DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020 – All rights reserved    
         DRAFT KENYA N STANDARD                               
I                                                                                         ICS XX; XXX  
                                                                                  First Edition  
                     
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kidney Trays — Specification  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
PUBLIC REVIEW    DRAFT                                                                      J ULY 2020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                   
  
DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020 – All rights reserved  
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TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION  
 
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:  
 
Alpha Medical Manufacturers Limited  
Association of Medical Engineers of Kenya(AMEK)  
Christian Health Association of Kenya(CHAK)  
Diverse Management Consultancy Ltd  
Equra Health Kenya  
Gertrude's Children's Hospital  
Jads Diagnostics EA Ltd  
Kenya Medical Supplies Ag ency (KEMSA)  
Kenya Accreditation Service (KENAS)  
Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KNCCI)  
Medtronics Kenya  
Ministry of Health  
Physicist Society of Kenya  
Sub county Health Services, Kamukunji  
Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) - Secretariat  
 
 
 
 
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS  
 
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya Standards shall be regularly reviewed. 
Suggestions for improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya 
Bureau of Standards, are welcome.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2020  
 
Copyright.  Users are   reminded that by virtue of section 6 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of the Laws of Kenya, copyright 
subsists in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under section 7 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya 
Bureau of St andards may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior 
permission in writing from the Managing Director.  
 
 
 
 
             
             
  
DKS 2925:2020  
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DRAFT KENYAN STANDARD  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kidney Trays — Specification  
 
 
 
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS)  
 
Head  Office:  P.O. Box 54974, Nairobi -00200, Tel.: (+254  020) 605490, 602350, Fax: (+254 020)  604031  
E-Mail: info@kebs.org,  Web:http://www.kebs.org   
 
Coast Region     Lake Region          Rift Valley Region  
P.O. Box 99376, Mombasa -80100   P.O. Box 2949, Kisumu -40100        P.O. Box 2138, Nakuru -
20100  
Tel.: (+254  041) 229563, 230939/40   Tel.: (+254 057) 23549, 22396                        Tel.: (+254 051) 210553, 
210555  
Fax: (+254  041) 229448    Fax: (+254 057) 21814   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
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Foreword  
 
This draft Kenya Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee on Hospital Devices, 
Tools and Equipment under the direction of Standards Project Committee (SPC) , and it is in 
accordance with the procedures of the Bureau . 
A kidney dish  (British English ) or emesis basin  (American English ) is a shallow  basin  with 
a kidney -shaped base and sloping walls used in medical and  surgical  wards to receive soiled 
dressings and other  medical waste . Reusable kidney dishes are usually made of  stainless 
steel , while disposable ones may be made of paper  pulp or plastic. The shape of the dish 
allows it to be held against the patient's b ody to catch any falling fluids or debris. Various sizes 
of emesis basin are a common sight in healthcare settings, including facilities such as  nursing 
homes  that may have bedr idden patients. The disposable version of the kidney dish was 
invented by  Bessie Virginia Blount . 
The disposable  molded pulp  kidney dish is replacing reusable kidney dish because single -use 
products can decrease cross -communication of diseases.  
Generally, the volume of a pulp kidney dish (or "vo mit dish") is 700 ml. Its length is 25  cm-
26 cm, its width 11  cm. Each year more than 100 million pulp kidney dishes are used in hospital 
or family care.  
Contrary to its name, emesis basins are not usually used for  vomiting , as the depth, size, and 
sloping walls all contribute to spilling or splashing the vomit rather than catching it. For this 
purpose, a plastic bag or wash basin is often preferred, especially by ambulance crews who 
may n eed to receive the vomit while driving rapidly, and then hand it over for analysis.  
Emesis basins are suited for more controlled situations. When washing out a small wound, for 
example, sometimes the wash water is applied from above with an emesis basin he ld 
underneath to catch the runoff. The  concave  inner rim helps to conform to the curve of the 
body.  
 
 
During the development of this standard, reference was made to the following documents:  
 
IS 3992 : 1982 , Trays, Kidney  
 
Acknowledgement is hereby made for the assistance received from these sources.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
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              DRAFT KENYAN STANDARD  
 
 
A Standard for Standards —  
 
Part 1: Kidney Trays  — Specification   
 
1 Scope  
 
This Kenya Standard prescribes requirements of stainless steel and enameled  iron kidney trays.  
 
2 Normative references  
 
The following Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute 
provisions of this standard . At the time of publi cation, the edition indicated was valid. For undated 
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.  
  
ISO 19496 -1:2017, Vitreous porcelain enamels – Terminology, Part 1: Terms and definitions  
 
ISO 19496 -2:2017, Vitreous porcelain enamels – Terminology, Part 2: Visual representation and 
determination  
 
Kenya Bureau of Standards, Quality Manual  
 
World Trade Organization, Technical Barriers to Trade (WTO/TBT) Agreement Annex 3: Code of 
Good Practice for the preparation, adoption and application of standards  
 
3 Terminology  
 
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in KS ISO 19496 Parts 1 and 2 .  Glossary of 
terms used in vitreous enamelware industry' shall apply,  
 
3.1 
Material  
This shall be  Stainless Steel - Stainless steel shall conform to Designation XC4Cr18Ni11 or  
X07Cr18Ni9 .  
  
3.2 
Enameled  Iron 
The base metal shall conform to Annex A and the coating shall comprise inorganic vitreous enamel 
fused to the surface of the base metal.  
 
 
4 4. Shape and Dimensions  
 
4.1 Shape - The shape of kidney trays shall generally conform to Fig, 1. The contour shall be such  that the 
trays of the same size when nested together shall not become jammed. The contour of  sides shall bulge 
outside as shown in Fig, 1. The base shall be flat.   
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4.1.1  The kidney trays shall have the rim as shown in Fig. 1.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
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4.2 Dimensions  - The dimensions  of kidney trays shall be as given in Table 1 read with Fig. 1 for  
all the trays ( stainless steel and enameled  iron) subject to the following tolerances:  
 
 
 
 
4.2.1 The enameled  iron trays may have two or three coats of enamel and the final thickness of  enamel 
shall be between 0.12 and 0.38 mm. 
 
4.3 A deviation of maximum 15 percent shall be permitted for negative tolerance on sheet thickness  and 
the reduction in the drawing due to forming process.  
 
5. Workmanship and Finish  
 
5.0 In general, the kidney trays shall be so constructed that these shall not rock when placed on a  level 
surface.  
 
5.1 Stainless  Steel Trays - The trays shall be polished bright. These shall also be free from sharp  or open 
edges, distortion, dents, wrinkles, wavy surface, burrs, scratches and pittings . 
 
5.2 Enameled  Iron Trays - Vitreous enamel shall be applied in such a way that ground and cover  coats 
shall be fairly uniform in thickness. Unless otherwise specified,  the enamel shall have white  color  with 
blue rim. The finished enamelware shall have a glossy finish and shall be free from  blisters,  crazing, 
cracks, chipping, pin -holes, discoloration , and other imperfections which affect  the appearance or may 
impair the  serviceability.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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6. Tests  
 
6.1 Enameled  Iron Trays - These shall satisfy the test requirements covered in Annex B.  
 
6.1.1  Citric acid spot test - When subjected to test in accordance with Annex A  - Methods of  test 
for vitreous enamelware'. it shall  pass the requirements for Class AA.  
 
7. Marking  - Each kidney tray shall be suitably marked at the bottom with the manufacturer's 
name,  registered trade -mark or identification mark and its size.  
 
7.1 Certification Marking - Details available with the Kenya Bureau of  Standards.  
 
8. Packing  - The kidney trays shall be wrapped in soft tissue paper and packed in accordance 
with the instructions of the purchasers.  
 
   
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 Annex A  
(Normative)  
Methods of test for vitreous enamelware  
Preparation of specimen for testing - enamelled cast iron  
 
A1. SCOPE   
This Annex specifies methods for the production of specimens suitable for testing vitreous enamels 
for cast iron and enamelled cast iron articles.  
 
A2. TERMINOLOGY  
 
A2.1 For the purpose of this standard the definitions given in KS ISO 19496 Parts 1, 2 and KS ISO 
28764  shall apply.  
 
A3 SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS OF SPECIMENS  
A3.1 The specimens shall be flat, circular, square or rectangular enamelled plates of cast iron with  
a diameter or side length of any suitable size not exceeding 110 mm.  
 
NOTE — Shape and dimensions depend upon the dimensions of the testing apparatus and the 
kind of balance, if loss in mass is to be determined; the required weighing accuracy being 0.2 m g. 
3.2 The specimens may be specially cast plates or plates cut from a cast iron bar, with a minimum 
thickness of 2.5 mm, or they may be cut from enamelled cast iron articles.  
 
NOTE — If the mass of the cast specimens exceeds the carrying rapacity of the balance, it is 
permissible to reduce the thickness by machining. For a balance with a carrying capacity of 200 g, 
specimens of the following dimensions are suitable:  
a) specially cast plates of cast iron with a diameter of 95 mm and a thickness of 30 ± 0. 2 mm; or  
 
b) plates with a diameter of 105 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm cut from a cast iron bar or cut from 
enamelled articles.  
 
A4. PRODUCTION OF SPECIALLY PREPARED SPECIMENS  
 
A4.1 Material  
The cast iron upon which enamel is applied shall be enamelling  quality cast iron.  
 
A4.1.1 The approximate composition of minor constituents of cast iron shall be according to cast 
iron meeting  the following specification: Carbon: 2.3 –2.7 wt%, Si: 1.0 –1.75 % .  
 
A4.2 Procedure  
A4.2.1 Dry Process Enamels  — Anneal the cast plates at a temperature between 750 to 800°C. 
Prepare the plates for enamelling by any one of the recognized procedures, but use the same 
procedure and materials for preparing specimens for comparison.  
 
A4.2.1.1 Apply ground coat by pou ring or spraying one or both sides of the specimen so that agreed 
thickness of coating is obtained.  
 
A4.2.1.2 After drying and fusing of the specimen, apply the cover coat on one side only and fuse 
again, ensuring that there is a minimum of build -up aroun d the edge of the specimen.  
 
NOTE — For most purposes two cover coats are standard procedure, but in cases where more 
cover coats are considered to be usual practice, the additional coats shall be applied.  
 
A4.2.1.3 Coating thickness may vary but specime ns for comparison shall be of the same thickness.  
  
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A4.2.2 Wet Process Enamels  — Anneal and prepare the cast plates as specified in 4.2.1.  
 
A4.2.2.1 Apply ground coat as in 4.2.1.1.  
 
A4.2.2.2 After drying, fusing and cooling of the specimen, apply the cover coat on one side only. 
For ensuring that there is minimum of build -up around the edge of the specimen, suitably wipe the 
applied enamel from the edges to a width of 2 mm after drying  and then fuse.  
 
NOTE — For most purposes one cover coat is standard procedure, but in cases wh ere two or three 
cover coats are considered to be usual practice, the additional coats shall be applied.  
 
A4.2.2.3 Coating thickness may vary but specimens for  comparison shall be of the same thickness.  
 
A4.2.3 Direct -on Enamels for Cast Iron — Anneal and prepare the cast plates as in 4.2.1.  
 
A4.2.3.1 Apply the enamel to one or both sides of the specimen according to accepted practice.  
 
NOTE — When in practice the usual application consists of one coat only, one coat shall be applied. 
In cases where additional coatings are a necessary part of the finish, these coatings shall be applied 
accordingly.  
 
A4.2.3.2 Coating thickness may vary bu t comparative specimens shall be of the same thickness.  
 
A4.3 Quality of Surface and Finish   
The surface of the enameled  specimens shall be flat and free from defects .  
 
A4.3.1 The specimens shall be checked by visual inspection for freedom from defects. However, 
the specimens for enamels for containers and apparatus for the chemical industry shall be checked 
with high voltage for freedom f rom weak places and pin holes in accordance with KS ISO 8289.  
 
A5. SPECIMENS FROM PRODUCTION ARTICLES  
 
A5.0 General  — Specimens shall be taken only from flat areas of the enamelled articles.  
 
A5.1 Procedure  — Before cutting off the specimens, remove the enamel along the cutting surface 
by grinding, the width of the zone from which the enamel is to be removed being det ermined by the 
width of the cutting tool and an extra margin of 2 mm for safety. If the loss in mass per unit area of 
the enamel coating is to be determined, specimens shall be taken from those flat areas where the 
reverse side is protected by at least a g round or direct -on enamel coat as the case may be.  
 
NOTE — Grinding machines are suitable for grinding off the enamel, where silicon carbide, 
corundum or diamond grinding wheels are used.  
 
 
 
 
   
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 Annex B  
(Normative)  
Tests  
 
A1 TES T SPECIMEN  
The test specimen shall be prepared in accordance with Annex A .  
 
B2 REQUIREMENT S  
B2.1 Materials  
B.2.1  Base Metal   
The base metal and the component used for the fabrication of enamelled inner tank shall be made 
of steel sheet. The nominal thickness of th e steel sheet used shall be 2 mm and the same shall not 
vary by more than 8 percent on the high side and 16 percent on the lower side of the nominal value 
when determined in accordance with the method prescribed below.  
 
B2.1.1 Remove the enamel layer of t he sample by immersing it, at least up to a depth of 1 cm, in 
molten caustic soda (sodium  hydroxide)  at 530° to 550°C in a stainless steel or nickel dish, for a 
period of 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the thickness of the enamel layer. After the enamel la yer 
has been dissolved from a minimum area of 0.5 cm width and 3 cm length along the edge, wash 
the sample with water sufficiently to remove the last adhering oxide layer below the enamel. Wipe 
the exposed metal with clean cloth and quickly dry in an air -oven to avoid resting.  
 
B2.1.2 Measure the thickness of the exposed metal by means of a micrometer at three points, each 
point at a distance of at least 1 cm from the preceding one. The average of the three measurements 
shall be taken as the thickness of th e metal.  
 
NOTES 1 For the purpose of this test, it is presumed that the thickness of the whole ware is the 
same. 2 In case an enamelware comprises two or more components of different thicknesses 
welded together, each such component shall be treated as a se parate enamelware.  
 
B3 Enamel  
B3.1 All surfaces of the tank that are exposed to hot water shall have a continuous coating of 
vitreous enamel. The outside of the tank shall also be projected with a thin enamel coat.  
 
B3.2 The composition of the enamel shall be such as to meet the requirements given in B.3.2.1 to 
B3.2.5.  
B3.2.1 Release of toxic material The enamel shall pass the permissible release limits of 0.5 mg/dm2 
for lead (as Pb) and 0.05 mg/dm2 for cadmium (as Cd) when tested  by the methods given in Anne x 
C.  
 
B3.2.2 Resistance to citric acid The enamel shall pass the resistance to citric acid test at room 
temperature for 'AA' or 'A' class when tested by the method prescribed in Annex D .  
 
B3.2.3 Solubility test The enamel when tested by the procedure given in Annex A shall not suffer a 
weight loss of more than 4 mg/cm2. 5.3.2.4 Resistance to thermal shock The enamel shall pass 
the resistance to thermal shock test when tested by the procedure given in Annex B.  
 
B3.2.5 Impact resistance test The enamel coating shall not show any instantaneous chipping at the 
impact point when subjected to an impact force of 3.4 kg/cm2. This impact force is achieved by 
making a steel ball weighing 43 ± 1 g to fall freely from a heigh t of 80 cm at a plain segment of the 
inner part of the tank having a flat area larger than the cross sectional area of the ball.  
 
NOTE — For the purpose of this testing, chipping shall be considered as those fractures of enamel 
coating, which result in spo ntaneous removal/breaking away of the damaged enamelled flake. Any  
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 delayed chipping or chipping on the opposite side of the impact face shall not be taken into account  
for evaluating the test result of the sample.  
 
B3.3 Thickness   
The thickness of the enam el coating shall be between 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm.  
 
B3.4 Coverage   
In order to be considered a continuous coating, the enamel shall have the minimum defects or 
discontinuities.  
 
NOTE — Any break in the coating that is sufficient to expose the surface of the steel base shall be 
a cause of rejection (see 5.6).  
 
B3.4.1  Cathodic protection If there is any discontinuity in the enamel coating more than the 
maximum limit prescribed in 5 .6 then cathodic protection shall be provided. Each enamelled tank 
shall be furnished with a cored magnesium anode having a surface density of magnesium not less 
than 275 g/m2 of the inner tank area. The anode shall be electrically grounded to the tank.  
 
B3.4.2  Exceptions to cathodic protection . 
 For use in areas where experience has shown that cathodic protection shall not be used, the 
enamelled tanks may be furnished without anodes, if (a) the tanks are so labelled, and (b) the 
enamel is applied in such a way so as to ensure the complete coverage of the steel.  
 
B3.5 Edges and Fittings  
All edges and fittings, welded or otherwise, shall be coated with enamel except sharp edges, 
threadings and small areas immediately adjacent to various fittings. A slight b urn-off of enamel, 
that does not extend more than 6.25 mm back from the sharp edges, shall be permitted.  
 
B4 Storage Capacity  
The storage capacity of each tank shall be within ± 5 percent of the rated capacity marked on the 
tank.  
 
B4.1 The tray shall be fixed in its working position. The drain plug and all outlets except the top 
most outlet shall be plugged. The container is filled with water through its inlet until water starts 
flowing at the top most outlet. The inlet is closed and when the ov erflow ceases completely, the 
water is drained out through the drain plug and the volume of water determined either by measuring 
or weighing. The capacity so measured is called the storage capacity.  
 
B5 Hydrostatic Test  
B5.1 The enamelled tray shall withstand the water pressure occurring  in normal use.  
 
B5.2 The inner containers are subjected to water pressure which is raised to a specific value (see 
B5.3) at a rate of 0.13 Mpa/s1) and is maintained at that value for 5 minutes.  
 
B5.3 The wate r pressure is twice the rated pressure for containers of closed water heaters.  
 
B5.4 After the test, the container shall show no leakage nor any permanent deformation.  
 
B6 Enamel Coverage Test  
After completing the hydrostatic test (see 5.5), the tanks s hall be cut into four or more segments 
using a saw. Each segment shall be visually inspected for the presence of exposed metal areas 
except the cracked areas of the enamel caused by the cutting operation. If any exposed area of 
the metal shows a diameter o f more than 3.5 mm, the tank shall be regarded as failing to meet the 
requirement of the test.  
  
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 B6.1 If a large number of exposed metal areas of smaller diameter are observed, the average 
diameter of such exposed metal areas shall be computed and from tha t the total exposed metal 
area shall be calculated. If this area exceeds 7 cm2/m2 of the inner tank surface, the sample shall 
be regarded as failing to meet the requirement of the test.  
   
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 ANNEX C  
(Normative)  
DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK  
 
C1 Outline of the Method  
The test for thermal shock resistance consists of heating the specimen to 140 ± 3°C and then 
chilling with water at room temperature.  
 
C2 Apparatus  
Hot air oven capable of maintaining temperature of at least 150°C.  
 
C3 Procedure  
Heat the specimen in the oven to 140°C ± 3°C at the rate of 5°C –10°C per minute. As the required 
test temperature is attained, maintain the sample at this temperature for 30 minutes Switch off the 
oven and remove the sample and quench it in water at room temperature. At least two samples 
shall be tested. Examine the samples for any cracking, flaking or blistering. The samples which 
show occurrence of any chipping of the enamel shall be considered as not being in conformity with 
the standard.