Risk Management Proposal:  
Additional phytosanitary treatments  to manage 
Drosophila  suzukii , Guignardia  bidwellii , 
Lobesia  botrana , and regulated spiders  on fresh 
table grapes  
 
 
 
Amendments to the import health standards for fresh table grapes from Chile, the 
Republic of  Korea, and the USA – California  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared for public consultation  
By Horticulture Imports Team  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
 
 
 
 
 
October  2022Disclaimer  
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, 
the Ministry  for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of 
fact, omission, interpr etation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any 
decisions based on this information.  
This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at  
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publications/   
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry for Primary Industries   
i Contents  Page 
 
Submissions  1 
1 General information  3 
1.1 Purpose  3 
1.2 Background  3 
1.3 Timing and consultation  4 
1.4 Background and context of consultation  4 
2 Biosecurity risk associated with fresh tabl e grapes from Chile, the Republic of Korea, 
and the USA  5 
2.1 Drosophila  suzukii  5 
2.2 Guignardia bidwellii  6 
2.3 Latrodectus spp. and other regulated spiders  7 
2.4 Lobesia botrana  9 
3 Proposed changes to the standards  10 
3.1 Non-regulatory changes to the standards  10 
3.2 Table grapes from Chile  11 
3.3 Table grapes from the Republic of Korea  11 
3.4 Table grapes from the USA – California  11 
4 Rationale for the proposed changes to the standards  12 
5 Feasibility of the proposed change to the standards  14 
6 References  16 
Appendix 1 – Existing treatments in the import health standards  19  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 1 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on the 
proposed amendments to the import health standards (IHSs ):  
• Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  (152.02 ),  
• Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, ( Vitis vinifera  L., Vitis 
labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L.) from the Republic of Korea , and  
• Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, ( Vitis vinifera ) from the 
United States of America – State of California . 
The proposed amendments  are supported by this risk management proposal.  
 
An import health standard “specifies requirements to be met for the effective management of 
risks associated with importing risk goods, including risks arising because importing the 
goods involves or might involve an incidentally imported new organism.” (section 22 
Biosecurity , Act 1993) . 
 
We would like feedback  on the following changes to the  above standards:  
1. Addition of  new cold treatment s 
a. to manage Drosophila suzukii on table grapes from Chile  as a stand -alone cold 
treatment , and 
b. to manage Lobesia botrana as an end -point treatment for a systems approach  
2. Addition of new phytosanitary measures to manage Drosophila suzukii  and/ or regulated 
spiders on table grapes from California, USA  
a. Ozone fumigation to manage regulated spiders  (including Latrodectus  spp.) , and 
combined ozone fumigation and cold treatment to manage Drosophila  suzukii  
b. Additional m ethyl bromide fumigation  option s to manage Drosophila  suzukii  
c. Stand -alone cold treatment s to manage Drosophila  suzukii  
3. Changing the  phytosanitary measure to manage Guignardia  bidwellii  on table grapes 
from the Republic of Korea  (pest -free area) to appropriate pest control activities  
Include the following  in your submission :  
 
• The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email  
• Your name and title  
• Your organisation’s name (if applicable)  
 
Send submissions to plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  by 5pm Monday 12 December 2022 .  
 
Feel free to include any  technical information  you have  that support s your submission.  
 2 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  While we prefer email, if  you would like to send your submission by post, you can mail it  to: 
Horticulture Imports  
Animal and Plant Health  Directorate  
Biosecurity New Zealand  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Submissions received by  5pm Monday 12 December 2022  will be considered during the 
development of the amended standard s. Submissions received after the clos ing date may be 
held on file for consideration when the issued standard s are next revised/reviewed.  
 
 
Official Information Act 1982  
 
Please note that your submission is public information , and it is MPI policy to publish 
submissions and the review of submissions on the MPI website.  
 
Submissions may also be the subject of requests for information under the Official  
Information Act 1982 (OIA). The OIA specifies that information is to be made available to 
requesters unless there are sufficient grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. 
Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for withholding specific informatio n contained in 
their submission, such as information being  commercially sensitive or personal. Any decision 
to withhold information requested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman .   
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 3 1 General information  
1.1 Purpose  
(1) The purpose of this document is to:  
• Provide background information on the biosecurity and human health risks of  
- Drosophila suzukii  and Lobesia botrana  on fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ) 
from Chile,  
- Guignardia bidwellii  on fresh table grapes ( Vitis vi nifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. 
and Vitis labruscana  L.) from the Republic of Korea, and  
- Drosophila suzukii  and regulated spiders  from  California, United States of 
America  
• Set out  the proposed amendments to the import requirements for fresh table grapes  
for the management of the relevant regulated pests,  
• Provide the rationale for the proposed amendment s to the standards  and how they 
will manage  the risk, and  
• Ask for  feedback  on the proposed amendment s to the import requirement s for fresh 
table grapes . 
1.2 Background   
(2) The standard Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into 
New Zealand (152.02) came into force on 7 October 1999 and was last amended on 
24 August  2022 . This standard was issued under section 24A of the Biosecurity Act  
1993.  
(3) The standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, ( Vitis 
vinifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L.) from the Republic of Korea  was 
issued  on 12 June 2019 . This standard was issued under s ection  24A of the Biosecurity 
Act 1993 and applies to fresh table grapes  that are imported into New Zealand from the 
Republic of Korea.  
(4) The standard Commodity Sub -class:  Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes , (Vitis 
vinifera ) from the United States of America – State of California  was issued  on 3 May 
2010 and first endorsed on 18 August 2005 . This standard was issued under s ection  24A 
(formerly section 22) of the Biosecurity Act 1993 and applies to fresh table grapes that 
are imported into New Zealand from the United States of America – State of California . 
(5) MPI received equivalence  requests (requests for recognition of phytosanitary measures 
that are equivalent to existing measures) from : 
a. Chile and the USA to manage Drosophila suzukii   
b. The USA to manage Latrodectus spp. on table grapes.  
(6) MPI also assessed  
a. the use of the proposed stand -alone cold treatment s for managing 
Lobesia  botrana  as well.  This aligns the phytosanitary treatment for use on 
both pests requiring additional measures on the pathway ; and  4 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  b. the use of the proposed ozone fumigation treatment for managing other 
regulated spiders (Cheiracanthium inclusum , Cicurina  spp., Clubiona  spp., 
Euryopis  spp., Gea heptagon , Lycosa  spp., Oradrassus assimilis , and 
Phidippus johnson ) on the USA table grape pathway . This aligns the 
phytosanitary treatment for pests requiring fumigation  on the pathway . 
(7) MPI reviewed the phytosanitary measures for managing the risk of Guignardia bidwellii  
on table grapes from the R epublic of Korea after emergency measures were 
implemented in 2019 . 
1.3 Timing and consultation  
(8) The proposed amendments to the  following  import health standards were released for 
consultation on 13 October 2022  and will remain open for consultation until 
12 December 2022 . 
a. Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  
(152.02)  
b. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, ( Vitis vinifera  L., 
Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L.) from the Republic of Korea  
c. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes , (Vitis vinifera ) 
from the United States of America – State of California   
1.4 Background and context of consultation  
1.4.1 International  regulation of risk goods  
(9) “The World Trade Organi zation Agreement on the Application of  Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)  sets in place rules that protect each country’s 
sovereign right to take the measures necessary to protect the life or health of its people, 
animal s, and plants , while at the same time facilitating trade. It embodies and promotes 
the use of science -based risk assessments to manage the risks associated with the 
international movement of goods. The SPS Agreement guide s how New Zealand sets 
standards an d makes decisions related to biosecurity. ” (MAF et al., 2009, p. 1)  
(10) “In particular, [it is] important to maintain the standards of transparency and scientific 
rigour required by the SPS Agreement and to make decisions as quickly as possible. 
This will enco urage other countries to comply with the rules of the SPS Agreement and 
also demonstrate that New  Zealand’s strict controls are justified to countries that 
challenge them. ” (MAF et al., 2009 , p. 13) 
1.4.2 Domestic regulation of biosecurity risks associated with craft arrivals  
(11) The New Zealand  biosecurity system is regulated through the Biosecurity Act 1993 (the 
Act). Section 22 describes an import health standard and requires all risk goods entering 
New Zealand to be managed by one.  MPI is the N ew Zealand  governme nt ministry 
responsible for maintaining biosecurity standards that effective ly manage risks 
associated with import ing risk goods and craft into N ew Zealand  (Part 3, Biosecurity 
Act 1993). MPI is committed to the principles of transparency and evidence -based 
technical justification for all phytosanitary measures  we impose on importing pathways , 
whether new or amended. MPI periodically reviews all biosecurity  standards  and related  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 5 documents so that the legal requirements are clear and  so that  information is 
consistently presented and as easy as possible to understand.  
2 Biosecurity risk associated with fresh table grapes from 
Chile, the Republic of Korea, and the USA  
(12) New Zealand needs m easures to manage the biosecurity and human health risks posed 
by the spotted -wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii , grape black rot Guignardia 
bidwellii , the European grapevine moth Lobesia  botrana , and regulated spiders 
(including w idow spiders Latrodectus spp.)  on table grapes. MPI is proposing n ew 
treatment options for table grapes from Chile, the Republic of Korea, and the USA.  
(13) NZ Wine categorises Lobesia botrana  as a threat , Drosophila suzukii  as a significant 
threat , and Guignardia bidwellii  (syn. Phyllosticta ampelicida ) as a highest threat ( NZ 
Wine, 2022).  
(14) Grape wine was the highest earning processed fruit export from New Zealand and the 
second highest earning horticultural export  in 2020 an d 2021 , worth NZ$1.91 billion in 
2020 and $1.86 billion  in 2021  (MPI, 2022) . Table grape  exports from New Zealand 
were worth $400,000 in 2020 and $213,000 in 2021 (Plant & Food Research, 2021).  
(15) Record harvest volumes are anticipated for wine grapes in 2022 . Grape wine is forecast 
to be worth $1.94 billion for 2022, and over $2 billion per year for 2023, 2024, 2025, 
and 2026 (MPI, 2022).  
2.1 Drosophila  suzukii  
(16) MPI’ s conclusions on the biosecurity risk of Drosophila suzukii  have not changed since 
our 2009 Import Risk Analysis: Table grapes (Vitis vinifera) from China  and our 2012 
Pest Risk Assessment: Drosophila suzukii: Spotted Wing Dro sophila (Diptera: 
Drosophilidae) on Fresh Fruit  from the USA . 
a. Drosophila suzukii  (spotted -wing drosophila) is a n invasive and destructive 
pest ( Rota -Stabelli et al. , 2013 ) and a pest of concern on table grapes.  
i. It is present and widespread in  California, USA , and present in Chile 
(Ioriatti  et al. , 2013).  
ii. It is a regulated quarantine pest and absent from New Zealand 
(ONZPR , 2022).  
iii. Table grapes (Vitis spp.) are hosts of Drosophila suzukii  (MAF BNZ , 
2009).   
iv. This fly is associated with fruit in a n over-ripe or ripe  state (MAF BNZ , 
2009).  Other hosts include  apple, currants, Eu ropean pear, fig, guava, 
kiwiberry, persimmon, Prunus  spp., Rubus spp., and strawberry 
(Ioriatti et al., 2013 ; Rota -Stabelli et al. , 2013 ; KVH, 2019 ). 
b. Fruit pulp is eaten by larvae causing a depression or visible blemish around the 
feeding site  (Ioriatti  et al., 2013).  6 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  c. Adults are very mobile, and eggs, larvae and pupae can be present inside grape 
berries. Oviposition wounds are small  and can easily be missed during normal 
packing processes . Although the likelihood of entry into New Zealand may be 
low, the likelihood of establishment in New Zealand is high if the fruit fly 
enters New Zealand  (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
d. Females lay 2 –3 eggs per fruit on average and a single fly can lay hundred of 
eggs during her life  (MAF BNZ, 2009 ). Eggs only take 10 days (at room 
temperature) to develop into adults (Rota -Stabelli et al. , 2013).  
e. Drosophila suzukii  thrives at cooler temperatures and there is no clear climatic 
barrier to establishment into New Zealand (Dreves et al., 2009; MAF BNZ, 
2009).  Host plants occur widely  in commercial and domestic situations (MAF 
BNZ, 2009).  
(17) The presence and establishment of Drosophila suzukii  would have a significant impact 
on New Zealand’s economy.  
a. Drosophila suzukii  has a wide range of hosts that are of economic importance 
for New Zeal and (MAF BNZ , 2009).  
b. Fungal and bacterial infections and secondary pests may contribute to further 
fruit deterioration  (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
c. New Zealand’s market access and current IPM measures could be disrupted 
(MAF BNZ, 2009).  
d. As well as being an economic threat to the grape wine and table grape industry, 
many other horticultural commodities are at risk (see other hosts above).  These 
include apple (worth $8 48 million  in exports ), stonefruit ($57.1 million), and 
kiwiberry ($4.74 million) (Plant & Fo od Research, 202 1). Apples and pears are 
forecast to be worth over $1 billion by 2024 (MPI, 2022).  
(18) Given the biosecurity risks posed by Drosophila  suzukii  on fresh table grapes (as outlined 
in this document), MPI is satisfied that the proposed requirements  are consistent with 
New Zealand’s obligations under the SPS Agreement.  
(19) We will continue to monitor changes in the distribution of Drosophila  suzukii  using our 
Emerging Risk System.  
2.2 Guignardia bidwellii  
(20) The conclusions of MPI’s (previously MAF BNZ) 2009 Import Risk Analysis: Table 
grapes (Vitis vinifera) from China  regarding the biosecurity risk of Guignardia bidwellii  
have not changed.  
a. Guignardia bidwe llii (black rot) is a pest of concern on table grapes  from the 
Republic of Korea . 
i. It is present in South Korea (the Republic of Korea)  (Kwon et al., 
2015).  
ii. It is a regulated quarantine pest and absent from New Zealand 
(ONZPR, 2022).   
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 7 iii. Guignardia bidwellii  is a significant fungal pathogen of grapes.  Canyon 
grape, fox grape, grapevine, muscadine grapes are all major hosts  
(MAF BNZ , 2009 ).  
iv. Guignardia bidwellii  has also been recorded on other plants in the 
grape family ( Ampelopsis sp., Cissus sp., Parthenocissus  sp.), as well 
as Citrus sp., and Asplenium nidus (bird’s nest fern) (CPC, 2007 ; from 
MAF BNZ , 2009 ). 
b. It causes circular necrotic reddish -to-black spots on leaves, and purple -black 
lesions on shoots, stalks, and tendrils. Berries are infected when young an d 
show pale -coloured spots with a sunken centre before becoming shrunken, 
black and wrinkle d (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
c. Guignardia bidwellii  does not infect mature table grapes but could  still be 
present on them and transmitted via airborne ascospores (discharged du ring 
rainfall) . Although t he likelihood of entry into New Zealand may be  low, the 
likelihood of establishment in New Zealand is high if this fungus does enter  
(MAF BNZ, 2009).  
d. There are no obvious climate barriers for establishment in New Zealand. 
Infection occurs as low as 10 °C  and Guignardia bidwellii  is distributed in 
countries with similar climat ic conditions  to New Zealand (e.g., France) .  
(21) The presence and establishment of Guignardia bidwellii  would have a significant 
impact on New Zealand’s e conomy.  
a. If it becomes establish ed in New Zealand, we will lose our country freedom 
status, and eradication is likely to be impossible (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
b. New Zealand’s export market access may be affected if domestic horticultural 
industr ies have to increase  chemical use as a result (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
c. Guignardia bidwellii  causes significant crop losses of up to 100% at an early 
stage. It can overwinter on grapevine canes, tendrils, leaves, or mummified 
grapes (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
d. As well as being an economic threat  to the grape wine and table grape industry, 
other host plants are also at-risk including citrus (CPC, 2007 ; from MAF BNZ 
2009 ) which is grown commercially (worth $11.4 million in exports) (Plant & 
Food Research, 2021) and also commonly grown in residentia l gardens 
throughout New Zealand.  
(22) Given the biosecurity risks posed by Guignardia bidwellii  on fresh table grapes (as 
outlined in this document), MPI is satisfied that the proposed requirements are consistent 
with New Zealand’s obligations under the SPS Ag reement.  
(23) We will continue to monitor changes in the distribution of Guignardia bidwellii  using our 
Emerging Risk System.  
2.3 Latrodectus spp. and other regulated spiders  
(24) MPI’s conclusions on the human health and biosecurity risks of Latrodectus spp. have 
not changed since our  2009 Import Risk Analysis: Table grapes (Vitis vinifera) from 8 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  China  and our 2002 Pest Risk Assessment: Spiders Associ ated with Table Grapes  from 
United Stated of America (State of California), Australia, Mexico and Chile . 
a. Latrodectus  spp. are pests of concern on table grapes from the United States of 
America (California).  
i. Latrodectus spp. are present in the USA  and have been intercepted in 
New Zealand on table grapes from California  (Reed and Newland, 
2002).  
ii. They are regulated quarantine pests and absent from New Zealand , 
except for Latrodectus hasseltii and the native species Latrodectus 
katipo (ONZPR, 2022).  
iii. The Latrodectus  genus contains over 30 species  (World Spider Catalog, 
2022 ), including the most venomous spider in North America (MAF 
BNZ, 2009).  
iv. Latrodectus  spiders have been recorded on grape vineyards associated 
with fruit, although they do not feed on grape berries. They use grape 
bunches as a habitat (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
v. Frequent border interceptions and a 2002 pest risk assessment 
identified Latrodectus  spiders as problem contaminating pests 
(previously referred to as hitchhiker pests) on table grapes imported to 
New Zealand from the USA (MAF BNZ, 2009; Reed and Newland, 
2002).  
vi. Crop harvesting may become more expensive if workers are reluctant 
to work a mong plants that harbour widow spiders (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
(25) The venom of widow spiders is neurotoxic, reported as more toxic than most snake 
venoms, and can result in death when untreated (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
a. Clinical effects reported from envenomation include mu scle cramps, 
hypertension, weakness, gastrointestinal complaints, diaphoresis, and 
intractable pain  (Clark, 2001).  
b. Mortality is predicted between 4% and 6% from untreated bites of the 
North  American Latrodectus mactans , and a bite can result in death with in 18 
to 36 hours  (MAF BNZ, 2009).  
(26) The other regulated spiders on the USA table grape pathway ( Cheiracanthium inclusum , 
Cicurina  spp., Club iona spp., Euryopis  spp., Gea heptagon , Lycosa  spp., Oradrassus 
assimilis , and Phidippus johnsoni ) are all regulated quarantine pests , absent from New 
Zealand (ONZPR, 2022)  and present in the USA (Reed and Newland, 2002).  
a. All of these spiders are known to be associated with table grapes from 
California (commodity or vineyards) (Reed and Newland, 2002).  
b. Cicurina  spp., Clubiona  spp., Euryopis  spp., Gea heptagon , Lycosa  spp., 
Oradrassus assimilis , and Phidippus johnsoni were intercepted on Californian 
table grapes or had post -border detections (from California) in 2000 –2001. A 
dead Cheiracanthium inclusum individua l was detected in 2001 with an  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 9 accompanying egg sac (it is unknown whether the eggs were alive or dead) 
(Reed and Newland, 2002).  
(27) There are no obvious climate barriers for establishment in New Zealand . 
a. California climate has 60% –80% similarity (depending on the area) to the 
general New Zealand climate (CMI=0.6 –0.8) (Phillips et al., 2018).  
b. Some species within the genera Cheiracanthium , Clubiona , Euryopis , and 
Lycosa  are already found in New Zealand (Ree d and Newland, 2002).  
c. The genus Latrodectus  is found across most of the world (cosmopolitan 
distribution), with two species including the native Latrodectus katipo  already 
in the country ( Reed and Newland, 2002 ).  
(28) Given the human health and biosecurity risks posed by regulated spiders on fresh table 
grapes (as outlined in this document), MPI is satisfied that the proposed requirements 
are consistent with New Zealand’s obligations under the SPS Agreement.  
(29) We will con tinue to monitor changes in the distribution of regulated spiders using  our 
Emerging Risk System.   
2.4 Lobesia botrana   
(30) The European grapevine moth or grapevine worm Lobesia botrana  is a pest of concern 
on table grapes from Chile.  
a. It is present in Chile ( Lucch i and Scaramozzino , 2018).  
b. It is a regulated quarantine pest and absent from New Zealand (ONZPR, 2022).  
c. It is a major grapevine pest ( Thiéry and Moreau , 2005) . 
d. Other hosts and affected plants include persimmon, cherry, plum, 
pomegranate, currant, rosemary,  blackberry and European olive ( Lucchi  and 
Scaramozzino , 2018).  
e. Lobesia botrana  could be introduced as larvae or pupae, especially on 
imported table grapes (Lucchi and Scaramozzino, 2018).  
(31) Larvae penetrate and hollow out green and ripening grape berries , leaving the skin and 
seeds. They also cause damage  via webbing  and contaminate bunches with excrement 
(NZ Wine, 2022; Varela et al., 2009).  
(32) Boring  in grapes may promote  fungal rots such as Aspergillus, Alternaria, Rhizopus , 
Cladosporium, Penicillium  and especially Botrytis cinerea  grey rot. Rot  causes bad 
flavours and bouquet  in wine grapes.  Rot and larval boring  cause high grape 
depreciation  in table grapes ( Lucchi  and Scaramozzino , 2018).  
(33) As well as being a pest of grapes , Lobesia botrana feeds on up to 40 other plant species 
belonging  to 27 families (Ioriatti et al., 2011). It may be easy for th is moth to find 
suitable hosts in New Zealand (Thiery and De sneux, 2018) .  10 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  (34) The European grapevine moth is currently widespread in countries that have climates 
with 80%–90% similarity to the general New Zealand climate  (CMI=0.8 –0.9) (Phillips 
et al., 2018; Lucchi and Scaramozzino , 2018). This suggests  a lack of obvious climate 
barrier s for establishment in New Zealand.  
(35) The presence and establishment of Lobesia botrana  would have a significant impact on 
New Zealand’s economy.  
a. Lobesia botrana  is one of the most economically important insects in Europe  
(Ioriatti  et al., 2011).   It reduces yield of grape plants it feeds on , and the need 
for pest management measures to control this moth would incur additional cost 
to commercial producers.  
b. As well as being an economic threat to the grape wine and table grape indust ry, 
economic risk must also be considered for other host s and affected plants if 
Lobesia botrana  were to establish. These include persimmon ( NZ$8.52 million  
export revenue ) and cherry ($55.4 million)  (Plant & Food Research, 2021) , 
which recently had its second -best performance season on record for the 
2021/22 export season . New Zealand cherry exports increased 40.5%  
for the 2022/23 season to $77.8 million, and export revenue is forecast to 
increase to $82 million for the 2022/23 season  (MPI, 2022).  
(36) Given the biosecurity risks of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana  on fresh 
table grapes (as outlined in this document), MPI is satisfied that the proposed 
requirements are consistent with New Zealand’s obligations under the SPS Agreement.  
(37) We will contin ue to monitor changes in the distribution of Lobesia botrana  using our 
Emerging Risk System.  
3 Proposed changes to the standard s 
3.1 Non-regulatory changes to the standards  
(38) MPI has made some changes to format of the standard s to align with MPI’s current 
formatti ng and to ensure that the legal requirements are clear, consistently presented, 
and as easy as possible to understand . These include : 
a. Updating mentions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)  to the 
Ministry for Primary Industries  (MPI) ; 
b. Fixing broken weblinks ; and  
c. Removing “Part 7: Contingencies following biosecurity clearance” from the 
standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes , 
(Vitis  vinifera ) from the United States of America – State of California .  
(39) Part 7 of the Calif ornia table grape standard  is no longer consistent with Part 5 of the 
Act and is not in other fresh produce import health standards.  
(40) None of these changes change  the requirements in the standard or the intent of the 
requirements. They are minor changes in accordance with section 24B(2) of the 
Biosecurity Act and, as such, do not require consultation under section 23(3) of the Act.    
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 11 (41) These minor changes are mentioned here for clarity and transparency. They are not part 
of the consultation.  
3.2 Table  grapes from Chile  
(42) We are adding  new cold treatment s to manage Drosophila suzukii and Lobesia botrana  
(as part of a systems approach) to the schedule for  the table grapes from Chile in  
Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  (IHS 
152.02 ). An additional declaration for the systems approach for Lobesia botrana  is also 
detailed in the draft IHS 152.02. The cold treatment s are: 
a. 0 °C or below for 11 days, or  
b. 2 °C or below for 12 day s 
3.3 Table  grapes from the Republic of Korea  
(43) We are adding  appropriate pest control activities as  a phytosanitary measure (and 
remov ing the current  pest-free area  emergency measure ) to manage 
Guignardia  bidwellii  to the standard  Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vege tables 
Table grapes, ( Vitis vinifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L.) from the 
Republic of Korea  and the relevant schedule of IHS 152.02 . The additional declaration 
required on the phytosanitary for this pest will also be amended.  
3.4 Table  grape s from the USA – California  
(44) We are adding  new phytosanitary measures to manage Drosophila suzukii  and regulated 
spiders to the schedule for table grapes from California, USA in  Importation and 
Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  (IHS 152.02 ). 
a. Ozone fumigation to manage regulated spiders , and combined ozone 
fumigation and cold treatment to manage Drosophila  suzuki i: 
i. 14 g/m3 (10,000 ppm continuous) of O 3 applied at 67.5 kPa under 
normal atmospheric CO 2 levels (0.04%) at 3 °C for 1 ho ur followed by 
a cold treatment of -0.5 °C or below for 6 days, or  
ii. 14 g/m3 (10,000 ppm continuous) of O 3 applied at 67.5 kPa under 
normal atmospheric CO 2 levels (0.04%) at 3 °C for 1 hour followed by 
a cold treatment of 1.1 °C or below for 12 days  
b. Additio nal methyl bromide fumigation option s to manage Drosophila  suzukii : 
i. 56 g/m3 of MeBr applied for 2.5 hours at a minimum pulp temperature 
of 10.0 °C or above with a load factor of ~50%, or a concentration × 
time (Ct) product of 130 g/m3/hr at ≥ 75% retention, or  
ii. 64 g/m3 of MeBr applied for 2.5 hours at a pulp temperature between 
8.0 °C and 10.0 °C with a load factor of ~50%, or concentration × time 
(Ct) product of 148 g/m3/hr at ≥ 75% retention  
c. Stand -alone cold treatment s to manage Drosophila  suzukii : 12 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  i. 0 °C or below for 11 days, or  
ii. 2 °C or below for 12 days  
(45) We have made  administrativ e changes to the import health standard Commodity Sub -
class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, ( Vitis vinifera ) from the United States of 
America – State of California . We have not made any  technical changes  to this 
standard . 
4 Rationale for the proposed change s to the standard s 
(46) We received e quivalence  requests  from Chile and the USA to manage Drosophila 
suzukii (Chile and USA) and Latrodectus spp. (USA) on table grapes.  
a. For a phytosanitary measure to be considered by MPI as equivalent, it must 
provide the same or a greater level of protection as provided by the existing 
approved measures.  When we assess equivalence requests, we consider  
i. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), for 
example:  
- ISPM 24. Guideli nes for the determination and recognition of 
equivalence of phytosanitary measures   
- ISPM 28. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests   
- ISPM 42. Requirements for the use of temperature treatments 
as phytosanitary measures   
ii. Qualitative or quantitative da ta relating to each measure  
iii. The target pests  
iv. Other relevant information (such as human health risks and history of 
trade)  
(47) MPI has assessed the technical and scientific information , and we have determined that 
the proposed treatments meet our efficacy requirements for the target pests.  
a. The combined ozone fumigation and cold treatment schedules outlined in 
section 3. 4 clause (44) a(i) and (ii) above , to manage Drosophila suzukii  on 
table grapes,  achieved 99.9844% and 99.9853% mortality respectively at the 
95% confidence interval. This meets our efficacy requirements . We expect  
both schedules to effectively manage the risk of Drosophila suzukii  on table 
grapes from the USA.  
b. The ozone fumigation co mponent of the combined ozone fumigation and cold 
treatment schedules, to manage Latrodectus spp. on table grapes, resulted in 
zero survivors out of 268 treated female black widow spiders, or 98% 
mortality at the 95% confidence interval. We expect t he ozon e fumigation 
component of the schedule  on its own , or the entire schedule (including cold 
treatments), to effectively manage the risk of Latrodectus  spp. on table grapes 
from the USA.    
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 13 c. Ozone fumigation at 10,000 ppm (~14 g/m3) of O 3 for 0.5 –1 hour at 15 °C was 
found to be  effective in achieving complete mortality against nursery web 
spiderlings ( Dolomedes minor ) and false katipo spiderlings ( Steatoda capensis ) 
(Jamieson et al., 2009). This study used similar test numbers to the study on 
black widow spider s, and the treatment parameters are similar to the proposed 
ozone fumigation schedule for table grapes from the USA. S piders were found 
to be the least tolerant to ozone  out of all the species studie d, and it should be 
noted that lower doses of ozone  may be equally effective (Jamieson et al., 
2009; Carmen and Wirtz, n.d.). Therefore, this treatment is likely to be 
effective for all regulated spiders on this pathway.  
d. The methyl bromide fumigation schedules outlined in section 3. 4 clause (44) 
b(i) and (ii) ab ove, to manage Drosophila suzukii  on table grapes, both 
achieved ≈ 99.98% (estimated based on probit 8.6; Bliss 1935) mortality at the 
95% confidence interval. This meets our efficacy requirements . We expect  
both schedules to effectively manage the risk of  Drosophila suzukii  on table 
grapes from the USA.  
e. The stand -alone cold treatment schedules outlined in section 3. 4 clause (44) 
c(i) and (ii) above, to manage Drosophila suzukii on table grapes, achieved 
99.9948% and 99.9941% mortality respectively at the 95% confidence 
interval. This meets our efficacy requirements . We expect  both schedules  to 
effectively manage the risk of Drosophila suzukii  on table grapes from Chile 
and the US A. 
(48) MPI became aware through our Emerging Risk System in 2019 that 
Guignardia  bidwellii  had been detected in th e Republic of Korea . We added it to the 
pest list for table grapes from Korea and implemented  emergency measures on the 
pathway . MPI and the natio nal plant protection organisation (NPPO) of the Republic of 
Korea  agreed to use p est-free area to manage the risk of the fungus .  
(49) During our review of th is emergency measure, we considered and assessed  ‘appropriate 
pest control activities’ as a management option for Guignardia bidwellii .   
a. The NPPO  of the Republic of Korea and New  Zealand MPI have agreed on 
specific details of the appropriate pest control activities to manag e 
Guignardia  bidwellii on tab le grapes.  
b. MPI is confident that activities undertaken by Korean producers and exporters 
will sufficiently manage the risk of this fungus on the fresh table grape 
pathway. Additionally,  
i. Guignardia bidwellii  was initially detected on Boston ivy 
(Parthenoci ssus tricuspidata ) and has n ever been detected on 
commercially produced table grapes in the Republic of Korea.  
ii. The initial detect ion was in the southern city of Jinju  (Kwon et al., 
2015) . Monitoring of  Guignardia bidwellii  has not recorded any spread 
of th e fungus  in the Republic of Korea . 
iii. There have been no interceptions of Guignardia bidwellii  on table 
grapes imported from the Republic of Korea.  14 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  iv. MPI recently ( mid-2022) audited the Korean table grape pathway . The 
audit assured us  that if Guignardia bidwellii  become s present in 
commercial table grape vineyards, the risk w ill be sufficiently managed 
by export programme participants . 
(50) We added Lobesia botrana  to the pest list for table grapes from Chile in 2010 when we 
became aware of its pres ence in the country. We implemented cold treatment on the 
pathway  as an endpoint phytosanitary treatment for this moth . We also added methyl 
bromide as an alternative measure on the pathway at the request of N ew Zealand  
domestic stakeholders.  
(51) We also asse ssed whether t he cold treatment proposed for Drosophila suzukii  could  
manage Lobesia botrana  as part of a systems approach . Aligning the cold treatment for 
both pests on the pathway increases ease of use for treatment providers . 
a. Abiotic factors (especially temperature) may have a major effect on population 
dynamics of Lobesia  botrana  at all insect stages . This includes regulating  
female fecundity , adult activity and longevity , and  egg and pupal mortality 
(Lucchi and Scaramozzino, 2018 ).  
b. A literature survey  (Pryke & Pringle 2008) identified that cold treatment 
appeared to control members of Pseudococcidae, Tephritidae and Tortricidae  
(the family Lobesia botrana  is in). 
c. Cold treatment as an end -point phytosanitary measure is an exis ting option for 
managing Lobesia botrana  on table grapes from Chile in IHS 152.02.  MPI has 
not intercept ed Lobesia botrana  on table grapes from Chile since we 
implemented the emergency measure on th is pathway  in 2010 . We are 
confident that cold treatment as an end -point treatment  is manag ing the risk of 
Lobesia botrana . The proposed cold treatment schedules are similar to the 
existing schedules.  
d. The national plant protection organisation (NPPO) of Chile and New Zealand 
MPI have agreed on o ther de tails of the systems approach to manag e 
Lobesia  botrana on table grapes.  
5 Feasibility of the proposed change to the standard s 
(52) Cold treatment is an existing option for managing Lobesia botrana  on table grapes from 
Chile  (see Appendix 1, Table 1) . We propos e adding more options with different  
temperature/time specifications . 
(53) Cold treatment is a component of an existing option (sulphur dioxide fumigation 
followed by cold treatment ) for managing Drosophila suzukii  on table grapes from 
Chile  (see Appendix 1, Table 1) . The proposed cold treatment schedule is a new 
temperature/time combination that removes the necessity for sulphur dioxide fumigation 
if this schedule is used to manage Drosophila suzukii .  
(54) Appropriate pest control activities agreed be tween MPI and the NPPO of the Republic 
of Korea  will effectively manage the risk of Guignardia bidwellii  on table grapes 
exported to New Zealand.  The NPPO of the Republic of Korea is aware of MPI’s  
proposal.  The requirement s of a maintained pest -free area as per ISPM 4. Requirements 
for the establishment of pest free areas will be removed from the relevant standard s.  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 15 Appropriate  pest control activities are currently used to manage the risk of Guignardia 
bidwellii  on table grapes from Mexico and China.  
(55) Cold treatment is a component of an existing option (sulphur dioxide fumigation 
followed by cold treatment ) for managing Drosophila suzukii  on table grapes from the 
USA  (see Appendix 1, Table 3) . The proposed cold treatment schedule is a new 
temperature/ti me combination that removes the necessity for sulphur dioxide fumigation 
to manage Drosophila suzukii . Sulphur dioxide fumigation will  still be used to manage 
the risk of Targeted Measure spiders on the pathway.  
(56) Methyl bromide fumigation is an existing op tion for managing Drosophila suzukii  on 
table grapes from the USA  (see Appendix 1, Table 3) . The propos ed amendment will 
add more options for treatment providers . Sulphur dioxide fumigation will still be used 
to manage the risk of Targeted Measure spiders on the pathway.  
(57) Ozone fumigation for managing regulated  spiders and combined ozone fumigation and 
cold treatment for managing Drosophila suzukii  on table grapes from the USA are new 
treatment option s. Existing treatments detailed in the import health stand ards remain 
acceptable options to manage the risk of these pests on the pathway  (see Appendix  1, 
Table 3) . Adding combined ozone fumigation and cold treatment as an option to 
manage both pests gives treatment providers  more flexibility .  
 
 
  16 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  6 References  
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sea-containers.p df?dl=1  Accessed September 2022.   
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NZ. https://kvh.org.nz/assets/documents/Biosecurity -tab/Offshore -
Risks/Spotted_Wing_Drosophila_fact_sheet_Aug_2019.pdf  Accessed August 2022.  
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spot on Boston ivy in South Korea. Australasian Plant Disease Notes , 10(1), 20. DOI: 
10.1007/s13314 -015-0172 -3.  
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Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CABI. D OI:10.1079/CPC.42794.20210104550.  
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Wellington, NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/51754/direct  Accessed August 2022.  
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and-disease -guide_most -wanted_web_2022.pdf  Accessed Au gust 2022.  
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Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for new phytosanitary treatment options for fresh table grapes  • 19 Appendix 1 – Existing  treatments in the import health standards  
 
Table 1 . Treatment options  for Lobesia botrana and Drosophila suzukii on table grapes ( Vitis 
vinifera ) from Chile  
Treatment  Specification  Target pest s 
Cold disinfestation  The core temperature of the fruit to be held 
continuously at one of the following 
temperature/time combinations before export or in 
transit:  
0.00 °C or below for 10 days  
0.55 °C or below for 11 days  
1.11 °C or below for 12 days  
OR Lobesia botrana  
Methyl bromide 
fumigation  Methyl bromide fumigation at one of the following 
rates:  
16 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 32  °C and above  
24 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 28 –32 °C  
32 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 21 –28 °C  
40 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 16 –21 °C  
48 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 11 –16 °C  Lobesia botrana  
Sulphur dioxide 
fumigation combined  
with cold disinfestation  SO₂ CO₂ (1:6%) fumigation at a minimum of 16 °C 
or above for 30 minutes  
AND  
The core temperature of the fruit to be  held 
continuously at 0.9 °C for 12 days or below, before 
or during transit to New Zealand  
OR Drosophila suzukii  
Methyl bromide 
fumigation  Methyl bromide fumigation at 40 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 
15.5 °C and above  Drosophila suzukii  
 
 
 
 20 • Risk Management Proposal for new treatment options for fresh table grapes  Ministry for Primary Industries  Table 2 . Treatment options  for Guignardia bidwellii on table grapes ( Vitis vinifera L., Vitis 
labrusca L., and Vitis labruscana L.) from the Republic of Korea  
Treatment  Specification  Target pest s 
Pest-free area  PFA in accordance with ISPM 4  Guignardia bidwellii  
 
 
 
 
Table 3 . Treatment options  for Drosophila suzukii and regulated spiders on table grapes ( Vitis 
vinifera ) from the USA  
Treatment  Specification  Target pest s 
SO 2/CO 2 fumigation  
AND  
Methyl bromide 
fumigation  
 SO 2/CO 2 (1:6%) fumigation at a minimum of 16  °C 
or above for 30 minutes  
AND  
Methyl bromide fumigation at 40 g/m3 for 2 hours 
at 15.5 °C and above  Drosophila suzukii  
and regulated spiders  
SO 2/CO 2 fumigation  
AND  
Cold disinfestation  SO 2/CO 2 (1:6%) fumigation at a minimum  of 16  °C 
or above for 30 minutes  
AND  
The core temperature of the fruit to be held 
continuously at −0.5 °C (± 0.7 °C) for 6 days 
before or during transit to New Zealand  
OR 
The core temperature of the fruit to be held 
continu ously at 0.9 °C (± 0.7 °C) for 12 days 
before or during transit to New Zealand  
[NB: Cold treatment may be performed at 
temperatures lower than the set temperature 
range .] Drosophila suzukii  
and regulated spiders  
NB: SO 2/CO 2 fumigation  manag es regulated spiders. Methyl bromide fumigation OR 
combined SO 2/CO 2 fumigation  and cold disinfestation manag es Drosophila suzukii .