DEAS 825: 2024  
ICS 65.020.20   
© EA C 2024                                                                                                                          Second  Edition 2024   
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Groundnut seed  — Requirements for certification  
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  DEAS 825: 2024  
ii © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
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© East African Community  2023  — All rights reserved  
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Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.  
Violators may be persecuted  DEAS 825: 2 024 
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  iii 
 Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  1 
4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms)  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  4 
5 Genera l requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  5 
5.1 Eligible varieties  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 5 
5.2 Inspection and laboratory testing  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  5 
5.2.1  Application for Inspection  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  5 
6 Seed classes  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  5 
7 Field requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  6 
8 Field inspection  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 7 
9 Seed sampling and laboratory standards  ................................ ................................ ...........................  7 
10 Certificates  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  8 
11 Packaging and labelling ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  8 
12 Post control tests  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 9 
Annex  A (normative)  Applica tion for field inspection of a seed crop  ................................ ........................  10 
Annex  B (informative)  Field inspection report  ................................ ................................ .............................  11 
Annex  C  (normative)   Seed testin g certificate  ................................ ................................ .............................  12 
Bibliography  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  13 
 
. DEAS 825: 2024  
iv © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged 
within the Community will be removed.  
In order to achieve th is objective, the Community established an East African Standards Committee mandated 
to develop and issue East African Standards.   
The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together 
with the representa tives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards 
are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments 
received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures 
of the Community.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East 
African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest ver sions of the standards 
they are implementing.  
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee EASC/TC 012, Seeds and propagation 
material.  
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be subject o f patent 
rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.  
This second edition cancels and rep laces the first edition (EAS 825 :2015), which has been technically revised  
 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 825:202 4 
 
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  1 
 Groundnut seed  — Requirements for certificatio n 
1 Scope  
This Draft East African Standard specifies the certification requirements for the production of pre -basic, basic 
and certified seed of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea  L.). It includes requirements for eligible varieties, field 
standards, field inspec tions, seed sampling, laboratory standards, certificates, packaging , labelling, and post -
control tes ts. 
2 Normative references  
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated 
references, only the edition  cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced 
document (including any amendments) applies.  
International  Seed Testing  Association  (ISTA)  Rules  
OECD Seed Schemes: Guidelines for  Control Plot Tests and Field Inspection  of Seed  Crops   
OECD Schemes for the Varietal Certification or the Control of Seed Moving in International Trade  
UPOV Test guidelines for groundnut . 
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this standard,  the terms and definitions given in ISTA, UPOV and OECD  and the following 
shall apply . 
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:  
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/  
— ISO Online brows ing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp  
 
3.1 
seed test certificate  
legal document issued by the national Seed Certification Authority and stating that a seed lot has met the 
prescribed requirements set in th is standard  
3.2 
distinctness  
variety is deemed to be distinct if it is clearly distinguishable in at least one character from any other variety 
whose existence is a matter of common knowledge at the time of filing the application for registration   
2 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 3.3 
field 
defined and identifiable area of land or facility that is used to produce a seed crop under the Seed Certification 
Scheme.  
3.4 
field inspection  
examination of a field and or seed crop, by an inspector to confirm that the minimum requirements for seed 
certification have been met . 
3.5 
field number  
number assigned to the field when the application form for certification is submitted.  
3.6 
germination  
emergence and development  of a seedling   to a stage where the aspect of its essential structures indicate 
whether or not it is able to develop further  into a satisfactory plant under favo urable conditions in  the field  
3.7 
grower  
person or entity  registered to produce seed  
3.8 
inert matter  
seed units and all other matter and structures not defined as pure seed or  other  seeds  
3.9 
isolation  
minimum distance or time between two crops of groundnuts that is req uired to prevent contamination either 
mechan ically or by cross pollination  
3.10 
inspector  
authorized official or accredited entity responsible for carrying out s eed certification activities  
3.11 
label  
tag or other device that is attached to, written, stamped or printed on any container of seed or that 
accompanies any lot of bulk seed and which describes the kind of seed and any other information required by 
releva nt laws and regulations  
3.12 
maintainer  
person or organisation responsible for the production or maintenance of a bred variety included in a national 
list of varieties eligible for certification, and ensure that the variety remains true to type throughout its full life -
span  
3.13 
national seed certification authority  
designated  authority responsible for conducting seed certification  processes  
3.14 
noxious weed  
weed species, the seed of which is difficult to separate  during processing or has undesirable effec ts on the 
crop produced .  
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  3 
 3.15 
off-type 
plant of the same species which does not exhibit the recognised and accepted habit and characteristics of the 
variety being grown  
3.16 
other seeds  
seeds of any plant species other than that of the crop sample that is being tested . 
3.17 
parental  lines  
population or lines used by a breeder to develop and maintain a variety  
3.18 
person  
natural person or legal entity  
3.19 
post -control plot  
small plot where a representative sample of a seed lot is grown to determine the ide ntity and purity of the 
variety  
3.20 
previous cropping  
minimum period (seasons or years) that must elapse between the production of a crop of the same species in 
a field and the production of a crop entered in the certification scheme in the same field  
3.21 
pure seed  
specie stated by an applicant, or found to predominate in a test, and include all botanical varieties and 
cultivars of that species, including intact seeds and pieces of seed units larger than one -half their original size  
3.22 
variety registra tion 
inclusion  of an approved  new variety in a national variety catalogue when it has been tested and satisfied the 
requirements for distinctness, uniformity, stability, and has value for cultivation and use  
3.23 
rogu eing 
removal of off -types, other variet ies, weeds and diseased plants or any other unwanted plants from a seed 
crop 
3.24 
seed certification  
process by which the quality and identity of a seed lot is assured and which is represented to the purchaser by 
attaching an official certification label t o the package  
3.25 
seed lot  
defined quantity of seed bearing the same reference number and for which the origin, production history and 
identity is known  
3.26 
stability  
state of a variety where distinguishing characteristics remain unchanged after repeated  growing cycles   
4 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 3.27 
variety  
assemblage of cultivated plants that is clearly distinguished from other varieties by any characters 
(morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or others) and which retains its distinguishing 
characteristics when rep roduced by the normal means for the crop and variety  
3.28 
variety catalogue  
detailed list of varieties that have been registered by a national designated authority  
3.29 
carryover seed  
seed produced in previous season and stored for one or more cropping sea sons/ or past its valid test duration 
subject to meeting the requirements of the standard upon retesting  
3.30 
breeder seed  
original parent material produced by the breeder and which is multiplied through one or more generations to 
produce pre -basic seed  
3.31 
pre-basic seed  
seed that is derived from breeder seed that is used to produce basic seed through one cycle of multiplication.  
Note 1 to entry  breeder seed is an original parental material produced by the breeder and which is multiplied through 
one or m ore generations to produce pre -basic seed  
3.32 
basic seed  
seed that has been produced from pre -basic seed that is used for the production of certified seed  
3.33 
certified seed  
seed that is produced from basic seed through one or two generations of multipl ication  
3.33.1  
certified seed 1st generation  (C1) 
first generation of seed derived from basic seed  
3.33.2  
certified seed 2nd generation  (C2) 
certified seed 1 st generation which is multiplied once  
4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms)  
 DUS:   Distinctness, Unif ormity and Stability . 
 ISTA:  International Seed Testing Association . 
 OECD:  Organization for Econom ic Co -operation and Development.  
 UPOV:  International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants .  
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  5 
 5 General requirements   
5.1 Eligible varieties  
5.1.1  Key pa rameters required to implement  this standard are variety  descriptors,  genetic purity of  seed 
sown, field  standards, laboratory standards and post -control tests    
5.1.2 Varieties eligible for seed certification shall be  those that have been examined , tested  and registered 
in at least one member country of the EAC and are included in the national  variety  catalogue of that country . 
The country adopting the variety shall test it for at least one season  
5.1.3 Examination of a candidate variety for certification shall be undertaken in accordance with UPOV and 
OECD Seed scheme . The official descriptor  of the variety shall be made available for the national seed 
certification authority and its inspectors to check the identity and purity of the variety during field i nspections.  
5.1.4 Each national seed certification authority shall keep the official descriptor  of the varieties it has 
registered in hard and electronic copies and these shall be made available within the EAC on request . 
5.2 Inspection and laboratory test ing 
5.2.1  Application for Inspection  
A grower shall apply for inspection of a seed crop within thirty (30) days after planting by filling the form with 
the infor mation as prescribed in Annex A. The minimum information for an application for certificatio n of a 
seed crop shall include:  
a) name, address and contact details of the applicant;  
b) crop and variety to be sown;  
c) physical location ;  
d) area and reference number of the field, and its cropping history for the past two cropping seasons;  
e) class of seed to be pro duced ; and  
f) registration number of the grower .  
5.2.2 Information and records related to the previous cropping history, origin of seed planted, and field 
inspections shall be kept and used for certification to ensure full traceability of quality, genetic i dentity and 
purity of the seed harvested.  
5.2.3 The inspection of seed crops shall be done as guided by the  OECD Seed Schemes Guideli nes for 
control plot tests and field inspection of seed c rops. If the field is found to be in conformity with the standards  
stated in Table 1 and is approved, the harvested seed shall be identified, transported, stored, and processed.  
5.2.4 After processing, the seed lot shall be sampled and tested in an official or authorized laboratory. The 
sampling and testing of seed lots shall be done in accordance with the relevant procedures described in the 
ISTA rules.  
5.2.5 A seed lot that conforms to the standards set out in Table 2  shall be given a seed test certificate and a 
unique reference number to confirm its status under the ce rtification scheme. One part of the seed sample 
shall be retained for sowing in a post -control plot  
6 Seed classes  
For the purpose of this standard, the following classes  of seed shall apply:   
6 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 a) Pre-basic seed ; 
b) Basic seed ; and   
c) Certified seed : 
i. 1st generation  (C1); and  
ii. 2nd generation  (C2). 
7 Field requirements  
7.1 Pre-basic and basic  seed shall be produced under  the responsibility of the breeder or maintainer . 
7.2 Certified seed shall be produced in  not more than  two generations . 
7.3 A field producing  a crop o f groundnut  seed shall be approved for certification if it complies with the 
requirements  given  in Table  1. 
7.4 Fields may be rejected for certification because of unsatisfactory condition caused by noxious weeds, 
poor growth, poor  crop stands, incidence a nd severity of  disease of importance , insect damage, and any other 
condition that prevents accurate inspection or creates doubt as to the identity of the variety.  
Table  1 — Field requirement  standards for seed crops of groundnut  
S/N Variable  Pre-basic seed  Basic seed  Certified seed  
i Previous cropping (seasons 
before), min  1 1 1 
ii Isolation, m, min  10 10 5 
iii Off-types, %, max  0 0 0.1 
iv Maximum number of plants 
infected with Ralstonia 
solanacearum  (bacterial wilt)a) 
─ at final inspection  0 0 0 
v Maximum number of plants 
infected with rosette virus, per 1  
000 plants  ─ at final inspection  1 1 5 
 Maximum number of plants 
infected with Alternaria leaf 
spot, %, max  ─ at final 
inspection  0.5 0.5 1 
 Maximum number of plants 
infected with Bruchid damaged  
seed , %, max  ─ at final 
inspection  2 2 2 
 Minimum number of 
Inspections  2 2 2 
a) If the field has been infested with bacterial wilt, then the previous cropping requirement shall be at least two years  
  
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  7 
 8 Field inspection  
8.1 The national certification authority shall prepare the inspection schedule for the inspectors, based on all 
necessary information on the field, to ensure that the timing of inspections allows the standards in Table 1 to 
be properly assessed . 
8.2 The inspector shall inspect the field  in accordance with OE CD Seed Schemes Guidelines for control plot 
tests and field Inspection of seed c rops and shall check for isolation requirements, off types, the presence of 
noxious weeds and diseases . 
8.3 A minimum of two inspections shall be done for  each seed production field to confirm if the field 
standards specified in Table 1 are met. The first inspection shall be done at flowering and the second 
inspection at physiological maturity  
8.4 At the time of the first inspection, the inspector shall confirm  with the grower the previous cropping of 
the field , checking on isolation  and the proof of origin/authenti city of the seed lot  planted by using the labels . 
8.5 Depending on the degree of contamination,  the inspector may give instructions for  off-types, and 
diseased plants  to be rogued  to maintain the genetic purity.  
8.6 The field inspection report shall indicate the field status, comments for any corrective actions required 
such as re -inspection to confirm the field standards. All field inspection rep orts shall be provided to the grower 
and the seed enterprise after each inspection in a timely manner. The inspection report in Annex B shall be 
signed by the inspector and may be signed by the grower or the grower's representative  
9 Seed sampling and labo ratory standards  
9.1 The harvested seed from the field approved for certification shall be kept as an identified unit until 
processing. The identification shall include; grower’s number, field crop number, packing unit, variety name 
and seed class. After p rocessing, a sample shall be submitted to the laboratory for testing where a conformed 
sample shall be given a certificate with a unique lot number for the purpose of traceability . 
9.2 The maximum size of a seed lot for certification purposes is 30 000 kg;  lots larger than this shall be 
divided and given separate lot numbers.  
9.3 An official seed sampler  shall draw a representative composite sample from each lot according to the 
ISTA rules  
9.4 The composite sample shall be divided into three sub -samples, o ne for testing in the laboratory, one to 
be stored for reference purposes in case re -testing is necessary, and one for the post -control tests.  The 
samples shall be labelled, securely sealed and shall be stored in cool and dry conditions to prevent 
contami nation and loss of germination.  
9.5 Laboratories authorized by the national seed certification authority to conduct seed testing for 
certification shall follow the methodology established in the ISTA rules for groundnut seed.  
9.6 The seed lot shall comply with the laboratory standards specified in Table 2.  
Table  2 — Laboratory requirements standards for seeds lots of groundnut   
S/N Variable  Pre-basic seed  Basic seed  Certified seed  
i Pure seed ,%, min.  98 98  98  
ii Inert matter , %, max.  1.95 1.95 1.95 
iii Other crop seeds , %, max.  0.05 0.05 0.05 
iv Germination , %, min.  80 80 75  
8 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 S/N Variable  Pre-basic seed  Basic seed  Certified seed  
v Moisture content , %, max.  11 11 11 
vi Number of weed seeds,  max. 0 0 0 
NOTE  Moisture content is expressed as a percentage of the fresh weight of the original sample.  
 
10 Certificates  
10.1 The seed test certificate for a seed lot shall be signed and issued by the nation al seed certification 
authority  and shall include all information presented in Annex D.  This certificate shall be valid for a period of 
nine months.  
10.2 Carryov er seed shall be re -sampled and retested for germination.  If the test result complies with the 
minimum standards, a new test certificate shall be issued for the seed lot, which cancels the previously issued 
certificate, and shall include the certificate n umber of the cancelled certificate.  
11 Packaging and labelling  
11.1 All classes of seed that have been certified shall be packaged in new containers which shall be mark ed 
with the company name and crop species and shall have the official label of the natio nal seed certification 
authority . 
11.2 The labels for each class are identified by the following colours:  
a) pre-basic seed:      violet band on white ; 
b) basic seed:       white ; 
c) certified seed 1st generation  (C1): blue; and  
d) certified seed 2nd generation  (C2): red. 
11.3 If seeds are treated with an y chemical or product harmful for human or animal consumption, the 
container shall carry a label stating the chemical or product  used and warning of the health risks.  
11.4 The labels shall be prominent , indelible, legible and  fixed to the containers by an authorized person in 
such a way that they cannot b e destroyed or easily removed. The language  on the label shall be English  and 
any other  official language of the member state  may be used. The following  information shall be included on 
the official  labels  provided by national seed certification authority : 
a) name of the crop, “Groundnut seed”;  
b) species (Latin name) ; 
c) variety denomination ; 
d) seed lot number ; 
e) test certificate number;  
f) date of test ; 
g) net weight ;  
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  9 
 h) seed treatment declaration  (if applicable);  
i) logo of the national  seed  certification authority ; 
j) name and address of national seed certification authority ; 
k) seed class ; and 
l) germination and purity level  
11.5 The following information shall be given in the container in addition to the o fficial labels provided by 
national seed certification authority;  
a) net weight ; 
b) country of production ; 
c) year of production ; 
d) seed treatment declaration ; 
e) name and address of the grower ; 
f) seed class ; and  
g) lot number . 
10.6 Repackaging and relabelling  are authorized  in the following cases : 
a) the national seed certification authority may authorize the re -packaging and re -labelling of a particular 
seed lot that is produced in another country, but shall retain the original label information of the 
producing country.  
b) blend ing of a seed lot with other lots of the same variety  and class (generation)  is allowable if all  seed 
lots of the blend have met the field and laboratory requirements for certification prior to blending. A 
new l ot number  shall be issued. Details of the bl ended lots and their proportions shall be kept by the 
certifying authority for traceability.  
12 Post control tests  
The post -control tests shall be carried out in accordance with OECD Schemes for Varietal Certification or the 
Control of Seed Moving in  Inte rnational Trade  
  
10 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 Annex  A 
(normative)  
 
Application for field inspection of a seed crop  
FORM No...................................................................  Grower No……………………....................   
 
            
APPLICATION FOR FIELD INSPECTION OF A SEED CROP  
 
1. Full name of grower _________Postal Address ___________ Tel. No. _____________________  
2. Farm on which the seed crop is being grown __________________ L/R. No. _________________  
3. Physical location ____________________________________ GPS coo rdinates __________________  
4. Details of crop (Every crop regardless of size must be mentioned separately. a crop is field planted within 5 days).  
 
    Crop         
Field 
crop 
No. Species  Variety
  Lot No. of 
seeds used  
 Class of 
seed used  Ha Date 
plante d  Approximate date 
of harvest  Previous cropping 
history( Last 3 
seasons  
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
 
 
4. Seed rate per hectare ______________________________________ kg  
 
5. Registered seed merchant  to whom the entire seed stock will be sold ____________________  
 
6. I have enclosed _______________________ number of labels from packets /containers of the  
Seed for this crop(s); as proof of origin.  
 
7. The person who will daily be in charge of his se ed crop is (Name/Telephone number) 
______________________________  
 
8. Declaration:  
I hereby declare that all information provided here is true to the best of my knowledge and belief and I shall always 
observe all conditions governing Seeds production as provided in the Seeds Act and Regulations  
 
 
Date…………………………………….Signature of Applicant …………………………………….  
Stamp of seed Merchant /Grower……………………………………………………………………… …  
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  11 
 Annex  B 
(Normative)  
 
Field inspection report  
FORM ………                                                            Date………….  
                                                                                                                 G/No…………  
  
FIELD INSPECTION REPORT  
 
Growers Name _______________ ____________________Species ________________________   
Variety ______________________Field No. (s) Name__________________________________  
Crop No.(s) _____________________________Hectares__________________ Class  ____________   
          1st                                         2nd                         3rd………………………………………….. Inspection (tick)  
ITEMS:   
 is the crop true to type?              Yes                       No                           Doubtful  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
 Isolation in distance/time           satisfactory                             Not Satisfactory  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
 Off-type(s) (describe)…………………………… …………………………………………………………  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
Total found………………………………………………………………………………………….  
 Other Crop Species (specify)………………………………………………………………………….  
 Health (Diseases)………………………………………………………………………………………  
 Crop Stand               Good            Satisfactory                 Not satisfactory  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
 Estimated yield at final inspection…………………………………………………………………….  
No of counts made……………………………… Average count………………………………………  
No of plants counted…………… …………………………tassels/selfing plant found……………..%  
CROP RESULT                     Pending                Approved               rejected because of …………………  
If to be re -inspected within ……………………………………………………………………….. Days  
Further remarks ……………………………………………………… …………………………………  
………………………………………………………………………………………Bags/ha  
Copy to:_________________________________________________  
  
Seed Inspector(s) Name……………………………………Signature …………………..  
Official stamp………………………………   
12 © EAC  2024 – All rights reserved  
 Annex  C  
(normative)  
 
Seed testing certificate  
 
Form SR………………  
        OFFICIAL SEED TESTING CERTIFICATE  
 
 
 Date of Sampling              
Date received  
         
Lot Number     
Ref
: 
                              Weight of 
lot:                           
Crop species, 
Variety  As stated by inspector:    
Country of  Origin                        
 RESULTS OF ANALYSIS   
                     Purity                                               Germination  Moisture   
Pur
e 
see
d 
(P) 
 
% Inert 
matter  
 
% Oth
er 
Cro
p 
see
d  
 
%  
First 
cou
nt 
 
Day
s 
 Ger
m 
(G) 
 
% (Fina
l 
coun
t) 
Days  Germ 
(G) 
 
% Har
d  
 
 
% Fresh 
Unger
m  
 
% Dea
d  
 
 
% Pure 
germinat
ing seed  
 
PxG     
(%) 
    100 
 Moistur
e % Test No.  
 
Any 
inquiries 
concerning 
this test 
MUST  
quote this 
number              
    Abnormal 
%                                                           Broken Germs 
%  
       
(1) 
       
(2) 
(3) 
       
(3) 
             
Special Tests  
 Seed dressing:  
            
  
     
                                       
 
                       
Official seed Tester  
Date:       
Copies T o  Seed Testing Laboratory  
……………………………   
© EAC 2024  – All rights reserved  13 
 Bibliography  
[1] Kenya Gazette Supplement 217, Acts N 53, 2012, the Seeds and Plant Varieties Act.   
[2] Seed Regulations 2007, Seed Act N18, 2003 United Republic of Tanzania (copy to other draft 
standards)  
[3] Seed and Plant Act of Uganda, 2006  
[4] Rwanda Seed Law # 14/2003 . 
[5] ASARECA, July 2007. Seed Certification Standards for ten crops of the Major Economic Importance in 
EAST Africa and Rwanda., Obongo Nyachae STAK . 
[6] ECAPAPA, ASARECA September, 2002. Harmoniz ation of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern 
Africa: Results and Agreements: ECAPA Monograph Series 4, September 2012  
[7] Kenya Seed Sector Baseline Study, by Evans Olonyi Sikinyi, Seed Trade Association of Kenya, STAK, 
AFSTA 2010  
[8] Rwanda Seed Sect or Baseline Study, AFSTA 2010  
[9] Uganda Seed Sector Baseline Study, Ruth N. Ssebuliba, Uganda Seed Trade Association 
(USTA).AFSTA 2010  
[10] Burundi Seed Sector Baseline Study, Mr. Juvent Baramburiye, AFSTA 2010  
[11] CABI, 2013.  Crop Protection  Compendium.  Wallingford, UK: CAB International.  www.cabi.org/cpc . 
[12] UPOV Convention Act 1991  
[13] Groundnut Seed Production Manual. Natalee, Diallo, Ndjeunga and Walifar ICRISAT, FAO CFC  
[14] COMESA Seed Trade Harmonization Regulations, 2013  DEAS 825: 2024    
 
© EAC  2024– All rights reserved