WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
17 August  2023 
(23-5563) Page: 1/54 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EFTA STATES AND TÜRKIYE  
(GOODS AND SERVICES ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
Revision  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement  between  the 
EFTA States and Türkiye , has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own 
responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual presentation 
reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the 
comments provided and does no t imply official endorsement or acceptance by the 
Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance with the 
rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for 
Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgement 
by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Maria Donner 
Abreu (tel: +41 22 739 5244) . Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to  Rowena Cabos (tel: +41 22 739 5185) . 
 
  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Table o f Contents  
 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4 
1.1   Merchandise trade  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 
1.2   Trade in services and investment  ................................ ................................ .................  6 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ......................  9 
2.1   Background information  ................................ ................................ .............................  9 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ...........  10 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restricti ons ................................ ................  10 
3.1.1   General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 10 
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ........  12 
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule ................................ ................................ ............................  14 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 17 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  18 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................  19 
3.4   Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................ ....... 19 
3.4.1   Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  19 
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ...........................  20 
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ...............................  21 
3.4.4   Subsidies and state -aid ................................ ................................ ...........................  21 
3.4.5   Customs -related procedure s and trade facilitation ................................ .......................  21 
3.4.6   Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 22 
3.5   Sector -specific provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................ . 22 
4   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  ................................ ................................ ....... 22 
4.1   Scope and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................  22 
4.2   Denial of benefits  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 22 
4.3   General provisions on trade in services  ................................ ................................ ........  22 
4.3.1   Market acce ss ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 22 
4.3.2   National treatment and MFN  ................................ ................................ ....................  22 
4.3.3   Commercial presence  ................................ ................................ .............................  23 
4.3.4   Movement of natural persons  ................................ ................................ ..................  23 
4.4   Liberalization commitments  ................................ ................................ ........................  24 
4.4.1   EFTA States  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  24 
4.4.2   Türkiye  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  34 
4.5   Regulatory provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................  38 
4.5.1   Domestic regulation  ................................ ................................ ...............................  38 
4.5.2   Recognition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  38 
4.5.3   Subsidies  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  38 
4.5.4   Safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  38 
4.5.5   Other  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  39 
4.6   Sector specific provisions on trade in services  ................................ ...............................  39 WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  4.6.1   Telecommunication  ................................ ................................ ................................  39 
4.6.2   Audiovisual services  ................................ ................................ ...............................  39 
4.6.3   Financial services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 39 
4.6.4   Health  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  40 
4.6.5   Tourism and travel services  ................................ ................................ .....................  40 
4.6.6   Transport  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  40 
5   GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  40 
5.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  40 
5.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .... 41 
5.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  41 
5.4   Accession and withdrawal  ................................ ................................ ..........................  41 
5.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ .............................  41 
5.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 41 
5.7   Relationship with other agreement s concluded by the parties  ................................ ..........  42 
5.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ..........................  44 
5.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .........................  44 
5.10   Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  45 
5.11   Environment and Labour  ................................ ................................ ..........................  45 
5.12   Electronic commerce  ................................ ................................ ...............................  45 
5.13   Small and medium -sized enterprises  ................................ ................................ .........  46 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  47 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  50 
ANNEX 3  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  52 
ANNEX 4  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  54 
 
  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Türkiye  and the EFTA States 
(Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway 
and Switzerland)  
 
Date of Signature:    25 June 2018  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  1 October 2021  
 
Date of Notification:   14 February 2022  
 
Full implementation:   2021  
 
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT1 
1.1.  In 2020, the collective GDP of the four EFTA States  – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and 
Switzerland - totalled USD 1, 131.2 billion  and that of Türkiye  USD 719.5  billion . 
1.2.  The Parties' ranking in world trade of goods and services, as well as their respectiv e bilateral 
ranking on trade in goods can be found in Table 1.1  
Table 1.1: Parties ' rankings in world and bilateral trade   
Party  Goods, 2021  Services, 2020  
Import  Export  Import  Export  
World  ranking  
Iceland  91 89 73 60 
Norway  27 25 20 18 
Switzerland  15 16 9 8 
Türkiye  18 24 25 19 
Bilateral  ranking  
Iceland -Türkiye  13 14 
Not available  Norway -Türkiye  9 6 
Switzerland -Türkiye  17 20 
Türkiye -Iceland  83 121 
Türkiye -Norway  33 33 
Türkiye -Switzerland  13 25 
Note:  Excluding intra -EU trade.  Data for 2020 on the basis of EU(28), and for 2021 on EU(27).  
Source:  Data with the world, WTO Statistics Database ; bilateral data, UNSD, Comtrade database.  
1.1  Merchandise trade2 
1.3.  In 202 1, imports of all the Parties were dominated by manufacturing – 58% for Türkiye  and 
more than  two-thirds in all EFTA States.  The main exports  were manu facturing for Türkiye  and 
Switzerland (more than 74%), agriculture for Iceland (47%) and fuels and mining for  Norway (63%).   
1.4.  Chart 1.1 presents the trends in global and intra -Party merchandise trade between 2011 and 
2021. Over the period, the EFTA States maintained  a constant trade surplus while Türkiye registered 
a trade deficit , albeit narrowing in recent years . Bilateral trade show s a constant surplus in favour 
of EFTA States , except in 2015 -2016. Figures show a reduction of Parties global exports in 2020 as 
comp ared to 2019, probably resulting from the COVID -19 pandemic, while bilaterally they pursued 
an upward trend.  
 
1 Data on GDP and breakdown by category sourced from WTO Trade Profiles 2021. 2021 trade data on 
the basis of EU(28), while for 2020 the basis is EU(27).  
2 Statistics from Comtrade . Data for Switzerland also includes Liechtenstein.   WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1.1 EFTA -Türkiye:  Merchandise bilateral trade and with world (2011 -2021)  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.5.  Chart 1.2 shows the commodity structure of trade between the Parties, as well as of their global 
trade, in the period 2018 -2020 on the basis of Harmonized System (HS) Sections. More than half of 
Türkiye's imports from EFTA States concer ned precious stones , which were EFTA's second largest  
global exports , after chemicals (28% of EFTA exports), which accounted for 14% of Türkiye 's imports 
from EFTA . Though more diversified, Türkiye 's major  global exports are also the major  EFTA bilateral 
imports of textiles, vehicles and machinery.  
051015202530
050100150200250300350400
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021B. Türkiye 
(USD Billion)
Imports from EFTA (Right Axis)
Exports to EFTA (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
051015202530
0100200300400500600700
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021A. EFTA
(USD Billion)
Imports from Türkiye (Right Axis)
Exports to Türkiye (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total ExportsWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1.2 EFTA -Türkiye:  Product composition of merchandise trade by HS Section, annual 
average (2018 -2020)  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.2  Trade in services and investment3 
1.6.  Chart 1. 3 depicts EFTA States and Türkiye's global trade in commercial services during 2011 -
2020. Throughout this period both Parties have been net services exporter s, except for 2017 and 
2020 in which the EFTA States registered a  small negative trade balance.  The f igures show a 
reduction in trade values in 2020 compared to 2019 resulting from the COVID -19 pandemic, with 
Turkish exports being the most affected, falling by 45%.  
 
3 Data sourced from WTO Statistics database . 
28
17
682120EFTA's imports from Türkiye (%)
16
25
615929EFTA's Global Imports (%)
55
6
5
5
16
13151615Türkiye 's Global Exports (%)
14
5710515Türkiye's imports from EFTA (%)
18
9
7
5
1319813Türkiye's Global Imports (%)
15
28
20510914EFTA's Global Exports (%)Total: USD 3 billion Total: USD 374 billion
Total: USD 220 billion Total: USD 423 billionTotal:  USD 176 billion
Total: USD 5.4 billion
MineralsPrepared foodsVegetables
TextilesPlasticsChemicals
MachineryBase metalsPrecious stones
OpticalVehicles
OtherWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1.3 EFTA and Türkiye:  Global trade in commercial services, 2011 -2020  
 
Source:  WTO Statistics database and Türkiye authorities (2018 -2020).  
 
1.7.  Chart 1.4 presents the Parties' global services trade by services sectors, in the period 201 8-
2020. For EFTA States, transport  is the top export, followed by o ther business services and 
intellectual property. Imports of o ther business services  are by far the leading imports . For Türkiye  
travel and transport services are the top two exported services, with tr ansport and other business 
services being the leading import sectors.  
Chart 1.4 EFTA -Türkiye: Commercial services trade with world, by category (Average 
2018 -2020)  
 
Source:  WTO Statistics Database and Türkiye  authorities.  
 
1.8.  Chart 1. 5 shows  foreign direct investment (FDI) by EFTA States with the world during 2010 -
2020. EFTA States have been a net source of FDI . Bilateral data is not available.  
1.9.  Chart 1. 6 shows that Türkiye  has remained a net recipient of FDI stocks and flows from the 
world over the period 201 0-2020 although investment inflows have fallen sharply since 2015 . 
Türkiye has also been a net recipient of FDI from the EFTA States during the same period, despite 
fluctuating inward flows. Inward FDI stock from EFTA States peaked in 2020.  
-50050100150200
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Import Export Trade balance010203040506070
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Türkiye
(USD Billion)EFTA
(USD Billion)
0 20 40 60ManufacturingConstructionInsuranceMaintenance & RepairFinancePersonalIntellectual PropertyTelecommunications & ITTransportTravelOther Business ServicesEFTA 
(USD Billion)
Import Export0 5 10 15 20 25ManufacturingConstructionPersonalFinanceMaintenance & RepairInsuranceIntellectual PropertyTelecommunications & ITTravelOther Business ServicesTransportTürkiye
(USD Billion)
Import ExportWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Chart 1.5 EFTA: FDI stock and flow with world, 2011 -2020  
 
Source:  UNCTADStat.  
 
Chart 1.6 Türkiye: FDI stock and flow with EFTA and world  
 
Source:  Türkiye Central Bank website viewed at : 
https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket/collapse_18/5003/DataGroup/english/bie_u
ypucay . 
 
  
02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020EFTA FDI stock with world
2011 -2020 
(USD Billions )
Inward Outward-100-50050100150200
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020EFTA FDI flow with world
2011 -2020
(USD B illions ) 
Inward Outward
02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Türkiye FDI stock with EFTA
2011 -2020 
(USD Millions) 
Inward Outward
0100200300400500600700
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Türkiye FDI flow with EFTA
2011 -2020
(USD Millions) 
Outward Inward
050100150200250
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Türkiye FDI stock with world
2011 -2020 
(USD Billions )
Inward Outward
024681012141618
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Türkiye FDI flow with world
2011 -2020
(USD B illions ) 
Inward OutwardWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1.  The Free Trade Agreement  between  the EFTA States and Türkiye  (hereafter the "Agreement") 
applies to trade and economic relations between each individual EFTA State and Türkiye  but not 
between individual EFTA States (A rticle 1.3).  
2.1  Background information  
2.2.  The Agreement  was signed on 25 June 2018. It entered into force on 1 October 2021 and 
replaces the 1991 agreement (in force from April 1992 until September 2021 ).4 The Agreement was 
notified to the WTO jointly by its Parties on 14 February 202 2, under Article XXIV:7(a) of the GATT 
1994, and Article V of the GATS(WT/REG46 2/N/1-S/C/N/10 76). The text of the Agreement is 
available at:  
https://www.trade.gov.tr/free -trade-agreements/efta  (Türkiye ) 
https://www.efta.int/free -trade/Free -Trade -Agreement/ Türkiye  (EFTA States ) 
2.3.  The Agreement consists of 10 Chapters and 21 Annexes  as well as three agreements on 
agriculture (Box 2.1) . 
Box 2.1: EFTA -Türkiye  Agreement  
 
Preamble  
Chapter 1  General Provisions  
Chapter 2  Trade in Goods  
Chapter 3  Trade in Services  
Chapter 4  Protection of Intellectual Property  
Chapter 5  Government Procurement  
Chapter 6  Competition  
Chapter 7  Trade and Sustainable Development  
Chapter 8  Institutional Provisions  
Chapter 9  Dispute Settlement  
Chapter 10  Final Provisions  
Annexes   
Annex I  Rules of Origin  
Annex II  Products not covered by the Agreement  
Annex III  Processed Agricultural Products  
Annex IV  Fish, Fisheries Products and Other Marine Products  
Annex IX  List of MFN Exemptions  
Annex V  Mutual Recognition of Results of Conformity Assessment  of Products  
Annex VI  Trade Facilitation  
Annex VII  Mutual Administrative Assistance  in Customs Matters  
Annex VIII  Mandate of Sub -Committee on Customs Matters  
Annex X  Recognition of Qualifications of Service Suppliers  
Annex XI  Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services  
Annex XII  Schedules of Specific Commitments  
 
4 The 1991 Agreement was notified to and examined under the GATT 1947. A report on the examination 
can be found in BISD 40S/48 (L/7336) . Biennial reports were submitted to the WTO, see WT/REG86/ - series. 
All relevan t documents can be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Annex XIII  Electronic Commerce  
Annex XIV  Telecommunication Services  
Annex XIX  International Road Transport and Logistics Services  
Annex XV  Co-Productions  
Annex XVI  Financial Services  
Annex XVII  Healthcare Services  
Annex XVIII  Tourism and Travel Services  
Annex XX  Protection of Intellectual Property  
Annex XXI  Rules of Procedure of the EFTA -Türkiye  Joint Committee  
 
2.4.  The Parties aim i n Article 1.1 to establish a free trade area (FTA) in conformity with GATT 
Article XXIV and GATS Article V.  
2.5.  In accordance with the 1923 Customs Treaty between Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the trade 
in goods commitments undertaken by Switzerland also apply to Liechtenstein. Conversely, 
Liechtenstein has full autonomy on trade in services.  
2.6.  The Parties' network of trade agreements with the European Union – customs union between 
Türkiye  and the European Union ; the European Economic Area (EEA ) agreement on trade in goods 
and services between the E U and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway ; and the bilateral agreements 
on trade in goods and services between Switzerland and the EU - are also of relevance as regards 
some of the topics covered by the Agreement. In such cases, this document will refer to it.  
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and ch arges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  Articles 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4  provide for : 
a. a duty-free regime  – both in terms of duties and charges - for: 
i. industrial products  under  HS 25 -97, excluding products listed in Annex II  to the 
Agreement5 (see Annex 2) . In practice, under the 1991 Agreement  these products 
were already duty -free;6 thus, no additional liberalization takes place  under the 
Agreement ;  
ii. fish and other marine products  listed in Annex IV to the Agreement  (see Annex 2) , 
with the exception of few products imported into Switzerland from Türkiye. In practice : 
• tariffs of Türkiye , Iceland and Norway  had already been eliminated under the 1991 
Agreement ; and  
• Switzerland will maintain tariffs on  feeding stuffs for production an imals (headings 
ex 0511.91, ex 2301.10, ex 2301.20 and ex 2309.90 ); and fats and oils for human 
consumption (ex 15.04 and ex 1516.10 ). Further, i mport controls on products of 
species listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in 
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) remain in place  under which  
import s of whale products are banned  by Liechtenstein and Switzerland.  In practice 
for Switzerland, only one additional line has become duty -free, namely meat of 
 
5 Iceland has not excluded any product s  
6 Under the 19 91 Agreement, duty -free access into EFTA States has be en in force since 1 April 1992, 
while EFTA products have enjoyed dut y-free access into Türkiye  since 1 January 1999 . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  whales under HS 0208.40.00, which remains however subject to the CITES 
Convention.   
b. concessions for  processed agricultural products  (PAPs), as provided for in Annex III to the 
Agreement ; and  
c. concessions for basic agricultural products , as specified in three bilateral agricultural 
agreements between each EFTA State and Türkiye , which form part of the instruments 
establishing the  Agreement . The bilateral agriculture agreement s between Iceland and 
Türkiye  and Norway and Türkiye concluded under the 1991 Agr eement remain in force, 
while for Switzerland/Liechtenstein and Türkiye  a new bilateral agreement has entered 
into force .7  
3.2.  Under the Agreement a higher number of PAPs benefit from concessions as compared to the 
1991 Agreement. Specifically:  
a. treatment equ ivalent to that provided to the EU is granted to  trade between Iceland and 
Türkiye and Norway and Türkiye  (Table 1 to Annex III) , excluding that provided in the 
context of TRQs (i.e. an MFN clause applies);  
b. Switzerland grants Türkiye either a duty -free rat e or a margin of preference on the MFN 
rate for its TRQs  (Table 2 to Annex III) ; 
c. Türkiye grants Switzerland duty -free treatment on the industrial component of compound 
duties and a fixed preferential rate on the agricultural component  (Table 3 to Annex III ). 
Under the 1991 Agreement, Switzerland  also benefited from the treatment granted by 
Türkiye to EU products. Thus under the Agreement certain Swiss products face higher 
rates when entering Türkiye than before ;8  
d. products defined as PAPs  are not common among the Parties ; and  
e. developments in trade in PAPs shall be periodically reviewed.  
3.3.  Under the bilateral agriculture agreements, Iceland and Norway provide duty -free treatment 
for a limited number of agricultural products from Türkiye. No c oncession is granted by Türkiye to 
Iceland or Norway. The amendment to the  bilateral agriculture agreement between Norway and 
Türkiye, ratified by Türk iye on 21 October 2021 and by Norway on 10 June 2022,  maintains without 
change the concessions  of the 1991 agreemen t while modifying the rules of origin with those of the 
2018 Agreement, as presented in Section 3.2.9  
3.4.  The new bilateral agriculture agreement between Switzerland /Liechtenstein  and Türkiye  
significantly expands the 1991 concessions granted by Switzerland  including duty -free rates, fixed 
preferential rates and margins of preference on MFN rates. Türkiye also grants concessions for a 
number of Swiss products  – novel as compared to the previous bil ateral agreement . Türkiye's 
concessions include duty -free treatment for a limited number of products, fixed preferential rates or 
TRQs with the in -quota rate varying from duty -free to MOP of 50% or 15% on the MFN rate. The 
agreement also includes disciplin es on rules of origin and agricultural safeguards; further, it specifies 
the provisions of the general Agreement that apply, mutatis mutandis . In particular, Parties confirm 
their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and clarify t hat the 
Agreement's dispute settlement apply.10 A best endeavour clause is included aiming at further 
liberalizing trade in agricultural products . As of early December 2022, no developments have taken 
place in this respect.  
 
7 New concessions are only found in the Türkiye - Switzerland bilateral agreement.  
8 For example, imports into Türkiye of 0901.90.10.00.00, 0901.90.90.10.00 and 0901.90.90.90.00 
originating in Switzerland benefitted from a preferential tariff of 11% under the 1991 Agreement whilst under 
the new Agreement they face an MFN rate of 13%.  
9 These same provisions apply in the amendment to the bilateral agreement with Iceland, which was not 
in force  as of March 2023 . 
10 Other provisions that apply include e.g. relations with other agreements, export duties, QRs, internal 
taxation and regulations, TBT, SPS, trade facilitation, state  trading enterprises, antidumping, exceptions.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  3.5.  Coverage of agricultural, non -agricultural and fish products under the Agreement and the WTO 
differ.11 Annex 2 of this document lists the products include d in Annexes II  (excluded products)  and 
IV (duty free fish and marine products) to the Agreement . 
3.6.  Article 2. 4 prohibits the introduction of any new customs duties and charges on any of the 
covered products , excluding those imposed in conformity with Articles III and VIII of the GATT 1994.  
3.7.  The Agreement's disciplines on customs valuation, quantitative restrictions , fees and 
formalities , state trading enterprises  and internal taxation and regulations  are regulated by the 
relevant GATT/WTO Articles , which are accordingly  incorporated into the Agreement  mutatis 
mutandis  (Article s 2.6-2.9 and 2.16 ). 
3.1.2   Liberalization of t rade and tariff lines  
3.8.  Table 3.1 shows tariff and trade liberalization by EFTA Parties  under the Agreement.12  In 2021 , 
a high share of Iceland and Norway 's tariff was duty-free on an MFN basis – 89% and 85% 
respectively; the equivalent figure for Switzerland  was 27%. Imports entering under  MFN duty -free 
rates during 2018 -2020 were also significant  for the first two countries , 99.5%  and 76.3% ; and 33% 
for Switzerland . Additional liberalization under the Agreem ent concerned 483, 297 and 4,724  tariff 
lines for Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, respectively  (or 5.5% , 4.1% and 5 5.4%). Lines r emaining 
dutiable totalled 527 for Iceland  (5.9%), 768 for  Norway  (10.7) and 1,349  for Switzerland (15.8%), 
accounting for negligeable imports from Türkiye for Iceland, 1.9% for Norway and 1.1% for 
Switzerland  in 2018 -20.  
3.9.  Compared to the 1991 Agreement  between the Parties, the Agreement provides a dditional 
preferential treatment by Norway  on two lines (non -alcoholic beverages)13 and by Switzerland  on 
162 lines.  
Table 3.1 EFTA States: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  EFTA States'  Imports from Türkiye  
(Value USD million, 2018 -2020)  
 
  ICELAND  NORWAY  
 Lines  Imports  Lines  Imports  
 No  %  Value  %  Value  %  Value  %  
2021 (MFN)  7,986  88.8 71.9 99.5 6,112  85.16  663.98  76.28  
2021 
  of which:  
   free under 1991 Agr  
   new free lines   483 
 
483 
- 5.4 
 
5.4 
- 
 
 0.3 
 
0.3 
- 
 
 
 0.4 
 
0.4 
- 
 
 
 297 
 
295 
2 4.14 
 
4.11 
0.03 189.6 0 
 
189.56  
0.04 21.78 
 
21.78  
0.00 
Remain dutiable  527 5.9 0.0 0.0 768 10.70 16.84  1.93 
Total 8,996  100.0  72.2 100.0  7,177  100.00  870.41  100.00  
 SWITZERL AND 
  Lines  Imports  
 No  %  Value  %  
 
11 Excluded products under HS 25 -97 differ by Party and do not match in full those manufactured 
agricultural products covered by the WTO Agreement in Agriculture. While there is no official definition of "fish 
and fish products" in the WTO context, in practice such products have been previously assessed as covering 
Chapter 03 and several additional Headings and Subheadings  (The definition  of the 2008 Draft NAMA Modalities 
(TN/MA/W/103/Rev.3)  listed HS 2002 Chapt er 3, 05.08, 05.09, 0511.91, 1504.10, 1504.20, ex 1603.00, 
16.04, 16.05 and 2301.20 . 
12 Applied tariff s of EFTA Parties in 2021 consisted of  between around 7,200 to 9,000  lines at the eight-
digit level (2017 nomenclature). Ad valorem  rates accounted for 95%, 90% and 27% of the lines for Iceland, 
Norway and Switzerland, respectively, with a total of 434, 699 and 6,235  lines ha ving non-ad valorem  tariffs  -  
either specific or compound duties.  
13  The specific duty of NOK 2.50 per kg on HS 2202.99.91 and 2202.99.99  was eliminated; under the 
1991 Agreement a preferential rate applied.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Duty phase -out 
period  EFTA States'  Imports from Türkiye  
(Value USD million, 2018 -2020)  
 
 2021 (MFN)  2,290  26.9 662.5  33.1 
2021 
  of which:  
   free under 1991 Agr  
   new free lines   4,724  
 
4,562  
162 
 55.4 
 
53.5 
1.9 
 1,296.9  
 
1,275.3  
21.6 
 
 64.7 
 
63.6 
1.1 
 
 Remain dutiable  1,349  15.8 22.1 1.1 
Total  8,525  100.0  2,003.2  100.0  
 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the tariff line count.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
 
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the Parties ' authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.10.  Türkiye 's applied tariff in 2021 consisted of  16,002 lines at the twelve -digit level (2017 
nomenclature). Around 96% of the tariff rates were ad valorem  and 683 lines had non -ad valorem  
tariffs.14 Türkiye  also applies provisional additional customs duties on 4,234 lines until further notice ; 
these are not applied to EFTA States .15 
3.11.  Table 3.1 shows tariff and trade liberalization by Türkiye under the Agreement. In 2021 , 
23.3% of Türkiye's tariff was duty -free on an MFN basis, accounting for average imports of 7.1% 
from Iceland, 15.3% from Norway and 78.5% from Switzerland during 2018 -2020. Under the 
Agreement  an additional 10,018 lines were liberalized for imports from  Iceland and Norway, and 
10,029 lines for  Switzerland,  representing 62.2% of Türkiye's  tariff lines . Thereafter, 2,258 lines for 
Iceland and Norway, and 2,247 lines for Switzerland remain dutiable, accounting for 1 .6% of imports 
from Iceland, 0.2% from Norway and 0.3% for Switzerland  in 2018 -20. 
3.12.  Since trade between the Parties had already been liberalized  under the  1991 Agreement, as 
also shown in Table 3.1, additional preferential treatment is only provided for Switzerland  under the 
Agreement : 10 lines became free, 118 lines benefited from improv ed preference s and  tariff-rate 
quotas (TRQs) have been provided for 456 lines. For four lines  concerning processed agricultural 
products , however, preferential duties were increased . 
Table 3.2 Türkiye : Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement  and 
corresponding average trade  
Phase -out period  Number of lines  % of total lines  Türkiye 's Imports from EFTA parties 
(2018 -2020)  (USD million)  
ICELAND  NORWAY  
Value  % Value  % 
2021 (MFN)  3,726  23.3 1.8 7.1 112.1  15.3 
2021 
(all free under 1991 Agr)  10,01 8 62.6 23.4 91.4 620.1  84.5 
Remain dutiable  2,258 14.1 0.4 1.6 1.2 0.2 
Total  16,002  100.0  25.7 100.0  4,106.8  100.0  
   SWITZERLAND  
Value  % 
2021 (MFN)  3,726  23.3 3,223.0  78.5 
2021 
    of which:  
free under 1991 Agr  
new free lines  10,029  
 
10,019  
10 62.7 
 
62.6 
0.1 869.7  
 
869.7  
0.0 21.2 
 
21.2 
0.0 
Remain dutiable  
  of which:  
lower preferential duties  
TRQs (new)  
higher preferential duties  2,247  
 
118 
456 
4 14.0 
 
0.7 
2.8 
0.0 14.0 
 
10.3 
0.2 
0.0 0.3 
 
0.3 
0.0 
0.0 
Total  16,002  100.0  4,106.8  100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Türkiye authorities and the WTO -IDB.  
 
14 26 lines with specific duties, 528 with compound duties, 52 with mixed duties, and 77 lines with other  
duties.  These are found in Chapters 3, 4, 7, 15, 17 -22, 25, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 57, 70  and 91. 
15 Duties range from 1.9% to 30%. WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 14 - 
 
  3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.1.3.1   EFTA Parties  
3.13.  Chart 3.1 s hows that the Agreement's liberalization concerned agricultural products in HS 
Sections I -IV. In addition, for Norway, textiles under HS Section XI which had an average MFN rate 
of 2.7% , were also liberalized ; additional liberalization in Switzerland concerned all other Sections . 
HS Sections I -IV also have lines remaining dutiable in all of the three EFTA States  – though for 
Iceland, only two lines of fats and oils of Section III remain dutiable , subject to a specific rate of 
duty. In addition, Norway and Switzerland have lines remaining dutiable in HS Section  VI. Average 
dutiable rates on Sections I -IV are around 30% in the case of Iceland, between 14.2% and 415% 
in Norway, while in Switzerland  all lines are subject to specific rates . 
Chart 3.1 EFTA States: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Sect ion 
 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the tariff line count. For 
Switzerland, the average MFN rate is not a vailable since the tariff is subject to specific duties for 
which ad valorem  equivalents are not available.  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the authorities. For Switzerland, the  WTO-IDB was also 
used.  
 
3.14.  As depicted in Chart 3.2, among HS Chapters remaining subject to  ad valorem  duties  in EFTA 
Parties, Türkiye's exports to Norway of trees, bulbs and flowers of Chapter 6 and of m iscellaneous 
edible preparations  of Chapter 21 benefit from some preferential treatment. Imports of coffee, tea 
and spices, and vegetable plaiting materials (Chapters 9 and 14) are  duty-free in all EFTA Parties, 
while tobacco (Chapters 24) remains dutiable only in Switzerland. In Norway and Switzerland, many 
Chapters remain subject to specific rates. Preferential specific rates, not represented in the Chart, 
are granted by Norway  to Türkiye's exports of products of Chapters 4 , 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17-22 and 
35, and by Switzerland in all Chap ters except Chapter 1 .16  
 
16 There are preferences for a f ew lines of HS 0106; however, they are duty -free on a n MFN basis.  
0%2%4%6%8%10%12%
0%20%40%60%80%100%
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI
Average MFNTariff linesICELAND
0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16%18%
0%20%40%60%80%100%
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI
Average MFNTariff linesNORWAY
Free MFN, 2021 Free EIF, 2021 Remain Dutiable Avg. MFN tariff
0%20%40%60%80%100%
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXITariff linesSWITZERLAND
Free MFN, 2021 Free EIF, 2021 Remain Dutiable Avg. Final dutiable tariffWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 15 - 
 
  Chart 3.2 EFTA: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are include d.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by EFTA authorities . For Switzerland, the  WTO-IDB was also 
used. 
 
3.1.3.2   Türkiye  
3.15.   Chart 3.3  shows Türkiye 's tariff liberalization by HS section. Most of the  agricultural products 
in HS Sections I -IV and some chemicals in Section VI remain dutiable for imports from all EFTA 
States . For vegetables  in Section II, one extra line (vanilla extracts under  1302.19.05.00.00) 
remain s dutiable for imports from Switzerland, compared to  imports from  Iceland and Norway. For 
fats and oils and prepared foodstuff in Sections III and IV , however, fewer products originating from 
Switzerland (compared to Iceland and Norway) are dutiable when imported into Türkiye. T he 
average final dutiable rate  varies from 10.6% (chemicals in Section VI) to 109.7 % (animals and 
their products in Section I).  
0%50%100%150%200%250%300%350%400%450%500%550%
   NOR
   CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
   NOR
      ISL/CHE
   NOR
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
      ISL
   NOR/CHE
      ISL
   NOR
   CHE
   CHE
   NOR
   CHE
   NOR/CHE
01 02 04 05 06 07 0810 11 12 1315 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 243538Average tariff rate
Hundreds
HS Chapter
Preferential=MFN Preferential MFN Specific rateWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 16 - 
 
  Chart 3.3 Türkiye: Tariff elimination und er the Agreement, by HS Section  
 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation. For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2017 no menclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Türkiye authorities.  
 
3.16.  As depicted in  Chart 3.4  Türkiye  provides additional preferences for imports from any of the 
EFTA States in Chapters 4, 7, 15 and 17 -22, though in some  instances they differ for Switzerland. 
In addition, imports from Switzerland of products in Chapters 9 and 33 also benefit from some 
preferences. Preferential average tariffs appear higher  than the MFN  rates in the Chart because the 
ad valorem  component i s eliminated in the preferential duties leaving only specific dut ies for certain 
lines, and these are  not included in the calculation . Average MFN rates for all Chapters with duties 
remaining range from 7. 4% for Chapter 23 to 12 1% for Chapter 2.  Chapter s 18 and 33 only contain  
specific rates of duty for which no ad valorem  equivalents  are available .  
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%EFTA
ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
EFTA
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI0%20%40%60%80%100%
Average MFN rate 
HS Section and PartnerTariff lines
Free MFN, 2021 Free 2021 Remain Dutiable Average MFN tariffWT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  Chart 3.4 Türkiye: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
 
* Includes lines subject to specific rates.  
** Preferences only involve lines with specific  rates.   
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation. For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.   
 Based on HS 2017 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the Türkiye authorities.  
 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.17.  Under the Türkiye -Switzerland bilateral agriculture agreement, both Parties grant each other 
TRQs for certain agricultural products . All the TRQs granted by Türkiye  are new since it provided no 
preferences through TRQs in the previous bilateral agreement . Switzerland  grants Türkiye  
preferential rates within existing WTO TRQs . Annex 3 to this document provides additional detail on 
TRQs under the Agreement.  
3.18.  Türkiye grants Switzerland  TRQs for dairy products , vegetables, fruits, preparations of meat, 
fruit jui ces, wine, fermented beverages , alcohol and spirits, and preparations of a kind used in animal 
feeding . In-quota rates apply within the specified ceiling quantity; they may be duty-free or provide 
for a margin of preference of either 50% or 15% o f the MFN rate. Out of quota rates are the MFN 
rates.  
3.19.  Switzerland grants Türkiye  a preferential in -quota rate within its WTO TRQs for animals and 
meat, eggs, bovine semen, cut flowers, vegetables, fruits and grape juice. The preferential rate is 
either duty -free or a margin of preference o f the MFN tariff.  There is no specific quantity allocated 
to Türkiye , with imports therefore only limited by the WTO TRQ quantity limitations . Further, it also 
grants Türkiye  new TRQs for  fresh grapes and olive oil, with duty-free in -quota rates.  For all the 
TRQs, the o ut-of-quota rates are the MFN rates.17 
 
17 Data on quota fill for Türkiye  can be found at https://uygulama.gtb.gov.tr/KotaSorgulama/  and for 
Switzerland in https://zollkontingente.douane.swiss/fr . 
0%20%40%60%80%100%120%140%
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE
ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
CHE/ISL/NOR
124*567*8 9 101112 13 15* 1617*18 19* 20* 21* 22* 23 24 29 33 3538Average tariff rate
Hundreds
HS ChapterPreferential MFN Preferential=MFN
****WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 18 - 
 
  3.2  Rules of origin  
3.20.  The rules of origin of the Agreement are those of the Regional Convention on Pan -Euro-
Mediterranean Rules of Origin (hereinafter referred to as the "PEM Convention ") applied between 
the Parties.18, 19 Article  2.3 and Annex I  provide that the rules of origin and methods of administrative 
cooperation applicable between the Parties are set out in Appendix I and relevant provisions of 
Appendix II of the PEM Convention . 
3.21.  A product is "originating " when:  
a. it is wholly obtained in th e EFTA States or T ürkiye  (frequent in the case of  agricultural 
products ); or 
b. it is obtained in the EFTA States or T ürkiye incorporating materials which have not been 
wholly obtained there but have undergone sufficient working or processing in the Parties , 
either : 
i. due to a change in tariff classification (CTC), generally at the heading level ; or 
ii. the value of non -originating materials  used is below a maximum threshold, set 
generally at 40% ; or 
iii. a specific processing takes place in a Party . This applies in part icular to prepared foods , 
textiles, or chemical products .  
3.22.  The absorption principle applies under the Agreement; thus, no account is taken of non - 
originating materials incorporated in another product which has acquired originating status.  
3.23.  Under the PEM Convention diagonal cumulation applies to its partie s if an FTA is applicable 
between all the p arties concerned. Diagonal cumulation allows materials that have obtained 
originating status in one of its parties to be incorporated in products manufactured in another Party 
without the products losing their originating status when exported to a third contracting party in the 
PEM area . Diagonal cumulation is in force among the Parties since 1 September 2007 .  
3.24.  A de minimis /tolerance rule applies so that the good is considered originating if the value of 
non-originating materials do not exceed 10% of the ex -works price of the product, provided none of 
the percentage thresholds are exceeded. However, this does not apply  to textiles of HS Chapters 50 
to 63, for which the tolerance generally sets a non -complying threshold in terms of a maximum 
weight of 10% of all basic textile materials used.  
3.25.  Transit through non -parties is authorized provided the product remains under the surve illance 
of the customs authorities in the country of transit or warehousing and it does not undergo 
operations other than unloading, reloading, or any other operation to preserve it in good condition . 
Evidence of direct transport has to be supplied  to the customs authorities of the importing Party.  
3.26.  Outward -processing is authorized, provided the total added value acquired outside the Parties 
does not exceed 10% of the ex -works price of the final product for which originating status is 
claimed. This provisio n does not apply to textiles and clothing in Chapters 50 -63 nor to products 
that have acquired originating status through the use of the tolerance rule.  The processing outside 
 
18 The PEM Convention is progressively replacing the Protocols  on the  Pan-Euro-Mediterranean 
cumulation of origin  included in agreements among parties to the PEM area. The PEM area comprises 51 
parties - the European Union, EFTA States, Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, the Faroe Islands, 
Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Kosovo *, Lebanon, Montenegro , Morocco, Palestine, the Republic of Moldova , the 
Republic of North Maced onia, Serbia , Syria, Tunisia , Türkiye  and Ukraine . For the PEM Convention text, see 
https://www.efta.int/media/documents/legal -texts/free -trade -relations/montenegro/pem -convention -on-
origin.pdf .  
 * Please note that r eference to Kosovo in this document should be understood to be in the context of 
the Un ited Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).  
19 Liechtenstein , Switzerland and Norwa y since 1 .1.2012; Iceland since 1.5.2012; Türkiye  since 
1.2.2014 . See https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents -publications/treaties -
agreements/agreement/?id=2010035 . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 19 - 
 
  the Parties must be done on goods exported from the Parties, which are wholly ob tained or have 
been processed beyond insufficient operations in a Party.  
3.27.  Drawback is not permitted under the PEM Convention.  
3.28.  Complementing the provisions of the PEM Convention , Annex I makes clear that the 
Agreement's dispute settlement provisions can be invoked with respect to rules of origin.   
3.29.  The PEM Convention is currently under revision ; its parties indicate this aims at promoting 
economic integration and facilitating trade  in the PEM area. The amendments will provide , for most 
products , the introduction of full cumulation  and lifting the no -duty-drawback rule;  increased 
thresholds for non -originating materials  and tolerance from 10% to 15%;  applying a "non -
manipulation" rule instead of the "direct transport" rule; and facilitat ed customs -related 
procedures.20 
3.30.  Parties to the PEM Convention that so wish may apply on a transitional basis these new rules 
as an alternative to those of the PEM Con vention , pending its finalisation.  The EFTA States and 
Türkiye  have indicated their wish to do so ; as of early December 2022, the necessary procedures 
for such a transitional application were still ongoing.  
3.31.  A Sub -Committee on Customs Matters is established  (Article 2.15); it deals with rules of 
origin, customs -related procedures, trade facilitation and mutual administrative assistance in 
customs matters (Annex VIII to the Agreement).  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.32.  The Agreement prohibits duties and charges on the export of any good destined to the 
territory of the other  (Article 2. 5). In practice, export duties and charges had been eliminated in 
1996 under the 1991 Agreement.  Among the Parties, only T ürkiye imposes MFN export taxes – on 
raw skins, and hazelnuts, shelled  and in shell . 
3.4  Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.33.  Sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) build upon the WTO SPS Agreement , which is 
incorp orated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis  (Article 2.11 ). 
3.34.  Neither harmonization nor mutual recognition are made mandatory under the Agreement.   
3.35.  An "upon request" review clause provides that SPS arrangements concluded by all Parties 
with the European Unio n may be extended to the Parties, to be duly reflected in a revised article . As 
of early December 2022, no developments have taken place in this respect.  
3.36.  Article 2.11 also provides  for establishing contact points  and for consultations (without undue 
delay)  in case one Party considers another Party's measure may create  an obstacle to trade; its aim 
shall be to find mutually acceptable solutions.  The consultations are without prejudice to the Parties' 
rights and obligations under the dispute settlement provis ions of the Agreement (Chapter 9) or of 
the WTO.  
 
20 See https://www.toll.no/contentassets/1fc8fe9edfe94a17952a60b8cf9ac3d3/transitional -rules.pdf . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.37.  Disciplines on technical regulations build upon the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to 
Trade (TBT), which is incorporated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis  (Article 2.12) .  
3.38.  Harmonization is not mandatory under the Agreement . Disciplines on mutual recognition are 
modulated  in accordance with  the Parties' obligations under their trade agreements  with the 
European Union .  
3.39.  In practice, for those products for which legislation has been harmonized with the EU (Türkiye  
and EEA EFTA States) or for which conformity assessment is deemed equivalent to  that of  the EU  
(Türkiye -Switzerland) ,21 the disciplines of Annex V apply , as follows : 
a. Parties' mutual acceptance of conformity assessments - i.e. a "diagonal" mutual 
recognition of conformity assessment for specific products  - carried out by conformity 
assessment bodies notified under the relevant trade agreement ; 
b. import checks for products in a Party's market shall only take place in exceptional cases, 
subject to the proper documentation of conformity;  
c. verification of notified conformity assessment bodies is authorized i f a Party has reasonable 
doubts about the quality of the conformity assessment carried  out by a no tified body of 
another Party . That may ultimately lead to the suspension if its recognition;  
d. in the area of medical devices, the requirement for an authorised representative is fulfilled 
if the manufacturer is established or ha s a designated representative , either in the EU , in 
an EFTA State or in Türkiye ; and 
e. Parties are to exchange relevant information in respect of the annex, including any change 
in the sectoral scope of the EU-Switzerland MRA whose legislation is deemed equivalent.  
3.40.  Annex V applies to 20 product sectors (but only 18 on trade between Türkiye  and 
Switzerland); these, together with the list of notified conformity assessment bodies, can be found in 
Annex 4 to this document.  
3.41.  Contact points and consultations, as referred to in paragraph 3.32 above , are also provided 
for. The timeframe for  consultations is set within 40 days from the receipt of the request.  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.4.2.1   Global safeguards  
3.42.  The rights and obligations of the Parties relating to global safeguards are those of Article  XIX 
of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreeme nt on Safeguards (Article 2.1 9).  
3.43.  Additionally, the Agreement requires a notification be made upon the initiation of an 
investigation and that reasonable opportunity for consultations be afforded.  
3.4.2.2   Bilateral safeguards  
3.44.  There are no provision s for bilateral safeguards under the Agreement, which are therefore not 
authorized.  
3.4.2.3   Other  safeguards  
 
21 In trade between Türkiye  and the EEA EFTA States, certain products are subject to EU harmonized 
legislation, while in  trade between Türkiye  and Switzerland, certain products benefit from the equivalence of 
the EU and Swiss conformity assessment procedures, as provided for the Agreement between the European 
Union and the Swiss Confederation on Mutual Recognition of Confor mity Assessments of 1999 (EU -Switzerland 
MRA).   WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  3.45.  The only discipline on other  safeguard measures on trade in goods concerns safeguards for 
balance of payments reasons ; see section 5.3.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and cou ntervailing measures  
3.46.  The rights and obligations of the Parties relating to anti-dumping and countervailing duties 
are those of Article s VI and XVI of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement s on Subsidies and 
Countervailing Measures (SCM)  and on the Implementat ion of Article VI  of GATT 1994 (Anti -dumping 
Agreement), as appropriate (Articles 2.17 and 2.18) . 
3.47.  The following are additional provisions to those of the WTO  (Article 2.18) : 
a. a best endeavour clause inviting the Parties to refrain from initiating anti-dumping 
procedures;  
b. a notification to be made prior to the initiation of an investigation under the Anti -dumping 
Agreement; and  
c. a best endeavour clause inviting the Parties to apply the "lesser duty" when imposing anti -
dumping duties . 
3.4.4   Subsidies and st ate-aid 
3.48.  The rights and obligations of the Parties relating to subsidies are those of Article XVI of the 
GATT 1994 and the SCM Agreement.  
3.49.  Going beyond the WTO, the Agreement requires that a notification be made prior to the 
initiation of an investigation of an alleged subsidy and establishes a 45 -day period for consultation 
for finding a mutually acceptable solution (Article 2.17), without preventing the initiation  of the 
investigation.  
3.50.  There are no provisions on State -aid in the Agreement.  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  and trade facilitation  
3.51.  Customs related provisions including trade facilitation are governed by Articles 2.3, 2.13 -2.15 
as well as Annexes I and VI of the Agreement . Mutual administrative assistance in customs matters  
is further developed in Annex VII.  
3.52.  Customs -related procedures such as certificates of origin and verification are those of the PEM 
Convention ; these are summarized in  Table 3.3  below . 
Table 3.3: Summary of Cu stoms procedures  
Subject  Agreement's Provisions  
Origin -related  
Proof of origin  Certificate  of origin or Declaration  of origin, both of which:  
• prescribed format  
• valid for four months from its date of issuance  
Certificate of Origin  EUR-1 or EUR-MED, issued by the customs authorities of the 
exporting country  
Declaration of Origin   Origin declaration or EUR -MED origin declaration : 
• self-issued by an approved exporter  or 
• self-issued by an exporter of a consignment of a value not 
exceeding EUR 6,0000  
Approved exporters  Yes. Self -declaration.  
Waiving of proof of origin  Imports of private packages under EUR 500  
Travellers' personal items under EUR 1,200.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 22 - 
 
  Subject  Agreement's Provisions  
Verification procedures  By the exporting Party authorities.  
Inspection of the exporter's accounting records or any other 
checks.  
Timeframe of 10 months.  
On-site verification  Not foreseen  
Review and appeal, Penalties provisions  TF: Articles 118:3(c) and 118:1(g) (TF); Origin: Articles 31 -32 
Source:  Annexes I and VI of the Agreement , PEM Convention.  
 
3.53.  Annex VI on trade facilitation builds upon the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA), 
which is incorporated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis . Additional disciplines in Annex VI 
include:  
a. making man datory a Party's explanation, upon request, of the reasons for significant delay 
in the release of perishable goods  (in the TFA this is a best endeavour clause);  
b. allowing the other Party to negotiate a mutual recognition agreement o n an Authorised 
Economic Operator System or security measures, drawing on relevant international 
standards; and  
c. prohibition o n the  requir ement  for legalisation or other authentication of customs 
documentation s in connection with importation.  
3.4.6   Other regulations  
3.4.6.1   State  trading enterprises  
3.54.  Article XVII of the GATT 1994 and the related Understanding are incorporated into and made 
part of the Agreement , mutatis mutandis  (Article 2.1 6).  
3.5  Sector -specific provisions on trade in goods  
3.55.  Treatment of marine and fish products , and basic and processed agricultural products is 
summarized  in paragraphs 3.1.-3.4. above . 
4  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  
4.1  Scope and definitions  
4.1.  Chapter 3  closely  follows the GATS approac h, including in terms of coverage  and the positive -
list approach to liberalization . Chapter 3 covers trade in all services sectors under all four modes of 
supply , subject to the same exclusions as under the GATS . A number of subject - or sector -specific 
annexes complement the Chapter's disciplines.  
4.2  Denial of benefits  
4.2.  The Agreement does not contain any specific provision on deni al of benefits.  However, the 
definition of "juridical person of another Party " refers to "a juridical person which … is engaged in 
substantive business operations in the territory of a Party".  
4.3  General provisions on trade in services  
4.3.1   Market access  
4.3.  The Agree ment's market access provision (Article 3.4) replicates GATS Article XVI.  
4.3.2   National treatment and MFN  
4.4.  The Agreement's MFN provision  (Article 3.3) is similar to that under GATS  Article II . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  4.5.  Preferential treatment granted by a Party under an economic integrati on agreement notified 
under GATS Articles V or V bis shall not be extended to the other Parties . Upon request  negotiations 
for extending such benefits shall take place.  
4.6.  The Agreement's national treatme nt provision (Article 3. 5) replicates GATS Article XVI I. 
4.3.3   Commercial presence  
4.7.  Commitments on commercial presence – equivalent to mode 3 under the GATS - are set out 
in the Parties' schedules of commitments , subject to their respective MFN exemptions . 
4.3.4   Movement of natural persons  
4.8.  Article 3.9 and Annex XI of the A greement build on the GATS Annex. The scope and principles 
used in both agreements are similar , including as regards the right of Parties to require a visa .22 
Mode 4 commitments –horizontal and/or sector -specific - are included in the Parties Schedules .  
4.9.  Disciplines foresee that measures affecting the movement of natural persons are administered 
in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner and that relevant information and procedures are 
transparent and comprehensive. P rocedures relating to entry and temporary stay  specif y that 
documents required shall be commensurate with the purpose for which they are collected and that 
relevant fees shall reflect no more than the approximate administrative costs incurred. Applicants 
may be informed of the progress of their application for entry  upon request ; if that is rejected, the 
applicant shall be informed without delay and be given the opportunity to appeal or to submit a new 
application.  Language qualifications shall not be required  between Switzerlan d and Türkiye unless 
they are necessary to ensure the quality of the service .  
4.10.  The categories of natural persons cover ed by the Agreement are specified in the Parties' 
Schedules of commitments.  
4.11.  Table 4.1 below summarizes the categories and lengths of stay for the presence of natural 
persons under the Agreement and the GATS for the Parties, which only apply to sectors listed in 
their Schedules and in acco rdance with any limitation that may be included therein. Compared to 
the GATS, improvement s in mode 4 under the Agreement include longer  authorized length s of stay 
and commitments in new categor ies of personnel such as business visitors . 
Table 4.1 EFTA States and T ürkiye: Categories and length of stay for temporary presence 
of natural persons under the Agreement and the GATS  
Category  Maximum length of stay  
Agreement  GATS  
Iceland  
A. ICTs: Executives, managers, 
specialists and service sellers  1 year, extendable  for one year  Not specified  
B. Business visitors  90 days  No commit ments  except for ICTs 
("service sellers") , no duration 
specified.  
Liechtenstein  
I. ICTs: Executives, senior 
managers, specialists  Three years  
II. Business visitors  90 days  No commit ments  
Norway  
A. ICTs: 
  - Executives, managers, 
specialists  
  - Trainees   
Four years  
 
Three months   
Two years  
 
No commi tments  
 
22 E.g. access to employment market and right of residence is carved out, and the right of entry for 
natural persons of the other Party, including by establishing eligibility requirements, is authorized provided 
they are not applied in a manner that nullifies or impairs the Agreement's benefits.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  Category  Maximum length of stay  
Agreement  GATS  
B. Business visitorsa Three months  
No economic needs test  No commit ments  
C. Contractual services 
suppliers   
D. Independent professionals  Three months in any 12 -month 
period or for the duration of the  
contract, whichever is less . 
No economic needs test  No commit ments  
Switzerland  
A. ICTs: Executives, senior 
managers, specialists  3 years, extendable to 5  3 years, extendable to 4  
B. Business visitors and 
Services sellers  3 months within one year, minimum 2 -months interval if renewed  
C. Contractual services 
suppliers for certain services 
sectors  3 months per contract  
Numeric limitation linked to task to be performed  
Available for 13  services sectors  Available for 3  services sectors  
D. Installers and maintainers  90 days within one year  No commit ments  
Türkiye   
I. ICTs: Executives, managers , 
specialists and service sellers  1 year, extendable to two years  2 years  
II. Trainees  1 year, extendable up to two years  No commi tments  
III. Business visitors  90 days  within 180 days   30 days  
IV. Business services sellers  90 days within 180 days  30 days  
V. Installers and maintainers  Not defined  No commi tments  
a Also applies to natural persons a ttend ing conferences and trade fairs . 
Source:  Section on "Horizontal commitments" Parties' Schedules annexed to the Agreement , and their Draft 
Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments.  
 
4.4  Liberalization commitments  
4.12.  Liberalization is undertaken on the basis of a positive -list approach, as under the GATS. MFN 
exemptions and schedules of specific commitments are in cluded in Party's specific Appendixes to 
Annex IX and Annex XII, respectively. Similar to the GATS, commitments may be modified upon 
consultation and agreement between the Parties (Article 3.19).  
4.13.  In line with the Parties aim to eliminate substantially all remaining discrimination within a 
period of ten years, periodic reviews of the Schedules of commitments are foreseen at least every 
three years, with the first such review to take place no later than September 2026 (Artic le 3.20).  
4.14.  All Parties to the Agreement have undertaken horizontal limitations on subsidies . 
Commitments  by EFTA Parties  in financial services  are made  in accordance with the WTO's 
Understanding on Commitments in Financial Services (hereafter "the Understa nding") ; that was not 
the case for Türkiye .  
4.4.1   EFTA States  
4.4.1.1   Iceland  
4.15.  Iceland's MFN exemptions under the Agreement replicate, with a few adjustments, its GATS 
Article II exemptions . They relate to Nordic co -operation  in all sectors and Nordic and European 
coope ration in the audiovisual sector.  
4.16.  Some of the GATS horizontal limitations have been relaxed under the Agreement : 
a. investment from Türkiye face more relaxed conditions than those applied to FDI  from other 
countries, in particular with the lifting of  equity thresholds ; 
b. national treatment accorded to  subsidiaries is extended to branches or agencies 
established in an EEA or an EFTA me mber State  by a Turkish  company if effective and WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  continuous links  with the economy of the concerned Party can be shown  (not the case 
under the GATS ); and  
c. the need for a concession for the supply of services by non -resident natural persons are 
lifted for Turkish nationals.  
Limitations regarding real estate are the same under both the GATS and the Agreement.  
4.17.  Sectoral commitments under the Agreement and the GATS (modes 1 -3, excluding horizontal 
reservations) are presented  in Table 4.2 , and further developed i n the paragraphs that follow . 
Table 4.2 Iceland : Comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments 
(modes 1 -3) 
Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services 
Commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Same Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  --- New Full 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services  
A. General  construction  work for buildings  Full Same  Full 
B. General construction work for civil engineering  Full Same  Full 
C. Installation and assembly work  Full Same  Full 
D. Building completion and finishing work  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission agents' services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Wholesale trade services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Retailing services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Franchising  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Less --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  --- Same  --- 
B. Secondary education services  --- Same  --- 
C. Higher education services  --- Same  --- 
D. Adult education  --- Same  --- 
E. Other education services  --- Same  --- 
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services    
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Similar  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 26 - 
 
  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services 
Commitments  
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- Same  --- 
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- 
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators   
services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Tourist  guides  services  Full Same  Full 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services  
A. Entertainment  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. News agency services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Less --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport services  --- Same  --- 
C. Air Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial 
D. Space  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  Full Less --- 
12. Other services n.i.e.  --- New Partial  
Note:  Horizontal reservations and Mode 4 commitments/limitations not included.  
Definitions:  Full: Commitments not  subject any sector -specific limitation, and all sub -sectors covered . 
  Improved: Overall improved commitments under the Agreement compared to those under  the 
GATS.  
  Less: Overall less commitments under the Agreement co mpared to those under the GATS.  
  New: Commitments in a sector not committed under the GATS.  
  Partial: Commitments subject to one or more sector -specific limitation , or not all sub -sectors 
covered.  
  Same : Commitments under the Agreement are the same as u nder the GATS.  
  Similar: Similar liberalization possibly, in individual cases, with limited improvements and/or
 limited additional reservations. The assessment is based on a broad perspective taking into 
 consideration both sectoral coverage and the level of specific commitments.  
  ---: No commitment.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitment s (S/DCS/W/ISL/Rev.1 ) and Iceland's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
4.18.  Three sectors /sub-sectors  reserved to nationals under the GATS have been opened under the 
Agreement. These are translation and interpretation services, courier services  and freight forwarding 
services related to maritime transport.  
4.19.  While most of Iceland's commitments in business s ervices under the Agreement are identical 
to those under the GATS, some differences exist for mode 3 – lifting of nationality or residency 
requirements for lawyers and not identical requirements for accountants  while other limitations 
related to R&D servi ces on natural sciences  are withdrawn . The c overage of the commitments is 
largely similar to the GATS , with only one added subsector - translation and interpretation services 
except government authorized translators, which is fully liberalized .  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.20.  Liberalizat ion of all environmental services under the Agreement is improved compared to the 
GATS, with advisory services for all the sub -sectors opened for mode 1. The GATS mode 3 
requirement for a license for environmental operation s is maintained.  
4.21.  Largely build ing upon its GATS commitments, Iceland's commitments in financial services in 
the Agreement are adjusted and partly rephrased to take into account its bilateral character. The 
coverage and extent of the commitments are similar to those under the  GATS.  
4.22.  For di stribution services and r ecreational and cultural and sporting services , liberalization 
under the Agreement is the same as under the GATS for all sub -sectors except "other", which are 
free under the GATS but not committed under the Agreement.   
4.23.  Liberalizati on of maritime transport services is improved under the Agreement as compared 
to the GATS, with full liberalization of modes 1 -3 for freight forwarding services. All air transport 
services sub-sectors within  the scope  of the GATS  are liberalized, with the exception of mode 1 for 
maintenance and repair ; under the GATS , restrictions apply for modes 1 and 3 in sales and marketing 
and computer reservation systems.  Finally, "other transport services"  are fully liberalized under the 
GATS while they are not committed under the Agreement.  
4.24.  On other services n .i.e., Iceland fully liberalized modes 1 -3 for energy related services 
incidental to geothermal energy; washing, cleaning and dyeing services; and hair d ressing and other 
beauty services.  
4.4.1.2   Liechtenstein  
4.25.  Contrary to trade in goods, the trade in services regime of Liechtenstein is independent from 
that of Switzerland.  
4.26.  Four of the GATS MFN exemptions are lifted under the Agreement – namely on dist ribution 
services, financial services, CRS and sales and marketing of air transport services . In audiovisual  
services , preferential treatment related to European programmes is extended to also cover Türkiye. 
All other GATS MFN exemptions (e.g. on audiovisual and on acc ess to  the labour market) are 
maintained.  
4.27.  Some of the GATS horizontal limitations for mode 3 are made less strict for Turkish services 
suppliers:  
a. the GATS requirement of government -recognized professional qualification s for 
establishing a commercial presen ce is lifted;  and 
b. a special provision relating to trusts require s only one  member of the management to be 
a licensed trustee in Liechtenstein  and work full -time for the company. Under the GATS, 
a general limitation requires the majority of the management t o be resident and either be 
national s or residen t for a certain period of time.  
Other GATS horizontal limitations on extending EEA benefits to third -parties, real estate and mode  4 
are replicated under the Agreement.  
4.28.  Sectoral commitments under the Agreement and the GATS (modes 1 -3, horizontal 
reservations excluded) are presented  in Table 4.3 . The paragraphs that fo llow detail instances where 
Liechtenstein's commitments under the Agreement go beyond those of the GATS. For all other sub -
sectors the GA TS commitments are replicated under the Agreement.  
Table 4.3 Liechtenstein : Comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific 
commitments (modes 1 -3) 
Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 28 - 
 
  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  --- Same  --- 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Improved  Full 
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services  
All sub -sectors A -E --- New Partial  
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission agents' services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Wholesale trade services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Retailing services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
All sub -sectors A -D Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other education services  --- Same  --- 
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  Partial  Same  Partial  
7. Financial services    
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
All sub-sectors A -D --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services  
A. Entertainment  services  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  --- New Partial  
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  --- Same --- 
B. Internal Waterways Transport services  --- Same  --- 
C. Air Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Space  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Same  Partial  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services n.i.e.  --- Same  --- 
Note:  Horizontal reservations and Mode 4 commitments/limitations not included.  
 Definitions  in accordance with those of Table 4 .2. 
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/LIE) and Liechtenstein's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.29.  Most of the commitments in business services under the Agreement are identical to t hose 
under the GATS . Improvements have been made for mode 3 in accounting and auditing and taxation 
services, as well as maintenance and repair of equipment. The c overage of the commitments has 
been extended to also cover convention services – fully libera lized for modes 1 -3 – and translation 
and interpretation services, also fully liberalized except for translation for official purposes.   
4.30.  In communication services, basic telecommunications services have been opened up and thus 
the whole telecommunication s sector is free for modes 1 -3. All other sub -sectors remain not 
committed under the Agreement.  
4.31.  Construction services, not committed under the GAT S, have been fully liberalized for modes 
2 and 3 while remaining unbound for mode 1. Installation and assembly work related to gas, water 
and electricity meters and lines remain reserved to nationals.  
4.32.  In distribution services, liberalization of wholesale trade and retailing services is improved 
compared to that under the GATS as restrictions on the sales area have  been lifted. Distribution of 
certain products – pharmaceuticals, weapons, etc. – remain restricted but retail sales of motor oil is 
liberalized for companies from Türkiye.  
4.33.  In environmental services, the liberalization of refuse disposal services and sanitation and 
similar services under the Agreement improves on GATS commitments , with the lifting of the 
requirement of commercial presence.  
4.34.  Under the Agreement, the establishme nt of insurance, bank ing and other financial institutions  
from Türkiye  in Liechtenstein is facilitated as compared to the GATS. The prohibition o n consumption 
abroad of insurance services under the GATS is lifted. Liberalization is also improved in banking  and 
other financial services, with the lifting of market access restrictions on modes 1 and 2  in the GATS . 
4.35.  In tourism and travel related services, liberalization under the Agreement is improved 
compared to the GATS with the elimination of mode 3 limitatio ns for hotels and restaurants.  
4.36.  In recreational , cultural and sporting services , libraries have been liberalized subject to the 
general reservation on subsidies and incentives.  
4.37.   Under both the GATS and the Agreement Liechtenstein's commitments in transport s ervices 
are limited to road transport and services auxiliary to all modes of transport services. Commitments 
on road transport in the  Agreement are improve d with the opening of freight  transportation to 
companies  from Türkiye , subject to the disciplines of  the relevant Annex and provided the vehicles 
are domestically registered.  
4.4.1.3   Norway  
4.38.  Under the Agreement, Norway  adds one MFN exemption  – on domestic maritime transport - 
to those registered under the GATS ; it has no commitments in domestic maritime transport under 
the GATS. Other All MFN exemptions – Nordic co -operation in all sectors, Nordic and European 
cooperation in the audiovisual s ector, road transport and CRS and sales and marketing of air 
transport services - are the same as under the GATS.  
4.39.  Some of the GATS horizontal limitations are relaxed under the Agreement:  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 30 - 
 
  a. national treatment accorded to subsidiaries is extended to branches or agencies 
established in an EEA or an EFTA member State by a company  from Türkiye  (not the case 
under the GATS) ;  
b. limitations on investment in real estate have been lifted;  
4.40.  Conversely, the GATS unbound nature of s ubsidies in mode 3 for R&D is extended under the 
Agreement to education services leading to the conferring of State recognized exams and/or 
degrees; for modes 1 and 2 the scope of the limitation is identical under both instrumen ts.  
4.41.  Sectoral commitments under the Agreement and the GATS (modes 1 -3, excluding horizontal 
reservations) are presented  in Table 4.4 . For s ectors not referred to  in the paragraphs that follow , 
commitments under the Agreement and the GATS are the same . 
Table 4.4 Norway : Comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments 
(modes 1 -3) 
Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services 
Commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Full Same  Full 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  Partial  Distinct  Partial  
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Improved  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- Same  --- 
B. Courier  services  Partial Same  Partial  
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services  
All sub -sectors A -E Full Same  Full 
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission agents' services  --- New Partial  
B. Wholesale trade services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Retailing services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Less --- 
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Less --- 
C. Higher education services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Adult education  Partial  Improved  Partial  
E. Other education services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
6. Environmental services     
All sub-sectors A -D Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services    
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
All sub -sectors A -D --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
All sub -sectors A -D Full Same  Full WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 31 - 
 
  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services 
Commitments  
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services  
Sub-sectors A, C, D, E  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport services  --- Same  --- 
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial 
D. Space  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
F. Road  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport services  --- New Partial  
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Improved  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services n.i.e.  ---   
Note:  Horizontal reservations and Mode 4 commitments/limitations not included.  
 Distinct: Comparing the level of liberalization is difficult given divergent liberalization on different 
modes of supply.   
 Other d efinitions  in accordance with those of Table 4.2.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/ NOR) and Norway's  
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.42.  In business services, liberalization of professional services is improved inter alia including full 
liberalization of mode 1 for auditing by registered and licensed auditors (except for statutory audits 
of annual accou nts) and mode 3 for medical and dental services (with the lifting of language 
requirements for example). Comparing liberalization of real estate services is difficult given that the 
lifting of GATS mode 3 limitations is combined with mode 1 becoming unboun d, while it was free 
under the GATS; coverage however remains identical. Coverage of rental/leasing services without 
operators has been extended to all other machinery and equipment. The coverage of "other business 
services" has also been increased; only s ervices incidental to energy distribution are not committed 
under the Agreement. Other newly committed services include convention services and translation 
and interpretation services.  
4.43.  All construction and related engineering services are free under modes 1-3 under both the 
GATS and the Agreement. Mode 4 has been further liberalized in the Agreement in particular with 
the lifting of residence requirements.  
4.44.   Commitments in distribution services are made for commission agent services, except for 
arms, alcohol  and pharmaceutical products; there are no commitments in the GATS for this sub -
sector. Coverage is also expanded under the Agreement for wholesale trade services to include 
import and trade in fish and grain (excluded under the GATS). First hand sales of raw fish and private 
import of alcohol are exempted from coverage of the whole sector.  
4.45.  Under the GATS, education services are partially open, with limitations applying to all services 
leading to the conferring of State recognized exams and/or degrees. Unde r the Agreement, the 
horizontal limitation on subsidies for mode 3 in education services and commitments in higher, adult 
and other education services provide improved market access for such private institutions.  
4.46.  Liberalization of environment services is improved compared with the GATS. Advisory services 
are free under mode 1 (unbound under the GATS), and  the monopoly on certain waste services is 
lifted. Additional sub -sectors are added under "other", with mode 1 generally free and the monopoly 
on mode 3  is removed . 
4.47.  In the Agreement, Norway replicates its GATS commitments for insurance and insurance -
related services, while additional national treatment is granted for the provision of some banking 
and other financial services through commercial presence, as compared to commitments made under 
the GATS.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 32 - 
 
  4.48.  In financial services, beyond the GATS commitments , under the Agreement  companies  from 
Türkiye  are authorized to supply insurance related to vessels for passenger and ocean fishing, 
offshore exploration or contr acts with companies above a certain threshold of activity or sales. For 
mode 3, in certain cases the 10% foreign equity limit in the GATS is increased to 25%, while some 
differences apply to senior managers and board s of directors. Th e same increased forei gn equity 
threshold also appl ies to banking and other financial service s. The sector also benefits from the 
lifting of some establishment restrictions in securities and branches.  
4.49.  Under the Agreement l iberalization of maritime services is improved as compared to the 
GATS, with partial liberalization of international pushing and towing services, not committed under 
the GATS . Flexibility is increased with residency requirements extended to cover all EEA member 
States. Commitments are undertaken in ground  handling related to air transport services, which is 
unbound under the GATS. Maintenance and repair of aircraft and rail transport equipment is fully 
liberalized under mode 1. Road transport services are further liberalized with the removal of 
establishme nt requirements  while economic needs test s remain. Pipeline transportation is partially 
covered, with establishment unbound.  All services auxiliary to all modes of transport  except "other" 
are fully liberalized for modes 2 and 3.  
4.4.1.4   Switzerland  
4.50.  Switzerland's MFN exemptions under the GATS covering distribution services, financial 
services, CRS and sales and marketing of air transport services are dropped under the Agreement.  
All other GATS MFN exemptions – on audiovisual services, internal waterwa ys and road transport 
services and on mode 4 in favour of Liechtenstein and the EU – are maintained.  
4.51.  Switzerland's horizontal limitations under the Agreement are less restrictive than under the 
GATS . Nationality requirements for mode 3  for governing boards  are lifted, while domicile 
requirements are maintained. It also incorporates more liberal limitations on real estate acquisitions 
by nationals and companies  from Türkiye . Other limitations are the same under both instruments . 
4.52.  Sectoral commitments under th e Agreement and the GATS (modes 1 -3, excluding horizontal 
reservations) are presented  in Table 4. 5. The paragraphs that follow detail instances where 
Switzerland's  commitments under the Agreement go beyond those of the GATS. For all other sub -
sectors the G ATS commitments are replicated under the Agreement.  
Table 4.5 Switzerland : Comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific 
commitments (modes 1 -3) 
Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Improved  Full 
C. Research  and Development  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- New Partial  
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  Partial  Improved  Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  --- New Partial  
B. Courier  services  --- New Partial  
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services  
A. General construction work for buildings  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. General construction work for civil engineering  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Installation and assembly work  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Building completion and finishing work  Partial  Same  Partial  
E. Other  Partial  Improved  Partial  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission agents' services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Wholesale trade services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Retailing services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Franchising  Full Same  Full 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Higher education services  Full Same  Full 
D. Adult education  Full Same  Full 
E. Other education services  --- New Partial  
6. Environmental services     
All sub-sectors A -D Partial  Improved  Partial  
7. Financial services    
Sub-sectors A -B Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  --- New Partial  
Sub-sectors B -D --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Tourist  guides  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services  
Sub-sectors A, C, E  --- Same  --- 
B. News agency services  Full Same  Full 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  Partial  Same  Partial  
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  --- New Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Fullb 
D. Space  Transport services  Partial  Less --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Road Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  Partial  Same  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- New Partial  
12. Other services n.i.e.  --- New Partial  
Note:  Horizontal reservations and Mode 4 commitments/limitations not included.  
 Definitions  in accordance with those of Table 4.2.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS/W/ CHE) and Switzerland 's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.53.  In business services, Switzerland builds on its GATS commitments and enlarges the scope of  
all sub -sectors. Under other business servic es, only services incidental to energy distribution and 
placement and supply services of personnel are not committed. The depth of liberalization is also 
improved, e.g. with the removal of mode 3 limitations regarding architectural services. Finally, the 
GATS mode 4 horizontal commitments for contractual services suppliers are extended to ten other 
additional business services sectors, including architectural services, urban planning services, 
translation and interpretation services involving the Turkic lan guage, and maintenance and repair of 
aircraft.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 34 - 
 
  4.54.  In communication services, Switzerland fully liberalizes modes 1 -3 for express delivery 
services under both postal and courier services, which are not committed under the GATS.  
4.55.  In construction services Switzerland builds on its GATS commitments to expand c overage for 
general construction work for civil engineering, special trade construction work and renting services 
related to construction equipment.  
4.56.  In distribution services, Switzerland has opened up c ommission agents' service s and 
wholesale trade service s of precious metals to companies  from Türkiye , while under the GATS these 
are reserved to nationals. Further, GATS mode 3 limitations applied to c ommission agents' service s 
have been lifted under the Agreement.  
4.57.  Commitments in education services are, like under the GATS, restricted to private education 
services and remain unchanged for most sub -sectors. Coverage is nevertheless expanded with the 
introduction of commitments in five fields such as civil aviation training and Turkic languages.  
4.58.  In environmental  services, Switzerland has improved commitments in all sub -sectors by fully 
liberalizing mode 1 which is unbound under the GATS.  
4.59.  Largely based upon its GATS commitments, Switzerland's commitments in financial services 
are improved through the removal of so me restrictions in modes 1 and 2 for both insurance (in areas 
such as cross -border aircraft liability insurance), and banking services for securities in Swiss francs. 
Further, GATS reservations relating to investment in real estate has been lifted for Turkish or 
Turkish -controlled insurance  companies  and banks.  
4.60.  In health related and social services, Switzerland has authorized representative offices of 
hospitals constituted under Turkish law and of hospital associations.  
4.61.  In tourism and travel related service s, Switzerland lifts GATS market access and national 
treatment limitations on commercial presence for hotels and restaurants, in particular by lifting 
economic needs assessment for restaurant.  The GATS commercial presence requirement for mode 
4 is maintain ed under the Agreement. Tourist guide services are also further liberalized, with GATS 
restrictions on mountain guides and ski instructors being removed.  
4.62.  Maritime transport services, unbound under the GATS, are partly covered under the 
Agreement, with some limitations. Commitments are also made for some maritime auxiliary 
services.  In internal waterways transport, the GATS commercial presence requirement for mode 4 
is lifted . In air transport services, the three sub -sectors covered by the GATS are fully  liberalized; in 
addition to the GATS, ground -handling services and airport management services are also fully 
liberalized.  The coverage for road transport services is improved as compared to Switzerland's GATS 
commitments with all sub -sectors at least par tially liberalized . No commitment is undertaken in 
space transport, for which mode 2 is free under the GATS . "Other transport services", not committed 
under the GATS, has been partially opened up with the full liberalization of maintenance and repair 
services of submersibles . 
4.63.  Under the GATS, there are no commitments for  sector s under other services n.e.s.. Under the 
Agreement, Switzerland fully liberalizes a number of services including hairdressing and other beauty 
services, fitness centres, weather forecast etc.  
4.4.2   Türkiye  
4.64.  All but three of Türkiye's GATS MFN exemptions are replicated in the Agreement. Two 
exemptions  concerning  reduced rates on certain telecommunication services and one providing for 
reduced prices of mail ed letters  as regards postal ser vices are lifted .  
4.65.  The GATS horizontal limitation on real estate acquisition is maintained under the Agreement, 
but with the possibility that the Council of Minister s modify such limitations. The GATS State 
monopolies  limitation has been reflected by eithe r not opening the sector in the positive list or by 
listing a "public utilities" reservation. The GATS horizontal limitations applying to FDI above USD 
50,000 and to foreign -owned enterprises or joint ventures pursuing a new line of business or aiming 
for a participation  in/takeover of existing enterprises are lifted, but some of their requirements are WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  listed in certain sector -specific commitments. In any case, mode 3  is horizontally opened to Joint 
Stock Companies, Limited Liability Companies, Commandite C ompanies, Collective Companies, 
branches and representative offices . 
4.66.  Sectoral commitments under the Agreement and the GATS (modes 1 -3 horizontal 
reservations excluded) are presented in Table 4.6  and further developed in the paragraphs that 
follow.  
Table 4.6 Türkiye : Comparison between the GATS and Agreement specific commitments 
(modes 1 -3) 
Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
1. Business services     
A. Professional  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Computer  and Related  Services  Partial  Improved Partial  
C. Research  and Development  Services  --- New Partial  
D. Real  Estate  Services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rental/Leasing  Services  without  Operators  --- New Partial  
F. Other  Business  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
2. Communication services     
A. Postal  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Courier  services  Full Same  Full 
C. Telecommunication  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
D. Audiovisual  services  --- New Partial  
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
3. Construction and related engineering services  
A. General construction work for buildings  Partial  Improved  Full 
B. General construction work for civil engineering  Partial  Improved  Full 
C. Installation and assembly work  Partial  Improved  Full 
D. Building completion and finishing work  Partial  Improved  Full 
E. Other  --- New Full 
4. Distribution services     
A. Commission agents' services  --- New Partial  
B. Wholesale trade services  --- New Partial  
C. Retailing services  --- New Partial  
D. Franchising  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
5. Education services     
A. Primary education services  Partial  Less Partial  
B. Secondary education services  Partial  Less Partial  
C. Higher education services  Partial  Less Partial  
D. Adult education  --- Same  --- 
E. Other education services  Partial  Less Partial  
6. Environmental services     
A. Sewage services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Refuse disposal services  Partial  Same  Partial  
C. Sanitation and similar services  Partial  Same  Partial  
D. Other  --- New Partial  
7. Financial services    
A. All insurance  and insurance -related  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
B. Banking  and other  financial  services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Other  --- Same  --- 
8. Health related and social services     
A. Hospital services  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Other Human Health Services  --- Same  --- WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  Sectors / Sub -sectors  GATS  FTA 
Compared 
to GATS  Services  
Commitments  
C. Social Services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
9. Tourism and travel related services     
A. Hotels  and restaurants (including catering)  Partial  Same  Partial  
B. Travel  agencies  and tour operators   
Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
C. Tourist  guides  services  --- Same  --- 
D. Other  --- Same  --- 
10. Recreational and cultural and sporting services  
A. Entertainment  services  --- Improved  Partial  
B. News agency services  --- Same  --- 
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  --- Same  --- 
D. Sporting and other recreational services  --- Same  --- 
E. Other  --- Same  --- 
11. Transport services     
A. Maritime Transport Services  Partial  Improved Partial  
B. Internal Waterways Transport services  --- Same  --- 
C. Air  Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Fulla 
D. Space  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
E. Rail  Transport  Services  Partial  Same  Partial  
F. Road Transport  Services  Partial  Improved  Partial  
G. Pipeline  Transport services  --- Same  --- 
H. Services  auxiliary  to all modes  of transport  --- Improved  Partial  
I. Other  Transport  Services  --- Same  --- 
12. Other services n.i.e.  --- Improved  Partial  
a Full in terms of GATS coverage.  
Note:  Horizontal reservations and Mode 4 commitments/limitations not included.  
 Definitions  in accordance with those of Table 4.2.  
Source:  Draft Consolidated GATS Schedule of Specific Commitments (S/DCS /W/TUR/Rev.1) and Türkiye 's 
Schedules annexed to the Agreement.  
 
4.67.  Construction services  and air transport  services in terms of the GATS coverage are fully 
liberalized under the Agreement .  
4.68.  Compared to the GATS, the scope of Türkiye 's commitments in professional services under 
the Agreement is improved – with the addition of some taxation services , integrated engineering 
and landscape architecture and veterinary services for animal hospitals and laboratories. Of these, 
the only limit ation is a nationality requirement  for veterinary services . In accounting and auditing, 
the GATS limitation on foreign advisers certify ing the accounts is lifted  subject to reciprocity. 
Registration requirements for architects and engineers are also lifted . Liberalization of computer and 
related services has been i mproved , with database and other services being partially opened, and 
the lifting of registration requirements for engineers. R&D services in some natural sciences , social 
science s and humanities , not committed under the GATS, have been fully liberalize d. Rental/leasing 
services without operators (of other transport and machinery equipment), not committed under the 
GATS, have been partially liberalized. The Agreement also improve s the liberalizatio n of other 
business services by adding committed sectors such as technical testing and printing. Under both 
the GATS and the Agreement a mode 4 limitation reserves a number of professional services only 
to Turkish citizens , but accountants, directors of tr avel agencies and opticians23 have been opened 
up to EFTA nationals. Thirteen  other professions (e.g. doctors, directors of newspapers) remain  
reserved for  Turkish nationals , including l awyers practicing in Courts .  
 
23 No sectoral commitment is however undertaken as regards o ptician services.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 37 - 
 
  4.69.  Compared to the GATS, the Agreement brou ght additional liberalization of postal services . 
The monopoly position of the Turkish Post in postal services is lifted except for very limited areas 
(such as letters and official correspondence) . The supply of c ourier services  is fully committed under 
both the GATS and the Agreement . In telecommunication services, the requirement in the GATS of 
a minimum equity of 51% by Turkish citizens has been lifted  and establishment is authorized in the 
form of a joint -stock or limited liabil ity company.  Under the Agreement no commitment is undertaken 
on voice and electronic  mail services , which are partially committed under the GAT S. In audiovisual  
services excluding broadcasting, not committed under the GATS, the production, distribution and  
projection of motion pictures are fully l iberalized for modes 2 and 3 . 
4.70.  There are no commitments in d istribution services under the GATS. Under the Agreement, 
commission agents' services, wholesale and retailing are partially liberalized . Limitations inclu de 
possible economic needs test for establishment and restriction s on the distribution of various 
products such as alcohol, tobacco, pharmaceuticals , medicines and medical devices , and energy. 
There is also a limitation on the total value of services trans actions for the distribution of energy.  
4.71.  As regards education, the Agreement's commitments only apply to private education services. 
The level of liberalization under modes 1 -2 remain s the same as under the GATS. Mode 4 is further 
liberalized for primary, secondary and other educational services, with the GATS authorization 
requirement for  foreign teachers  being lifted and replaced by a limitation according to which only 
Turkish nationals can be appointed "Senior Deputy Principal" o f education al institutions . However , 
for higher education institutions , mode 4 is more restricted than under the GATS - all members of 
the Board and the rector must be Turkish national s, while under the GATS only a majority of nationals 
is required . Both t hese limitations are also listed as mode 3 limitations on national treatment.  
4.72.  In environmental services, partially committed under the GATS, improve ments are made  with 
partial liberalization in two additional sub -sectors under "other", namely cleaning serv ices of exhaust 
gases and noise abatement services. Limitations on investment going beyond mode 3 apply; they 
concern hazardous chemicals and hazardous waste.  
4.73.  In financial services, u nder the GATS  Türkiye  has made commitments in accordance with the 
WTO's Financial Services Understanding in a number of banking and insurance subsectors. Under 
the Agreement, which is not scheduled in accordance with the Understanding, some of the GATS 
mode 3 horizontal limitations in insurance and reinsurance as well as the se curities markets are 
liberalized. For example, while authorization for the establishment of a foreign bank and the opening 
of its first branch is still required, that is no longer the case for the establishment of additional 
branches. Sectoral commitments are extended to sub -sectors not covered under the GATS, e.g. full 
liberalization of mode 1 for life insurance, insurance of Turkish ships and yachts (both unbound 
under the GATS), and reinsurance and retrocession.  
4.74.  In health related and social services, co mmitments under the Agreement and the GATS are 
the same, only providing for the partial liberalization of private hospital services. In tourism and 
travel related services, commitments in hotel s and restaurants are the same under both the GATS 
and the Agre ement. For travel agencies and tour operator services,  establishment limitations in the 
GATS have been lifted and mode 3 is thus fully liberalized . The sub -sector remains , however , only 
partially liberalized since a national treatment limitation under mode 1 prohibits foreign travel 
agencies from organiz ing tours abroad. Under recreational, cultural and sporting services, not 
committed under the GATS, the Agreement fully liberalizes  some theatre  and singing group s and 
live band entertainment services.  
4.75.  Türkiye  has partial commitments in maritime, air, rail and road transport under both the GATS 
and the Agreement. In maritime transport, the Agreement eliminates the GATS national treatment 
limitations for passenger and freight transportation , and mode 2 is libera lized for rental of vessels 
with crew . In air transport services , the three sub -sectors covered by the GATS are fully liberalized; 
in addition to the GATS, airport management and ground -handling services are also partially 
liberalized.  In rail transport  services , the Agreement brings no additional liberalization compared to 
the GATS , maintaining the public monopoly . Liberalization of ro ad transport  services is improved 
(see section 4.6.6) both in terms of scope – commitments are made in supporting services – and 
depth of liberalization – GATS mode 3 restrictions on passenger and freight transportation are WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 38 - 
 
  lifted.24 Further, Türkiye  partially liberaliz es services auxiliary to maritime, air , rail and road 
transport. T hey concern cargo -handling services , storage and warehouse services, customs 
clearance and freight forwarding services  and a re generally fully liberalized on mode 2, unbound on 
mode 1 and subject to restrictions on mode 3.  In accordance with the horizontal limitations, s, A 
number of provisio ns on transport services are subject to reciprocity – e.g. the opening of cargo 
handling services on air transport.  
4.76.  There are no commitments u nder the GATS  for other services n.e.s.. Under the Agreement, 
Türkiye  fully liberalizes hairdressing and other bea uty services . 
4.5  Regulatory provisions  
4.5.1   Domestic  regulation  
4.77.  The GATS disciplines under Article VI, including its in -built agenda, are incorporated into 
Article 3.10 of the Agreement . Nevertheless, under the Agreement  the domestic regulation  
disciplines apply in general across all sectors , while under the  GATS  they are limited to  those sectors 
where specific commitments have been undertaken . 
4.78.  All Parties to the Agreement are participants in the " Joint Initiative on Services Domestic 
Regulation " and as such will implement the 2021 Reference Paper on Services Domestic Regulation 
accepted .  
4.79.  The Parties may agree on further disciplines to be applied in sectors where specific 
commitments have been undertaken.  As of early December 2022, no developments have taken place  
in this respect.  
4.5.2   Recognition  
4.80.  Like GATS Article VII, Article 3.8 of the Agreement encourages the conclusion of mutual 
recognition agreements o n requirements , qualifications, licences and other regulations .  
4.81.  No MFN treatment applies with respect to mutual recognition instruments concluded between 
a Party and a non -party, but the same GATS best endeavour provision is reproduced under the 
Agreement. The GATS autonomous recognition  is similarly reproduced in the Agreement.  
4.82.  Under Annex X  on the recognition of qualifications of service suppliers  the Parties shall have 
procedures in place  allowing the other Party' services suppliers to request recognition of its 
qualifications and the establishment of inquiry points  is required . A best endeavour clause  
encourages  the Parties to discuss recognition based on equivalence.  
4.5.3   Subsidies  
4.83.  As indicated in paragraph 4.14. above , the Parties exclude subsidies  from any type of 
commitment through a horizontal limitation. Nevertheless, Article 3.15 of the Agreement provide s 
for consultations upon request by a Party which considers it is being adversely affected by the other 
Party's subsidies.  Any disciplines agre ed under Article XV of the GATS  may be incorporated into the 
Agreement by decision of the Parties.  
4.5.4   Safeguards  
4.84.  The only discipline on safeguard measures on trade in services concern s safeguard s for BOP; 
see section 5.3.  
 
24 Türkiye states that "Through the Annex on International Road Transport and Logistics Services, road 
transport between the Parties is almost fully liberalized. Even though all Parties preferred to keep the GATS 
commitments in the schedul e of specific commitments we stated in the explanatory part of the schedule that 
Annexes shall prevail when there is inconsistency between schedule and the Annexes."  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 39 - 
 
  4.5.5   Other  
4.85.  The Agreement's provision on monopolies and exclusive service suppliers (Article 3.11) 
replicates the substantive disciplines of GATS Article VIII . 
4.86.  The Agreement's provision on b usiness practices  (Article 3.12) replicates GATS Article IX . 
4.6  Sector specific provisions on trade in services  
4.6.1   Telecommunication  
4.87.  Annex XIV to the Agreement builds upon the GATS and its Annexes on Telecommunications 
and on Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications as well as the WTO's Reference Paper, to which 
neither Liechtenstein nor Türkiye committed  under the WTO  framework . Therefore, the first 
improvement under the Agreement consists of extending the Reference Paper to these two Parties.  
4.88.  The Annex on Telecommunications Services goes beyond the Reference Paper by including a 
number of additional disciplines , such as: 
a. regulatory authorities are to be transparen t as regards the tasks assigned to them. They 
are to ensure respect for the confidential nature of information acquired by suppliers 
during negotiations o n interconnection arrangements , and, in the case of disputes between 
them regarding interconnection, issue upon request a binding decision to resolve the 
dispute;  
b. a best en deavour clause for a simplified authorisation procedure  for the supply of a 
service;  
c. ensuring that telecommunication suppliers in their territories provide number portability 
to the extent it is technically feasible;  
d. clarification that interconnection should in principle  be agreed  on the basis of commercial 
negotiations between the companies concerned ;  
e. on resolution of telecommunications disputes, a new right of appeal and of judicial review 
is introduced in case a Party's service supplier finds its inter ests are adversely affected by 
a determination or decision by a regulatory authority of the other Party.  
4.6.2   Audiovisual  services  
4.89.  Annex XV of the Agreement deals with the co-production of films and television programmes . 
Co-productions fulfilling the requireme nts of the Annex shall be entitled to benefits granted therein 
– in particular national treatment  and facilitated entry and temporary stay of natural persons and 
film equipment , subject to domestic laws and regulations.  Precisely defined requirements relat e inter 
alia to approval procedures for co -productions, co -producers and natural persons, distribution of 
profits etc. Disciplines also address issues such as exports of co-production s to a country with a 
quota regime  and rights of co-producers to the cinematic work and television programmes . 
4.6.3   Financial services  
4.90.  The Agreement's disciplines and definitions on financial services are included in Annex XVI. 
The Annex builds upon those of the GATS and its Annex on Financial Services, as well as the GATS 
Under standing, signed by all Parties to the Agreement  during the Uruguay Round. The scope of 
financial services disciplines is the same as under the GATS.  
4.91.  There are a dditional disciplines on transparency, prudential measures and expeditious 
application procedu res, ensuring that these do not suffer from  undue delays . In particular, 
mandatory licences for the supply of a financial service shall be granted within six months from 
application (Article 4 of the Annex).  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 40 - 
 
  4.92.  Measures applied for prudential reasons shall be  reasonable and not more burdensome than 
necessary to achieve their aim nor constitute a disguised restriction on trade in services . Disciplines 
on recognition are spelled out, and are in accordance with the overall approach as specified in Section 
4.5.2 (Article 6 of the Annex).  
4.6.4   Health   
4.93.  Annex XV II, which only applies  between Switzerland and  Türkiye , contains disciplines on 
consumption abroad (mode 2) of certain health services – namely healthcare services, health -related 
wellness services, health -related s ervices for convalescent people and aesthetic medicine, excluding 
when related to the social security system. Disciplines aim at promot ing cooperation between the 
Parties on such services and facilitat ing access by patients to safe and high -quality services.  They 
address inter alia  the provision of information by service suppliers, prohibit ion on  discriminatory 
measure regarding the promotio n of such services by their suppliers, the right of patients to the 
protection of their personal data, and transparency , including the designation of focal points.  
4.6.5   Tourism and travel services  
4.94.  The provisions of Annex XV III apply to measures affecting trade in tourism and travel services. 
The d isciplines  guarantee the rights of tourists, including as regards repatriation in case of 
bankruptcy, protection of personal data, access to services including emergency health services, etc. 
Exchange of experiences and  training and capacity building is encouraged.  
4.6.6   Transport  
4.95.  Annex XI X to the Agreemen t contains additional disciplines on international road transport 
and logistics services  (excluding cabotage). It comprises  disciplines that apply among all Parties – 
e.g. o n domestic regulation and transparency, while others are Party -specific. In summary : 
a. mandatory requirements for the supply of road transport services , such as licences  or 
authorizations, shall be processed expeditiously;  
b. formalities and documentation in connection with international road transport shall not be 
more burdensome than necessary;  
c. market access has been further liberaliz ed with the prohibition of quotas of journeys 
undertaken in a Party's  territory in conjuncti on with freight transport, except for Norway -
Türkiye  transport to/from third countries;  
d. prohibition o n discriminatory passage fees;  
e. the possibility of adopting  road transport safeguard measures between  Norway  and 
Türkiye, subject to the criteria and conditions specified in Article 15 of Annex XIX ; and  
f. disciplines relating to the supply of multiple logistics services, air trucking and access to 
infrastructure and services in dry ports , which only apply  between Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein on the one side and T ürkiye on the other . 
4.96.  Other provisions  also address infringement, financial guarantees, transparency, etc.  
5  GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  
5.1  Transparency  
5.1.  In addition to transparency provisions in other p arts of the Agreement, Article 1.6 deals with 
publication , provision of information  upon request and confidential information  in line with provisions 
in the WTO.  In case of any inconsistency between these general provisions and those in other parts 
of the Agreement, the latter shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.  Article 3.10 deals with 
transparency in the services sector; here also disciplines are similar to those under GATS Article III 
and III bis. WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  5.2  Current payments and capital movements  
5.2.  The A greement foresees freedom of payments for trade between the Parties and for the 
transfer of such payments  in conformity with commitments under the IMF , except for  balance -of-
payments  (BOP) reasons (Article s 2.10 and 3.13 ; see paragraph 5.4.  below ). 
5.3  Exceptions  
5.3.  The Agreement's disciplines on general and security exceptions  on trade in goods  are regulated 
by Articles XX and XXI of the GATT 1994, which are accordingly  incorporated into th e Agreement  
mutatis mutandis  (Article s 2.20-2.21). Similarly for trade in services, GATS Articles XIV and XIV bis 
are replicated in Articles 3.16 and 3.17 of the Agreement.  
5.4.  The Agreement's disciplines on exceptions due to BOP difficulties are those of the GATT 1994  
and of the GATS . In addition, the Party introducing any such measure shall promptly notify the other 
Parties thereof  and the Joint Committee  (Article s 2.22 and 3.14 ). 
5.4  Accession and withdrawal  
5.5.  Any State joining EFTA may accede to the Agreement, pr ovided that the Joint Committee 
approves its accession (Article 10.4).  
5.6.  Any EFTA State which withdraws  from the  EFTA Convention shall, ipso facto , cease to be a 
Party to the Agreement. If Türkiye  withdraws from the Agreement, it s membership  shall be 
termin ated as of the date when the withdrawal has become effective (Article 10.3).  
5.7.  The Agreement does not provide for the suspension of any Party.  
5.5  Institutional framework  
5.8.  Chapter 8 establishes a Joint Committee to supervise and administer the Agreement and to 
oversee its further development. The Joint Committee, which normally meets every two years, may 
modify the Agreement , consider and propose amendments  and establish any  such sub -committees 
and working groups as it considers necessary . As of early December 2022, no developments have 
taken place in this respect.  
5.9.  Contact points are also established under Article 8.2.  
5.6  Dispute settlement  
5.10.  The Agreement's dispute settlement process is contained in Chapter 9 , which applies with 
respect to the  settlement of disputes arising under the Agreement (Article 9.1). Non-violation cases 
are not foreseen.  
5.11.  As in the WTO, the dispute settlement mechanism foresees for good office s, conciliation and 
mediation; consultations; and arbitration through the establishment of a panel  composed of three 
members  if consultations fail to resolve the differences . Diverging from  the WTO, there is no right 
to appeal a panel report.  Forum selecti on is provided for.  
5.12.  In general the timeframe from the request for consultations up to the presentation of the final 
report to the Parties is 337 days, of which 180 days for the elaboration of the report. A shorter 
timeframe applies in cases of urgency.  
5.13.  The Parties may agree for a panel to suspend its work for a period not exceeding 12 months.  
Termination of proceedings is possible at any time if the Parties find a mutually satisfactory solution 
to the dispute.  
5.14.  Detailed disciplines, including timeframes, re gulate the implementation of the conclusions of 
the panel report. Immediate implementation is preferable; however, a period of time may be granted 
instead, either by mutual agreement or by determination of the panel.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 42 - 
 
  5.15.  Disagreement between the Parties regard ing the implementation of measures shall be 
resolved  by the same arbitration panel. The timeframe associated with th is phase shall not exceed 
195 days . 
5.16.  Failure to eliminate the inconsistent measure(s) opens the door to compensation to be 
mutually agreed. S hould no such agreement be found, the affected Party is authorized to suspend 
concessions or other obligations. Cross -sectoral retaliation is authorized as a second resort. 
Retaliation may also be challenged; in that case, the arbitration p anel shall rule the issue  within a 
maximum of 45 days. A post-suspension review  by the panel is also foreseen.  
5.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the parties  
5.17.  Under Article 1.4 t he Parties con firm their rights and obligations with respect to each other 
under t he WTO Agreement and other agreements in force . A best endeavour clause foresees 
consultations i f a Party considers that another Party's customs union, FTA or other preferential 
agreement effects the Agreement's trade regime.  
5.18.  Table 5.1 below shows the Parties' participation in other RTAs, irrespective of their notification 
status under the WTO.  
Table 5.1 EFTA States and Türkiye : Participation in other RTAs (notified and non -notified 
in force), as of 14 March  2023 
RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EFTA States - Collectively  
EFTA - Indonesia  01-Nov-21 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Ecuador  01-Nov-20 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Philippines  01-Jun-18 Goods & 
Services  2018 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Georgia  01-Sep-17 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Bosnia and Herzegovina  01-Jan-15 Goods  2015 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Central America (Costa Rica 
and Panama)  19-Aug-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA – Gulf Cooperation Council 
(GCC)  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2022 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Hong Kong, China  01-Oct-12 Goods & 
Services  2012 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Montenegro  01-Sep-12 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Ukraine  01-Jun-12 Goods & 
Services  2012 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Colombia  01-Jul-11 Goods & 
Services  2011 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Peru 01-Jul-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Albania  01-Nov-10 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Serbia  01-Oct-10 Goods  2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Canada  01-Jul-09 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - SACU  01-May-08 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Egypt  01-Aug-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Lebanon  01-Jan-07 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Republic of Korea  01-Sep-06 Goods & 
Services  2006 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Tunisia  01-Jun-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Chile 01-Dec-04 Goods & 
Services  2004 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Singapore  01-Jan-03 Goods & 
Services  2003 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Jordan  01-Sep-02 Goods  2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - North Macedonia  01-May-02 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 43 - 
 
  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EFTA - Mexico  01-Jul-01 Goods & 
Services  2001 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Morocco  01-Dec-99 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Palestine  01-Jul-99 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Israel  01-Jan-93 Goods  1992 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Free Trade Association 
(EFTA)  03-May-60 
01-Jun-02 Goods  
Services  1959 
2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
• EFTA - Accession of Iceland  01-Mar-70 Goods  1970 GATT Art. XXIV  
Individual EFTA States  
United Kingdom - Iceland, 
Liechtenstein and Norway  01-Dec-21 Goods & 
Services  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
United Kingdom - Switzerland - 
Liechtenstein  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
Iceland - China  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Switzerland - China  01-Jul-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Japan - Switzerland  01-Sep-09 Goods & 
Services  2009 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Iceland - Faroe Islands  01-Nov-06 Goods & 
Services  2008 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Faroe Islands - Switzerland  01-Mar-95 Goods  1996 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Economic Area (EEA)  01-Jan-94 Services  1996 GATS Art. V  
Faroe Islands - Norway  01-Jul-93 Goods  1996 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Norway  01-Jul-73 Goods  1973 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Iceland  01-Apr-73 Goods  1972 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Switzerland - Liechtenstein  01-Jan-73 Goods  1972 GATT Art. XXIV  
TÜRKIYE  
United Kingdom - Türkiye  01-Jan-21 Goods  2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Kosovob 01-Sep-19 Goods  2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye – Faroe Islands  01-Oct-17 Goods  2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Singapore  01-Oct-17 Goods & 
Services  2018 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Türkiye - Republic of Moldova  01-Nov-16 Goods  2016 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Malaysia  01-Aug-15 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Mauritius  01-Jun-13 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Republic of Korea - Türkiye  1-May-13 
1-Aug-18 Goods  
Services  2013 
2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
Türkiye - Chile 01-Mar-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Serbia  01-Sep-10 
01-Jun-19 Goods  
Services  2010 
2022 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
Türkiye - Montenegro  01-Mar-10 
01-Jul-22 Goods  
Services  2010 GATT Art. XXIV 
Not notified  
Türkiye - Georgia  01-Nov-08 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Albania  01-May-08 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Egypt - Türkiye  01-Mar-07 Goods  2007 Enabling Clause  
Türkiye – Syria 01-Jan-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Morocco  01-Jan-06 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Tunisia  01-Jul-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Palestine  01-Jun-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Bosnia and Herzegovina  01-Jul-03 
01-Aug-21 Goods  
Services  2003 GATT Art. XXIV  
Not notified  
Türkiye - North Macedonia  01-Sep-00 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Türkiye - Israel  01-May-97 Goods  1998 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Türkiye  01-Jan-96 Goods  1995 GATT Art. XXIV  
Economic Cooperation Organization 
(ECO)  17-Feb-92 Goods  1992 Enabling Clause  
• ECO – Accession of Afghanistan   17-Feb-92 Goods  Not notified  
• ECO – Accession of Tajikistan   17-Feb-92 Goods  Not notified  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 44 - 
 
  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
Protocol on Trade Negotiations (PTN)  11-Feb-73 Goods  1971 Enabling Clause  
Türkiye – Venezuela  21-Aug-20 Goods  Not notified  
Türkiye – Iran 01-Jan-15 Goods  Not notified  
Preferential Trade Agreement among 
D-8 Member Statesc 2016 Goods  Not notified  
a Dates of the first entry into force/provisional application for at least one of the Parties. Where dates 
of provisional application have been provided by the Parties, further notifications to confirm the 
dates of entry into force are awaited.  
b Reference to Kosovo in this table shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations 
Security Council resol ution 1244 (1999).  
c Developing -8 is an organization for development cooperation among the following countries: 
Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Türkiye.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information on these Agreements and on specific dates of entry into 
force/provisional applications may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org .  
 
5.8  Government procurement  
5.19.  Chapter 5 encourages mutual understanding of the Parties' legal framework for government 
procurement . It also includes transparency disciplines regarding relevant instruments, including 
publication of laws, regulation s and administrative rulings. A review of the Chapter is foreseen within 
three years from the Agreement's entry into force - i.e. by Septem ber 2024; thereafter, periodic 
reviews shall also be conducted at meetings of the Joint Committee.25 
5.9  Intellectual property rights  
5.20.  Chapter 4 and Annex X X to the Agreement cover protection of intellectual property rights 
(IPRs) , building on the WTO TRIP S Agreement  and integrating into the Agreement some provisions 
of IP agreements concluded since the entry into force  of the TRIPS Agreement . National and MFN 
treatment applies with respect to IPRs, subject to exceptions under the TRIP s Agreement, in 
particular in Articles 3, 4 and 5. A review of the Agreement's IPR provisions may take place, upon 
request by a Party, with a view to further improving the levels of protection and to avoiding or 
remedying trade distortions caused by actual levels of protection of IP Rs. 
5.21.  Disciplines going beyond those of the TRIPS  Agreement include:  
a. Parties are required to comply with substantive provisions of the 19 96 WIPO Treaties on 
Copyright and Performances and Phonogram  (WPPT ); 
b. a best endeavour provision for acceding to the Marrakesh Treaty and the Beijing Treaty 
on Audiovisual Performances (Section I of Annex XX);  
c. additional protection  for performers and producers is provided in line with the WPPT , and 
in particular by extending protection to producers of audio -visual fixations, not protected 
under the TRIPs Agreement ;  
d. extending trademark protection to shapes of goods and sounds;  
e. on patents, a clarification of disciplines regarding compulsory licence and providing for 
compensato ry patent term s to be discussed within the Joint Committee . As of early 
December 2022, no developments have taken place in this respect ;  
f. stronger protection for undisclosed information;  
 
25 All EFTA States are signator ies to the WTO Government Procurement Agreement and Türkiye has an 
observer status.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 45 - 
 
  g. extending the protection of industrial designs to 25 years (10 under the GATS), though 
shorter periods are possible in case of parts used in repairs ; 
h. clarifications on geographical indications and disciplines on the prevention of commercial 
use of country names and false indications of source;  
i. further detailed disciplines r egarding enforcement of IPRs.  
5.10  Competition  
5.22.  Competition is addressed in Chapter 6. The p ractices of undertakings that are incompatible 
with the proper functioning of the Agreement  are specified in Article 6.1, under which the  Parties 
commit  to apply their co mpetition laws with a view to their removal.   
5.23.  The Agreement's dispute settlement mechanism does not apply to Chapter  6 (Article 6.2, 
paragraph 5 ). Rather, a three -step approach is foreseen  in case  a Party considers that a given 
practice is anti -competitive . First, cooperation and consultations shall be sought. If no solution is 
found , consultations in the Joint Committee may take place. Failing that, retaliatory measures may 
be adopt ed, with p riority given to measures that would least disturb trade.  
5.11  Environment  and Labour  
5.24.  Chapter 7 on Trade and Sustainable Development deals with both environment and labour. 
Article 7.1 makes clear that the  Chapter shall not be used for protectionist trade purposes , while 
under Article 7.3 the right of the Parties  to regulate and set their own levels of environmental and 
labour protection  is reaffirm ed.  
5.25.  Subject to this freedom, the Parties shall not weaken, reduce, derogate or waive their 
environmental and labour laws, regulations or standards as an incentive to trade and investment 
promotion . They shall also not relax or  fail to enforce  their corresponding legislation in a manner 
affecting trade or investment  between the Parties.  The Parties reaffirm their commitment  to 
effectively implement their international obligations, including under multilateral environment 
agreements and International Labour Organization standards and agreements and agree to not 
violate fundamental principles and rights at work to use as a leg itimate comparative advantage . 
5.26.  The Chapter promot es cooperation and foreign investment and trade in environment -friend ly 
goods and services.  Contact points shall be designated in each Party.  Consultations about any matter 
under Chapter 7 may be requested through these contact points  either with experts or in the Joint 
Committee.  
5.27.  The Chapter will be periodically reviewed in the Joint Committee, but no specific time frame 
is set.  
5.28.  The Agreement's dispute settlement mechanism appl ies only partially  to Chapter 7 (paragraph 
4 of Article 7. 9) with only recourse to good offices, conciliation or  mediation , and consultations 
(respectively Articles 9.2 and 9.3) being  possible  and not arbitration . 
5.12  Electronic commerce  
5.29.  Annex XIII on electronic commerce applies  to measures by the Parties affecting electronic 
commerce in goods and services. Measures affecting the supply of a service delivered or performed 
electronically are regulated by the provisions of Chapter 3 including the Parties' Schedules.  
5.30.  The WTO morato rium on customs duty for digital products transmitted electronically is 
maintained  although internal taxes may be maintained . 
5.31.  Parties are free to modulate the acceptance of electronic signatures : 
a. for certain transactions they may be prohibited;  and WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 46 - 
 
  b. certain  transactions may require compliance with specific standards or certification 
methods. A best endeavour clause calls for acceptance or recognition of the other Party's 
certification services that are already accredited or recognized domestically . 
5.32.  A best en deavour clause calls for the availability and acceptance of trade administration 
documents in electronic form  as the legal equivalent of paper versions . 
5.33.  A best endeavour clause calls for the Parties to implement legislation for the  protection of 
consumers . Legislation providing for the protection of  personal data as well as  aiming at counter ing 
unsolicited commercial electronic messages  are mandatory.   
5.34.  Best endeavour provisions encourage the acceptance of electronic versions of trade 
administratio n documents and invite the Parties to make electronic versions of trade administration 
documents publicly available. Cooperation is also based on best endeavours.  
5.35.  There are  no provision s on loca tion requirements for computing facilities or on the transfer of 
the source code  of software . 
5.13  Small and medium -sized enterprises  
5.36.  There are no specific provisions on small and medium -sized enterprises in the Agreement.  
  WT/REG462/1 /Rev.1  
 
- 47 - 
 
 
ANNEX  1 
1. Table A1.1 shows tariff liberalization by EFTA States and Türkiye under the Agreement by 
total, agricultural and industrial products.   
2. In 2021, two EFTA States – Iceland and Norway - had already overall a high share of duty -
free lines on an MFN basis, whic h was increased under the Agreement to close to 90% and above. 
For Switzerland the share of duty -free lines increased from 26.9% to 84.2%. However, given that 
its tariff is subject to specific duties for which  no ad valorem  equivalents are available , no information 
can be provided as regards average applied rates. In agricultural products of HS Chapters 1 -24, the 
higher increase of the ratio of duty -free lines took place in Switzerland  (18%) . Iceland's increased 
is slightly lower, with in Norway the percentage of duty -free lines increased by 2%.  Iceland applies 
duty-free on an MFN basis for all HS Chapters 25 -97; as for Norway and Switzerland,  close to 100% 
of the lines are duty -free. 
3. Under the Agreement , in 2021, Türkiye's s hare of duty -free lines overall  increased  from 23.3% 
(MFN basis) to 85.9% for imports from Iceland and Norway, and to 86% for imports from 
Switzerland. As indicated previously, a higher number of imports of agricultural products from 
Switzerland entered Türkiye duty-free - 30.6%, compared to 30.2% for Iceland and Norway ; 99.7% 
of imports of industrial products entered duty free (compared to 26.3% on an MFN basis) . 
Table A1. 1 EFTA States and Türkiye: Indicators of MFN tariff rates  and preferential rates 
for imports from EFTA Countries  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
EFTA States  
Iceland  
MFN 2021 2.5 24.0 88.8 8.3 24.0 63.9 0.0 0.0 100.0  
Türkiye  2021 1.8 30.8 94.1 5.7 30.8 81.2 0.0 0.0 100.0  
Norway  
MFN 2021 2.5 44.8 85.2 12.7 126.9  54.9 0.5 11.2 94.9 
Türkiye  2021 2.1 138.0  89.3 12.3 138.0  56.9 0.1 138.2  99.7 
Switzer land 
MFN 2021 … … 26.9 … … 25.3 … … 27.5 
Türkiye  2021 … … 84.2 … … 43.3 … … 99.9 
Türkiye  
MFN 2021 12.7  16.6  23.3  47.0  52.9  11.0  4.2 5.7 26.3  
Iceland  & 
Norway  2021 8.1 61.4 85.9 42.4 62.3 30.2 0.0 10.6 99.7 
Switzerland  2021 8.1 61.6 86.0 42.2 62.5 30.6 0.0 10.6 99.7 
…  Not available: Switzerland's tariff is subject to specific duties for which  no ad valorem  equivalents 
are available . 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . 
 For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the Parties  authorities and the WTO -IDB; for Switzerland, 
estimates based on the data provided by its authorities to the TPR .  
 
4. Table A1.2  summarizes the market access opportunities in  each EFTA State for the top 25 
exports of Türkiye  in 2018 -2020 at the HS six -digit level, which accounted for 27% of its exports . 
Except for two vegetable product and some textiles, all other products were alr eady MFN duty -free 
in all three markets . Under the Agreement, MFN d utiable textiles became duty-free but no 
preferential  treatment is granted to wheat flour. Overall,  when compared to the 1991 Agreement, 
the new Agreement grants no additional preferential treatment as regards Türkiye 's top 25 exports . WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 48 - 
 
  Table A1. 2 EFTA : Market access opportunities under the Agreement for Türkiye 's top 25 
exports to the world in 2018 -2020  
Productsa and 
Category  % world 
trade  Iceland  Norway  Switzerland  
MFN 
2021  Preferential  MFN 
2021  Preferential  MFN 
2021  Preferential  
1991  2018  1991  2018  1991  2018  
Vegetables (2)  1.2  
         of which:  
hazelnuts  0.6 Free Free Free Free Specific  Free 
      1 line free  1 line free  
wheat flour  0.6 0-55% No preference  0-
specific  No preference   
5 lines 
specific  No preference   
in 5 lines 
       
Oil (2, HS 2710)  3 Free Free Free Free Free Free 
Textiles (5)  4 Free Free 0-
10.7%  Free Specific  Free 
Vehicles (9)  10.6 Free Free Free Free Specific  Free 
Other industrial  
products (6)  8.2 Free Free Free Free Specific  Free 
Total (25)  27.0          
a In brackets, number of products.  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates 
are included.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by EFTA Parties and the UNSD, Comtrade database  For 
Switzerland, the  WTO-IDB was also used.  
 
5. Equivalent figures for Türkiye 's top 25 exports in each EFTA State, which accounted for 
between 64% (Switzerland) and 78% of exports (Iceland) , can be found in Table A1. 3. Some of 
these products – 1 for Iceland, 15 for Switzerland and 6 for Norway – benefit from MFN duty -free 
treatment . The top 25 world e xports of  Iceland and Norway were either industrial or fish products1  
and benefit from duty -free preferential treatment  under the Agreement  (in effect even already under 
the 1991 Agreement ). That same situation applied to Switzerland with respect to 23 o ut of its top 
25 global exports. T ariffs on t wo agricultural products - roasted coffee under HS 0901.21 and non -
alcoholic beverages under HS 2202.99 , which are subject to MFN duties , are not eliminated by the 
Agreement . The Agreement provides a preferentia l rate of 11% for coffee, down from MFN rates of 
17%; for non-alcoholic beverages , three lines are fully liberalized and three other s benefit from 
preferential specific rates, with the ad valorem  component of the compound  rate being eliminated.   
Table A1. 3 Türkiye: Market access opportunities under the Agreement for EFTA's top 25 
exports to the world in 2018 -2020  
Products and  
Category  No. of 
products  % world 
trade  Türkiye MFN 2021  Preferential rates  
1991 Agr  2018 Agr  
Iceland  – Access for its t op 25 exports , amount ing to 78.4% of its world exports  
Fisha 16 35.6 1%-54% Free Free 
Industrial  
  of which MFN duty -free 9 
1 42.8 
1 0-7.5%  Free Free 
Norway  – Access for its top 25 exports, amounting to 72.6% of its world exports  
Fisha 5 8.3 30%-37.5%  Free Free 
Industrial  
  of which MFN duty -free 20 
6 64.4 
30.2 0-6.1%  Free Free 
Switzerland - Access for its t op 25 exports , amount ing to 63.9% of its world exports  
Agricultural   
  coffee  
  beverage s – 3 lines  
   3 lines  2 1.3 
0.7 
0.6   
17% 
9.6%  
6.4% -5.4% + spec ific duty    
15% 
Free 
Free + PF    
11% 
Free 
Free + LPF  
 
1 "Fish products" in accordance with Annex IV of the Agreement and reproduced in Annex 2, Table A2.2 
of this document.  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 49 - 
 
  Products and  
Category  No. of 
products  % world 
trade  Türkiye MFN 2021  Preferential rates  
1991 Agr  2018 Agr  
Industrial  
  of which MFN duty -free 23 
15 62.5 
50.5 0-6.1%  Free Free 
a In accordance with Annex IV of the Agreement , reproduced in Annex 2, Table A2.2 of this document . 
n.a. Not applicable.  
PF Preferential specific duty. 
LPF Lower  preferential specific duty, a s compared to the 1991 Agreement.  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation; for the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates base d on data provided by Türkiye and the UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 50 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
PRODUCTS LISTED IN ANNEXES II AND IV OF THE AGREEMENT  
Table A 2.1: Products not covered by the  Agreement  (Annex II)  
HS Code  
(2012)  Description of Products  Excluded when  
imported into  
2905.43  -- Mannitol  TUR 
2905.44  -- D-glucitol (sorbitol)  TUR 
ex 3302.10   -----  Other than products contai ning no milkfats, sucrose, isoglucose , 
glucose or starch or containing, by weight, less than 1,5% milkfat, 5% 
sucrose or isoglucose, 5% glucose or starch  TUR* 
35.01  Casein, caseinates and other casein derivatives; casein glues  NOR, LIE/CHE, TUR * 
3502.11  -- Dried  NOR*, LIE/CHE, TUR  
3502.19  -- Other  NOR*, LIE/CHE, TUR  
3502.20  - Milk albumin, including concentrates of two or more whey proteins  NOR*, TUR  
3502.90  - Other  NOR*, TUR * 
3505.10  - Dextrins and other modified starches  NOR, LIE/CHE, TUR * 
3505.20  - Glues  TUR* 
ex 3505.20  - Glues, for animal feeding  LIE/CHE  
3809.10  - With a basis of amylaceous substances  TUR* 
ex 3809.10  - With a basis of amylaceous substances, for animal feeding  LIE/CHE  
ex 3823.11  --  Stearic acid, for animal feeding  NOR, LIE/CHE  
ex 3823.12  --  Oleic acid, for animal feeding  NOR, LIE/CHE  
ex 3823.13  --  Tall oil fatty acids, for animal feeding  NOR 
ex 3823.19  --  Other, for animal feeding  NOR, LIE/CHE  
ex 3823.70  - Industrial fatty alcohols, for animal feeding  NOR 
3824.60  - Sorbitol other than that of subheading 2905.44  TUR* 
CHE Switzerland.  
LIE Liechtenstein.  
NOR Norway.  
TUR Türkiye . 
* Subject to treatment defined in Articles 1 and 2 to Annex III (Processed Agricultural Products) 
respectively.  
Source:  Annex II to the Agreement.  
Table A 2.2: Definition of f ish, fisheries and other marine products  in Annex I V 
HS Code  
(2017)  Description  of Products  
02.08  
 
ex 0208.40  Other  meat  and edible  meat  offal,  fresh,  chilled  or frozen.  
 
 - Of whales,  dolphins  and porpoises  (mammals  of the  order Cetacea); of manatees and 
dugongs (mammals of the order Sirenia):  
 - -  Of whales* 
Chapter  3 Fish and crustaceans,  molluscs and  other aquatic invertebrates.  
05.11  
 
 
 
0511.91  Animal  products  not elsewhere  specified  or included;  dead  animals of Chapter 1 
or 3, unfit for human consumption.  
 
 - Other:  
 -- Products of fish or crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates; dead  
 animals of Chapter 3  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
- 51 - 
 
  HS Code  
(2017)  Description  of Products  
15.04  Fats and oils and their  fractions,  of fish or marine  mammals, whether or not 
refined, but not chemically modified.* 
15.16  
 
 
ex 1516.10  Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or wholly  hydrogenated,  inter-
esterified,  re-esterified  or elaidinised, whether or not refined, but not further prepared.  
 
 - Animal  fats and  oils and their  fractions:  
 - -  Obtained entirely  from fish or marine mammals* 
16.03  
 
 
ex 1603.00  Extracts  and juices  of meat,  fish or crustaceans,  molluscs or  other aquatic 
invertebrates.  
 
 - Extracts and  juices of  meat of whale, fish  or crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic 
invertebrates* 
16.04  Prepared  or preserved  fish; caviar  and caviar  substitutes  prepared from fish eggs.  
16.05  Crustaceans,  molluscs  and other  aquatic  invertebrates  prepared  or preserved.  
23.01  
 
 
ex 2301.10  
 
 
2301.20  Flours, meals and pellets, of meat or meat offal, of fish or of crustaceans,  molluscs  
or other  aquatic  invertebrates,  unfit  for human consumption; greaves.  
 
 - Flours,  meals and  pellets, of  meat or meat offal; greaves:  
 - -  Of whales* 
 
 - Flours,  meals  and pellets  of fish or of crustaceans,  molluscs  or other aquatic invertebrates  
23.09  
 
ex 2309.90  Preparations  of a kind used  in animal  feeding.  
 
 - Other:  
 - -  Fish solubles  
* Import controls on products of species listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International 
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) should take place in accordance with 
the provisions of that Convention. On the basis of CITES, an import ban for whale products is 
applied by Liec htenstein and Switzerland.  
  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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ANNEX 3  
TARIFF RATE QUOTA S 
1. The table below provides additional detail on the TRQs granted by Türkiye  to Switzerland. If 
the in -quota rate provides for margins of preference (MOP), these amount to a reduction on the MFN 
rate. In all cases the out -of-quota rate is the MFN rate.  
Table A 3.1: Türkiye 's TRQs within the Agreement  
Products  HS Code (2012)  Quanti ty (per year) &  
In-quota rate  
Whey  0404 100 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Butter and other fats and oils 
derived from milk; dairy spreads  0405 250 tonnes  - Duty-free  
Cheese and curd  0406 
Excluding 0406.90.21.00.00, 
0406.90.29.00.00, 0406.90.32  350 tonnes  - Duty-free 
Cauliflower and headed broccoli  0704.10  50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Lettuce and chicory, fresh or chilled  0705 50 tonnes  50% MOP  
Carrots  etc., fresh or chilled  0706 50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Other vegetables, fresh or chilled  0709 
Excluding 0709.92.10.00.00, 
0709.92.90.00.00  50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Vegetables, frozen  0710 50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Dried vegetables  0712 50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Other  (mushrooms ) 0712.39  50 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Apples , pears and quinces, fresh: 
apples  0808.10  
Excluding 0808.10.80.00.11,  
0808.10.80.00.13, 0808.10.80.00.14  250 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Fruit and nuts, frozen  0811.90  100 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Sausages and similar products; 
food preparations based on these 
products  1601 200 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Other prepared or preserved meat, 
meat offal or blood  1602 200 tonnes  - 50% MOP  
Juices  2009 - ex 12 , ex 19 , ex 31 , ex 39 , 
ex 71 , ex 79 , ex 81 , ex 89 , ex 90  1,000 tonnes - 15% MOP  
In containers holding 2 litres or less 2204.21  30,000 litres  - 50% MOP  
Other  2204.29  30.000 litres  - 50% MOP  
Other fermented beverages  2206 30.000 litres  - 50% MOP  
Undernaturated  ethyl alcohol of an 
alcoholic strength by volume of 
80% vol or higher  2207.10  30.000 litres - 50% MOP  
Preparations of a kind used in 
animal feeding  2309 200 tonnes  - Duty-free 
MOP:  Margin of preference  
Source:  Annex 1 to the Switzerland /Liechtenstein  and Türkiye  bilateral Agreement on Agriculture.  
 
2. The TRQs granted by Switzerland to  Türkiye , detailed in the table below , can be summarized 
as follows:  
a. the majority  of TRQs provide  a preferential in -quota rate within Switzerland's WTO TRQs , 
within the limits of th at quota. The in -quota rate is either a fixed rate – in a few cases 
duty-free - or a MOP o f the MFN rate. There is no TRQ allocation for Türkiy e; and  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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  b. for fresh grapes and olive oil , new TRQs are granted  with duty -free in -quota rates.  
In both cases, the out -of-quota rate is the MFN rate.   
Table A 3.2: Switzerland /Liechtenstein's TRQs within the Agreement   
Products  
 Quantitya 
(per year)  TRQs under the Agreement 
HS Code (2012)  In-quota rate  
(CHF per 100kg gross)  
A. Preferential in -quota rate within WTO TRQa 
CHEQ006  
Animals for slaughter; 
meat mainly produced 
on the basis of 
concentrated fodder  54,482 tonnes  0207.1110  
 
0207.1210, 0207.1481  
 
0207.1491, ex0207.2791,  
0207.4591, 0207.5591, 0207.6091  MFN minus CHF 6.00  
 
MFN minus CHF 15.00  
 
Duty-free 
CHEQ009  
Birds' eggs, in shell  33,735 gross 
tonnes  0407.1110, 0407.1910,  
0407.2110, 0407.2910,  
0407.9010  CHF 47 
CHEQ012  
Bovine semen  20,000 
application units  0511.1010  Duty-free 
CHEQ013  
Cut flowers  4,590 tonnes  0603.1110, 0603.1210  
 
0603.1310, 0603.1410,  
0603.1510, 0603.1911,  0603.1918  Duty-free  
 
CHF 20  
CHEQ015  
Vegetables  166,076 tonnes  
 
 
  0702.0011, 0702.0091, 0703.1021, 
0703.1031, 0703.1041, 0703.1051, 
0703.1061, 0703.1071, 0704.9051, 
0707.0011, 0707.0021, 0707.0031, 
0707.0041, 0708.2028, 0708.2038, 
0708.2048, 0708.2098, 0709.9951  
 
0703.9011, 0703.9021, 0709.3011  Duty-free  
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHF 5  
CHEQ018  
Fresh apricots, cherries, 
plums and sloes  16,340 tonnes  0809.1018, 0809.1098,  
0809.2111, 0809.2911,  
0809.4013, 0809.4093  Duty-free 
CHEQ019  
Other fresh fruit  13,360 tonnes  0810.1011  Duty-free 
CHEQ022  
Grape juice  100,000 
hectolitres  2009.6910  
 
2009.6111  
 
2009.6122  Duty-free  
 
CHF 27  
 
CHF 40  
B. New TRQs  under the Agreement  
Fresh grapes   500 tonnes  
1,000 tonnes  ex0806.1011 (15 July -15 Sept) 
ex0806.1012 (16 Sept -14 Jul)  Duty-free 
Duty-free 
Virgin olive oilb 2,000 tonnes  ex1509.1091 , ex1509.1099  Duty-free 
Other olive oilb 
for human consumption   
200 tonnes   
ex1509.9091 , ex1509.9099   
Duty-free 
a Within the limits of the WTO TRQ, without specific allocation s for Türkiye . 
b Other virgin oil for technical purposes benefits from duty -free access without a quantity limitation.  
Source:  G/AG/N/CHE/113 and Annex 2 to the Switzerland/Liechtenstein and Türkiye  bilateral Agreement on 
Agriculture . 
  WT/REG462/1/Rev.1  
 
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ANNEX 4 
MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BODIES  
Table A 4.1: Parties' Conformity Assessment Bodies (CAB) Notified by the Parties  
Sectors covered  List of CABs  
Pressure equipment  List available  here 
Simple pressure vessels  List available  here 
Hot water boilers  List available  here 
Construction Products  List available  here 
Personal protective equipment  List available  here 
Non-automatic weighing instruments  List available  here 
Medical devices  List available  here 
Gas appliances  List available  here 
Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially 
explosive atmospheres  List available  here 
Cableway installations  List available  here 
Machinerya List available  here 
Radio and telecommunications terminal  equipmenta List available  here 
Electromagnetic compatibilitya List available  here 
Lifts List available  here 
Explosives for civil us es List available  here 
Marine equipmentb List available  here 
Measuring instruments  List available  here 
Recreational craftb List available  here 
Safety of toys  List available  here 
Noise emission  List available  here 
a For the purpose  of Annex V of the Agreement, only CABs of EU, EEA EFTA States, Switzerland and 
Türkiye  are covered.  
b Does not apply to trade between Türkiye  and Switzerland.  
 
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