1 
 Quarantine Requirements for the  Importation of Frozen Bovine Se men 
(Draft amendments)  
(In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the  Chinese text of these  Requirements, the Chinese text shall gov ern) 
1. Frozen bovine semen shall be i mported only from countries or  zones recognized by the Council 
of Agriculture  according to Article 33 of the Statute for Prevention and Cont rol of Infectious 
Animal Disease as free from foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, and  contagious bovine 
pleuropneumonia , and African swine fever . 
2. The semen shall be produced fro m the artificial insemination  centers  (Name and address  of the 
center shall be st ated)* supervised by the veterinary aut horities of the  exporting coun try. 
(*: moved to Article 9) 
3. The animal quarantine authorit ies of the expor ting country sh all provide a certificate attesting 
that tThe donor bulls shall be originate d from the artificial inse mination centers where 
brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis , malignant catarrhal fever, Pa ratuberculosis (Johne's disease), 
bluetongue, and pseudorabies have  not occurred in the previous year; and enzootic bovine 
leucosis, bovine viral diarrhea , infectious bovine rhinotrachei tis, infectious pustular 
vulvovaginitis, bovine genital cam pylobacteriosis, trichomonias is, and leptospirosis have not 
occurred during the past 6 months. 
 In addition, t The donor bulls shall  have been inspected and found free from clinical evidence of 
the above communicable diseases  within 30 days prior to semen c ollection.  
The testing records  designated in Articl e 6 of this requirement  shall be provided if the donor 
bulls are no longer livi ng. * 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
4. The semen shall be originated from the states or zones where  vesicular stomatitis has not 
occurred in the previous year. 
5. The donor bulls shall have been raised in the artificial ins emination centers  described in Article 2
for at least one year and shall have not been used for natural mating. 
6. The donor bulls shall be subjec ted to the following tests wi th negative results carried out by  
laboratories owned, designated or approved by  the animal quarantine authorities or veterinary 
authorities of the exporting country  (The test methods and dates, sampling dates and test results  
shall be stated )* However. test may be exempted for  the countries where, accordi ng to the report 
of the OIE or the rel evant epidemiological information, have be en free from the diseases for 
more than 5 years. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
(1) Foot and mouth disease: s erum neutralization test. 
(2) Rinderpest: complement fixation test.  
(32) Contagious bovine pleuropneumoni a: complement fixation test. 
(43) Bluetongue: complement fixati on test or agar-gel immunodiffus ion test. 
(54) Bovine brucellosis: tube agglut ination test with the result o f serum agglutination titer under 
50 I.U. 
(65) Bovine tuberculosis: intradermal tuberculin test. 
(76) Bovine genital campylobacteriosi s: culture of pr eputial washi ngs. 
(87) Trichomoniasis: microscopic examination and culture of preput ial washings. 2 
 (98) Enzootic bovine leucosis:  immunodiffusion test. 
(109) Vesicular stomatitis: serum neutralization test. 
(1112) Paratuberculosis (Johne's dise ase): complement fixation test or fecal culture test. 
(1211) Other diseases and diagnostic tests provisionally designated.  
Methods of testing the abovemen tioned diseases may also be pres cribed, recommended or 
considered suitable in the OIE ’s Manual of Diagnostic Tests and  Vaccines for Terrestrial 
Animals for confirmation of populat ion freedom from infection w ith pathogens of 
corresponding diseases or individua l animal freedom from infect ion with pathogens of 
corresponding diseases prior to m ovement. For diseases with no such testing methods, 
methods that have been published in international scientific jo urnals may also be used.  
7. All cattle in the artificial insemination centers for semen production shall not have been 
vaccinated against foot and mouth di sease, rinderpest, contagio us bovine pleuropneumonia , or 
with any other vaccine th at has not been approved . 
8. The management of artificial insemination centers and the pr ocedures of collection, handling, 
and preservation of bovine semen shall be in compliance with  the conditions designated in 
Chapter  4.5 of related norms stipulated in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code or with the 
regulations recognized by this country as equivalent to the above conditions .  
9. The consignment must be accompanied by an original veterinar y certificate i ssued by the 
exporting country’s animal quaran tine authority. The certificat e must specify the following 
information  in English:  
(1) Origin  
a. Name of the exporting country;  
b. Name and address of the sem en collection center; and 
c. Name and address of the exporter;  
(2) Quantity of the semen;  
(3) Destination: country of des tination, name and address of th e importer;  
(4) Results of quarantine inspec tion: specify explicitly that t he consignment complies with 
Articles 2 to 8 as well as the following information in accorda nce with Articles 6:  
a. Sampling dates, testing dates,  test methods and results for the tests conducted for the donor 
animal; 
b. The name of the journals, the  publication date and title  of t he associated articles when using
methods published in internati onal scientific journals; and  
c .Prior to semen collection, t he exporting country have been f ree from the diseases for more 
than 5 years when  the dis eases are  not tested. 
(5) Date and place where the certificate was issued, name and o fficial stamp of the issuing 
authority, and name and signature  of the certifying veterinary officer; and  
(6) The testing records designa ted in Article 6 shall be provid ed when the donor bulls are no 
longer living  (diseases which have been speci fied in Article 9 (4) c. for 5 years free and have 
not been tested are being excluded ）. 1 
 Quarantine Requirements for the I mportation of Bovine Embryos 
(Draft amendments)  
(In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the  Chinese text of these  Requirements, the Chinese text shall gov ern) 
1. Bovine embryos shall be im ported only from countries or zone s recognized by the Council of 
Agriculture according to Article 33 of the Statute for Prevention and Contr ol of Infectious 
Animal Disease as free from foot and mouth disease, rinderpest,  and contagious bovine 
pleuropneumonia , and African swine fever.  
2. The embryos shall be produced from artificial insemination c enters or embryo collection centers 
(Name and address  of the center sh all be stated )* supervised by the veterina ry authorities of the 
exporting country. (*: moved to Article 9)  
3. Th
e animal quarantine authorit ies of the expor ting country sh all provide a certificate attesting 
that tThe male and female donor animals shall be  originate d from artificial insemination centers 
or embryos collection centers wh ere brucellosis , tuberculosis, malignant catarrhal fever, 
Paratuberculosis (Johne's di sease), bluetongue, and pseudorabie s have not occurred in the 
previous year; and enzootic bovin e leucosis, bovine viral diarr hea, infectious bovine 
rhinotracheitis, infectious pus tular vulvovaginitis, bovine gen ital campylobacteriosis, 
trichomoniasis, and leptospiros is have not occurred during the past 6 months. If the zona 
pellucida of embryo remains intac t after washing with the metho ds recommended by 
International Embryo Transfer Soc iety (IETS), the disease-free durations of one year and 6 
months as designated above ma y be shortened to 6 months and 3 m onths, respectively. 
 In addition, t The cattle shall  have been inspected and found free from clinical evidence of t he 
above communicable diseases with in 30 days prior to semen colle ction or embryos collection.  
The testing records  designated in Articl e 6 of this requirement  shall be provided if the donor 
bulls are n o longer living .*. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
4. The male and female donor animals and embryos shall originat e from states or zones where 
vesicular stomatitis has not occurred in the previous year. 
5. The male and female donor anima ls shall have been raised in the artificial insemination centers 
or embryos collection centers described in Article 2  for at least one year. 
6. The male and female donor anima ls shall be subjected to the following tests with negative 
results carried out by laboratories owned, designated or approved by  the animal quarantine 
authorities  or veterinary authorities  of the exporting country  (The test methods and dates, 
sampling dates and test re sults shall be stated )* However. test may be exempted for the countries 
where, according to the report of the OIE or the relevant epide miological information, have been 
free from the diseases for more than 5 years. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
(1) Foot and mouth disease: s erum neutralization test. 
(2) Rinderpest: complement fixation test.  
(32) Contagious bovine pleuropneumoni a: complement fixation test. 
(43) Paratuberculosis (Johne's dis ease): complement fixation test or fecal culture test.  
(54) Bluetongue: complement fixati on test or agar-gel immunodiffus ion test. 2 
 (65) Bovine brucellosis: tube agglut ination test with the result o f serum agglutination titer 
under 50 I.U. 
(76) Bovine tuberculosis: intradermal tuberculin test.  
(87) Bovine genital campylobacteriosi s: culture of vaginal mucus o r sheath lavage. 
(98) Trichomoniasis: microscopic examination and culture of vagina l mucus or preputial 
washes. 
(109) Enzootic bovine leucosis : immunodiffusion test. 
(1110) Vesicular stomatitis: serum neutralization test. 
(1211) Other diseases and diagnostic tests provisionally designated.  
Methods of testing the abovemen tioned diseases may also be pres cribed, recommended or 
considered suitable in the OIE ’s Manual of Diagnostic Tests and  Vaccines for Terrestrial 
Animals for confirmation of populat ion freedom from infection w ith pathogens of 
corresponding diseases or individua l animal freedom from infect ion with pathogens of 
corresponding diseases prior to m ovement. For diseases with no such testing methods, 
methods that have been published in international scientific jo urnals may also be used.  
7. All male and female cattle on t he embryos collection centers  shall not have been vaccinated 
against foot and mouth disease, r inderpest, contagious bovine p leuropneumonia  or with any 
other vaccine that has not been approved . 
8. The embryos shall be collect ed, processed, preserved and tra nsported under a sa nitary condition 
free from contamination by pathogenic organisms.  
9. The consignment must be accompanied by an original veterinar y certificate i ssued by the 
exporting country’s animal quaran tine authority. The certificat e must specify the following 
information  in English:  
(1) Origin  
a. Name of the exporting country;  
b. Name and address of the semen collection center or embryo co llection centers; and 
c. Name and address of the exporter;  
(2) Quantity of the embryos;  
(3) Destination: country of des tination, name and address of th e importer;  
(4) Results of quarantine inspec tion: specify explicitly that t he consignment complies with 
Articles 2 to 8 as well as the following information in accorda nce with Articles 6:  
a. Sampling dates, testing dates,  test methods and results for the tests conducted for the donor 
animal; 
b. The name of the journals, the  publication date and title  of t he associated articles when using
methods published in internati onal scientific journals; and  
c .Prior to embryos collection, the exporting country have been  free from the diseases for more 
than 5 years when  the dis eases are  not tested. 
(5) Date and place where the certificate was issued, name and o fficial stamp of the issuing 
authority, and name and signature  of the certifying veterinary officer; and  
(6) The testing records designa ted in Article 6 shall be provid ed when the donor bulls are no longer 
living  (diseases which have been spe cified in Article 9 (4) c. for 5 years free and have not been 
tested are being excluded ）. 1 
 Quarantine Requirements for the Importation of Porcine Embryos 
(Draft amendments)  
(In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the  Chinese text of these  Requirements, the Chinese text shall gov ern) 
1. Porcine embryos shall be impor ted only from countries or zones recognized by the Council of 
Agriculture according to Article 33 of the Statute for Prevention and Contr ol of Infectious 
Animal Disease as free from foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, and African swine fever. 
2. The embryos shall be produced from the artificial inseminati on centers or the emb ryos collection 
centers (Name and address of the center shall be stated) * supervised by the vete rinary authorities 
of the exporting country. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
3. The donor animals shall have bee n raised in the artificial i nsemination centers or the embryos 
collection centers described in Article 2 for at least 6 months.  
4. The animal quarantine authorit ies of the expor ting country sh all provide a certificate attesting 
that t The donor animals shall be  originate d from the artificial insemination centers or the 
embryos collection centers where  brucellosis, enterovirus encep halomyelitis (Teschen/Talfan 
disease), tuberculosis, hog chol era, pseudorabies, swine vesicu lar disease, vesicular exanthema, 
swine hemorrhagic septicemia, and s wine erysipelas have not occ urred in the previous year; and 
atrophic rhinitis, hemophilus pneumonia, transmissible gastroen teritis, leptospirosis, 
toxoplasmosis, and swine influenza have not occurred during the  past 6 months.  
In addition, t The male and female donor animals shall  have been inspect ed and found free from 
clinical evidence of the above  communicable diseases within 30 days prior to embryos 
collection. The testing records 
designated in Article  6 of this requirement shall  be provided if the donor 
boars are no longer living .* 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
5. The male and female donor anima ls and the embryos shall orig inate from the states or zones 
where vesicular stomatitis has  not occurred in the previous yea r. 
6. The male and female donor anima ls shall be subjected to the following tests with negative 
results carried out by  laboratories owned, de signated or approved by  the animal quarantine 
authorities or veterinary authorities of the exporting country  (The test methods and dates, 
sampling dates and test results  shall be stated )* However. test may be exempted for the countries 
where, according to the report of the OIE or the relevant epide miological information, have been 
free from the diseases for more than 5 years. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
(1) Foot and mouth disease: s erum neutralization test. 
(2) Swine vesicular disease:  serum neutralization test. 
(3) Vesicular stomatitis: serum neutralization test. (4) Pseudorabies: serum neutraliz ation test or enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay. 
(5) Transmissible gastroenter itis: serum neutralization test. 
(6) Brucellosis: tube agglutina tion test with the result of ser um agglutination titer under 50 I.U. 
(7) Tuberculosis: intradermal tuberculin test. 
(8) Toxoplasmosis: hemagglutinati on test or latex agglutination  test. 2 
 (9) Other diseases and diagnosti c tests provisionally designate d. 
Methods of testing the abovemen tioned diseases may also be pres cribed, recommended or 
considered suitable in the OIE ’s Manual of Diagnostic Tests and  Vaccines for Terrestrial 
Animals for confirmation of populat ion freedom from infection w ith pathogens of corresponding 
diseases or individual animal fr eedom from infection with patho gens of corresponding diseases 
prior to movement. For diseases  with no such testing methods, m ethods that have been 
published in international scie ntific journals may also be used . 
7. All pigs in the embryos coll ection centers shall not have be en vaccinated against foot and mouth 
disease, African swine fever  or with any other vaccine that has not been approved . 
8. The embryos shall be collect ed, processed, preserved and tra nsported under a sa nitary condition 
free from contamination by pathogenic organisms.  
9. The consignment must be accompanied by an original veterinar y certificate i ssued by the 
exporting country’s animal quaran tine authority. The certificat e must specify the following 
information  in English:  
(1) Origin  
a. Name of the exporting country;  
b. Name and address of the semen collection center or embryo co llection centers; and 
c. Name and address of the exporter;  
(2) Quantity of the embryos;  
(3) Destination: country of des tination, name and address of th e importer;  
(4) Results of quarantine inspec tion: specify explicitly that t he consignment complies with 
Articles 2 to 8 as well as the following information in accorda nce with Articles 6:  
a. Sampling dates, testing dates,  test methods and results for the tests conducted for the donor 
animal; 
b. The name of the journals, the  publication date and title  of t he associated articles when using
methods published in internati onal scientific journals; and  
c .Prior to embryos collection, the exporting country have been  free from the diseases for more 
than 5 years when  the dis eases are  not tested. 
(5) Date and place where the certificate was issued, name and o fficial stamp of the issuing 
authority, and name and signature  of the certifying veterinary officer; and  
(6) The testing records designa ted in Article 6 shall be provid ed when the donor boars are no 
longer living  (diseases which have been speci fied in Article 9 (4) c. for 5 years free and have 
not been tested are being excluded ）. 1 
 Quarantine Requirements for the I mportation of Caprine and Ovin e Semen 
(Draft amendments)  
(In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the  Chinese text of these  Requirements, the Chinese text shall gov ern) 
 
1. Caprine and ovine semen shall be imported only from countries o r zones recognized by the 
Council of Agriculture according to Article 33 of the Statute for Prevention and Contr ol of 
Infectious Animal Disease  as free from foot and mouth  disease, rinderpest, contagi ous bovine 
pleuropneumonia and African swine fever . 
2. The semen shall be produced fro m the artificial insemination  centers (Name and address of the 
center shall be stated )* supervised by the veterinary aut horities of the  exporting count ry. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
3. The animal quarantine authorit ies of the expor ting country sh all provide a certificate attesting 
that tThe donor animals shall be  originate d from the artificial insemination centers where 
brucellosis, sheep pox, goat pox, m ange, tuberculosis, paratube rculosis (Johne's disease), 
bluetongue, and hemorrhagic septi cemia have not occurred in the  previous year; and scrapie, 
contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious abortion, melioidosi s, leptospirosis, vibriosis, and 
listeriosis  and  Peste des petits ruminants  have not occurred dur ing the past 6 months. 
In addition, t The donor animals  shall  have been inspected and found free from clinical evidence 
of the above communicable diseas es within 30 days prior to seme n collection. 
The testing records designated in Article 6 of this requirement shall be provided if the donor 
animals are  no longer living .* 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
4. The semen shall originate from  the states or zones where ves icular stomatitis has not occurred in 
the previous year. 
5. The donor animals shall have bee n raised in the artificial i nsemination centers described in 
Article 2 for at least 6 months and have not been used for natural mating . 
6. The donor animals shall be subj ected to the following tests with negative results carried out by 
laboratories owned, designated or approved by  the animal quarantine authorities or veterinary 
authorities of the exporting country  (The test methods and dates, sampling dates and test results  
shall be stated )* However. test may be exempted for  the countries where, accordi ng to the report 
of the OIE or the rel evant epidemiological information, have be en free from the diseases for 
more than 5 years. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
(1) Foot and mouth disease: s erum neutralization test. 
(2) Tuberculosis: intradermal tuberculin test. (3) Paratuberculosis (Johne's di sease): complement fixation tes t or fecal culture test. 
(4) Bluetongue: complement fix ation test and agar-gel immunodif fusion test. 
(5) Brucellosis: tube agglutina tion test with the result of ser um agglutination titer under 50 I.U.
(6) Vesicular stomatitis: serum neutralization test. 
(7) Other diseases and diagnosti c tests provisionally designate d. 
Methods of testing the abovemen tioned diseases may also be pres cribed, recommended or 2 
 considered suitable in the OIE ’s Manual of Diagnostic Tests and  Vaccines for Terrestrial 
Animals for confirmation of populat ion freedom from infection w ith pathogens of 
corresponding diseases or individua l animal freedom from infect ion with pathogens of 
corresponding diseases prior to m ovement. For diseases with no such testing methods, 
methods that have been published in international scientific jo urnals may  also be used.  
7. All caprine and ovine in the art ificial insemination centers  shall not have been vaccinated against 
foot and mouth disease, rinderpest , or with any other vaccine th at has not been approved . 
8. The semen shall be collect ed, handled, preserved and transpo rted under a sanitary condition free 
from contamination by pathogenic organisms.  
9. The consignment must be accompanied by an original veterinar y certificate i ssued by the 
exporting country’s animal quaran tine authority. The certificat e must specify the following 
information  in English:  
(1) Origin  
a. Name of the exporting country;  
b. Name and address of the sem en collection center; and 
c. Name and address of the exporter;  
(2) Quantity of the semen;  
(3) Destination: country of des tination, name and address of th e importer;  
(4) Results of quarantine inspec tion: specify explicitly that t he consignment complies with 
Articles 2 to 8 as well as the following information in accorda nce with Articles 6:  
a. Sampling dates, testing dates,  test methods and results for the tests conducted for the donor 
animal; 
b. The name of the journals, the  publication date and title  of t he associated articles when using
methods published in internati onal scientific journals; and  
c .Prior to semen collection, t he exporting country have been f ree from the diseases for more 
than 5 years when  the dis eases are  not tested. 
(5) Date and place where the certificate was issued, name and o fficial stamp of the issuing 
authority, and name and signature  of the certifying veterinary officer; and  
(6) The testing records designa ted in Article 6 shall be provid ed when the donor animals are no 
longer living  (diseases which have been speci fied in Article 9 (4) c. for 5 years free and have 
not been tested are being excluded ）. 1 
 Quarantine Requirements for the  Importation of Equine Semen 
(Draft amendments)  
(In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the  Chinese text of these  Requirements, the Chinese text shall gov ern) 
1. Equine semen shall be imported only from countries or zones recognized by the Council of 
Agriculture according to Article 33 of the Statute for Prevention and Contr ol of Infectious 
Animal Disease  as free from glanders and  have been free from  African horse sickness  has not 
occurred  in the past 5 years. 
2. The semen shall be produced from horse farms (Name, address and semen collected dates shall 
be stated) * supervised by the veterinary a uthority of the exporting countr y. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
3. The animal quarantine authorit ies of the expor ting country shal l provide a certificate attesting 
that t The donor horses shall be  originate d from the horse farms where equine epizootic 
encephalomyelitis, equine infectious anemia, epizootic lymphang itis, and equine piroplasmosis 
have not occurred in the previ ous year; and dourine, contagious  equine metritis, horse pox, 
equine viral arteritis , strangles, pseudogla nders, equine rhino pneumonitis, and salmonellosis 
have not occurred during the past 6 months. 
In addition, t The donor horses shall  have been inspected and found free from clinical evidence 
of the above communicable diseas es 30 days prior to semen colle ction. 
The testing records designated i n Article 6 of this requirement  shall be provided if the donor 
horses are no longer living.  * 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
4. The semen shall originate from  the states or zones where ves icular stomatitis has not occurred in 
the previous year. 
5. The donor horses shall have been  raised in the horse farms described in Article 2  for at least one 
year. 
6. The donor horses shall be subj ected to the following tests w ith negative results carried out by 
laboratories owned, designated or approved by  the animal quarantine authorities or veterinary 
authorities of the exporting country  (The test methods and dates, sampling dates and test results 
shall be stated) * However. test may be exempted for  the countries where, accordi ng to the report 
of the OIE or the rel evant epidemiological information, have be en free from the diseases for 
more than 5 years. 
(*: moved to Article 9)  
(1) Glanders: intradermo-palpebr al test or complement fixation test. 
(2) Equine infectious ane mia: immunodiffusion test. 
(3) Equine piroplasmosis: complement fixation test. 
(4) Contagious equine metritis: ba cteriological cuture from rep roductive organs i n at least 3 tests 
at intervals of at least 7 days. 
(5) Equine viral arteritis: serum neutralization test. 
(6) Salmonellosis: tube agglutination test. 
(7) Vesicular stomatitis: serum neutralization test. (8) Other disease and diagnostic  tests provisionally designated . 
Methods of testing the abovemen tioned diseases may also be pres cribed, recommended or 2 
 considered suitable in the OIE ’s Manual of Diagnostic Tests and  Vaccines for Terrestrial 
Animals for confirmation of populat ion freedom from infection w ith pathogens of corresponding 
diseases or individual animal fr eedom from infection with patho gens of corresponding diseases 
prior to movement. For diseases  with no such testing methods, m ethods that have been 
published in international scie ntific journals may also be used . 
7. All horses in the farm shall  not have been vaccinated with v accine that has not been approved by 
animal quarantine authoritie s of the importing country  except that against equine influenza. 
8. The semen shall be collect ed, handled, preserved and transpo rted under a sanitary condition free 
from contamination by pathogenic organisms.  
9. The equine semen shall be transported with clean and disinfe cted containers, and shall not be 
transshipped through countries or  zones where glanders is known  to occur.  
109. The consignment must be accompanied by an original veterinary  certificate issued by the 
exporting country’s animal quaran tine authority. The certificat e must specify the following 
information  in English:  
(1) Origin  
a. Name of the exporting country;  
b. Name and address of the s emen collection center; 
c. Breed and age of the donor horse s when the semen were collec ted; and 
d. Name and address of the exporter;  
(2) Quantity of the semen;  
(3) Destination: country of des tination, name and address of th e importer;  
(4) Results of quarantine inspec tion: specify explicitly that t he consignment complies with 
Articles 2 to 8 as well as the following information in accorda nce with Articles 6:  
a. Sampling dates, testing dates,  test methods and results for the tests conducted for the donor 
animal; 
b. The name of the journals, the  publication date and title  of t he associated articles when using 
methods published in internati onal scientific journals; and  
c .Prior to semen collection, t he exporting country have been f ree from the diseases for more 
than 5 years when  the dis eases are  not tested. 
(5) Date and place where the certificate was issued, name and o fficial stamp of the issuing 
authority, and name and signature  of the certifying veterinary officer; and  
(6) The testing records designa ted in Article 6 shall be provid ed when the donor horses are no 
longer living  (diseases which have been speci fied in Article 9 (4) c. for 5 years free and have not 
been tested are being excluded ）.