 
subcommittee on trade and investment and annual cooperation commi ttee at seniors official s level.  
Just a few days ago we held the second meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia c ountries and 
the President of the European  Council, Mr  Charles  Michel , in Kyrgyz  Republic on 3 June 2023, a Joint 
Statement was issued by the President of the K yrgyz Republic, Mr  Sadyr  Zhaparov , and the 
President of the European Council, Mr  Charles  Michel , where they confirmed the firm commitments 
to further  deepening of bilateral broad -ranging of  cooperation and stressed  the need to continue 
efforts to further st rengthen and develop bilateral partnership, including trade, economic and 
investment cooperation .  
4.640.   EU-Kyrgyz  Republic trade in goods  has increased to reach USD 600 million in 2022, up from  
USD 342 million in 2 021 and USD 309 million  in 2020 . This increase is p artially  thanks to the 
General ized Scheme of Preferences  GSP+ granted by the EU to the Kyrgyz  Republic in 2016, which 
opens new potential for economic relations and offers opportunities for the Kyrgyz  Republic  to 
increase and diversify its exp orts and strengthen its economy. In this regard,  as it was noted in the 
Report, the current GSP is expected to expire by the end of 2023 and we are excited to see the 
adoption of the new GSP strategy for the period of 2024 . We believe the level of bilatera l trade has WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 78 - 
 
  much more potential for increasing trad e in goods, as well as in services, the perspective areas 
would be agricultur e, energy , and tourism .  
4.641.   It is impressive to see from the reports that despite an important  number of events during 
the review p eriod that led to increased volatility and uncertainty, the European  Union's economy 
showed a strong  recovery of the COVID -19 with a 3.6% growth 2021. The European  Union is one of 
the most active Members of the WTO's continuous contributions to its core fu nctions, it is one of the 
main donors of capacity building and technical assistance activities of the WTO from which the 
Kyrgyz  Republic has benefited a lot.  
4.642.   I would like to emphasize that the European  Union is a strategic partner of the 
Kyrgyz  Republic an d that our cooperation in the WTO is an important element of our partnership. 
We look forward to working closely with the delegates of the EU at the WTO and wish the EU a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.643.   To begin, my delegation joins the others to express our warm welcome to the delegation of 
the European  Union led by H.E . Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade, 
European Commission.  
4.644.   My delegation thanks also go to H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand) for her 
insightful assessment reflecting on the current trade policies and economic performance of the EU, 
as a role of discussant. We also thank to TPR Division and the delegation of the EU for their reports 
for this review.  
4.645.   At the outset, Cambodia associates its elf with the ASEAN statement delivered by the 
delegation of Indonesia.  
4.646.   My delegation congratulates the EU on maintaining its remarkable and resilient economic 
growth since its last Review in a rapid recovery manner after a 6.0% decline in 2020 followed by 
a 5.4% rebound in 2021.  
4.647.   We also acknowledge and value the essential role that the EU has been playing in and 
contributing to the WTO multilateral trading system and global trade. Taking this opportunity, my 
delegation would like to express our gratitude to  the EU for its implementation of the previous 
decisions in favour of least -developed countries (LDCs) including EBA, Preferential Rules of Origin, 
Services waiver, and providing development assistance through bilateral and multilateral channels 
such as th e Aid for Trade program me, for example, trade development support program me and 
on-going ARISE+ project.  
4.648.   Bilaterally, the EU is one of the top trading partners of Cambodia. In 2022, Cambodian 
exports to the EU were valued at USD 4.045  billion, registering a more than 25% surge from the 
USD 3.229  billion logged in 2021. EBA and its effective rules are among the key contributions to this 
rise. We would encourage other preference -granting Members should also follow the EU 's effective 
practices for the LDCs whi ch some Members are implementing. In addition, to strengthen our 
bilateral trade and economic relation, the EU and Cambodia have established a number of initiatives 
and assistances to promote greater  sustainable and inclusive trade and investment flows vis-à-vis 
to address our bilateral concerns.  
4.649.   Last but not least, we would jointly share our view to commending the EU to further simplify 
and facilitate the export interests from the LDCs including addressing the challenges of NTMs to 
support the development of the LDCs. Furthermore, we would also encourage the EU to maintain 
the export interest of the LDCs to name a few agricultural products, garments, and footwear as well 
as services trade in which these sectors provided essential support to the employments and impactful 
to the vulnerable beneficiaries. Additionally, we would also like to reiterate our request to the EU to 
generously support the LDC 's agenda and proposals at the WTO to a successful conclusion in an 
inclusive and sustainable manner to Leave No  One Behind.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 79 - 
 
  4.650.   Finally, we commit to working closely with the delegation of the EU especially the delegation 
of the EU in Geneva to strengthen our good cooperation for economic prosperity and sustainable 
development. We wish the 15th Trade Policy Review  of the EU a successful conclusion.  
NEPAL  
4.651.   My delegation warmly welcomes the EU delegation led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade, European  Commission and commends h er for the 
insightful highlights of the 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
4.652.   We thank H.E. Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand) as discussant of the Review. 
My delegation thanks the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for the valuable reports.  
4.653.   My delegation highly values European  Union 's continued commitment and active 
participation in the multilateral trading system. We also commend its openness to international trade 
and its integration into the global economy. We are pleased to take good note that the economic 
recovery, through appropriate intervention taken on the COVID -19 pandemic, occurred with GDP 
growth reaching 5.4% in 2021. Similarly, the stronger recovery of exports over imports led to a 
slight widening of the services trade surplus to EUR 122 billion in 2021 are praiseworthy.  
4.654.   EU as the world 's top trader, we praise its active and constructive roles for the strengthening 
of multilateral trading system in all the pillars of the WT O. The regular notifications made during the 
review period, and active and constructive roles during the MC12, as well as in the WTO bodies are 
commendable.  
4.655.   My delegation welcomes the offers of the preferential tariff treatment to 66  developing 
economies including LDCs and would like to sincere thanks for duty free quota free facility under 
Everything but Arms mechanism.  
4.656.   Nepal takes note of the policies recently announced by EU like the Climate Law, the Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Biodivers ity Strategy for 2030, EU Regulation on 
Deforestation, and expects that these policies will not create additional burden to the LDCs.  
4.657.   Let me turn to the bilateral front. Nepal and the EU have been enjoying cordial relations ever 
since we established diplom atic relations in 1974. The EU has been contributing to the 
socio-economic development of Nepal since the beginning. As the best wisher of Nepal 's peace, 
development and prosperity, the EU has been assisting in the areas of health, education, 
decentralizat ion, disaster management, peacebuilding and trade sector, among others.  
4.658.   We value the interests of the EU investors choosing Nepal as their investment destination, 
more than 480  companies are investing in Nepal in the areas of tourisms, services and 
manufa cturing sector followed by agriculture, and among others.  
4.659.   My delegation appreciates the EU citizens for choosing Nepal as their tourism destination. 
Air Connectivity is important for tourism promotion as well as business activities. Nepal has been 
missing to be benefit ed from direct flights facility therefore my delegation urges EU to review its 
policy and take appropriate decision as soon as possible. We believe that the direct flight connectivity 
would be instrumental to enhance people to people relations hip as well as to reduce the additional 
time and cost.  
4.660.   On merchandise trade front, EU is the third largest destination of Nepal. Based on the 
primary data, Nepal has imported from the EU goods worth of around NPR 40 billion in 2022 while 
it has exported t o the EU goods amounted to NPR 11 billion in the same year.  
4.661.   Nepal is importing engineering goods, telecommunication equipment, chemical and 
minerals, medical equipment, vaccine for human medicine, diagnostic or lab reagents from the EU , 
while Nepal is expo rting pashmina products, ready -made garments, woollen goods, carpets, 
handicrafts, felt products, tea and coffee, among others.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 80 - 
 
  4.662.   The trade data of goods shows a significant trade gap in Nepal 's bilateral trade with the EU. 
However, this can also be an oppor tunity for further collaboration and cooperation on reducing the 
gap by further exploring and exploiting trade, investment, and tourism potentials for mutual benefit.  
4.663.   Finally, I take this opportunity to extend sincere thanks to EU for its supports and exp ect 
the continued supports in the days to come. Nepal looks forward to strengthening its relations with 
the EU in the days ahead. My delegation wishes a successful Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
KENYA  
4.664.   I join other delegations in conveying a warm welcome to  the delegation of the 
European  Union, led by M rs Sabine  Weyand, the Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade at 
the European  Commission, to its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.665.   I also wish to thank H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent Representative of  Thailand to 
the WTO and WIPO, for her insightful insights this morning as discussant. The characteristic thorough 
output by the Secretariat as contained in its comprehensive Report cannot be gainsaid.  
4.666.   Kenya notes that the European  Union remained the worl d's top trading bloc, accounting 
for 16.2% of total world trade, having posted a 2021 performance of EUR 6.28 trillion in goods and 
services trade. During the same period, international trade was the equivalent of 21.5% of the EU 
GDP while total EU trade corresponded to 43% of its GDP. There was a significant contraction in 
goods trade surplus in 2021 to EUR 56.8 billion attributable to a significant increase in the value of 
imports largely due to the higher cost of energy imports. However, after a contraction in services 
trade in 2020, there was a marked recovery in 2021, with exports increasing by 16% and imports  
by 4% from 2020. The stronger recovery of exports over imports led to a slight widening of the 
services trade surplus to EUR 122 billion in 2021.  
4.667.   The commitment of the EU to the multilateral trading system is undoubtedly an integral 
component of EU trade  policy, with WTO reform featuring prominently as one of its priority actions. 
Furthermore, the EU actively promotes discussions through joint proposals/initiatives on, inter alia, 
domestic regulation of trade in services, e -commerce, investment facilitati on, transparency, trade 
and environment, trade and gender, and MSMEs. Among the highlights of the EU 's solution -oriented 
engagement at the WTO is the establishment of the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration 
Arrangement, an innovative stop -gap alternativ e to the current Appellate  Body stalemate. 
The European  Union' s consistent active contribution to the WTO's core functions, including as one of 
the main donors for capacity -building and technical assistance activities is noteworthy.  
4.668.   The EU articulated its  commitment in its 2021 trade policy communication to reinforce its 
engagement with African countries by, inter alia, deepening and widening its existing trade 
agreements with African regional economic communities and strengthening their sustainability 
dimension, as well as supporting cooperation with the African  Union and its members and the smooth 
implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The communication also 
proposed to set up an EU -AU high -level dialogue on economic integrati on between the two 
Commissions aimed at supporting the implementation of the AfCFTA, notably through sharing 
expertise and lessons learn t on matters pertaining to trade, investment, regional value chains, 
industrial development, Customs Union and single ma rkets. This high -level dialogue was launched 
during the Commission -to-Commission meeting that took place in Brussels on 28  November  2022. 
Another objective is to enhance EU -AU cooperation at the WTO, to which end there have been a few 
meetings at the Ambas sadorial level. The EU also signalled its intention to adopt a Memorandum of 
Understanding with the Secretariat of the AfCFTA to improve communication and enhance policy 
discussion between both sides on matters pertaining to trade and economic integration.   
4.669.   The EU and Kenya share a robust bilateral relationship encompassing economic, security, 
and development policies. The EU is among Kenya 's top export destinations for cut flowers, fruits 
and nuts, tea, coffee, and herbs. The EU and Kenya also cooperate on  several initiatives, including 
the EUR 324 million Multiannual Indicative Programme (MIP) 2021 -2024 which focuses on three 
priority areas, that is, green transition; leave no -one behind and digitali zation; as well as democratic 
governance, peace and stabi lity. Kenya was a beneficiary of Phase  I of the EU -EAC Market Access 
Upgrade Programme (MARKUP) and is also participating in the expanded second phase. The EU is 
currently negotiating with Kenya the interim bilateral implementation of the Economic Partners hip WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 81 - 
 
  Agreement, which was concluded in 2014 with the then five Members of the East African Community 
but not implemented.  
4.670.   Kenya looks forward to a more fruitful trade relationship with the EU and wishes the 
delegation a successful Trade Policy Review.  
GEORG IA 
4.671.   The Georgian delegation wishes to warmly welcome the distinguished delegation of the 
European  Union led by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand - the Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission, on the occasion of the 15th Trade Policy Review. We would also like to express 
our sincere appreciation to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for their outstanding work in compiling 
the comprehensive reports on trade policy developments over the course of the review period.  Let 
me also thank the discussant for her ve ry insightful report.  
4.672.   The Georgian delegation acknowledges the EU 's significant contribution in upholding and 
strengthening the multilateral trading system through its active engagement in the WTO. Georgia 
commends E U's constant efforts to enhance global t rade cooperation and its initiatives to tackle 
recent challenges facing trade worldwide.   
4.673.   Georgia greatly appreciates EU 's increased input in further liberalizing its trade regime by 
concluding multiple free trade agreements across the world, exemplified through the Association 
Agreement signed between Georgia and the EU in 2014 including the Deep and Comprehensive Free 
Trade Area (DCFTA).  
4.674.   Since the independence, Georgia has been aspiring to the integration with EU, which remains 
the key pillar among Geor gia's trade and economic priorities. The effective implementation of the 
DCFTA is the major course of action on the Government 's agenda aiming at closer harmonization 
and integration with the EU.  
4.675.   With the purpose to fully benefit from the DCFTA, we are im plementing significant reforms, 
including the approximation of Georgia's legislation to the EU acquis, which brings Georgia in line 
with European standards and practices. We have made remarkable progress in this regard: overall, 
Georgian legislation has al ready been approximated with more than 60% of the EU legal acts 
foreseen by the DCFTA.  
4.676.   DCFTA has substantially contributed to the enhanced trade relations, in fact resulting the EU 
ranking number one among Georgia 's foreign trade partners. According to the existing figures, 
Georgia's trade turnover with the European  Union increased by 29% in 2022, amounting to about 
USD 4 billion with the share of 21% in Georgia 's total trade turnover. Georgia 's export to the EU 
increased by 20% estimating a round USD 900 million.   
4.677.   The European  Union and its financial institutions have always been instrumental and have 
an important role in stimulating Georgia 's export potential, regional development, infrastructure, 
and other vital areas of economy. In parall el to government programs, the EU assistance under the 
EU4Business, European Neighbourhood Program for Agriculture and Rural Development and others 
have played critical role in developing economy and strong SME sector in Georgia.  
4.678.   Georgia being an active p artner within the EU Eastern Partnership initiative is going to make 
the best use of the EU External Investment Plan in order to take forward the strategic infrastructure 
projects in transport, energy and communications as well as boost investments to supp ort economic 
growth by supporting SMEs.  
4.679.   In conclusion, Georgia once again would like to thank the European  Union for the valued 
partnership and wish a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
PERÚ  
4.680.   La delegación de Perú da la más cordial bienvenida a la delega ción de la Unión  Europea, en 
especial a la Sra. Sabine  Weyand, Directora General para el Comercio de la Comisión Europea , quien WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 82 - 
 
  encabeza la delegación, y al  Embajador  Joäo Aguiar  Machado , Representante Permanente de la UE 
ante la OMC.  
4.681.   Agradecemos la detallada exposición sobre las políticas comerciales de la Unión, así como a 
la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield, Representante Permanente de Tailandia, por sus valiosos 
comentarios como ponente. De igual manera, agradecemos su dedicación, Sr. Presidente, así como 
por el de la Secretaría para este examen.  
4.682.   Perú y la Unión  Europea mantienen una larga y estrecha relación de cooperación y 
entendimiento en el ámbito multilateral y bilateral, compartiendo principios y valores a lo largo de 
muchas déca das de una excelente vinculación.  
4.683.   En ese sentido, expresamos nuestra satisfacción por la recuperación económica de la 
Unión  Europea durante el periodo bajo examen, a pesar de los efectos de la guerra en Ucrania.  
4.684.   Igualmente, es destacable la decisión de ap ostar por un comercio abierto, sostenible y firme. 
En ese sentido, sus interlocutores comerciales estamos listos para acompañarlos en ese esfuerzo, 
con el objetivo de alcanzar un sistema de internacional de comercio abierto, justo, transparente y 
basado en  reglas.  
4.685.   La Unión  Europea y Perú comparten una relación comercial nutrida. Nuestro Tratado de Libre 
Comercio cumplió 10  años en marzo de este año, en cuyo marco nuestros intercambios comerciales 
han aumentado progresivamente, superando los USD  11 mil millones en 2021.  
4.686.   Para Perú, la Unión  Europea es su tercer socio comercial más importante y uno de los 
destinos de nuestras exportaciones de minerales, bienes agropecuarios y bienes pesqueros. A su 
vez, Perú tiene importaciones considerables de productos farma céuticos, acero, plásticos y 
vehículos.  
4.687.   En cuanto a las oportunidades que vemos en el bloque europeo, vale la pena destacar la 
potencialidad de nuestros bienes agrícolas que, si bien viene creciendo en relevancia, aún pueden 
crecer incrementando el comerci o de uvas, café sin tostar, cebollas y cacao en grano. Oportunidades 
todas ellas que esperamos poder materializar, dada la relevancia del sector agrícola para Perú, que 
genera muchos puestos de trabajo y fomentan la creación de pequeñas y medianas empresas , 
especialmente en las zonas rurales.  
4.688.   Pasando al sistema multilateral, no quiero dejar de saludar el activo rol y los esfuerzos de la 
Unión  Europea en este foro, participando en los diversos procesos de negociación que tenemos en 
curso, e impulsando valio sas iniciativas como el Procedimiento Arbitral Multipartito de Apelación 
Provisional (MPIA), el cual ha demostrado, a través de la solución de su primer caso, ser una opción 
viable, que ha permitido preservar dos instancias con una revisión imparcial y el carácter vinculante 
del sistema de solución de diferencias.  
4.689.   Además, saludamos el compromiso de la UE con las negociaciones sobre subvenciones a la 
pesca y en el ámbito de la agricultura, y en las iniciativas relativas a la reglamentación del comercio 
electrónico, la reglamentación nacional de servicios, las pequeñas y medianas empresas, y otros 
importantes temas de actualidad en esta Organización.  
4.690.   En el marco de esta relación comercial prominente y colaborativa, tenemos también asuntos 
en los que aún no he mos llegado al mismo entendimiento. En este sentido, destacan por la gran 
importancia para el desarrollo económico, comercial y social de  Perú, los efectos de ciertas medidas 
sanitarias y fitosanitarias europeas, tales como son los límites máximos de resid uos y otros cambios 
en regulaciones fito y zoo sanitarias que no consideran períodos transitorios adecuados. Cabe 
resaltar, nuevamente, que las exportaciones afectadas por estas medidas son una base del 
desarrollo económico de mi país y, en particular, de una parte, importante de su población rural. Por 
esta razón, Perú aprovecha la ocasión que brinda este examen para exponer nuevamente su 
preocupación por estas medidas.  
4.691.   De otro lado, también quisiera referirme a las recientes iniciativas de la Unión  Europ ea en el 
marco de su llamado Pacto Verde, como el desarrollo de normas para luchar contra la deforestación 
y la degradación forestal.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 83 - 
 
  4.692.   Perú es uno de lo s países más vulnerables frente a los efectos del cambio climático y por 
ello nos hemos sumado a todos lo s esfuerzos regionales y globales que tienen como fin atender este 
desafío, contra el que poco podemos hacer de modo unilateral.  
4.693.   Como hemos acordado en otros foros pertinentes, nuestros aportes ante el problema deben 
ser distintos y basados en nuestras múl tiples particularidades y capacidades. Las herramientas para 
generar aportes en la lucha contra el cambio climático son múltiples y de amplio conocimiento, por 
lo que nos preocupa que la Unión  Europea opte por restricciones comerciales unilaterales para tr atar 
de alcanzar objetivos medioambientales, pues pueden no ser adecuados, si no que, por el contrario, 
pueden atentar contra las oportunidades de desarrollo que el comercio puede generar en países 
como Perú.  
4.694.   Para finalizar, solo nos queda valorar sinceram ente que este examen haya servido de marco 
para que la Unión  Europea renueve su compromiso con la estabilidad y la solidez del sistema 
multilateral del comercio, ejercicio que agradecemos, y en que le deseamos el mayor de los éxitos.  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA1 
4.695.   Let me join others in welcoming the EU delegation headed by Director -General for Trade, 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, as well as H.E. Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his Geneva based -team.  
We would like to particularly appreciate the work done in preparing this review both by the EU side 
and the Secretariat , as well as the distinguished Ambassador of Thailand Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  as 
discussant.  
4.696.   The Republic of Moldova appreciates this opportunity to be part of the EU Trade Policy 
Review, and while our UK collea gue mentioned that it is the first for them to act in this capacity, we 
are certainly hoping that it would be the last or one of the last for our country, as we are working 
hard to join the EU in the not -so-distant future.  
4.697.   Meanwhile we are keen to contribu te to the evaluation of existing policies and to comment 
of the proposed commitments and eventual challenges, bearing in mind that EU is the Republic of 
Moldova 's main trading and development partner and it is a strong advocate of the rules -based  
multilate ral trading order.  
4.698.   First on EU role for WTO development, we welcome its active participation in efforts to 
strengthen and revitalize  the Organi zation through involvement and leadership in a range of 
important initiatives, including the ongoing WTO Reform discussions, Joint Initiatives on 
E-commerce, Services Domestic Regulation , and Investment Facilitation for Development, Informal 
Group on MSMEs, and Women's Economic Empowerment.  
4.699.   We have all witnessed EU efforts on addressing climate challenges via a com prehensive 
European Grean  Deal, and more particularly within WTO supporting the Trade and Environmental 
Sustainability Structured Discussions  (TESSD) and more recently the Fossil Fuels  subsidies reform 
talks.   
4.700.   As a general point, we commend the EU for its constructive role and leadership in the 
multilateral trading system and for its ongoing support for  mechanisms that ensure prosperity for 
all economies, particularly the ones like the Republic of Moldova and we encourage the EU to 
continue to have  a strong  voice within this Organization.  Furthermore, the Republic of Moldova 
commends EU 's good transparency record and would encourage it to continue its efforts in this sense 
setting commendable example.  
4.701.   The Republic of Moldova also commends and highly appreciates EU 's important role in the 
capacity -building and assistance projects which reaffirms its commitment to support development 
across WTO Membership.  
4.702.   On a particular note, we would like to praise the support offered by EU, to countries that 
have su ffered economically from the Russia n Federation' s military aggression against Ukraine. In the 
Republic of Moldova 's case, besides continued financial, technical assistance and capacity -building 
 
1 The following statements were delivered during the second day of the meeting.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 84 - 
 
  program mes, the EU has adopted a  regulation  which provides temporary additional trade 
liberalisation for Moldovan agricultural products for one year, until 24  July 2023, to be hopefully 
extended in the coming days for another year.  
4.703.   From a bilateral trade perspective, the Republic of Moldova and the EU hav e a particularly 
close relationship, advancing and integrating through the years, in trade this being manifested by a 
constant increasing in the openness of the trade regime, starting with GSP, GSP+, Autonomous 
Trade Preferences ATP and since September  2014 having a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade 
Area DCFTA.  
4.704.   The DCFTA, is part of our Association Agreement concluded with the European  Union, which 
in 2024 will mark a 10  years milestone. The main impact of the DCFTA 's implementation for the 
Republic of Mold ova is the country 's economic growth, generated by the increase of trade volumes, 
deep transformation of the economy, way of thinking and operating in terms of quality of goods, 
diversification of products, competitiveness, and management.  
4.705.   It is a "living " trade arrangement, since last EU TPR, we have made some important 
adjustments in terms of quotas and mutual concessions.  
4.706.   As indicated before, the European  Union is the main and strategic trading partner of the 
Republic of Moldova and represents a share of  51% in the total amount of Moldova 's trade flows.  
4.707.   The value of trade exchanges between the Republic of Moldova and the European  Union 
in 2022 amounted to roughly USD 6.9 billion, increasing by 36.1% compared to 2021. Referring to 
the year 2022 the share o f exports to EU countries represents 58.6% of total Moldovan exports. 
Exports of goods to the EU accounted for USD 2.54 billion . The imports from EU accounted for 
USD 4.36 billion and represents 47.3% of total Moldovan imports.  
4.708.   Our top trading partners amo ng EU member States remain Romania, Italy, Germany, 
France, Poland and the Netherlands.  Another important aspect is the steady increase of the number 
of Moldovan exporting companies to the EU, from 1 ,548 in 2015 to 1 ,672 companies in 2020 ; in 
2021, 1,860 c ompanies exporting to EU and 2 ,044 during 2022, which represents a share of more 
than 70% of the total number of exporting companies of the Republic of Moldova.  
4.709.   At the same time, the EU is the largest foreign investor in the Republic of Moldova. FDI of 
EU countries has steadily increased over the last decade.  
4.710.   As part of our European agenda, we are looking into the possibilities to integrate into the EU 
Single Market, including through dedicated program mes.  
4.711.   In order to strengthen the governance of the inter nal market, increase the competitiveness 
of industry, especially micro -enterprises and SMEs, the Republic of Moldova expressed its interest 
in joining the new Multiannual European  Union  Program for the Single Market 2021 -2027 (SMP), in 
particular for two c omponents: Market surveillance. (SMP Pillar  I – Improving the Internal Market) 
and Competitiveness of SMEs (SMP Pillar  II – SMEs).  
4.712.   Referring to the above -mentioned decision to suspend temporarily import duties and quotas 
on certain Moldovan exports to the European  Union, the so -called Autonomous Trade Measures 
(ATMs) as a way to support the Republic of Moldova 's economy following the disruption in trade 
flows as a result of Russia n Federation  aggression against Ukraine, we would like to underline the 
following.  
4.713.   The ATMs are unilateral and temporary in nature, still they have significantly broadened the 
scope of tariff liberali zation under the EU -Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area by 
suspending all outstanding duties and quotas. In practice, e xports of seven agricultural products 
from the Republic of Moldova which are subject to tariff -rate quotas are fully liberali zed. Since their 
application in July last year, the ATMs have had a positive effect on Moldova's trade to the EU, 
assisting country 's efforts to re -orient exports via the EU.  
4.714.   That being said, the quantities and range of products covered by the ATMs are small and 
have a minimal impact for EU agriculture. Furthermore, there is an expedited safeguard mechanism WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 85 - 
 
  that can be activated if ne cessary to protect the Union market. Thus, while welcoming 
European  Commission 's May proposal to extend these ATMs for another year, Republic of Moldova 
strongly believes that there are all preconditions not only to extend these temporary measures but 
to ensure on a permanent basis, full liberalization of the tariff rate quotas on Moldovan agricultural 
products.  
4.715.   We have managed to advance and facilitate our trade relations, notable on services in the 
last year (i.e. road transport, or roaming), so it is ti me to do so in the agriculture sector as well.  
4.716.   Moreover, we have to ensure that the existing trade facilitation tools and platforms are made 
use of, like the Agreement on Mutual Recognition of the Authorized Economic Operators, which 
entered into force bet ween the Republic of Moldova and EU in November  2022.  
4.717.   Before concluding I would like once again to refer to the extensive development program mes 
implemented with the support of the European  Union in Republic of Moldova.  
4.718.   From 2021 EU has stepped up support  under the Economic and Investment Plan for the 
Republic of Moldova, setting a target of EUR 1.6 billion of investments to be leveraged. These 
programs bring great opportunities for our companies and represent a direct investment in the 
economy.  
4.719.   Not least important is the support package for the energy sector, which continues to be an 
extremely vulnerable one. The energy crisis provoked by the Russia n Federation  is still affecting the 
Republic of Moldova. In the long term we are working together with EU to reduce this dependency 
and vulnerability by investing in renewable energy, energy efficiency , and developing alternative 
interconnectors.  
4.720.   Last but not least , we would like to extend our appreciation to the EU for all its technical 
capacity and training co urses offered for Moldovan experts in various fields (market economy, health 
protection and medicine, environmental protection, small business, water management, etc.) which 
are indeed vital for the well -functioning of our institutions.  
4.721.   Allow me once again  to congratulate the European delegation on the successfully ongoing 
Trade Policy Review and wish them utmost success in continuing the good work and advancing their 
trade policy endeavours.  
PANAMÁ  
4.722.   Deseo ante todo saludar atentamente a la Honorable S ra. Sabine  Weyand, Directora General 
para el Comercio de la Comisión Europea ; al Embajador João Aguiar  Machado , y a todos los 
Embajadores de los Estados miembros y a sus delegaciones por su destacada preparación para este 
decimoquinto examen de las políticas y prácticas comerciales de la Unión  Europea. Deseo también 
saludar a la Embajadora Pimchanok  Pitfield, ponente en este examen, y agradecer a la Secretaría 
por su informe.  
4.723.   Hoy nos corresponde examinar las prácticas, políticas y estrategias co merciales de la 
Unión  Europea , que representa el mayor bloque comercial del mundo, especialmente en bienes y 
servicios. La evolución de sus políticas generales y específicas en su economía afectan a todos los 
Miembros de la OMC.  
4.724.   La relación comercial entre  Panamá y la Unión  Europea está regida a través del Acuerdo de 
Asociación entre los Estados de Centroamérica y la Unión Europea (ADA). En cuanto a la relación 
bilateral comercial, en los últimos 15 años solo en el 2006 hubo una balanza comercial positiva e n 
favor de Panamá, el resto de los años refleja una balanza comercial negativa con déficit que va por 
encima de los mil millones de dólares. Esto se debe a que Panamá tiene un sector exportador 
reducido y sobre todo a pesar de que la Unión  Europea es uno d e los principales destinos de las 
exportaciones panameñas.  
4.725.   Según el informe de la Secretaría, durante el período objeto de examen, la Unión  Europea 
se caracterizó por un importante cambio en los objetivos y prioridades de desarrollo y política 
motivado po r la adopción, entre otras cosas, del Pacto  Verde Europeo, la ambición de una Europa WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 86 - 
 
  adaptada a la era digital y un nuevo programa político para reforzar la influencia y el liderazgo 
mundiales de la Unión  Europea.  
4.726.   Sus políticas en materia de energía y cli ma cobraron impulso gracias al cambio hacia la 
energía renovable y con bajas emisiones de carbono, el refuerzo de la seguridad energética y la 
reducción de las emisiones para lograr la neutralidad climática. La Unión  Europea aspira a que con 
el paquete de medidas "Objetivo  55" de 2021 pueda armonizar estas políticas con los objetivos 
climáticos previstos en el Pacto  Verde europeo y la legislación europea sobre el clima, lo que incluye 
objetivos de reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.  
4.727.   Observamos que la Unión  Europea continúa otorgando la mayor parte de sus subvenciones 
a la agricultura. Además, siguió aplicando la anterior Política Agrícola Común (PAC) de manera 
transitoria, ya que la nueva PAC fue aprobada y entró en vigor en enero de 2023. Confiamos en que 
pueda hacer reformas de manera sustancial para que la estructura de sus subvenciones se enfoque 
más en la caja verde.  
4.728.   La Unión  Europea ha examinado diversas directrices y reglamentos de ayuda estatal, entre 
ellos, el Reglamento general de exención por categorías y el Reglamento de minimis. En 2022 se 
publicó un marco revisado relativo a la ayuda estatal para las actividades de inv estigación, desarrollo 
e innovación, y se adoptó un marco temporal de crisis en respuesta a los conflictos geopolíticos.  
4.729.   Así mismo, notamos los esfuerzos en mejorar la transparencia y notificaciones en el Consejo 
de Mercancías, sin embargo, es importante que la Unión  Europea cumpla con las fechas acordadas 
en las notificaciones de agricultura, en lugar de buscar nuevas extensiones a los plazos.  
4.730.   Aprovechamos el espacio de este ejercicio para reiterar que Panamá continúa preocupada 
con las regulaciones sobre pesticidas y disruptores endocrinos que buscan mayores restricciones 
que bajo los acuerdos internacionales sobre el uso de sustancias aprobadas por el Codex. 
Desde  2017 hemos elevado constantes preocupaciones en los comités de MSF, OTC y  el Consejo de 
Mercancías. Esperamos que estas sean tomadas en cuenta y que la Unión  Europea ponga 
rápidamente esta reglamentación en conformidad con sus compromisos en la OMC.  
4.731.   Panamá reconoce que, la Unión  Europea contribuye en su defensa y fortalecimien to del 
sistema multilateral de comercio, en particular, ha demostrado su firme liderazgo al presentar ideas 
útiles y propuestas concretas en muchas áreas, incluida la reforma de la OMC, específicamente la 
propuesta sobre directrices de procedimiento para l os consejos y comités de la OMC que abordan 
preocupaciones comerciales, la cual copatrocinamos.  
4.732.   La Unión  Europea es un participante importante en las negociaciones sobre subvenciones a 
la pesca, en las iniciativas sobre facilitación de las inversiones, co mercio electrónico, diálogo sobre 
la contaminación producida por los plásticos y el comercio de plásticos ambientalmente sostenible, 
debates estructurados sobre el comercio y la sostenibilidad ambiental, la iniciativa de reforma de las 
subvenciones a los c ombustibles fósiles y reglamentación nacional de los servicios, temas de mucha 
importancia también para Panamá. Confiamos en que la Unión  Europea continuara de cara a la CM13 
contribuyendo constructivamente en beneficio de los intereses de esta Organizació n y sus Miembros.  
4.733.   Nos mantendremos atentos al desarrollo de la discusión durante este examen y reitero la 
disposición de Panamá en continuar reforzando los lazos de cooperación en los planos bilateral, 
regional y multilateral con la Unión  Europea. Le dese amos éxito en este decimoquinto  examen de 
su política comercial.  
MONGOLIA  
4.734.   At the outset, I would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of the EU led by 
Mrs Weyand, Director -General of the European  Commission 's Directorate  General for Trade. 
We greatly appreciate the comprehensive and detailed Report presented by both the EU and the 
WTO Secretariat on the EU 's 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.735.   The relationship between Mongolia and the EU has been steadily strengthening over the  
years. It gives me great ple asure to acknowledge that the EU holds a significant position as WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 87 - 
 
  Mongolia's fourth largest trading partner. In 2022, bilateral trade between Mongolia and the EU 
experienced a notable 35% growth in exports.  
4.736.   We are thankful to the EU for their consistent sup port in our long -standing efforts to achieve 
economic diversification. I would like to take this opportunity to highlight a few initiatives in this 
regard.  
4.737.   Mongolia greatly benefits from the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP+), which 
empowers our small and medium enterprises and enhances our export capabilities. It is worth noting 
that GSP plays a pivotal role in accessing EU markets, thus contributing to the growth and 
competitiveness of our companies.  
4.738.   Furthermore, we deeply appreciate the "Trade -related assistance for Mongolia " projects 
(EU TRAM projects) funded by the EU. These projects have been instrumental in boosting our export 
capacities, particularly in specific agricultural sectors where Mongolia holds great potential. Through 
these projec ts, we have made significant progress in key priority areas such as trade policy and 
facilitation, customs procedures, and export promotion.  
4.739.   We also extend our gratitude to the EU for the upcoming project on "International Trade 
Development in Mongolia ". This project, financed by the EU, aims to enhance the trade efficiency of 
our small and medium enterprises in both the EU and regional markets. We hope that this project 
will contribute to the effectiveness of trade policies in Mongolia, as well as the deve lopment of 
sustainable and innovative products and sectors with high sustainability, climate resilience, and 
export potential.  
4.740.   Moreover, I am pleased to announce that in 2022 Mongolia and the EU have officially 
launched negotiations for establishing a Geog raphical Indications agreement. The second phase of 
these negotiations was successfully completed in January  2023. Mongolia firmly believes that this 
agreement will play a crucial role in expanding the activities of enterprises and increasing the export 
of products with geographical indications to the EU market.  
4.741.   Mongolia commends the EU for its unwavering commitment to the multilateral trading 
system, ensuring trade stability and predictability, as well as its leadership in ongoing open 
plurilateral joint s tatement initiatives. We will continue to closely collaborate with the EU to further 
expand and deepen our bilateral and investment ties in the coming years.  
4.742.   With that, we wish the EU every success in this Trade Policy Review.  
NAMIBIA  
4.743.   We join other Members to congratulate the esteemed delegation of the European  Union on 
their 15thTrade Policy Review.  
4.744.   We also express our sincere appreciation to my colleague, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield 
of Thailand, discussant for this review. Finally,  the secretariat for their dedication and excellent work 
in preparing the reports.  
4.745.   Under the Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Policy, the European  Union is a crucial trade 
partner for Namibia, providing valuable economic opportunities for  the Country. Namibia is a 
member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), In 2016, Namibia signed the 
SADC -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), which has had significant impacts on trade in the 
country.  
4.746.   The SADC -EU EPA is a free trade agreement between th e European  Union  (EU) and 6  SADC 
countries -Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South  Africa, and Eswatini.  The Agreement 
aims to promote regional integration and trade by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers 
between the signatory countries. It  also includes provisions on investment, intellectual property, and 
sustainable development.  
4.747.   Namibia's trade with the EU has grown significantly since the signing of the SADC -EU EPA. 
The main exports from Namibia to the EU are diamonds, fish, and other sea food products, while the WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 88 - 
 
  main imports from the EU are machinery, vehicles, and chemicals. Among the benefits of the 
SADC -EU EPA for Namibia includes , mainly , three main focus:  
a. Increased market access: The  agreement has eliminated tariffs on Namibian export s to 
the EU, which has made Namibian products more competitive in the EU market. This has 
led to increased exports of Namibian goods to the EU, particularly in the fisheries and 
diamond sectors. The Agreement offers opportunity for diversification of expor ts from 
traditional commodities such as uranium, diamonds, and fish.  
b. Attraction of foreign investment:  created a more predictable and stable investment 
environment in Namibia, which has attracted foreign investors to the country in sectors 
such as manufac turing, agriculture, green hydrogen, and tourism.  
c. Promotion of regional integration:  through the Trade Related Facility (TRF), a mechanism 
that provides  financial and technical support to eligible SADC Member States to effectively 
implement their commitmen ts under the Protocol on Trade and the SADC -EU Economic 
Partnership Agreement (EPA), encourages greater regional integration and cooperation 
within SADC by creating a framework for harmonizing trade policies and regulations, which 
has facilitated trade bet ween SADC countries. This has led to increased intra -SADC trade 
and economic growth in the region.  
4.748.   We welcome the commitment by the EU to reinforce its engagement with African countries 
by deepening and widening its existing trade agreements with African regional economic 
communities and strengthening the sustainability dimension, as well as supporting cooperation with 
the African  Union and its  members for smooth implementation of the African Continental Free Trade 
Area to achieve Agenda  2063, the Africa We Want.  
4.749.   In this regard, we encourage the EU under the WTO reform agenda on development in line 
with Paragraph  3 of MC12 outcome document which provides a mandate to Members to initiate work 
towards the necessary reform of the WTO to  "take advantage of available opportunities, address the 
challenges the WTO is facing, and ensure the WTO’s proper function ing", so as  to enhance EU -AU 
cooperation in the WTO and speed -up the adoption of a Memorandum of Understanding with the 
Secretariat of the African Continental Free Trade Area to enhance policy discussion on matters 
pertaining to trade and economic integrat ion.  
4.750.   In our view, this would serve as impetus to narrow down gaps on some of the proposal by 
the African Group, notably, the African Group Policy space for industrial development - a case for 
rebalancing trade rules to promote industrialization and to address emerging challenges such as 
climate change, concentration of production and digital industriali zation.  
4.751.   We agree that development is a cross -cutting issue as an area for policy deliberation. It is 
imperative that the WTO fin ds new ways to support the efforts of developing countries that face 
difficulties in integrating into the global trading system. For Namibia and many other African States, 
development remains the core focus at the WTO alongside levelling the playing field in international 
trade.  
4.752.   We thank the EU for the continued support to developing countries to facilitate smooth 
integration into the world economy with a view of achieving equitable share in global trade.  
4.753.   In addition, on supporting inclusive growth in dev eloping countries,  we urge the EU to refrain 
from strict regulations and technical standards imposed by the EU members, which make it difficult 
for Namibian products to comply and gain access to the EU market. Additionally, the small size of 
Namibia's econ omy and limited resources make it difficult to fully take advantage of the opportunities 
presented by the agreement. We are open to furthering our engagement with the EU.  
4.754.   Once more, congratulations on your successful Trade Policy Review.  
GHANA  
4.755.   Ghana would  like to welcome the European  Union and its delegation from Brussels to Geneva 
and to commend them for availing themselves  for this very important exercise.  Ghana would also WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 89 - 
 
  like to commend the Ambassador and head of the European  Union delegation to the WTO and  your 
team for the excellent preparatory processes leading to th is 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU . 
Ghana is indeed pleased with the high -quality of the reports that both the EU  and the WTO 
Secretariat have produced for this review, and we want t o commend both teams accordingly . Again, 
Ghana would like to commend H.E.  Pimchanok  Pitfield, Ambassador and Permanent Representative 
of Thailand for serving as discussant to this very important review exercise.  
4.756.   Ghana and the European  Union have had long -standing relations for several decades , 
resulting in a partnership and friendship that prioritizes political and trade relations . 
The European  Union ha s a full Diplomatic Mission in Ghana and together with Ghana we continue to 
assert our  shared value s and p ositive agenda at the global level  through the EU -Ghana Partnership 
Dialogue, our two sides continue to discuss and reiterate our priorities annually . This has proven  
useful and we recommend the continuous engagement in this regard . 
4.757.   The EU is Ghana's main market for agri-business products, i.e. cocoa  and its derivatives , 
canned tuna, fruits, and many others, and  this contributes significantly to Ghana's economic growth . 
The support that the EU provides through dedicated development cooperation program mes with a 
view to improving competitiveness , both at the national and regional levels , is commendable . 
4.758.   Trade  between Ghana  and the EU is currently in excess  GHS 25 billion that is about 
EUR 6 billion  and this has the potential to increase so it is important that the two sides w ork together  
to shore -up these  numbers . 
4.759.   Through the  Ghana -European  Union interim Economic Partnership Agreement (iEPA)  
practical steps  could be initiated to ensure sustained gro wth in the trade and development space of 
both sides . As host of the Secretariat of the African Continental Free Trade Area, Ghana is committed 
to work with its African partners and the EU  to ensure that trade is mainstreamed  and prioritized in 
all nationa l and continent -wide program mes that the two sides commit themselves to implement.  
4.760.   In commending the EU  for its  sustained engagement at the multilateral level through the 
WTO, we would like to encourage the EU to prioritize the development concerns t hat es pecially the 
African Group and its partners have been articulating at the WTO, this is the only way we believe 
that countries like ours could be assisted to fully integrate  into the multilateral trading system.  
4.761.   In conclusion, Ghana would like to commend th e European  Union  once again for its sustained 
engagement at the WTO and wishes the EU a successful 15th Trade Policy Review . 
TRINIDAD  AND TOBAGO  
4.762.   We align with the statement to be delivered on behalf of the CARICOM Group.  
4.763.   Trinidad  and Tobago is pleased to p articipate in the 15th Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union. We join others in welcoming to Geneva the delegation led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand. We also take this opportunity to commend Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado on 
his leadership and the constructive engagement of his team in so many spheres of our work here at 
the WTO.  
4.764.   We thank the EU and the Secretariat for their respective reports and acknowledge that the 
preparation of these reports could not have bee n an easy feat. We also recogni ze Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her engagement and useful comments in the role of discussant.  
4.765.   It is difficult to imagine work on any file at the WTO without the active involvement of the  EU. 
This is clear te stimony to the EU 's commitment to this Organization and to the rules -based 
multilateral trading system. Trade facilitation, services, trade and environment, trade and 
development and trade -related aspects of intellectual property rights are just a few of t he files on 
which the EU has been very active and constructive, demonstrating initiative and leadership here at 
the WTO.  
4.766.   We acknowledge the level of priority the EU delegation has ascribed to WTO reform and to 
resolving the challenges obstructing the opti mal functioning of the Dispute Settlement System, in 
particular, and we commend the delegation in this regard.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 90 - 
 
  4.767.   On efforts to reinvigorate the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce in line with its 
development dimension, Trinidad  and Tobago recogni zes the valuable contributions and 
engagement of the EU in this regard.  
4.768.   On fisheries subsidies negotiations, while our perspectives may not always align, 
Trinidad  and Tobago values the frank and insightful exchanges we have had with the EU in small 
group, plenary  and bilateral contexts.  
4.769.   On development -related issues, Chair, we commend the EU on its active engagement in the 
Committee on Trade and Development and the CTD -SS, as well as for its generosity as a key donor 
in respect of technical assistance and capacity  building for developing country Members and LDCs. 
We also recogni ze and appreciate the efforts of the EU to better understand the concerns and 
aspirations of developing country Members relating to special and differential treatment and the role 
of trade i n achieving our sustainable development objectives. This was very apparent to us at the 
retreat on development convened earlier this year and in subsequent engagements.  
4.770.   On trade policy, practices and performance in the period since the last Review, the fig ures 
are clear in illustrating the EU 's prolific engagement in international trade as the world 's top trader. 
Trinidad  and Tobago joins other WTO Members in recogni zing the significant outcomes achieved as 
a result of the policy approaches adopted by the E uropean  Union in the context of the shifting global 
landscape of intersecting crises. These outcomes include the notable rebound in growth by 5.4% 
in 2021 and further expansion of growth by 3.3% in 2022.  
4.771.   As a CARICOM member State, we are keenly aware of t he opportunities and challenges 
associated with regional integration, and so we are cognisant of the fact that these significant 
outcomes were not easily attained. We take good note of the decisive and coordinated policy actions 
undertaken by the European  Union to address key issues relating to the COVID -19 pandemic, as 
well as matters affecting the Union relating to the global context of persistent geopolitical tensions. 
We are also seeking to draw pertinent lessons from the EU 's development and implementa tion of its 
new trade strategy and its emphasis on openness, sustainability , and assertiveness.  
4.772.   Trinidad  and Tobago attaches great importance to our longstanding bilateral relationship and 
history of cooperation with the EU. We commend the EU for engagemen t with the Caribbean region 
within the framework of the European Development Fund in particular, noting that the Fund has 
contributed positively to our efforts relating to socioeconomic development, digital transformation 
and addressing the negative impact s of climate change on our economies.  
4.773.   We value the CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and look forward to 
the conclusion of the Second Five -Year Review of the EPA. The EU remains a key market for 
Trinidad  and Tobago and this country is of t he view that the Second Five -Year Review should be 
leveraged to further strengthen trade relations. Trinidad  and Tobago is also hopeful that challenges 
faced on both sides in relation to the implementation of the Agreement will be surmounted. We look 
forwa rd to the convening of the Joint Council in the second half of this year.  
4.774.   On expanding trade, Trinidad  and Tobago is currently in the process of seeking Third Country 
Approval to export products to the EU, in keeping with the EU Commission Delegated 
Regulation  2021/630, which entered into force on 21  April 2021. In this regard, Trinidad  and Tobago 
recogni zes the value of the monitoring and enforcement of regulations implemented for products 
entering the EU. We take this opportunity to refere nce the significant administrative and financial 
challenges posed to countries seeking to meet these requirements, along with the consequent impact 
on trade.  
4.775.   In this regard, and with the positive intent of strengthening collaboration between 
Trinidad  and Tobago and the EU, it is hoped that both Parties could work more closely together on 
this matter. Capacity -building is likely to prove useful as we seek to better understand and meet the 
EU regulations and secure market entry.  
4.776.   Finally, we join others who have expressed reservations regarding the EU 's Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). We are concerned that it could have a constraining effect on our 
trade relations, including a possible negative impact on our exports to the EU.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 91 - 
 
  4.777.   In closing, Trini dad and Tobago congratulates the EU delegation in advance on the 
completion of a successful Review.  
BARBADOS2 
4.778.   Statement by Barbados at the Barbados wishes to congratulate M rs Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade, European  Commis sion and her team from Brussels 
on a successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.779.   We wish to start by commending the European  Union on weathering the many global 
economic and financial storms that would have impacted all WTO Members to varying degrees, and 
notes that despite these challenges, the European  Union stood steadfast in implementing significant 
changes during the review period, particularly through the adoption of the European Green  Deal, a 
Europe that is fit for the digital age and a new political agend a that is intended to shape the trade 
and investment policies. These in large measure were due to the EU 's use of coordinated monetary 
and fiscal policy measures aimed at converting recovery into sustained growth.  
4.780.   We particularly note the changes that hav e been imposed by the EU in the areas of climate 
change and sustainable energy. The conversation surrounding the nexus between trade and climate 
change, is gaining traction in the WTO and is in keeping with our current global realities. Like the  EU, 
these issues continue to be of grave importance to Barbados, particularly in light of the significant 
impact that these issues have on our current and future trade and indeed our continued existence 
as a small island developing state on the front line of the cli mate crisis. We look forward to continuing 
the conversation on this critical area with the EU as we navigate our work in the WTO.  
4.781.   The European  Union continues to show its leadership and unwavering commitment to the 
multilateral trading system and to the W TO through its active participation in all aspects of the WTO 's 
work including, in the fisheries subsidies negotiations and joint statement initiatives. In this 
connection, we wish to take this opportunity to commend H.  E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado, 
Ambassado r and Head of the European  Union Permanent Mission to the WTO and his Geneva -based 
team for their participation in our work aimed at strengthening the multilateral trading system.  
4.782.   Barbados maintains excellent trade and political relations with the European  Union, 
particular in the area of development cooperation and through the comprehensive reciprocal trade 
and development agreement in the form of the CARIFORUM -EC Economic Partnership Agreement 
(EPA) signed in 2008. We look forward to our continued work wi th the European  Union both here 
and in our capital.  
BELARUS  
4.783.   Our delegation expresses its thanks to the WTO Secretariat and EU delegation for the 
presented documents, particularly the Trade Policy Review Report by the European  Union.  
4.784.   We have thoroughly studied the Report and would like to take this opportunity to present 
comments as to its Subchapter  7.2. "Sanctions ". It shows clearly that restrictive measures or 
sanctions are an essential tool in the EU's common foreign and security p olicy.  
4.785.   Belarus would like to challenge the legality of such unilateral restrictive measures, and also 
to draw attention to their detrimental effect on the multilateral trade system and, particularly, on 
food security.  
4.786.   Claims in the Report, that the EU 's sanctions do not target food and agricultural products, 
do not stand up to scrutiny, as Belarus has been restrained by sanctions in its ability to export 
fertilizers. We underline, that it happens while the problem of global hunger persists. The impact of 
sanctions is being felt globally, manifesting itself in rising prices for food, energy , and the cost of 
living.  
 
2 Only written statement. This statement could not be delivered online for technical reasons.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 92 - 
 
  4.787.   The purpose of EU 's sanctions has always been to intervene into the sovereign States' 
internal affairs, foreign policy decisions, as well as econo mic well -being. Needless to say , the use of 
sanctions never bore any fruit, never led to any positive developments.  
4.788.   We call to the EU to abandon the use of sanctions, as it is contrary to the multilateralism 
and the freedom of trade, while also having grav e humanitarian consequences. For the same reasons 
we also call to all WTO Members and Observers to denounce the practice of sanctions.  
BAHAMAS ON BEHALF OF CARICOM  
4.789.   We wish to congratulate the European  Union on this the occasion of its 15th Trade Policy 
Review. We are grateful to the EU, in particular Ambassador Aguiar  Machado the team in Geneva, 
the Brussels team and Members of the EU for their efforts in the preparations of the Report which 
has been presented to us. We applaud the efforts of the WTO Secret ariat for its comprehensive 
Report. Last but not least, we extend a thank you to the discussant Ambassador Pitfield.  
4.790.   The trade relationship between CARICOM and the EU exists within the context of the 
CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) which comprises the 15  CARICOM member 
States, along with the Dominican  Republic. This EPA is a major catalyst which underpins 
CARICOM -EU relations, allowing for ease of business between the two regions for trade, 
development, and investment opportunities. The EU  has also made a special effort to support 
programmes within the CARICOM Secretariat and CARIFORUM Directorate to ensure the successful 
implementation of the EPA.  
4.791.   The EU remains an important market for CARICOM exports. The EU is also among the 
region 's foremost development partners and through successive European Development Funds, 
including the current 11th European Development Fund, the EU continues to make meaningful 
contributions to supporting economic, social and environmental development throughout CA RICOM.  
4.792.   We commend the EU for its 2021 Trade Policy Communication which seeks responds to the 
challenging international environment, geopolitical tensions, inflation, the impacts of climate change 
and residual impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic. Despite these  setbacks where the economy 
contracted by 5.7% the region was able to rebound positively by 5.4% in 2021.  
4.793.   While CARICOM applauds the EU 's commitment to the multilateral trading system, and highly 
values its bilateral relationship with the EU, it must none theless express concerns about the EU 's 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). While it is limited in coverage for now, there are real 
concerns that CBAM can set a problematic precedent and it  is potential expansion in the future could 
impact CARICOM 's exports to the EU. However, we remain open to discussing further with the EU 
and understanding better, the CBAM.  
4.794.   The EU continues to demonstrate its support to the multilateral trading system as it has 
remained committed to the WTO and its Membership.  
4.795.   In closing, we encourage the EU to continue to play a constructive and leadership role across 
all areas of the WTO 's work. The CARICOM Group looks forward to working with the EU on critical 
issues, such as WTO reform, including the restoration of the full fun ctioning of the WTO 's two -tiered 
Dispute Settlement System.  
4.796.   We wish the EU a successful Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 93 - 
 
  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF EUROPEAN  UNION ( H.E. AMBASSADOR 
JOÃO  AGUIAR  MACHADO ) AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
5.1.  Let me start by thanking the over 60  Members who have intervened for their active 
participation and great interest taken in this 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU. I would like to 
commend the Chair, H.E.  Ambassador  Almoqbel for the efficient management of the long, but 
productive mee ting on the first day.  
5.2.  I would also like to extend our thanks to Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for acting as 
discussant, for your insightful remarks framing the discussion. You have highlighted the EU's 
leadership in setting the course of its trade and ec onomic policy in a forward -looking and strategic 
manner, a remark we have heard echoed by many of the Members who took the floor.  
5.3.  The rules -based multilateral trading system is a fundamental strategic priority for the 
European  Union. The focus on WTO rema ins a central feature of our trade policy and we were 
encouraged to hear recognition of our role in the efforts to reform this Organization. EU contributions 
on many topics over the review period, such as on trade and health, the fisheries subsidies 
negoti ations, the Multiparty Interim Arbitration Arrangement or the plurilateral initiatives were 
highlighted.  
5.4.  We are glad that our constructive input was useful in delivering a collective success at MC12. 
In June last year we were able to show that the WTO rema ins capable of responding to the challenges 
of global trade today.  
5.5.  We were also pleased with the positive mentions of our recent submission on reinforcing WTO 
deliberation on global trade policy challenges. Enhancing the capacity of the WTO to provide the  
right responses requires reinvigorating the functions of negotiation and dispute settlement, but also 
facilitating deliberation between the Members. Deeper deliberation can help create the necessary 
consensus and conditions for the Organi zation to engage in rule -making, and ensure that the WTO 
remains the key international forum for global trade governance.  
5.6.  This is also why we have proposed topics for deliberation that we think are central challenges 
that the WTO should deal with. We were glad to see that  many other Members also consider the 
nexus of trade and climate; state intervention in industrial policy; as well as trade and inclusiveness, 
as matters worth focusing on. We are looking forward to further engagement on how to take this 
work forward in th e coming months and at MC13.  
5.7.  Many speakers highlighted the role of the EU as a trading partner and there was a broad 
recognition that, despite external shocks, rising trade tensions and global uncertainty, the EU has 
maintained its commitment to openness.   
5.8.  The EU is the main trade and investment partner for more than 50  countries around the world, 
and many Members highlighted the importance that they attach to their access to the EU market. 
Today, I want to confirm that openness constitutes a very consciou s and firm policy choice by the  EU. 
We heard some concerns that the EU may be on a path of becoming more inward looking, but the 
facts speak for themselves. Most Members reported of increasing trade volumes in their exchanges 
with the EU.  
5.9.  The EU's efforts  on inclusiveness, including our contribution to development were also widely 
recognized. We were pleased to hear how the EU regime on the Generalized System of Preferences 
and the duty -free, quota -free facility under the Everything but Arms mechanism have  contributed 
not only to increased exports from developing and least developed countries, but also helped 
diversify their trade and create jobs. This confirms that our policies are delivering on their objectives. 
We are committed to continue on this track as we are revamping our GSP regime.  
5.10.  Given the weight of the EU in global trade, understandably, there is a lot of interest in our 
regulatory developments. As we are frontrunners in policy -making in response to the global 
challenges of the green and digita l transitions, most Members referred to these policies in their 
interventions.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 94 - 
 
  5.11.  We are glad that this Trade Policy Review is giving us another opportunity to engage with 
you. We have heard a clear message that you want the EU to listen and take your concer ns into 
account, including when it comes to the implementation of our measures. This fits very well with the 
EU commitment, which I confirm today, to transparency and non -discrimination as key principles of 
our law -making rules and practices. Ensuring full  consistency with our WTO obligations is also built 
into our regulatory processes.  
5.12.  Our Better Regulation Guidelines have been revised during the review period. Notably, we 
have improved the way we consult, facilitate access to the evidence behind our legis lative proposals, 
and improved analysis and reporting of key impacts of EU legislation. These changes help us, among 
other purposes, to better consider the external implications of our internal policies and their impact 
on our partners.  
5.13.  Given the broad ran ge of topics raised in your questions and statements, I invite Members to 
review our detailed written replies for further details. We will continue to reply to late and follow -up 
questions in the coming month.  
5.14.  I will highlight today only a few of the issu es that we have heard during the first day of the 
meeting and earlier this morning.  
5.15.  First, regarding customs policy, let me recall that the Customs  Union is an exclusive 
competence of the EU. There is one single customs union code applicable uniformly in all member 
States, who are in -charge of its implementation.  
5.16.  In this context, we have put forward a proposal just a few weeks ago, for an ambitious and 
comprehensive reform of the EU Customs  Union. The objective is to simplify customs processes for 
business es, especially for the most reliable operators. By embracing digital transformation, the 
reform will simplify customs procedures, replacing traditional declarations with a smarter, data -led 
approach to import monitoring. This proposal delivers, therefore, on our commitments under the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
5.17.  Some Members referred to our new policy tools, such as the Anti -Coercion Instrument, the 
Enforcement Regulation or the Foreign Subsidies Regulation. Like many Members, the EU is 
concerned by the r isks of global trade fragmentation, weaponization of trade and the threat of a 
global subsidy race. We therefore decided to equip ourselves with tools that are appropriate to deal 
with these new risks.  
5.18.  These instruments were designed in full compliance wit h the WTO rulebook to help us keep 
our markets open and ensure a level playing field for EU traders.  
5.19.  As regards subsidies, I would like to draw attention of Members to the rigorous and 
transparent state aid policy of the EU that continues to be enforced. Temporary rules issued 
responding to the current crisis have to comply with strict criteria and will remain time -limited.  
5.20.  Some Members referred to the Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium. 
Negotiations of the arrangement are ongoing. The aim is to encourage low -carbon intensity steel 
and aluminium production and trade, and restore market -oriented conditions globally. As the EU -US 
Joint Presidential Statement pointed out, the arrangement will be open to partners demonstrating 
commitment to these objectives.  
5.21.  We also took note of the importance of trade in agricultural products for many Members.  
5.22.   Some of you were critical the EU's agricultural tariffs as being too high. Let me recall that 
the EU is an open market for agri -food t rade, and one of top three global importers of agri -food 
products, worth EUR 172 billion in 2022. Moreover, agricultural imports have risen more than 13% 
in value compared to the last review period, despite the disruption caused by the COVID outbreak 
and R ussian Federation 's aggression against Ukraine.  
5.23.  In addition, let me clarify that the EU is a very marginal user of the agricultural special 
safeguard. The EU has never applied the volume -based safeguard and in the review period, 
price-based safeguard has been further reduced from 6 to 3 tariff lines.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 95 - 
 
  5.24.  The EU import regime for agricultural products is fully transparent and predictable, as agreed 
in the Uruguay  Round and set in our WTO schedule.  
5.25.  We have noted from your questions a great interest in our Commo n Agricultural Policy and 
its new green ambitions.  
5.26.  As a result of the ambitious past reforms, the vast majority of our CAP support (around 85%) 
qualifies as WTO's non -trade distorting "green box", which is not the case for our main trade 
partners . This was  well reflected in our latest Domestic Support (DS:1) notification for Marketing 
Year 2019/2020.  
5.27.  In addition, the CAP has not only been reformed towards less trade distorting support but is 
also set on the path towards achieving sustainable and resilient agriculture systems. With the new 
CAP 2023 -2027 all funding is conditional on achieving objectives covering the three dimensions of 
sustainability – environmental, economic , and social.  
5.28.  In the light of this, and the EU's efforts to make our agric ultural policies more market oriented 
and sustainable, I would encourage that other WTO Members would undertake similar ambitious 
reforms in agriculture.  
5.29.  The EU remains fully engaged in the agricultural reform negotiations, in all its three pillars.  
5.30.  Sanita ry and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures is another area of EU policy - making that many 
Members follow closely. I would like to reassure Members that EU SPS measures are based on risk 
assessments, in accordance with internationally recogni zed principles, taking  into account the 
relevant international standards and the best available scientific knowledge.  
5.31.  Numerous interventions mentioned the EU's pesticide policy, in particular the setting of 
Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The objective of the overall policy fra mework is to ensure the 
safety of EU consumers.  
5.32.  Our policy acknowledges that non -EU countries may face production conditions and pest 
pressures different from those in mainland Europe. This is why we provide for the possibility for 
non-EU countries to req uest specific MRLs for uses in their territories. These MRLs, so -called "import 
tolerances" can be granted to active substances not approved in the European  Union.  
5.33.  The EU has organi zed a number of seminars, information sessions, plurilateral and bilateral  
meetings to provide detailed explanation of the different steps of this process, including the 
procedure of applying for those "import tolerances".  
5.34.  The EU would like to clarify that it does not require third countries to prohibit the use of these 
substanc es in their own territories. The harvested crop destined to be placed on the EU market, 
however, has to comply with the relevant MRLs applicable within the EU, unless an import tolerance 
is granted.  
5.35.  It was clear both from the written questions we have rece ived and the interventions we heard 
that the European Green  Deal as a whole, as well as its component parts attract a lot of attention. 
As Director -General Sabine  Weyand emphasi zed on Monday, tackling climate change and 
environmental degradation is our dut y to future generations.  
5.36.  This is a central driver of EU policy -making and in line with our international commitments 
and more specifically the Paris Agreement. Domestic action to complement global measures and 
responses is a must. But listening to the int erventions reaffirmed our conviction that we need to be 
conscious how we design those policies and how we implement them to minimize potential negative 
spill-over effects.  
5.37.  Many Members raised questions on the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Regulatio n, 
the so -called CBAM. I would like to emphasi ze that the CBAM is not a trade measure but a climate 
oriented, environmental policy tool to ensure that we can reach our climate targets.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 96 - 
 
  5.38.  It will be applied to imported products in an even -handed, non -discrim inatory manner based 
on their actual emissions. Any effective carbon price paid outside of the EU will be taken into account. 
It should be noted that the phase -in of CBAM will be gradual. No financial adjustment will be paid 
before 2026. The transitional p eriod starting in October  2023 is designed to give sufficient time for 
partners to prepare.  
5.39.  The EU will provide opportunities for feedback and consultation with our trading partners when 
designing the implementing rules.  
5.40.  Tomorrow our new Regulation on Def orestation Free Products will be published. As there were 
also many questions on this measure, let me emphasize that given the cut -off date of 
31 December  2020, the vast majority of current agricultural production will be considered 
deforestation -free unde r the Regulation. Moreover, the requirements of the measure are aligned 
with the best practices already existing in the market.  
5.41.  We are supporting our partner countries through development cooperation to ensure that 
their supply chains are deforestation -free. 
5.42.  The regulation includes a specific article on international cooperation. It is important given 
that national legislation aiming at halting deforestation in partner countries can play a key role in 
the implementation. We see the regulation as an opportu nity to jointly create more sustainable 
supply chains and take joint action against deforestation.  
5.43.  All of these measures that the EU is adopting reflect the EU commitment to sustainability. 
Achieving our sustainability objectives requires that we find the  optimal triangle between trade, 
environment , and development.  
5.44.  We heard Members' appreciation of the EU's proactive engagement within the relevant WTO 
bodies to provide explanations on the EU Green  Deal. We commit to continue this engagement, 
including mul tilaterally in relevant WTO bodies. Our bilateral work with partners complements our 
engagement in the multilateral system.  
5.45.  More broadly, numerous interventions expressed appreciation of the existing bilateral 
instruments between the EU and our WTO partner s. We heard mentions not only of Free Trade 
Agreements or Economic Partnership Agreements, but also about the importance that our partners 
attach to political and regulatory dialogues, sectoral agreements and other forms of bilateral 
engagement. We were pl eased to hear about the concrete benefits that they deliver.  
5.46.  Let me reaffirm however that the rules -based multilateral trading system with a strong and 
reformed WTO in its centre remains a strategic priority of the EU's trade policy.  
5.47.  As we start to inten sify work towards MC13, the EU will continue to invest in the reform of 
the Organization and proactively engage on the full range of work streams with other Members. 
I will not repeat all that DG Sabine  Weyand said in the first day statement in this respec t. But let 
me underline once again that the most urgent and critical issue for the EU and clearly, for the vast 
majority of WTO Members is restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System.  
5.48.  MC13 must show that we are on track towards a better functi oning Organization, one that is 
able to deliver on the challenges of our times.  
5.49.  Let me conclude by thanking again the Chair, the discussant, the Secretariat and the 
Membership for this unique opportunity to present and engage with you on the trade policy of the  EU.  
5.50.  Finally, I also want to use this occasion to thank the EU Commission team who have worked 
hard to make this review a success.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.51.  I would like to thank Director -General Sabine Weyand, Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado, 
and the rest o f the European  Union delegation for their hard work. I would also like to thank the 
TPRB Chair, Ambassador  Saqer  Abdullah  AlmoqbeL, all participating Members, and the WTO WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 97 - 
 
  Secretariat for their active engagement in this very important exercise and would lik e to extend my 
sincere congratulations to the European  Union on the great success of its 15th Trade Policy Review. 
It has been a very interesting and invaluable experience for me professionally and personally.  
5.52.  In this year TPR, Members showed their overwh elming interests in the TPR of the 
European  Union by submitting more than 1,600 advance written questions from 42  Members. In this 
regard, please allow me to present my observations.  
Achievements  
5.53.  Members highlighted key roles of the EU in the global economy and commended the EU for 
its strong economic recovery after the COVID -19 pandemic. This underpinned the EU's remarkable 
economic resilience in enduring a variety of challenges during the review period.  
5.54.  Many Members applauded the European  Union's co mmitment to and active participation in 
the WTO to uphold the open, fair, inclusive, and rule s-based multilateral trading system. 
In particular, its significant contributions include the set -up of the Multi -Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement (MPI A), its active engagements in all Joint Statement Initiatives, and key 
areas of negotiation, namely agriculture, fisheries subsidies, trade and development, the success of 
the MC12, and the WTO reform, were mentioned.  
5.55.  Members expressed their keen interest  in the EU's New Trade Policy that was announced in 
2021, noting that this new trade policy of the EU would have a far -reaching impact to the rest of the 
world.  
5.56.  Developing countries and LDCs Members expressed their appreciation for the EU's continuous 
support towards development objectives through trade preferential schemes, the GSP, GSP+, and 
Everything But Arms (EBA), capacity building and technical assistance, and its generous 
Aid for Trade commitment. These efforts have been useful for developing countr ies' integration into 
the world economy, poverty reduction and sustainable development, especially in the area of green 
and digital transformation.  
5.57.  Members also highlighted their close bilateral trade and economic ties with 
the European  Union where the EU is one, if not the most, important trading partner and sources of 
FDI in both goods and services. They also appreciated extensive cooperation with the EU through 
association agreements, policy dialogues, and Free Trade Agreements, etc. Members also voiced 
their interests to deepen their cooperation with the EU in a wide range of areas including digital and 
green transformation in line with the EU's New Trade Policy.  
Concerns  
5.58.  Aside from the success, it goes without saying that Members also expressed concern s 
regarding the European  Union's trade policies during the review period. However, since Ambassador 
Aguiar  Machado has already responded to some of the key issues, I will skip over some details.  
5.59.  Most prominent area of concern that I heard is the EU's trade and environment measures 
under the European Green  Deal, namely the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CB AM) and the 
deforestation -free product regulations, the Farm  to Fork strategy, and Due Diligence Rules, etc. 
Members are mostly concerned about the unilateral nature of the measures. But at the same time, 
Members commended the EU's commitment to enhancing transparency and providing information 
and regular updates on its measures in the relevant WTO committees. For this particular topic, 
I must say that I did not hear any Members said they question the "What" and even the "Why" for 
the EU's sustainability ef forts. But many of them questioned the "How" as they thought that 
consultation and future implementation of the measures with other trading partners could be more 
rigorous and expressed their willingness to engage constructively with the EU on these issues . 
5.60.  Members also expressed concern about many technical standards particularly in TBT and SPS 
areas including the EU's use of Maximum Residue Limits. While Ambassador Aguiar  Machado has 
already responded to this issue, I must emphasize that Members ' concerns  were quite overwhelming 
and I hope that the EU will take further steps to address their concerns on technical barriers issue.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 98 - 
 
  5.61.  Another area that many Members expressed their wishes to see the EU put more efforts to 
address is agriculture, namely the domes tic support and market access with high and complex tariff 
regime of agricultural products which, on average, is still three time higher than the total average.  
5.62.  Last but not least, several Members raised the issues of customs -related measures, trade 
facilitation improvement, the EU's increase use of trade defence mechanism, digital policy and data 
protection, and GI under IPR.  
5.63.  On the basis of the above, Members urged the EU to ensure that its trade and trade -related 
measures as part of the EU's new trade policy, especially those promoting sustainability do not 
impose unnecessary trade restriction and are consistent with the WTO and other international 
standards and principles.  
5.64.  If I may offer another personal observation on the overall discussion, I would l ike to suggest 
that the European  Union consider give future technical assistance and capacity -building attention in 
the areas related to the sustainability. As I said above, no one Member really said they did not 
support sustainability that the EU tries to  achieve but it  is in the manner of how the EU policies are 
being implemented that were of great concerns to Members. So , if their technical assistance and 
Aid for Trade to LDCs and developing countries can focus on helping others to save the environment 
or address climate change, etc., it will be like shooting two birds with one stone because they can 
achieve both development and sustainability at the same time.  
Conclusion  
5.65.  Before I conclude, I am sure that Members agree with me that the European  Union has  
demonstrated to us that it has attached great importance to transparency at the WTO through its 
active participation in the Trade Policy Review.  
5.66.  Personally, I felt that Members' comments and perspectives were thoughtful and fair. I am 
sure, having listene d to Ambassador Aguiar  Machado's preliminary responses, that the 
European  Union would take into consideration their comments and sincere interest of Members to 
deepen partnership with the European  Union.  
5.67.  I believe that, like all other major world players,  the EU should not forget the principle of 
"noblesse oblige" which has been popularized in modern culture through Spiderman movies – "With 
Great Power Comes Great Responsibility". Whatever a major country does, it will always have 
impacts on others. Theref ore, there should be more cooperation, discussion , and consideration of 
concerns of others before the implementation of important measures.  
5.68.  I congratulate the European  Union for its successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.69.  We want to thank Direc tor-General Weyand and Ambassador Aguiar  Machado for their 
engagement and participation in this review and for the EU and EU member States' contribution to 
the important transparency work here at the WTO in TPRs and across the committees and bodies. 
The EU is a consistent and exemplary model in supporting the TPR process, and one of the few 
Members that takes day two as seriously as day one.  
5.70.  We also want to thank the EU mission team, member States, and delegation from Brussels 
here with us this week. We appreciate all the effort that goes into a review and all the internal 
coordination efforts required to respond to all the written questions,  particularly for those of us who 
receive an extraordinary number of questions, so we want to thank you for everything you have 
done to make this review a success.  
5.71.  As we noted in day one, the EU and the United  States share a vital strategic partnership, 
which we work constantly to maintain. While our friction points often make the headlines, it is 
important to recognize the overwhelming common ground that we share and to recognize our mutual 
commitment to continued deepening and advancement of our trade an d investment partnership.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 99 - 
 
  5.72.  The majority of statements made on Monday reflected that nearly all Members are closely 
following how the EU positions itself in response to crisis and change. As noted on Monday, we look 
forward to working constructively with the  EU to better understand the approach and impacts of its 
trade policy and hope that the EU will work with the rest of the Membership with an open mind as 
we all seek to adapt trade policies to meet global challenges.  
5.73.  One area which has come up in the conte xt of this review is our different approaches to 
dispute settlement under the WTO. In our day one statement we acknowledged the EU 's close 
cooperation in finding solutions to a number of long -standing trade -related disagreements between 
our Governments, wh ile we also acknowledged that litigated results have not materialized on our 
side for some important issues. We believe that this demonstrates that no system is perfect, nor as 
black and white as some would want it to be. We look to the EU to be a construc tive partner with us 
as we seek to reform the Dispute Settlement System in a way that meets the interests of all 
Members.  
5.74.  The United  States would like to reiterate our interest in continuing to work together across 
the range of concerns we raised on day o ne. Those include improving adequate opportunities for 
stakeholders to offer meaningful comments on proposed regulations and decisions; addressing 
concerns regarding the hazard -based approach to regulations; resolving longstanding agricultural 
market acces s barriers, addressing stakeholder feedback regarding the cybersecurity certification 
scheme for cloud services, the exclusionary approach to standards related measures, including the 
conformity assessment framework; and ensuring uniform application of cus toms administration 
across EU member States.  
5.75.  As we continue to work with the EU to find solutions to these issues, we look forward to 
continued close partnership with the EU and its member States in reforming the WTO to ensure it 
remains relevant as the g lobal economy continues to evolve. We appreciate the EU 's leadership 
across the full breadth of this organization including the important but often overlooked technical 
work on accessions and in the many Joint Statement Initiatives it is involved in. We lo ok forward to 
continued partnership on dispute settlement reform, advancing the agenda of the WTO to include 
consideration of the environment, climate change, and state intervention in the global marketplace.  
5.76.  Thank you and congratulations on a successful Review.  
JAPAN  
5.77.  Let me first thank the delegation of the European  Union for the comprehensive overview 
presented on Monday of the main developments that have taken place during the review period, as 
well as for the statement this morning made by A mbassador João  Aguiar  Machado that addressed 
some of the issues raised by the Members on the first day and again its strong commitment to the 
rules-based multilateral trading system.  
5.78.  In addition, Japan thanks the EU for the replies to our written question s. On a limited number 
of issues, we have submitted follow -up questions.  
5.79.  One of these is related to the import restrictions on Japanese food introduced after the Great 
East Japan Earthquake. Noting that the EU is currently discussing a review of the restr ictions, we 
hope that the related measures will be eliminated through the review based on the scientific evidence 
of human health risks.  
5.80.  Notwithstanding the issues we touched upon during the two -day meeting, Japan shares the 
positive views shown by many ot her Members with respect to the EU 's strong commitment to the 
rules-based multilateral trading system. We are also looking forward to continuing our close 
cooperation at the multilateral and bilateral levels.  
5.81.  Finally, Japan extends its appreciation to the delegation for their efforts in preparing for this 
review and congratulates the EU for concluding this productive and successful Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 100 - 
 
  CHINA  
5.82.  China appreciates the statements delivered by Director -General Sabine  Weyand and by the 
Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado , and the great efforts made by the EU delegation to this TPR.  
5.83.  Through fruitful and constructive exchanges held at the first session of this TPR, China has an 
in-depth understanding of EU 's new trade strategy underpinned by openness, sustainability and 
assertiveness as well as its action plan put in place. China commends the achievements of EU in the 
trade and economy despite the global challenges and appreciates the full engagement of EU in 
multilateral activities and its leading role  in advancing WTO reform.  
5.84.  China and EU are both strong supporters of the rules -based multilateral trading system with 
WTO at its core and committed to fostering a free, open, transparent, inclusive and 
non-discriminatory trade and policy environment. China  shares with the view of EU that no WTO 
reform is more critical or urgent than delivering on the aim identified in the MC12 outcome document 
of having a "fully and well -functioning Dispute Settlement System " by 2024 and the WTO shall make 
its due contribut ion to tackle universal concerns of Members, for example, food security, economic 
development, the vulnerability of the global supply chain, climate change and energy crisis. Thus, 
China is looking forward to deepening the dialogue and cooperation with EU in pushing the necessary 
reform of the WTO and the success of MC13.  
5.85.  China thanks EU for the replies of our advanced written questions. It is worth noting that EU 
has claimed the objectives of its trade policy are consistent with WTO principles and its inte rnational 
commitments both in the reply of our questions and the statements of DG Weyand. Here, China 
would like to highlight that as the largest trading bloc in the world, the way EU implements these 
trade policies is crucial. Whether it is CBAM or export  control or others, the specific measures 
adopted by EU for the purpose of defending its own interests, shall be consistent with WTO rules 
and not undermine the benefits of others, especially developing Members. China looks forward to 
maintaining contact a nd communication with EU on specific trade concerns through various channels.  
5.86.  The EU is always a staunch supporter to the rule s-based multilateral trading system. China 
expects the EU to lead by example in attaching great attention to the concerns and sugg estions of 
Members, and improving relevant trade policies and measures so as to give better play to the 
deliberative function of Trade Policy Review Mechanism as advocated by the EU.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
5.87.  At the first day of this TPR we have heard numerous co ncerns from many Members on the 
protectionist approach to the EU 's trade policy. The EU delegation decided to ignore advance written 
questions from the Russia n Federation , clearly violating its transparency obligations within the WTO. 
However, it could not  ignore the whole WTO Membership, which, according to the consolidated 
questions and answers , shares most of our concerns. Among them:  
• dubious and unilateral character of the EU 's CBAM, as well as doubtful consistency of other 
so-called environment -relate d policies with the WTO rules;  
• anti-coercion instrument and its negative effect on the MTS;  
• Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium and its compatibility with the WTO 
rules;  
• negative spill over effects of anti -Russian unilateral restrictions on other WTO Members and 
major world markets.  
5.88.  Unfortunately, the explanations that were provided by the EU did little to alleviate these 
concerns. Moreover, Brussels frequently contradicted itself.  
5.89.  On Monday we have heard renewed commitments to transparenc y from the EU, while in 
practice it ignores the rules of this transparency exercise out of political pettiness.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 101 - 
 
  5.90.  We have heard Brussels warning us of the dangers of trade weaponization. But is  not this 
what the EU itself is doing – coercion of independent S tates through unilateral restrictions and 
economic pressure?  
5.91.  We have heard proclamations that anti -Russian measures "are designed and targeted 
carefully at Russia 's military and industrial capacity ", that they do not restrict supplies of food and 
fertilize rs and thus do not harm global food security. In fact, blockings of international payments to 
Russian exporters, bans on their use of foreign seaports, restrictions for freight and road transport 
as well as insurance and legal services inevitably lead to i ncrease in costs of logistics and food prices, 
making such goods unavailable for those in need. I remind you that Russian fertilizers ensure the 
production of 117  million tons of wheat and 440  million tons of corn, which is enough to feed about 
half a million people.  
5.92.  The EU is one of the largest and influential economies, which has, according to the EU trade 
strategy "the ability to make its own choices and shape the world around it through leadership and 
engagement ". This is why many economies traditio nally have been looking up to the EU as a 
guarantor of the multilateral trade – and their trust is fading as long as the EU pursues a unilateral 
and politically driven approach instead. We hope that the Union will be able to prove its leadership 
ambitions by taking responsibility for its own actions, instead of pretending that its trade policy is 
dictated by external factors and actions of other Members.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 102 - 
 
  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The European  Union 's 15th Trade Policy Review has provided us with an important  opportunity 
to examine and understand the developments in EU trade polic ies and practice s since the last Review 
in 20 20. This Review has been conducted with the active participation of the European  Union's 
delegation, headed by H.E. Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade, 
European  Commission  on the first day and by H.E.  João Aguiar  Machado, Permanent Representative 
of the European  Union to the WTO on the second day. The discussion s have benefited from the 
insightful comments provided by the discussant, H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent 
Representative of Thailand to the WTO, and from the 64 delegations' statements. We appreciate 
their contribution to this exercise.  
6.2.  Members noted that t he European  Union continued to be one of the world's main traders in 
goods and servic es, as well as the single largest investor abroad. There have been numerous 
developments in the European  Union's  trade, investment,  and related polic ies during the period 
under review, including those in reaction to challenges due to global developments an d economic 
shocks. The impact of EU policies on WTO Members' trade was highlighted by numerous delegations 
as it is the top trading partner for a reported 53  economies around the world. Members commended 
the EU's response to the pandemic, which was seen as  promoting growth, diversification, and the 
sustainability of value chains. As a result, GDP growth had resumed in 2021 and had accelerated 
further in 2022.  
6.3.  It was noted that the European  Union continued to hold the rules -based multilateral trading 
system at the centre of its trade strategy. There was strong appreciation for the European  Union's 
highly active role in the WTO and for its leadership role across a number of areas including WTO 
reform, dispute settlement and the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbit ration Arrangement (MPIA). 
The EU's leading role on the Joint  Statement Initiatives (JSIs), trade and the environment, gender 
and women's  economic  empowerment, as well as its contribution to capacity -building and technical 
assistance, was also appreciated.  It was recognized that the EU was the largest Aid  for Trade donor.  
6.4.  Many Members appreciated the European  Union's long -standing commitment to dialogue and 
cooperation. This was reflected in the EU's network of 44  regional trade agreements as well as in 
the importance placed in developing and further strengthening relationships through Association 
Agreements, Partnership and Cooperation Agreements, and other types of agreements, such as air 
transport, digital partnership, and personal data protection agreeme nts. Several developing 
countries and LDCs were appreciative of the EU's Everything but Arms (EBA) initiative, and its GSP 
and GSP+ schemes, which allowed favourable access to the EU market for their exports.  
6.5.  A large number of Members referred in their in terventions to the EU's environmental and 
climate policies, and those regarding digital transformation, which are cross -cutting across several 
WTO disciplines. While Members appreciated the broader goals of achieving climate goals and 
improving the environ ment, it was stressed that these initiatives should not result in barriers to 
trade. The European Green  Deal, covering a number of trade initiatives, was mentioned in many 
interventions. Members were particularly interested in and expressed some concerns r egarding the 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), green taxation, and green government procurement. 
They emphasized that these initiatives should be carefully addressed bearing in mind their coherence 
with WTO rules. Some concerns were expressed with  respect to the Deforestation -Free Commodities 
Regulation, which some Members considered could potentially have a negative impact on trade. On 
digitization, Members were of the view that the adoption of the Digital Strategy along with the Digital 
Services Act and the Digital Market Act created opportunities but also challenges regarding their 
implementation.  
6.6.  Other issues raised by Members included matters related to standards and technical 
regulations, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. While it was r ecognized that EU rules and 
regulations were transparent, several Members indicated that there were improvements that could 
be made regarding advance notice of proposed measures and opportunities for comments and 
further engagement in matters relating to c onformity assessment, the European Standardization 
Strategy, and notification of standards related to environmental initiatives. Regarding SPS measures, 
the change of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides was raised as a particular trade concern 
by numerous Members.  WT/TPR/W/ 228 
 
- 103 - 
 
  6.7.  The continued development of the EU's agricultural policies through the Common Agricultural 
Policy (CAP) and its recent reform initiatives drew significant interest from numerous delegations. It 
was noted that agricultural products conti nued to face relatively high and complex tariffs entering 
EU markets as well as tariff quotas. Members recognized that the EU had eliminated export subsidies, 
but encouraged the EU to engage in reform of domestic support in the direction of greater market 
orientation and reduction of trade distortions. Other issues mentioned by Members included the 
Farm to Fork strategy, the approval process for genetically engineered crops, and food security 
issues.  
6.8.  Members commended the European  Union  for its leadership r ole in achieving results on the 
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies and looked forward to continuing a constructive engagement on 
further disciplines to address overcapacity and overfishing. Members appreciated the support given 
by the EU to the Fisheries Fun d as well as other capacity building measures in this respect.  
6.9.  Members noted the EU's continued and broad use of anti -dumping and countervailing duties, 
and safeguard measures. It was noted that the safeguard measures on steel had been in place for 
several  years and their recent extension was of particular concern. Members enquired about the 
Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium. Concerns were raised regarding the 
Foreign Subsidies Regulation.  
6.10.  Members highlighted recent developments in the EU's intellectual property regime, including 
the implementation of the unitary patent system and the expansion of the number of products 
subject to Geographical Indication protection. Members raised a number of other important issues 
and initiatives with a n impact on trade including the Regulation of the Registration, Evaluation, 
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH); the Waste Shipment Regulation; the Anti -
Coercion Instrument (ACI); the Revised Enforcement Regulation; the European Critical Raw  
Materials Act; the Cyber Resilience Act; the Net -Zero Industry Act; and the Temporary Crisis and 
Transition Framework.  
6.11.  The European  Union demonstrated its continued commitment to the WTO and the 
transparency mechanism with its active engagement over the two-day meeting and its timely 
responses to the advance written questions. Approximately 1,600 questions were submitted before 
the meeting. I am hopeful that the EU delegation will consider and further reflect on these issues 
and on the many constructive c omments that it received during the Review. Members look forward 
to receiving answers to any outstanding and follow -up questions within the prescribed one month 
deadline.  
__________