WT/REG440/1  
1 September  2023 
(23-5228) Page: 1/41 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION  AGREEMENT   
BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM  AND GEORGIA  
(GOODS AND SERVICES ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation 
Agreement between the United Kingdom  and Georgia , has been drawn up by the WTO 
Secretariat on its own responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The fac tual 
presentation reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement 
and in the comments provided and does not imply official endorsement or acceptance 
by the Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance 
with the rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism 
for Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value 
judgement by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions ar ising from this report may be addressed to Ms Rohini Acharya 
(tel: +41 22 739 5874) and Ms Alena Fiorentino  (tel: +41 22 739 6405). Any statistical 
questions arising from this report may be addressed to  Ms Rowena Cabos (tel: +41 22 
739 5185). WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  TABLE OF CON TENTS  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 
1.1   Merchandise trade  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 4 
1.2   Trade in services and investment  ................................ ................................ ..................  6 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ......................  8 
2.1   Background Information  ................................ ................................ ...............................  9 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ...........  10 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ .................. 10 
3.1.1   General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...10 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ......... 10 
3.1.3    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....12 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 12 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................. 13 
3.4   Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................ ........ 13 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 13 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ ......13 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ..................... 13 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ............................ 14 
3.4.2.1    Global safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ .14 
3.4.2.2    Bilateral safeguards  ................................ ................................ ............................... 14 
3.4.2.3    Special safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ 14 
3.4.2.4    Other safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..14 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ................................ .14 
3.4.4    Subsidi es and State -aid ................................ ................................ ............................ 14 
3.4.5    Customs -related procedures ................................ ................................ ...................... 14 
3.4.6    Sector -specific provisions  ................................ ................................ ......................... 15 
3.4.6.1    Anti-circumvention mechanism  ................................ ................................ ............... 15 
4   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  ................................ ................................ ....... 15 
4.1   Scope and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..15 
4.2   Denial of benefits  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......16 
4.3   General provisions on trade in services  ................................ ................................ ......... 16 
4.3.1    Market access  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 16 
4.3.2    National and MFN treatment  ................................ ................................ ...................... 16 
4.3.3    Commercial presence  ................................ ................................ ............................... 17 
4.3.4    Movement of natural persons  ................................ ................................ .................... 17 
4.4   Liberalization commitments  ................................ ................................ ......................... 18 
4.4.1    The United Kingdom  ................................ ................................ ................................ .18 
4.4.1.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ........... 18 
4.4.1.2    Sector specific commitments  ................................ ................................ .................. 18 
4.4.2    Georgia  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 22 
4.4.2.1    MFN and horizontal commitments  ................................ ................................ ........... 22 
4.4.2.2    Sector specif ic commitments  ................................ ................................ .................. 23 
4.5   Regulatory provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..25 
4.5.1    Domestic regulation  ................................ ................................ ................................ .25 WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  4.5.2    Recognition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 26 
4.5.3    Subsidies  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 26 
4.5.4    Safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 26 
4.5.5    Other  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 26 
4.5.5.1    Investment  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 26 
4.5.5.2    Monopolies and exclusive service suppliers  ................................ ............................... 26 
4.6   Sector specific provisions on trade in services  ................................ ................................ 26 
4.6.1    Computer services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...26 
4.6.2    Postal and courier services  ................................ ................................ ........................ 27 
4.6.3    Electronic communication networks and services  ................................ ......................... 27 
4.6.4    Financial Services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....27 
4.6.5    Transport services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...27 
5   GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEME NT ................................ .............................  28 
5.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 28 
5.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....28 
5.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 28 
5.3.1    General exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..28 
5.3.2    Security exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..28 
5.3.3    Taxation  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 29 
5.3.4    Safeguard measures related to balance of payment (BOP) difficulties  ............................. 29 
5.4   Accession and Withdrawal ................................ ................................ ............................ 29 
5.5   Institutional framework of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ......29 
5.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....29 
5.6.1    Consultations and mediation  ................................ ................................ ..................... 30 
5.6.2    Arbitration procedures  ................................ ................................ .............................. 30 
5.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ........... 30 
5.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 32 
5.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 33 
5.9.1    Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 34 
5.9.2   Sustainable development  ................................ ................................ .......................... 35 
5.10   Electronic commerce  ................................ ................................ ................................ .35 
5.11   Small and medium sized enterprises  ................................ ................................ ........... 36 
5.12   Others  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 36 
5.12.1    Trade -related energy  ................................ ................................ .............................. 36 
5.12.2    Economic and other sectoral cooperation  ................................ ................................ ..36 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  37 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  41 
  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  The United Kingdom  and Georgia  
 
Date of Signature:   21 October 2019 
 
Date of Entry into Force:  1 January 2021  
 
Date of Notification:   31 December 2020  
 
Full implementation:   2021  
 
 
The Factual Presentation describes the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement  
(hereinafter referred to as "the Agreement") between the United Kingdom and Georgia (hereinafter 
referred to as "the Agreement"), which was concluded by the Parties and entered into force on  
1 January 2021. The Agreement preserves most of the commitments b etween the Parties established 
under the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement between Georgia and the European 
Union (hereinafter referred to as the "EU Georgia Agreement") that entered into force on 
1 September 2014. The factual presentation t herefore also refers to the EU Georgia Agreement.  
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT1 
1.1.  In 20 21 the UK's GDP was valued at  USD 3.19  billion, while that of Georgia was 
USD 18.7 billion. Their share of global merchandise trade is considerably different, with the UK 
accounting for 2.10% and 3.07% of global exports and imports and ranked 14th and 8th in terms of 
global exports and imports respectively while Georgia accounted for 0.02% and 0.04% and ranked 
123 for exports and 102 for imports in 2021. Manufactures domina te both imports and exports of 
the Parties (68.4% of exports and 5 6.7% of imports  for the UK and 41.1%  and 62.8% of Georgia's 
exports and imports).  Agricultural products and fuels and mining products are also significant exports 
for Georgia, accounting in 2021 for 28.5% and 27.2% of its exports and imports respectively.  Based 
on 20 20 trade data, the UK was Georgia's 21st largest  source of imports and 24th largest export 
destination, while Georgia was the UK's 101st largest source of imports and 75th largest  export  
destination . 
1.2.  The UK's share of global trade in commercial services in 2021 was 6.92% and 4.31% of exports 
and imports respectively, with a ranking of 2nd and 6th in global exports and imports respectively. 
Georgia's share in commercial services tra de is also significantly lower at 0.04% and 0.03%, with a 
ranking of respectively 99 and 118 for exports and imports. Averaged over the period 201 9-2021, 
the Parties' trade (goods a nd services) to GDP ratio was 28.9%  for the UK and 52.2%  for Georgia .  
1.1  Merchandise trade  
1.3.  Developments in global and intra -Party trade are presented in Chart 1.1 over the period 
2017-21. Both Parties maintained global trade deficits during this period, while the UK  has 
maintained a surplus, albeit declining, with Ge orgia.   
 
1 Source for this section: WTO Trade Profiles 20 22 (2021 data) , UK authorities  and UNSD Comtrade 
database .  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Chart 1.1 United Kingdom  and Georgia: merchandise bilateral and global trade, 20 17-21 
 
Note:  Exchange rates from GBP to USD: 0.78 (2017), 0.75 (2018), 0.78 (2019), 0.78 (2020), and 0.73 
(2021).  
Source:  UK authorities  and UNSD Comtrade database , March 2023 . 
 
1.4.  The commodity structure of the Parties' global and bilateral trade, during the period 201 8-
2020, is shown in Chart 1.2, on the basis of Harmonized System (HS) Sections.  
1.5.  Among Georgia's key exports of minerals, prepared foods, vehicles and base metals which 
accounted in this period for 68% of its global exports, the UK mainly imported base metals (1 8% of 
total imports from Georgia), with the largest imports being precious stones and plastics, which 
together accounted for 45% of its imports from Georgia. In comparison machinery, vehicles and  
chemicals , which accounted for 51% of the UK's global export s, are all key imports by Georgia from 
the UK (accounting for 61% of Georgia's imports from the UK).  
0.000.020.040.060.080.100.12
024681012
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Imports from GBR (Right Axis)
 Exports to GBR (Right Axis)
 Total Imports
 Total ExportsGeorgia
(USD Billion)
0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14
0100200300400500600700
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Imports from GEO (Right Axis)
 Exports to GEO (Right Axis)
 Total Imports
 Total ExportsUnited Kingdom
(USD Billion)WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Chart 1.2 United Kingdom  and Georgia: Product Composition of merchandise trade, annual 
average (201 8-20) 
 
Note: Exchange rates from GBP to USD: 0.75 (2018), 0.78 (2019), and 0.78 (2020) . 
Source:  UK authorities  and UNSD Comtrade database , March 2023 . 
 
1.2  Trade in services and investment  
1.6.  Chart 1.3 below shows the Parties' global trade in commercial services  during 2017 -21, while 
Chart 1.4 shows a breakdown of these services for 2018 -20. Both Parties had  a positive balance in 
their global trade in services , although the surplus declined significantly for Georgia in 2020 before 
rising again in 2021 . The UK's g lobal exports are dominated by other business services, financial 
and travel services, while it mainly imports other business services, travel and transportation 
services. Georgia's exports and imports are both dominated by travel and transportation servic es.  
5
8
9
5
12
5211222
Fats and oilsVegetablesLive animals
ChemicalsMinerals
Prepared foodsWood articles
Raw hidesPlastics TextilesWood pulp
Base metalsVehiclesMachinery9
14
10
5
2215026
5
19
20
9121718 00
5
23
13
6
0022180 13
0
7
20
9
5
007 1613230
11
20
7
0172421Total: USD 19 Million Total: USD 668 Billion
Total: USD 9 BillionTotal: USD 448 Billion
Total: USD 4 BillionUK's Imports from Georgia (%)
Total: USD 94 MillionGeorgia's Imports from UK (%) Georgia's Global Imports (%) Georgia's Global Exports (%)UK's Global Imports (%) UK's Global Exports (%)
FootwearPrecious stonesStone, cement
Works of artMiscellaneousArms and 
ammunitions
OtherOpticalWT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Chart 1. 3 United Kingdom  and Georgia : Trade in commercial services with the world , 
2017-2021  
 
Note:  Exchange rate s from GBP to USD: 0.78 (2017), 0.75 (2018), 0.78 (2019), 0.78 (2020), 0.73 (2021).  
Source:  UK authorities and WTO Statistics Database.  
Chart 1. 4 United Kingdom and Georgia : Commercial services trade with the world  by 
category, 2017 -2020  
 
Note:  Exchange rate s from GBP to USD: 0.75 (2018), 0.78 (2019), 0.78 (2020).  
Source:  UK authorities and WTO Statistics Database.  
1.7.  Chart 1. 5 below shows  each Party's global foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks  and flows 
during 2017 -2021. Both Parties have been net recipients of global FDI for much of the period with 
a decline in inflows especially in 2020. The UK is a net investor in Georgia  with a sharp increase in 
the stock of UK FDI in Georgia since 2018 . 
050100150200250300350400450500
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Import Export Trade balanceUnited Kingdom
(USD Billion)
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
 Import  Export Trade balanceGeorgia
(USD Billion)
0 50 100 150 200Maintenance and RepairManufacturingConstructionInsurance and PensionPersonal, Cultural and…Intellectual PropertyTelecommunications,…FinancialTransportationTravelOther Business Services
Import ExportUnited Kingdom
(USD Billion)
 -  1  2  3ManufacturingMaintenance and…ConstructionPersonal, Cultural and…FinancialIntellectual propertyTelecommunications,…Insurance and PensionOther Business…TravelTransportation
Imports ExportsGeorgia
(USD Billion)WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Chart 1. 5 United Kingdom  and Georgia : bilateral and global FDI, 2017-2021 
 
 
Note:  Exchange rates from GBP to USD: 0.78 (2017), 0.75 (2018), 0.78 (2019), 0.78 (2020), and 0.73 
(2021).  No bilateral data available for Georgia.  
Source:  UK authorities and UNCTAD.  
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1.  UK-Georgia trade relations were previously governed by the EU -Georgia Agreement which 
ceased to apply to the UK as of 1 January 20 21.  
WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  2.2.  The Agreement is one of the UK's  38 and Georgia's 14 RTAs in force and notified to the WTO .2 
It was signed on 21 October 2019  and entered into force on 1 January 2021 . The Agreement was 
notified to the WTO on  7 January 2021  under Article XXIV:7(a) of  the GATT 1994 and its 
Understanding and Article V  of the GATS . 
2.1  Background Information  
2.3.  The text of the Agreement is available from the following websites:  
United Kingdom : 
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukgeorgia -strategic -partnership -and-cooperation -
agreement -cs-georgia -no12019 
 
Georgia:  
https://www.economy.ge/uploads/files/2017/foreign_trade/2023/cs_georgia_1_2019_uk_georgia_
strategic_pa rtnership_and_cooperation_agreement.pdf  
 
2.4.  The Agreement is composed of 8 Titles  and Annexes and  2 Protocols  which form  an integral 
part of the Agreement (Box 2.1  below ).  
Box 2.1 Structure of the  Agreement  
Chapters, and Annexes  Title/description  
Preamble  
Title I  General Principles  
Title I I  Strategic Political Dialogue and Reform, Cooperation in the Field of Foreign 
and Security Policy  
Title III  Freedom, Security and Justice  
Title IV  Trade and Trade -Related Matters  
Chapter 1  National Treatment and Market Access for Goods  
Chapter 2  Trade remedies  
Chapter 3  Technical Barriers to Trade, standardisation, metrology, accreditation and 
conformity assessment  
Chapter 4  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
Chapter 5  Customs and trade facilitation  
Chapter 6  Establishment, trade in services and electronic commerce  
Chapter 7  Current payments and movement of capital  
Chapter 8  Public procurement  
Chapter 9  Intellectual Property rights  
Chapter 10  Competition  
Chapter 11  Trade -related energy provisions  
Chapter 12  Transparency  
Chapter 13  Trade and sustainable development  
Chapter 14  Dispute Settlement  
Title V  Economic Cooperation  
Title VI  Other Cooperation Policies  
Title VII  Financial Assistance, And Anti -Fraud and Control Mechanisms  
 
2 WTO RTA database ( WTO | Regional trade agreements ). Accessions to RTAs are excluded.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Chapters, and Annexes  Title/description  
Preamble  
Title VIII  Institutional, General and Final Provisions  
  
Annexes  Title 
Annex es I-XVII Supplementary provisions referring to specific parts of the Agreement  
Protocol I  Concerning the definition of the concept of 'Originating products ' and methods 
of administrative cooperation  
Protocol II  On mutual administrative assistance on customs matters  
 
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  Under Title IV, which covers  trade and trade -related matters , Article 2 1 of Chapter 1  provides 
that the Parties will establish a free trade area from the entry into force of the Agreement, in 
accord ance with the provisions of the Agreement and of Article XXIV of the GATT  1994. Each Party 
shall accord national treatment to the goods of the other Party per Article III of the GATT  1994 
including the interpretative notes, which are incorporated into the Agreement by reference 
(Article  30).All customs duties are to be eliminated upon  entry into force of the Agreement, except 
as provided in Articles  25.2 on tariff rate quotas for products in Annex II -A of the Agreement and 
Article 25.3 (for goods subject to  an entry price system) and without prejudice to Article 2 5.4 on 
processed agricultural products from Georgia subject to an anti -circumvention provisions under 
Article 26 of the Agreement ( Section  3.4.6.1  below) .  
3.2.  Neither Party may adopt any new customs duty on a good originating in the other Party or 
increase any customs duty applied on the date of entry into force of the Agreement except as 
authorized by the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO (Article 2 7). Upon request by either Party, 
the Parti es will consult to consider broadening the scope of liberalization of customs du ties 
(Article  25.5) . A decision under Article  25.5 shall be made by the Strategic Partnership and 
Cooperation Forum in Trade  configuration as set out in Article  354.3  of the Ag reement.   
3.3.  Each Party shall ensure, in accordance  with Article VIII of GATT  1994 and its interpretative 
notes, that all fees and charges of whatever character other than customs duties or other measures 
referred to in Article 25 of the Agreement are limited  to the approximate cost of services rendered 
and do not represent an indirect protection to domestic goods or a taxation of imports or exports for 
fiscal purposes  (Article 29) .  
3.4.  Section 3 of Chapter 1 of Title IV concerns non -tariff measures.  Neither Part y shall adopt or 
maintain any prohibition or restriction on the import (or export  or sale for export ) of any good of the 
other Party  except as otherwise provided for in the Agreement or in accordance with Article XI of 
the GATT and its interpretative notes  which are incorporated into the Agreement by reference  
(Article  31). 
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.5.  All tariffs are to be eliminated by the Parties on entry into force of the Agreement except as 
provided for in Annex II:   
a. One product (garlic, fresh or chilled, at the eight -digit level) subject to an annual duty -free 
tariff-rate quota  of 30 metric tonnes  by the UK to Georgia  (Annex II -A); 
b. 28 tariff lines (at the eight -digit level) subject by the UK to entry prices  for which,  when 
importe d from  Georgia , the ad valorem  component of the import duty is exempted  (Annex 
II-B). The UK confirms that it does not apply the entry price system ; and WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  c. 233 agricultural and 4 4 processed agricultural products subject by the UK to the anti -
circumvention mec hanism3 (Annex II -C and Article  26). The UK indicates that these trigger 
volumes have not been reached . No changes have been made to the list of products to 
which the mechanism applies.  
3.6.  Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show tariff elimination by the UK and Georgia  under the Agreement. In 
2021 when the Agreement entered into force, around 47% of the UK's tariff ( 4,462  lines) were 
already duty -free on an MFN basis  corresponding to 52.9% of UK imports from Georgia in 201 8-20.4 
Under  the Agreement, a further 5,031  lines were liberalized, corresponding to 47.1% of imports 
from Georgia in 2018-20. As a resu lt, only one line remains dutiable following implementation of the 
Agreement . 
Table 3.1: UK 
Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average  trade  
Duty phase -out period  Tariff lines in UK's tariff schedule  UK's imports from Georgia  
(2018 -20)a 
Number  % Value (USD 
million)b % 
2021 (MFN)  4,462  47.0 10.1 52.9 
2021 5,031  53.0 9.0 47.1 
Remain dutiable  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 
TOTAL  9,494  100.0  19.0 100.0  
a Import coverage is for HS chapters 1 -97.  
b  The import values were reported in GBP and converted into USD using exchange rates of 
0.749531540259847(2018), 0.783445110011929 (2019) and 0.779999576697153 (2020).  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded from the computation. Based on the HS 2017 
nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the UK.  
 
3.7.  Table 3. 2 shows Georgia's duty elimination under the Agreement. In 20 21 when the Agreement 
entered into force, 80.5%  of its tariff (8, 092 lines) was already duty free on an MFN basis, 
corresponding to 61% of its imports from the UK during 201 9-20.5 Under  the Agreement G eorgia 
liberalized  all remaining  1,958 lines ( 19.5%) of the tariff for imports from the UK, corresponding to 
39% of its imports from the UK in 201 8-20.  
Table 3.2: Georgia : Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  Number of 
lines  % of total 
lines in 
Georgia 's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Georgia 's 
imports from the UK  
(201 8-2020 )a 
USD million  % of Georgia 's total 
imports from  
the UK  
(201 8-2020 ) 
2021 (MFN)  8,092  80.5 54.1 61.0 
2021 1,958 19.5 34.6 39.0 
TOTAL  10,050  100.0  88.7 100.0  
a Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Georgia authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
 
3 Agricultural products covered include beef, pork and sheep meat; poultry meat; dairy products; eggs 
in shell and albumins; mushrooms; cereals; malt and wheat gluten; starches; sugars; bran, sharps and other 
residues. Processed agricultural products covered are sweet corn; sugar processed; cereal processed and 
cigarettes.  
4 In 2021 the UK's MFN applied tariff consisted of 9,494 lines ( at eight-digit level ) of which 8,613 lines 
(90.72%) had ad valorem  rates of duty. Of the remainder, 647 lines were subject to specific duties, 230 
compound and 4 mixed.  
5 In 2021 Georgia's applied MFN tariff at the eleven -digit level consisted of 10,050 lines of which 
97.05% (9,754 lines) had ad valorem  rates of duty. 250 lines ha d specific rates and 46 lines had other rates.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  3.1.3   Tariff rate quotas  
3.8.  As noted above, Annex II -A provides that garlic, fresh or chilled (0703 20 00) is subject to an 
annual duty -free tariff rate quota of 30 metric tonnes.  The out of quota rate is the MFN rate  which 
was 8% in 2021 . 
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.9.  The rules of origin applicab le in the context of the Agr eement are set out in Protocol I to the 
Agreement (concerning the definition of the concept of "originating products" and methods of 
administrative cooperation). While definitions are provided for under Title I of the Protocol, the 
concept of "originating products" is defined in Title II  of Protocol I. Annexes I -IVb to Appendix I to 
the Regional Convention on pan -euro-Mediterranean preferential rules of origin are incorporated into 
and made part of Protocol I. According to Articl e 2 of the Protocol , a good is considered as originating 
in a Party when:  
a. it is wholly obtained in a Party ; or 
b. it is obtained in  a Party , incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained 
there, provided they have undergone sufficient working or processing in that Party within 
the meaning of Article 6 . 
3.10.   Articles 3 and 4 define cumulation, respectively for the UK and Georgia. Produ cts shall be 
considered originating in the UK  (or Georgia)  if they are obtained there, incorporating materials 
obtained in the EFTA States, Türkiye , the EU , Georgia (or the UK) or any of  the ‘Contracting Parties ’ 
of the Regional Convention on  pan-Euro Med iterranean preferential rules of origin (PEM Convention)  
provided that the working or processing carried out in the UK (or Georgia) goes beyond operations 
referred to in Article 7  (insufficient working or processing) .6 Working or processing carried out in  
Iceland, Norway or the EU shall be considered as having been carried out in the UK  when the 
products obtained undergo subsequent working or  processing in the UK  that goes beyond operations 
referred to  in Article 7 .7 Cumulation with the EU may be applied once arrangements on administrative 
cooperation have been made between the UK, Georgia and the EU , and is expressed as conditional 
on materials  and products having  acquired originating status by the application of rules of origin 
identical to those  in the Protocol .8 
3.11.   Product specific rules of origin in Incorporated Annex II to the Protocol list, per product or 
category of products, the conditions that need to be fulfilled for products to be considered 
"sufficiently worked or processed". Article 6.2 contains a tolerance provision, permitting  non-
originating materials,  the value of which does not exceed 10% of the ex -work prices of the products, 
to be used , subject to certain exceptions . For a number of products, the list in Annex II to the 
Protocol sets out  the maximum value of non -originating materials not to be exceeded  if the products 
are to qualify as originating  (Article 6.2) .  
3.12.   Duty drawback is not permitted ( Title IV (Drawback or exemp tion) with m odalities and 
conditions related to the prohibition o n drawback in Article 1 5. 
3.13.   Title V  of Protocol I contains detailed disciplines related to proof of origin . Title VI of Protocol 
I sets disciplines and registers commitments  by the Parties in relation to  administrative cooperation. 
 
6 Where working or processing in the UK (or Georgia) does not go beyond the operations referred to  in 
Article 7 the product obtained shall be considered as originating in the UK (or Georgia) only where the va lue 
added there is greater than the value of the materials used that are originat ing in any of the other countries. If 
not, the product obtained shall be considered as originating in the country which accounts for the highest value 
of the originating mater ials used in the manufacture in the UK (or Georgia). Products originating in the other 
countries which do not undergo any working or processing in the UK (or Georgia) retain their origin if exported 
into one of these countries.  
7 Where working or processin g in the UK does not go beyond the operations in Article 7 the product 
obtained shall be considered as originating in the UK only where the value added there is greater than the 
value added in any of the  other  countries.  
8 Products from Ceuta and Melilla a re not to be considered as originating in the EU (Title VII of the 
Protocol). Products meeting the conditions of the Protocol from the Principality of Andorra and under Chapters 
25-97 (Annex A) and from the Republic of San Marino (Annex B) shall be accepte d by the Parties as originating 
in the EU.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  It addresses verifications of proofs or origin, the settlement of dispute in relation to the verification 
procedure or other origin -related matters, penalties, and free zones situated in the Parties' 
territories.  
3.3  Expo rt duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.14.   Any duties or taxes  (other than internal charges applied in conformity with Article 29 of the 
Agreement) are prohibited (Article 28) while Article 3 1 prohibits the adoption or maintenance of  any 
prohibit ion or restriction on the export or sale for export of any good destined for the territory of 
another Party, except as provided in the Agreement or in accordance with Article XI of GATT 1994, 
which is, together with its interpretative notes, incorporated i nto and made part of the Agreement .  
3.4  Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.15.   Under Chapter 4 of Title IV t he Parties reaffirm their rights and obligations under the WTO 
Agreement on SPS  (Article  50). The SPS provisions of the Agreement build on the WTO provisions 
in areas such as recognition for trade purposes of animal health and pest status an d recognition of 
equivalence, including the possibility to withdraw or suspend equivalence in certain conditi ons and 
under certain circumstances (Article 5 5.6); transparency and exchange of information (Article  56); 
notification, consultation and facilitat ion of communication (Article 5 7); trade conditions (Article 58; 
certification procedure (Article 59); verifi cation (Article  60); and import checks and inspection fees 
(Article 6 1). Safeguard measures are governed by Article 6 2.  
3.16.   The Parties shall inform each other about the structure, organization and division of 
competences of their competent authorities during  the first meeting of the SPS Sub -Committee9 
established under Article 6 3. According to the Parties, the first meeting of the SPS Sub -Committee 
took place in September 2022 . The competent authority for the UK is the Department for 
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . The competent authority for Georgia is the Ministry of 
Environmental Protection and Agriculture . 
3.17.   The Sub -Committee adopt s its decisions, recommendations or other action by consensus and 
where necessary,  inform s the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade  configuration 
on a regular basis, through a report on its activities and decisions taken within its competence (see 
Section 5.5 below).  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.18.   Title IV, Chapter 3, Articles 4 3-48 concern technical barriers to trade ( TBT). It applies to the 
preparation, adoption and application of standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment 
procedures as defined in the WTO Agreement on TBT  (Article 43.1)   
3.19.   In Article 4 4 the Parties re affirm their rights and obligations under the TBT Agreement, which 
is incorporated into the Agreement.  Article 4 5 concerns technical cooperation on TBT matters 
between the Parties  while Article 46 requires Georgia to achieve the level of administrative and 
institutional effectiveness necessary to provide an effective and transparent system for the 
implementation of the Chapter and facilitate the participation of relevant national b odies in the 
European and international organizations for standardization, metrology, and conformity 
assessment.  
3.20.   Article 4 7 permits the Parties to add as a Protocol to the Agreement an Agreement on 
Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Product s (ACAA).  The Parties clarify that they 
have not yet initiated this Protocol. In Article 4 8.1 concerning marking and labelling the Parties 
reaffirm the principles of Chapter 2.2 of the WTO TBT Agreement, without prejudice to the provisions 
of Article 4 6 and 47 of the Agreement . 
 
9 Technical working groups may be established, under the SPS Sub -Committee.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.21.   Section 1 of Chapter 2 of Title IV concerns  the use of global safeguard measures.  
3.4.2.1   Global safeguards  
3.22.   In Article 3 6.1 the Parties confirm their rights and obligations under Article XIX of GATT 1994 , 
the WTO Agreem ent on Safeguards, and Article 5 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Preferential 
rules of origin granted under Chapter 1 of Title IV of the Agreement do not apply (Article 3 6.2). The 
dispute settlement provisions of the Agreement do not apply to global s afeguard measures  
(Article  36.3).  
3.23.   Article 3 7 of the Agreement sets out transparency obligations  in relation to the initiation of 
safeguard investigations and the imposition  of safeguard measures. Article 3 8.1 provides that the 
Parties shall endeavour to i mpose safeguard measures  in a way that affects bilateral trade the least.  
Article 38 .2 sets outs prior notification and consultation  obligations  in relation to definitive safeguard 
measures ; if no satisfactory solution is reached within 30 days of the notification the Party may 
adopt the appropriate measure to remedy the problem (Article 38.2).  
3.4.2.2   Bilateral safeguards  
3.24.   There ar e no specific rules on bilateral safeguards in the Agreement .  
3.4.2.3   Special sa feguards  
3.25.   There are no provisions on special safeguards in the Agreement. However, there is an anti -
circumvention mechanism that applies to agricultural products imported by the UK from Georgia 
(Section 3.4.6.1 below).  
3.4.2.4   Other s afeguard s  
3.26.   The Agreement is sil ent on the use by the Parties of balance of payment (BOP)  measures for 
trade in goods. Some disciplines on BOP safeguard measures are however mentioned in relation to 
current payments and movement of capital (see  Section 5.3  below).  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and count ervailing measures  
3.27.   Title IV, Chapter 2, Section 2, Articles 39-42 concern the application of anti -dumping and 
countervailing duty measures. The Parties confirm their rights and obligations under Article VI of the 
GATT 1994, the WTO Anti -Dumping Agreement and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and 
Countervailing ( SCM Agreement) . The dispute settlement provisions of the Agreement do not apply 
to anti-dumping and countervailing measures  (Article  39.3). In addition to providing that measures 
taken should  be in full compliance with the WTO Anti -Dumping and SCM Agreements, Article 40 
requires  full and meaningful disclosure of all essential  facts and consi derations forming the basis of 
the decision  to apply measures . Article 4 1 prohibits the application of such measures where it can 
clearly be concluded, on the basis of information made available during the investigation, that it is 
not in the public intere st to apply  them.  Article 42 creates a lesser duty rule.  
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid 
3.28.   General State-aid and subsidy  disciplines  are contained in Chapter 10 of Title IV 
(Articles  195-197 (competition)  (see Section 5. 9.2 below) .  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  
3.29.   Title IV, Chapter 5, Articles 6 4-72 concern customs and trade facilitation. In Article 6 5 the 
Parties agree that their respective trade and customs legislation shall be stable and comprehensive 
and that the provisions and procedures shall be pro portionate, transparent, predictable, non -
discriminatory, impartial and applied uniformly and effectively. Additional requirements are set out 
in Article 6 5.1(a)-(m). Article 6 5.2 sets out specific requirements to improve working methods as 
well as ensure  non-discrimination, transparency, efficiency, integrity and accountability of WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 15 - 
 
  operations, with particular obligations described in Articles  65.2 (a)(e). In Article 6 5.3 the Parties 
agree to eliminate  any requirements for the mandatory use of  customs broker s, and pre -shipment 
or destination inspections.  
3.30.   On transit, Article 6 5.4 provides that the transit rules and definitions of the WTO provisions , 
in particular Article V of the GATT 1994, and any related provisions including any clarifications or 
amendments  resulting from Doha Round negotiations on trade facilitation shall apply, including when 
the transit of goods begins or ends in the territory of a Party. The Parties agree to pursue the 
progressive interconnectivity of their respective customs transit sys tems, with a view to the future 
participation of Georgia in the common transit system. The y also agree to ensure cooperation and 
coordination between all relevant parties in their territories to facilitate traffic in transit and promote 
cooperation between  the authorities and the private sector on transit.  
3.31.   Under Article 6 7 the Parties shall prohibit administrative fees having an equivalent effect to 
import or export duties or charges , with additional conditions in  Article 6 7.2.  
3.32.   On Customs Valuation,  the A greement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 shall 
govern the customs valuation of goods traded between the Parties. Minimum customs values are 
not to be used.  The Parties also agree to cooperate with a view to reaching a common approach on 
customs valuation. The aim of Article  69 is also to  strengthen cooperation to ensure implementation 
of the objectives of the Chapter to further trade facilitation. In subpara graphs (a) -(j) the Parties list 
areas in which the Parties will cooperate on customs matters . Mutual administrative assistance is to 
be provided in accordance with Protocol II on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters 
(Article 70) while cooper ation to  provid e technical assistance and capacity building for the 
implementation of trade facilitation and customs reforms  is also envisaged (Article 71) . Article  72 
creates a Customs Sub -Committee which reports to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperati on Forum 
in Trade  configuration.  To date, the subcommittee has not met.  
3.4.6   Sector -specific provisions  
3.4.6.1   Anti-circumvention mechanism  
3.33.   Article 2 6 establishes an anti -circumvention mechanism for agricultural and processed 
agricultural products  (listed in Annex II -C) imported by the UK from Georgia.10 When the volume of 
imports of one or more categories of products reaches 70%  of the annual  volume indicated in the 
Annex , the UK shall notify Georgia about the volume of imports of the product(s) concerned. W ithin 
14 days of  the volume reach ing 80% of that volume, Georgia sh all provide the UK with a sound 
justification that it has the capacity to produce the product for export to the UK in excess of the 
volume indicated in the Annex . If those imports reach 100% of the v olume indicated in Annex II -C, 
and in the absence of a sound justification by Georgia, the UK may temporarily suspend preferential 
treatment for the products concerned  for a maximum of six months. The suspension may be lifted 
before the expiry of six months if Georgia provides evidence that the volume of the relevant category 
of products imported in excess of the volume in Annex II -C results from a change in the level of 
production and export capacity of Georgia.  According to the Parties the trigger volumes have not 
been reached.  
4  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  
4.1  Scope and definitions  
4.1.  Chapter 6, Articles 7 3-130 concern trade in services.   
4.2.  The objective, scope and coverage of Section 1  (general conditions)  of Chapter 6 o f the 
Agreement is described in Article  73 of the Agreement.  The Chapter specifically excludes coverage 
of public procurement , subsidies  and measures affecting natural persons seeking access to the 
employment market of a Party, and measures regarding citiz enship, residence or employment on a 
permanent basis. Article 7 3.6 provides that nothing in the Chapter shall prevent a Party from 
 
10 The products covered are: beef, pork and sheep meat; poultry meat; dairy products; eggs in shell; 
eggs and albumins; mushrooms; cereals; malt and wheat gluten; starches; sugars; and bran, sharps and other 
residues. The processed agricultural products cove r: sweet corn; processed sugar; processed cereal; and 
cigarettes.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  applying measures to regulate the entry of natural persons into or their temporary stay in its 
territory, provided that any s uch measures are not applied in a way that could nullify or impair the 
benefits accruing to any Party under the terms of a specific commitment made in the Chapter or 
Annex XI  to the Agreement.  
4.3.  In Section 2 of Chapter 6 on establishment , Article 74 sets out  the definitions ; the Section 
applies to all measures adopted or maintained by the Parties affecting establishment in all economic 
activities, except : (a) mining, manufacturing and processing of nuclear materials, (b) production of 
or trade in arms, muniti ons and war materi al, (c) audio -visual services, (d) national maritime 
cabotage and (d) domestic and international air transport services, whether scheduled or 
non-scheduled and services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights , with some excepti ons 
(Article 75) .11  
4.4.  In Section 3 of Chapter 6 on cross-border supply of services, Article 8 0 sets out the scope of 
the Section  which  applies to all measures adopted or maintained by the Parties affecting cross-
border supply in services  except (a) audio -visual services, ( b) national maritime cabotage and (c ) 
domestic and international air transport services, whether scheduled or non -scheduled and services 
directly related to t he exercise of traffic rights , with some exceptions .12 
4.5.  In Section 4  of Chapter 6  on temporary presence of natural persons  for business purposes, 
Article  85 sets out its scope and definitions ; the Section applies to measures of the Parties concerning 
the entry and temporary stay of key personnel, graduate trainees, business sellers, contractual 
service providers and independent professionals in accordance with Article 7 3.5 of the Agreement  
(Article 85.1) . 
4.6.  Sub-Section 1, Section 5 of Chapter 6 on domestic regulation , sets out the disciplines relating 
to licencing or qualification requirements and procedures that affect cross -border supply of services, 
establishment and temporary stay of categories of natural persons, as  defined in the Agreement.  
4.2  Denial of benefits  
4.7.  There is no denial of benefits clause as such, but the Agreement clarifies that juridical persons 
having only their registered office or central administration in a Party's territory shall not be nefits 
from preferences granted by the Agreement, unless their operations possess "a real and continuous 
link" with the economy of, at least, one of the Parties  (Article 7 4(d-e)).  
4.3  General provisions on trade in services  
4.3.1   Market access  
4.8.  Each Party shall accord services and service suppliers of the other Party treatment not less 
favourable than that provided for in the ir specific commitments in Annexes XI -B and XI -F to the 
Agreement  (Article 81.1) . In sectors where market access commitments are undertaken, the 
measures which a Party shall not maintain or adopt either on the basis of a regional sub -division or 
on the basis of its entire territory, unless otherwise specified in Annexes XI -B or XI -F to the 
Agreement are based on those in Article XVI of the GATS.   
4.3.2   National and MFN  treatment  
4.9.  For the sectors inscribed in Annexes XI -B and XI -F (and conditions contained therein), each 
Party shall grant to services and service suppliers of the other Party, treatment no less favourable 
than it grants to its own like services  and service suppliers in respect of all measures affecting cross -
border trade in services  (Article 82.1) . A Party may comply with Article 8 2.1 by providing formally 
identical or formally different treatment to that it accords its own services and services  suppliers  
(Article 82.2) which  shall be considered to be less favourable if it modifies the conditions of 
 
11 The reference is made to (i) aircraft repair and maintenance services during which an aircraft is 
withdrawn from service; (ii) the selling and marketing of air transport services; (iii) co mputer reservation 
system (CRS) services; (iv) ground -handling services; and (v) airport operation services (Article 75).  
12 The reference is made to (i ) aircraft repair and maintenance services during which an aircraft is 
withdrawn from service; (ii) the selling and marketing of air transport services; (iii) computer reservation 
system (CRS) services; (iv) ground -handling services; and (v) airport operat ion services (Article 80).  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 17 - 
 
  competition in favour of services or service suppliers of the Party compared to like services or service  
suppliers of the other Party.  
4.10.   Article  76.1 provides that subject to any reservations set out in Annex XI -E to the Agreement, 
Georgia grant s, upon entry into force of the Agreement, as regards the establishment and operation, 
once established, of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices, of juridical persons of the UK, 
treatment no less favourable than that accorded to its juridical persons or such persons of a third 
party, whichever is better .13  
4.11.   Article 7 6.2 creates corresponding obligations for the UK in respect of Georgian juridical 
persons for (a) establishment and (b) their operation , once established . In Article 7 6.3 the Parties 
agree that subject to reservations in Annexes XI -A and XI -E to the Agreement the y cannot adopt 
any new regulations or measures which introduce di scrimination as regards the establishment or 
operation of juridical persons on their territory.  
4.3.3   Commercial presence  
4.12.   Section 2 of Chapter 6 (Articles 75-79) contains national and MFN treatment as well as 
standard s of treatment for branches and representativ e offices  under disciplines applicable to 
establishment. While the term "establishment" encompasses the notion of commercial presence (as 
defined under the GATS), it also goes further as it cover s trade in goods -related establishment.  
4.3.4   Movement of natural persons  
4.13.   Section 4 of Chapter 6 concerns the temporary presence of natural persons for business 
purposes  subject to reservations in Annexes XI -A, XI-C, XI-E and XI -G. The period and qualification 
requirements  for key personnel and  graduate trainees  are between 90 days in a 12 month period  
for business visitors and 3 years for intra -corporate transferees  (graduate trainees get a one year 
period as intra -corporate transferees) (Article 8 6), business sellers – 90 days in a 12 month period 
(Article 87), contractual service suppliers (CSS) - 6 months in a 12 month period (Article  88), and 
independent professionals (IP) - 6 months in a 12 month period (Article 89).  
4.14.   For every sector in which there are establishment commitments , the Part ies shall not main tain 
or adopt limitations either on the basis of a regional subdivision or its entire territory (unless 
otherwise specified in Annex XI -C and XI -G to the Agreement) on the total number of natural persons 
that an entrepreneur may employ as key personnel and  graduate trainees in a specific sector in the 
form of numerical quotas, an economic needs test and as discriminatory conditions  (Article 86.2) .  
4.15.   Temporary entry of business sellers shall be permitted for all sectors committed under 
establishment or cross border supply of service provisions subject to any reservations contained in 
Annexes XI -A, XI-E, and Annexes XI -B and XI -F. 
4.16.   Reservations in Annexes XI -C and XI -G for key personnel, graduate trainees and business 
sellers indicate only economic activities li beralised pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter 6 of Title 
IV of the Agreement for which limitations apply and are specified in respect of key personnel and 
graduate trainees (Article 86 ) and business sellers (Article 87 ). The Parties  do not undertake an y 
commitment for key personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers in economic activities which 
are not liberalised ( which thus remain unbound) .14 Under the Agreement, f or the UK, reservations 
on key personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers ar e listed , inter alia , in business  services , 
maritime  transport services and other services not included elsewhere  (Annex XI -C). For Georgia, 
reservations apply for the supply of, inter alia , professional, communication, distribution, 
educational, financial, health related and social services, tourism and travel related services, 
recreational, cultural and sporting services, transport and other services not included elsewhere 
(Annex XI -G). 
4.17.   In Article 88.1 the Parties reaffirm their obligations arising from commitments under the GATS 
regarding the entry and temporary stay of CSS, subject to Article 88.2 (qualifications and 
 
13 As regards the operation, once established, of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices, the  
obligation does not extend to the investment protection provisions not covered by Chapter  6, including 
provisions relating t o investor -to-state dispute settlement procedures, as found in other agreements.  
14 See paragraphs 1 of Annex XI -C and XI -G. WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  employment). They allow the supply of services by IP s of the other Party, subject to the conditions 
in Article 89.2. The Parties' commitments on CSS and IP are limited by the ir reservations in Annexes 
XI-D (UK) and XI -H (Georgia).  For the UK , the listed services sectors for CSS are broader th an for 
IPs and include, in addition to certain professional, computer and other business services, site 
investigation work and environmental services. A ll listed sectors have "none" in the reservation 
column , except for computer and related services  (CPC 84)  which have an economic needs test for 
CSS and IP s. For Georgia, for CSS the listed reservations are mostly " none" and cover almost all 
sectors in the WTO Services Sectoral Classification list (MTN.GNS/W/120, hereinafter referred as 
"W/120"),  but much of IP access is conditioned on a residency requirement or  economic ne eds test  
and cover s, inter alia , professional, computer and other business services .  
4.4  Liberalization commitments  
4.18.   The schedules of specific commitments for each Party  are in Annex  XI.15  
4.19.   In relation to establishment, the Parties' commitments follow a negati ve list approach. Per 
Article 76 of the Agreement, the Parties grant  national and MFN treatment for the establishment and 
operation , once established,  of the  subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of juridical 
persons of each other  subject to re servations listed in Annexes XI -A (UK) and X I-E (Georgia ). For 
the cross-border supply of covered services sectors  (modes of supply 1 and 2) , the Parties' 
commitments  follow a positive list approach . They grant market access and national treatment for  
services and services suppliers  of each other  subject to commitments  as scheduled in Annexes XI -B 
(UK) and X I-F (Georgia ).  
4.20.   The sections below compare the Parties' liberalization commitments under the Agreement and 
their respective GATS commitments. After recalling GATS MFN exemptions and identifying horizontal 
limitations in the GATS and in the Agreement, Tables 4.1 and 4.2  summarize specific commitments 
under the Agreement, by main sectors and sub -sectors and compare them with GATS commitments.  
4.4.1   The United Kingdom  
4.4.1.1   MFN and horizontal  commitments  
4.21.   As yet, there is no certified UK Schedule of Specific Commitments; the proposed draft 
schedule of the UK GATS commitments has been circulated in document S/C/W/380 and Corr.1.  The 
draft schedule contains full c ommitments for most sectors across modes 1, 2 and 3. Under the GATS 
the UK has schedule d horizontal market access exemptions for public utilities,  and notes no 
restrictions on commercial presence for legal entities, investments, real estate purchases, although 
there are limitations on national treatment (for example subsidies). Mode 4 horizontal restrictions 
(noted above) concern intra -corporate tran sferees, business visitors, contractual service suppliers 
(including an exclusive list of contract activities). As noted above, under the Agreement the UK has 
listed reservations on the presence of natural persons in Annexes XI -C and XI -D.  
4.22.   In Annex XI -A on establishment the UK has set out horizontal restrictions. These concern the 
right to adopt or maintain any measure which accords differential treatment to a third party pursuant 
to an existing or future agreement which creates an internal market in servi ces and investment, 
grants the right of establishment or requires approximation of legislation in one or more economic 
sectors.  Similar to  the GATS,  the UK also has horizontal exemption s on public utilities and treatment 
of branches or agencies established  in the  UK by Georgian companies.  
4.4.1.2   Sector specific commitments  
4.23.   Table 4.1 below sets out the UK's commitments under  the Agreement, compared to those  
under the GATS. As a result  of the Agreement, service providers from Georgia enjoy similar market 
opportunit ies compared to those in the EU -Georgia  Agreement , except for new reservations listed 
by the UK in communication and transport services . The agreement does not contain a market access 
 
15 The Annexes set out reservations on establishment (XI -A and XI -E); commitments on cross -border 
supply of services (XI -B and XI -F); reservations on key personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers (XI -C 
and XI -G); and reservations on contractual services suppliers and independent professionals (XI -D and XI -H). WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  obligation for establishment, and hence Table 4.1 compares the coverage of national treatment 
commitments under the Agreement to those under GATS for mode 3.  
Table 4.1 United Kingdom: comparison between the GATS and Agreement spe cific 
commitments in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  FTA 
sectoral commitments, except as in Annex XI (horizontal 
reservations)  
Establishment  
(Annex XI -A) 
Negative list  Cross -border supply in 
services (Annex XI -B) 
Positive list  
Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(from 
reservations)  Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(based on 
sectoral 
coverage and 
limitations)  
1. Business services       
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services       
A. Postal  services  --- New Full New Partial  
B. Courier  services  --- New Full New Partial  
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  Excluded  Same  Excluded  
E. Other  --- New Full --- --- 
3. Construction and related engineering 
services       
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Partial  Same  Full Improved  Full 
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Partial  Same  Full Improved  Full 
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Partial  Same  Full Improved  Full 
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  Partial  Same  Full Improved  Full 
E. Other  Partial  Same  Full Improved  Full 
4. Distribution services       
A. Commission  agents'  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Wholesale  trade  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
C. Retailing  services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Similar  Partial  
D. Franchising  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
E. Other  --- New  Partial  Similar  --- 
5. Education services       
A. Primary education services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Higher education services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Adult education  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other education services  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
6. Environmental services       
A. Sewage services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services       
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Same  Full Similar  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
C. Other  --- Improved  Partial  Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services       
A. Hospital services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Narrower  Partial  
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- New Partial  
C. Social Services  Partial  Narrower  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  --- Same --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services       
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Improved  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Other   --- New Full Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting 
services       
A. Entertainment  services  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Improved  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  --- New Full Same  Same  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  FTA 
sectoral commitments, except as in Annex XI (horizontal 
reservations)  
Establishment  
(Annex XI -A) 
Negative list  Cross -border supply in 
services (Annex XI -B) 
Positive list  
Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(from 
reservations)  Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(based on 
sectoral 
coverage and 
limitations)  
11. Transport services       
A. Maritime Transport Services  --- New Partial  New Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- New Partial  New Partial  
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Space  Transport  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Full Improved  Partial  
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport  ---  Same   --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Improved  Partial  Improved  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Full Improved  Partial  
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- New Full New Partial  
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as Mode 4 commitments/limitations excluded.  
Full:  Specific commitments not subject to market access or national treatment limitation(s) under any of 
the three modes.  
Partial:  Specific commitments subject to some market acc ess or national treatment limitation(s), under any 
of the three modes.  
---:  No specific commitment.  
New:  New commitments (full or partial, with or without limitations) which can, in most cases, be seen as 
"improved".  
Improved:  Overall improved commitments under the Agreement compared to those under the GATS.  
Similar:  Similar commitments with limited improvements and/or limited additional reservations.  
Excluded:  Sector or sub -sector excluded from coverage, or full reservation under the Agreemen t. 
Narrower:  Some additional limitations (as compared to GATS commitments).  
Source:  The United Kingdom GATS specific commitments ( S/C/W/380) and its  liberalization commitments 
under Annex XI -A and XI -B to the Agreement . 
 
4.4.1.2.1   Business services16 
4.24.   The UK generally improves its GATS commitments in business services sector. Under its GATS 
commitments for professional services , the UK has no limitations on  market access and national 
treatment for legal services, although this is limited to home country  and public  international law . 
Under the Agreement, the UK lists national and MFN treatment reservations for establishment for 
the supply of  legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services, as well as a 
requirement for a full admission t o the Bar to practice domestic law . As under the GATS,  auditing 
services  are unbound for mode 1 , while  the scope of t axation advisory services (CPC 863) is limited 
by the definition: excluding representation in Court/tribunals. Under the Agreement , the UK 
improve s its GATS commitments for veterinary services in respect of mode 1.  
4.25.   For computer and related services , the UK's commitments  under the Agreement, as under the 
GATS, cover the whole sector with no limitations on market access or national tre atment  for the 
cross-border supply of services and no national treatment reservations for establishment . 
4.26.   For research and development services , which are limited to R&D services in social sciences 
and humanities (CPC 852)  under the GATS,  some reservations for establishment apply for publicly 
funded R&D  services  under the Agreement . Real estate  services are  fully committed under the GATS 
and the Agreement , across modes 1 -3. For rental/leasing  services without operators , the UK 
generally maintains its GATS  commitments under the Agreement with similar reservations applied 
for modes 2 -3 for the supply of  services relating to aircraft . In other business services , similar to 
the GATS,  the UK undertakes partial commitments under the Agreement, with  no national and MFN 
treatment obligations  for services of domestic help personnel, other commercial or industrial 
workers, nursing and other personnel ; and investigation services , while new partial commitments 
are made for establishment for consultancy serv ices related to pipeline transportation .  
 
16 Specific provisions for computer services are described in section 4 .6.1 below.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  4.4.1.2.2   Communication services17 
4.27.   Under the GATS the UK has not undertaken commitments on postal , courier or other 
communication services. Under the Agreement , the UK partially liberalizes  postal and courier  
services , and broade ns its GATS commitments in  telecommunication services  by undertaking new 
partial commitments in modes 1 and 2 for the supply of satellite broadcast transmission services . 
As under the GATS, broadcasting is excluded from the scope of the UK's commitmen ts in 
telecommunications services . In comparison to the EU -Georgia Agreement, a reservation in 
telecommunication services is introduced for establishment under Annex XI -A, which is however 
similar to the UK's GATS commitments.  
4.4.1.2.3   Construction and related serv ices 
4.28.   The UK improves its GATS commitments in construction and related services under the 
Agreement, by liberalizing the ir supply through modes 1 and 2, with no reservations for 
establishment.  
4.4.1.2.4   Distribution services  
4.29.   In distribution services, u nder the GATS,  the UK excludes from the scope of its commitments 
trade in arms, chemical products, explosives and precious metals , while under the Agreement 
distribution of arms, munitions and explosives are broadly reserved for the supply of services via 
modes 1 and 2,  and for establishment; other war materials are also reserved, but only for modes 1 
and 2 . Under the Agreement18, commission agents' and whole sale trade19 services are largely 
liberalized with modes 1 and 2 remaining unbound for distribution of chemical products and of 
precious metals and stones; retailing services, as under the GATS, remain unbound for mode 1, 
except for mail order. For establishment, nati onality condition and residency requirement apply to 
operate a pharmacy and as a tobacconist.  
4.4.1.2.5   Education services  
4.30.   As under the  GATS, there are no market access or national treatment limitations for the supply 
through modes 1 and 2 of privately -funded primary, secondary, higher and adult educational 
services under the Agreement , while broad reservation applies for the establishmen t in publicly 
funded educational services . Unlike under the GATS, with respect to privately funded education 
services, for establishment nationality conditions may apply for majority members of the Board. As 
under the  GATS, the UK does not schedule  commitm ents in other education services sub -sector.  
4.4.1.2.6   Environmental services  
4.31.   Under the Agreement, the UK improves its GATS commitments in environmental services by 
liberalizing the supply of related consultancy services through mode 1 and undertaking new 
commitmen ts in noise and vibration abatement (CPC 9405). For establishment, unlike under the 
GATS, the UK has a broad national and MFN treatment reservation in respect of the provision of 
services relating to the collection, purification and distribution of water t o household, industrial, 
commercial or other users, including the provision of drinking water, and water management.   
4.4.1.2.7   Financial services20 
4.32.   Under the GATS, the UK takes commitments in financial services in accordance with the 
provisions of the "Understandin g on Commitments in Financial Services" ("the Understanding"). 
Market access commitments in modes 1 and 2 apply only to the transactions  indicated in paragraphs 
B.3 and B.4 of the market access section of the Understanding, respectively; also, a specific l egal 
 
17 Specific provisions for postal and courier services, and electronic communication networks and 
services are described in sections 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 below.  
18 Under the Agreement, the UK's commitments in modes 1 and 2 follow a different classific ation 
approach to W/120 or in its GATS commitments.  
19 Certain wholesale services related to energy distribution are scheduled by the UK in section 14, Annex 
XI-A to the Agreement.  
20 Specific provisions for financial services are described in section 4.6.4 below.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  form might be required. In banking and other financial services, mode s 2 and 3 are subject to a 
number of reservations, in particular regarding forms of establishment.  
4.33.   Under the Agreement , certain limitations apply for the supply of direct insurance, direct 
insurance intermediation and intermediation services through modes 1 and 2 . In banking and other 
financial services , some reservations apply for mode 1 , while for establishment registration 
requirements and branching restrictions  still apply .  
4.4.1.2.8   Health related and social services  
4.34.   Under the GATS, the UK has partial liberalization commitments in hospital and social (only 
convalescent and rest houses, old people's homes) services . While maintaining its broad reservation 
for mode 1 , the UK makes  new commitments in residential health facilities services other than 
hospital services  (CPC 93193) and in social services (CPC 933), which apply, however, only to 
privately -funded health related and social services under the Agreement . Regarding establishment, 
national and MFN treatment reservation s apply to publicly funded health and social services, as well 
as privately funded other human health services; social services other than services related to 
convalescent and rest houses, old people's h omes; ambulance services or residential health services 
other than hospital services.   
4.4.1.2.9   Tourism and related services  
4.35.   Under the Agreement, the UK broadens the scope of its GATS commitments in hotel, 
restaurants and catering, with no reservations for the whol e sector on establishment. For cross -
border supply of services, the same conditions as under the GATS apply to market access and 
national treatment.  
4.4.1.2.10   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.36.   The UK generally maintains its GATS commitments in recreationa l, cultural and sporting 
services sector with no commitments made in libraries, archives, museum and other cultural services 
and sporting and betting. As under the GATS, the supply of entertainment services through mode 1 
remains unbound. Since no reservat ions for establishment are made for other recreational, cultural 
and sporting services under the Agreement, it might be seen as an improvement of the UK's 
commitments in this sector in comparison to the GATS.  
4.4.1.2.11   Transport Services21 
4.37.   Compared to the GATS, the  UK undertakes new partial commitments in maritime  and internal 
waterways  transport  services and broadens the scope of its commitments in air , rail and road 
transport , and in cargo -handling and other services auxiliary to all modes of transport. As under the 
GATS no commitments  are made in space  transport services.  
4.4.1.2.12   Other services not included elsewhere  
4.38.   Compared to the GATS, the UK makes  new partial commitments for cro ss-border supply in a 
number of other services not included elsewhere, with no reservations for establishment  for the 
whole sector.   
4.4.2   Georgia  
4.4.2.1   MFN and horizontal commitments  
4.39.   In its GATS schedule, Georgia scheduled commitments in a large number of sectors, making 
full commit ments in  some of them, though mode 4 , other than in horizontal commitments , remains 
largely "unbound" . Under the GATS Georgia has scheduled horizontal market access exemptions in 
relation to privatization and mode 4 for persons responsible for establishment of a commercial 
presence, salespersons and intra corporate transferees.  Under national treatment Georgia has 
horizontal reservations on subsidies (modes 1,  2 and 3 ), and real estate (mode 3).  Its other 
 
21 Specific provisions for transport services are described further in this factual presentation.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  horizontal reservation under the GATS refers to movement of natural persons (mode 4) and is 
addressed in the Agreement through Section 4 of Chapter 6 and through Annexes XI -G and XI -H. 
4.40.   Georgia 's MFN exemptions under the Agreement are set out under horizont al limitations in 
Annex XI -E on establishment in connection with subsidies, privatization  and real estate . As the UK, 
Georgia reserves the right to adopt or maintain any measure which accords differential treatment to 
a third party pursuant to an existing or future agreement which creates an internal market in services 
and investment, grants the right of establishment or requires approximation of legislation in one or 
more economic sectors.  
4.4.2.2   Sector specific  commitments  
4.41.   The following section identifies some of the main differences, by sector, between Georgia's 
GATS schedule and its sector -specific commitments under the Agreement. It should also be read in 
conjunction with Annexes XI -E and XI -F of the Agreement.  
Table 4.2 Georgia : comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments 
in trade in services  
Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  FTA 
sectoral commitments, except as indicated in Annex XI  
(horizontal reservations)  
Establishment  
(Annex XI -E) 
Negative list  Cross -border s upply in 
services (Annex XI -F) 
Positive list  
Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(from 
reservations)  Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(based on 
sectoral 
coverage and 
limitations)  
1. Business services       
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Real  Estate  Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Similar  Partial  Partial  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Similar  Partial  
2. Communication services       
A. Postal  services  ---- Same  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Telecommunication  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Audiovisual  services  Partial  Narrower  Excluded  Narrower  Excluded  
3. Construction and related engineering 
services       
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Partial  Same  Partial  Improved  Full 
B. General  construction  work for civil Engineering  Partial  Same  Partial  Improved  Full 
C. Installation  and assembly  work  Partia l Same  Partial  Improved  Full 
D. Building  completion  and finishing  work  Partia l Same  Partial  Improved  Full 
E. Other  Partia l Same  Partial  Improved  Full 
4. Distribution services       
A. Commission  agents'  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
B. Wholesale  trade  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Retailing  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  ---- Same  ---- Same  ---- 
5. Education services       
A. Primary education services  Full Same  Full Same Full 
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  Same  Full 
C. Higher education services  Partial  Same  Partial  Same  Full 
D. Adult education  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
E. Other education services  ---- Same  ---- Same  ---- 
6. Environmental services       
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same Full Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
7. Financial services       
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Other  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services       
A. Hospital services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Same  Full 
B. Other Human Health Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  Same  Full WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  Sectors (CPC Classification)  GATS  FTA 
sectoral commitments, except as indicated in Annex XI  
(horizontal reservations)  
Establishment  
(Annex XI -E) 
Negative list  Cross -border s upply in 
services (Annex XI -F) 
Positive list  
Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(from 
reservations)  Compared to 
GATS 
commitments  Commitments 
(based on 
sectoral 
coverage and 
limitations)  
C. Social Services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Other  --- Same  ---- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services       
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Same  Full Same  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Other  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting 
services       
A. Entertainment  services  Full Same  Full Same Full 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Full Same  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services       
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Improved   Partial  Improved   Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport  --- New Full New  Full 
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partia l Improved  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Space  Transport  --- New Full Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  Partia l Same  Partia l Same Partial  
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partia l Similar  Partial  Improved  Partia l 
G. Pipeline  Transport  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Improved  Full Same  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services not included elsewhere  --- Same  --- Same  --- 
General Note:  MFN and Horizontal limitations, as well as Mode 4 commitments/limitations excluded.  
Full:  Specific commitments not subject to market access or national treatment limitation(s) under any 
of the three modes.  
Partial:  Specific commitments subject to some market access or national treatment limitation(s), under 
any of the three modes.  
---:  No specific commitment.  
New:  New commitments (full or partial, with or without limitations) which can, in most cases, be seen 
as "improved".  
Improved:  Overall improved commitments under the Agreement compared to those under the GATS.  
Similar:  Similar commitments with limited improvements and/or limited additional reservations.  
Excluded:  Sector or sub -sector excluded from coverage, or full reservation under the Agreement.  
Source:   Georgia 's Schedule of Specific Commitments (GATS/SC/ 129), and Annexes XI -E and XI -F to the 
Agreement . 
 
4.4.2.2.1   Business services22 
4.42.   Georgia's commitments under the Agreement are similar to those  under the GATS, though  as 
noted above the horizontal limitation s on the  purchase of real estate remain . 
4.4.2.2.2   Communication services23 
4.43.   Georgia's commitments are improved, as compared to its GATS commitments, through full 
commitment s for telecommunication services, including for estab lishment.  As audio -visual services 
are excluded from the Agreement, Georgia  makes  no commitments in this subsector, in contrast to 
its GATS commitments .  
 
22 Specific provisions on computer services are described in section 4.6.1 below.  
23 Specific provisions on postal and courier services, and electronic co mmunication networks and 
services are described in sections 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 below.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  4.4.2.2.3   Construction  and related engineering services ; Distribution services; 
Educational services;  Environmental services; and T ourism and travel related services; 
Recreational, cultural and sporting services ; Other services not included elsewhere  
4.44.   Under the Agreement, Georgia maintains its GATS commitments for the supply of construction 
and related engi neering, distribution, educational, environmental, tourism, recreational, cultural and 
sporting  and o ther services not included elsewhere . 
4.4.2.2.4   Financial services24 
4.45.   Georgia has full mode 3 commitment s (broader than in the GATS), except "other financial 
services ", where Georgia has a no market access or national treatment reservation.  
4.4.2.2.5   Health related and social services  
4.46.   Full commitments are made in t he sector, with a reservation  for the Georgian language for 
doctors working in Georgia .25 Under the GATS, there are no commitments for "other health related 
and social services".  
4.4.2.2.6   Recreational, cultural and sporting services  
4.47.   Except for entertainment services, which are only partly covered, under the Agreement and 
the GATS, full commitments are made in the rest of the sector under both  the Agreement and the  
GATS , except for  mode 3 where under the Agreement Georgia has a limitat ion of no national 
treatment or MFN obligations for other recreational, cultural sporting services.   
4.4.2.2.7   Transport services26 
4.48.   Under the GATS Georgia has partial commitments which are improved under the Agreement.  
However, for air transport services and as comp ared to Georgia's GATS commitments, coverage is 
expanded in the Agreement through the inclusion of ground -handling services and airport operation 
services, for which commitments are made  without restriction.  
4.5  Regulatory provisions  
4.5.1   Domestic regulation   
4.49.   Section 5 of Chapter 6 concerns the regulatory framework, and sub-section 1, Articles  90-92 
set out disciplines on domestic regulation as affecting (a) cross border supply of services, 
(b) establishment of juridical and natural persons, and (c)  temporary stay of natural persons as 
defined in Article 8 5.2 of the Agreement. Article  90.2 states that the disciplines on domestic 
regulation  only apply to sectors for which the Party has taken specific commitments  (regarding the 
cross-border supply of services)  and do not apply to sectors w ith reservations ( for establishment 
and temporary stay of natural persons) . Per Article 9 0.3, the disciplines do not apply to measures 
to the extent that they constitute limitations under relevant Annexes to the Agreement.  
4.50.   Each Party shall ensure that measures relating to licencing requirements and procedures, 
qualification requirements and procedures are based on criteria which preclude the competent 
authorities from exercising their power of assessment in an arbitrary manner. The cri teria must be 
(a) proportionate to a public policy objective, (b) clear and unambiguous, (c) objective, 
(d) preestablished, (e) made public in advance, and (f) be transparent and accessible (Article  91.2). 
Articles  91.3-6 set out additional requirements for the issuing of licences, review of decisions, 
numerical limits on  licences  and public policy objectives.   
 
24 Specific provisions on financial services are described in section 4.6.4 below.  
25 Under Georgia's GATS commitments the health related and social services sector is subject  to a 
specific headnote limitation: "The knowledge of Georgian language (the State language) is obligatory for 
pharmacists, who works in Georgia".   
26 Specific provisions on transport services are described in section 4.6.5 below.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  4.51.   Article 9 2 requires that licensing and qualification procedures be clear, made public in advance 
and be such as to provide the applicants with a guarantee that their application will be dealt with 
objectively and impartially . Licencing and qualification procedures and formalities shall be as simple 
as possible and shall not unduly complicate or delay the provisio n of the service.  Any fees arising 
from the application should be reasonable and proportio nate to the cost of the authoriz ation 
procedures in question. Other requirements for licensing and qualification procedures are set out in 
Articles 9 2.3-9. 
4.5.2   Recognitio n 
4.52.   Each Party shall encourage  its relevant professional bodies  to provide recommendations on 
mutual recognition to the  Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in  Trade configuration, for 
the purpose of the fulfilment, , by entrepreneurs and service sup pliers  for the authoriz ation, 
licensing, operation and certification of entrepreneurs and service suppliers, and, in par ticular, 
professional services. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration shall, 
within a reasonable time,  review the recommendation with a view to determine whether it is 
consistent with the Agreement and assess (a) the extent to which standards and criteria ap plied by 
each Party for authoriz ation, licences, operation and certification of services providers a nd 
entrepreneurs are converging and (b) the potential economic value of a mutual recognition 
agreement. When these requirements are satisfied it shall establish the necessary steps to negotiate 
and thereafter the Parties shall enter into negotiations, thro ugh their competent authorities, of a 
mutual recognition agreement  Per Article 9 3.5, any such agreement shall be in conformity with 
Article VII of the GATS.   
4.5.3   Subsidies  
4.53.   Article 198.1  defines  a subsidy as a measure which fulfils the conditions of Article 1 of the 
SCM Agreement , irrespective of whether it is granted for the production of goods or the supply of 
services and which is specific within the meaning of Article 2 of the Agreement. The Parties agree  to 
provide information to the other Party upon request and respond to questions pertaining to particular 
subsidies  in relation  to the supply of services  (Article 198.3) .  
4.5.4   Safeguards  
4.54.   The Agreement does not contain specific provisions on safeguards in services, however it 
provides certain security and general exemptions similar to those in the GATS .  
4.5.5   Other  
4.5.5.1   Investment  
4.55.   Investment (establishment) under Chapter 6 covers establishment in sectors that relate to 
goods as well as services (Section 4.1 above).  
4.5.5.2   Monopo lies and exclusive service suppliers  
4.56.   Monopolies and exclusive service suppliers  are addressed in Chapter 10 ( competition ) in 
Section 5.9.3 below . 
4.6  Sector specific provisions on trade in services  
4.6.1    Computer services  
4.57.   Sub-section 3 of Section 5 of Chapter 6 of the Agreement concerns computer services 
(Article  95 (Understanding on Computer Services) ). To the extent that computer services are  
liberal ized in accordance with section 2 (establishment), section 3 (cross -border supply of services) 
and sect ion 4 (temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of the Chapter, the 
Parties shall comply with Articles 9 5.2, 95.3 and 9 5.4.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.6.2   Postal and courier services  
4.58.   Articles 96 to 99 set out the principles of the regulatory framework for all postal  and courier 
services in which the Parties have commitments in accordance with Secti ons 2, 3 and 4 of Chapter  
6 of the Agreement . The provisions cover, inter alia , the prevention of anti -competitive practices in 
the postal and courier services sector, univ ersal service, individual licences, and independence of 
regulatory bodies.  
4.6.3   Electronic communication networks and services  
4.59.   Sub-section 5 of Chapter 6  sets out the principles of the regulatory framework for all electronic 
communication services27 liberaliz ed, pursuant to Sec tions 2, 3 and 4 of Chapter  6 of the Agreement 
(establishment, cross -border supply of services and temporary presence of natural persons  for 
business purposes, respectively) . It builds on certain aspects of the 1996 Reference paper of the 
WTO Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications and includes , besides definitions, provisions 
on regulatory authorities; authori zation to provide electronic communication services ; access and 
interconnection; allocation and use of scarce resources, universal service; cross -border provision of 
electronic communication services;  confidentiality of information; and dispute  resolution  between 
suppliers of electronic communication networks or services.  
4.6.4   Financial Services  
4.60.   Sub-section 6 of Chapter 6  establish es the principles of the regulatory framework for all 
financial services in which the Parties have commitments pursuant to Section s 2, 3 and 4 of Chapter  
6 of the Agreement . It contains provisions on prudential carve -out; effective and transparent 
regulation28; new financial services29; data processing; specific exceptions ; self-regulatory 
organizations; and clearing and payment  systems . With a view to considering further liberalisation 
of trade in services, the Parties recognise the importance of the gradual  alignment of  Georgia's  
existing and future legislation to the international best practices standards listed under Article 111(3) 
of the Agreement  (Article 117).  
4.6.5   Transport services  
4.61.   Sub-section 7  of Chapter 6 sets out the principles for certain transport services (in particular 
international maritime transport and some air transport services) in which the Parties have 
commitments pursuant to Sections 2, 3 and 4 of Chapter 6  of the Agreement .  
4.62.   For international maritime transport  (Article 1 19), each Party a grees to ensure effective 
application of the principle of unrestricted access to cargoes on a commercial basis , the freedom to 
provide international maritime services, as well as national treatment for the provision of such 
services. The Parties shall not introduce cargo -sharing arrangements in future agreements with third 
countries in maritime transport services and terminate, within a reasonable period of time , cargo -
sharing arrangements in case they exist in previous agreements. As reported by the Partie s, there 
are no cargo -sharing arrangements in place and none that are yet to be terminated.  Moreover, upon 
the entry into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall abolish and abstain from introducing any 
unilateral measures and administrative, technical and other obstacles which could constitute a 
disguised restriction or have discriminatory eff ects on the free supply of services in international 
maritime transport. National and MFN treatment shall be granted for establishment by international 
maritime transport service suppliers of the other Party. A number of services at the port is to be 
made available without discrimination to operators of the other Party. Movement of equipment 
between ports of the Parties shall be permitted.  
 
27 Defined as all services  which consist wholly or mainly in the conveyance of signals on electronic 
communication networks, including telecommunication services and transmission services in networks used for 
broadcasting. Those services exclude services providing, or exercising ed itorial control over, content 
transmitted using electronic communication networks and services  (Article 100.2(a)).  
28 Article 111.3 lists internationally agreed standards which the Parties shall use their best endeavours 
to implement and apply in their terr itory.  
29 A Party may determine the institutional and juridical form through which the new financial service 
may be supplied and may require authorization for the supply of such service (Article 112).  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  4.63.   Article 120 on air transport provides that the Parties shall work towards an agreement or 
arrangement governing air se rvices between Georgia and the UK. As reported by the Parties, t he UK 
signed a new ASA with Georgia on 26 January 2023 . 
5  GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  
5.1  Transparency  
5.1.  In addition to the specific transparency rules in other parts of the Agreement, and wit hout 
prejudice to any of them, Chapter 12 of Title IV  lists requirements for publication of measures of 
general application; the designation of contact points acting as coordinators to facilitate 
communication between the Parties; principles pertaining to the administration of measures of 
general application; review and appeal of administrative actions relating to matters covered under 
Title IV; and regulatory quality and performance and good administrative behaviour.  
5.2  Current payments and capital movements  
5.2.  In Chapter 7 (current payments and movement of capital) of Title IV the Parties undertake to 
authorise, in freely convertible currency, in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII of the 
Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, any pay ments and transfers on the current account 
of the balance of payments between the Parties (Article 131).  
5.3.  The Parties shall ensure the free movement of capital relating to direct investments, including 
the acquisition of real estate, made in accordance with the laws of the host country, investments 
made in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6  (establishment, trade in services and electronic 
commerce)  and the liquidation or repatriation of invested capital and of any profit stemming 
therefrom  (Article 132) . With regard to other transactions on the capital and financial account of the 
balance of payments, each Party shall ensure, without prejudice to other provisions of the 
Agreement, the free movement of capital relating to credits for co mmercial transactions or for the 
provision of services in which a resident of one of the Parties is participating; and the free movement 
of capital relating to portfolio investments, financial loans and credits by the investors of the other 
Party.  
5.4.  Article  134 provides that c onsultation s shall take place between the Parties on ways to facilitate 
the movement of capital between the m to promote the objectives of the Agreement.  
5.3  Exceptions  
5.3.1   General exceptions  
5.5.  Under Article 3 2 (section 4 of Chapter 1 of Title IV ) nothing in Chapter 1  (National Treatment 
and Market Access for Goods)  shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any 
Party of measures in accordance with Articles XX and XXI of GATT 1994 and any relevant 
interpretative notes to those Ar ticles under GATT 1994, which are hereby incorporated into the 
Agreement and made an integral part thereof.  In relation to establishment and trade in services, 
Section 7 of Chapter 6 of Title IV sets out exceptions (without prejudice to the general exceptions 
set out in Article 357) that is based on  Article  XIV of the GATS  and Article XX of the GATT  1994, with  
an addition al exception  for the  protecting public sec urity. Article 128 is applicable to the Parties' 
reservations on establishment, commitments on cross -border trade in services, reservations on key 
personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers, and reservations on contractual services suppliers 
and ind ependent professionals. Moreover, Article 1 28.3 establishes a carve -out for the Parties' 
respective social security systems or to activities in the territory of each Party which are connected, 
even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority.  
5.3.2   Security exceptions  
5.6.  Article 13 0 (security exception (on establishment and trade in services)) reflects , though is not 
identical to,  the provisions of Article XXI of GATT 1994 and the provisions of Article XIV bis of GATS. 
Moreover, under Title VII ( institutio nal, general and final provisions), Article 357 replicates most of 
the security exception in Article  XXI of GATT 1994, in Article XIV bis of the GATS, and of Article 73 WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 29 - 
 
  of the TRIPS Agreement. None of the se provisions mention actions in pursuance of the Parties' 
obligations under the UN Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.  
5.3.3   Taxation  
5.7.  In addition to the general exception for measures inconsistent with Articles 76 and 82  provided 
that the difference in treatment is ensuring the effective or equitable imposition or collection of direct 
taxes in respect of economic activities, entrepreneurs or services suppliers of the other Party, Article 
129 establishes that the MFN treatment granted in accordance with Chapter 6  (establishment, trade 
in services and electronic commerce)  shall not apply (i) to the treatment granted under measures 
providing for recognition of qualifications, licences, or prudential measures in accordance with Article 
VII of the GATS or the GATS  Annex on Financial Services;  and (ii) to the tax treatment granted 
under any international agreement or arrangement relating wholly or mainly to taxation . While the 
Agreement confirms the principle of non -discrimination, this is wi thout prejudice to the right of the 
Parties to apply the relevant provisions of their fiscal legislation to taxpayers who are not in identical 
situations as regards their place of residence (Article 358).  
5.3.4   Safeguard measures related to balance of payment (B OP) difficulties  
5.8.  Where, in exceptional circumstances, payments and capital movements cause, or threaten to 
cause, serious difficulties for the operation of exchange rate or monetary policy in either  of the 
Parties, that Party may adopt safeguard measures  for a period not exceeding six months if such 
measures are strictly necessary (Article 133).  
5.4  Accession and Withdrawal  
5.9.  The Agreement applies for an indefinite period  (Article 364.1). Any Party may withdraw from 
it through written notification. The Agreement  shall terminate six months following the notification  
(Article 364.2).  
5.5  Institutional framework  of the Agreement  
5.10.   The  Agreement establishes a  Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum to supervise and 
monitor the application and implementat ion of the Agreement (Article 353 ). Under the Strategic 
Partnership and Cooperation Forum, the Parties agree to hold a regular political and strategic 
dialogue at a mutually agreed level and frequency (Article 352). Provisions under Article 354 (3) 
require for this D ialogue to meet at least once per year in Trade Configuration to address all issues 
related to Title IV of the agreement. The sub -committees established under Title IV of the Agreement 
shall inform the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade C onfiguration of their 
activities and report on them at each regular meeting.  
5.6  Dispute settlement  
5.11.   Article 360, under Title VII I of the  Agreement , establishes a mechanism for the settlement of 
disputes arising between the Parties concerning the interpretation, implementation, or good faith 
application of the Agreement.  Disputes concerning the interpretation, implementation, or the 
application in good faith of  Title IV (Trade and Trade-Related matters) of the Agreement  are 
governed by Chapter 14 of Title IV  (Article 237) .  
5.12.   The provisions in Chapter 14 of the Agreement are without prejudice to the rights and 
obligations of the Parties pursuant to the WTO Agreement, including the dispute  settlement 
proceedings  (Article 26 0.1). The procedures in Chapter 14  also provide for  the choice of dispute 
settlement forum under the WTO or under the Agreement at the discretion of the complaining Party  
(Article 26 0.2). When  a Party has requested the establishment of a panel under Article 6 of the  WTO 
Dispute Settlement Understanding or an arbitrati on panel pursuant to Article 240 of the Agreement, 
with regard to a particular measure or seek to redress of an obligation identical under this Agreement 
and the WTO Agreement,  that Party may not initiat e another proceeding in the other forum, except 
when the forum selected first fails for procedural or jurisdictional reasons to make findings on the 
claim. Chapter 14 does not prevent a Party from suspending benefits if authorized by the Dispute 
Settlement  Body of the WTO  and the WTO Agreement should not be invoked to prevent a Party from 
suspending benefits under Chapter 14 (A rticle 260.4). WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  5.6.1   Consultations and mediation  
5.13.   Under Article 2 38 (Consultations ) the Parties shall endeavour to resolve any dispute by 
entering into consultations in good faith with the aim of reaching a mutually agreed solution , under 
rules set out in that Article . Any Party to the Agreement may request the other Party to enter into a 
mediation procedure  with respect to  any me asure adversely affecting its trade interests pursuant to 
Annex X V to the Agreement  (Article 239) .  
5.6.2   Arbitration procedures  
5.14.   If consultations under Article 238 have failed  to resolve the matter, the Party that sought 
consultations may request the establishme nt of an arbitration panel , to be made  in writing to the 
other Party and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade  configuration  
(Article  240.2). If a Party so requests, the arbitration panel  must give a preliminary ruling on 
whether it deem s the case to be urgent within 10 days of its establishment (Article 2 42). Under 
Article 241.7, s horter  time limits are provided for in cases of urgency for trade-related  energy 
disputes under Chapter 11 (Trade -related energy ). The rules of procedure for dispute settlement are 
contained in Annex  XVI to the Agreement.  
5.15.   An interim report is notified  to the Parties by the arbitration panel no later than 90 days after 
the date of establishment of the panel (for cases of urgency, every effort shall be made to notify 
interim reports within  45 days , and not later than 60 days ) (Article 243.1) . The final ruling shall be 
notified  within 120 days (and no later than 150 days) (Article 245).  
5.16.   The Party complained against shall take any measure necessary to comply promptly and in 
good faith with the arbitration panel ruling (Article  246). If there is disagreement between the Parties  
on the reasonable period of time to comply  with the panel ruling, the original  arbitration panel may 
be requested to determine the length of the reasonable time period (Article 2 47).  
5.17.   In case of non -compliance  (Article 249) , the complaining Party may request the Party 
complained to present  an offer  for temporary compensation; or notify the Party complained against 
and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade  Configuration of its intention to 
suspend concessions or  obligations to a level equivalent to the nullification or impairment caus ed by 
the violation . The suspension may be implemented  after the expiry of ten days after the Party 
complained against has received notification . The level of the suspension may be challenged by the 
Party complained against by the original  arbitration panel.  The compensation or the suspension of 
benefits are temporary . The Party complained against may , at any time , following an agreement on 
compensation or a suspension of benefits , notify the adoption of a measure to comply with the panel 
ruling . The suspension of benefits or the application of compensation  must be terminate d within  30 
days following such notification unless the complaining Party disagrees that the notified measure 
brings the Party complained against in compliance with the provisi ons of the Agreement. In such a 
case, the complaining Party must ask the original  arbitration panel to rule on the matter  
(Article  251).  
5.18.   A special  procedure for disputes concerning C hapter 11 ( Trade-related Energy), is provided 
for in  Article 250 .  
5.7  Relati onship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
5.19.   The Agreement does not preclude the maintenance or establishment of customs unions, free 
trade areas or arrangements for frontier traffic except insofar as they conflict with trade 
arrangements under th e Agreement  (Article 35) . 
5.20.   In addition to the EU -Georgia Agreement, to which the Agreement adds continuity, Table 5.1 
below shows the Parties' RTAs, notified and non -notified, other than the Agreement.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 31 - 
 
  Table 5.1 United Kingdom  and Georgia: Participation in other RTAs (notified and 
non-notified in force), as of 21 August  2023  
RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
UNITED KINGDOM  
United Kingdom – Australia  31-May-23 Goods & 
Services  2023 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
 
United Kingdom – New Zealand  31-May-23 Goods & 
Services  2023 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
 
United Kingdom – Iceland, 
Liechtenstein and Norway  01-Dec-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V   
United Kingdom – Mexico  01-Jun-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Serbia  20-May-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Albania  03-May-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Jordan  01-May-21 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Ghana  05-Mar-21 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Union - United Kingdom  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Cameroon  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Canada  01-Jan-21 
01-Apr-21 Goods  
Services  2020 
2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - CARIFORUM 
States  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Central America  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Chile 01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom – Colombia, 
Ecuador and Peru  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Côte d'Ivoire  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Eastern and 
Southern Africa States  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Egypt  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Faroe Islands  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Israel  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Japan  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Kenya  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Kosovob 01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Lebanon  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Morocco  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - North Macedonia  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Pacific States  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States - 
Accession of Samoa  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States - 
Accession of Solomon Islands  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Palestine  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Republic of Korea  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Republic of 
Moldova  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - SACU and 
Mozambique  01-Jan-21 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom – Singapore  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Switzerland - 
Liechtenstein  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Tunisia  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
United Kingdom - Türkiye  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
United Kingdom - Ukraine  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Viet Nam  01-Jan-21 Goods & 
Services  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
GEORGIA  
Hong Kong, China - Georgia  13-Feb-19 Goods & 
Services  2019 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
China - Georgia  01-Jan-18 Goods & 
Services  2018 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Georgia  01-Sep-17 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Georgia  01-Sep-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Türkiye - Georgia  01-Nov-08 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
GUAM  10-Dec-03 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Georgia - Turkmenistan  01-Jan-00 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Kazakhstan  16-Jul-99 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Armenia  11-Nov-98 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV 
Georgia - Azerbaijan  10-Jul-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Ukraine  04-Jun-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)  30-Dec-94 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Russian Federation  10-May-94 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Uzbekistan  15-Oct-10 Goods  Not notified  
a Dates of the first entry into force/provisional application for at least one of the Parties.  
b Reference to Kosovo in this table shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations 
Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information on these Agreements and on specific dates of entry into 
force/provisional applications may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org . 
5.8  Government procurement  
5.21.   Chapter 8 of Title IV of the Agreement contains rules applicable to government procurement.  
They envisag e mutual access to public procurement markets on the basis of national treatment at 
national, regional and local level for public contracts and concessions in the public sector as well as 
in the utilities sector. Chapter 8 applies to contracts above value t hresholds set out in Annex X II-A 
to the Agreement. The value of the thresholds shall be revised regularly every two years  
(Article  136.5). The Parties indicate they have not been revised to date.  
5.22.   The UK is a Party to the plurilateral government procurement  agreement (GPA), concluded 
under the auspices of the WTO, while Georgia is an observer . As a result, the Agreement's provisions 
on government procurement improve legal certainty in relation to market access for the Parties for 
procurement of goods and ser vices covered by Annex XVI -A. The UK commitments under the 
Agreement largely correspond to those it made under the GPA, with similar thresholds as under the 
GPA.30 From 1 September 2022 the time limits for full implementation of the committed market 
access  in public procurement under the Agreement have expired (the final applied to service and 
works contracts in the utilities sector).  
5.23.   The basic standards regulating the award of contracts, as listed in Article 138, cover 
publication; award of contracts; and judicial protection. The main features of an appropriate 
institutional framework and mechanism necessary for the proper functioning of the public 
procurement system and the implementation of the provisions of Chapte r 8 of Title IV are in 
Article  137. 
5.24.   Each Party shall ensure that contracting entities and economic operators are appropriately 
informed about public procurement procedures; ensure the effective dissemination of information 
 
30 Minor differences in thresholds arise due to the thr esholds under Annex XII -A being expressed in EUR 
whereas the UK GPA commitments are expressed in SDR and GBP.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 33 - 
 
  on tendering opportunities (Article 140), and cooperation between the Parties concerning a better 
understanding of their respective government procurement systems  is governed by Article 141 and 
Annex X II-C to the Agreement which include a list of issues for cooperation  in respect of Georgia 
only. 
5.9  Intellectual property right s 
5.25.   Chapter 9 of Title IV of the Agreement (Articles 1 42-194) concerns  intellectual property rights  
(IPRs) . As a general principle, the Parties are to ensure the adequate and effective implementation 
of the international agreements dealing with intellectual property  (IP) to which they are parties, 
including the WTO Agreement  on Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  (TRIPS 
Agreement ) (Article 14 3). The provisions of Chapter 9 shall complement and further specify the 
rights and obligations between  the Parties under the TRIPS Agreement and other international IP 
agreements  (Article 1 43(1)). Under the Agreement, protection of IP includes protection against 
unfair competition as referred to in Article 10 bis of the Paris Convention for the Prote ction of 
Industrial Property of 1967  (Article 1 43.3). 
5.26.   Each Party provide s for their own regime  for exhaustion of IPRs , subject to the TRIPS 
Agreement  (Article  144). 
5.27.   On copyright and related rights (Articles 145-156), the Parties reaffirm their commitment t o 
relevant international  IP agreements  (Article 145).31 The Agreement  provides exclusive rights  to 
authors (Article 146); performers (Article  147); producers of phonograms (Article 148); and 
broadcasting organisations (Article  149), including  for broadcasting and communication to the public 
for performers and phonogram producers  (Article  150). The rights of authors of a literary or artistic 
work shall run for the life of the author plus 70 years after his/her death, while the term of protection 
for performers shall expire no less than 50 years from the date of the performance, or 70 years in 
case the performance is fixed in a phonogram. The rights of broadcasting organisations shall expire 
no less than 50 years after the first transmission of a bro adcast. The Agreement also contains 
disciplines on the protection of technological measures (Article 152); the protection of rights 
management information (Article  153); and artist's resale  right of an original  work of art32 
(Article  155), while exceptions and limitations to the rights set out in Articles 146 to 151 of the 
Agreement  are covered in Article  154. A best endeavour clause on cooperation regarding  collective 
management of rights (Article 156) is included . 
5.28.   On trademarks  (Article s 157 -160), the Parties reaffirm their commit ment to relevant 
international agreements .33 Procedure s for the registration of  trademarks  (Article 1 58) and the 
protection of well -known marks (Article 159) are also covered, while exceptions to the rights 
conferred by a trademark are provided  in Article (160). 
5.29.   On geographical indications (GIs) (Articles 161 -171),  the Parties agree the scope of protection  
(Article  164); their right of use (Article 166); the enforc ement of protection (Article 1 67); and the 
relationship with trade marks  (Article  168). In accordance with Article 171, the Geographical 
Indications Sub -committee met on 12 January 2023.  Annex  XIII-A to the Agreement lists the 
elements for registration and control of GIs. In Article 162 (1) the UK confirms that the Law of Georgia 
on appellations of origin and Geographical Indications of Goods adopted on 22 August 1999 meets 
the elements laid down  in Annex XIII -A. In Article 162 (2), Georgia confirms that several EEC and 
EC Council Regulations34 meet the elements in Annex XIII -A. Annex X III-B identifies the criteria to 
be included in the  objection procedure  for products referred to in Article 163(1) . Each Party agrees 
 
31 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; the Rome Convention for the 
Protection of Performers; Producers of Phon ograms and Broadcasting Organizations; the TRIPS Agreement; the 
WIPO Copyright Treaty; and the WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty.  
32 The right of authors' to receive a royalty for the resale of an original work shall apply to all acts of 
resale involvi ng as sellers, buyers or intermediaries art market professionals, such as salesrooms, art galleries 
and, in general, any dealers in works of art (Article 155(2)) . 
33 the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks , 
and the Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of 
the Registration of Marks  (Article 157) . 
34 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91 of 10 June 1991; Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 
March 2006; Section I of Chapter I of Title II of Part II of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 of 22 October 
2007; and Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the Euro pean Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 34 - 
 
  to protect registered  GIs35 of the other Party for agricultural products and foodstuffs , as listed in 
Annex X III-C, and for wines, aromat ized wines and spirit drinks , as listed in Annex XIII-D (Article 
162 Cooperation and transpar ency relating to the implementation and the functioning of Articles 
161-171 is addressed in Article 170 and a  Geographical Indication s Sub-Committee is established 
under Article 171. 
5.30.   On designs  (Articles 172 -175), the Parties reaffirm their commitment to  the Geneva Act  to 
the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs (1999)  
(Article  172). The Parties agree to the  protection of  registered  designs36 (Article 173); exceptions 
and exclusions  to the protection  of designs (Article 174); and the relationship to copyright 
(Article  175).  
5.31.   On patents ( Article s 176-181), the Parties reaffirm their commitment to the WIPO Patent 
Cooperation Treaty  (Article 176) . The Parties reco gnise the importance of the  Declaration of the 
Ministerial Conference of the WTO on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (2001) and of the 
related Decision of the WTO General Council of (2003) d (Article 1 77). The Agreement provides for 
an administrative authorisation procedure for   medicinal  and plant protection products protected by 
a patent (Article 178) as well as for the protection of data  submitted to obtain an authoriz ation to 
put medicinal and plant protection  product s on the market  (Article s 179-180). Moreover, the Parties 
shall protect plant varieties rights, in accordance with the International Convention for the Protection 
of New Varieties of Plants  (Article 181 ). 
5.32.   On the  enforcement  of IPR (Articles 182 -194), the Agreement  establishes modalities for civil 
enforcement (Articles  184-191) and disciplines on border measures (Article 192). It also encourages 
the development, by trade or prof essional associations or organiz ations , of codes of conduct aimed 
at contributing towards  the enforcement of IPRs (Article  193) and defines areas of cooperation 
between the Parties with a view to supporting the implementation of the commitments and 
obligations undertaken under Chapter 9  (Article 194). 
5.9.1   Competition  
5.33.   In addition to competition pr ovisions under various Chapters, under Chapter 10 each Party is 
to maintain in its respective territory comprehensive competition laws which effectively address anti -
competitive agreements, concerted practices and anti -competitive unilateral conduct of enterprises  
with dominant market power and provide effective control o f concentration s (Article 196); an 
authority is to be maintained by each Party to enforce competition laws. While nothing in the Chapter 
prevents a Party from designating or  maintaining S tate monopolies, State enterprises and 
enterprises entrusted with spe cial or exclusive rights , they shall be subject to the Parties' competition 
laws (Article 197) . Article 198 requires that the parties ensure transparency in relation to subsidies 
(per Articles 1 and 2 of the SCM)  and shall report every two years (including  on a publicly accessible 
website) to each other on the legal basis, the form, the amount or the budget, and where possible, 
the recipient of the subsidy in relation to  the production of goods . Information on particular subsidies 
relating to the supply of services  shall be provided promptly upon request by the other Party. The 
Parties provide information on subsidies through their notifications under Article 25.1 of the WTO 
SCM Agreement. The UK also provides this information online.37 
5.34.   Chapter 14's dispute settlement mechanism does not apply to Articles 195, 196 and 197  of 
the Agreement. Article 20 0 provides that the provisions of the Chapter are without prejudice to the 
rights and obligations of a Party under the WTO Agreement in particular the SCM Agreemen t and 
the DSU . When exchanging information under this Chapter the Parties shall take into account the 
limitations imposed by the requirements of professional and business secrecy in their respective 
jurisdictions  (Article 201).   
 
35 The lists may be complemented with new GIs to be protected after the Parties have completed the 
objection procedure.  
36 The duration of protection shall amount to 25 years from the date of filing of t he application for 
registration.  
37 Through the following website: https://searchforuksubsidie s.beis.gov.uk/ . WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  5.9.2   Sustainable development  
5.35.   Chapter 13 on trade and sustainable development recognizes the right of each Party to 
determine its sustainable development policies and priorities , to establish its own levels of domestic 
environmental and labour protection (Article 22 0), and to adopt or modify accordingly its relevant 
law and policies, consistently with their commitments to multilaterally recognized labour standards 
and agreements38 (Article 22 1) and environmental agreements (Article 222) . The Parties also 
reconfirm their comm itment to enhance the contribution of trade to sustainable development in its 
economic, social and environmental dimension and, inter alia , agree that they shall strive to facilitate 
and promote trade and investment in environmental goods and services (Art icle 223). Chapter 13 
also covers topics such as: biological diversity (Article 224)39, sustainable management of forests 
and trad e in forest products (Article 2 25) as well as the conservation and management of fish stocks 
(Article 2 26). 
5.36.   Under Article 2 27, a Party shall not waive or derogate from its environmental or labour law 
as an encouragement for trade or the establishment, the acquisition, the expansion or the retention 
of an investment of an investor in its territory. Moreover, a Party shall not, thr ough a sustained or 
recurring course of action or inaction, fail to effectively enforce its environmental and labour law s, 
as an encouragement for trade or investment. Article 2 28 addresses the importance of scientific 
information when preparing and implem enting sustainable development related measures, and 
expressly permits the Parties to use the precautionary principle. Article 2 29 concerns transparency 
requirements related to measures aimed at protecting the environment or labour conditions. Article 
230 creates an obligation for the Parties  for reviewing, monitoring and assessing the impact of the 
implementation of Title IV on sustainable development through participative processes and 
institutions. A n indicative list of a reas of cooperation between the P arties is provided in Article 23 1. 
5.37.   Besides the designation of contact points, the Parties establish a Trade and Sustainable 
Development Sub -Committee to oversee the implementation of Chapter 13. Moreover, domestic 
advisory groups on sustainable development  shall be convened (Article 2 32.4). The Parties shall also 
facilitate a joint forum with civil society organization s established in their territories (Article 2 33). 
The Chapter also establishe s a dedicated mechanism for dealing with any matter arising under 
Chapter  13. This foresees  recourse to government consultations, including through the Trade and 
Sustainable Development Sub -Committee, (Article 2 34) and  upon request of either Party, to the 
establishment of a Panel of Experts under the modalities in Article 2 35. 
5.10  Electronic commerce  
5.38.   Provisions on electronic commerce in section 6 of Chapter 6 of Title IV define electronic 
transmission as the provision of services, within the meaning of Section 3  (cross -border supply of 
services) of the Chapter, which cannot be subject to customs duties. The Parties also agree that the 
development of electronic commerce must be compatible with international data protection 
standards, to ensure the confidence of us ers of electronic commerce. They commit to maintain a 
dialogue on regulatory issues on electronic commerce.  
5.39.   Recognizing that the services of intermediaries can be used by third parties for infringing 
activities, the Parties shall provide measures that are set out in Sub -section 2 of Section 6, Chapter  6 
and which cover the liability of intermediary service providers for certain types of services ("mere 
conduit", "caching", and "hosting"). In that regard, the Parties shall not impose a general obligation 
on a provider, when providing such services, to monitor the information which they transmit or 
store, nor shall they impose a general obligation to actively seek facts or circumstances indicating 
illegal activity. They may nevertheless establish obligations f or information society service providers 
to promptly inform the competent public authorities of alleged illegal activities or information 
provided by recipients of their services or obligations to communicate to the competent authorities, 
 
38 In relation to multilateral labour standards and agreements (Article 221), the Agreement refers to the 
ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow -up of 1998 and the funda mental 
ILO conventions. In relation to multilateral environmental governance and agreements (Article 222 ), the 
Agreement refers to all multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) to which the Parties are party, 
specifically mentioning the UN Framework Con vention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol.  
39 In relation to biological diversity (Article 224), the Agreement refers to the Convention on Biological 
Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and  other 
relevant international instruments to which the Parties are party.   WT/REG 440/1 
 
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  at their request,  information enabling the identification of recipients of their service with whom they 
have storage agreements (Article 127.2).  
5.11  Small and medium sized enterprises  
5.40.   The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation on innovation and industrial and 
enterprise policy, thereby improving the business environment for all business operators but in 
particular for SMEs (Article 292). They shall cooperate t o implement policies for SME development  
including a focus on startup and craft enterprises; create bett er framework conditions through the 
exchange of information and good practices; simplify and rationalize regulation and regulatory 
practices; encourage the development of innovation policy through exchange of information and 
good practices on the commercia lization of research and development; encourage greater contacts 
between UK and Georgian businesses and with the authorities and export promotion between the 
Parties (Article 293). Article 294 envisages a regular dialogue between the Parties on these issue s 
including with business  representatives.  
5.12  Others  
5.12.1   Trade -related energy  
5.41.   Chapter 11 (Article 202 -210) contains disc iplines on trade -related energy40, covering transit 
consistent with  the Parties commitments under the GATT 1994 and the Energy Charter Treaty 
(Article 2 03); unauthor ized taking of goods in transit (Article 2 04); uninterrupted transit (Article 
205), transit obligation for operators (Article 206); regulatory authorities (Article 2 07); organization 
of markets (Article 2 08); access to energy transport facilities (Article 2 09); and Georgia's 
relationship with the energy community treaty (Article 21 0). Article 210 (relationship with the Energy 
Community Treaty) does not apply to the UK.   
5.12.2   Economic and other sectoral cooperation  
5.42.   Title V  of the  Agreement addresses areas of cooperation agreed between the Parties. While 
not falling under Trade and Trade -related Matters (Title IV) the  Parties agree to facilitate economic 
reform including by ensuring sound macroeconomic policies  and cooperation on other issues .41  
 
40 "Energy goods" covered are crude oil (HS27.09), natural gas (HS 27.11) and electrical energy 
(HS 27.16).  
41 They include management of public finances and financial control; taxat ion; statistics; as well as 
transport; energy cooperation; environment; climate action; industrial and enterprise policy and mining; 
company law , accounting and auditing and corporate governance; financial services; cooperation in the field of 
information society; tourism; agriculture and rural development; fisheries and maritime governance; 
cooperation in research, technological development and demonstration; consumer policy; employment, social 
policy and equal opportunities; public health; education, trai ning and youth; cooperation in the cultural field; 
cooperation in the audio -visual and media fields; cooperation in the field of sport and physical activity; civil 
society cooperation; regional development  and regional level cooperation ; and civil protection . WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 37 - 
 
  ANNEX 1  
1. Table s A1.1 and A1.2 below show tariff liberalization respectively by the UK and Georgia by 
total, agricultural and industrial  products.  In 2021 the UK's applied MFN tariff rate was 3.8% overall, 
(2.5%  for industrial  products, and considerably higher at 8.9 % for agricultural p roducts). 47% of 
the tariff was duty free on an MFN basis;  57.1% of industrial , and 18.8% of agricultural products 
were duty free on an MFN basis.  Under  the Agreement, in 2021 the overall applied tariff for imports 
from Georgia fell to 0.001% and to zero a nd 0.003% respectively for industrial and agricultural 
products. As a result , Georgian exporters enjoyed a  relative preference of  99.9%  overall and 100% 
and 99.9%  for industrial and agricultural products respectively. Nearly 100% of goods  imported 
from Georgia will enter the UK duty free.  In 2021 Georgia's overall applied MFN tariff was 1.9%, and 
respectively 0.7% and 5.6% for industrial and agricultural products. 80.5% of the tariff was duty 
free, with 92.4% and 46.6% of industrial and agricultural tariffs being duty free. Under the 
Agreement all remaining tariffs were eliminated for imports from the UK.  
Table A1. 1 UK: Indicators of MFN ta riff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
Georgia  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Averag e 
applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021 3.8 7.8 47.0 8.9 12.0 18.8 2.5 5.8 57.1 
Georgia  2021  0.001  8.0 100.0  0.003  8.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation. For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  part of alternate rates are included.  
 For the tariff lines subject to seasonal duties, the average rate for the entire year is used for the 
calculation. The products classified beyond the HS 8 -digit level are counted once and their tariff 
rates are averaged to the 8 -digit level.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data  from the UK. 
Table  A1.2 Georgia: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
the UK  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2021  1.9 11.2  80.5  5.6 11.5  46.6  0.7 10.5  92.4  
UK 2021  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded.  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Georgia authorities.  
2. Table A1. 3 below gives an indication of additional market access in the UK for Georgia's top 
25 exports.  In 20 18-20 Georgia's top 25 exports to the UK were covered by 1 50 tariff lines at the 
HS six -digit level and account ed for 72.1% of Georgia's global exports. Of these, 42 lines were duty 
free on an MFN basis. Under the  Agreement all remaining 108 lines  became duty free for imports 
from the UK.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 38 - 
 
  Table A1. 3 UK: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for Georgia's top 25 
exports to the world  
Georgia's top export products in 2018  - 20 Access Conditions to UK's markets  
HS number and description  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2021  No. of 
duty free 
lines 
under the 
agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  
Average 
Tariff 
(%) No. of 
duty-
free 
lines  No. of 
duti-
able 
lines  2021  
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  18.4 0.0 1    
720230  Ferro-silico-manganese  8.5 0.0 1    
870323  Motor cars and other motor 
vehicles  8.0 10.0  3 3  
220421  Wine of fresh grapes  5.9 0.0  58 58  
300490  Medicaments  3.5 0.0 1    
220110  Mineral waters and aerated 
waters  3.5 0.0 3    
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling grape 
wine or grape marc  3.1 0.0 12    
310230  Ammonium nitrate  2.4 6.3  2 2  
710813  Gold  2.3 0.0 2    
240220  Cigarettes  2.2 30.0  2 2  
870324  Motor cars and other motor 
vehicles  2.1 10.0  2 2  
870333  Motor cars and other motor 
vehicles  2.0 10.0  3 3  
080222  Fresh or dried hazelnuts or filberts  1.8 2.0  1 1  
870322  Motor cars and other motor 
vehicles  1.1 10.0  2 2  
610990  T-shirts, singlets and other vests 
of textile materials  0.9 12.0  2 2  
870340  Motor cars and other motor 
vehicles  0.9 10.0  2 2  
220210  Waters  0.8 8.0  1 1  
010229  Live cattle  0.8 9.2 1 11 11  
271019  Medium oils and preparations  0.6 1.2 12 13 13  
720711  Semi-finished products of iron or 
non-alloy steel  0.6 0.0 4    
740400  Waste and scrap, of copper  0.6 0.0 3    
870421  Motor vehicles for the transport of 
goods  0.6 8.4  5 5  
283711  Sodium cyanide  0.6 0.0 1    
401110  New pneumatic tyres, of rubber  0.5 4.0  1 1  
901839  Needles, catheters, cannulae  and 
the like, used in medical, surgical, 
dental or veterinary sciences  0.5 0.0 1    
Total of above  72.1 5.2 42 108 108 - 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation. For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  part of alternate rates are included.  For 
the tariff lines subject to seasonal duties, the average rate for the entire year is used for the 
calculation. The products classified beyond the HS 8 -digit level are counted once and their tariff 
rates are averaged to the 8 -digit level.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by UK and UNSD Comtra de Database.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 39 - 
 
  3. Table A1.4 below gives an indication of additional market access in Georgia for the UK's top 
25 exports.  In 20 18-20 the UK's top 25 exports to Georgia were covered by 111 tariff lines at the 
six-digit level and account ed for 27.6% of the EU's global exports during 2011 -2013. Of these , 
73 lines were  already  duty free on an MFN basis. Under the Agreement all remining 38 lines  became 
duty free for imports from the UK. 
Table A1. 4 Georgia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for the UK's top 
25 exports to the world  
United Kingdom's top export products  in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Georgia's 
import markets   
HS number and description of the product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2021  
Duty Free under 
the Agreement 
(2021)  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty-
free duti-
able 
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in 
semi-manufactured forms, for non -
monetary purposes  5.6 0.0  2     
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  4.9 0.0  2     
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for therapeutic or 
prophylactic purposes,  3.2 0.0  1     
880330  Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, 
n.e.s.  2.9 0.0  2     
841112  Turbojets of a thrust > 25 kn  2.6 0.0  4     
870323  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 
1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 cm³  2.4 *   7   7   
841191  Parts of turbojets or turbopropellers, 
n.e.s.  2.1 0.0  2     
870324  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport 
of<10 persons, of a cylinder 
capacity>3.000 cm³  1.7 *   4   4   
220830  Whiskies  1.3 *   10   10   
271012  Light oils and preparations  1.3 0.0  12     
970110  Paintings, e.g. oil paintings, 
watercolours and pastels, and drawings 
executed entirely by hand  1.3 0.0  1     
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 
1.000 cm³ but <= 1.500 cm³  1.2 *   4   4   
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, 
of precious metal other than silver  1.0 12.0   1   1   
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous minerals, not 
containing biodiesel, n.e.s.  1.0 0.0  25     
870332  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 
1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 cm³  0.7 *   5   5   
300220  Vaccines for human medicine  0.6 0.0  1     
870340  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons, of a cylinder capacity > 
1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 cm³  0.6 *   2   2   
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in powder 
form 0.6 0.0  1     
300215  Immunological products, for retail sale  0.6 0.0  1     WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 40 - 
 
  United Kingdom's top export products  in 2018 -2020  Access Conditions to Georgia's 
import markets   
HS number and description of the product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2021  
Duty Free under 
the Agreement 
(2021)  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) Number of 
lines  
Duty-
free duti-
able 
851762  Machines for the reception, conversion 
and transmission or regeneration of 
voice, images or other data  0.6 0.0  1     
382200  Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a 
backing, prepared diagnostic or 
laboratory reagents  0.5 0.0  1     
490199  Printed books, brochures and similar 
printed matter  0.5 0.0  1     
870333  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
<10 persons, incl. station wagons and 
racing cars, with only diesel engine of a 
cylinder capacity > 2.500 cm³  0.5 *   5   5   
840890  Compression -ignition internal 
combustion pi ston engine "diesel or 
semi-diesel engine"  0.4 0.0  13     
870899  Parts and accessories, for tractors, 
motor vehicles for the transport of ten 
or more persons  0.4 0.0  3     
 
Total of above  38.4   73   38   38  - 
*  Contains non -ad valorem  duties . 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded . Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Georgia and the UK authorities.  WT/REG 440/1 
 
- 41 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
1. Table A2.1 below indicates the tariff lines covered by the UK's tariff quotas applied to Georgian 
imports.   
Table A2.1 Tariff rate quotas applied by the United Kingdom  to Georgia's imports  
TRQs/Product's HS Codes  Tariff rates under 
the Agreement  
MFN Rates  
In-
quota  Out-of-
quota  
TRQ1: Garlic  (30 tonnes)  
07032000 * 0% MFN 8% + 100 GBP / 100 kg  
* Tariff lines also subject to MFN TRQs.  
Source:  Based on data provided by the UK. 
__________