KENYA STANDARD  DKS 2227:2022 
ICS 67.08 0.20 
Third Edition  
 
 © KEBS 2021   
 Petroleum and petroleum products — 
Automotive biodiesel fuel  — Specification  
 
 
 
 DKS 2227:202 2 
ii © KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  
 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION  
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:  
ADS Africa  
BASF E.A.  
Beyond Borders  
Consumer Information Network  
CSI International Ltd.  
D.T. Dobie  
Diverse Management Consultancy Ltd.  
Geoscan Consultants  
Gulf Energy  
Heller Petroleum Ltd.  
Inspectorate E.A. Ltd.  
Intertek  
ISUZU E.A  
African Gas and Oil Company Ltd  
Rubis Energy (K) Ltd.  
Kenya Accreditation Services  
Kenya Petroleum Refineries Limited  
Kenya Pipeline Company  
Kurrent Technogies Ltd.  
Lacheka Lubricants  Ltd. 
Lubricants  
National Environment Management Authority  
OLA Energy  
Optimum  
Petroleum Institute of East Africa  
Sepyana Oil E.A  
SGS  
EPRA  
Simba Corp Ltd.  
Supply Cor  
Synergy Lubricants  
Total K Ltd.  
Vivo Energy  
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat  
REVISION OF KEN YA STANDARDS  
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya Standards shall be regularly reviewed.  Suggestions for 
improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards, are 
welcome.  
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2021  
Copyright. Users are reminded that by virtue of Section 25 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of 2001 of  the Laws of Kenya, copyright subsists 
in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under Section 25 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya Bureau of Sta ndards 
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any mea ns without prior permission in writing from the 
Managing Director.   KENYA STANDARD  DKS 2227:202 2 
ICS 67.08 0.20 
Third  Edition  
 
© KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  iii 
  Petroleum and petroleum products  —
Automotive biodiesel fuel  — Specification  
 
 
Kenya Bureau of Standards,  Popo Road, Off Mombasa Road,  
P.O. Box 54974 - 00200,  Nairobi, Kenya  
 +254 020 694 8000, + 254 722202137, + 254 734600471  
 info@kebs.org  
 @KEBS_ke  
 kenya bureau of standards (kebs)  
  
DKS 2227:202 2 
iv © KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
This Kenya Standard was prepared by the Petroleum and Petroleum Products Technical Committee under the 
guidance of the Standards Projects Committee, and it is in accordance with the procedures of the Kenya Bureau 
of Standards.  
This Third  edition cancels and replaces the second  edition (KS 2227:20 22), which has been technically revised . 
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:  
— Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP),  requirement has been revised ; 
— test methods have revised to include additional methods . 
Biodiesel is an ester (more generally methyl ester) usually produced from vegetable oil.  
Vegetable oils are obtained classically by simple pressing of oilseeds, such as jatropha seeds, rapeseeds, 
sunflower, soybeans, etc. All of these oils, however, offer  too much viscosity and a cetane number (the 
ability to auto -ignition) too low, making their direct use in traditional diesel engine difficult.   
In order to obtain similar characteristics with respect to conventional fossil diesel fuel, such vegetable oil s 
must undergo a reaction of transesterification with an alcohol (usually methanol, CH3OH) in the presence of 
a catalyst, usually potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium (NaOH). It should be noted that the use of ethanol 
is also considered, but very rarely use d on a commercial scale. The transesterification reaction is carried out 
at moderate temperature (20 -80 °C) and atmospheric pressure.   
The production of biodiesel is relatively simple from a technical standpoint, which also allows the 
construction of smal l decentralized production units without excessive extra costs. Such a situation 
represents a definite advantage, thus limiting the transport of raw materials and permitting, in a transition 
phase, to start with modest  sized installations  DKS 2227:202 2   
 
© KEBS 2021 – All rights reserved   
  
Petroleum and petroleum products —Automotive biodiesel fuel — 
Specification  
1 Scope  
This Draft Kenya Standard specifies requirements, sampling  and test methods for marketed and delivered fatty 
acid methyl esters (FAME)/ biodiesel to be used either as automotive fuel for diesel engines at 100% 
concentration, or as an extender for automotive fuel for diesel engines. At 100% concentration, it is applicable 
to fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed or subsequently adapted to run on 100% FAME/biodiesel  
2 Normative references  
The following referenced documents are referred to i n the text in such a way that some or all of their content 
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated 
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) app lies. 
EN 116, Diesel and domestic heating fuels – Determination of cold filter plugging point  
ASTM D6371, Standard Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels  
IP 309, Diesel  and domestic heating fuels - Determination of cold filter plugging point copy  
EN 590, Automotive fuels - Diesel - Requirements and test methods  
EN 12662, Liquid petroleum products - Determination of contamination in middle distillates  
EN 14103, Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of ester and linolenic acid 
methyl ester contents  
EN 14104, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) - Determination of acid Value  
ASTM D974, Standard Test Method for Acid  and Base Number by Color -Indicator Titration  
EN 14105, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of free and total glycerol 
and mono -, di-, triglyceride contents - Reference method  
EN 14106, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of free glycerol content  
EN 14107, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of phosphorus content by 
inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry  
EN 14108, Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of sodium content by 
atomic absorption spectrometry  
EN 14109, Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of potassium content by 
atomic absorption spectrometry  
EN 14110, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) - Determination of methanol content  
EN 14111, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of iodine value   
© KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  iii 
  EN 14112, Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) - Determination of oxidation s tability 
(accelerated oxidation test)  
ISO 12205, Petroleum products - Determination of oxidation stability of middle – distillate fuels  
ASTM  D2274, Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)  
N 15751:2014 , Auto motive fuels - Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel - 
Determination of oxidation stability by accelerated oxidation method  
EN 14538, Fat and oil derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of Ca and Mg content b y 
optical emission spectral analysis with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES)  
ISO 2160, Petroleum products - Corrosiveness to copper - Copper strip test  
ASTM D130, Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip T est 
ISO 3104, Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic  viscosity and 
calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104:1994. incl. ISO Tech. Cor. No 1)  
ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids – Manual sampling (ISO 3170:1988/A1:1998)  
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids – Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171:1988)  
ISO 3675, Crude petroleum  and liquid petroleum products - Laboratory determination of density - Hydrometer 
method  
ISO 4259, Petroleum products - Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test  
ISO 5165, Petroleum products - Determination of the ign ition quality of diesel fuels – Cetane engine method  
ASTM D613, Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil  
ISO 10370, Petroleum products - Determination of carbon residue (micro method)  
ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products - Determination of density - Oscillating U  tube method  
EN ISO 12937, Petroleum products - Determination of water - Coulometric Karl Fisher titration method  
ASTM D95, Standard Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillatio n 
IP 74, Petroleum products and bituminous materials - Determination of water - Distillation method  
ISO 3733, Petroleum products and bituminous materials — Determination of water — Distillation method  
ISO 13759, Petroleum products – Determination of alkyl nitrate in diesel fuels –Spectrometric method  
EN ISO 20846, Petroleum products – Determination of total sulfur content of liquid petroleum products – 
Ultraviolet fluorescence method  
ISO 20884, Petrol eum products – Determination of low sulfur content of automotive fuels – Wave  length  
dispersive X -ray fluorescence spectrometry  
ISO 20847, Petroleum products – Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels –Energy - dispersive X –
ray fluorescence spe ctrometry  
ASTM D5453, Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition 
Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence   
iv © KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  
 ISO/DIS 3679, Petroleum products - Determination of flash point - Rapid equilibrium closed cup method  
ISO 3987, Petroleum products - Lubricating oils and additives - Determination of sulfated ash  
ASTM D 1160, Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced Pressure  
ASTM D93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pen sky-Martens Closed Cup Tester  
ASTM D1298, Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and 
Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method  
ASTM D4052, Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravi ty of Liquids by Digital Density 
Meter  
IP 160, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products - Laboratory determination of density - Hydrometer 
method  
IP 34, Determination of Flash Point - Pensky -Martens closed cup method  
ISO 2719,  Determination of flash point - Pensky -Martens closed cup method  
ISO 14596, Petroleum products — Determination of sulfur content — Wavelength -dispersive X -ray fluorescence 
spectrometry  
ISO 8754, Petroleum products — Determination of sulfur content — Energy -dispersive X -ray fluores cence 
spectrometry  
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this document , the following terms and definitions apply. 
3.1 
additive  
compound added to the biodiesel fuel to improve either the performance of the biodiesel or its storage stability 
or both 
 3.2 
Biodiesel  
 
fuel comprised of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils, or waste streams either 
from animal fats, used cooking oil or fish oils.  
 
3.3 
Dyes 
 
chemicals added to fuels for visual identification  
 
3.4 
markers  
substances added to fuels for traceability to protect them against theft or adulteration and also to distinguish 
between different fuels  
4 Requirements  
4.1  General   
© KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  v 
  4.1.1  The automotive biodiesel fuel shall contain, principally, mono -alkyl methyl esters of long chain fatty 
acids derived from vegetable oil.  
4.1.2  Suitable fuel additives without known side effects may be used to help avoid deterioration of driveability 
and emissions control durability. Other technical means that exhibit an effect eq uivalent to that of additives can 
also be used.  
4.1.3  The fuel may contain small quantities of colouring materials which are documented as harmless to give 
it a distinctive colour.  
4.1.4  The fuel shall be clear and free of visible water, sediment, suspen ded matter and any other contaminant 
that is documented as likely to cause malfunctioning of equipment designed to use this type of fuel, either as a 
blend or in its 100 % concentration form.  
4.2  Physical and chemical properties  
The fuel shall comply wi th all the requirements given in Table 1  when tested in accordance with the methods 
provided therein .  
NOTE:  In case of a need for identification of biodiesel, it is recommended that a method based on the characterization 
of fatty acid methyl esters by LG/GC, in accordance with EN 14331, be used.  
   
vi © KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Table 1 — Requirements for automotive biodiesel fuel  
1 2 3 
Property  Requirements  Test method  
FAME  content,  % mass fraction , min   96,5 EN 14103  
Density at 20 oC , kg/m3  860 - 900 ISO 3675  
ISO 12185  
ASTM D1298  
ASTM D4052  
IP 160  
 
Kinematic viscosity at 40 oC, mm2/s  3,5 – 5,0 ISO 3104  
ASTM D445  
IP 71  
Flash point, oC, min .  101 ASTM D93  
IP 34  
ISO 2719  
Sulphur  content, mg/kg, max .  10,0 ISO 20846  
ISO 14596  
ISO 8754  
ISO 20884  
ISO 20847  
ASTM D5453  
Carbon residue (on 10% distillation residue),  % mass fraction, max .  0,3 ISO 10370  
ASTM D93  
IP 34  
Cetane Number, min .  51,0 ISO 5165  
ASTM D613  
Sulphated  ash content, % mass fraction, max .  0,02 ISO 3987  
Water content, % mass fraction, max .  0,05 ISO 12937  
ASTM D95  
IP 74  
ISO 3733  
Total contamination, mg/kg, max .  24 EN 12662  
Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50 oC), rating, max .  Class 1  ISO 2160  
ASTM D 130  
Oxidation stability, at 110 oC, h, min .  6 EN 14112  
EN 15751  
ISO 12205  
ASTM D2274  
Acid value, mg KOH/g, max .   0,5 EN 14104  
ASTM D974  
Iodine value, g of iodine/100 g of FAME, max .  120 EN 14111  
Linolenic acid methyl ester, % mass fraction, max .  12 EN 14103  
Polyunsaturated (>= 4 double bonds) methyl ester , % , mass fraction, 
max.  1 EN 14103   
© KEBS 2022 – All rights reserved  vii 
  Methanol content, % mass fraction, max .  0,2 EN 14110  
Monoglyceride content, % fraction max .  0,8 EN 14105  
Diglyceride content, % mass fraction, max .  0,2 EN 14105  
Triglyceride content , mass fraction, max .  0,2 EN 14105  
Free glycerol, % mass fraction, max .  0,02 EN 14105  
EN 14106  
Total glycerol, % mass fraction, max .  0,25 EN 14105  
Group I metals  (total of Na and K), mg/kg, max .  5,0 EN 14108  
EN 14109  
Group II metals (total of Ca and Mg)  5,0 EN 14538I 
Phosphorus content, mg/kg, max  5 EN 14107  
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP), max  12  EN 116  
ASTM D6371  
IP 309  
 
5  Packing  
Except when transported in bulk, the biodiesel shall be packed in sound, clean, dry drums not deleteriously 
affected by the biodiesel. The drums shall be so closed that leakage and contamination of the biodiesel is 
prevented during normal handling and tran sport.  
6  Marking  
The following information shall appear in prominent, legible and indelible marking on each drum or, in the case 
of biodiesel filled in bulk storage tanks or bulk carriers, in the storage and consignment documents of each bulk 
carrier:  
a) the manufacturer’s (or the supplier’s) name or the brand name of the product or both;  
b) a description of the product, i.e. “BIODIESEL FUEL – PURE”;  
c) batch identification; and  
d) the quantity of the contents.  
7 Sampling  
Samples shall be taken as described in KS ISO 3170 or KS ISO 3171.  
In view of the sensitivity of some of the test methods referred to in this Kenya Standard, particular attention shall 
be paid to compliance with any guidance on sampling containers, which is included in the test method standard.