DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
ICS: 93.080.20  
© EAC 201 9                                                                                           First Edition 201 9 
 
 
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
 Bitumen and Bituminous binders  – Part 3:  Anionic bitumen 
emulsion --Specifications  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                 EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  
  
i 
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ii 
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmo-
nizing requirements governing quality of products and services in the East African Com-
munity. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are 
encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be re-
moved.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee (EASC) mandated 
to develop and issue East African Standards (EAS).  The Committee is composed of repre-
sentatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the repre-
sentatives from the public and private sector organizations in the community.  
East African Standards are developed through Technical Co mmittees that are representa-
tive of key stakeholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private sector 
and other interested parties. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders 
through the National Standards Bodies in the Part ner States. The comments received are 
discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the Prin-
ciples and procedures for development of East African Standards.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. 
Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always 
have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing .  
The committee responsible  for this document is Technical Committee TC 021, Build ing 
and Civil Engineering .  
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be 
subject of patent rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such 
patent rights.  
 
  DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
2                       ©EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  
 Bitumen and Bituminous binders --Anionic bitumen emulsion -
-Specifications  
 
1 Scope  
This Draft East African Standard  specifies requirements and test methods of anionic bitu-
men        emulsions  suitable for pavement construction . 
 
    
2 Normative  references     
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. 
For dated  references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edi-
tion of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
      
ASTM  D5, Test method for penetration of bituminous materials.  
ASTM  D113,  Test method for ductility of bituminous materials  
ASTM  D139 , Test method for float test for bituminous materials  
ASTM  D140 , Practice for sampling bituminous materials  
ASTM  D244 , Test methods and practices for emulsified asphalts  
ASTM D2042 , Test method for solubility of asphalt materials in trichloroethylene  
ASTM  D3910 , Practices for design, testing, and construction of slurry seal  
ASTM  D6930 , Test method  for settlement and storag e stability of emulsified asphalts  
ASTM  D6933 , Test method  for oversized particles in emulsified asphalts (sieve test)  
ASTM  D6935 , Test method  for determining cement mixing of emulsified asphalt  
ASTM  D6936 , Test method for determining demulsibility  of emulsified asphalt  
ASTM  D6997 , Test method for distillation of emulsified asphalt  
ASTM  D7226 , Test method for determining the viscosity of emulsified asphalts using  a rota-
tional paddle viscometer  
DEAS 982 – 1, Bitumen and Bituminous binders – Penetration grade bitumen – Specifications  
ASTM D7553,  Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in N -Propyl Bromide  
 
 
 
3 Definitions  and  Abbreviations       
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.   
 
3.1 Definition   
3.1.1  binder  
material  serving to adhere  to aggregate and ensure cohesion of the mixture . 
3.1.2   binder content  
 
3.1.2 Binder content .  
is the difference between the total content and the percentage of water content.  
    
 
3.1.3  bitumen or asphalt  cement  
 
non-crystalline solid or viscous mixture of complex hydrocarbons that possesses characteristic agglomerating 
properties, softens gradually when heated, is substantially soluble in trichloroet hylene and or N -propyl -bromide , 
and is obtained from crude petroleum by refining processes  and is used as a binder.   
   DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
 
 
3 
  
3.1.4  Anionic bitumen emulsion or Anionic emulsified asphalt  cement . 
 
Anionic bitumen emulsion or Anionic emulsified asphalt  cement .  
Is Liquid mixture in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in an aque-
ous medium by means of one or more suitable emulsifying agents and in which the droplets of bitumen carry a 
negative charge.  
 
3.1.5  lot    
that quantity of anionic bitumen road emulsion of the same batch identif ication, from one 
manufacturer,  submitted at any one time for inspection and testing .   
 
3.1.6  high float (HF)  
emulsion in which chemical  emulsifying agents called “tall oils” derived from pine trees are 
used that imparts resistance  of flowing at high temperatures and low shear rates, less tem-
perature susceptible than the base asphalt cement . 
 
 
 
3.1.7  Types of Anionic bitumen emulsion.  
3.1.7.1  Anionic Rapid Setting - RS. 
Is a spray grade  emulsion  characterized by rapid breaking during application , and     is 
unsuitable for mixing with stone chippings .   
 
3.1.7.2  Anionic Medium Setting - MS. 
an emulsion with sufficient stability to allow mixing with certain types of aggregate before 
breaking of the emulsion occurs .   
 
3.1.7.3  Anionic Slow Setting - SS. 
an  emulsion with sufficient mechanical and chemical stability for all purposes involving 
mixing with stone chippings, natural gravels, and soil (including aggregates containing  
large proportions of fines or chemically active materials such as cement or hydrated lime)  
 
3.1.7.4  Anionic Quick Setting - QS. 
an  emulsion designed for use in micro -surfacing and slurry seals when a quick curing time 
is needed for opening to traffic . 
 
3.2 Abbreviations  
ASTM:  American Society for Testing and Materials   
HFRS:  High float rapid setting  
HFMS:  High float medium setting  
 
 
4 Requirements      
4.1 Composition       
The emulsion shall be homogeneous and free from  impurities, and shall not contain any 
material other than  bitumen, emulsifying agent(s),  water  and, when relevant, fluxing agent 
(s).   
     
4.2 Emulsifying  agent(s)      
The type and amount of emulsifying agent(s) in an emulsion shall not have any deleterious 
effect on the bitumen deposited.    
     DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
4                       ©EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  
 4.3 Bitumen  base     
The bitumen base used for the manufacture of the emulsion shall comply with the require-
ments of   DEAS 982 – 1: 2019 (see clause 2) , relevant to the grade of bitumen used.  
  
4.4 Type and grade requirements   
The emulsified asphalt shall be tested within 14 day s of delivery. The emulsified asphalt 
shall be homogeneous after thorough mixing provided separation has not been caused by 
freezing. Emulsified asphalts separated by freezing shall n ot be tested.  Emulsified asphalt 
shall conform to the requirements  prescribed in table 1 or table 2. If no table is specified, 
default  is table 1 , appropriate to the type of emulsion specified by the purchaser (see annex 
A) 
 
.   
  
 
 
                                                                                                         5 
 Table 1 —Requirement for Anionic bitumen emulsion.    
Property  Type and grade designation    
Test methods  Rapid -Setting  Medium -Setting    
RS-1 RS-2 HFRS -2 MS-1 MS-2 MS-2h   
min max min max min max min max min max min max   
                
Tests on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25°C SFS  20 100 ... ... ... ... 20 100 100 ... 100 ...   
ASTM D7496  Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 50°C SFS  ... ... 75 400 75 400 ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %A ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 ml, 0.02 N CaCl 2, % 60 ... 60 ... 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6936  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM D244  Coating, dry aggregate  ... ... ... good good good   
Coating,  after spraying  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Coating,  wet aggregate  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Coating, after spraying  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Particle charge test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve   ASTM D7402  
Cement mixing test, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6935  
Sieve test, %A ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10   ASTM D6933  
Residue by distillation, %  55 ... 63 ... 63 ... 55 ... 65 ... 65 ...   
ASTM D6997  Oil distillate by volume of emulsion, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Tests on residue from distillation test:                ASTM D244  
Penetration, 25°C 100g, 5 s  100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 40 90   ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C 5 cm/min, cm  40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ...   ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene or n -propyl bromide,%  97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ...   ASTM D2042 or ASTM 
D7553  
Float test, 60°C s  ... ... ... ... 1200  ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D 139 
                
  Medium -Setting   Slow-Setting   Quick -Setting   
HFMS -1 HFMS -2 HFMS -2h HFMS -2s SS-1 SS-1h QS -1h 
min max min max min max min max min max min  
max min max 
Tests on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25°C SFS  20 100 100 ... 100 ... 50 ... 20 100 20 100 20 100 
ASTM D7496  Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 50°C SFS  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %A ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 ml, 0.02 N CaCl 2, % ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6936  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM D244  Coating, dry aggregate  good good good good ... ...   
Coating, after spraying   fair fair fair ... ...   
Coating, wet aggregate  fair fair fair fair ... ...   
Coating, after spraying  fair fair fair fair ... ...   
Particle charge test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve ASTM D7402  
Cement mixing test, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.0 ... 2.0  N/A ASTM D6935  
Sieve test, %A ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10  0.10 ASTM D6933  
Residue by distillation, %  55 ... 65 ... 65 ... 65 ... 57 ... 57 ... 57  
ASTM D6997  Oil distillate by volume of emulsion, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 7 ... ... ... ...   
Tests on residue from distillation test:                ASTM D244  
Penetration, 25°C , 100 g, 5 s  100 200 100 200 40 90 200 ... 100 200 40 90 40 90 ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C 5 cm/min, cm  40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene or n -propyl bromide %  97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... ASTM D2042 or ASTM 
D7553  
Float test, 60°C s  1200  ... 1200  ... 1200  ... 1200  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ASTM D 139 
                  
6                       ©EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  
  
 
A This test requirement on representative samples is waived if successful application of the material has been achieved in the field. 
 
 
Table 2 Requirement for Anionic bitumen emulsion.    
Property  Type and grade designation  
 Rapid -Setting                            Medium -Setting    
RS-1 RS-2 HFRS -2 MS-1 MS-2 MS-2h   
min max min max min max min max min max min max   
                
Tests on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Rotational Paddle at 25°C, mPa S  45 220 ... ... ... ... 45 220 220 ... 220 ...   
ASTM D7496  Viscosity, Rotational Paddle at 50°C, mPa S  ... ... 165 880 165 880 ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %A ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 ml, 0.02 N CaCl 2, % 60 ... 60 ... 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6936  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM D244  Coating, dry aggregate  ... ... ... good good good   
Coating,  after spraying  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Coating,  wet aggregate  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Coating, after spraying  ... ... ... fair fair fair   
Particle charge test -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve   ASTM  D7402  
Cement mixing test, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6935  
Sieve test, %A ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10   ASTM D6933  
Residue by distillation, %  55 ... 63 ... 63 ... 55 ... 65 ... 65 ...   
ASTM D6997  Oil distillate by volume of emulsion, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Tests on residue from distillation test:                ASTM D244  
Penetration, 25°C 100g, 5 s  100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 40 90   ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C 5 cm/min, cm  40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ...   ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene or n -propyl bromide,%  97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ...   ASTM D2042 or ASTM D7553  
Float test, 60°C s  ... ... ... ... 1200  ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D 139 
                
 Medium -Setting  Slow-Setting  Quick Setting  
 HFMS -1 HFMS -2 HFMS -2h HFMS -2s SS-1 SS-1h QS-1h 
min max min max min max min max min max min max min max 
Tests on emulsions:                 
Viscosity, Rotational Paddle at 25°C, mPa S  45 220 220 ... 220 ... 110 ... 45 220 45 220 45 220 
ASTM D7496  Viscosity, Rotational Paddle at 50°C, mPa S  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   
Storage stability test, 24 -h, %A ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1   ASTM D6930  
Demulsibility, 35 ml, 0.02 N CaCl 2, % ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ASTM D6936  
Coating ability and water resistance:                
ASTM D244  Coating, dry aggregate  good good good good ... ...   
Coating, after spraying  fair fair fair fair ... ...   
Coating, wet aggregate  fair fair fair fair ... ...   
Coating, after spraying  fair fair fair fair ... ...   
Particle charge test  -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve ASTM D 7402  
Cement mixing test, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.0 ... 2.0 N/A ASTM D6935  
Sieve test, %A ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10 ... 0.10  0.10 ASTM D6933  
Residue by distillation, %  55 ... 65 ... 65 ... 65 ... 57 ... 57 ... 57  
ASTM D6997  Oil distillate by volume of emulsion, %  ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 7 ... ... ... ...   
Tests on residue from distillation test:                ASTM D244  
Penetration, 25°C , 100 g, 5 s  100 200 100 200 40 90 200 ... 100 200 40 90 40 90 ASTM D5  
Ductility, 25°C 5 cm/min, cm  40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... 40 ... ASTM D113  
Solubility in trichloroethylene or n -propyl bromide %  97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... 97.5 ... ASTM D2040 or ASTM D7553  
Float test, 60°C s  1200  ... 1200  ... 1200  ... 1200  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ASTM D 139  
  
 
 
                                                                                                         7 
                
 
A This test requirement on representative samples is waived if successful application of the material has been achieved in the field. 
 
 
NOTE 1  — QS-1h is used for Quick Set Slurry Seal systems.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3 Typical Anionic Emulsion Designations.  
Emulsion Grade  Anionic  Setting time  Minimum binder content 
(%) Note 
RS-1   Rapid  55  
RS-2   Rapid  63  
HFRS -2   Rapid  63 High Float  
MS-1   Medium  55  
MS-2   Medium  65  
MS-2h   Medium  65 h - harder.  
HFMS -1   Medium  55 High Float  
HFMS -2   Medium  65 High Float  
HFMS -2h   Medium  65 High Float  
HFMS -2s   Medium  65 High Float  with 1 -7% sol-
vent 
SS-1   Slow 57  
SS-1h   Slow 57 h - harder.  
QS-1h   Quick  57 harder Meet ASTM D3910  DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
©EAC 2018 – All rights reserved                 8 
 
  
5 Methods  of test  
6 To insert a table of parameters and their corresponding test methods.  
5.1 General  
Except for the test sample required for the determination of residue on sieving, strain all 
test samples required for the tests through a sieve of nominal aperture size 710 µm.   
 
5.2 The properties of the emulsified asphalts given in table1 or table 2 shall be determined 
in accordance with the ir corresponding ASTM test methods:  
 
 
   
7 Sampling  and compliance with this standard.   
   
7.1 General     
   
This section applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejec-
tion of single lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation 
of quality control or testing during manufacture is available to help in ass essing the quality 
of the lot.   
    
7.2 Sampling     
     
7.2.1  The relevant sampling procedure described in ASTM D140 shall be applied in deter-
mining whether a lot compl ies with the appropriate requirements  of this standard . The 
sample so taken shall be deemed to represent the lot.   
 
7.2.2  Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight sealed containers as specified in Practice 
ASTM D140 at  a temperature of not less than 4°C until tested.  
     
7.3 Compliance       
The lot shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this standard  if, after inspection 
and testing the sample taken in accordance with 7.2 is found to comply with all the appro-
priate requirements of this East African Standard .   
  
  
 
8 Packaging and marking       
8.1 Packaging      
The condition of each drum and tanker into which the anionic bitumen road emulsion is 
packed shall be such as to have no detrimental effect on the quality of the product during 
normal transportation and storage.  
 
8.2 Marking        
The following information shall appear in legible and indelibl e marking on each drum or, 
when the emulsion is supplied in tankers, on the relevant consignment documents:   
  
a) the manufacturer’s identification;  
 
b) the description, type, and grade of the product;   
 
c) the batch identification;    
 
d) the manufacture  and expiry date ; 
 
e) storage instructions  and   
 
f) the quantity.  DEAS 982-3: 2019  
9       ©EAC 201 9 – All rights reserved  
 Annex A  
(informative)   
 
Notes to purchasers     
     
The following requirement shall be specified in tender invitations, and in the order or con-
tract:   
 
a) the type ( see 4.4 ) 
 
b) information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained 
from the NSBs Office.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DEAS 982 -3: 2019  
©EAC 2018 – All rights reserved                 10 
 
 Annex B  
(informative)  
 
 
The classification and use of emulsions  
      
B.1 These emulsions are not stable for indefinite periods; they should be used as soon as 
possible after delivery and should not be subjected to very low temperatures or to great 
fluctuations in temperature during storage.   
    
  
B.2 Anionic bitumen emulsions  should not be mixed with cationic bitumen emulsions be-
cause such mixing will result in breakdown of the products. Equipment that has been used 
for cationic type emulsions and that has then to be used for anionic type (or vice versa) 
should be carefully cl eaned in accordance with procedures recommended by the manufac-
turer of the type with which it is to be used.  
   
 The emulsion referred to in this standard are not stable and should be used within the 
three month from the production date. The emulsion must  be stored at a minimum temper-
ature of   10oC and a maximum temperature of 80oC.  
 
The length that emulsions can be stored varies according to the emulsion type and compo-
nents used. For example, rapid -set emulsion has a shorter shelf life than a slow -set em ul-
sion. You should seek advice from your emulsion supplier on the shelf life of their products. 
Sedimentation and sieve tests are good indicators of an emulsion’s potential storage life. 
During long -term storage, sedimentation of the bitumen droplets occur s due to the higher 
density of the bitumen versus water. Regular circulation will help increase the shelf life of 
the emulsion but care must be taken not over circulating which shear the emulsion and 
cause residue to build up. Emulsions may increase in vis cosity (thickness) over time and 
warming the emulsion prior to use will reduce the viscosity  
 
B.3 Consumers whose equipment or conditions of use, for example, hand -spraying, require 
a viscosity outside the limits given in table 1 for spray type emulsions, should consult the 
supplier of the emulsion.    
  
B.4 The dilution of any of the emulsion types shall be done only in consultation with the 
supplier of   the emulsion.    
    
B.5 Prior to diluting the emulsion, carry out a test using water from the intende d water 
source, to ensure the desired result is obtained.   
  
    
NOTE 2 — Once an emulsion is diluted, the resulting product may no longer comply 
with one or more of the requirements of this East African Standard .   
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
11       ©EAC 201 9 – All rights reserved