DEAS 1101:2022  
ICS 65.020.20  
 
© EAC 2022                                                                                                                           First Edition 2022  
 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Cassava seed  — Requirements for certification   
   DEAS 1101:2022  
© EAC 202 2 – All rights reserved   
 DEAS 1101:2022  
ii © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
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© East African Community 2020  — All rights reserved  
East African Community   
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Tanzania  
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Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.  
Violators may be prosecuted . DEAS 1101:2022  
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  iii 
 Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  1 
4 Requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  3 
4.1 Eligible varieties  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 
4.2 Application for certification  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  4 
4.3 Field inspection  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 
4.4 Specific field requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  5 
4.4.1  Clones  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.  
5 Clone specifications  ................................ ................................ .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.  
4.3 Land requirements  ................................ ................................ .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.  
4.4 Rotation  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......Error! Bookmark not defined.  
4.5 Spacing  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......Error! Bookmark not defined.  
5 Certificates  ................................ ................................ ................................ .Error! Bookmark not defined.  
6 Packaging  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...Error! Bookmark not defined.  
7 Labelling  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....Error! Bookmark not defined.  
10 Methods of sampling and testing  ................................ ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.  
Annex  A (normative)  Scope of application of standard  ................................ ....Error! Bookmark not defined.  
Annex  B (informative)  Seed crop declaration form  ................................ ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.  
Annex C  (Normative)  Seed test certificate  ................................ ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.  
Bibliography  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  16 
 DEAS 1101:2022  
iv © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
Development of the East Afric an Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods an d services are exchanged 
within the Community will be removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee  (EASC)  mandated to develop and 
issue East African Standards  (EAS) . The Committee is composed of representatives of the Nationa l 
Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the public and private sector 
organizations  in the community .  
East African Standards are developed through  Technical Committees that are representative of key 
stakeholders includ ing government, academia, consumer groups, private sector and other interested parties. 
Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the 
Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorpo rated before finalization of standards, in 
accordance with the Principles and procedures for development of East African Standards. XXXXXX.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East 
African St andards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards 
they are implementing .  
The committee responsible  for this document is Technical Committee EASC /TC 012, Seed and propagation 
materials . 
Attention is drawn t o the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be subject of patent 
rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.  
  DRAFT  EAST AFRICA STANDARD  DEAS 1 101:2022  
 
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  1 
 Cassava seed  — Requirements for certification  
1 Scope   
This Draft East African Standard specifies the certification requirements for pre -basic, basic and certified seed 
cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ). It includes requirements for eligible varieties, application for certification, 
field requirements, fiel d inspection , stem harvest ing and cutting , packaging and labelling.  
This Standard does not apply for tissue culture plantlets ” 
2 Normative references   
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes 
requirements of thi s document.  For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, 
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
OECD Schemes for Varietal Certification or the Control of Seed Moving in the Interna tional Trade . 
3 Terms and definitions   
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in UPOV  apply.  
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:  
— ISO Online browsing platform: av ailable at http://www.iso.org/obp  
 
3.1  
distinctness  
variety is deemed to be distinct if it is clearly distinguishable in at least one character from any other variety 
whose existence is a matter of common knowledge at the time of filing the application for registration  
3.2  
field  
defined and identifiable area of land or facility that is used to produce a seed crop under the Seed Certification 
Scheme  
3.3  
field inspection  
inspection of a field and/or seed crop, by  an inspector to check if the minimum requirements for seed 
certificati on have been satisfied  
3.4  
field number  
number assigned to the field by the mandated authority for seed certification, when the application form for 
certification is submitted   
2 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 3.5  
seed producer  
person or entity registered to produce seed  
3.6  
isolation  
minimum distance between a field of cassava seeds and any other cassava crop that is required to prevent 
contaminations  
3.7  
inspector  
authorized official or accredited entity re sponsible for carrying out seed certification activities  
3.8  
label  
tag or other device that is attached to seeds or that accompanies any lot of bulk seed and which describes the 
kind of seed and any other required information  
3.9  
previous cropping  
minimum period (seasons or years) that elapse between the production of a crop of the same species in the 
same field as the one entered in the certification scheme  
NOTE Ratoons are not applicable in this definition.  
 
3.10  
breeder  
person or organisation res ponsible for the production or maintenance of a variety included in a National 
Variety List, and who ensures that the variety remains true to type throughout its full life -span  
3.11  
off-type  
plant of the same species which does not exhibit the recognise d and accepted habit and characteristics of the 
variety being grown  
3.12  
variety registration  
recording of a new variety in a National Variety List after it has been tested and satisfied the requirements for 
distinctness, uniformity, stability, and has value for cultivation and use  
3.13  
roguing  
removal of off -types and diseased plants or any other unwanted plant from a seed crop  
3.14  
seed certification  
quality assurance system whereby seed is subjected to official control and inspection  
3.15  
seed  lot  
defined quantity/number of cassava seeds produced from the same field and bearing the same reference 
number and for which the origin, production history and identity is known  
3.16  
stability  
condition of a variety distinguishing characteristics to r emain unchanged after repeated growing cycles   
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  3 
 3.17  
uniformity  
variety is deemed to be uniform if, subject to the variation that may be expected from the particular features of 
its propagation, it is sufficiently uniform in its relevant characteristics  
3.18  
variety  
assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by any characters (morphological, physiological, 
cytological, chemical or others) and which, when reproduced, (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing 
characters  
3.19  
National Variety List /catalogue   
list of varieties that have been registered by a national designated seed certification authority  
national designated seed certification authority  
organization, or agency empowered by national legislation to administer the certification of seed potato under 
this Standard  
3.20  
ratoon  
new shoot or sprout springing from the base of a cassava seed plant after stem cutting  
3.21  
seed  
stem cutting of cassava used for vegetative propagation of plants  
3.22  
breeder seed  
seed di rectly controlled by the plant breeder whose production complies with the plant breeding principles 
from which all other seed classes are produced  
3.23  
pre-basic seed  
seed of the generation directly derived from breeder seed under the direct control of the plant breeder or 
his/her duly accredited representative  
3.24  
basic seed  
progeny of pre -basic seed produced by seed producer(s) authorized by the Mandated Authority  
3.25.1  
certified seed 1  
first generation of seed derived from basic seed  
3.25.2  
certified seed 2  
seed which is multiplied from certified seed  1  
 
3.26 
off-type 
seed or plant not part of the variety because the seed or plant deviates in one or more characteristics from the 
variety. The off types may include other identifiable varietie s, deviant plants, or various varietal types  
 
4  Seed classes   
For the purpose of this standard, the following class of seed shall apply:   
4 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
  
a) Pre -basic seed;  
b) Basic seed;  
c) Certified seed ; and   
d) Certified seed 2  
5 Requirements  
5.1 Eligible varie ties 
5.1.1 Varieties eligible for seed certification shall be those that have been registered  in at l east one -member 
country of the EAC  in the national list of varieties/national variety catalogue. The country adopting the variety 
shall test it for at leas t one season”  
5.1.2 The national seed certification authority shall keep the official descriptor of the varieties it has 
registered in hard and electronic copies and these shall be made available within EAC on request . 
5.2 Application for certification  
5.2.1 The minimum information for an application for certification of a seed crop shall include the following:  
a) name, address and contact details of the seed grower;  
b) crop and variety to be produced ; 
c) physical location;  
d) area and reference number of the field and  cropping history for the past two cropping seasons;  
e) class of seed to be produced; and  
f) registration number of the seed grower.  
5.2.2 Information and records related to the previous cropping history, origin of seed planted, and field 
inspections shall be ke pt and used for certification to ensure full traceability of quality, genetic identity and 
purity of the planting material obtained . 
5.2.3  Seed producer of pre -basic, basic and certified seeds shall apply for certification of a seed crop not 
later than thi rty (30) days after planting by filling the form in Annex A.  
6 Field inspection  
6.1 The national designated seed certification authority  shall prepare the inspections schedule for the 
inspectors, based on all necessary information on the application form,  to ensure that inspections are done on 
due time.  
6.2  A minimum of t wo (2) field inspections shall be done for pre -basic, basic, certified seed 1 and 2 certified 
seed as follows:  
a) the first field inspection should be conducted to coincide with the time whe n diseases are most 
conspicuous, such as three (3) to five (5) months after planting when diseases may be clearly 
identified;   
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  5 
 b) the second  one (1) to two (2) weeks before harvesting.  
6.4  The inspector shall inspect the field in accordance with the procedure  provided in Annex C to  check the 
requirements in Table 1. If the field is found to be in conformity with those requirements it shall be approved.  
6.5  The field inspection report shall indicate the field status and comments for any corrective actions requ ired 
such as re -inspection to confirm the field standards. All field inspection reports shall be provided to the seed 
producer right after each inspection. The field inspection report as provided in Annex C  shall be signed by 
both parties, i.e. inspector a nd producer or the producer’s representative. . 
7 Specific field requirements  
7.1  Pre basic seed shall be produced under the responsibility of the breeder or his/her duly authorized 
representative.  
7.2  Basic seed shall be produced under responsibility of seed producer(s).  
7.3  Certified seed may be produced in two generations by seed producer(s).  
7.4  Ratoons shall be taken as the next class of the seed.  
7.5  A maximum of two (2) ratoons are allowed for pre -basic and basic; and one ratoon for Certified see d 1 
(C1).  
7.6  The production of seed through ratoons shall be allowed by the inspector during the last inspection based 
on the quality of the seed.  
7.7  A field producing a seed crop of cassava shall be approved for certification if it complies with the 
requirements in Table 1 when tested in accordance with test methods specified therein.  
Table 1 — Specific requirements for cassava seed crops  
Characteristic  Pre-basic  Basic 
seeds  Certified seeds   Test 
method  C1  C2  
Field standards  
Previous cropp ing, number of 
season, min.  2 2 2 2  Annex C  
Isolation, m, 
min. Between 
controlled 
fields  5 5 5 5  
Between 
controlled 
fields and 
uncontrolled 
fields  200 100 100 100  
Off-types, %, max.  0 0 0.5 0.5  
Diseases  
Cassava mosaic disease, %, 
max.  0 0 0 0  
Cassava brown streak disease, 
%, max.  0 0 0 0  
Cassava brown streak disease, 
lab testing %, max.  0 0 0 0   
6 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Cassava bacterial blight disease, 
%, max.  0 0 0 0  
Pest 
Cassava mealybug, % of 
infested plants, max.  0 0 1 2  
Cassava green mite, % of 
infested plants, max.  2.5 2.5 3 3.5  
Scale insects, % of infested 
plants, max.  1 2 3 3  
Stem cutting  
Length for cutting, cm, min.  30 30 30 30  
Diameter for cutting, cm, min.  2 2 2 2  
Number of live nodes per cutting, 
min. 5 5 5 5  
Skin injury/sc ar/damage, %, 
max.  15 15 15 15   
NOTE The permitted number of ratoons is determined in accordance with 7.5.  
 
7.8 The validity for seed certificate shall be 30 days from the date it was issued.  
NOTE Field may be rejected for certification due to unsatisf actory conditions caused by noxious weeds, poor growth, poor 
stands, excessive disease presence, pest damage, and any other condition that prevents accurate inspection or creates 
doubt as to the identity of the variety.  
8  Stem cutting harvest requirement s  
8.1   Harvest of cassava seeds shall be done within 8 months up to 18 months for the mother field; and 6 
months up to 12 months for ratoons . Stem cuttings should be harvested not more than ten (10)  days 
before planting.  
8.2   Cassava stem cuttings shall  be packaged and handled in a way that safeguards its quality.   
9 Labelling  
9.1   All categories of seed that have been certified shall be packaged to safeguard the quality of the seed 
and shall have the official label of the national designated seed cert ification authority .  
9.2   The labels for each category shall be identified by the following colours :  
a) Pre-basic seed: Violet band on white;  
b) Basic seed: White;  
c) Certified seed 1: Blue;  
d) Certified seed 2: Red;  
  
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  7 
 9.3 The labels shall be prominent, indelibl e and legible, and issued by a national designated seed certification 
authority . The following information shall be included on the official labels:  
a) name of the crop, “cassava stem cutting”;  
b) species (Latin name);  
c) variety denomination;  
d) seed lot number;  
e) number of cuttings per package;  
f)  harvest date.  
g) logo of the national designated seed certification authority ;  
h) name and address of national designated seed certification authority ;  
i) seed class; and  
j) season and country of production.  
It is recommended tha t the harvesting of the cutting be done in the presence of inspector and the seed dealer. 
In this case, the package should be legibly and indelibly labelled with  the following  information : 
h) inspector name/code;  
i) harvest  date; and  
j) certificate numbe r.  
9.4 Chemical treatment  
The nature of the active substance of any chemical treatment of the seed potato shall be indicated either on 
the outside of the unit of presentation, on the official label or a label provided by the supplier, or printed on the 
unit of presentation. This information may also appear inside the unit of presentation.  
9.5 Re -inspection and re -labelling  
If re-inspection is conducted, the authority which carried out the re -inspection shall be stated on the new label, 
as well as the date of the re -sealing.  Re -labelling shall be done under the supervision of the10.4 Chemical 
treatment  
The nature of the active substance of any chemical treatment of the seed potato shall be indicated either on 
the outside of the unit of presentation, on the official label or a label provided by the supplier, or printed on the 
unit of presentation. This information may also appear inside the unit of presentation.  
9.5  Re-inspection and re -labelling  
If re-inspection is conducted, the authority which carried out  the re -inspection shall be stated on the new label, 
as well as the date of the re -sealing.  Re -labelling shall be done under the supervision of the NDA. The new 
label shall show the particulars which appeared on the old label. If a new label is necessary,  this shall show 
the particulars, which appeared on the old label, the date of the re -closing and the authority concerned. NDA/ 
certification authority. The new label shall show the particulars which appeared on the old label. If a new label 
is necessary, this shall show the particulars, which appeared on the old label, the date of the re -closing and 
the authority concerned.   
8 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 10 Post control test  
The Post control tests shall be carried out in accordance with OECD Schemes for Varietal Certification or the 
Control of Seed Moving in the International Trade.   
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  9 
 Annex A 
 (normative)  
 
Inspection procedure  
A.1 Purpose  
This procedure is intended to provide guidelines for the Seed Inspector. They are intended to address the 
methods used to determine the quality of cassa va seed as provided in this standard.  
A.2 Scope  
This procedure covers inspection of the general status of the cassava seed crop, identification of the source of 
the seed, isolation, previous cropping, genetic purity, health status and stem cutting requirem ents of the 
cassava seed crop.  
A.3 Definition of terms  
For the purpose of this procedure the terms and definitions provided in cassava seed standard shall apply.  
A.4 Equipment and tools  
Inspector shall be equipped with the following:  
a) current seed law, r egulations and relevant standards,  
b) seed crop declaration form,  
c) variety descriptors,  
d) a seed inspector service card or letter of introduction,  
e) tally counter,  
f) support literature,  
g) measuring wheel/GPS,  
h) camera,  
i) protective clothing,  
j) rep ort book, and  
k) calculator.   
10 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 A.5 Procedure details  
A.5.1 Stage 1: Source of seeds  
A.5.1.1 In order to authenticate the identity of the seed planted, seed producer retains proof of origin 
(label/receipt).  of each seed lot used to plant the crop.  
A.5.1.2 The inspector checks the details provided on the label /receipt  against those on the seed crop 
declaration form and confirms the identity of the variety.  
A.5.1.3 The inspector proceeds to next stage if the declared information correspond to those on the 
label /receipt  otherwise the field is automatically rejected.  
A.5.2 Stage 2: Confirmation of field size and previous cropping  
A.5.2.1 The seed inspector interviews the seed producer on details of previous cropping seasons of the field.  
A.5.2.2 In case the previou s cropping requirements are met, inspector proceeds to the next stage.  
A.5.2.3 The seed inspector, by using GPS or measuring wheel, calculates the area of the field to confirm to 
the declared area . 
A.5.3 Stage 3: Checking isolation distance  
The inspector c hecks isolation of the seed crop whilst walking around its perimeter. If the required distance is 
not met, the inspector evaluates any risk of physical mixture and seed born disease contamination and makes 
relevant decision/recommendation.  
A.5.4 Stage 4: C hecking the general status of the field  
A.5.4.1 The inspector assesses the general status of the field and determines whether it is in satisfactory 
conditions to permit the detailed examination of plants for varietal purity.  
A.5.4.2 Seed crop which is high ly infested with weeds, stunted or poorly grown because of disease, pests or 
other causes and which cannot be assessed for other parameters is rejected.  
A.5.5 Stage 5: Detailed examination of off -types and diseases  
The final stage in inspection is the asse ssment of varietal purity and health status of the seed crop. This is 
done when the crop location, source of seeds, varietal identity, isolation and crop condition are all satisfactory. 
To do this, it is necessary to follow a sampling procedure which focus es attention on small areas of the seed 
crop for detailed examination.   
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  11 
 A.6 Sampling  
C.6.1 General  
A.6.1.1 The inspector does the counts following a walking pattern that enables him/her to extrapolate the 
whole field while sampling  
A.6.1.2 The number of cou nts (samples) depends on the size of the field, 5 counts for a field up to 2 ha and 
an increase of 1 count for each increase of 2 ha.  
A.6.1.3 The sample corresponds to a count of 30 plants.  
NOTE One plant corresponds to all progenies deriving from one stem  cutting.  
A.6.2 Examination of off -types  
By using the descriptor of the variety, the inspector evaluates the key characteristics of the variety, including 
but not limited to leaf shape, shoot and; leaf petiole colour; in each count and the number of off -types is 
recorded and the percentage is calculated after examining all counts.  
A.6.3 Examination of diseases  
A.6.3.1 The inspector uses clear symptom description and chart (photo) to recognise a diseased plant.  
A.6.3.2 In each count, the inspector checks inf ected plant with the disease mentioned in Table 1 and takes 
record for each of them.  
A.6.3.3 The inspector calculates the percentage of infected plant after examining all samples.  
A.6.3.4 In case there is confusion in symptoms, the inspector may recommend laboratory testing. However, 
for CBSD lab testing is mandatory at Pre -basic category of seed.  
A.6.4 Examination of pests  
The inspector examines the presence of pests as listed in Table 1.   
12 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 A.6.5 Decision taking  
A.6.5.1 The inspector compares the calculated percentage for each parameter with acceptable limits provided 
in the standard.  
C.6.5.2 Based on the results of the comparison, the inspector may accept, downgrade to lower class or reject 
the seed crop (part or whole)  
A.6.5.2.1 The seed crop is accepted wh en it complies with the requirements specified in the standard.  
A.6.5.2.3 The seed crop is downgraded to lower class when it does not meet the requirements of the declared 
class but meeting those of any lower class.  
A.6.5.2.4 The seed crop is rejected when  the requirements of the standard are not met  
A.7 Harvest and post harvest inspection  
A.7.1 During the last inspection, inspector determines the diameter for cutting and number of lives 
nodes per cutting  
A.7.2 The inspector also confirms the age of the cas sava seed by use of the declaration form  
A.8 Reporting  
The report is done as by filling in the form provided in Annex C.  
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  13 
 Annex B  
(informative)  
 
FORM ................  
 
Grower No…………………….  
  
 
 
APPLICATION FOR FIELD INSPECTION OF A SEED CROP  
 
1. Full name of grower ________________________ Physical location/GPS coordinates__________ Postal 
Address ___________ Tel. No. ________________________  
2. Farm on which the seed crop is being grown _______________________ L/R. No. _________________  
3. Details of crop (Ev ery crop regardless of size must be mentioned separately. a crop is field planted 
within 5 days).  
 
    Crop         
 
Field 
crop 
No. Species  Variety
  Lot No. of 
seeds used  
 Class of seed 
used  Ha Date 
planted  Approx’ 
date of 
harvest  Previous 
cropping hist ory 
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 
 
 
4. Seed rate per hectare ______________________________________ kg  
 
 
5. I have enclosed _______________________ as proof of origin.  
 
6. The person who will daily be in charge o f this seed crop is  (name/telephone number)  
______________________________  
   
14 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
   
 
 
 
 
9. Declaration:  
I hereby declare that all information provided here is true to the best of my knowledge and belief and I shall 
always observe all conditions governing See ds production as provided in the Seeds Act and Regulations.  
 
 
Date ……………………….. Signature of applicant………………………………………………………..  
 
Stamp of seed dealer ……………………………………………………………..  
 
  
© EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  15 
 ANNEX C  
(informative)  
 
FORM ………             
Date………  
G/No………  
FIELD  INSPECTION REPORT  
 
Growers Name ___________________________________Species ________________________  
Variety ______________________Field No. (s) Name___________________________________  
Crop No.(s) _____________________________Hectares__________________ Class  ____________  
         1st                                        2nd                              3rd………………………………………….. Inspection 
(tick)  
ITEMS:  
1. is the crop true to type?              Yes                       No                           Doubtful  
Remarks…………… ………………………………………………………………………………..  
2. Isolation in distance/time           satisfactory                             Not Satisfactory  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
3. Off -type(s) (describe)………………………………………………………………………………….  
Remarks………………………………… …………………………………………………………..  
4. Noxious Weeds (Specify) …………………………………………………………………………….  
Total found………………………………………………………………………………………….  
5. Other Crop Species (specify)………………………………………………………………………….  
6. Health (Diseases)………………………………………………………………………………………  
7. Crop Stand               Good           Satisfactory                 Not satisfactory  
Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………..  
8. Estimated yield at final inspection…………………………………………………………………….  
No of counts made……………………………… Average count………………………………………  
No of  plants counted………………………………………tassels/selfing plant found……………..%  
CROP RESULT                     Pending                Approved               rejected because of …………………  
If to be re -inspected within ……………………………………………………………………….. days  
Further remarks … ………………………………………………………………………………………  
………………………………………………………………………………………………………Bags/ha  
Copy to: _________________________________________________  
 
Seed Inspector(s) Name……………………………………Signature……………….  
    
16 © EAC 2022 – All rights reserved  
 Bibliography  
The Seeds and Plant Varieties (Seeds) Re gulati ons, 2016  
The Seeds and Plant Act , 2006  
The Plant Variety Protection Act , 2014  
The S eeds and Plant Regulations , 2017  
COMESA Seed Trade Harmonisation R egulations , 2014  
Rwanda standard  RS 
Seeds Regulations 2007 and its Amendments of 2017  DEAS 1101 : 202 2   
 
© EAC 202 – All rights reserved