WT/TPR/M/388  
21 August 2019  
(19-5351) Page: 1/40 
Trade Policy Review Body  
22 and 24 May 2019   
 
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr. Manuel A.J. Teehankee (Philippines)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMA RKS BY THE CHAIRPERS ON ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT  BY THE REPRESENTATI VE OF TRINIDAD AND T OBAGO  .............  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  7 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEM BERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
5  REPLI ES BY THE REPRESENTA TIVE OF TRINIDAD AND  TOBAGO AND ADDITION AL 
COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  32 
6  CONCLUDING REMARK S BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by Trinidad and Tobago  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 388/Add.1 and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The fourth  Trade Policy Review of Trinidad and Tobago was held on 22 and 24 May 2019. The 
Chairperson, H.E.  Mr. Manuel Teehankee (Philippines), welcomed the delegation of Trinidad and 
Tobago , headed by H.E. Senator P aula Gopee -Scoon, Minister of Trade and Industry; the rest of the 
delegation; and the discussant, H.E. Ambassador Michael Gaffey  (Ireland) . 
1.2.  At the outset, the Chairperson  inform ed Members that the beginning of the meeting would be  
filmed for a video that would  be prepared to mark the 30th anniversary of the T rade Policy Review 
Mechanis m. 
1.3.  The Chairperson reminded Members that the United Nations Industrial Development 
Organization (UNIDO) was participating as an ad hoc  observer in this TPR.  
1.4.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The report by Trinidad and Tobago was contained in document WT/TPR/G/388 and that of 
the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/388.  
1.5.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: United 
States; European Union; Costa Rica; Mexico; Chile; Brazil; China; Canada; Dominican Republic; 
Iceland; Singapore; and Colombia. The following delegation submitted writ ten questions after the 
deadline: Thailand.  
1.6.  During its previous Review, Members had expressed concern about Trinidad and Tobago 's 
dependency on the oil and gas sector, and had highlighted the need to diversify the economy. 
Indeed, the vulnerability of the economy to external shocks was exposed over this review period, 
with falling production and declining oil prices both contributing to three years of economic recession. 
It was interesting to know how Trinidad and Tobago weathered the storm, and the results  of new 
strategies, reforms, restructuring and economic diversification initiatives. The Chairperson also 
recalled Members ' observations in 2012 that economic diversification could have both sectoral and 
geographical dimensions; in this Review, there seeme d to be a great interest in hearing about 
Trinidad and Tobago 's RTA plans, its reliance on unilateral preferences schemes provided by other 
Members, and implementation of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy.  
1.7.  Progress in customs -related reforms had also  been noted in 2012; during the current review 
period, Trinidad and Tobago adopted several measures, including: the near full implementation of 
the Single Electronic Window; the ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement; and the launch of 
a pilot Vo luntary Compliance Programme for importers. Nevertheless, infrastructure constraints, 
particularly at ports, appeared to be standing in the way of achieving efficiency gains. For this 
Review, some Members asked for more information about tendering procedur es for infrastructure 
and transport projects and whether foreign investor participation in public -private partnership 
projects would be allowed. Furthermore, a high and growing share of imports were physically 
inspected; various Members were keen to know w hy these inspections were necessary.  
1.8.  With respect to legislative reforms, the 2012 Review had noted that progress in enacting new 
laws had been slow in areas like competition policy, investment policy, intellectual property rights, 
government procurement a nd contingency measures. Over the review period, developments 
included the partial enactment of a new procurement act, and the enactment of a new trademarks 
act. Members expressed an interest in knowing when procurement legislation would be fully in force.  
1.9.  At its last Review, Members had also urged Trinidad and Tobago to address cases where applied 
tariffs were higher than bound levels. Since the situation remained unchanged, several Members 
asked for an update on how this issue was being resolved through t he CARICOM Common External 
Tariff review.  
1.10.   Agriculture was another key area taken up in 2012, with Members observing its small and 
declining share in the economy, while still receiving high and increasing levels of support. In this 
Review, Members asked whe n Trinidad and Tobago would notify its domestic support to agriculture, 
as well as provide details on measures to incentivize agricultural production and make it more 
sustainable. As at the time of the previous Review, concerns had been expressed about imp ort WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  surcharges, which have now been expanded. In their advance written questions, some Members 
hoped that Trinidad and Tobago would consider removing them.  
1.11.   The Chairperson looked forward to hearing Trinidad and Tobago 's updates on these issues, as 
well as on the broad range of areas of interest contained in Members ' written questions.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 
(H.E. SENATOR PAULA GOPEE -SCOON ) 
2.1.  First of all, let me express my Government 's sincerest appreciation for being  at this Forum for 
the fourth time since joining this august body on 1 March 1995. We are truly humbled once more 
by the high degree of interest which Members have shown in our country 's well -being.  
2.2.  Since the last Trade Policy Review, the rate of economic  growth in Trinidad and Tobago has 
widely fluctuated within a range of -6.5% to 2.0% over the period 2012 -2018. This variation was 
brought about by the significant fluctuation in commodity prices and lowering oil and gas production 
levels, and energy remai ns the mainstay of our economy. Members may recall that in mid -2014, oil 
prices were at a high of US D 100 per barrel. By the end of that year, however, oil prices had fallen 
to USD 57 per barrel. In 2015, oil prices averaged only US D46 per barrel, dropping as low as 
USD 33 per barrel. By 2016, oil prices had dropped even further to US D 26 per barrel. Reduced oil 
prices also had a similar dampening effect on natural gas prices. As a result of this oil shock, 
Government 's revenues decli ned by over 38% during this period.  
2.3.  As a result of this decline in government revenues, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago 
has focused on stabilising the economy by implementing fiscal consolidation measures, stimulating 
economic growth, encouraging For eign Direct Investment, and promoting trade and sector 
diversification, facilitating expansion in both the energy and non -energy sectors.  
2.4.  Members will be pleased to know that these measures have begun to yield positive results. In 
this regard, the Central Statistical Office has estimated that the Trinidad and Tobago economy had 
grown in real terms by 1.9% in 2018. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also projected that 
growth in Trinidad and Tobago 's economy will average 1.5% over the next five years (2019 -2023). 
In addition, the inflation rate is approximately 1% , the lowest in decades. Gross official reserves 
now stand at US D 7.5 billion or 8.0 months of import cover. Our Heritage and Stabilization Fund 
(HSF) is also at an all -time high of US D 6.1 bi llion. 
2.5.  This economic performance rests on the foundation of our National Development Strategy, 
2016-2030 (Vision 2030) which revolves on five new Thematic Areas as follows:  
• Theme I - Putting People First: Nurturing Our Greatest Asset;  
• Theme II - Promoting Good Governance and Service Excellence;  
• Theme III - Improving Productivity through Quality Infrastructure and Transportation;  
• Theme IV - Building Globally Competitive Businesses; and  
• Theme V - Placing the Environment at the Centre of Socio -economic Development.  
2.6.  Trinidad and Tobago has long recognized the risks that over -reliance on the energy sector 
poses to its economy. In this regard, the Government has, and continues to encourage diversification 
away from oil and gas sector. Under T heme IV of our NDS (Building Globally Competitive 
Businesses), the Government has identified and prioritized the establishment of new business 
clusters in seven key national economic areas: manufacturing ; financial services; maritime services; 
aviation ser vices; agriculture and agro processing; software design and applications; and the 
creative industries, and is implementing mechanisms to support these sectors as part of a wider 
economic transformation programme.  
2.7.  During the period under this review (2012 -2018), the Government of the Republic of Trinidad 
and Tobago (GORTT) developed a Trade Policy and Strategy for the period spanning 2013 -2017. 
The overarching goal of this Trade Policy and Strategy was to ensure that the benefits of international 
trade contr ibuted to the socio -economic development of Trinidad and Tobago through the expansion 
and diversification of production, exports (goods and services) and markets.  
2.8.  Since the expiration of the 2013 -2017 Policy, the Government  in collaboration with the 
Econom ic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has developed a Draft Trade 
Policy for Trinidad and Tobago for the period 2019 -2023, and this is geared towards economic growth 
and diversification. Some of the key components of the Policy are:  
• Enhancing Technical Negotiating Capacity – to enhance the country 's ability to fully exploit 
available market opportunities opened by its negotiated trade agreements;  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  • Enhancing Market Access – to secure preferential access to markets of strategic export 
interest; 
• Improving Trade Facilitation – to collaborate closely with the private sector to minimize the 
cost of cross -border trade;  
• Expanding Trade in Goods  by adopt ing Strategic and Innovative Approaches in Manufacturing, 
Agriculture and Green Industries; and  
• Expanding Trade in Services -to contribute positively to the growth and sustainable 
development of the domestic economy.  
2.9.  Based on the new Trade Policy, Trinidad and Tobago will continue to pursue its outward looking 
orientation to trade policy in different fora. We are already a leader and an active Member of the 
CARICOM community and are committed to the realization of the CARICOM Single Market and 
Economy (CSME). In this regard, the country 's participation in trading relations at the various fora  
is underpinned by its membership in CARICOM and the harmonization of trade policy initiatives at 
the bilateral and multilateral levels.  
2.10.   Trinidad and Tobago remains firmly committed to a fair and equitable rules -based multilateral 
trading system that is su pportive of the development pursuits of Members and which it considers to 
be the foundation of its relationship with trading partners. As a small and vulnerable economy (SVE) 
with supply -side capacity constraints, Trinidad and Tobago recognizes the importa nce of trade as a 
development tool and therefore looks to the multilateral trading system as an avenue to reduce its 
vulnerabilities.  
2.11.   Trinidad and Tobago is deeply committed to the negotiating process under the WTO and 
recognizes that its successful conclu sion will bring benefits to all Members. However, we advocate 
for a pragmatic approach involving a work programme that takes due cognizance of the unique 
issues related to small and vulnerable economies . Additionally, we believe that a more focused 
approac h to the provision of technical assistance will increase our capacity to participate 
meaningfully in the multilateral trading arena. Therefore, Trinidad and Tobago supports the 
mobilization of additional predictable, sustainable and effective financing as being central to the Aid 
for Trade initiative.  
2.12.   In this regard, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago approved a National Aid for Trade 
(AfT) Strategy in 2016 together with the development of a National Aid for Trade Monitoring 
Committee. This Strategy wil l assist donors, investors and international development partners in 
deciding where best to channel their resources to assist Trinidad and Tobago to further develop its 
international trade capacity. Notably, the Strategy identified funding for trade -relate d projects and 
programmes under three pillars, namely:  
a. Export diversification;  
b. Competitiveness; and  
c. Trade facilitation.  
2.13.   In furtherance of our multilateral trade agenda, Trinidad and Tobago was among the first ten 
countries to ratify the WTO Trade Facilita tion Agreement (TFA) in 2015. The ultimate purpose of this 
Agreement is to reduce the costs and delays associated with procedures which enable trade within 
free-market principles and to contribute to economic growth driven by international trade expansion.  
In keeping with the obligations under the TFA, Trinidad and Tobago submitted its Notification for 
Category A commitments to the WTO in June 2015. Category B and C commitments were notified in 
2018.  
2.14.   A National Trade Facilitation Committee (NTFC) comprising  representatives of the public and 
private sectors was established in March 2016 under the aegis of the Ministry of Trade and Industry. 
The Committee 's mandate includes the domestic implementation of the TFA. Since 2016, the 
Committee has undertaken a rang e of activities which are required for coordinating and 
implementing various provisions under the TFA.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  2.15.   Once again, Mr. Chairman, Trinidad and Tobago has found the Trade Policy Review process to 
be an enlightening and useful exercise. The Secretariat 's report has in large measure reflected the 
current state of our trade policies. In addition, it has also revealed those areas of our trade policy 
which require additional attention. Trinidad and Tobago undertakes to remedy those areas within 
the shortest possib le period, using the assistance of our regional and multilateral partners and 
agencies.  
2.16.   Before closing , may I just address the areas where Trinidad and Tobago has shown positive 
results since the last Trade Policy Review :  
• We are among the first countries  to ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in 
July 2015;  
• We developed and e -Commerce Strategy in 2017;  
• We developed and launched an Aid for Trade Strategy in April 2017;  
• We strengthened the Legislative Framework in some areas of Intellectual Property Rights - 
Promulgation of a new Trademarks Act in 2015;  
• Increased enforcement in the area of online content;  
• Strong Implementation of the Single Electronic Window System (TTBizLink) - which currently 
hosts 46 government e -services. These  e-services have contributed to significant delivery -
time improvements in the border clearance process. In addition, the Single Electronic 
Window System is now fully integrated with the Asycuda World System administrated by the 
Customs and Excise Division;  
• We developed a National Quality Policy in 2018 ; 
• Diversification : there has been some progress in this area. For example, the services sector 
now counting for 60% of GDP , up from 46% in 2010 ; 
• In the area of insurance reform, a new Insurance Act was enacted in 2018 ; and 
• Government procurement : there was the enactment of a new legislative framework 
undertaken in 2015 which is expected to be fully implemented the 5th of September 2019.  
 
2.17.   We have been privileged to present my country 's trade policy regim e which we believe is 
geared toward not only the attainment of economic growth and prosperity for all of our citizens, but 
also the advancement of the multilateral trading system. We acknowledge the urgent need for 
progress in the diversification of the ec onomy and acceleration of the pace of further trade reforms. 
We have no doubt that we can achieve our objectives with the further guidance and support of WTO 
Members.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  
Introduction  
3.1.  I would like to open by thanking you, Mr Chair man, for this opportunity to contribute.  
3.2.  I would also like thank the Secretariat for the excellent  job they have done in compiling the 
report on Trinidad and Tobago.  
3.3.  And above all , I would like to welcome the Trinidad and Tobago Minster of Trade and Indus try, 
Her Excellency, Senator Paula Gopee -Scoon and her delegation which has travelled to Geneva for 
this Review session, ably supported by my colleague, Ambassador Antoine -Cambridge and officials.  
Wider Context  
3.4.  In the first instance, I would like to review  briefly the wider context for our discussion  today .  
3.5.  I will note,  first of all , some distinct similarities with my own country , Ireland . Trinidad and 
Tobago is  a small island economy, heavily dependent on trade and tourism. It was a colony for many 
centuries before gaining independence and declaring as a republic. We understand instinctively 
therefore how fostering good international relations and engaging with multilateralism, including in 
trade matters, is an essential element in Trinidad and Tobago 's economic, social and political 
development.  
3.6.  This is evident, not just in terms of membership of CARICOM – and other international 
groupings.  
3.7.  It is possibly even more important in the context of cricket, where competition between players 
from local States ensures that the West Indies cricket team will always be a force to be reckoned 
with and probably not threatened by Ireland.  
3.8.  Trinidad and Tobago, like Ireland, is  a strong supporter of the multilateral trading system and 
a strong example of how the global rules -based system provides opportunities and can also operate 
as a safety net, especially for smaller countries, in competing with much larger, wealthier and mor e 
diversified economies.  
3.9.  However, where Trinidad and Tobago differs currently from Ireland in one major respect, is in 
the degree of its vulnerability in climate terms, and by extension in economic terms, due to its 
geographical location.  
3.10.   In your remarks, Mr Chairman, you referred to the volatility in energy prices and their impact 
on the Trinidad and Tobago 's economy, asking how they had "weathered the storm "?  
3.11.   Mr Chairman, at the last General Council in May, the Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago 
underlined the vulnerabilities of small island developing economies and the adverse effects natural 
disasters can have on trade costs. She reminded us that in the Caribbean, for example, the 2017 
hurricane season ushered in a record number of six consecuti ve hurricanes which accounted for 
USD 229 billion in damage and she called for special treatment and the establishment of special 
mechanisms that could be activated subsequent to a catastrophic natural disaster to achieve 
recovery in the shortest possible time. 
3.12.   Whatever the cost in financial terms, in economic terms or in trade terms, as we conduct this 
Trade Policy Review,  I think it 's important that  we must not forget that behind the economics are 
people, citizens and livelihoods, all vulnerable to climat e catastrophe. Ireland believes that the 
multilateral system has an obligation to recogni ze and address this vulnerability.  
Previous TPR of Trinidad and Tobago  
3.13.   I make those remarks about the economic and non -economic challenges that Trinidad and 
Tobago has  had to cope with since the WTO conducted its last Review in 2012 . WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  3.14.   Let me briefly recap the conclusions from that last Review. At that point , the global economic 
crisis was having its full impact, as we , in Ireland  know well, and Members praised Trinidad a nd 
Tobago 's handling of their economy during the period. Noting that Trinidad and Tobago is an open 
economy there were a number of policy areas where Members suggested reforms to create a better 
business and trading environment, for example, in competition  policy , intellectual property, 
investment , and government procurement. In sectoral terms , Members urged diversification away 
from the oil and gas sector and in trade terms, Members were concerned about the need for 
predictability in tariff rates. I think we will see that Trinidad and Tobago has accepted these points 
of view and has attempted to address them, notwithstanding the very challenging backdrop.  
Economic Performance and Policy  
3.15.   Trinidad and Tobago is a small open economy and , therefore , open to the  vagaries of 
international economics, not least as a result of the economy 's heavy dependence on the oil and gas 
sector . 
3.16.   In 2011, the sector accounted for close to half of the country 's GDP. By 2016 , it represented 
less than one -fifth. 
3.17.   Mainly due to the halving of the price of oil and gas on world markets in the period since the 
last Trade Policy review in 2012, Trinidad and Tobago has endured periods of severe recession, 
resulting in contraction of t he economy in 2014, 2016 and 2017 with a further contraction expected 
for 2018.  
3.18.   This, in turn , has had a serious negative impact on the public finances, curtailing the ability 
of the Government to invest in support of enterprise and trade development. In fact, the Government 
has had to increase some business taxes as a consequence.  
3.19.   Another factor for all economies, but especially small open economies, in tandem with the ebb 
and flow of economic and political tidings, is inward or outward migration. We have  recogni zed the 
positive aspects of migration, economically and socially, but as we review trade developments in 
Trinidad and Tobago over the past five and more years, we need also to bear in mind the economic 
challenges Trinidad and Tobago is currently fa cing linked to inward migration.  
3.20.   The Government of Trinidad and Tobago recogni zes its over -reliance on the energy sector and 
in response has developed a national development strategy called Vision 2030.  
3.21.   This strategy aims to ensure economic growth by incr easing exports and managing foreign 
exchange, improving productivity and managing the impacts of external developments in the energy 
sector.  
3.22.   Other notable strategies and policy developments include an Aid for Trade strategy, a policy 
to develop Special Eco nomic Zones, a national Quality Standards policy, a Strategy for Services, as 
well as a new Innovation Policy and new initiatives in relation to competition and consumer policy. I 
am sure that Members will want to hear more about the implementation of such  strategies.  
3.23.   Members have also made reference to the important gender dimension of trade policy. The 
gender balance of the delegation from Trinidad and Tobago today  is certainly a sign of leadership in 
this regard.  
3.24.   In terms of competitiveness, Trinidad and  Tobago scores well in certain important rankings in 
the World Economic Forum Index, in particular under the headings of Education and Training and 
Technological Readiness, which have impacts over the longer term. These are areas of 
competitiveness that Ir eland has honed over several decades and which are key to sustained 
economic growth and development. However, Trinidad and Tobago recognizes that its overall 
competitiveness standing can also be improved in the short term and is taking specific measures in  
that direction.  
3.25.   Against that background , the IMF has suggested that structural reforms are necessary 
particularly to strengthen the competitiveness and the contribution of the non -energy sector.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  3.26.   On the upside, according to the Government 's report, the IM F also sees a positive outlook for 
economic growth, forecasting average annual growth of 1.6% over the next five years.  
Trade policy and sectoral context  
3.27.   As I said earlier, import and export trade plays a critical role in the economy of Trinidad and 
Tobag o, with merchandise trade accounting for 72% of GDP in 2017. However, within that number, 
the share of exports in GDP has fallen from 63% in 2012 to 45% in 2017.  
3.28.   Further, the GDP share of both exports and imports has declined since the last review due to 
the direct and indirect impacts of the fall in global energy prices. Transport, tourism and insurance 
are the main services exports, while mineral and chemical products are the main merchandise 
exports.  
3.29.   The United States, other American economies and the EU  are the largest export destinations 
for Trinidad and Tobago while the US and the EU are the primary sources of imports.  
3.30.   In terms of formal trading agreements, Trinidad and Tobago is a member of CARICOM which 
in turn has regional trade agreements with the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Cuba and Costa Rica. 
CARICOM is looking at further options to extend its range of trade agreements. Trinidad and Tobago 
is also a signatory to the CARIFORUM –EU Economic Partnership Agreement and has entered into 
bilateral trad e agreements with Panama and Guatemala.  
3.31.   Members are also keen to see Trinidad and Tobago continue to develop and implement free 
trade agreements and regional trade agreements . 
3.32.   Trinidad and Tobago has  an ambitious and liberal foreign investment regime targeting sectors 
as wide and varied as food and agriculture, the creative industries and software development, 
e-commerce, banking and telecoms services. This part of the strategy to diversify the econom y and 
trade. As we fully appreciate in Ireland, for smaller nations, foreign investment can both serve to 
directly boost exports as well as having a spill -over effect into indigenous services and exports.  
3.33.   Members have asked some specific questions around t rade policy, in particular relating to the 
tariff regime, other trade taxes and import surcharges.  
3.34.   In addition, there are questions about the customs arrangements, import processing times, 
inspections , etc. 
3.35.   There is a general exhortation to ensure that Trinidad and Tobago keeps its notification 
obligations up to date and to ensure transparency in relation to subsidies and other supports.  
3.36.   Turning to some of the key sectors, I found it interesting that while th e energy sector, financial 
services and transport and tourism services represent a large proportion of the economy, there are 
relatively few questions from Members in relation to these services.  
3.37.   By contrast, many  of the specific questions relate to measure s in the agriculture and fisheries 
sectors, which represents a relatively small part of the economy, including on domestic supports, 
subsidies and import taxes.  
Conclusion  
3.38.   Mr Chairman, the TPR Mechanism is a valuable tool for the WTO in taking a horizonta l 
perspective on a country 's trade policy and performance, but placing its WTO commitments in the 
context of the wider economic policies and challenges each country faces.  
3.39.   It is also invaluable in demonstrating the benefits of WTO membership for smaller c ountries 
and in turn for those countries to demonstrate transparency in meeting their WTO commitments.  
3.40.   It is an invaluable peer review of trade and economic development, and it underlines the value 
of multilateralism, ensuring a balance between Members ri ghts and obligations.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  3.41.   I know that Trinidad and Tobago, just like my country , values the rules -based system and 
appreciates the benefits of WTO membership where it can sit at the table, on equal terms, with 
larger, more powerful economies.  
3.42.   So the overridin g personal message  I would have  from the papers we have read and the 
presentation we have heard from the Minister, is that Trinidad and Tobago continues to develop and 
implement policies that strengthen the business environment, improve the nation 's compet itiveness 
and diversifies its trade to ensure resilience in the face if whatever challenges come along.  
3.43.   Mr Chairman, the steel pan is something of a national symbol of Trinidad and Tobago, 
reflecting its artistic culture and its innovative bent.  
3.44.   Steel ind icates strength and resolve, and an island economy such as Trinidad and Tobago 
needs to have both to address the challenges to which it is exposed. In fact, I think that Trinidad 
and Tobago has amply demonstrated these characteristics in meeting past and c urrent challenges  
and I wish the Minister, in particular, a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
UNITED  STATES  
4.1.  The United States is Trinidad and Tobago 's number one trading partner with a total trade in 
goods of USD 5.8 billion. In 2018, merchandise trade in exports from the United States to Trinidad 
and Tobago reached USD 2.1 billion and imports reached USD 3.7 billion.  
4.2.  The United States is pleased with  the results of the preferential trading programs between our 
countries and we recognize that the Caribbean Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) and the Caribbean 
Basin Trade Promotion Act (CBTPA) have brought economic and trade benefits to both our economies 
along with increased cooperation.  The decision to renew CBTPA is currently with our Congress. We 
look forward to supporting their decision and continuing to grow our trade and economic relationship.  
4.3.  The United States, along with several other Members submitt ed written advance questions as 
part of this review, and we express our appreciation to the delegation for their responses. We would 
like use our remarks today to highlight some specific concerns with Trinidad and Tobago 's trade 
regime as part of this revi ew. 
4.4.  As raised in the Secretariat report, Trinidad and Tobago applied an MFN rate that exceeds its 
bound rate on 59 lines in 2018, up from 50 in 2011. We request that Trinidad and Tobago articulate 
plans to align these tariff lines with its WTO bound rates,  or take steps to modify its schedule under 
Article XXVIII of GATT 1994. We appreciate Trinidad and Tobago 's response that it is working at the 
regional level on this issue, and we would be interested in further clarification on timing beyond the 
reference  to the 'short term ' provided in the written responses.  
4.5.  The Secretariat 's Report notes that while import surcharges imposed in 1990 were supposed 
to be temporary, Trinidad and Tobago continues to apply new import surcharges. We request clarity 
on the reas ons behind applying and maintaining these surcharges and ask Trinidad and Tobago to 
elaborate its plans to abolish the system under the Miscellaneous Taxes Act. We are particularly 
concerned with the imposition of import surcharges on nine poultry tariff l ines in place since March 
2013. The United States appreciates the response from Trinidad and Tobago that it does not now 
nor does it have any plans to impose tariff quotas.  
4.6.  The United States views intellectual property rights as an important tool to foster  creative 
industries, entrepreneurship and fuel economic growth. As such, the United States is interested to 
know more about enforcement actions intended to address piracy of televised programming and 
infringement on the internet through streaming devices.  Additionally, we would like to learn more 
about the regulatory actions taken against cable and satellite operators that that have provided 
unlicensed content to cable and satellite service subscribers.  
4.7.  The United States appreciates the opportunity to enga ge in this dialogue and looks forward to 
continued work with Trinidad and Tobago both bilaterally and within the WTO.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.8.  Since its last review in 2012, the economic situation of Trinidad and Tobago has been negatively 
impacted by the fluctuation of oil and LNG prices. During the period under review, real GDP growth 
averaged around –1% annually. Against this background, GDP per capita declined to around 
USD 16,000 in 2017, compared with around USD 19,000 in 2012.  
4.9.  However , the good news  are that this trend seems now to belong to the past as growth resumed 
in 2018 which led the IMF to project that growth in Trinidad and Tobago 's economy will average 
1.5% over the next five (5) years (2019 -2023). Trinidad and Tobago remains one of the most  
developed nations in the Caribbean, and a high -level income country.  
4.10.   Taking into account these developments, the EU invited the authorities - via its written 
advanced questions - to report on their current use of the differentiated treatment that is availa ble 
for developing countries in implementing certain WTO agreements and to indicate the perspectives 
in this regard for future negotiations. The EU thanks the authorities for their reply but regrets that 
no details have been supplied regarding the current use by Trinidad and Tobago of the differentiated WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  treatment that the WTO instruments allow except, indirectly, vis their notification of category C 
commitments for the implementation of the TFA.  
4.11.   The economy remains driven by natural gas and petro -chemical exports even if industrial and 
financial sectors are being developed to diversify the economy and it is an important commercial 
and business hub.  
4.12.   To address the challenges of the declining/volatile revenues from the energy sector, the 
authorities refer to  their plans such as the "Vision 2030 ": The EU welcomes this recognition of the 
need for further reforms aiming inter alia at increased social inclusion, good governance and making 
the industry and the whole economy more innovative and environmentally resp onsible. The EU is 
very keen to know more about the implementation of these goals, notably regarding good 
governance and environmental issues. The EU is of the view that multilateral and regional trade and 
transparent business environments could play an im portant role in this agenda.  
4.13.   The EU remains the second trading partner of Trinidad and Tobago behind the United States 
while the share of CARICOM in Trinidad and Tobago 's trade has declined. This leads the EU to ask 
the authorities how they see their integ ration in the region and its perspectives.  
4.14.   The EU 's relations with Trinidad and Tobago are underpinned by the Cotonou Partnership 
Agreement, signed in 2000 by the EU and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states. Since the 
end of 2008, Trinidad and T obago has been Party to the EU -CARIFORUM European Partnership 
Agreement that sets important commitments for trade liberalisation on both sides and which has 
now entered the 10th year of its application. The EU remains a provider of development assistance, 
much of which is aimed at modernization and diversification of its economy. The current 11th EDF 
National Indicative Programme which runs from 2014 to 2020 amounts to EUR 9.7 million with focus 
on, inter alia , innovation and Civil Society. In the period 20 08-13, EU 's total assistance amounted 
to EUR 25.9 million.  
4.15.   With the aim of diversifying the economy, EU cooperation activities are focused on boosting 
the country 's non -energy industrial and service sectors, in particular by  encouraging closer 
university -industry cooperation, providing assistance to small and micro sized enterprises, and 
stimulating export -oriented activities. In addition, the EU supported sustainable growth, 
conservation of biodiversity, and mitigation measu res to the impact of Climate Change on a small 
island state. The EU further supported the mitigation of the environmental impact from the extraction 
of resources with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.  
4.16.   Finally, Trinidad and Tobago was a ben eficiary of the EU 's Accompanying Measures for Sugar 
Protocol Countries that has now ended.  Under the AMS, Trinidad and Tobago has received a total 
of EUR 75 million over the period 2007 -2013.  
4.17.   The EU will not repeat its advanced written questions but we w ould like the authorities to 
clarify further, for example and among other issues, the perspectives regarding several tariffs that 
exceed and surpass the bound rate by huge margins.  
4.18.   We would like to conclude by wishing all the best to Trinidad and Tobago fo r their Review.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.19.   Over more than 45 years of diplomatic relations between our countries, we have signed major 
agreements on cooperation and trade. Trinidad and Tobago is in fact one of Costa Rica's main trading 
partners in the Caribbean, being our  main supplier in that region.  
4.20.   We are small countries but full of purpose. Moreover, we are united by our commitment to 
sustainable development and the search for renewable alternatives to the impacts of climate change, 
in that both our countries are exper iencing – with increasing frequency – the impact and 
consequences of natural events.  
4.21.   Costa Rica recognizes the efforts made by Trinidad and Tobago to diversify its economy and 
generate social and economic development, as set out in its Vision 2030 plan, du ring the evaluation 
period for this fourth Review. Attention should also be given to the sectoral focus of policies to WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  improve competitiveness, animated in particular by the interest vested in the development of 
e-commerce and of information and communicat ion technologies.  
4.22.   We are also carrying out significant work on trade facilitation, in particular in the 
implementation of the Single Electronic Window. It is expected that we will understand the impact 
and its results once the services are fully operationa l in 2021. Where the services sector is 
concerned, it should be noted that by 2017 this should account for some 60% of GDP, indicating the 
value assigned to tourism, transport and financial services, among other sectors.  
4.23.    Despite the efforts being made to cope with the country's challenging economic situation, 
Trinidad and Tobago remains heavily dependent on the oil sector for both exports and foreign 
investment, rendering it vulnerable to external factors.  
4.24.    Costa Rica wishes to express its concern about th e application of tariffs in excess of the bound 
rate on 59 tariff lines, a situation that has worsened since 2011 as a consequence of the amendment 
changes. In its report the Secretariat also notes that the average tariffs applied to agricultural 
products are higher than those applied to non -agricultural products. My delegation sees this as an 
area that could be improved and encourages Trinidad and Tobago to review the imposition of new 
taxes on imports, in particular those imposed on used tyres, to bring t hem into line with the founding 
principles of the WTO such as non -discrimination, openness, predictability and transparency.  
4.25.    Costa Rica believes that there are multiple opportunities for a country like Trinidad and 
Tobago in the flourishing world of the d igital economy. We urge the country to continue working to 
diversify its economy, in particular the services portfolio, since there are growing opportunities for 
economies such as ours, which are small but industrious.  
4.26.   In conclusion, my delegation would li ke to express its fellow feeling with Trinidad and Tobago 
since this year Costa Rica is also due to undergo the same evaluation process and we understand 
the effort and work that this entails, not only in the capital cities but also in the missions in Gene va. 
We would like to thank the Secretariat for its detailed report and for once again making this exercise 
a model of transparency for the entire membership.  
MEXICO 
4.27.   Mexico sets high store by its trade relationship with Trinidad and Tobago and the other 
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries. In 2018, the total trade between Mexico and Trinidad 
and Tobago amounted to more than USD 440  million1, an increase of almost 30% over the previous 
year alone. The most extensively traded goods are mineral products, ma chinery and products 
associated with the food industry. We hope that our bilateral trade relationship will continue to grow 
and strengthen in the years to come.  
4.28.   The greatest challenge that Trinidad and Tobago continues to face is its heavy dependence 
on the mineral and chemical sectors, to the extent that in 2017 they accounted for 75% of its exports 
and 40% of its GDP. As noted in the report of the Secretariat, this dependence is primarily 
responsible for the three years of economic recession that followed  the last Review. We do recognize, 
however, the efforts that Trinidad and Tobago has made to address this situation through the 
establishment of economic diversification programmes and strategies to boost its competitiveness 
on the global stage, the most i mportant of these being Vision 2030, which showcases its main 
economic priorities, such as: expanding exports; raising foreign exchange earnings and employment 
levels; increasing productivity; and embarking on changes in the field of energy, among others.  
4.29.   We would also like to applaud its National Aid for Trade Strategy, which comprises three 
pillars: export diversification, competitiveness and trade facilitation. Effective implementation of this 
strategy and its success should generate positive results for  the country's economic and social 
development.  
4.30.   Similarly, we recognize the improvements made in the business environment in such areas 
as customs procedures, building permits, financial support, the management of visas and payment 
                                                
1 Ministry of Economic Affairs, http://www.economia -snci.gob.mx/sic_php/pages/estadisticas . WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  for water services. Impr ovements in the business environment are essential for the development of 
micro, small and medium -sized enterprises and encourage innovation and diversification.  
4.31.   Mexico believes in the importance of establishing a national committee on non -tariff barriers,  
since enhanced compliance with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and an increase in 
notifications are essential if transparency is to be improved, not only for the benefit of Trinidad and 
Tobago, but also for the multilateral trading system.  
4.32.   On the other hand, we are struck by the fact that, according to the report of the WTO 
Secretariat, Trinidad and Tobago applies tariffs on 59 tariff lines above their respective bound rates. 
We urge Trinidad and Tobago to re -establish its applied tariffs in a ccordance with its commitments 
to this organization.  
4.33.   In conclusion, Mexico would like to reiterate its commitment to strengthening trade relations 
with Trinidad and Tobago. We are confident that our cooperation will lead to an improvement in our 
own social  and economic environment and that of our regions. We thank you for your responses to 
the questions put forward by my delegation and wish you every success in this Review.  
CHILE  
4.34.   Diplomatic relations between Chile and Trinidad and Tobago go back to 1964. Fo r Chile, 
Trinidad and Tobago is an important partner in Latin America, not only because it is the leading 
economy in CARICOM and the third largest in population (with 1.4  million inhabitants), but also 
because we have a shared view of the importance of reg ional integration, the value of democracy 
and the promotion of trade as a tool for development.  
4.35.   Trinidad and Tobago is  also a very important partner for Chile in the field of energy, as the 
main supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG). For this reason, in February  2010, the two countries 
signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the development of energy sect or 
interests.  
4.36.   While the issue of energy is central to our bilateral economic relationship, we would like to 
move further ahead. In this regard, we would like to draw attention to our recent bilateral discussions 
concerning the initiation of negotiations fo r the signing of a partial scope agreement that excludes 
the issue of gas and promotes bilateral trade in other goods and services.  
4.37.   Within this framework, it is worth noting the interest expressed by the National Export 
Facilitation Organization of Trinida d and Tobago (ExporTT) in signing a Memorandum of 
Understanding with ProChile to seek ways of expanding trade with our country beyond the area of 
liquefied gas. Accordingly, it is expected that during the year representatives of ExporTT will visit 
Chile to  learn about the opportunities offered by the Chilean market and explore possible areas for 
investment.  
4.38.   On the other hand, it should be noted that, among other recent agreements currently under 
negotiation or awaiting signature, there is an agreement on in tellectual property; an agreement on 
visa exemption; and an agreement on air services. We hope that we can bring those negotiations 
still in progress to a swift conclusion.  
4.39.   In terms of bilateral trade, the total registered by the two countries amounted 
to USD 724 billion during 2018, of which imports of liquefied natural gas from Chile accounted for 
88%. It should, however, be noted that these have been irregular in recent years, dropping to a 
negative growth rate of 7.5% between 2013 and 2018.  
4.40.   Where the ec onomic and commercial performance of Trinidad and Tobago is concerned, it 
should be pointed out that the level of unemployment has remained relatively static and inflation 
has actually decreased, despite the economic crises suffered during the period under  review, which 
were largely the result of episodes of contraction of real economic activity in the energy sector.  
4.41.   It is also worth noting that, while mineral products (including fuels) continue to constitute the 
bulk of Trinidad and Tobago's exports, their  share of total merchandise exports declined by about 
10% during the period under review, resulting in a partial reduction of the economy's level of WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  dependence on hydrocarbons. This is of particular relevance in that, as an effect of the crisis, public 
revenues, which are heavily dependent on the oil sector, declined considerably, and this is reflected 
in the increase in the fiscal deficit and net debt of the public sector.  
4.42.   Against this economic backdrop, Trinidad and Tobago stepped up efforts to diversify and 
improve the competitiveness of its economy, while at the same time undertaking additional needed 
reforms. In this context, we would like to draw attention to the implementation of Trinidad and 
Tobago's economic and social development orientation plan, entitled "Vision 2030: the National 
Development Strategy of Trinidad and Tobago 2016 –2030".  
4.43.   Besides this, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a National Aid for Trade Strategy, in addition 
to specific sectoral policies aimed at developing e -commerce, creatin g a modern special economic 
zones regime, encouraging ICT development, reinvigorating the yachting industry, and building a 
more robust national quality system.  
4.44.   In this context, we would like to highlight the implementation of business reforms aimed at 
improving the domestic business and investment climate by making it easier to do business; the 
adoption of a new investment framework for the approval and facilitation of investments in the 
non-energy sector; and the strengthening of the Single Electronic Win dow system, to facilitate trade 
and business.  
4.45.   In conclusion, we congratulate the Government of Trinidad and Tobago on its efforts to identify 
key economic areas of interest for economic diversification, such as manufacturing, financial 
services, maritime s ervices, aviation services, fishing and fish processing, agriculture and 
agricultural processing, and software design and application.  
4.46.   For this fourth Trade Policy Review of Trinidad and Tobago, Chile raised a question relating to 
the processes governing t he internal approval processes and arrangements for the entry into force 
of regional trade agreements (RTAs) entered into with non -CARICOM countries. We are grateful for 
the responses provided and wish Trinidad and Tobago a successful review of its trade p olicy. 
BRAZIL  
4.47.   As we heard, the economy of Trinidad and Tobago has faced strong economic headwinds in 
recent years, caused by the reduction in the international prices of oil and gas. Three consecutive 
years of recession led to a reduction of per capita GDP  and tax revenues, with increased fiscal deficit 
and public debt. Nevertheless, unemployment and inflation have remained stable, providing a basis 
for recovery. Preliminary data indicate that the economy has already started to rebound in 2018, 
with a GDP g rowth of 1 .4%. For 2019, a growth of 2% is predicted and we hope this trend can be 
maintained during the next years.  
4.48.   We praise the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for its efforts to improve trade legislation 
and to diversify the economy. This is a much -needed measures to expedite any economic, trade and 
institutional reforms and to pave the way for sustainable growth and development. In the same vein, 
the continuation of the efforts to enact a legislative and regulatory framework to attract investments 
outside the oil and gas sector is part of a development strategy consolidated in the "Vision 2030 
Plan", with ambitious long -term goals. Those efforts, of course, necessarily have to comply with the 
WTO legal framework.  
4.49.   Trade flows between Brazil and Trinida d and Tobago have significantly intensified throughout 
the period under review. Brazil is the fourth largest trade partner of Trinidad and Tobago. This 
translates into a bilateral trade flow of US D 728 million in 2018 that is mainly composed of iron ore, 
petroleum, uncoated paper and tobacco. We look forward to building upon such solid foundations 
for increased integration, maintaining a close dialogue with trade authorities on topics of mutual 
interest.  
4.50.   Regarding agriculture, Brazil has a meaningful partic ipation in total agricultural imports into 
Trinidad and Tobago. Areas for improvement include reducing timeliness in the process of approval 
of foreign meat -exporting establishments. Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements could also 
benefit from more pred ictability and clarity, especially in the case of import restrictions for animals. WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  Such restrictions limit the potential exports of Brazilian products and we look forward to working 
with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to overcome those limitations.  
4.51.   Import surcharges on poultry is another area of concern, as Trinidad and Tobago authorities 
had indicated in the last TPR that the country would abolish such import surcharges. Furthermore, 
beet sugar and cane sugar surcharges are well above the MFN tariff  and it is unclear how they 
comply with the Schedules of Concession. We expect the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to 
revert those surcharges in the very near future.  
4.52.   Additionally, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago continues to provide subsidies for the 
fishing industry to import marine engines and equipment, to acquire vessels and to reduce fuel 
prices, despite information indicating overfishing of stocks.  
4.53.   We have submitted a set of questions on measures related to sanitary and phytosanitary 
requirem ents, import surcharges and non -automatic import licenses. We thank the delegation for 
the answers provided, which will be conveyed to our capital for further analysis.  
4.54.   Let me conclude by wishing the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago a successful Trade Pol icy 
Review.  
CHINA  
4.55.   China values and has been enjoying close and friendly relation with Trinidad and Tobago ever 
since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1974. The economic and trade cooperation between the 
two countries has been developing fast and smo othly. Two -way trade rose very quickly, contracting 
and labour  service cooperation was well under way. Trinidad and Tobago has been China 's largest 
trade partner in the English -speaking Caribbean region. In 2018, the total amount of the bilateral 
trade reached US D 732 million, which increased by 19.7%. Although the exports from China to 
Trinidad and Tobago which was US D 347 million decreased by 19.3% in 2018, the export from 
Trinidad and Tobago to China increased by 111.4%, the amount of which reac hed US D 385 million.  
4.56.   We noticed that the economy of Trinidad and Tobago has undergone continuous recession 
since last review, but a number of positive developments in its economy should be highlighted which 
were achieved by Trinidad and Tobago 's efforts t o make its economy more competitive. For example, 
the rate of inflation has been declining and the unemployment remained within the conservative 
range of 3 -5%, etc. In addition, we congratulate for its approval of National Development Strategy 
- Vision 203 0, National Aid for trade strategy, National E -Commerce strategy as well as its sector 
policies for e -commerce, modern special economic zones regime, ICT development, yachting 
industry and national quality system. We believe the implementation of those str ategies and policies 
will help Trinidad and Tobago to improve its business environment, economy competitiveness and 
achieve a sustainable development in the near future.  
4.57.   On the multilateral level, we are pleased to see that Trinidad and Tobago has accepted  the 
2005 Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement in 2013 and the 2014 Protocol concerning the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement in July 2015. We also appreciate its active role in the WTO work programme, 
including in the negotiating groups of ACP, G90, G33, Smal l and Vulnerable Economies etc. The 
Secretariat report describes the efforts by the Trinidad and Tobago Government to improve its 
business environment, which we noticed that it appears to be being held back by various factors. In 
this regard we wish to enc ourage Trinidad and Tobago to improve the visa convenience and foreign 
exchange to establish a more positive environment for business and investment.  
4.58.   China also commend s Trinidad and Tobago 's firm commitment and strong support to a fair 
and equitable rules -based multilateral trading system. However, the WTO is facing systemic 
challenges that have to be dealt with the entire Membership. China would work with Trinidad and 
Tobago and other Members to uphold the fundamental principles of this Organization, resi st 
unilateralism and protectionism, support each other on multilateral international arenas, collectively 
safeguard the rule -based multilateral trading system and the common interests of developing 
countries.  
4.59.   Trinidad and Tobago and China enjoy complementa ry economies and have  very broad 
cooperative prospects. From the successful infrastructure construction projects to the financial WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  supports, such as Scarborough General Hospital which was jointly completed by the companies from 
both sides, China has been s upporting Trinidad and Tobago in developing economy, improving 
people 's livelihoods and enhancing their ability in independent and sustainable development. Looking 
ahead, China is willing to align the Belt and Road Initiative with the development strategie s of 
Trinidad and Tobago to enhance cooperation and communication in areas of infrastructure, energy, 
finance, agriculture and business environment.  
4.60.   Finally, we would like to reiterate our support for Trinidad and Tobago 's efforts toward market 
liberaliza tion, economic diversification and strengthening the business environment.  
CANADA  
4.61.   Canada is pleased to participate in the fourth Trade Policy Review (TPR) of Trinidad and 
Tobago. We thank the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and the Secretariat of the WTO  for their 
reports.  
4.62.   Trinidad and Tobago has had to manage a difficult economic situation since its last TPR, due 
to decreasing oil prices and revenues. Despite these woes, it remains a partner of choice for trade 
and investment – including for Canada. We e njoy strong trade relations, with bilateral merchandise 
trade hovering around $600  million  during this period.  
4.63.   I would like to highlight five areas where Trinidad and Tobago is making progress in 
implementing policies that promote trade, growth and develo pment. First, we applaud the ongoing 
efforts by the Trinbagonian Government to implement the National Development Strategy 
2016-2030 ( "Vision 2030 "), with the view to diversify the country 's economy, increase its 
competitiveness, and attract foreign invest ment, while improving the conditions of its citizens in an 
inclusive and environmentally sound manner.  
4.64.   Second, we are encouraged by the steps taken by Trinidad and Tobago to improve its 
government procurement regime through its new Public Procurement and D isposal of Public Property 
Act (Act No. 1 of 2015). We believe that the country 's business environment will benefit from further 
progress in the areas of transparency, timely payment, non -discrimination, fairness and 
accountability for government procureme nts. We encourage the government of Trinidad and Tobago 
to continue these efforts.  
4.65.   Third, we note and welcome the additional steps that the Trinbagonian Government has taken 
to improve the overall business climate. This includes new online systems to facil itate the process 
to start a business, as well as reforms to improve access to credit.  
4.66.   Fourth, Canada is pleased that Trinidad and Tobago ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement 
and is implementing its commitments.  
4.67.   Fifth, we commend Trinidad and Tobago f or its leadership in implementing and promoting the 
aid for trade agenda at home and across the region, including an ongoing modernization of its own 
trade facilitation infrastructure. The introduction of a single electronic window in 2012 has already 
contributed significantly to trade and business facilitation, and we are pleased to note, in Trinidad 
and Tobago 's statement, its commitment to further improve this tool. The expected introduction this 
year of a new online payment system for import duties, oth er taxes and user fees, is also welcome.  
4.68.   These efforts on several fronts by the Trinbagonian government are bearing fruits. However, 
there remain a few areas that would deserve greater attention moving forward. A 2017 OECD report 
found that Trinidad and To bago was the only jurisdiction that had not made sufficient progress in 
implementing internationally agreed tax transparency standards. It is key that Trinidad and Tobago 
continue to strive to meet these standards.  
4.69.   Trinidad and Tobago 's notifications to th e WTO are not up -to-date or outstanding in several 
areas, including domestic support and export subsidies in agriculture; quantitative restrictions; 
customs valuation; and state trading enterprises. Its latest full subsidy notification was due in 2017. 
Transparency is essential to the functioning of the WTO, and we would encourage Trinidad and 
Tobago to bring itself into compliance.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4.70.   Canada also encourages Trinidad and Tobago to participate in Joint -Statement initiatives on 
electronic commerce, MSMEs, and in vestment facilitation, as well as support the Joint Declaration 
on Trade and Women 's Economic Empowerment.  
4.71.   Before concluding, I would like to mention that Canada is pleased to contribute to the 
improvement and harmonization of legal and procedural framewor ks on trade facilitation across the 
Caribbean, including through support to the Inter -American Development Bank 's Multi -Donor 
Regional Integration Fund and the IMF 's Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre. The 
strengthened capacity of Caribbean countries to develop a Single Window for Simplification of 
Customs Procedures is an example of concrete achievements as a result of this support.  
4.72.   Moreover, through our Commonwealth Caribbean tariff preference program me, known as 
CARIBCAN, Canada supports trade and economic development, the promotion of new investment 
and enhanced economic integration/cooperation in Trinidad and Tobago and the broader Caribbean. 
I would like to take this opportunity to thank WTO Members for granting a new extension  of the 
WTO waiver for CARIBCAN until 2023.  
4.73.   Canada would like to reiterate our support for efforts being undertaken by Trinidad and Tobago 
toward the strengthening of its institutional and business environments, competitiveness, and 
economic diversificatio n. We thank Trinidad and Tobago for its participation in the TPR and their 
responses to our advance questions and we look forward to a constructive exchange of views.  
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  
4.74.   The Dominican Republic shares close ties of friendship with Trinidad and Tobago, as a member 
country of ACP, as a member of the group of small and vulnerable economies, as a partner in the 
Economic Partnership Agreement between the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific 
States (CARIFORUM) and the Europea n Union, and as a party to the Bilateral Agreement between 
the Dominican Republic and CARICOM.  
4.75.   The Dominican Republic maintains a substantial level of trade with Trinidad and Tobago. Thus, 
in 2018, exports from the Dominican Republic to that country totall ed USD 31,318,275, according 
to data provided by the Dominican General Directorate of Customs.  
4.76.   Among the main products exported are sauces and preparations for sauces, bananas, 
tableware, candles and cigars, among other items. Exports of plastic products a ccount for a 
significant volume of the trade with Trinidad and Tobago, totalling USD 10,954,000 in 2018.  
4.77.   For their part, imports from Trinidad and Tobago to the Dominican Republic consist of oil and 
its by -products and, in 2018, amounted to a total of USD 319,981,000.  
4.78.   In view of the significant volume of trade between the Dominican Republic and Trinidad and 
Tobago, we would like at this point to draw attention to the measures announced by the Government 
of Trinidad and Tobago regarding plastic products. Reg arding this issue, we reiterate the concern 
that we have already expressed both in the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade in March this 
year and in the Council for Trade in Goods in April this year.  
4.79.   Thus, on 27  July 2018, through the Minister of Plan ning and Development, the Government 
of Trinidad and Tobago announced a ban on the import and marketing of polystyrene plastics. The 
ban covers food vessels and containers, together with plates, straws and other utensils, and will 
come into force in 2019.  
4.80.   The Dominican Republic has grave concerns regarding the restrictive effect that this measure 
would have on imports of polystyrene products. It also understands that, if adopted, this measure 
would alter the conditions of competition to the detriment of imp orts, a consequence that would be 
incompatible with Article III:4 of the GATT 1994.  
4.81.   Consequently, the Dominican Republic considers that such a measure would constitute a 
disguised restriction on international trade, which cannot be justified under Article XX of GATT 1994.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4.82.   Moreover, we consider that the measure would be more restrictive than is necessary, and is 
in contravention of the provisions of Article 2.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT 
Agreement). It would also be contrary to Arti cle 2.1 of that Agreement in that it would have a 
detrimental effect on the imports of polystyrene products.  
4.83.   By the same token, it should be noted that the measure announced by Trinidad and Tobago 
has still not been notified to the TBT Committee, and this too is in contravention of the transparency 
provisions established under the TVT Agreement.  
4.84.   In this regard we request that, within the framework of this review, Trinidad and Tobago 
should report on the current state of preparation of this legislation and s hould take due account of 
its obligations under the WTO before implementing the measure. In addition, we request Trinidad 
and Tobago to give sufficient advance notification of the measures to the Committee on Technical 
Barriers to Trade (TBT) so that the l atter can receive and take note of the comments and concerns 
of Members affected thereby.  
4.85.   On the other hand, with regard to the state of the economy of Trinidad and Tobago, we view 
with concern the assertion in the Secretariat's report that, since the prev ious review of its trade 
policies in 2012, the economy of Trinidad and Tobago has suffered three years of recession, primarily 
due to episodes of contraction of real economic activity in the energy sector (including oil and gas).  
4.86.   During the period under re view, real GDP growth averaged around –1% annually. Public 
revenues, which are heavily dependent on the oil sector, declined significantly, and this is reflected 
in an increase in the fiscal deficit and in the public sector net debt.  
4.87.   At the same time, we t ake a positive view of the efforts made by Trinidad and Tobago to deal 
with this situation by diversifying and improving the competitiveness of its economy, while at the 
same time implementing various reforms. In this regard, efforts have been made to deve lop the 
services sector, which accounted for almost 60% of GDP in 2017, a significant increase from 46% 
in 2010.  
4.88.   We note with interest the orientation plan for the overall social and economic development of 
Trinidad and Tobago, known as "Vision 2030: the N ational Development Strategy of Trinidad and 
Tobago 2016 –2030". We also view with approval the development of the National Aid for Trade 
Strategy, along with specific sectoral policies aimed at developing e -commerce, creating a modern 
special economic zone s regime, encouraging ICT development, reinvigorating the yachting industry, 
and building a more robust national quality system. We encourage the country to continue along 
that path.  
4.89.   In the area of trade facilitation, we note that Trinidad and Tobago adopt ed the 2014 Protocol 
to the Trade Facilitation Agreement and, in the context of the reforms introduced to customs 
procedures, we would like to draw attention to the submission of advance passenger and cargo 
information, making the electronic submission of customs declarations mandatory. In addition, 
in 2012 the Government launched the Electronic Single Window system, which is expected to be 
fully in place by 2021. We duly appreciate the significant reduction that these services have made 
to delivery times.  
4.90.   In conclusion, we submitted a number of questions to Trinidad and Tobago, and we thank the 
country for its responses. We appreciate the efforts being made by the authorities of this country, 
and hope that they will be able to continue along the path of dev elopment.  
ICELAND  
4.91.   Trinidad and Tobago are among the countries that support the joint declaration on trade and 
women 's economic empowerment that was launched in Buenos Aires on the occasion  of the 11th 
Ministerial conference. H.E. Ambassador Makeda Antoine -Cambridge and her team continue to 
provide  a valuable  contribution to our work here in Geneva.  
4.92.   The declaration aims , inter alia . at sharing best practices and working together at the WTO to 
remove barriers for women 's economic empowerment and increase their participation in trade.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4.93.   Iceland submitted advance written questions on the participation of women in the economy 
of Trinidad and Tobago and on initiatives that are being undertaken to make economic growth more 
inclusive. We wish to thank Trinidad and Tobago for the responses to our written questions. We will 
review the answers thoroughly and request clarifications as necessary d uring the course of this TPR. 
The answers are very useful as we implement the joint declaration and gather best practices which 
we will present at MC12.  
4.94.   Iceland appreciates Trinidad and Tobago 's active engagement in the WTO and their continued 
support for the multilateral trading system. We wish the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago every 
success for their fourth Trade Policy Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.95.   Bilateral trade between Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago is on the rise, and there is scope 
for deeper econ omic relations between our two countries. Trinidad and Tobago is Singapore 's 17th 
largest trading partner in Latin America and the Caribbean. Between 2016 to 2018, bilateral trade 
in goods between our two countries more than doubled2, increasing from USD 21.8 to 
USD 57.4 million. The Singapore Cooperation Enterprise has also worked with the Government of 
Trinidad and Tobago to plan, design and execute e -Government programmes in Trinidad and Tobago. 
We look forward to greater cooperation and more of such jo int projects in the coming years.  
4.96.   It is heartening to note that amidst a challenging economic backdrop, Trinidad and Tobago 
has embarked on renewed efforts to diversify and enhance the competitiveness of its economy, and 
that its economic growth is expected to be positive over the next five years. We further note that 
Trinidad and Tobago  released an Aid for Trade Strategy, as well as sector -specific policies to develop 
e-commerce and encourage information and communications technology (ICT) developme nt, and 
has been undertaking fiscal consolidation efforts, including through the reform of tax structures and 
enhancing revenue collection. We encourage Trinidad and Tobago to continue its efforts in 
undertaking such reforms, and hope these measures put Tr inidad and Tobago on the continued path 
of positive growth in the coming years.  
4.97.   Trinidad and Tobago 's commitment to the WTO is commendable. Despite the small size of its 
team in Geneva, ably led by Ambassador Makeda Antoine, Trinidad and Tobago participate s actively 
in WTO discussions, especially in advancing the interests of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). 
My Ambassador Tan Hung Seng was also invited by Ambassador Antoine to speak at the CARICOM 
panel discussion, which took place during the UNCTAD E commerce week last month. This not only 
reflects our common interests as fellow SIDS, Trinidad and Tobago 's involvement in organising the 
e-commerce panel demonstrates its interest in discussing issues of importance to the WTO. 
Additionally, we welcome Tri nidad and Tobago 's acceptance of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement.  
4.98.   The WTO 's monitoring function is a crucial aspect of the organisation, and Members ' timely 
and complete notifications contribute to the predict ability and transparency of the international 
trading system. In this regard, we note from the Secretariat 's report that aspects of Trinidad and 
Tobago 's WTO notifications are either not up -to-date or are outstanding in several areas. We 
encourage Trinidad  and Tobago to take steps to address this, including seeking further technical 
assistance from the Secretariat and partners, where needed. The Secretariat 's report also noted that 
Trinidad and Tobago 's applied MFN rate exceeded the bound rate in 59 lines, and we urge Trinidad 
and Tobago to bring its applied tariffs into conformity. We further note that Trinidad and Tobago 's 
public procurement regime is undergoing significant changes, and encourage Trinidad and Tobago 
to consider taking part as an observer t o the Agreement on Government Procurement as a first step.  
4.99.   Singapore looks forward to continuing our warm and constructive cooperation with Trinidad 
and Tobago, and we wish Trinidad and Tobago every success for this TPR.  
  
                                                
2 163.3%.  
WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  COLOMBIA  
4.100.   As reflected in the do cuments submitted for this Review, we would like to highlight the 
commitment shown by Trinidad and Tobago to the multilateral trading system, and applaud its 
sustained efforts to improve its policies in a difficult macroeconomic environment.  
4.101.   The country's macroeconomic indicators reflect the importance of the mining and oil sectors 
to Trinidad and Tobago, in terms of gross domestic product, public revenues and exports. This 
explains why the economy was so badly affected by the global trend of falling commod ity prices, 
resulting in a period of recession for some of the years currently under review.  
4.102.   Despite all the difficulties posed by these circumstances, we would like to draw attention to 
the effective macroeconomic management that reduced spending, kept in flation and unemployment 
under control, and strengthened fiscal policy. As a result, positive projections may now be made for 
the economy, such as the average annual growth of 1.5% that the International Monetary Fund has 
forecast for the next five years.  
4.103.   Where tariff policy is concerned, we recognize that the country has applied tariffs at an 
average of 9% and has a simple tariff structure without significant peaks, reflecting its openness to 
international trade. Nevertheless, as noted in the report of the  Secretariat, there is some concern 
that, on certain tariff lines, most favoured nation (MFN) tariffs have been applied that exceed the 
bound rates.  
4.104.   In the area of customs procedures and foreign trade, we welcome the progress made in the 
creation and devel opment of the Single Electronic Window, which incorporates procedures relating 
to export and import permits and licenses and certificates of origin, among other things. We urge 
the authorities to complete its implementation by 2021, as planned, and to pres s ahead with 
measures to reduce physical inspections and to expedite port procedures. We also welcome the 
ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and the work on the notification and implementation 
of the country's commitments under that Agreement . 
4.105.   Among the initiatives taken to diversify the economy and improve competitiveness, we would 
like to highlight the creation of the National Quality Policy and the progress made in the country's 
quality assurance and conformity assessment system and infrast ructure. In this area it will be very 
interesting to learn more about the progress made and results achieved by the National Committee 
on Non -Tariff Barriers, which is in the process of being set up.  
4.106.   With regard to the structure and performance of the econ omy, including the labour market 
and exports, particular note should be taken of the growing participation of the service sector in the 
period under review. This has been supported by initiatives to promote this sector, such as the 
provision of greater acc ess to internet services, the ICT plan, and reforms in the maritime services 
sector.  
4.107.   We would like to accord special recognition to the National E -Commerce Strategy, which is 
helping to boost local trade, by facilitating the participation of small and medi um-sized enterprises 
and promoting non -energy exports.  
4.108.   Foreign investment has been concentrated in the mining and petroleum sector and is starting 
to show steady diversification. We can see that the improvements made to the foreign investment 
system are de signed to facilitate the involvement of investors in sectors not associated with mining, 
and we welcome the progress made in speeding up and simplifying the procedures for bringing new 
investors on board.  
4.109.   Trade between Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago has been healthy, with exports 
of USD 308 million in 2018, an increase of 20% over the previous year. Similarly, Colombian 
purchases from Trinidad and Tobago have grown significantly, reaching USD 108  million by the end 
of 2018. The partial scope agreement tha t benefits trade in a wide variety of products has been a 
particularly useful tool and we believe that the definitive incorporation of the mandatory provisions 
of this agreement in the legislation of Trinidad and Tobago will contribute to the continued 
improvement of bilateral trade relations, and will also help to consolidate this agreement.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4.110.   Based on the reports that had been circulated, Colombia raised questions about certain 
aspects that we consider to be of interest, such as policies on the physical inspection of goods, 
technical regulation and quality control policies, and procedures for the negotiation and 
implementation of regional and bilateral agreements. We are grateful for the responses received, 
which we will review in detail.  
4.111.   We enco urage Trinidad and Tobago to continue along the path of economic recovery 
and to press ahead with the implementation of the reforms set out in the Vision 2030 plan and 
the 2019–23 trade policy and strategy framework, which we hope will strengthen the count ry's rates 
of growth, productivity, innovation and exports.  
4.112.   We would like to conclude by wishing Trinidad and Tobago and its delegation a successful 
Trade Policy Review and to extend our warm appreciation to the team in Geneva, headed by 
Ambassador Makeda Antoine -Cambridge, for the excellent work and cooperative relationship 
between our two Missions.  
THAILAND  
4.113.   Thailand values the growing bilateral trading relations with Trinidad and Tobago. We are 
pleased to highlight that Trinidad and Tobago is number one t rading partner of Thailand in Caribbean 
Community while Thailand is the third largest supplying market of Trinidad and Tobago in East Asia, 
after China and Japan. Total trade between our two countries nearly doubled since the last review, 
expanding from US D 161 million in 2012 to US D 313 million in 2018. Thailand hopes that our bilateral 
trade will continue to grow to further strengthen economic relations.  
4.114.   The Secretariat report highlights Trinidad and Tobago 's efforts to diversify and enhance the 
competiti veness of its economy as well as to take other necessary reforms through the National 
Development Strategy. Additionally, Thailand congratulates Trinidad and Tobago on launching Aid 
for Trade Strategy, as well as sector -specific policies to develop e -comme rce; create a modern 
special economic zones regime; encourage ICT development; reinvigorate the yachting industry; 
and build a more robust national quality system. We are convinced that the implementation of such 
policies will enhance the business environm ent and contribute to sustainable economic growth in the 
country.  
4.115.   Thailand commends Trinidad and Tobago for its consistent efforts to modernize customs 
procedures. The Single Electronic Window System launched in 2012 should contribute significantly 
to trad e and business facilitation. In addition, the import - and export -related e -services should 
contribute to streamlining customs procedures by improving delivery time.  
4.116.   We are pleased that Trinidad and Tobago remains  firmly committed to a fair and equitable 
rules-based multilateral trading system. We, therefore, welcome many positive developments during 
the review period, including its acceptance of the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement and the 
Protocol concerning  the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
4.117.   We appreciate that Trinidad and Tobago continues to fulfil its notification obligations under 
the various WTO Agreements, in particular TBT notifications. However, some notifications are still 
outstanding. In this regard , we encourage Trinidad and Tobago to submit notifications in a timely 
manner to ensure transparency and predictability. Moreover, we note that the number of tariff lines 
which exceed bound rates has increased. As such we would urge Trinidad and Tobago to consider 
measures to address this matter.  
4.118.   Mr. Chair, in this review, Thailand submitted a set of questions covering the policies and 
measures of our interests such as e -commerce, customs procedures, tobacco tax, and Cloud Policy. 
We would like to thank Tri nidad and Tobago for its timely responses to our questions, and we will 
study them in detail with great interest.  
4.119.   In conclusion, we wish Trinidad and Tobago every success in this Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  INDIA  
4.120.   During the period under review, GDP of Trinidad and Tobago has grown at an average rate 
of around 1% annually, however, the economy also witnessed a recession for around 3 years mainly 
due to contraction in the energy sector. The GRE per capita also registered a decline to around  
USD 16,000 in 2017 from USD 19,000 in 2012 and fiscal deficit and public debt increased mainly 
due to reliance on oil and gas secto. We commend the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for the 
measures it has adopted to address these challenges which include efforts to diversify ec onomy, 
enhance competitiveness and make efforts for social and economic development based on the 
national development strategy of Trinidad and Tobago 2016 -2030. The economy of Trinidad and 
Tobago remains reliant on merchandise trade which amounts for aroun d 72% of the GDP and the 
Government is making efforts to develop other sectors of the economy including e -commerce, ICT 
development and creating special economic zones.  
4.121.   India and Trinidad and Tobago share close, warm and historic ties of friendship. People  of 
Indian origin constitute over 40% of the population of Trinidad and Tobago and form an integral part 
of the economic, political and social fabric of the country. This represents an important facet of our 
bilateral relations with Trinidad and Tobago. Th ere are regular political and business exchanges 
between both countries. Both countries also have a broad -based institutional framework for 
cooperation including in the area of economic and trade ties with a joint commission mechanism to 
review the entire gamut of our relations. Trade between both countries registered a growth and 
stood at USD 269.87 million in 2018 -19. There is considerable potential for growth of trade in the 
areas of textiles, pharmaceuticals, energy, machinery, petrochemicals, agricultu re and information 
technology. A number of Indian companies are also present in Trinidad and Tobago in areas like 
banking, insurance, trade, hospitality industry and informatio n-communication technology.  
4.122.   For capacity building and human resources development, India is regularly offering slots to 
professionals of Trinidad and Tobago in various  institutions in India under Indian Technical and 
Economic Cooperation programme.  
4.123.   To conclude, we look forward to working closely with the authorities of Trin idad and Tobago 
for further expanding and harnessing the potential of our trade and investment ties for mutual 
benefit. We wish the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago a productive and successful TPR.  
JAPAN  
4.124.   Trinidad and Tobago has experienced consecutive eco nomic recessions during this review 
period, due mainly to the contractions in the energy sector, which is the country 's main pillar 
industry. To its credit, Trinidad and Tobago achieved a current account surplus in 2017, which 
accounted for 7.4% of its GDP . The figure is, however, lower than that of 2012 (i.e. 12.9% of GDP). 
Therefore, we expect Trinidad and Tobago to make further efforts to strengthen its export sector 
through enhancement of its competitiveness and diversification of its industry. In this regard, we 
highly appreciate that Trinidad and Tobago developed Vison 2030: the National Development 
Strategy of Trinidad and Tobago 2016 -2030.  
4.125.   Japan encourages Trinidad and Tobago to facilitate digitalization and electronic commerce to 
facilitate innovat ion as well as to improve the productivity of its industries. To this effect, we 
encourage Trinidad and Tobago to consider joining the ITA, as it will definitely contribute to the 
development of ICT infrastructure which constitutes an essential foundation for electronic commerce. 
We also hope that Trinidad and Tobago will participate in the Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic 
Commerce in the WTO, in order to unleash the full potential of global electronic commerce including 
in developing countries.  
4.126.   Additionally, we encourage Trinidad and Tobago to actively participate in the other Joint 
Statement Initiatives, as well as the negotiations on fisheries subsidies, in order to maintain and 
strengthen the negation function of the WTO.  
4.127.   We appreciate Trinidad  and Tobago 's commitment to the multilateral trading system. 
Specifically, we appreciate that Trinidad and Tobago ratified the TFA in July 2015, and conducted 
notification of its Category A commitments followed by its Category B and C commitments. In paral lel 
with this effort, we appreciate that Trinidad and Tobago launched its Single Electronic Window WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  System which will be fully implemented by 2021. We further appreciate that Trinidad and Tobago 
ratified the 2005 Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement in Sep tember 2013. We encourage 
Trinidad and Tobago to further engage in improving its IPR protection regime.  
4.128.   There are, however, areas that can be improved on. Trinidad and Tobago have submitted 
notifications to the WTO in various areas, including TBT notificat ions. At the same time, there are 
some areas where notifications are not up -to-date or outstanding. We, therefore, encourage Trinidad 
and Tobago to make further efforts in the area of notifications, as this will definitely contribute to 
fostering a predict able and transparent business environment. Through such efforts, Trinidad and 
Tobago will be able to attract investment inflows, which might compensate for a decrease in its 
current account surplus. Additionally, SOEs, which receive significant subsidies f rom the 
government, still maintain a significant economic presence in many industry sectors in Trinidad and 
Tobago. We expect that Trinidad and Tobago will improve its industry policy in order to achieve a 
level playing field. Furthermore, Trinidad and Tob ago is not a member of the GPA. We encourage 
Trinidad and Tobago to consider joining the GPA, as this would contribute to further decreasing its 
fiscal deficits through fostering an open and transparent government procurement environment. 
Finally, we are c oncerned that the applied MFN tariff rate exceeds the corresponding bound tariff 
rate on a certain number of tariff lines.  
4.129.   In conclusion, we are sure that Trinidad and Tobago will be well placed to continue pursuing 
open, transparent and non -discriminatory  markets by observing its commitments to the WTO. We 
wish Trinidad and Tobago a successful and productive TPR, and look forward to hearing of further 
progress regarding its trade and investment policies at its next TPR.  
TAJIKISTAN  
4.130.   On behalf of the Governme nt of Tajikistan, I would like to extend a warm welcome to the 
entire Delegation of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago led by H.E. Senator the Honourable Paula 
Gopee -Scoon, Minister of Trade and Industry.  
4.131.   I came all the way from Tajikistan for this purpos e and I am very pleased to participate in 
the fourth Trade Policy Review of Trinidad and Tobago that is being held today.  
4.132.   We appreciate the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the 
Secretariat in producing the reports circul ated well ahead of the meeting. The Reports of the Republic 
of Trinidad and Tobago and the Secretariat provide comprehensive details on the developments in 
Trinidad and Tobago’s economic and trade policy since its previous review.  
4.133.   Since last TPR of Trinida d and Tobago in March 2012, so much had been changed, and the 
Republic of Tajikistan commends Trinidad and Tobago for all that it has since achieved. Important 
steps have been taken by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to integrate its economy into the  
global trading system.  
4.134.   We welcome the efforts of Trinidad and Tobago, particularly the development of the main 
plan guiding Trinidad and Tobago's overall social and economic development - Vision 2030 - the 
National Development Strategy of Trinidad and Tob ago for 2016 -2030, Aid for Trade Strategy, new 
Trade Policy and Strategy for the period 2019 -2023, National e -Commerce Strategy and National 
Quality Policy for the period 2018 -2030.  
4.135.   My delegation acknowledges the measures taken for business reforms, especi ally improving 
the domestic business and enhancing investment climate which are the key objectives of the 
Government, as well as the diversification of the Agriculture sector that remains a high priority for 
the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and T obago.  
4.136.   As it’s noted in the reports, increase in economic growth for 2018 (estimated at 1.9%) shows 
that the economic outlook for Trinidad and Tobago remains positive, despite the influence of external 
factors on its economy.  
4.137.   Republic of Tajikistan highly appreciates the hard work and strong commitment of the 
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and wishes the Trinidad and Tobago a very successful and 
productive Trade Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  PANAM A 
4.138.   We would like to highlight the steps taken by Trinidad and Tobago to intensify and improve 
the competitiveness of its economy and the efforts that it is making, despite the economic 
contraction that it is experiencing, through its principal government strategies, such as the National 
Aid for Trade Str ategy covering the period 2016 –19, to surmount the obstacles faced by the country 
in taking advantage of global trade opportunities.  
4.139.   Nevertheless, there are certain areas in the period under review that have seen no changes: 
these include, for example, the  basic law governing foreign investment, customs valuation 
procedures, and anti -dumping and countervailing duties legislation.  
4.140.   We wish to point out that, during the period under review, the Partial -Scope Trade 
Agreement between the Republic of Panama and t he Republic of Trinidad and Tobago entered into 
force on 4  July 2016, strengthening our bilateral economic relationship and turning Trinidad and 
Tobago into a significant and strategic trading partner in the Caribbean, and one that, by destination 
and orig in, accounts for more than half of the region's exports and a quarter of its imports, 
respectively.  
4.141.   The main opportunities identified in this Agreement for the production sector include 
vegetables, certain dairy products such as cheese, fresh and frozen fi sh, tropical fruit juices and 
refrigerators and freezers for industrial and commercial use.  
4.142.   In the air transport services sector, there were significant developments during the period 
under review, such as the adoption in 2018 of an air traffic liberalizat ion policy. As a result, Panama 
strengthened its trade links with Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean thanks to the role played 
by COPA Airlines, the main Panamanian airline, which operates direct flights to Port of Spain.  
4.143.   Most of the tariff lines were f ree at the time when the Agreement entered into force, or will 
at least become free after a transition period of 10 years. The remaining lines were subject to tariff 
reductions of 50% at the time when the Agreement entered into force, or else will become d uty-free 
following a five -year transition period.  
4.144.   As for the trade relationship between Panama and Trinidad and Tobago, it should be noted 
that, over the last five years, Panama re -exported between USD 190  million and 196  million annually 
through the Free Zone of Colon and imported some USD 1  million from that country.  
4.145.   We should also reiterate the special importance that Panama attaches to its commercial 
relationship with CARICOM, a community with which Panama recently established formal diplomatic 
ties and  with which it is continuously seeking to strengthen its economic and political relationship.  
4.146.   By the same token, within the framework of the eighth Summit of Heads of State and 
Government of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Panama was elected Vic e-Chair of the 
Ministerial Council and a Panamanian was also elected Director of Trade and Development of the 
General Secretariat of that regional body. With these appointments, we reaffirm Panama's 
commitment to maintain its contribution to the implementa tion of policies that will energize its 
relationship with the Caribbean countries.  
4.147.   Allow me to emphasize Panama's desire to strengthen the ties of cooperation with Trinidad 
and Tobago, with a view to promoting trade and investment between the two countries . We wish 
Trinidad and Tobago every success in this review.  
HAITI 
4.148.   The Haitian delegation pays tribute to the dynamism of the authorities of Trinidad and 
Tobago in the services sector, in particular in tourism, which is a key element in the economy of the 
region, despite the challenges that the country has had to face as a result of natural disasters.  
4.149.   The Haitian delegation also welcomes the programme set up for the operation of free zones 
to create employment, attract investment and gain access to new forei gn markets with a view to 
stabilizing the country's economy.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  4.150.   The Haitian delegation commends the efforts of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to 
combat corruption, which constitutes a serious obstacle to the economic progress and advancement 
of the cou ntry. 
4.151.   It also applauds the efforts being made to harmonize the country's legal framework, 
including through strict compliance with the standards governing international trade, with a view to 
substantially raising the level of the country's social and econo mic development.  
4.152.   The Haitian delegation has observed that Trinidad and Tobago's exports are concentrated on 
very few products, thereby impeding diversification. Accordingly, it would encourage any measures 
taken by the Trinidad and Tobago authorities to di versify their production.  
4.153.   With regard to the Common External Tariff (CET), the average applied tariff rate has long 
exceeded the bound rates. The Haitian delegation welcomes the commitment made by the 
authorities to remedy this situation.  
4.154.   The Haitian deleg ation supports the statements made by the African, Caribbean and Pacific 
(ACP) group of States and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) group of States in the course of 
the present Trade Policy Review.  
4.155.   In conclusion, the Haitian delegation takes this opportun ity to wish the delegation of Trinidad 
and Tobago every success in this exercise.  
JAMAICA  ON BEHALF  OF THE ACP GROUP  
4.156.   We are delighted to take the floor on behalf of the ACP Group to congratulate Trinidad and 
Tobago on its fourth Trade Policy Review. We also wish to thank His Excellency Ambassador Michael 
Gaffey of Ireland, for his introductory remarks and assessment as a  discussant, as well as the WTO 
Secretariat for its report.  
4.157.   At the outset, we would like to highlight that we applaud a number of elements undertaken 
by Trinidad and Tobago during review period. The ACP Group is encouraged by Trinidad and Tobago 's 
continuo us endeavours  to remain open to international trade and its firm commitment to the 
rules-based multilateral trading system.  
4.158.   Trinidad and Tobago clearly sees trade as an engine for growth and prosperity, while seizing 
every opportunity at home, in the Cari bbean region and globally, for progress.  
4.159.   Trinidad and Tobago is indeed an important trading partner in the WTO and a key enabler 
for regional and multilateral cooperation. In this regard, the ACP Group welcomes Trinidad and 
Tobago 's leading work towards the Caribbean regional integration process as exemplified by its 
participation within the CARICOM Single Market and Economy.  
4.160.   Like many countries within the ACP Group, Trinidad and Tobago has undergone significant 
challenges over the  review period 2012 -2018. However, we note that the Government has swiftly 
adopted measures to overcome a three -year recession period, marked by slow economic activities 
in key sectors such as energy, manufacturing and services. Fuelled  by a renewed object ive to 
strengthen its economy through industry reorientation and diversification, Trinidad and Tobago has 
made strides in its efforts to mitigate external shocks, promote economic growth, and successfully 
reduce unemployment and inflation rates during the review period.  
4.161.   Indeed, government initiatives and reforms are continuously reshaping Trinidad and 
Tobago 's trade policy objectives to achieve "Prosperity for All " in keeping with the country 's 
Medium -term Policy Framework 2011 -2014 (MTPF), the Agenda 2030  on Sustainable Development 
and the National Development Strategy 2016 -2030 (NDS).  
4.162.   The ACP Group notes that among the other important initiatives and reforms being pursued 
by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago include, inter alia, the New Investment Fr amework for 
the Approval and Facilitation of Investments in the Non -Energy Sector, the 2017 National 
e-Commerce Strategy that aims to boost exports by increasing the use of e -Commerce by WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  businesses, and the ambitious 2011 Single Electronic Window (TTBizLin k) initiative to facilitate 
individual and businesses online operations by 2021.  
4.163.   Trinidad and Tobago 's resilience is paving the way forward for the government 's initiatives, 
and has contributed to the positive economic outlook as indicated by the IMF, whic h foresees a 
positive growth rate of 1.6% from 2019 to 2023.  
4.164.   Notwithstanding these milestones, we take this opportunity to draw Members ' attention to 
the unique supply -side capacity constraints that Trinidad and Tobago faces as a small and vulnerable 
economy and urge Members to support work within the WTO that promotes the further inclusion of 
small vulnerable developing countries.  
4.165.   The ACP Group reiterates its long -term support to our Member States and we wish Trinidad 
and Tobago a successful trade policy review.  
4.166.   Just a few words from a national perspective.  
4.167.   Jamaica joins in congratulating Trinidad and Tobago for its very positive report, as well as 
on the considerable progress made since its last review in 2012. This is even more so , as Jamaica 
and Trinid ad and Tobago have historically shared strong fraternal bonds of friendship and 
cooperation, including at the bilateral and regional levels, especially in the context of our regional 
integration movement - CARICOM and the CSME.  
4.168.   In the area of trade, Trini dad and Tobago continues to be an important bilateral partner for 
Jamaica with a range of initiatives being pursued to further strengthen commercial and other ties in 
the coming years. In 2018 alone, Jamaica 's total imports from that country rose to just o ver 
USD 351 million, with the main products being mineral fuels, food, beverages and tobacco. The 
balance of trade has for some time been in favour of Trinidad and Tobago.  
4.169.   In addition, there are substantial trade in services and investment flows between J amaica 
and Trinidad and Tobago. As an outgrowth of the business and investment relationship between 
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, a number of Jamaican firms have established operations in 
Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, Jamaica has received investments from private sector entities from 
that country in a range of sectors including manufacturing and distribution, and in services.  
4.170.   We further commend the ongoing measures which are being undertaken by the Government 
of Trinidad and Tobago in keeping with its strategic roadmap, Vision 2030, to implement fiscal 
consolidation measures, stimulate economic growth, encourage foreign direct investment and 
promote increased trade diversification in its energy and non -energy sectors. We are confident that 
these will au gur well for Trinidad and Tobago 's participation and competitiveness within the global 
trading system.  
4.171.   We wish to once more congratulate the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago and extend best 
wishes for a successful Review.  
BARBADOS  ON BEHALF  OF THE CARICOM  GROUP  
4.172.   The CARICOM Group believes that this is indeed a momentous occasion, not only because of 
our primary focus of examining the trade policies of Trinidad and Tobago, but also because the 
context under which this Review is being undertaken is one which continues to suggest that the 
multilateral trading system and multilateralism itself, are under severe threat. Unfortunately, the 
continued relevance of the WTO has not been spared from this rhetoric. The rise in protectionism, 
the WTO 's inability to appoint members to the Appellate Body and its inability to reach the requisite 
consensus which would allow us to move the trade agenda forward, threatens to paralyse the critical 
negotiating function of, and our ability to sustain a rules -based multilateral trading system. We 
therefore believe that if this context is prolonged, there is a distinct possibility that this Organization 
could become synonymous with paralysis.  
4.173.   The CARICOM Group is pleased to see that despite this context, Trinidad and Tobago has 
maintained its commitment to a fair and equitable rules -based multilateral trading system and that WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  in keeping with its WTO commitments and principles, has advanced its trade and economic 
development agenda since its last Trade Policy Review.  
4.174.   During the review period, Trinidad and Tobago has undergone 3 years of recession and 
experienced fluctuations in its economic growth. These were largely due to contractions in prices 
and output in the energy sector and by extension to a reduction in the Government 's export and tax 
revenues. The CARICOM Group is pleased to see that despite the sharp, drop in the price of crude 
oil in February 2019, the implementation of energy and non -energy capital -projects is set to propel 
Trinidad and Tobago 's economy on to a positive growth path of 1.6 % over the period 2019 -2023.  
4.175.   As CARICOM  examine s Trinidad and Tobago 's growth and development ambitions we take 
note that the small, vulnerable economy places great store on economic diversification in terms of 
production, v olume of exports and number of export markets as well as enhancing the 
competitiveness of its businesses and overall economy. Its small size and high vulnerability, narrow 
production base and high geographical concentration of its export market, necessitat es Trinidad and 
Tobago and countries like it, to plan for such uncertainties. In this regard, we commend the 
Government of Trinidad and Tobago on the development and implementation of their 
inter-dependent system of strategies aimed at achieving developed country status by 2030. We are 
particularly pleased to hear that since its last review , the country has strengthened its strategic 
orientation through the development and implementation of Vision 2030: the National Development 
Strategy of Trinidad and Toba go 2016 -30 and its Trade Policy and Strategy 2012 -18. We wish them 
well in the full implementation of Vision 2030 and in the development and roll out of their new Trade 
Policy and Strategy. We look forward to hearing about the positive impact that these wi ll have at 
the country 's next Trade Policy Review.  
4.176.   As CARICOM, we aim to achieve a high level of economic and political integration, 
harmonisation and interdependence through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy. We are 
therefore heartened by Trinidad and  Tobago 's commitment to regional integration. This is evidenced 
not only through the country 's active participation in the region and in our work in Geneva but even 
more so through the prominence of its strategic trade policy objective aimed at deepening r egional 
and hemispheric integration. As we seek to fulfil our shared objectives we look forward our continued 
work with Trinidad and Tobago in CARICOM.  
4.177.   In closing  this CARICOM statement,  Barbados wishes Trinidad and Tobago a successful 
conclusion to its fo urth Trade Policy Review.  
GUYANA  
4.178.   Trinidad and Tobago is the home of the Treaty of Chaguaramas. It is an important and 
strategic member of the Caribbean Community, and a valued economic partner in the Caribbean 
Single Market and Economy.  
4.179.   We applaud Trinidad  and Tobago which, like the rest of CARICOM, is a solid advocate for the 
multilateral trading system and the WTO. As we are all aware, this support for an inclusive fair 
rules-based multilateral trading system is very crucial at this time.  
4.180.   Guyana notes the period of recession which Trinidad and Tobago experienced shortly after 
its Review in 2012, and we commend the sister CARICOM member State and small vulnerable 
economy for responding with some bold initiatives to diversify and enhance the competitiveness of 
its economy.  
4.181.   These initiatives are articulated in various strategy documents, such as the country 's Vision 
2030 National Development Strategy, the National e -Commerce Strategy developed in 2017, the 
creation of a modern Special Economic  Zone's regime, and the development of a National Quality 
Policy for Trinidad and Tobago, among several other strategies.  
4.182.   Most importantly is the fact that these reform initiatives have yielded valuable results in 
terms of low inflation and unemployment.  
4.183.   Noteworthy also is the fact that Trinidad and Tobago, in the face of serious economic 
challenges, has remained open to international trade and has not resorted to protectionist measures, WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  quite the opposite. It has actively increased its promo tion of trade, linked to investment through 
organizations such as the National Export Facilitation Organization of Trinidad and Tobago and the 
National Investment Promotion Agency.  
4.184.   As small CARICOM States, we have our vulnerabilities. Prominent among these  are the 
impacts of climate change, which threaten our production systems, our trading capacity and the 
health of our most important asset: our people. Trade and environment policies and trade policy 
space that provides flexibilities to countries like Trin idad and Tobago are essential in promoting 
increased resilience and stability in our economies.  
4.185.   As is the case with other CARICOM countries, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago share close 
bilateral and cultural relations, and our economic futures are deeply a nd closely integrated and 
intertwined.  
4.186.   Guyana looks forward to continuing our collaboration with Trinidad and Tobago, here in 
Geneva and in the Caribbean, to work together for a stronger and fairer multilateral trading system 
that contributes to the develo pment of our countries and our region.  
4.187.   Guyana wishes Trinidad and Tobago a successful fourth Trade Policy Review.  
URUGUAY  
4.188.   Uruguay would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago on 
the occasion of its fourth Trade Policy Review . 
4.189.   We note that Trinidad and Tobago has experienced three years of economic contraction in 
the energy sector since its last Trade Policy Review. Thus, its GDP per capita declined 
around  USD 16,000 in 2017, compared to around USD 19,000 in 2012. At the same time, however, 
unemployment remained static and inflation declined.  
4.190.   We would like to highlight the efforts being made to diversify and improve the 
competitiveness of its economy, and the formulation of the National Aid for Trade Strategy, together 
with spe cific sectoral policies aimed at developing e -commerce, creating a modern special economic 
zones regime, encouraging ICT development and building a more robust national quality system. 
We would also note that 2018 saw the publication of the National Qualit y Policy and its 
implementation plan, designed to boost the ability of enterprises to take advantage of business 
opportunities.  
4.191.   At the multilateral level, we note that Trinidad and Tobago provides, at a minimum, MFN 
treatment to all its trading partners. D uring the period under review, it accepted the 2005 Protocol 
Amending the TRIPS Agreement and the 2014 Protocol concerning the Trade Facilitation Agreement. 
Trinidad and Tobago has not been involved in any dispute either as a claimant or as a respondent, 
although it has participated as a third party. While it should be pointed out that a number of 
notifications have been submitted to the WTO in various areas, the report of the Secretariat shows 
that there are some notifications which are not up to date or a re still pending.  
4.192.   Lastly, in the area of investment, it should be noted that the country's rules on foreign direct 
investment have not changed during the period under review, and no investor -State disputes have 
been brought against Trinidad and Tobago. The re have been no changes to the laws governing the 
sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regime, nor have any trade concerns specific to Trinidad and 
Tobago been raised during the period under review in the WTO SPS Committee, and no notifications 
have been submi tted to the WTO.  
4.193.   Uruguay would like to wish Trinidad and Tobago every success in its fourth Trade Policy 
Review.  
REPUBLIC  OF KOREA  
4.194.   Korea is encouraged  by the consistent and unwavering commitmen t of the Government of 
Trinidad and Tobago to integrate into th e multilateral trading system  and maintain an open trading WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  regime . We welcome the various initiatives  taken by the Government in this regar d while striving to 
enhance its productivity and competitiveness through innovation and diversifying the economy.  
4.195.   Regarding the overall economic performance of Trinidad and Tobago, despite its vulnerability 
to external shocks such as the fluctuation of energy prices , Trinidad and Tobago managed to steadily 
overcome the recessions over the past years,  along wi th maintaining low inflation and low 
unemployment . In this regard, we commend these efforts  undertaken by the Government of Trinidad 
and Tobago.  
4.196.   On the other hand,  as mentioned in the Secretariat report , despite the Government 's 
emphasis on  diversifying it s economy  from the oil and gas sector to non -energy sectors , the energy 
sector remains  the largest share of the economy, accounting for approximately 45% of the GDP . 
Also, the energy sector occupies the majority of foreign investment whereas the non -energy  sector 
is falling behind.  
4.197.   We look forward to  Trinidad and Tobago 's continued pursuit of structural reforms  that are 
accompanied by a series of policy measures  to stimulate potential areas of economic developmen t 
as well as to further diversify its economi c structure  into non -energy,  manufacturing sectors.  
4.198.   Korea and Trinidad and Tobago have developed a strong bilateral economic relationship  since 
the establishment of diplomatic relations  in 1985 . We are pleased  to note that the two countries 
have maintained  close economic ties  and that bilateral trade volume reached record USD 1 billion in 
2011. Korea 's share of Trinidad and Tobago 's exports has increased from 0.3% in 2012 to 2% in 
2017.  
4.199.   We would also like to note  that the Agreement between the Government of  the Republic of 
Korea and the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago for the Promotion and Protection 
of Investments , which came into effect in 2003 , has helped further deepen the already close 
economic ties  between the two countries.  
4.200.   Korea and Trinidad and Tobago are also strengthening bilateral cooperation at various 
international fora such as the United Nations.  
4.201.   Currently,  our two countries are engaging in the Double Taxation  Agreement  having 
completed its first round of negotiations in December 2016 . We look forward to holding the second 
round of negotiations soon.  
4.202.   Taking into account the complementary economic relations between th e two countries , Korea 
hopes  that its economic partnership with Trinidad and Tobago will continue to expand and develop 
in the future.  
4.203.   In this respect, Korea has submitted written questions  on some important policies and 
institutions of Trinidad and Tobago . We look forward to receiving a reply which we will carefully 
review.  
4.204.   In our modern global economy,  trade is a crucial instrument for economic development . 
Trade is the bridge connecting the world economy and it can be the bridge to development as well.  
4.205.   In this context , Korea hopes  that Trinidad and Tobago reinforces its commitments for global 
trade  and continues to contribute to the WTO multilateral trading system.  
4.206.   I would like to conclude by expressing my deep appreciation to the delegation of Trinidad  
and Tobago for its hard work and wishing the delegation every success in this TPR.  
ST. VINCENT  AND  THE GRENADINES  ON BEHALF  OF THE OECS  
4.207.   We note the difficult macroeconomic climate in which Trinidad and Tobago operates and we 
commend the Authorities for th eir stewardship of an economy that has had its fair share of fiscal 
challenges during the period under review. The economies of Trinidad and Tobago and those of the 
OECS Member States are linked through the CARICOM Community and the Revised Treaty of 
Chagu aramas which aims to create a Single Market and Economy. In this view, the economic well -WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  being of our Member States is inextricably tied to the economic fortunes of Trinidad and Tobago. In 
this vein, we welcome guidance on the improved macroeconomic prospe cts of Trinidad and Tobago 
which projects an average growth rate of 1.5% for Trinidad and Tobago by the International 
Monetary Fund (IMF) over the next five years.  
4.208.   The OECS wishes to underscore the point made by Trinidad and Tobago with regard to  its 
firm commitment to a fair and equitable rules -based multilateral trading system that is supportive 
of the development pursuits of Members and which it considers to be the foundation of its 
relationship with its trading partners. Like Trinidad and Toba go, the OECS also places a high priority 
on the centrality of the rules based multilateral trading system and welcomes continued efforts 
aimed at securing positive outcomes on Fisheries Subsidies, an area in which the OECS is dedicated 
to finding a favoura ble outcome. Similarly, on the question of reform and strengthening of the WTO 
and advancing the Work Programme on Small Economies, we fully align ourselves with the similar 
sentiments expressed.  
4.209.   We commend Trinidad and Tobago for its National E -Commerce Strategy. Of course, we are 
mindful of the economic benefits likely to accrue from the digital economy and e -commerce, 
especially for small developing states and MSMEs. There is a growing body of literature which speaks 
to the potential of e -commerce to re duce trade costs and further integrate small developing 
economies and MSMEs into the global economy. Indeed, while reflecting the positives, we also 
appreciate the need for a calibrated approach that takes account of the developmental imperatives 
and limit s of Small States.  
4.210.   The Trinidad and Tobago Report also highlights efforts geared toward economic 
diversification in sectors such as maritime, yachting, creative industries, agriculture, tourism and 
services. We are confident in the ability of Trinidad and Tobago to realise the economic and trade 
benefits of diversification. As small vulnerable economies, we also recognise the importance of 
economic diversification to mitigate against the ravages of exogenous shocks and we look forward 
to the identification and sharing of best practices with Trinidad and Tobago.   
4.211.   My delegation would like to once again applaud Trinidad and Tobago for its sterling effort 
and congratulate the delegation on a successful review, and to renew to Trinidad and Tobago, the 
support of  all the OECS Member States.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF TRINIDAD  AND TOBAGO  AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  
5.1.  Mr. Chairman, we thank you and also express sincere appreciation for the thorough and 
insightful presentation made by our discussant, Ambassador Gaf fey on Wednesday. The Trinidad 
and Tobago delegation is particularly grateful for the balanced approach in assessing Trinidad and 
Tobago 's progress since the last review in 2012 and , of course,  our current standing.  
5.2.  My delegation also wishes to thank all d elegations for their participation in the meeting on 
Wednesday, which reflects an acknowledgement of Trinidad and Tobago 's role in and contribution to 
a rules -based multilateral trading system. The Trinidad and Tobago delegation is grateful for the 
notes o f commendation on our country 's implementation of its National Development Strategy 
(Vision 2030), particularly as it relates to our economic and international trade agenda.  
5.3.  We have taken note of the concerns expressed in particular areas of our trade pol icy and 
practices and will consider the recommendations advanced by delegations.  
5.4.  I wish to however take this opportunity to respond to some of the specific issues raised by 
Members during the Opening Session on Wednesday.  
Tariff anomaly  
5.5.  We note that this i s perhaps the greatest area of concern raised by Members. As a matter of 
clarification, this problem was recognized at our last Trade Policy Review where 50 tariff lines were 
in excess of the bound rate. Due to the implementation of the 2012 Harmonized Sys tem, the number 
of tariff lines increased to 59.  
5.6.  This anomaly resulted from Trinidad and Tobago 's application of the CARICOM Common 
External Tariff (CET).  
5.7.  As stated in our written responses, this matter is being addressed at the level of CARICOM 
through a review of the CET regime which has substantially progressed. We are optimistic that this 
issue will be attended to in the near future.  
Notifications  
5.8.  Trinidad and Tobago has  been up to date in its notifications commitments in several areas, 
such as anti -dumping and some aspects of Technical Barriers to Trade. Only this week, we notified 
import and tariff data for the years 2011 -2017 to the Integrated Data Base.  
5.9.  As stated in o ur written responses, Trinidad and Tobago undertakes to submit all outstanding 
notifications in the shortest possible period.  
5.10.   Yesterday, our team met with Mr. Yonov F. Agha, Deputy Director General at the WTO, where 
my delegation made a formal request for technical assistance in this area. Once again, we are 
optimistic that this area could be improved in the not too distant future.  
Import surcharges  
5.11.   Trinidad and Tobago had given a commitment to the gradual reduction of the use of 
surcharges in keeping with multilateral trade rules. However, as indicated in my Opening Statement, 
the revenue of Trinidad and Tobago declined by over 38% during the review period largely because 
of the fall in global energy prices.  
5.12.   In respect of poultry, the Government took measures to reduce the vulnerability of the local 
poultry industry and to promote its continued sustainability, growth and viability. This is also in 
keeping with Government 's economic diversification policy as it relates to the non-energy sector, 
specifically with regard to improving national food security, rural development and employment.  
5.13.   It should be noted that the current rate of 15% on these items i s far below the pre -2007 level 
of 40%. In addition, the agriculture sector contributes a very small percentage to our GDP.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  5.14.   Trinidad and Tobago 's imposition of import surcharges was also done in accordance with our 
commitments as per Article II (1) (b) of t he GATT and in accordance with our WTO obligations and 
strategic national development priorities.  
5.15.   With regard to the surcharge on sugar, Trinidad and Tobago recognizes that this is a long 
outstanding issue and we  must address it soon.  
Government procuremen t 
5.16.   We note the interest of Members in the procurement regime of Trinidad and Tobago.  
5.17.   As noted in the Secretariat 's report, the public procurement regime is undergoing significant 
change. The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Property Act, 2015 (amen ded by the Public 
Procurement and Disposal of Public Property (Amendment) Act, 2016) will replace the Central 
Tenders Board Act (Chapter 72:19). The Act will govern procurement by all state agencies using 
public money under a single regulatory framework. T he Act was partially proclaimed by the President 
of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2015, to allow for the establishment of the Office of the 
Procurement Regulator (OPR), including the appointment of members of the OPR, the definition of 
its functio ns, staffing, and the drafting of regulations. The Act will also establish a Public Procurement 
Review Board as the body responsible for reviewing decisions made by the OPR.  
5.18.   The Office of Procurement Regulation (OPR) has now reached 95% of its required sta ffing. 
Further, the OPR has reported that its software application is being installed to facilitate the 
establishment of a comprehensive database on public procurement, including information of tenders 
received, the award and value of contracts. Additional ly, the Procurement Depository, required in 
accordance with the Act, is expected to be accessible within the next three months.  
5.19.   Barring unforeseen circumstances, further proclamation of important Sections of the Act is 
expected to be achieved by August 201 9.  
5.20.   We believe that this new regime will be far more transparent and open to all local and 
international bidding firms.  
Intellectual property rights  
5.21.   Trinidad and Tobago has made fairly significant progress in the area of protection of 
Intellectual Propert y Rights. Since the previous Review, Trinidad and Tobago has enacted a new 
Trademarks Act, 2015. The Regulations for this Act are intended to be promulgated by 
September  2019.  
5.22.   The Cabinet of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has also given approval fo r the 
accession of Trinidad and Tobago to the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances in 2018. To give 
full effect to the provisions of the Beijing Treaty, amendments to the Copyright Act, Chap ter 82:80 
are being drafted  now. 
5.23.   Steps undertaken by the loc al authorities regarding enforcement of Intellectual Property 
Rights during the review period include:  
• Replacing piracy with partnership initiatives such as communicating with stakeholders such as 
Netflix and Spotify to provide increased licensing opportun ities; 
• Enhanced Co -operation between the local Intellectual Property Office and the United States 
Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) IP Attaché;  
• Judicial colloquium (workshop) on IPR for the Judiciary was held in December 2016;  
• Anti-counterfeit Training f or Customs, Police and other Enforcement Agencies in Trinidad and 
Tobago was held on 15 January 2018;  
• Anti-counterfeit/Enforcement Training for Municipal Police was held during 2-3 July 2018;  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  • Regular Round table discussions with stakeholders including Trin idad and Tobago Bureau of 
Standards, Customs and Excise Division, Police, Crime Stoppers International and the IPO 
were held;  
• Enforcement activities by Regional Corporations and Municipal Police have increased; and  
• The Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (TATT) has made strides since the 
last TPR to ensure that cable broadcasters license channels or remove them. Specifically, in 
2015 and in 2018, the Authority took enforcement action against cable operators for 
transmitting channels tha t did not have the authorization to broadcast. The Authority also 
conducts routine audits of all cable and satellite operators to ensure that they are broadcasting 
content that they are authorized to broadcast.  
5.24.   In addition, during the review period, the Ca binet of Trinidad and Tobago also approved the 
accession of Trinidad and Tobago to the following WIPO treaties and conventions:  
• Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks;  
• Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadca sting 
Organizations; and  
• Patent Law Treaty (PLT) and Madrid Protocol.  
Taxation reform and spe cial economic zones  
5.25.   The Secretariat 's report has noted that the Government of Trinidad and Tobago approved a 
new Special Economic Zones Regime Policy in 2018. This  Policy provides recommendations for 
developing a new and modern SEZ Regime, with a view to: expanding the country 's revenue base; 
increasing and diversifying exports and investment; and increasing and enhancing private -sector 
participation in the economy.  A new SEZ Act is currently being drafted which would replace the Free 
Zones Act  and this is to be done by September 2019.  
5.26.   More importantly, this new regime is intended to improve compliance of SEZ entities with 
local, regional and international standards and laws.  
5.27.   Specific legislation (namely the Anti -Terrorism Amendment Act, No. 13 of 2018 and the 
Miscellaneous Provisions, Proceeds of Crime, Anti -Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Unit of 
Trinidad and Tobago Act, No. 20 of 2018) aimed at addressing Fina ncial Action Task Force and Global 
Forum requirements have recently been enacted. These pieces of legislation allow for Trinidad and 
Tobago to further its efforts regarding compliance with international standards in respect of 
corruption, money laundering,  and the exchange of information. This is part of the process of 
ensuring that Trinidad and Tobago becomes compliant with the International Standard on Exchange 
of Information on request, as required by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of 
Information for Tax Purposes.  
Gender quality  
5.28.   Members have also made reference to the important gender dimension of trade policy.  
5.29.   To promote the participation of women in the domestic economy, the Government of Trinidad 
and Tobago developed a National Policy o n Gender and Development – A Green Paper (2018). This 
policy provides a framework for including gender perspectives in all activities of the G overnment and 
civil society, thereby promoting the full and equal participation of men and women in the 
developmen t process.  
5.30.   The overall goal of this National Policy is to promote gender equality and equity, social justice 
and sustainable development in Trinidad and Tobago. With respect to the macro economy and trade, 
the policy objective identified is "To promote th e equitable sustainable socio -economic development 
of men and women, forging links between economic policy and gender planning so as to transform 
the goals of macro -economic policy to include dimensions of equality and social justice ". WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  5.31.   Yesterday , my delega tion took the opportunity being on the ground here in Geneva to meet 
with the International Trade Centre to learn more about its She Trade Initiative. We are very excited 
about this Project and intend to work with the ITC on implementing it in our country.   
Special characteristics of small and vulnerable economies  
5.32.   All countries are not the same. Some countries face significant inherent disadvantages. By 
example, Trinidad and Tobago along with its CARICOM neighbours are Small and Vulnerable 
Economies (SVEs).  Notwithstanding the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita level, it only takes 
one significant natural disaster to negatively affect the country 's trade and economic development. 
I thank Ambassador Gaffey for reminding all Members on Wednesday of the hi gh degree of 
vulnerability in climate terms, and by extension in economic terms, of economies such as ours on 
account of geographical location.  
5.33.   In addition, like other Small and Vulnerable Economies, Trinidad and Tobago has unique 
supply -side capacity cons traints. Small populations and small productive sectors face constraints to 
scaling up production and are vulnerable to global price shocks and other externalities.  
Recommendations by Members  
5.34.   My delegation notes the recommendations of several Members in re spect of Trinidad and 
Tobago participating in various Committees and Working Groups (as an Observer) such as the:  
• Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA);  
• Information Technology Agreement (ITA); and  
• Negotiations on e -Commerce . 
5.35.   We intend to give serious consideration to these recommendations.  
5.36.   Several countries also recommended that Trinidad and Tobago take advantage of the 
significant opportunities arising from the Digital Trade Agenda. The Government of Trinidad and 
Tobago believes  that e-commerce, if properly developed and harnessed, can be a key driver for 
economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago and as such, is committed to the implementation of our 
new e -Commerce Strategy.  
5.37.   Finally, Trinidad and Tobago is  truly humbled for the constructive engagement of Members 
during this week and we are grateful for the role of the Secretariat, the Chair, and our discussant in 
shepherding us through this process. We have tried our best to respond to the questions and 
comments which Members have raised during this exercise and commit our country 's responses for 
your consideration. I thank you.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.38.   Let me begin by reflecting that the first day of Trinidad and Tobago 's Trade Policy Review 
seemed to me to be very encou raging for the delegation but also encouraging for the wider room in 
emphasising the usefulness of the TPR exercise for us all, and for the WTO itself. The TPR provides 
an invaluable opportunity to scrutinise the party 's obligations and endeavours in the c ontext of wider 
economic and political challenges.  
Theme A 
5.39.   One of the dominant themes in Wednesday 's discussion was the level of commitment Trinidad 
and Tobago has demonstrated to the multilateral trading system, despite the trade and non -trade -
related cha llenges that it has faced and is facing.  
5.40.   Fellow Members, large and small, showed appreciation for their "unwavering commitment " to 
the multilateral trading system, and their "very active and positive contribution " to the WTO, and 
their leadership role with in the CARICOM Group.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  5.41.   As a "small but dynamic " country, and a vulnerable economy, fellow Caribbean members also 
praised highly their leadership role and commitment to regional integration processes.  
5.42.   That leadership and commitment by smaller Members has to be encouraged and fostered by 
the WTO.  
5.43.   I say this in the context of the comments made by the Ambassador of Guyana on behalf of 
CARICOM regarding the worrying rise of unilateralism and by extension the threat to the multilateral 
system and the very concept of multilateralism.  
5.44.   Trade integration bilaterally, regionally, plurilaterally and multilaterally can be a daunting 
exercise for smaller economies and, in order to succeed, needs the encouragement of, and 
participation by, larger economies, facilitated by t he WTO. We need to underline that unilateral 
approaches serve to encourage protectionist instincts which, we know from experience, can have 
longlasting negative effects, which are complex and difficult to revers.  
5.45.   In fact, I would argue to smaller open econ omies that engaging in regional and other free 
trade arrangements can, longer -term, serve as a bulwark against the negative effects of unilateral 
trade policies.  
5.46.   Of course, membership of multilateral agreements confers rights and benefits, but also brings  
obligations, and many Members have pointed out areas where Trinidad and Tobago "could do better ", 
so to speak, in areas such as tariff bindings, notifications, procurement, SPS , etc. 
5.47.   To my mind, this only serves to underline the critical monitoring role a nd the solution -oriented 
approach behind the WTO rules system, in that each item raised can be discussed, defended and 
resolved within the appropriate forum of the Organi zation.  
Theme  B 
5.48.   In another dominant theme, Members clearly supported Trinidad and Toba go in their efforts 
to drive more diversified and sustainable economic development. Delivery of the comprehensive 
strategy that is "Vision 2030 " was seen as  critical in this regard. Enhancing their foreign investment 
offering, attracting and growing new sectors like the creative sectors and digital economy, appear 
already to be paying dividends for Trinidad and Tobago.  
5.49.   To support that strategy, Members encour aged Trinidad and Tobago to engage with other 
parts of the WTO negotiating framework – in particular, the so -called "Joint Statement Initiatives " - 
covering E -Commerce, Domestic Regulation of Services and Investment Facilitation, as well as the 
existing Go vernment Procurement Agreement.  
5.50.   Members also encouraged Trinidad and Tobago to continue to comply with the appropriate 
WTO obligations as the strategy is rolled out.  
5.51.   An underlying aspect, in this regard is the status of Trinidad and Tobago as a developing 
country, in WTO terms, while at the same time being one of the most developed countries in the 
Caribbean region. One Member pointed out that Trinidad and Tobago hopes to graduate to developed 
country status by 2030.  
5.52.   I know this is a very hot  topic in the W TO at present, and I don 't want to express a particular 
point of view, but perhaps Trinidad and Tobago might be an interesting case study as to whether a 
fixed, or a case -by-case approach, is more appropriate to determining the ability of individual 
countr ies to take on WTO commitments.  
Theme  C 
5.53.   Finally, I would revert to my introductory remarks on Wednesday. Several Members praised 
Trinidad and Tobago for its commitment to regional economic development, to the multilateral 
trading system and, as a consequence, to sustainable economic development.  In this case , the 
concept of sustainability refers both to long -term economic sustainability and to environmental 
sustainability.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  5.54.   It is important, I think, to note that our work here, in trade, economic and development terms 
will benefit from being situat ed in the wider context of the obligations and commitments our 
countries have entered into. In September 2015 , we adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable 
Development and its comprehensive, integrated set of Sustainable Development Goals and targets. 
These place trade, economic growth, poverty eradication, decent work, a sustainable environment 
and peace and security in a transformative context which challenges us to work together, across 
national and multilateral systems in a more integrated way. Trade Poli cy Reviews provide us with an 
excellent opportunity in this regard.  
5.55.   International trade, exports, imports, investment, supply chains, are essential drivers of 
economic growth and wellbeing, but they are also critical for the progress of humanity and our 
planet. 
5.56.   I wish Trinidad and Tobago well in pursuit of its vision, which is centred on the achievement 
of the SDGs. And I wish the WTO success in its contribution also.  Once again , thank you for affording 
me this opportunity to comment.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.57.   Let me first thank the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago for the comprehensive overview 
presented on Wednesday and this morning of the main developments occurred during the review 
period.  
5.58.   This review has been useful for better understanding the trade policy measu res of Trinidad 
and Tobago and we hope that Trinidad and Tobago will duly take into account some of the challenges 
highlighted by Members.  
5.59.   In this regard, the EU considers that improving the business climate will be a key issue to 
contribute to the country 's objectives of diversification of its economy. We hope that in this respect 
Trinidad and Tobago will consider the EU 's concern regarding the fact that in certain circumstances 
detailed in Trinidad and Tobago 's replies to EU questions, the authorities hav e confirmed that foreign 
operators would not be consulted on draft legislations. The EU would like to use this opportunity to 
call for maximum cooperation with stakeholders in order to improve and facilitate the business 
climate, be it on standards setting  or other issues  and we are encouraged by the statement we heard 
this morning.  
5.60.   The EU has submitted two follow -up questions on the country 's use of special and differential 
treatment allowed by certain WTO agreements and on consultation of the private sector in the area 
of standards and , more particularly , of foreign operators on Trinidad and Tobago 's market.  
5.61.   We look forward to receiving the replies in due time.  
5.62.   In conclusion, we would like to thank the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago for su ch 
constructive participation in this exercise.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.63.   The United States would like to sincerely thank members of the delegation of Trinidad and 
Tobago for their diligent preparation for and constructive participation in their fourth Trade Policy 
Review. We also especially thank Ambassador Gaffey for his clear and informative insights – and, as 
always, the Secretariat for excellent work.  
5.64.   The United States would like to express appreciation for our valued trade relationship with 
Trinidad and Tobago. W e were pleased to see comprehensive plans to address challenges faced 
during this review period and  we look forward to observing their full implementation. We encourage 
continued reform efforts to diversify, improve the business and regulatory environment,  and 
promote competitiveness.  
5.65.   We thank the delegation of Trinidad and Tobago for answers provided to our previously 
submitted written questions and wish to highlight a few follow up questions. We appreciate plans by WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  Trinidad and Tobago to address the tarif f lines that exceed bound rates  in a short term , but query 
further clarification regarding timing beyond in the "short term ". 
5.66.   The United States looks forward to continued active cooperation with Trinidad and Tobago as 
a friendly and energetic partner in Ge neva and elsewhere. Please accept our best regards, and our 
wish for safe travels to those returning to capital.  
H.E.  SENATOR  PAULA  GOPEE -SCOON  (HEAD  OF DELEGATION)   
5.67.   Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have no further comments to make but I wish to thank all the 
delegations who participated, their kind comments, especially those this morning with the further 
remarks of the European Union and the United States. I thank you and, again, we commit to 
providing answers and also to addressing all the challenges that we ha ve identified, and you have 
identified as well.  
5.68.   We look forward to being a significant partner to this multilateral trading system , which we 
are all committed to. Thank you.  
  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The fourth Trade Policy Review of Trinidad and Tobago has indeed offered us a better 
understanding of trade and economic developments in the country over the past seven years. I 
would like to thank the Trinidad and Tobago delegation, led by H.E. Senator Pa ula Gopee -Scoon, 
Minister of Trade and Industry, for her constructive engagement throughout this Review. I would 
also like to thank the discussant, H.E. Ambassador Michael Gaffey of Ireland,  for his insightful 
remarks, and all the delegations that took the  floor for their valuable contributions. The more than 
200 questions submitted by 15 Members, and the interventions by 23 delegations underline the 
importance attached by WTO Members to Trinidad and Tobago 's trade and investment policies and 
practices.  
6.2.  Members noted that during the period under review the economy of Trinidad and Tobago was 
negatively impacted by fluctuations in oil and gas prices. The economy remains driven by natural 
gas and petrochemical exports, even if the industrial and financial se ctors are being developed to 
diversify the economy. To address its declining and volatile revenue from the energy sector, the 
Government launched various reform plans including "Vision 2030 ", the National Aid for Trade 
Strategy, the National E -Commerce Str ategy, as well as its sector policies for e -commerce, special 
economic zones, ICT development, the yachting industry and the national quality system.  
6.3.  Members were pleased that the recession seems now to belong to the past, and that economic 
growth has res umed. It was noted that GDP growth was expected to average 1.5% for the next five 
years. Members also commended Trinidad and Tobago for positive developments in economic 
indicators, such as declining inflation, and low unemployment.  
6.4.  On the multilateral fr ont, Members appreciated the active role played by Trinidad and Tobago 
in the WTO, including in the negotiating groups. They were pleased to see that Trinidad and Tobago 
accepted the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement in 2013 and ratified the Trade Faci litation 
Agreement in 2015. Some Members encouraged Trinidad and Tobago to join the ITA, so as to 
contribute to the development of its ICT infrastructure. Members were encouraged by the steps 
taken by Trinidad and Tobago to improve its government procureme nt regime through the new 
Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Property Act. Trinidad and Tobago was encouraged to 
consider taking part as an observer to the Agreement on Government Procurement.  
6.5.  Members commended Trinidad and Tobago for the ongoing mo dernization of its customs 
infrastructure. The introduction of a single electronic window in 2012 had already contributed 
significantly to trade and business facilitation, and Members were pleased to note that Trinidad and 
Tobago is making efforts to furth er improve this tool. Members also welcomed the introduction in 
2019 of a new online payment system for import tariffs, other taxes, and user fees. Members 
encouraged Trinidad and Tobago to facilitate access to visas and foreign exchange, with a view to 
establishing a more conducive environment for business and investment.  
6.6.  Some Members suggested areas for improvement in the SPS regime, including reducing 
approval process times for foreign meat -exporting establishments, and increasing predictability and 
clarity of the SPS requirements, particularly regarding the importation of animals. Concerns were 
also expressed over Trinidad and Tobago 's announcement of an import prohibition on plastics from 
2019. Some Members urged Trinidad and Tobago to notify the measur e to the Committee on 
Technical Barriers to Trade, so as to allow comments from Members.  
6.7.  Many Members viewed intellectual property rights as an important tool to foster creative 
industries, entrepreneurship and fuel economic growth; they expressed interest  in knowing more 
about enforcement actions, particularly those intended to address piracy of televised programming 
and infringement on the Internet through streaming devices.  
6.8.  There were other areas of particular concern to Members, including:  
a. Tariff breac hing: Members noted that the applied MFN rate exceeded the corresponding bound 
rate on 59 tariff lines in 2018, up from 50 in 2011. Members urged Trinidad and Tobago to 
bring its applied tariffs into conformity, and we have heard from the Minister today th at these 
are priority actions for Trinidad and Tobago.  WT/TPR/M/388 • Trinidad and Tobago  
 
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  b. Import surcharges: Members noted that while import surcharges imposed in 1990 were 
supposed to be temporary, Trinidad and Tobago continued to apply new import surcharges. 
Many Members were interested to know the reasons for applying and maintaining these 
surcharges, and asked Trinidad and Tobago to elaborate on its plans to abolish them. Similarly, 
we have heard some actions and resolution on this item . 
c. Outstanding notifications: Members noted that Tri nidad and Tobago 's notifications to the WTO 
are not up to date or outstanding in several areas, including domestic support and export 
subsidies in agriculture, quantitative restrictions, customs valuation, and state trading 
enterprises. Noting that transpa rency is essential to the functioning of the WTO, many 
Members encouraged Trinidad and Tobago to comply with notification requirements. We were 
pleased to hear today that Trinidad and Tobago had made a formal request for technical 
assistance and capacity on notifications.  
6.9.  The above are some of the key issues that had emerged in our discussion. I am certain that 
Trinidad and Tobago 's delegation will take into account, and further reflect on, the many constructive 
comments, both broad and detailed, that they have received during this Review. Trinidad and Tobago 
has provided answers to all the advance written questions submitted prior to the meeting, and this 
has been highly appreciated by Members. This TPR will be successfully concluded once Trinidad and 
Tobag o has replied to any follow up questions that emerged during the meeting in a month 's time.  
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