WT/TPR/M/428  
26 September 2022 
(22-7193) Page: 1/36 
Trade Policy Review Body   
20 and 22 July 2022  
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez (Mexico)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .....................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  .... 4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ..............  9 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ......................  12 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  AND 
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ .............................  28 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the Republic of Moldova  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 428/Add.1  and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.ht m. WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The second  Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova was held on 20 and 22  July 2022. 
The Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Ángel Villalobos  Rodríguez (Mexico) welcomed the delegation of the 
Republic of Moldova, headed by Mr Vadim  Gumene, State Secretary of the Mi nistry of Economy  of 
the Republic of Moldova ; H.E.  Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean , Permanent Representative of the 
Republic of Moldova  to the WTO; the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand).  
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleas ed that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The Report by the Republic of Moldova  is contained in document WT/TPR/G/ 428, and that 
of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 428. 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Singapore, Iceland, China, Canada, European  Union, Ukraine, Russian  Federation, United  States, 
and United  Kingdom.  The following delegations submitted written questions a fter the deadline: 
Türkiye and India . 
1.5.  The Chairperson started by recalling some elements of the Republic of Moldova's previous 
Review in 2015, relating them to developments since then, and by identifying some key issues 
arising from the advance written que stions submitted by Members for the current TPR.  
1.6.  At the time of the previous Review, Members had commended the Republic of Moldova for its 
sound economic policies that had underpinned GDP growth in an environment of various external 
shocks. Members also h ad pointed out a number of challenges the Republic of Moldova was facing 
such as fiscal and trade deficits or its energy dependence.  
1.7.  According to the Secretariat's Report prepared for the Review, the Republic of Moldova saw 
strong economic growth during t he review period until the COVID -19 pandemic —compounded by a 
severe drought —negatively affected the economy in 2020. Economic activity strongly rebounded 
last year as consumption and agricultural production recovered, and GDP exceeded pre -pandemic 
levels, but the war in Ukraine and its effects clouded the economic outlook for 2022.  
1.8.  During the previous Review, Members had acknowledged the Republic of Moldova's efforts to 
facilitate trade, and these efforts continued during the review period. The Secretariat Report notes 
that the authorities launched a trade portal; provided simplified trade procedures such as a periodic 
declaration facility for MSME exporters or an improved Approved Economic Operator scheme; and 
modernized the TBT and SPS regimes. However, th e Report also notes that the applied MFN tariff 
rates on around 20  lines exceed their corresponding bound rates.  
1.9.  According to the Secretariat Report, based on its geographical location the Republic of Moldova 
continues to use RTAs as a complement to the mu ltilateral trading system to further integrate into 
the global economy. In addition, the Association Agreement with the EU provided guidance for policy 
reforms throughout the review period, with the Republic of Moldova recently granted EU candidate 
status following its application for EU membership in March.  
1.10.   During the previous Review, Members had encouraged the authorities to further improve the 
business environment to help attract foreign investment. The Chairperson found interesting to read 
in the Secre tariat Report that the Republic of Moldova undertook significant regulatory, fiscal, 
procedural, and governance reforms during the review period. They aimed to improve the general 
environment for foreign and domestic investors, while investment platforms s uch as Free Economic 
Zones or a recently established Information Technology Park also contribute d to this objective.  
1.11.   The Secretariat Report also highlights a number of sectoral reforms affecting agricultural 
subsidies, strengthening the regulatory framewo rk for financial services, or increasing competition 
in telecommunications services and energy markets. The Republic of Moldova remains  dependent 
on energy imports, especially on gas imports from the Russian  Federation.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  1.12.   During the 2015 Review, Members had  encouraged the Republic of Moldova to ratify the 
WTO Agreement  on Government Procurement. The Secretariat Report notes that following its 
ratification, the authorities undertook  additional government procurement -related reforms and that 
an important share  of government procurement was covered by commitments under the GPA during 
the review period.  
1.13.   The Chairperson noted that, a  survey of the advance written questions submitted for th e 
current r eview indicate d a wide range of topics of interest to Members. T hese include d the Republic 
of Moldova's efforts towards building a "green and digital" economy, investment policies including 
the mechanism for examining investments of importance to state security; export licensing; the 
formulation and implementation of SPS and TBT me asures; various aspects of the intellectual 
property rights regime; and notifications to the WTO. There was also strong interest in the Republic 
of Moldova's Law on Internal Trade.  
1.14.   In total, the Republic of Moldova received 184  advance written questions fr om 11  delegations, 
out of which 161  were sent within the established deadline. Prior to th e meeting, the Republic of 
Moldova had already provided written replies to all questions submitted within the deadline, as well 
as some additional ones. The Chairpers on was looking forward  to hearing the Republic of Moldova's 
updates on these issues during the two -day meeting . 
1.15.   The meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and of systemic importance to the multila teral trading system. It was also an opportune 
moment for the Republic of Moldova to inform the Membership on the impact of the pandemic on its 
economy and the measures it ha d taken in response. The Chairperson looked forward to a fruitful 
discussion.  
1.16.   The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing the Republic of Moldova a very 
successful second  Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  
(MR VADIM  GUMENE)  
2.1.  I thank everyone for taking the time to part icipate in this very complex, however very important 
review process for our country.  
2.2.  Let me start by mentioning that we appreciate your introductory remarks Chair. On behalf of 
my delegation I would like to express that we are very pleased to participate i n the second  Trade 
Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova which covers almost seven  years of assessment following 
our first TPR.  
2.3.  Our special thanks go to H.E.  Ambassador  Pimchanok  Pitfield, Thailand's Permanent 
Representative to the WTO, who has kindly accepted the role of discussant in this exercise. 
Ambassador  Pitfield, we believe your high -profile expertise in WTO matters will add an important 
contribution to our review and we are looking forward to your insightful remarks.  
2.4.  I would also like to take this opportunity as to highlight the very informative and well written 
WTO Secretariat  Report, which presents the economic and trade policy of the Republic of Moldova 
in a concise and comprehensive manner. We express our gratitude to the Secretariat f or the 
professional and trustworthy collaboration during the drafting process of this report. Your assistance 
and efforts are highly appreciated.  
2.5.  The Republic of Moldova deems the trade policy review process as an important pillar of the 
WTO which contrib utes to the promotion of transparency principle within this house. These complex 
reviews have fostered a better understanding of Members' trade policies and practices for both, the 
Members under the examination in order to assess its current realities as w ell as to Members 
interested in these reports. We gladly noted that Members have shown moderate interest in our 
policies. We received more than 100  questions from 11  Members. We are thankful to the Members 
that sent their questions in advance. Our small te am has endeavoured to answer all questions 
according to the schedule. For the questions that were received after the official deadline, we will 
provide our answers in due course. Our delegation will try to clarify on the last day of this 
transparency exerc ises the additional points that may be raised today.  For those questions that were 
received after the deadline, we will provide our answers within the time frame of 30  days.  
2.6.  While the Reports of the WTO Secretariat and the Government of the Republic of Mol dova have 
well illustrated the economic and trade development of the country over the review period, please 
allow me to highlight a few points in today's  meeting . 
The Republic of Moldova's Economy and Trade policy - recent developments and 
challenges  
2.7.  The Republic of Moldova is a small, developing and open economy where agriculture and 
services play a significant role. In 2021, agriculture amounted to about 12% of GDP and it employ ed 
around 21% of the population as well as represented around 38% of total merchandise exports. 
Services constitute the most important sector in terms of contribution to GDP which is 64%.  
2.8.  An important determinant for the Moldovan economy represents the ec onomic performance of 
the European  Union: 4 4% of Moldovan imports of goods are from the EU (2021: USD  3.1 billion), 
while around two  thirds 62% of Moldovan exports (2021: USD  1.9 billion) go to the EU, making it 
by far the Republic of Moldova's most import ant trading partner (with Romania, Germany, Italy, 
Poland leading among the top trading EU partners).  
2.9.  Other major trading partners are the Türkiye, China, Switzerland, Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS) countries (particularly Ukraine, Belarus, the R ussian  Federation), followed 
by other countries in Asia, the Americas,  and the Middle  East. 
2.10.   In terms of the Republic of Moldova's foreign trade, the past few years have been 
characterized by increased specialization towards certain high value -added products, especially 
those produced by the automotive and pharmaceutical industries, but also by the winemaking, 
textiles,  and machinery industries.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  2.11.   Thus, the top exported goods are mainly manufactured products as food and beverages, 
apparel, and tr ansport equipment, as well as agricultural products: cereals, fruits and vegetables. 
Transportation, travel, telecommunication, computer, and information services accounted for 
nearly  70% of services exports, while transport and travel services account for  two thirds of services 
imports.  
2.12.   The Republic of Moldova is heavily dependent on imports of  energy resources, natural gas, 
petroleum products which are also used to produce the electricity. Among other top imported 
products is machinery, vehicles, and che micals. Most consumer goods and inputs are also imported 
from abroad.   
2.13.   Following the last  Review, the economy of the Republic of Moldova has recovered remarkably 
quickly from the slowdown caused by the banking crisis and an unfavourable  international 
environment, which resulted in a contraction in 2015. This reflects improvements in both external 
economic conditions and domestic fundamentals. Broad -based reforms under the 2016 
IMF-supported program successfully restored macro -financial stability and strengt hened the financial 
sector. After an average growth above 4% in 2016 –19, economic activity contracted by 7.5% in 
2020, held back by temporary restrictions, disruption of supply chains, and reduced global demand, 
as well as the impact of a severe drought. A  robust rebound in 2021 growth (13.9%) was driven by 
aggregate demand supported by high credit and wage growth as well as strong remittance inflows. 
At the beginning of 2022 the economy was experiencing a recovery, but the outlook is clouded by 
significant  vulnerabilities linked to energy crisis and the war in the neighbouring country. Thus, 
during the first six months of 2022 the inflation rates picked up at its highest pick of 30%, driven 
by high energy prices and increase of prices of the consumption bas ket (around 50% of the inflation 
rate is driven by food and energy prices).  
2.14.   Nowadays, our economy is confronted with the horrific consequences of the unprovoked and 
illegal military aggression of the Russia n Federation  against Ukraine, our close neighbour . I reiterate 
the Republic of Moldova 's strong concern at the Russia n Federation 's military aggression against a 
sovereign neighbour as Ukraine. The economic and humanitarian consequences of this war are 
devastating and continue to increase, heavily affect ing and the Republic of Moldova 's economy. 
Additional information on the impact of this conflict could be found in the Republic of Moldova 's 
answers provided to Members.  
2.15.   Referring to the general policy developments in  the Republic of  Moldova, although dur ing the 
review period the National Development Strategy "Moldova  2020" was the main strategic economic 
policy document, the EU -Moldova Association Agreement (AA), the Deep and Comprehensive Free 
Trade Area (DCFTA) established in 2014, and the IMF programme  that followed the banking crisis in 
2015 have been crucial in shaping policy developments in the Republic of Moldova, stimulating the 
speed and depth of economic and financial policy reforms.  
2.16.   Wide reforms were reflected in the National Development Strate gy Plan  2020 and the new 
strategy  2030, where the Government of the Republic of Moldova aimed to achieve inclusive and 
sustainable development and GDP growth, as well as to further reduce poverty by increasing 
productivity and competitiveness of the economy. To do so, we continue to replace the old economic 
model used in the past largely based on consumption fuelled by remittances, with a model based on 
investment and the development of goods and services exporting industries. T he following key areas 
have been given special attention under strategy: education, business environment, infrastructure, 
financial sector, energy, pension system, and judicial framework, all these accompanied by new 
trends related to the digitalization of  economy and movement to a greener and circular economic 
model.  
2.17.   I would like to particularly address digitalization and ICT sector development. Shall be noted 
that the Republic of Moldova's ICT industry has been experiencing a dynamic growth, thanks to hig h 
market demand, competition, and consolidated effort of the Government and private sector in order 
to develop the sector. It annually generates about 7% of the country's GDP, approaching a total 
value of revenues of about USD  900 million. About five  years  ago, the electronic communications 
market in the Republic of Moldova has experienced a period of agile competition and growth, 
positioning the country in top destinations with high -speed Internet accessibility, and recently – with 
availability of Gigabit Internet (ranked as 3rd and 10th country in the world).  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  2.18.   During the 2015 -2020, the engine of the ICT industry growth in the Republic of Moldova 
became the IT sector, which increased fourfold, outpacing the telecoms. A dedicated policy and 
legislative frame work for the Information Technology and Digital Industries has played a central role 
in its outstanding and dynamic evolution. Comparing the GDP share of the IT sector in 2020 of about 
3.6% with the 0.8% in 2013, when the IT sector was only declared as a p olicy priority, the dynamic 
is remarkable. The growth in the IT industry has been driven by the Republic of Moldova's 
advantages as an outsourcing destination for the IT services, based on cost, location, and skills, as 
well as on a facilitated fiscal and administrative regime for the Virtual Moldova IT Park residents.  
2.19.   The volume of the ICT industry exports doubled in five years, from MDL 2.8 billion to 
MDL 7.3 billion when this evolution is attributed particularly to the IT share of export, which 
increase d from MDL  1 billion to almost MDL  7 billion. Given these developments, this sector became 
one of the utmost priority for our country.  
2.20.   Furthermore, I would like to highlight a number of structural reforms carried during the review 
period by the Republic o f Moldova.  
2.21.   The attraction of more investments remains one of the major priorities of the country. The 
legal framework of the Republic of Moldova as well as the bilateral investment agreements ensures 
non-discriminatory treatment and guarantees the inviolab ility of both foreign and domestic 
investments of natural and juridical persons.  
2.22.   Important achievement in this field relates to the re forms of the regulatory framework which 
improved the environment for the investors. The reforms included revisions to the  Civil Code, the 
Fiscal Code, and the approach to regulating economic activity. Following the administrative reform, 
the Government reduced in a big proportion the number of activities subject to licensing, and 
excluded an important number of permissive do cuments (e.g. authorizations or permits) which now 
are generally issued electronically through a system operating as a one -stop shop.  
2.23.   During the review period, also was reduced the number of inspection bodies and inspections 
with a view to lowering regula tory costs for businesses while increasing the efficiency of controls. 
In 2018, a reform of the Fiscal Code introduced a single rate of 12% for corporate and individual 
income taxes. Additionally, some progress was made regarding a comprehensive public 
administration reform agenda aimed at modernizing public services, improving policy making, and 
improving public financial management.  
2.24.   A major focus area of our reform agenda was the ease of doing business.  Since 2016, the 
Republic of Moldova has made progress in further developing a conducive business environment 
including for MSMEs. With a share of 98.6% of the total number of enterprises in the economy, they 
generate over 60% of the total jobs and almost 40% of the turnover obtained by enterprises. As a 
result, they contribute almost half (48%) to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product.  
2.25.   These reforms have been reflected in the 2020 World  Bank Doing Business report, which ranks 
the Republic of Moldova 48th, up from 63rd in 2015. The Republic of Moldova performs well in the 
starting a business and registering property indicators. According to the 2020 World  Bank Doing 
Business report, it takes three procedures to start a business in the Republic of Moldo va; the entire 
process takes four days, and the cost is equal to 5% of the country's per  capita annual income. In 
the starting a business indicator, the Republic of Moldova ranks 13th out of 190  countries, up 
13 positions since 2016.  
2.26.   The domain of e -govern ment services is one of the areas where progress has been more 
notable. In 2016 the Government adopted an Action Plan for the Reform and Modernization of Public 
Services covering the 2017 -2021 period. Company registration procedures are conducted in 
one-stop-shops managed by the Public Service Agency, which is present in 26  cities across the 
country. Company registration can be completed online. The Republic of Moldova also has introduced 
a simplified tax regime for sole proprietors and small companies, com plemented by low tax rates for 
microenterprises.  
2.27.   According to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Index, the Republic of Moldova ranks 86th out 
of 141  countries, with the financial system, including the financing of SMEs, (ranked 124th and 93rd 
respectively), remaining one of the most problematic issues despite a slight improvement compared WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  to 2018. Despite major improvements in the operational environment for both domestic and foreign 
companies, important structural challenges remain. For example, massive emig ration and a rigid 
education system have led to shortages of skilled labour – one of the main obstacles to doing 
business reported by SMEs. Considerable work remains to be done to promote entrepreneurial 
learning, including meeting the specific skills requ irements of SMEs. The limited internationalization 
of Moldovan SMEs is a long -term challenge, and more emphasis will be placed on making better use 
of the Republic of Moldova's DCFTA with the EU. In addition, the Republic of Moldova will further 
support the innovation activities of SMEs and their transition to the green economy.  
2.28.   In terms of next steps, in this regard, could be mentioned the development of a new National 
Program for Promoting Entrepreneurship, and Increasing C ompetitiveness for 2022 -2026 which will 
replace the old policy document. The new national program will enable business environment for the 
creation and operation of SMEs ; strengthen entrepreneurial culture and capabilities ; improve SMEs 
access to finance ; improve competitiveness and access to markets ; and f acilitate technology 
exchange and innovation.  
2.29.   In the field of competition, some of the current reforms continue to relate to building 
institutional capacity, improving legal enforcement, addressing barrie rs to entry into the market for 
business, providing fair access to state -owned infrastructure. As related to the state-owned 
enterprises (SOEs) during the review period, our country undertook efforts to address challenges 
with SOE governance, transparency,  and information disclosure.  
Trade Policy and Multilateral Trading System  
2.30.   The Republic of Moldova makes continuous efforts of trade liberalization, global economic 
integration and development – being a genuine and determined supporter of the multilateral trading 
system established within WTO.  
2.31.   The global trading environment, and the WTO itself, have changed and have become 
significantly more challenging since the last TPR of the Republic of Moldova (2015). This underlines 
the importance of international ru les and the multilateral trading system and the need for us all to 
join hands as to support the multilateral trading system  in our best possible way.  
2.32.   In this context, during the last seven  years, the Republic of Moldova has been actively 
engaged in intensified discussions within WTO on the new topics and supported the establishment 
of the Joint Initiatives on E -Commerce, Investment Facilitation for Development, Services Domestic 
Regulation, MSMEs participation in international trade, Trade and Gender , Trade and Environmental 
Sustainability, as well as Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform. The Republic of Moldova is a co -sponsor of 
all Joint Initiatives (JSIs) established within WTO and I can proudly confirm that my country was 
among the founding Members of th ese joint initiatives back at MC11 (starting from Nairobi followed 
by Buenos  Aires).  
2.33.   For the Republic of Moldova's small landlocked developing economy, a strong, transparent, 
inclusive and predictable rules based multilateral trading system within WTO rem ains central. Like 
many like -minded countries, we are fully committed to maintaining and improving the system and 
the functioning of the WTO that guarantees open markets and inclusive solutions. Accordingly, the 
Republic of Moldova supports the necessary reform of the WTO in order to address relevant 
developments in the global economy and the needs of business and society.  
2.34.   Similar to many likeminded Members, the Republic of Moldova considered that the good work 
on the joint statemen t initiatives must continue. The aim is to improve conditions for e -commerce, 
investment facilitation for development, MSMEs, trade and environmental sustainability, and trade 
and gender. All these topics are relevant to the modernization of the WTO and ma ke it more 
responsive to the current realities.  
2.35.   The restoration of a functioning dispute settlement system should be a priority for all o f us. 
Along with other interested Members we are ready to engage in constructive dialogue to find 
concrete solutions a nd make again functional the two -tiered DSB as soon as possible.  
2.36.   Referring to the compliance with notifications obligations of the Republic of Moldova, shall be 
noted that we are a strong supporter of the principle of transparency promoted within WTO. Duri ng 
the review period due to the ITTC technical assistance, the Republic of Moldova submitted more than WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  130 notifications comprising around 153  notifications. At the end of 2017, the Republic of Moldova  
had no outstanding notifications. However, as any othe r Member we are facing capacity contains. 
Therefore, we count on ITTC assistance, in order to train young experts within our institutions and 
ensure the compliance with our notification obligations specially in agriculture sector.  
Regional Economic Integr ation  
2.37.   The Republic of Moldova currently has 16  free trade agreements (FTAs) in force encompassing 
46 partners.  
2.38.   The Republic of Moldova 's network of free trade agreements is a central instrument of its 
foreign trade economic policy.  The Republic of  Moldova  deems FTAs as a complementary platform 
for the multilateral trading system within WTO.  
2.39.   The Republic of Moldova's trade policy priority on multilateral, non -discriminatory rules is 
complemented by a goal of continuous expansion of its export markets and d eepening of trade 
relations through bilateral free trade agreements, particularly with the European  Union and with 
other partners worldwide. One of the priorities of the Government remains to be the diversification 
of export markets, as well as products.  
2.40.   The Republic of Moldova particularly aims to exploit its favourable  geographic position in the 
Central Eastern Europe. Our country already has a wide range of FTAs in place with all its major 
trading partners, which cover around 90% of current exports. Sim ilarly, around 82% of imports are 
sourced from our FTA partners, with some exceptions.  
2.41.   Among our preferential partners, the European  Union continues to be our most important 
economic partner so far. I am truly delighted to underline that during the period  under review, on 
23 June 2022, the Republic of Moldova has been granted EU candidate status. This is truly a historic 
and crucial step towards EU integration of our country, which opens a wide range of opportunities 
for the development of the Republic of Moldova that will hopefully bring us faster in EU family. The 
integration to EU anchors the governmental reform agenda remaining among the most important 
priorities for the Republic of Moldova.  
2.42.   During the period under review, new free trade agreements wer e concluded and entered into 
force with Türkiye and the United Kingdom . It is worth mentioning that our FTA with UK was 
negotiated in a record time.  
2.43.   The Republic of Moldova is currently pursuing negotiations with EFTA members states and is 
planning to sta rt negotiations with Egypt and with Türkiye on expansion of goods and services 
chapter.  
2.44.   The conclusion of preferential trade agreements is complementary to the Republic of 
Moldova's WTO commitments. In our view, this policy strengthens the multilateral trading system.  
Concluding remarks  
2.45.   To conclude, I would like to reiterate that we are ready to contribute to an open dialogue on 
the Trade Policy Review. We have received a number of written questions in advance and are pleased 
to have an exchange on all issues of interest to delegates. The Trade Policy Review mechanism 
provides an excellent opportunity for such a dialogue on our trade measures.  
2.46.   Let me assure all attendees o f this session that your comments and questions raised during 
this Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova will be given high priority by my Government.  
2.47.   We are looking forward to our dialogue today.  
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  On behalf of Thaila nd, I am very pleased and honoured to be a discussant of the second  Trade 
Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova. I would like to extend the warm welcome to the Moldovan 
delegations led by H.E.  Vadim  Gumene , State Secretary, Ministry of Economy.  
3.2.  I would  like to thank Ambassador Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez (Mexico) and Ambassador 
Tatiana  Molcean  (Republic of Moldova) for entrusting me to participate as a discussant in the 
second  Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova.  
3.3.  In preparing my statement, I benefited and learned many useful insights about the Moldovan 
economy from the Reports prepared by the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the WTO 
Secretariat to which I would like to extend my appreciation.  
3.4.  I would also like to thank H.E.  Vadim  Gumene for providing comprehensive overviews of the 
trade and economic policies of the Republic of Moldova during the period under review.  
3.5.  My statement today will begin by discussing some areas of notable success of the Republic of 
Moldova since its previous Review in 2015. I will then touch upon some topics that might require 
further attention. My statement will end by discussing the key issues that have been highlighted by 
other Members in the Review this year.  
What the Republic of Moldova has ach ieved  
3.6.  One of the first facts that caught my attention is the strong economic growth of the Republic 
of Moldova during the period under review, bar 2020. This is first and foremost thanks to the effective 
macroeconomic management of the Moldovan Government during the review period. The Republic 
of Moldova experienced strong economic growth at 4% on average between 2 016-2019. After an 
economic slump of -7.5% in 2020 due to the COVID -19 pandemic, the economy emerged even 
stronger than before with 13.9% growth rate in 2021, the highest GDP growth rate in three  decades  
and its nominal GDP also exceeds pre -pandemic levels . This reflects strong and robust economic 
recovery primarily due to favourable  agricultural production and high growth of certain service 
sectors, prompt and active responses to the pandemic.  
3.7.  Strongly committed to the multilateral trading system, the Rep ublic of Moldova is an active 
participant in various negotiation fora at the WTO including all four Joint Statement Initiatives 
(Domestic Regulation, Investment Facilitation, E -Commerce, and MSMEs) aligned with its national 
strategy and policy objectives. Moreover, the Republic of Moldova maintains liberal trade and 
investment policies. All tariff lines in the Republic of Moldova 's tariff schedule are bound with a simple 
average bound tariff rate of 7.0%, the 12th lowest among the WTO Member countries, acco rding to 
the World Tariff Profile 2021.  
3.8.  Another commendable success of the Republic of Moldova is its strong Information, 
Communication and Technology (ICT) sector  development . The IT sector has become the growth 
engine of the Moldovan economy, thanks to the fourfold expansion during the review period, owing 
to the establishment of the Republic of Moldova IT  park, generous tax incentives, a mechanism to 
attract foreign employee s (IT Visa mechanism), and simplified interactions with the authorities. 
However, challenges remain as to how to promote spillover s from the burgeoning IT sector to the 
rest of the economy in terms of income distribution and business digitization.  
3.9.  Another  area where the Republic of Moldova excelled in the period under review is the 
improvement of its rank in the World  Bank's Doing Business Index where the Republic of Moldova 
took the 48th in 2020 up by 15  places from 63rd in 2015. Notable areas of improvem ents include 
registering a company dealing with construction permits, paying taxes, and enforcing contracts.  
3.10.   What I have just mentioned above are only some of the achievements of the Republic of 
Moldova during the period under review. Let 's now turn to wha t I reckon as areas for further 
improvement.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  What could be further improved  
3.11.   Declining trade openness. During the review period, the trade to GDP ratio of the Republic of 
Moldova continued to decline from 89% in 2015 to 77% in 2020  before  picking up in 202 1. This 
decline is only a part of the long -standing fall in the trade openness of the Republic of Moldova from 
the peak of 143% in  2005. For such a small landlocked country as the Republic of Moldova, we hope 
to see international trade playing more signifi cant role in the country 's economic growth and 
development.  
3.12.   Export diversification and sophistication (Economic complexity) , we welcome the policy by the 
Moldovan Government to promote export diversification with respect to products and markets as 
mentioned many times in both the reports by the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the 
WTO Secretariat. According to the data from World Integrated Trade Solution, t he export basket of 
the Republic of Moldova has become more concentrated on a small number of products over the 
past ten  years, while the extent of concentration of the export markets is rather stable therefore, 
an export promotion policy of the Republic o f Moldova may become more effective if it focuses on 
diversifying the exported products, preferably into higher value -added and more 
technology -intensive products.  
3.13.   Given the declining trend in the export diversification with respect to products, another 
interesting question is whether the Republic of Moldova 's exports have become more sophisticated? 
The answer tends to be "no" but with a slight hint of a "yes". It is no because, according to the data 
from the World Integrated Trade Solution, we have seen a dramatic increase in the share of primary 
product exports in the total exports of the Republic of Moldova (the share increased by 9  percentage 
points from 24% to  33%). This means that the Moldovan exports are more dependent on the exports 
of primary produc ts. Chief among them are sunflower seeds, wheat, maize, apples, and walnuts. It 
is yes because, according to the same database, we can observe that the medium -tech exports such 
as ignition wires have gained a larger share (3  percentage points  gain from 21%  to 24%) while 
low-tech exports have lost its importance in the Republic of Moldova 's export basket (5  percentage 
points  fall from 30% to  25%). All this reflects much more prominent role of the primary sector 
coupled with a certain degree of rising technol ogical content of some of the Republic of Moldova 
exports.  
3.14.   Given the greater reliance of the Moldovan economy on the exports of primary products, the 
development in the agricultural sector can never be more important. Moreover, as indicated in the 
report by the Moldovan Government, the agricultural sector is the mainstay of the Moldovan 
economy but 90% of crop production of the country is still rainfed. This indicates that the survival 
of farmers and of the country 's economy as a whole is quite susceptible  to the weather and climate 
change. This indicates that to strengthen the economy of the Republic of Moldova, it is recommended 
to upgrade the agricultural production and to attain higher productivity in the sector. We, therefore, 
welcome the National Stra tegy for Agricultural and Rural Development (2022 -2027) which is now 
pending for approval by the Parliament.  This can also be an area of cooperation with potential trading 
partners or foreign investors in specific area of agri-tech in order to improve productivity and 
enhance competitiveness in agricultural sector.  
3.15.   This also coincides with the widely perceived p remature deindustrialization and the emigration 
trend that has led to the shortage of skilled labour  in the Republic of Moldova, as noted in the report 
from the Moldovan Government. This could partially explain why the Republic of Moldova has 
experienced c hronic trade deficit and high inflation during the time of disruption of the food supply 
chain. Furthermore, it has emphasized the importance of productivity and moving towards higher 
value added and more sophisticated production. This is where the Nationa l Development Strategy 
"Moldova  2030" can play a significant role in promoting sustainable and inclusive economy including 
SME development ; strong human and social capital ; fair and efficient institutions ; and healthy 
environment.  
3.16.   The Deep and Comprehensi ve Free Trade Agreement  with the EU can also be instrumental in 
promoting progressive regulatory approximation to EU law in traded related areas such as customs 
procedure and intellectual property protection which are crucial ingredients for prosperous and  
sustainable economic development of  the Republic of  Moldova. And more FTA with other key trading 
partners in the future could also be useful in internationalization of the Moldovan economy further.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  3.17.   Enhancing the e-commerce Ecosystem , the Republic of Moldova has succeeded in securing 
the benefits from e-commerce and its growth in 2020 was the second  highest in Europe, as noted 
in the Secretariat Report. This is due, in large part, to the successful development of digital 
infrastructure, the adoption of tra de facilitation measures, and the enforcement of laws and 
regulations to promote the enabling e -commerce environment. Given the above accomplishments, 
however, I believe that t here are some rooms for improvement to promote e -commerce even 
further, for exam ple, with respect to adoption of electronic payments, which is now still limited, and 
developing logistics services to shorten the delivery time and reduce shipping costs.  
Key issues raised in 2022 TPR  
3.18.   Since the last Review, it is well acknowledged that the Republic of Moldova has very well taken 
Members ' comments into consideration and put in place a variety of policies and regulations in line 
with international best practices that have led to several successful econom ic and trade policy 
reforms and her achievements during the review period.  
3.19.   For the current TPR, I believe that there are three  key areas which Members have shown 
interest to and seek clarifications from the Republic of Moldova. The first  issue is the poli cy responses 
to the pandemic - the criteria of enterprise support measures in response to COVID -19 pandemic 
especially in the agricultural sector. Secondly. It is the Republic of Moldova 's trade and investment 
regimes – their objectives, formulation, and t heir relation to the WTO and other FTAs. Last but not 
least, it is with respect to trade -related measures and practices of the Republic of Moldova such as 
custom procedures, trade controls, export promotion, and intellectual property. Several Members 
menti oned and commented on the Republic of Moldova  2030. All these appear to me to be very 
important and valid questions and comments in themselves. But I will not go over the detail as it 
will be elaborated in length by respective Members.  
Conclusion  
3.20.   It is time for me to conclude. Thus far, I strongly believe that the trade and economic policy 
of the Republic of Moldova has come to the right direction, with the strong economic rebound in 
2021, the flourishing IT  sector, the improved enabling environment for do ing business , reform 
efforts, as well as new policy guidance; I am sure that the Republic of Moldova will continue to 
perform strongly in the near future.   
3.21.   However, the Republic of Moldova still has some work to do, as set out in the highly relevant 
Nation al Development Strategy to continue the reform process, enhance value -added of its 
production, increasing productivity of the agriculture which plays a major role in the livelihood of its 
population. The Republic of Moldova, please count on full support fr om Thailand and all other 
Members. We wish you the very best of success in this second  Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
SINGAPORE  
4.1.  Let me begin by extending a very warm welcome to State Secretary of the Ministry of Economy 
Mr Vadim  Gumene and the delegation from the Republic of Moldova. I would also like to express my 
appreciation to the Republic of Moldova for its comprehensive Government Report and statement 
and thank the Chair Ambassador Ángel  Villalobos  Rodríguez (Mexico), discussant Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand), as well as the Secretariat for their valuable insights. Allow me to make 
three points.  
4.2.  First, as small, open and trade -dependent countries, Singapore and the Republic of Moldova 
share many similarities and cha llenges. Both Singapore and the Republic of Moldova lack natural 
resources and have small domestic markets. To overcome these constraints, both countries have 
focused on creating an eco -system that promotes trade and attracts investments. In this context, 
we applaud the Republic of Moldova 's efforts to improve its business environment by streamlining 
its business regulations, moderni zing its intellectual property regime, and introducing e -government 
and business development services for small and medium Ent erprises (SMEs). It is also noteworthy 
that the Republic of Moldova has sought to simplify its customs procedures by establishing a single 
electronic customs declaration for SME exporters and improving its Approved Economic Operator 
(AEO) regime. As a resu lt, the Republic of Moldova 's ranking in the 2020 World  Bank Doing Business 
Report, particularly in the "Starting a Business " indicator, has improved significantly. The Republic 
of Moldova has also experienced an upward trend in foreign direct investments  (FDI) and  expanded 
the range of its export markets. In this connection, Singapore suggests that the Republic of Moldova 
considers accelerating its implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement  (TFA) to further 
increase customs efficiency.  
4.3.  Second, we look forward to growing Singapore 's economic cooperation with the Republic of 
Moldova. Under the Republic of Moldova 's recently revised National Development Strategy 
"Moldova  2030", the Republic of Moldova has placed emphasis on policies that su pport 
entrepreneurship and the development of the green and digital economy, such as the establishment 
of Free Economic Zones and IT Parks. Singapore shares a similar interest in fostering innovation and 
facilitating the green and digital economic transiti on. In that regard, we have raised questions 
concerning collaboration in these areas, and we thank the Republic of Moldova for the replies they 
have provided.  
4.4.  Third, Singapore welcomes the Republic of Moldova 's commitment to the rules -based 
multilateral tr ading system and its active participation in the Joint Statements Initiatives (JSI) on E -
Commerce, Investment Facilitation for Development, and Services Domestic Regulation. We also 
look forward to working closely with Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean and her te am to strengthen the 
WTO. I wish the Republic of Moldova every success for its second TPR.  
ICELAND  
4.5.  It is with pleasure that Iceland welcomes the distinguished delegation of the Republic of 
Moldova  lead by Mr  Vadim  Gumene, State Secretary of the Ministry o f Economy, to their Trade Policy 
Review.  We also express appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and the Republic of Moldova for the 
reports prepared, as well as to the discussant, H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield, for the excellent framing 
of the issues for our di scussion today.  
4.6.  First let me mention the Free Trade Agreement that is currently being negotiated between the 
Republic of Moldova and the four EFTA states –Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland,  and my own 
country Iceland. Our negotiations are well advanced an d at the EFTA Ministerial in Iceland last 
month, our Ministers agreed to conclude the negotiations this year. We welcome this as the FTA will 
strengthen our trade relations and bring mutual benefits to our countries.  
4.7.  As we try to mitigate the negative impa ct that the COVID -19 pandemic has had and continues 
to have on the global economy we witness a new man -made crisis unfolding as a result of the 
Russia n Federation's  invasion of Ukraine. The devastating effects of the Russia n Federation's  
aggression on the global economy can be felt well beyond Ukraine 's borders, where neighbouring 
countries such as the Republic of Moldova are especially vulnerable.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4.8.  This can be seen i n the trade policy Report which states that the despite of positive signs of 
economic recovery in 2021, after a period of contraction of economic growth due to the COVID -19 
pandemic, we are now again seeing a negative economic outlook in the Republic of Moldova as a 
result of the Russia n Federation's armed aggression towards Ukraine, which we call on the 
Russia n Federation  to end immediately.  
4.9.  Fronted with those economic challenges it is also imperative to keep in mind that women face 
disproportionate barrie rs to participate in trade during times of crisis, which need to be adequately 
addressed.  
4.10.   Strong evidence -based data demonstrates that gender equality and women 's economic 
empowerment can support and contribute to economic growth, something that our Minist ers have 
acknowledge in the MC12 outcome document.  
4.11.   Improved data collection and gender -based analysis are important when it comes to 
developing gender -based trade policies. In order to support relevant data gathering in this field, 
Iceland has submitted qu estions on the participation of women in the economy of the Republic of 
Moldova. We welcome the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best practices in the 
promotion of gender  equality within trade.  
4.12.   Finally, as one of the co -chairs of the Info rmal Working Group on Trade and Gender, Iceland 
welcomes the Republic of Moldova 's active and constructive participation in the work of the informal 
working group and looks forward to continuing our work on advancing women 's economic 
empowerment.  
4.13.   Iceland a ppreciates the Republic of Moldova 's active engagement in WTO and their continued 
support for the multilateral trading system. We wish the delegation of the Republic of Moldova every 
success for their Trade Policy Review.  
CHINA   
4.14.   First of all, I would like to warmly welcome the delegation of the Republic of Moldova led by 
H.E. Minister Vadim  Gumene  and our gratitude also goes to the discussant H.E.  Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield of for her insightful observations. I would also like t o thank you, Chair, for your 
leadership and particularly the Secretariat for the Report , the hard work , and the contribution they 
have made . 
4.15.   China comm ends the remarkable progress that the Republic of Moldova has achieved in its 
economic development since the last Review,  it is encouraging to note  that the Republic of Moldova 
adopted the "Moldova  2030"  strategy advancing reforms of the regulatory  framework  and revi sing 
its Civil Code, Fiscal Code, C ustom s Code  and also the approach  to regulating economic activities . 
4.16.   We are impressed by the Republic of Moldova's achievement in having a sustained economic 
growth from 2016 to 2018 especially in 2021  when the growth rate rebounded strongly to 13.9% 
and the GDP exceeded the pre -pandemic level . 
4.17.   Meanwhile , we appreciate the Republic of Moldova's constructive participation in the WTO, 
especially in the areas of WTO reform, discussions , and initiatives ; and its efforts to increase the 
modifications significantly  compared to the period prior to this review.  
4.18.   In particular, we note the Republic of Moldova's active participation in the discussion of the 
trade and environment issues and look forward to its participation in the informal dialogue  on plastic s 
pollution and environmentally sustainable plastic trade . We also encourage the Republic of Moldova 
to continuously play its active role in WTO , further enhanced transparency and jointly strengthen 
the multilateral trading system and multilateralism . 
4.19.   In the  past 20 years  the bilateral economic and trade relations be tween China and the Republic 
of Moldova have continued to deepen and grow smoothly, and the scale of trade has ex panded 
significantly . In 2021, China has become the fourth  largest trading  partner of the Republic of 
Moldova and the trade between our two cou ntries has reached USD 280million  dollars in 2021 . From 
2019 to 2021  our bilateral trade has increased each year by 20 %, 17% and 33 % respectively . In WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  this regard, the Republic of Moldova's agricultural products,  textiles, mechanical and electrical 
products have increasingly entered the China's market . Particularly to note, the Republic of 
Moldova's high -quality wines are popular  among the Chinese consumers, last year alone, China 
imported USD 8.5 million worth of Moldova wine,  becoming th e eighth  largest i mporter  of the 
Republic of Moldova wine and the largest importe r in Asia . 
4.20.   The Republic of Moldova has provided a fair and transparent business environment for foreign 
investors and the Republic of Moldova is an attractive destination  for Chinese investors. In this area, 
we note that the Government of the Republic of Moldova introduced requirements for large 
investments in sectors of importance to state security to obtain prior approval from the Council in 
year 2021 . We encourage the Republ ic of Moldova to further provide a fair and equal treatment to 
all foreign investors  so as to avoid increasing the risks and costs of the investment in  the Republic 
of Moldova . 
4.21.   Furthermore, t he economic and trade  cooperation between China and the Republic of Moldova 
enjoys a broad prospect, we are pleased to see that a 2.8 MW solar p ower plant in Kriuleni  built with 
China's grant  started operation  in February this year . We encourage Chinese enterprises to invest 
and cooperate in new energy , infrastructure construction , and digital economy in the Republic of 
Moldova . 
4.22.   China -Moldova free trade agreement is in a process of negotiation, and once completed, we 
believe that it will inject strong i mpetus  into the bilateral  trade and investment . We are looking 
forward to deepening  our full economic and trade cooperation with the Republic of Moldova and will 
work together with the Republic of Moldova to further increase imports  from the Republic of Moldova . 
4.23.   To conclude, we would like to thank the deleg ation of the Republic of Moldova  for the replies 
they have provided  to our written questions and we would wish this Review a complete success.  
CANADA  
4.24.   Canada joins others in welcoming H.E. Vadim  Gumene  and the delegation of the Republic of 
Moldova to its second  Trade Policy Review.  
4.25.   Canada recognizes the significant efforts the Republic of Moldova has made to further 
integrate its economy with international trade networks since its 2001 WTO accession. Indeed, since 
gaining independence in 1991, the Republic of Moldova has successfully transformed its 
centrally -planned economy to a functioning market economy and in so doing the Republic of Moldova 
has achieved macroeconomic stability and growth.  
4.26.   Canada welcomes  the Republic of  Moldova 's strong  commit ment to a predictable rules -based 
trading system and the work it has undertaken to meet its WTO obligations. Canada commends the 
Republic of Moldova 's good transparency record, and would encourage it to continue its efforts, 
including in respect of import licensing and agricultural domestic support notifications.  
4.27.   We would like to also commend the Republic of Moldova for its participation in the joint 
statement initiatives on e -commerce ; investment facilitation for development ; services domestic 
regulation ; and micro, small and medium sized enterprises. Canada also appreciates the Republic of 
Moldova 's engagement in the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions and its 
support for advancing Gender Equality and Women 's Economic Empowerment within Trade. We 
would encourage the Republic of Moldova to consider joining the Multi -Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement.  
4.28.   Before proceeding, I 'd like to express Canada 's appreciation for the Republic of Moldova 's 
co-sponsorship of the Joint Statement on the Russian  Federation  aggression against Ukraine. We 
recognize the significant security and economic repercussions Russia n Federation's  invasion of 
Ukraine is having on the Republic of Moldova. The ongoing humanitarian crisis, with hundreds of 
thousands of refugees arriving in the Republic of Moldova, is stretching to the limit the country's 
resources. Even with this unprecedented situation to manage, we commend the Republic of Moldova 
for its sustained efforts, the success of its transformation, and the liberalization of its trade and 
investment regimes.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4.29.   From a bilateral perspective, Canada welcomes the recent increase in our bilateral trade with 
the Republic of Moldova. While still modest, we look forward to continued growth in this area. 
Howeve r, I would like to highlight a couple of areas where improvements would be of particular 
interest to Canada: state involvement in the economy and efforts to address corruption and improve 
the business environment.  
4.30.   First, the State continues to be heavily involved in the Moldovan economy, and has a dominant 
position in key sectors including agriculture and telecommunications. Banking remains dominated 
by state -owned financial institutions, which control the bulk of assets and deposits. Canada applau ds 
that the Republic of Moldova has already made substantial progress in this area since banking sector 
reforms started in 2016 under a three -year programme with the IMF. These reforms have supported 
the rehabilitation of the banking sector and, more broad ly, improved macro - financial stability. 
While we commend the Republic of Moldova 's reforms to the corporate governance of its state 
enterprises, there remain serious issues including a lack of transparency and the different rules that 
apply to state corp orations.  
4.31.   Canada encourages the Government of the Republic of Moldova to continue its reform agenda 
to address issues affecting the business and investment environment to ensure the benefits of its 
market economy continue to be broadly shared among its cit izens.  
4.32.   Implementation of these measures would also seek to address my second point, which is 
corruption and the environment for doing business.  
4.33.   While we recognize reforms that are ongoing, we note that in 2020 the Republic of Moldova 
ranked  120 out of 180  countries on Transparency International 's Corruption Perception survey. We 
would welcome the Republic of Moldova 's continuing efforts and increased determination to 
implement its reform agenda and address factors that inhibit foreign direct investment; na mely 
governance issues, policy uncertainty, and limited access to financing. We believe addressing these 
issues will improve the Republic of Moldova 's business climate and help attract increased foreign 
direct investment.  
4.34.   Before closing, and on a personal note, I recall that a number of years ago, the Republic of 
Moldova submitted a GATT Article  XXVIII notification to raise its import tariffs on sugar. While the 
names of the members of its delegation with whom I met are stored somewhere in my files, I do 
recall the seriousness with which they took the process, their explanations of why the Republic of 
Moldova was taking this step, and their interest in understanding my arguments as to why Canada 
was not a threat to their sugar beet farmers. I 'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude 
to them for the meeting and for providing me a story I tell often to demonstrate the impact creativity 
can have in international relations. I 'd also like to express my sincere appreciation for their decision 
not to raise the Republic of Moldova 's bound tariff on maple syrup.  
4.35.   I hope that the Republic of Moldova finds this trade policy review process both encouraging, 
in that Members recognize the efforts and progress the Republic of Moldova has achieved, and useful, 
through the comments and suggestions that various Members have provided. We thank the Republic 
of Moldova for its replies to our questions and we look forward to reviewing the Republic of Moldova 's 
continued progress at its next Trade Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.36.   On behalf of the European  Union, I warmly welcome Mr  Vadim  Gumene and the delegation of 
the Republic of Moldova and thank the WTO Secretariat and the Government of the Republic of 
Moldova for their comprehensive reports, which will serve as a basis for our discussions. My 
appreciation is extended to the discussant, Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand), for her 
introductory remarks.  
4.37.   The international community is facing huge economic and geopolitical challenges. While we 
are still deal ing with the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and a global recession, we are 
also facing a second global crisis: Russia n Federation's  brutal and illegal aggression against Ukraine. 
The Russian  Federation  aggression poses a fundamental challenge to the rules -based international 
order. Its effect is felt throughout the world: soaring commodity and energy prices, a serious threat 
to food security in many countries, and rising cost of living for citizens everywhere. As a neigh boring  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  country to Ukraine,  the Republic of Moldova feels the indirect effects of the Russia n Federation' s 
aggression in a dramatic way, not least a very considerable influx of refugees. In these difficult 
circumstances, the EU is providing considerable financial and other support t o the Republic of 
Moldova, including the recently adopted unilateral and temporary increase of the tariff -rate quotas 
for agricultural products.  
4.38.   In such a context, the European  Union would like to commend the resilience of the Republic 
of Moldova 's econom y and society, its continuous commitment to open and rules -based trade and 
its remarkable solidarity to the Ukrainian people, which manifested itself notably in the generosity 
with which it is hosting Ukrainian refugees. Almost half a million Ukrainian ref ugees have fled from 
Ukraine to the Republic of Moldova since the start of the Russia n Federation 's invasion, and over 
100,000 have decided to stay there for the time being.  
4.39.   With these introductory remarks, let us now return to the subject of today's meet ing, the 
Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova.  
4.40.   This is the Republic of Moldova 's second review after its accession to the WTO in 2001. The 
Secretariat Report shows that the Republic of Moldova continues to be a firm supporter of the 
multilateral trading system and remains actively engaged in the WTO. The EU praises the Republic 
of Moldova 's active participation in discussions and reform initiatives at the WTO, including the four 
Joint Statement Initiatives. The EU in particular welcom es the Republic of Moldova 's submission of 
its pre -finalization schedule of specific commitments as part of the Joint Statement Initiative on 
Services Domestic Regulation. The EU also applauds the Republic of Moldova 's accession to the 
WTO GPA. Additionall y, the EU is happy to note the significant increase in the Republic of Moldova 's 
notification efforts since the last Review.  
4.41.   Since the last Review, the EU and the Republic of Moldova have greatly strengthened our 
commercial ties. In the period 2015 -2021, bilateral trade between the EU and the Republic of 
Moldova grew by 58%, from EUR 3.1 billion  to EUR 5 billion. This growth was made possible also by 
the effects of the Association Agreement between the EU and the Republic of Moldova, establishing 
a Deep an d Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), whose provisional application started in 
September  2014 (followed by a full entry into force in July  2016). The EU is stably the first  trading 
partner of the Republic of Moldova and in 2021 bilateral exchanges betwe en the EU and the Republic 
of Moldova represented 49% of the Republic of Moldova 's total trade.  
4.42.   The DCFTA also constitutes an important tool of far -reaching and progressive regulatory 
approximation to EU law in trade -related areas. This regulatory approxi mation is a challenging 
exercise but it also represents an ambitious commitment from the Republic of Moldova to adopt 
legislative and administrative standards that will allow further integration of the country into the 
world 's economy. The recent decision of the European Council to grant EU candidate status to the 
Republic of Moldova is an important new step in this respect. Among the many results, in the latest 
years the Republic of Moldova adopted important legislation in particular on sanitary and 
phytos anitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT), public procurement and customs 
legislation. The EU commends these efforts and is willing to provide support and advice in the even 
more difficult phase of the implementation of these acts, trough t he bilateral mechanisms offered 
by the DCFTA.  
4.43.   As with other countries on the European continent, we expect the convergence of Moldovan 
rules and regulations onto what we call the European "acquis Communautaire"  - the body of rules 
and regulations that unde rpin the single EU market -, to be of great benefit to the Republic of 
Moldova and third  countries alike, as they will help to create a stable trade and investment regime 
based on widely accepted international norms.  
4.44.   In acknowledging the positive developments in the Republic of Moldova's trade policy, there 
are some areas though where we would like further clarification or information. I will mention one 
of the issues raised by the EU in the questions submitted ahead o f this TPR and that we find 
particularly important: the pending adoption of the draft legislation amending the Domestic Trade 
Law.  
4.45.   To conclude, the EU applauds the transparency of the Republic of Moldova's trade policies and 
its continued engagement in th e multilateral trading system and encourages the Republic of Moldova WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  to pursue its efforts in this direction. On behalf of the EU, I wish the Republic of Moldova a successful 
Review, being confident that all suggestions and feedback provided by Members dur ing this exercise 
will be well received.  
UKRAINE  
4.46.   Ukraine would like to extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of the Republic of 
Moldova, led by Mr  Vadim  Gumene , State Secretary  of the Ministry of Economy  of the Republic of 
Moldova. I would also like  to thank the discussant H.E. Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield for her very insightful 
presentation . 
4.47.   At the outset, we would like to congratulate the Republic of Moldova on gaining the EU 
candidate status together with Ukraine in June  2022. Such a historic decision gives us a clear political 
signal, confirming our European perspective and respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, 
equality , and the rule of law.  
4.48.   This status proves that the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine share common European values 
and aim to pro mote peace and the well -being of our people.  
4.49.   We are grateful to the Republic of Moldova for standing with Ukraine in the face of the 
Russian  Federation's  unprovoked and unjustified aggression against Ukraine . 
4.50.   The Russia n Federation's  war against Ukraine co ntinues to cause huge human suffering and 
economic losses, destroying trade supply chains, undermining international trade.  
4.51.   Because of geographical proximity, the Republic of Moldova is among the most affected 
countries experiencing the disastrous impact of the R ussian Federation' s war and facing enormous 
challenges due to Europe 's worst refugee and humanitarian crisis since the Second World War.  
4.52.   We are particularly grateful t o the Republic of Moldova for its support and solidarity with the 
Ukrainian people, for hosting the Ukrainian citizens who have been forced to flee their homes and 
helping their efficient socio -economic integration.  
4.53.   We appreciate the Republic of Moldova 's firm stance in condemnation of the unjustified and 
unprovoked aggression of the Russian  Federation in blatant violation of international law and order, 
its principled position on Ukraine 's sovereignty and territorial integrity.  
4.54.   Ukraine highly values the Re public of Moldova 's efforts to promote an open and predictable 
agricultural trade and co -sponsoring the WTO joint statement aimed, among other things, at 
achieving global food security.  
4.55.   The Republic of Moldova has been and remains an important trading partner of Ukraine, and 
our relations are equal and transparent.  
4.56.   In 2021, the turnover of goods and services between our countries increased by 30% 
compared to 2020 and amounted to USD  1.1 billion with growing exports and imports. As of 
January -April 2022 the Ukrainian -Moldovan bilateral trade in goods increased to USD  307.8  million 
(by 18% compared to the same period of 2021), though merchandise imports declined by 16% while 
exports grew by 21.3% (to USD  287.2  million).  
4.57.   We believe that achievement of common objectives regarding integration into the EU market 
and approximation of our national legislations to the EU acquis will result in improved conditions for 
our trade and further increase in trade turnover, despite the adverse economic and social i mpacts 
of the war.  
4.58.   Considering that Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova are contracting parties of the 
PAN-EURO -MED Convention, we expect that finalization of internal ratification procedures on 
appropriate amendment of our FTA will promote benefits of par ticipation in the diagonal cumulation 
scheme, facilitate our trade and create additional export opportunities. In this regard, we would like 
to inform that respective draft law was submitted to the Parliament of Ukraine in May  2022 and it is 
under consider ation now.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4.59.   We appreciate the fact that despite Russia n Federation' s aggression we continue 
strengthening our trade and economic relationship.  
4.60.   Given the importance of this TPR exercise, Ukraine raised questions to the Republic of Moldova 
concerning: its EU integration process; requirements for large investments and export licensing; 
imposition of the trade mark -up on all types of poultry meat; existence of obligations of traders to 
allocate shelf space to food products manufactured and/or processed on the te rritory of the Republic 
of Moldova; new mechanism of environmental pollution levy collection; regulatory framework for the 
financial sector etc.  
4.61.   In conclusion, I would like to take this opportunity to extend our appreciation to the Permanent 
Mission of the Republic of Moldova for the cooperation and support on a wide range of issues in the 
WTO and beyond.  
4.62.   We wish the delegation of the Republic of Moldova a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.63.   First of all, Mr Chair , I would like to bring to your attention the fact that some delegations 
continuously use the TPR platform for making politically motivated statements which go far beyond 
the agenda of the TPR meetings. I kindly ask you, Mr Chair, to approach those delegat ions and 
request them to respect the rules and procedures of the TPR B. 
4.64.   On the substance of today's meeting, the Russia n Federation  welcomes the second  TPR of the 
Republic of Moldova and the delegation from Chișinău.  
4.65.   Moldova has been a WTO Member for two decades. Since then, significant work has been 
undertaken to improve its trade and investment regime. The Russia n Federation  highly appreciates 
these efforts, since the Republic of Moldova has historically been one of our important trading 
partners. This is vividly represented by the overall trade turnover between our States that increased 
in 2021 by 65.8% compared to the previous year and amounted to USD  2.2 billion. Unfortunately, 
lately Chișinău  has been experiencing massive pressure to be drawn into econo mic confrontation 
with my country against its own economic interests. This puts a serious strain on our bilateral 
relations.  
4.66.   It is true that international trade, as well as trade between our countries, is facing 
unprecedented challenges today. The remainin g effects of the COVID -19 pandemic and recent 
cascade of unilateral restrictive measures in trade, financial, transport and logistics sectors disrupt 
global supply and value chains. We believe the way of dealing with the current economic crisis is to 
talk economics, not politics, and prevent the violations of multilaterally agreed trade rules through 
unilateral means.  
4.67.   Attempts to pin the blame on my country for the low speed in domestic reforms,  as stated in 
the Government Report, as well as for gloomy pro spects in terms of access to food, or inability of 
Chișinău  to meet the WTO obligations are absolutely inappropriate. Measures of economic coercion 
against the Russia n Federation  have already exacerbated existing negative trends in the global food 
market, energy, and industry. To start with, payment restrictions, prohibition on transactions with 
Russian banks, as well as logistical disruptions have affected all economic operators. Disconnecting 
key Russian  Federation  banks from SWIFT – which was highlighted  in the Government 's Report - 
further contributed to disruptions in logistical and financial chains. So now payments could take an 
uncertain amount of time instead of days, and that naturally impedes supply chains. The list of such 
restrictions is quite lo ng, and all of them are due to sovereign decisions of the western states, not 
the Russia n. Those decisions, unfortunately, are tolerated and not opposed by Chișinău , while in fact 
they do serious harm to the Moldovan economy and its people.  
4.68.   As stated in th e Government 's Report, "trade liberalization and openness continues to 
represent one of the key objectives of the Republic of Moldova's trade and economic policy agenda ". 
The Russian  Federation fully shares these values. However, as stated in the same Report, the 
Republic of Moldova co -sponsored the Joint Statement, which, for instance, envisages the possibility 
for "actions to suspend concessions or other obligations with respect to t he Russian  Federation, such 
as the suspension of MFN treatment to products and services of the Russian  Federation ". We are WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  therefore deeply concerned with the Republic of Moldova 's declaration towards moving away from 
the core tenets of the WTO: non -discrimination, predictability and transparency. Unilateral 
unjustified withdrawal of MFN treatment for any of the WTO Members or even public discussion 
about revocation of this treatment severely defies the fundamental WTO principles, leads to the 
fragmentation  of the system, and devalues the WTO agreements. We urge the Republic of Moldova 
to stay devoted to the multilateral trading system and its core values.  
4.69.   In conclusion, we would like to thank you, Mr Chair, the delegation of  the Republic of  Moldova, 
the Sec retariat and the discussant, for the impressive work done so far and wish the Republic of 
Moldova a successful Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.70.   The United  States welcomes the distinguished delegation from the Republic of Moldova and 
compliments the Gover nment of the Republic of Moldova on completing its second  Trade Policy 
Review.  
4.71.   The United  States would first like to recognize the significant role the Republic of Moldova has 
played in addressing the humanitarian crisis caused by the Russia n Federation' s premeditated, 
unprovoked and illegal invasion of Ukraine. Since the Russia n Federation  re-invaded Ukraine in 
February of this year, over 1.4  million Ukrainians, primarily women and children, have sought refuge 
in the Republic of Moldova. According to Mold ovan officials, over 75,000  remain. The response 
offered by the Moldovans exemplifies the best in a people: welcoming your neighbours  who were 
forced to flee their homes in advance of the Russian troops, and providing food, shelter , and comfort 
to those neighbours . We would like to take this opportunity to extend our gratitude to your 
Government for these actions.  
4.72.   The United  States values its strong partnership with the Republic of Moldova, and would like 
to recognize the progress that the Republic of Moldova has made since its last TPR. Its GDP has 
continued to grow and has rebounded solidly after the global economic impact of the COVID -19 
pandemic. Since the last Review, two -way trade between our countries has grown steadily, with 
two-way trade in 2021 more than double what it was in 2016 ; 2022 appears to be following that 
upward trajectory. In an effort to encourage inbound investment, the Moldovan Government is 
working to implement reforms to improve the business environment, improve transparency in 
government procurement, ease regulatory requirements, and stimulate e -commerce.   
4.73.   The Republic of Moldova has continued its work to establish a Deep and Comprehensive Free 
Trade Area with the EU. The United  States supports the Republic of Moldova 's broad refo rm agenda 
in support of its EU and Euro -Atlantic aspirations; at the same time, we continue to encourage 
Moldova to undertake those reforms in a manner that is consistent with its international obligations, 
that benefits the Republic of Moldova 's economy a nd consumers, and that does not discriminate 
against non -European economies.  
4.74.   We have worked with the Republic of Moldova to deepen our bilateral trade and expand 
investment opportunities. Working through our Joint Commercial Commission, which met virtuall y 
during the pandemic, we have explored steps to expand bilateral trade, improve the Republic of 
Moldova 's investment climate, reform the economy, enhance economic security, and improve living 
standards for all Moldovans. We are proud to partner with the R epublic of Moldova as it strives to 
create an innovative and creative economy.  
4.75.   Nevertheless, this TPR reveals areas where the Republic of Moldova can make improvements. 
Despite the increased transparency in government procurement, transparency seems to be lacking 
in other sectors. We urge the Republic of Moldova to meet the five  notification obligations identified 
by the Secretariat. Likewis e, we hope that  the Republic of  Moldova establishes an investor grievance 
mechanism, and we look forward to learning how the Government of the Republic of Moldova will 
ensure transparency and fulsome engagement in its Customs Consultative Commission. As th e 
Secretariat 's Report notes, "Corruption and the rule of law are frequently identified as challenges to 
the investment and business environment ". The United  States shares these concerns and will 
continue to work with the Government of the Republic of Moldova to improve its investment 
environment.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4.76.   The Secretariat 's Report identifies two  policies that raise concerns for the United  States. First, 
the Secretariat 's Report describes a strategic investment project regime, the goal of which is to 
produce goods or services for export or import substitution. In addition, Moldovan legislation requires 
traders to allocate at least 50% of shelf space to domestically produced products. The United  States 
looks forward to hearing how these policies are consistent with the Republic of Moldova 's obligations 
under the Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures and GATT Art.  II national treatment 
obligations, respectively. The Secretariat 's Report also identifies certain applied tariff rates that 
appear to exceed the Republic of Moldova 's WTO bound tariff rates.  
4.77.   The protection and enforcement of intellectual property (IP) is often a bellwether of a country 's 
business environment. Strong and effective IP protection and enforcement is essential to increasing 
foreign investment and creating a culture promotes innovation and creativity. As reflected in our 
questions, we are interested in learning more about the Republic of Moldova 's IP strategies and 
plans, including updates underway in connection with the Development S trategy "Moldova  2030", 
and AGEPI 's Strategic Development Plan 2022 -2024. Further, we look forward to the Republic of 
Moldova's answers to our specific questions about your IP laws, enforcement regime, and dispute 
resolution system.  
4.78.   An uncomplicated, stra ightforward customs clearance process is crucial to international trade.  
The introduction of Authorized Economic Operator programs around the world has simplified and 
expedited customs procedures, to the benefit of international trade. The United  States lo oks forward 
to hearing about how the Republic of Moldova 's AEO program is implemented and administered 
equitably. We welcome and encourage the Republic of Moldova 's active participation in the Trade 
Facilitation Committee and look forward to deepening our exchange on the Republic of Moldova 's 
improvements in customs clearance processes.  
4.79.   The United  States believes that the Republic of Moldova has significant potential and has 
worked to create an environment ripe for foreign investment. We do have some minor  concerns 
about the continued role of SOEs in the economy and steps the Government of the Republic of 
Moldova will take to ensure equal market opportunities for private companies.  
4.80.   We congratulate the Republic of Moldova for its hard work moving away from its past of a 
State -run economy toward an open and rules -based trade and investment regime. We hope this 
discussion today has helped that trajectory. We see great opportunities in the Republic of Moldova, 
and look forward to our work together.  
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.81.   Let me join others in welcoming State Secretary, Vadim  Gumene, from the Ministry of 
Economy, to this Trade Policy Review and pay tribute to the Republic of Moldova 's excellent 
Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean, who seems so omnipresent in this city that I  wonder if she has an 
identical twin sister.  
4.82.   Let me echo others ' thanks to the Government of the Republic of Moldova and to colleagues 
from the WTO Secretariat for producing their respective reports. And let me also thank our 
discussant, the Ambassador of  Thailand, for ably facilitating this review and for her reflections.  
4.83.   From the outset, let me recogni ze, as Ambassador Filipenko of Ukraine has so eloquently 
done, the Republic of Moldova 's extraordinary efforts to support Ukraine during the course of 
President Putin's aggression. Picking up the comments from the representative of the 
Russian  Federation, it 's time for President Putin to respect the rules and procedures of international 
law and withdraw his troops from the sovereign territory of Ukraine and  put an end to the crimes 
against humanity being perpetrated against the people of Ukraine.  
4.84.   Let me  recogni ze some of the extraordinary measures which the Republic of Moldova has 
taken. It has welcomed, and continues to welcome, hundreds of thousands of Uk rainians that have 
crossed the border, more per head of population than any other country in the world - the vast 
majority of whom are women, children,  and the elderly. What generosity. What solidarity.  
4.85.   In energy, the Republic of Moldova has - alongside Uk raine - integrated into the 
regional -international electricity grid. It is also working on a joint crisis management platform. And WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  yet, despite the enormous challenges it faces, the Republic of Moldova is still committed to fulfilling 
its WTO obligations. This is evidenced by the Republic of Moldova 's efforts here today and the 
significant strides it has made since its first Review. It reflects the Republic of Moldova 's strong 
support for this Organization and for the rules-based multilateral trading system, both inside and 
outside of this house.  
4.86.   Turning to our bilateral relationship, I am pleased to report that during this review period, the 
United  Kingdom and the Republic of Moldova signed a Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation 
Agreement, whic h entered into force in 2021.  
4.87.   This agreement has considerably strengthened our trading relationship. In 2021, total trade 
in goods and services between the UK and the Republic of Moldova was GBP 1.2 billion. That 's an 
increase of over 30% from 2020. Like t he UK, the Republic of Moldova enjoys a strong services 
sector, which attracted the largest share of inward FDI stock, led by financial and insurance activities. 
Our agreement also sets out the UK and the Republic of Moldova 's ambitions for our future 
relationship including the strengthening of our political, economic, security , and cultural ties.  
4.88.   From a commercial perspective, several large UK companies are already established in the 
Republic of Moldova, including in the pharmaceutical sector. The British  Embassy in Chișinău  has 
also supported a number of projects to promote the development of the Moldovan private sector, 
including the manufacturing of luxury British clothing brands in the Republic of Moldova.  
4.89.   Turning to the Reports produced for this revi ew, the UK would like to thank the Republic of 
Moldova for its helpful responses to our advanced questions. For transparency, the UK had asked 
for clarifications regarding the Republic of Moldova 's regulatory framework, National Development 
Strategy, IP en forcement mechanisms, and agricultural sector reforms.  
4.90.   The United  Kingdom warmly welcomes the broad range of reforms that the Republic of 
Moldova has implemented over the last five  years. These reforms have been crucial for businesses 
in both our countrie s. For example, authorities have reduced the number of activities subject to 
licensing, and where licensing is required, this is now generally done electronically. The Republic of 
Moldova has also helpfully reduced the number of inspection bodies and inspe ctions, with a view to 
lowering regulatory costs for businesses while increasing the efficiency of controls. These measures 
provide an attractive environment to facilitate greater levels of investment.  
4.91.   The UK also welcomes the active role that the Republic  of Moldova plays in discussions and 
reform initiatives here within the WTO. Specifically, let me commend the Republic of Moldova 's 
accession to the GPA in 2016 and its participation in a number of Joint Initiatives which are delivering 
for businesses and consumers around the world, including the Services Domestic Regulation and 
E-Commerce.  
4.92.   In conclusion, the United  Kingdom welcomes the progress that the Republic of Moldova has 
made since its first Review. The Republic of Moldova 's reforms have resulted in a more open and 
more liberal economy which welcomes and values foreign participation, and which champions the 
values of the rules-based multilateral trading system.  
4.93.   The UK welcomes Moldova 's intent to build on these developments  and looks forward to 
continuing our close relationship, as proactive, progressive and outward -facing partners. We wish 
our Moldovan friends and partners a fruitful second  Trade Policy Review.  
TÜRKIYE  
4.94.   We extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of the Republic of Moldova headed by 
Mr Vadim  Gumene , Minister of Economy.  
4.95.   We would like to thank the Secretariat and the Government of the Republic of Moldova for 
their detailed Reports as well as discussant Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her 
invaluable remarks.  
4.96.   Since previous Review in 2015, the Republic of Moldova has performed well until emergence 
of the COVID -19 pandemic.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  4.97.   We believe that new National Development Strategy "Moldova  2030" will generate 
macro -economic stability and strengthen trad e environment in the country.  Türkiye welcomes the 
developments regarding e -commerce and digitalization of the economy. We also note the new 
Customs Code that is expected to enter into force next year. We consider that these steps will 
contribute to the Re public of Moldova 's trade facilitation efforts.  
4.98.   The Republic of Moldova pursued their engagement across the WTO agenda in support of the 
multilateral trading system. We are pleased to work with them in joint statement initiatives (JSI) of 
e-commerce, IFD, MSMEs and services domestic regulation.  
4.99.   We have strategic partnership with the Republic of Moldova since 2018.  Although we do not 
have common borders, we still consider the Republic of Moldova as a neighbour  and want to move 
our relations further.  Gagauz people also constitute a special bridge between our countries.  
4.100.   Türkiye is one of the top trade partners of the Republic of Moldova. Our trade volume was 
higher than USD 800 million in 2021. Türkiye has invest ments in various sectors in the Republic of 
Moldova. Total Turkish investments in Moldova are over USD 300 million and employ around 
6,000 people.  Turkish construction firms have undertaken 50  projects since today, worth more than 
USD 600 million.  
4.101.   We also  support Moldova's integration with the European and Euro -Atlantic institutions and 
its efforts towards further reform and economic modernization. In this regard, we congratulate the 
Republic of Moldova for its candidacy to EU.  
4.102.   In conclusion, we would like  to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean, 
and her able team for the excellent preparation for this review, as well as their constructive 
contribution to WTO activities.  
4.103.   We wish the Republic of Moldova a successful Trade Policy Review.  
INDIA  
4.104.   My delegation is pleased to participate in the second  Trade Policy Review of the Republic of 
Moldova and would like to extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of the Republic of Moldova 
led by H.E.  Mr Vadim  Gumene , State Secretary, Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Moldova. My 
delegation would like to commend H.E.  Mrs Tatiana  Molcean , Ambassador  and Permanent 
Representative of the Republic of Moldova to the WTO in Geneva, for her endeavours , and the 
Government  of the Republic of Moldova along with the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive 
Reports and would also thank the discussant H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield  of Thailand for her 
insightful comments.  
4.105.   Since the establishment of diplomatic relations betw een India and the Republic of Moldova 
in 1992 both India and the Republic of Moldova have shared cordial and friendly relations. India and 
the Republic of Moldova co -operate well on matters of mutual interest at various multilateral fora. 
India has extende d humanitarian assistance to the Republic of Moldova from time to time. Most 
recently the Government of India donated medicines, medical consumables, and other medical 
supplies in 2020, as part of India 's assistance to the Government of the Republic of Mol dova in the 
context of COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.106.   Trade ties form an important part of the multifaceted bilateral relations. Since  2017 the 
bilateral trade,  which was about USD 9 million, increased to USD 12.58  million  in FY 2020 -2021. 
However, in FY 2021 -22, the trade contracted to around US D 9 million. Drugs, pharmaceuticals 
products and engineering goods remain India 's main export items to the Republic of Moldova. Other 
Indian export products are engineering goods ; organic and inorganic chemicals ; rice; and  ceramic 
products.  We also pleased to note that Indian companies are gradually increasing their presence and 
operations in the Republic of Moldova contributing to the Moldovan economy. India is keen to 
intensify its engagement with the Republic of Moldova to explore further its trade and investment 
potential.  
4.107.    As noted in the Secretariat Report, the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country with a 
dominant services sector, it experienced strong growth until the COVID -19 pandemic dealt a severe WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  blow to the ec onomy, as it particularly to the services sectors. We note that the growth has picked 
up led by the agriculture sector also assisted by several mitigation measures including certain tax 
relief, support to enterprises and workers, and measures related to ac cess to finance undertaken by 
the Government with a view to alleviating the adverse economic and social impacts caused by the 
COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.108.   We further note that the broad objectives of the Republic of Moldova's trade policy continue 
to be focus ed on achieving closer integration with the European  Union while diversifying its exports. 
We note, that in 2018, Parliament approved a new Development Strategy, Moldova  2030 that 
focuses on sustainable and inclusive development, strengthening human and social c apital, 
institutional reform, and ensuring certain fundamental rights for citizens. India takes note of these 
policy developments and remains open to intensify its partnership with the Republic of Moldova in 
its path to economic growth and development. In this regard India hopes that Indian pharmaceutical 
exports which had been subject to stringent registration processes will receive fair and equitable 
treatment vis-à-vis others in the new pharma policy announced by the Republic of Moldova in 2022.  
4.109.   India h as submitted a number of questions in the area of services, IP, anti-dumping, 
technical standards , etc. to the Republic of Moldova and we thank the Republic of Moldova for 
providing responses to them, our capital will be reviewing the responses these respo nses provided.  
4.110.   Lastly , we look forward to working together with the Republic of Moldova in further expanding 
and fostering our trade and investment ties for our mutual benefit. We wish the delegation of the 
Republic of Moldova a productive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
JAPAN  
4.111.   Japan welcomes the delegations of the Republic of Moldova, headed by  
H.E. Mr Vadim  Gumene , State Secretary  of the  Ministry of Economy. Japan would also like to thank 
the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Moldova, for their Reports submitted for this review 
process, and the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand, for her insightful remarks.  
4.112.   Japan wo uld like to start with our comments on the implication of the aggression of the 
Russian  Federation in Ukraine for Moldova. We recognize that a series of bombings in the Transnistria 
region in the Republic of Moldova occurred at the end of April this year a fter the Russia n Federation' s 
aggression against Ukraine had started, and that the Moldovan Government has expressed its 
concern regarding the situation. The Republic of Moldova is located on the outskirts of EU countries 
and most of the NATO members, ther efore, the stability of the country is crucial for the stability of 
the region as well. Japan consistently supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the 
Republic of Moldova and will continue to support their efforts on European integration.  
4.113.   With this regard, Japan has changed its official usage of the Moldovan capital 's name from 
"Kishinev" based on the Russian reading, to " Chișinău " based on the Romanian reading officially 
used in the Republic of Moldova, as a result of a comprehensive judgemen t based on requests from 
the Moldovan Government and other factors in May this year. In addition, we have also changed the 
names of places other than the capital to reflect their Romanian readings.  
4.114.   Japan commends the Republic of Moldova for hosting a parti cularly large number of displaced 
Ukrainian citizens in proportion to its population, and we will continue to support this.  
4.115.   In addition, Japan highly appreciates their efforts in the facilitation of grain exports from 
Ukraine to the transit port of Giurgiu lești, and in encouraging international efforts to avoid global 
food shortages.  
4.116.   Taking this opportunity, Japan would like to highlight the macroeconomic situation and 
several specific issues.  
4.117.   First, on the macroeconomic situation, according to the Secreta riat's Report, the Moldovan 
economy slowed down significantly in 2020 due to a combination of a contraction in the services 
sector, caused by the COVID -19 pandemic, and a decline in agricultural production due to 
unfavourable weather. In 2021, the GDP reco vered sharply, exceeding pre -pandemic levels, 
however, the outlook for 2022 seems less favourable  due to rising international commodity prices WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  triggered by the Russian  Federation 's aggression against Ukraine, which has been disrupting 
production chains and  the increased fiscal burden caused by the influx of displaced Ukrainian people.  
4.118.   From a longer -term perspective, the country faces difficult structural challenges, including 
the outflow of a largely young workforce abroad in search of employment and highe r incomes, 
external dependence on natural resources, and government and industrial corruption. Against this 
backdrop, the Moldovan Government aims to maintain the European integration path and promote 
nation -building based on universal values such as democ racy, the rule of law and market economy.  
4.119.   Japan welcomes that those efforts will be made to reali ze sustainable economic growth and 
improve the standard of living of the people through the development of the business environment, 
improvement of the financial situation, and efforts to strengthen government and industrial 
governance. We will continue to provide the necessary support through development cooperation 
with the Republic of Moldova.  
4.120.   Second, we would like to highlight following three specific issues, namely, our bilateral 
economic relations, regional trade agreements, and the Republic of Moldova  as a WTO Member.  
4.121.   Japan and the Republic of Moldova have maintained and developed friendly and cooperative 
relations for a long time. With regard to trade and investment relations, several Japanese companies 
have established operations in the Republic of Moldova, including the manufacturing of 
automobile -related parts, among others. We look forward to the increased presence of Japanese 
companies in the Republic of Moldova, taking advantage of the Deepened and Comprehensive Free 
Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with  the EU and the geographical advantage of proximity to the EU in the 
future.  
4.122.   Japan welcomes that the Republic of Moldova was granted candidate status for EU 
membership last month. Since the last Review in 2015, regional trade agreements with T ürkiye  and 
the UK have entered into force, bringing the total number of regional trade agreements to 15 and 
the number of countries covered to 46. We hope that these intra -regional trade liberali zation efforts 
will contribute to the expansion of trade and investment an d the progress of structural reforms in 
the country.  
4.123.   Japan highly values that the Republic of Moldova is strongly committed to the multilateral 
trading system, and it has been actively involved in WTO discussions, including through its 
participation in the four Joint Statement Initiatives and other informal working groups.  
4.124.   In conclusion, Japan wou ld like to extend its appreciation to the Republic of Moldova for its 
active participation in today 's TPR and its contribution to the WTO agenda as a whole. We wish the 
delegation of the Republic of Moldova a successful and fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
JAMAICA  
4.125.   Jamaica joins others in welcoming the delegation of the Republic of Moldova, led by their 
State Secretary in the Ministry of Economy, H .E. Vadim  Gumene, to the Republic  of Moldova's  second 
Trade Policy Review. We thank you Chair for the arrangements for the meeting, and commend our 
discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, for setting the stage for today 's review exercise. We 
also appreciate the detailed reports prepared by the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the 
Secretariat.  
4.126.   Jamaica and the Republic of Moldova enjoy friendly relations, which we hope to strengthen 
at all levels.  
4.127.   We note positively that during the review period, the Republic of Moldova recorded strong 
economic growth, with its services sector accounting for 64% of GDP. Altho ugh impacted by the 
COVID -19 pandemic, Jamaica notes that growth rebounded in 2021, and has exceeded 
pre-pandemic levels. The Moldovan Government must be commended for successfully implementing 
mitigation measures, which facilitated the country 's quick rec overy and the stability of its economy. 
We, however, note that there are challenges to the stability of the economy due to the war in Ukraine 
and subsequent inflows of Ukrainian refugees, disruptions in production chains and increases in WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
- 25 - 
 
  international pric es. We urge continued support to the Government 's efforts to respond to these and 
any emerging challenges.  
4.128.   Jamaica commends the action taken by the Republic of Moldova to expand trade with its 
neighbours, and to develop a favourable business environment. These have included: the 
Moldova  2030 Development Strategy, the Strategy for Investment Attraction and Export Promotion, 
as well as several regional trade agreements. We further commend the efforts made to improve the 
local regulatory framewor k for domestic and foreign investors. In addition, the Government is 
seeking to expand its participation in e -commerce through the implementation of a roadmap to 
promote digitalization of the national economy. Moldova has also pursued measures to overcome 
limitations in enforcing anti -competitive practices, as well as improve its intellectual property rights 
regime. These and other measures augur well for improving the local business environment and will 
positively impact trade with its partners.  
4.129.   We, howev er, note from the Secretariat 's Report that there are ongoing challenges being 
faced by the Republic of Moldova to address issues related to the rule of law and corruption. These 
may negatively impact the significant progress made by the Republic of Moldov a in other areas. As 
such, we encourage the Government to engage with its bilateral and international partners to 
exchange on relevant best practices and obtain requisite technical assistance to boost its capability 
in this regard.  
4.130.   As a small, open, landl ocked, upper middle -income country, the Republic of Moldova is 
acutely aware of the importance of ensuring a fair, transparent, and predicable international trading 
environment. Jamaica, therefore, welcomes the high importance accorded by the Republic of 
Moldova to its participation in the rules -based multilateral trading system, underpinned by the WTO. 
We take note of its active participation in work on reform initiatives at the WTO; applaud the entry 
into force of the W TO's Trade Facilitation Agreement in  2016 and related trade facilitation activities; 
and commend its advocacy on women 's empowerment.  
4.131.   Moreover, Jamaica looks forward to continuing active, and constructive engagement with 
the delegation under the leadership of Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean, as Members seek to implement 
the outcomes of the 12th Ministerial Conference, as well as in other trade related fora such as the 
World Intellectual Property Organi zation (WIPO).  
4.132.   In closing, Jamaica extends its best wishes to the Republic of Moldova for a succ essful Trade 
Policy Review.  
REPUBLIC OF KOREA  
4.133.   The Republic of Korea would like to thank the delegation of the Republic of Moldova for 
preparing this review. My special thanks go as well to Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield for her 
insightful contribution a s discussant and to the Secretariat for its informative Report.  
4.134.   The Republic of Korea highly commends that trade liberalization and openness continue to 
represent some of the key objectives of the Republic of Moldova 's trade and economic policy agenda. 
During the review period, according to the report by the WTO Secretariat, the Republic of Moldova 
undertook a series of reforms to simplify trade procedures and regulations to improve the business 
climate. We understand that, through these reforms, Moldova is  pursuing liberal foreign trade 
policies and a very favourable  investment regime.  
4.135.   Although the service s sector  dominates the economy, agriculture continues to play an 
important role in the Republic of Moldova, accounting for 12% of GDP, around 21% of employment, 
and 46% of total exports. I would like to ask some questions regarding the agricultural sector today.  
4.136.   Firstly, many countries in the world are suffering from the food crisis which is caused by the 
Russian  Federation 's illegal and unjustified invasion into Ukraine. Given its geographical proximity, 
what is the impact of the war on the production and trade of  the agricultural sector in the Republic 
of Moldova?  
4.137.   Secondly, despite the urge of international organizations, many countries in the world have 
adopted export restriction measures on food stuffs after the outbreak of the war, jeopardizing the WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  food securit y of net food importing countries. Also, international organizations have recommended 
to shorten the export prohibition period as possible to reduce the negative impact on food importing 
countries. According to the Secretariat 's Report, the Republic of Moldova introduced export 
restriction measures on food stuffs such as maize, sugar, and wheat after the outbreak of the war. 
The Republic of Moldova informed to WTO that export prohibition would last up to 60  days or until 
the end of the state of emergency. H ave these measures already been lifted or, if not, until when 
does the Republic of Moldova expect to lift these measures?  
4.138.   Thirdly, the most recent notification to WTO on agriculture domestic support was for the 
calendar year 2016, while the most recent no tification on export subsidy was for the calendar 
year 2014. According to the Secretariat 's Report, the Republic of Moldova 's authorities have 
requested technical assistance from the WTO Secretariat regarding the notifications. Could you 
please explain wha t kind of difficulties the Republic of Moldova is facing in this regard?  
4.139.   Fourthly, the Republic of Moldova 's agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change and 
natural disasters. For example, recently, in 2020, a severe drought affected most of its cro ps, leading 
to sharp declines in agri -production. What are the Republic of Moldova 's mitigation and adaptation 
policies to combat climate change in the future?  
4.140.   Before closing, the Republic of Korea would like to once again appreciate the Republic of 
Moldov a's efforts for the multilateral trade system and free trade. We are sure that these efforts will 
contribute to the competi tiveness and resilience of the Republic of Moldova 's economy.  
4.141.   We wish the Republic of Moldova a successful Review.  
BRAZIL  
4.142.   Brazil would like to thank the Government of the Republic of Moldova for engaging in its 
second  Trade Policy Review and for providing Members with an overview of the country's economic 
performance and adherence to the  multilateral trading system.  
4.143.   We welcom e the Mo ldovan  delegation, headed by His Excellency, State Secretary and thank 
the Mo ldovan Mission in Geneva, and especially Ambassador Tatiana  Molcean  for their efforts and 
contributions to this important exercise.  
4.144.   We would also like to express our appre ciation to the WTO Secretariat for its comprehensive 
Report as well as to you, Chair, Ambassador Ángel  Villalobos Rodríguez  and the discuss ant 
H.E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for your contribution to a successful trade monitoring exercise  
4.145.   The Republic of Moldova has continued to maintain a generally open trade regime since its 
previous Review in 2015 and has experienced continued and consistent  GDP growth in recent years . 
Although the COVID -19 crisis ha d a significant impact on the Moldovan  economy as has the conflict 
in Ukraine, there are solid grounds for optimism based on its diversified economic structure  and 
exports, steady economic growth, deepening of trade liberalization , and continuous efforts by the 
Government of the Republic Moldova in achievi ng better governance . 
4.146.   The Republic of Moldova  has demonstrated it recognize s the importance of trade facilitation 
for streamlining  procedures and increasing trade flows . We commend the Republic of Moldova's 
ratification of the TFA in 2016, its immediate establishment of a National Trade Facilitation 
Committee and the adoption of a National Action Plan for trade facilit ation.  
4.147.   Brazil is aware of the Republic of Moldova's efforts towards sustaining a f avourable 
environment for foreign investors . The Republic of Moldova has evolved very positively in important 
international economic rankings, for example,  by occupying  the 13th place out of  190 countries in 
the starting of business indicator at the Doing Business  2020 of the World  Bank, moving up 
13 positions since 2016 . Company registration procedures and its tax regime have also been 
significantly simplified.  
4.148.   Brazil would also like to praise the Republic of Moldova for its accession and implementation 
of the Government Procurement Agreement since July  2016, we are pleased that the Republic of 
Moldova takes part in the joint state ment initiatives with regard to the structur ed discussions on WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  investment facilitation for development , Brazil is convinced that meaningful outcome in those 
negotiations will further provide conditions for an even more transparent and friendly environment 
for investors . 
4.149.   Concerning food safety and animal and plant health, we note that compared to the period 
prior to this review  the R epublic of Moldova has significantly increased its notification efforts 
regarding SPS measures . Challenges remain, however in this area, and the Secretariat Report draws 
attention to the fact that at least five notifications remain outstanding at the end of February  2022, 
in particular those relating to the  Agreement on Agriculture. S ince agriculture exp orts are very 
important to the Republic of Moldova's economy, we encourage Moldova to participate in the SPS 
work plan and to respond to modern challen ges in this field . 
4.150.   With regard to trade relations with Brazil , the bilateral flows are still moderate, but we are 
confident that we can move closer to the record achieving 2014 when bilateral trade reached 
USD 58 million . The main products exported from Br azil in 2021 were chicken meat,  machinery for 
agriculture, peanuts, coffee , and tobacco while electric conductors, cables for ignition , plastic 
accessories, wines , and clothing where the main products imported  by Brazil.  
4.151.   We welcome the ongoing discussions to increase imports of bovine and swine meat from 
Brazil and we are confident that there is an even wide r range of tra ding opportunities to be explored 
in our bilateral trade . Brazil stands  ready to cooperate for closer bilateral relations and a stronger 
multilateral trade system . 
4.152.   I conclude by wishing the  Moldovan  delegation a very successful and productive Trade Policy 
Review . 
  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  
5.1.  Let me start by expressing our sincere gratitude to all delegations, our discussant, Ambassador 
Pitfield and you, Mr  Chairman, for the interest shown in the Trade Policy Review of the Republic of 
Moldova. A special thanks goes to all the delegations which have been taking the floor on 
Wednesday : namely, Singapore, Iceland, China, Canada, European  Union, Ukraine, 
Russian  Federation, United  States, United  Kingdom, T ürkiye, India, Japan, Jamaica, Republic of 
Korea , and Brazil. Also, we thank Members whom took the floor today Kyrgyz  Republic and 
Dominican  Republic. We thank you all for the questions and comments received.  
5.2.  During our meeting on Wednesday, many delegations welcomed the positive development of 
their trade and investment relations with the Republic of Moldova during the review period, de spite 
the heavy impact of banking crisis, pandemic and recently the energy crisis, all being amplified by 
the war in the neighbouring country Ukraine. The absolute numbers of that trade may appear to be 
rather modest in some cases, but when compared with t he size of my country's economy they are 
still an indication of the high degree of integration of the Republic of Moldova into global economy 
and trade flows.  
5.3.  For this very reason, the Republic of Moldova has repeatedly expressed, both in words and in 
deeds, its strong support for the multilateral, rules -based trading system within WTO and will 
continue with the same pace. As already mentioned, the Republic of Moldova deems FTAs 
complimentary to the MTS and we are interested in further extension and libera lization of potential 
export markets with Members.  
5.4.  Regrettably, the multilateral trading system and our regional FTAs have been shattered in their 
core foundations by war in Ukraine and flagrant violation of international law. The Republic of 
Moldova's me asures implemented in coordination with our partners - are aimed at restoring peace 
and security as well as to offer the needed support to the people of Ukraine fleeing this war. We 
consider all measures taken as necessary to protect our essential security  interests and which are 
fully consistent with relevant exceptions of the WTO Agreement.  
5.5.  I also appreciate the recognition by other Members of our support that my country has offered 
to Ukraine in these difficult times. Some Members have been interested o n the humanitarian 
situation of refugees from Ukraine and the expenses.  
5.6.  Additionally, to our replies, I would like to inform Members, that as of the end of June  2022, 
around 77 ,000 refugees were on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, with about 
73,000 Ukrainian citizen, of whom approximately 40,000 are minors and the rest consists of women. 
Most refugees are hosted by Moldovan families and a limited number found private accommodation. 
Around 4,000  refugees remain in temporary placement centres  provid ed by the Government. The 
Republic of Moldova has created a legal framework to protect and integrate refugees, including 
through provisions related to accessing the labour  market, health services , and the educational 
system.  
5.7.  According to UNHCR Regional Refugee Response Plan, the total assistance requirements of the 
Republic of Moldova in the context of the refugee crisis are estimated at USD 414 million. However, 
the necessities regarding refugees need to be viewed within the wider framework of the imperative 
to strengthen social resilience in the Republic of Moldova. Solely targeting refugees without taking 
into account the widespread poverty – exacerbated by rising food and energy prices – of Moldovan 
citizens risks generatin g tensions in society, political instability and impeding the smooth integration 
of refugees. Moreover, the additional costs mentioned above would, in the absence of external 
support, potentially impact upon the capacity of Moldovan State to protect the mo st vulnerable 
groups among its own citizens. Therefore, the Government is seeking a holistic approach towards 
enhancing social resilience that would benefit both refugees and the host communities alike. We do 
have high expenses in managing with these issue s, however currently these are affordable due to 
donors and partner 's support.  
5.8.  Let me now address a few points in relation to questions and comments raised on a series of 
our sectors.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  5.9.  Most of the answers to your questions have already been presented dire ctly to Members, but 
there are some of them I would like to present today.  
5.10.   We received many questions in relation to several domains, but I will limit myself to answering 
those of a more political nature, as technical questions were answered in detail in writing.  
5.11.   Firstly, I would like to address the issue of the market access on goods, mainly on customs 
tariffs. W e are aware that there are several tariff lines at 8 -digit level where MFN applied tariff rates 
exceed bound rates, apparently some of these exc eeding bound rates have been erroneously 
transposed during the update of the HS combined nomenclature. Taking this opportunity, I want to 
point out that the Republic of Moldova confirms its intention to adjust the customs duties that exceed 
the MFN bound r ates negotiated upon its accession to the WTO. In order to achieve this objective, 
the relevant amendments have been already suggested and will enter into force once with the 
adoption of the country's fiscal policy for the next year. Additionally, for Members reassurance, shall 
be noted, that a t our last TPR in 2015, several Members noted that we had exceed our bound rates. 
This issue has been solved following the next year.  
5.12.   Moving to the next issue of interest, several Members (EU, UK, Ukraine) referred t o the Law 
on domestic trade No.  231/2010, particularly the provisions related to 50% shelf space regulation. 
Shall be mentioned that although the law was in force for almost two years, it was totally 
non-functional. Currently, the draft law which will brin g the provisions in line with the WTO is in the 
Parliament. The amendment on the abolishment of the shelf -space measures was approved during 
the last week in the first reading. All the concerns presented by EU and other Members will be 
considered and pres ented to the Parliament for consideration in the second reading. At least this is 
the position of the Minister of Economy and the Government as a whole. We hope that we will receive 
enough support from parliamentarians in whether to adopt these amendments as soon as possible.  
5.13.   We received a number of questions on our regime of investment and investment screening 
mechanism. The Republic of Moldova is aware about the problem on the investment screening. 
However, the mechanism is not established yet. In this se nse we reassure Members that during the 
process of its elaboration, the Republic of Moldova will make sure that the screening will be in 
compliance with the Republic of Moldova 's commitments undertaken within WTO, particularly 
referring to the Agreement on  Trade -Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) obligations.  
5.14.   Referring to sectoral policies, particularly to energy sector. In recent years, considerable 
progress has been made in diversifying energy supply routes, which technically enables purchasing 
of natural gas and electricity from sources other than the tradit ional routes, thus the country's 
energy security being strengthened. There are now at least three  natural gas interconnections with 
the EU and Ukraine.  
5.15.   In October  2021, the Onești  - Iași - Ungheni - Chişinău  gas pipeline became operational, 
making it possible to bring considerable amounts of gas through it. In addition, from a technical 
point of view, it is possible to use the Trans -Balkan pipelines in reverse flow, namely from the Balkan 
Peninsula and the So uthern Corridor to the Republic of Moldova. In addition, due to the urgent 
synchronization of the power systems of the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine with the European 
Continental Energy System of ENTSO -E, from February  2022, also the supply of electricit y from the 
EU can be ensured. The Republic of Moldova will undertake further actions to increase the security 
of energy supply and resilience with the support of its neighbouring  countries.  
5.16.   With reference to sectoral policies on SOEs, Moldova is currently  undergoing the reformation 
process of the SOEs sector. The Government of the Republic of Moldova is determined to launch 
comprehensive public -owned enterprises reforms in order to address challenges with governance, 
transparency, information disclosure, a nd efficiency. In this regard, our G overnment will develop 
and adopt a state -ownership policy – for all SOEs operating at the central government level and to 
identify public enterprises to undergo liquidation, privatization, or reorganization.  
5.17.   Furthermore,  addressing the concern of some Members on the involvement of the state in the 
economy, I would like to inform Members that the Republic of Moldova privatized most state -owned 
enterprises, and almost all sectors of the economy are entirely in private hands , having only interests 
in few limited sectors (some of them strategic), similarly to many other countries. While referring to 
the banking sector, I shall address some of the apparently erroneous remarks made by some WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  delegations on the position of state in  this area. I am pleased to inform Members that after the 
banking crisis from 2014 -2015, Moldova no longer has any state -owned financial institutions with 
dominant position - the banking sector being fully private.  
5.18.   Referring to the IP sector and enforcemen t related questions. In order to present accurate 
data on the number of "IP -related cases dealt with by the General Prosecutor's Office" that resulted 
in convictions, as well as information on the sentences or fines resulting from each of those cases, 
the necessary information was requested from the general Prosecutor 's Office and will be provided 
to the interested delegations and WTO Secretariat as soon as available.  
5.19.   In relation to questions raised on the Law no. 1540/1998 regarding environmental pollutio n 
charges. We would like to mention that the provisions of the revised law are in full compliance with 
WTO principles, do not affect the imports in a discriminative manner, and offers an equal treatment 
to imported and domestic products. However, this law is under review as part of a new concept, 
currently implemented by the Republic of Moldova in relation to producer extended responsibility 
which has the "polluter pays " principle at its core. The Republic of Moldova 's environmental policies 
will be reshape d through the commonly accepted practice that those who produce pollution should 
bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human, animal or plant life or health, or the 
environment.  
5.20.   Additionally, given that green economy and environmental sustain ability is of an utmost 
importance to the Republic of Moldova, we are interested to examine the opportunity to join the 
discussions within WTO on plastics pollution and environmentally sustainable plastics trade.   
5.21.   We are convinced that sustainability, incl usivity, digitalization, greening,  and diversification 
are key in order to ensure a stable, inclusive and resilient economy for the future. The diversification 
of the economy and exports, strengthening entrepreneurship and further encouraging women 
partici pation in trade and economic activities, creating an enabling environment for MSMEs (focused 
on their greening, digitalization and internationalization) will therefore remain a key priority of the 
Moldovan Government.  
5.22.   For small companies with no overseas presence and limited resources, which represent 98% 
of our businesses, an open trade policy is crucial. Simple procedures and legal certainty regarding 
market access are also essential. Similarly, connecting start -ups and growth -oriented MSMEs 
seeking capi tal with investors and decision -makers will continue to be an important policy tool to 
promote the further diversification of the Moldovan economy.  
5.23.   Last but not least, addressing Members questions on agriculture related emergency measures 
and export restr ictions imposed by the Republic of Moldova in conformity with Article XXI in the 
context of our state of emergency. I am pleased to inform Members that the Republic of Moldova 
abolished all the export restrictions in April and May. We will formally notify the WTO Members on 
the exclusion of these export restrictions in a due course.  
5.24.   In the same context, several Members touched upon the outstanding notifications in 
agriculture domain of the Republic of Moldova. We are fully aware of the existent issue. The Republic 
of Moldova reiterates its commitment and determination to submit the notifications in a priority 
manner, following the necessary technical assistance offered b y ITTC. Here I would like to take this 
opportunity as to reiterate our request to the Secretariat in providing the relevant capacity building 
assistance to our team from Chişinău . 
5.25.   This brings me to the end of my statement. Let me express again our apprecia tion for the 
comments and questions of delegations which provided very valuable input.  
5.26.   Also, I would like to reiterate our thanks the WTO Secretariat for their excellent support in 
carrying out the Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova, Mr  Willy Alfaro and his outstanding 
team. I would also like to convey our gratitude to the Chairman, Ambassador Ángel Villalobos, for 
the very smooth conduct and guidance through these proceedings. Let me also express my sincere 
appreciation to the distinguished Per manent Representative of Thailand, Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield, for being the discussant for Moldova's TPR.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  5.27.   Her insightful analysis of the Republic of Moldova's trade policy regime provided an excellent 
backdrop for constructive deliberations at this Tr ade Policy Review process as well as a good basis 
for the improvement of our national trade policy particularly focused in increase of export 
competitiveness through diversification.  
5.28.   The Republic of Moldova shall continue working in the trade policy area, based upon the 
fundamental WTO principles of predictability and non -discrimination of WTO Members. Within this 
process we hope to receive due support from other WTO Members. We also hope that key donors 
will consider a possibility to increase the much -needed resources to be dedicated to trade -related 
technical assistance projects in order to duly implement the planed economic reforms.  
5.29.   Concluding, I hope that with these explanations I have been able to address many of the 
questions and remarks that have been  addressed to us, and we will revert with additional data on 
remaining issues in the coming days. I am grateful for the opportunity to present our views.  
DISCUSSANT  
Introduction  
5.30.   First and foremost, I would like to thank the delegation of the Republic of Moldova for their 
constructive participation and would like to extend my sincere congratulations on its great success 
in the second Trade Policy Review.  
5.31.   In this year TPR, Members showed their keen interests in the TPR of the Republic of Moldova 
by submitting 184  advanced written questions from 11  Members, which the Republic of Moldova 
effectively responded to all questions submitted within the deadline. In  this regard, please allow me 
to present my observations.  
Achievements  
5.32.   Many Members applauded the Republic of Moldova 's commitment to and active participation 
in the multilateral trading system at the WTO including her active engagements in joint statement  
initiatives .  
5.33.   Members commended the Republic of Moldova for its strong and dynamic economic growth, 
attributable to various economic and regulatory reforms towards digitalized, sustainable, and 
inclusive economy. This underpinned the Republic of Moldova 's remarkable resilience in enduring a 
variety of challenges during the review period and has laid out the solid foundation for future 
developments of the country.  
5.34.   Moreover, Members expressed wide range of interests in the Republic of Moldova 's 
developments  of business environment, custom procedure, and trade facilitation, resulting in its 
significant improvement in the Ease of Doing Business index.  
5.35.   Members also highlighted their close bilateral economic ties with Moldova and voiced their 
interests to deepe n their cooperation within the context of the Republic of Moldova 's new 
Development Strategy – Moldova  2030, aiming to drive the country 's economy towards investment 
and export -led growth and replace the traditional remittance -based economic development mo del. 
Members also place high hopes for the EU -Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area to 
promote necessary reforms of the Republic of Moldova.  
5.36.   Members support Moldova 's policy priorities in promoting export diversification, upgrading her 
production into higher value -added one, and taking advantage of her strategic geographical location.  
Concerns  
5.37.   Asides from the success, it goes without saying that Members also expressed concerns 
regarding Moldova 's trade policies during the review periods.  
5.38.   Members recognized greater extent of trade and investment liberalization by the Republic of 
Moldova, not least by expanding her FTAs with several trading partners. They, however, have WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  brought our attention to the rules of laws, transparency, intellectual p roperty right protection, and 
competition policy related to the role to state-owned enterprises in the Republic of Moldova.  
5.39.   On the basis of the above, Members urged Moldova to ensure free, fair, and equal opportunity 
for domestic and foreign enterprises i n order to further enhance the attractiveness of the investment 
and business environment. I also acknowledge that some Members expressed their wishes for 
Moldova to enhance its implementation of Trade Facilitation and Government Procurement 
Agreement.  
5.40.   Finally, many Members praised the Republic of Moldova for providing vital supports and warm 
hospitality to refugee from her neighbouring  country despite the financial and economic strain 
resulting from high inflation and energy crisis.  
Conclusion  
5.41.   I would lik e to emphasize that the Trade Policy Review is a meaningful process to promote 
transparency and exchanges of information and ideas among WTO Members. I encourage the 
Republic of Moldova to take advantage of useful comments and sincere interest to deepen 
partnership with the Republic of Moldova expressed by several Members.  
5.42.   For me personally, having participated in this TPR as a discussant is a truly enriching 
experience. I would like to extend my personal gratitude to those involved in entrusting me to ful fil 
this important task.  
5.43.   Last but not least, I would like to thank H.E. Vadim  Gumene,  Ambassador Tatiana  Molcaen , 
and the rest of the Moldovan delegation. I would also like to thank TPR Chair Ambassador 
Ángel  Villalobos Rodríguez, all participating Members , and the WTO Secretariat for their active 
engagement in this very important Trade Policy Review. Once again, I congratulate the Republic of 
Moldova for the successful second Trade Policy Review and look forward to the next Trade Policy 
Review of the Repub lic of Moldova.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
5.44.   The Kyrgyz  Republic is very pleased to take part in the second  Trade Policy Review of the 
Republic of Moldova and wishes to extend a very warm welcome to the delegation led by 
H.E. Mr Vadim  Gumene , Minister of Economy.  
5.45.   We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the WTO Secretariat and 
the Government of the Republic of Moldova for providing comprehensive Reports on the trade 
policies and practices. We would also like to than k the discussant, Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield , Permanent 
Representative of Thailand to the WTO, for her insightful comments.  
5.46.   I would like to take this moment to congratulate our countries on the forthcoming 
30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic re lations between the Kyrgyz  Republic and the 
Republic of Moldova. Since then, the two  countries have cultivated a reliable partnership and the 
bilateral relationship has progressively developed for the benefit of mutual interest. Moldova 
continues to be one  of the important partners of the Kyrgyz  Republic  both bilaterally and within the 
framework of international and regional organizations.  
5.47.   The legal framework of bilateral relations between the Republic of Moldova and the 
Kyrgyz  Republic consists of more th an 30 inter-governmental and inter -departmental documents. 
The main economic agreements signed by the parties are: Agreement between the Government of 
the Republic of Moldova and the Government of the Kyrgyz  Republic on free trade, which entered 
into force  on 21 November  1996; Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Moldova 
and the Government of the Kyrgyz  Republic on the promotion and mutual protection of investments, 
which entered into force on 16 January  2004; Agreement between the Government  of the Republic 
of Moldova and the Government of the Kyrgyz  Republic  on the avoidance of double taxation of 
income and assets and the prevention of tax evasion, which entered into force on 16  January  2006.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  5.48.   It is unfortunate to note the low level of bilate ral trade which remains at the level of almost 
USD 2 million a year in total. This figure does not correspond to the existing potential between our 
countries.  
5.49.   The Kyrgyz  Republic  gives particular importance to the development of friendly relations with 
the Republic of Moldova based on mutual trust and respect for each other's interests.  
5.50.   Therefore, we need to work together to further build up our trade and economic cooperation 
by organizing investment and business for a for a substantive discussion and interaction to establish 
direct contacts between our entrepreneurs. We would also be very interested in the exchange of 
experience in agricultural sector.  
5.51.   In this direction, we express our readiness to resume the work of the Kyrgyz -Moldovan 
intergovernmental commission on trade, economic, scientific, technical, cultural , and humanitarian 
cooperation.  
5.52.   Having read the Reports it is obvious that trade liberalization and openness continue to 
represent the Republic of Moldova's  trade and economic policy agenda. As a result, today the 
Republic of Moldova pursues one of the most liberal foreign trade policies and a very favourable  
investment regime among WTO Members.  
5.53.   Taking this opportunity, the Kyrgyz  Republic would like to than k the Republic of Moldova for 
its active and constructive participation in multilateral discussions through the WTO and wish a very 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  
5.54.   Please allow me to congratulate the Republic of Moldova on presenting a t horough review of 
its trade policies and practices. Transparency is central for a fair and efficient global trading system. 
Likewise, the Trade Policy Review process allows countries the opportunity to reflect on their evolving 
economic policy challenges.  
5.55.   For small economies like the Republic of Moldova, open -economy -macroeconomics issues 
demand special attention alongside trade policy. As an illustration, exchange rate stability is 
important for any economy. But shocks leading to exchange rate instability in small economies can 
jeopardize an otherwise carefully designed and implemented economic policy strategy -including 
trade policy, via, for example, a transmission mechanism connecting adverse shocks to 
competitiveness and the balance of payments.  
5.56.   We wish  the Republic of Moldova every success in managing its economy through the 
prevailing complex global economic scenario. Safeguarding macroeconomic stability is a necessary 
condition for international trade to contribute towards the well -being of its citize ns. The Republic of 
Moldova 's Trade Policy Review will serve as a useful reference in fine -tuning the country 's economic 
policy goals going forward.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.57.   The United  States would like to thank the Republic of Moldova for your Government's 
dedication and effort in carrying out the successful Trade Policy Review . The United  States also 
values the guidance of the Chair and the discussant, and the hard work of the Secretariat in 
preparing this report wh ich may the review possible.  
5.58.   The United  States submitted a number of written questions to the Republic of Moldova,  and 
we appreciate the written responses that we received, these responses will be helpful to us as we 
continue our engagement with the Republic of Moldova bilaterally and here at the WTO.  
5.59.   We have submitted  a few follow -up questions to clarify earlier resp onses and we look forward  
to the Republic of Moldova's responses  to those questions . 
5.60.   The United  States is a proud partner of the Republic of Moldova, and we value our work 
together with the Republic of Moldova  to deepen our trading relationship.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  5.61.   We thank t he Republic of Moldova and l ook forward to continuing to work closely together in 
our collective effort to create a more viable and endurable multilateral trading system, 
congratulations on a successful Trade Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.62.   The European  Union would like to thank the delegation of the Republic of Moldova for the 
comprehensive overview of the main developments provided on Wednesday and this morning, as 
well as for the replies to our advanced questions we posed. We do not have any f ollow-up questions.  
5.63.   This review has highlighted the commitment of the Republic of Moldova to the multilateral 
trading system and the active engagement in the WTO as well as the appreciation of many WTO 
Members  to the solidarity and generosity of the Republ ic of Moldova in hosting Ukrainian refugees, 
which is something that the EU fully shares . 
5.64.   The EU looks forward to engaging with the Republic of Moldova on WTO reform and other 
important issues in the WTO , as well as our bilateral dialogue through the Deep and Comprehensive 
Free Trade Area and now also the new stage as a candidate country to the EU .  
5.65.   The EU would like to thank the Republic of Moldova for its constructive participation  in this 
review of its trade policies and continued engagement and commitme nt to the multilateral trade 
trading system . We are confident that all suggestions and feedback provided by Members during 
this transparency exercise will be well received by the Republic of Moldova.  
  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The second  Trade  Policy Review of the Republic of Moldova has provided us with a good 
opportunity to better understand and discuss the developments of trade and trade -related policies 
of the Republic of Moldova since its previous Review in 2015. The Review has benefited f rom the 
constructive and informative participation of the delegation of the Republic of Moldova, headed by 
H.E. Mr Vadim  Gumene , State Secretary  of the  Ministry of Economy, the insightful comments of the 
discussant, H.E. Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield , Permanent Representative of Thailand to the 
WTO, and the comments made, and issues raised, by the 17  delegations that took the floor during 
this meetin g. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the delegations that prepared 
advance written questions.  
6.2.  Members expressed appreciation for the management of the Republic of Moldova's economy 
over the review period and the sustained efforts at impro ving the business environment. Many 
Members stressed that the Republic of Moldova's economy was particularly affected by the war in 
Ukraine, commending it for its economic resilience and humanitarian response. They also 
commended the Republic of Moldova fo r the broad set of economic and trade reforms undertaken 
during the review period which they saw as having made the economy more open, economically 
integrated, and marked -oriented.  
6.3.  Members positively noted the Republic of Moldova' s strong commitment to th e multilateral 
trading system and the WTO, highlighting its active participation in the WTO, and engagement in 
the four Joint Statement Initiatives as well as the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured 
Discussions and Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment. The Republic of Moldova was 
encouraged to continue its active participation in WTO activities so as to fully exploit MC12 outcomes.  
6.4.  Members highlighted the Republic of Moldova's accession to the Agreement on Government 
Procurement and ratific ation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement, while encouraging acceleration of 
its implementation. Members also acknowledged the Republic of Moldova's improved notification 
record while encouraging it to submit pending notifications, particularly in the area s of import 
licensing and agriculture. We were pleased to hear from the State Secretary just now that the 
Republic of Moldova plans to comply with these obligations soon.  
6.5.  Members generally expressed appreciation for the reforms undertaken, in particular re garding 
the regulatory, trade, and investment environment for domestic and foreign investors; the protection 
of intellectual property rights; government procurement; customs procedures; and e -commerce. 
Some Members cautioned that the Republic of Moldova's reforms in the context of regional 
integration should not result in an environment that would discriminate against economies outside 
the region. Many Members stressed the importance of their bilateral trade and investment 
relationships, with some of them p ointing to ongoing or recently finalized FTA negotiations.  
6.6.  Several areas of interest and concern were identified during our discussions over the two  days. 
Members raised questions and requested further information regarding the Moldova  2030 Strategy; 
rules affecting large investment projects; strategies and plans regarding the intellectual property 
regime; or the implementation of the Approved Economic Operator scheme. Some Members also 
raised questions and concerns regarding the Law on Internal Trade, or r egulated price mark -ups. 
Some Members encouraged the authorities to deepen trade facilitation reforms.  
6.7.  Other concerns raised included: the fact that a few applied tariffs exceeded the corresponding 
bound rates; the continued, albeit falling, state involvem ent in the economy, and issues affecting 
the investment environment such as the rule of law and corruption. Members encouraged the 
Republic of Moldova to deepen reforms in these areas with a view to attracting additional FDI. In his 
remarks this morning, t he Head of Delegation of the Republic of Moldova addressed a number of 
these issues already.  
6.8.  Discussions during this Review were open and constructive. As highlighted by the Head of 
Delegation of the Republic of Moldova and some Members, it offered an oppo rtunity to comment on 
and review policies, and to learn from these discussions with a view to inform future policy changes. 
In this regard, I hope that the authorities find the questions received and comments shared during 
this Review to be helpful.  WT/TPR/M/428 • Republic of Moldova  
 
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  6.9.  In their response, the State Secretary confirmed the commitment of the Republic of Moldova 
to participate in all initiatives aimed at improving the multilateral trading system, and to support 
necessary reforms, including those needed to reflect relevant develop ments in the global economy. 
To comply with notification requirements particularly regarding agriculture, he confirmed that the 
Republic of Moldova had requested technical assistance by the WTO Secretariat.  
6.10.   The Republic of Moldova has received 184  written questions as of 20  July 2022, out of which 
161 were submitted within the established deadline. The Republic of Moldova has replied to most of 
these questions, and I would encourage it to respond to any outstanding questions as soon as 
possible. The Republi c of Moldova is expected to provide its remaining responses within one  month, 
when this review will conclude.  
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