WT/TPR/M/416  
4 February  2022 
(22-0827) Page: 1/74 
Trade Policy Review Body  
27 and 29 October 2021   
 
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
RUSSIAN FEDERATION  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E . Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
 
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION  ........  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  7 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  10 
5  REPLI ES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  64 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the Russian Federation  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 416/Add.1  and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm . WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The second  Trade Policy Review of the Russian Federation  was held on 2 7 and 2 9 October 2021. 
The Chairperson, H.E. Dr. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana), welcomed the delegation of the 
Russian Federation , headed by H.E. Ms. Ekaterina Mayorova , Director of the Department of Trade 
Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development ; H.E . Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev , Permanent 
Representative of the Russian Federation  to the WTO; the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, 
H.E. Ambassador  Mr Didier Chambovey  (Switzerland ). 
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical prese nce, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership, in 
particular of officials who could not make the journey from Moscow  given the current circumstances.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The report by the Russian Federation  is contained in document WT/TPR/G/41 6, and that 
of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/T PR/S/41 6. 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline:  China; 
Switzerland; Brazil; Singapore; Hong Kong, China; the Philippines; the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 
Australia; Mexico; Israel ; the United States;  Canada; Cos ta Rica; India; Japan; Kyrgyz Republic; 
Viet Nam; the European Union; Argentina; United Kingdom; Norway; Chile; Ukraine ; the Republic 
of Korea; Chinese Taipei; Kazakhstan; Brunei Darussalam ; and Mongolia . The following delegations 
submitted written questio ns after the deadline:  Iceland; Malaysia; Thailand; Colombia; Dominican 
Republic; Ecuador; Turkey; Indonesia; and Uruguay .  
1.5.  At the time of its first Review in 2016, Members had acknowledged the challenging economic 
environment the Russian Federation was fa cing. They had welcomed the structural reforms taken 
by the Government to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on hydrocarbons.  
1.6.  In particular, Members had noted that the Russian Federation's response to the economic crisis 
had focused on three princi pal measures, namely: a fiscal stimulus; the floating of the Rouble; and 
import substitution. While the first two had been  viewed favourably in general, some delegations 
had questioned how the third could align with the basic principles of the WTO.  
1.7.  In this context, the Chairperson first focus ed on the Russian Federation's economic 
developments since its last Review. The Secretariat report indicates that real GDP growth in the 
Russian Federation averaged 1.7% in 2016 -19. Prudent management resulted in  macroeconomic 
stability, as evidenced by the existence of a fiscal surplus during most of the review period, a low 
inflation rate, and ample international reserves.  
1.8.  The Russian Federation remains highly dependent on hydrocarbons. It managed to mitigate 
the impact of declining and volatile oil prices and other external developments, notably through the 
floating exchange rate regime, and a new fiscal rule.  At the same time, new national development 
objectives and related national projects were adopted in 201 8 and revised in 2020, which aim ed to 
improve the Russian Federation's long term economic growth and development performance.  
1.9.  The Review took place during  an unprecedented global health crisis with COVID -19 hitting 
economies across the world in rapid succe ssion. Thus, the Russian Federation's economic downturn 
in 2020 was exacerbated by the health crisis, which led to a 3 .0% real GDP contraction, and to an 
increase of the unemployment rate.  
1.10.   In response to the pandemic, the Russian Federation introduced mac roeconomic stabilization 
policies that, together with accumulated buffers, have enabled to manage the impact of these 
adverse shocks.  
1.11.   From the trade perspective, during the previous Review, Members had commended the 
Russian Federation for its contribution to the multilateral trading system and the considerable 
progress made in liberalizing its trade and investment regimes both before and after accession to 
the WTO.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  1.12.   At that time, Members sought information on the policies of the Eurasian Economic Union 
(EAEU) as trade policy formulation in the Russian Federation involves both EAEU and national 
institutions and legislation.  
1.13.   In this regard, since its last Review, the customs legislation had been  updated following the 
EAEU Customs Code's entry into force on 1 January 2018. The Russian Federation applies the EAEU 
unified customs tariff, with some exceptions. The simple average applied MFN tariff rate declined 
slightly between 2016 and 2021, from 8.3% to 7.9%, which was partly explained by the phased 
implementati on of WTO accession commitments.  
1.14.   The Secretariat and Government reports highlight that significant legal changes have occurred 
since 2016, including in the areas of customs procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, 
export support, public procur ement, foreign investment, competition, protection of intellectual 
property, mining and energy, financial services, and telecommunications services. The review period 
also witnessed the adoption of several new strategies, national projects, and state progr ammes in 
various policy areas.  
1.15.   In its previous Review, concerns had been  expressed about local content requirements, 
particularly in the context of government procurement and state -owned enterprises. According to 
the Secretariat report prepared for this Re view, the Russian Federation continued to pursue import 
substitution and localization policies. Nonetheless, the Russian Federation also emphasised the 
importance of the promotion and diversification of non -energy exports, especially in the new national 
development objectives announced in 2018.  
1.16.   A survey of the advance questions submitted for this Review show ed the wide range of topics 
of interest to Members regarding the Russian Federation's trade and investment regimes, including 
among many others: trade p olicy objectives; industrial policy and WTO obligations; role of the EAEU; 
import substitution; consistency of bound and applied import tariffs; trade concerns related to SPS 
and TBT requirements; enforcement of competition law; state -ownership; government  procurement; 
enforcement of intellectual property; State Program for the Development of Agriculture; legal 
framework governing mining, oil and gas sectors; and policies relating to services.  
1.17.   The Russian Federation received 1,017 advance written questions from 35 delegations for this 
review, out of which 872 were sent within the established deadline, covering a broad range of topics. 
Prior to th is meeting, the Russian Federation already provided written replies to many of these 
questions, and the Chairperso n was looking forward to hearing the Russian Federation's updates on 
these issues during the two -day meeting . 
1.18.   This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. It was also an opportune 
moment for the Russian Federation to update the Membership on the impact of COVI D-19 on its 
economy and measures it has taken in response. The Chairperson was looking  forward to a fruitful 
exchange.  
1.19.   The Chairperson closed her  introductory remarks by wishing the Russian Federation a very 
successful second Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  2  OPENING  STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF  THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION  
(H.E. MS. EKATERINA MAYOROVA ) 
2.1.  It is an honour for me to lead the Russian delegation at the second  Trade Policy Review today.  
2.2.  I would like to thank Ambassador C hambovey  of Switzerland for acting as  discussant for this 
review, as well as the Chair of the TPRB for the introductory remarks. I would also like to extend 
our appreciation to the WTO Secretariat. Colleagues have worked intensively over the last year for 
organizing this meeting despite the c hallenges of the COVID -19 pandemic.  
2.3.  Let me also extend our appreciation for the Members' visible interest in Russia's trade policy. 
We have received 1 ,017 questions from 35 Members. 617 came before the deadline. For the past 
weeks we have been working on t hem around the clock together with two dozen government 
agencies. By now, written responses for 876 of questions have been circulated. Please be assured 
that the remaining responses will be provided in due course, within the required timeframe.  
2.4.  We are plea sed to take stock and exchange views with the Membership about where Russia 
stands in the multilateral trading system today. The time since the last Russia's TPR has been quite 
eventful, to say the least, both at the national and global levels.  
2.5.  These years were marked by growing trade tensions, economic and legal uncertainty and 
emerging challenges for the multilateral trading system. The inclusive growth of the world economy 
has been constrained by new behavior habits of some members. Those habits are  often based on 
unilateralism, force and discrimination. Politicization of trade has also been one of the serious 
challenges.  
2.6.  Nonetheless, Russia remains firmly committed to the rules -based trading system with the WTO 
at its core.  
2.7.  We strongly believe that multilateral approach is more effective in tackling global problems. 
Russia's WTO membership contributed to the tasks of promoting development and diversification of 
the Russian economy, expanding variety and geography of exports, and attracting foreign 
investment.  
2.8.  During 2016 -2019 Russia's foreign trade turnover increased by 43%. In services, during same 
period, there was also a stable growth at the average annual rate of 3.9%.  The agro -industrial 
complex has been one of the key drivers of the Russian econ omy in the recent years.  
2.9.  I have to note, that these are figures that represent pre -pandemic situation, which evidently 
has affected all countries, including Russia. As many other Members, we had to take emergency 
fiscal, economic and trade measures to tac kle the COVID -19 consequences. Most of such emergency 
measures are temporary. They are designed to address the pandemic -induced economic downturn.  
2.10.   Russia is committed to open markets and continues its efforts to further liberalize and facilitate 
trade and investment flows. Since the first Russia's TPR, the weighted average import tariff has 
decreased to 4.49% in 2020. This is about 2 percent lower th an Russia's bound levels. As part of 
the fulfilment of our tariff commitments, import duties have been reduced in respect of more than 
2,700 tariff lines.  
2.11.   In March 2016 Russia ratified the TFA and from the date of its entry into force Russia has 
implement ed all of its provisions. The Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union which came 
into force in January 2018 fully concords with the TFA.  
2.12.   Russia also continued expanding regional economic integration. We are promoting integration 
within the Eurasian Ec onomic Union. The review of the Union undertaken in the WTO in 2018 
demonstrated that it functions in full conformity with the WTO rules, in particular GATT Article XXIV. 
Meanwhile, in the reporting period together with the EAEU Member States, we have conc luded 
number of new FTAs. Negotiations on FTAs with Egypt and Israel are on the go. Feasibilities Studies 
have been launched with Mongolia and Indonesia.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  2.13.   The reporting period was marked by a number of positive changes in investment regulation. 
Some of the new mechanisms received particular attention from the Members as we can see it from 
the submitted questions. Among them are the Business Climate Transformation, the regulatory 
guillotine, the regulatory sandboxes. A mechanism of agreements with individual investors on the 
protection and promotion of capital investments was launched. It reinforced the predictable 
groundwork for large investment projects. Corporate law was improved. Since 2016, 
investment -related treaty negotiations with other countries have been guided by new modernized 
approaches adopted by the Russian Government.  
2.14.   We took note of many questions received in respect of Russia's environmental policy. There 
was a number of significant improvements in this area as well. The recently adopted law on limiting 
greenhouse gas emissions introduced mandatory emissions reporting by largest emitters. The law 
also created incentives to implement voluntary climate projects and enables the circulation of carbon 
units. We launched a pilot project on Sakhalin Island for the introduction of an emissions trading 
system. Since last year, the system of green financing has been intensively developed. The draft of 
green projects taxonomy is at its final stage now. The Russian government is now working on a 
long-term low carbon development strategy with 2060 as a target year for carbon neutrality.  
2.15.   Another important area is the diversification of Russia's economy. In 2018 the share of the oil 
and gas sector in the country's GDP reached its maximum level at 21.1% and has  begun to steadily 
decline since then. By 2020 it has dropped to  15.2%. The diversification is being achieved through 
the implementation of a wide range of measures and policies, including technological modernization. 
For instance, the level of innovation of organizations increased to more than 9 %, and the share of 
high-tech and knowledge -intensive products in GDP increased to 23.4% in 2020.  
2.16.   As stated in both TPR Reports, Russia has also improved its policies in respect to the IPR 
protection, competition, transparency and other areas.  
2.17.   There were numerous questions received in this TPR in respect to some elements of our trade 
policies which I would like to comment shortly right now.  
2.18.   First, import substitution. I do not think we have invented something new h ere. Many of us 
implement concept of food security, which includes certain levels of guaranteed domestic production 
and supplies. Many of us are taking measures to secure uninterrupted functioning of critical supply 
chains. In Russia's case COVID pandemic and shortage in supplies were supplemented by unilateral 
trade and economic sanctions. Finally, some of us are involved in - as they call it - reshoring 
programs, aimed at return back of production which was offshored before. In times of dissolution of 
the USSR, establishment of market economy and consequent economic turbulence in Russia we lost 
production sites and jobs in practically all sectors of its economy, where domestic production was 
simply substituted by imports, and workplaces disappeared.  
2.19.   That is what we do. And we do it in a manner which is absolutely WTO -friendly. We do not 
increase import tariffs, we do not prohibit imports, and we do not unreasonably apply trade 
remedies. We use agriculture subsidies well below our maximum AMS levels. We use  government 
procurement to support domestic producers. We create incentives for investors, including within 
special economic zones.  
2.20.   Second set of comments and questions is connected with Russia's role of the State in the 
economy and trade. In our view, the  key is whether there is a fair competition between private and 
state companies. Under our Constitution all types of property in Russia are equal. It means that 
governmental involvement gives no preferences. Except for few public monopolies, all companies in 
Russia are subject to same laws, and same taxes. Meanwhile, we continue the privatization and 
demonopolization of key sectors. Gazprom who was monopolist in domestic market for decades, 
now covers less than 50 % of domestic consumption. Remaining 50 % come from independent 
producers. Since the last TPR the number of companies with state participation in Russia decreased 
by 30%.  
2.21.   As I pointed out, Russia is firmly anchored with the multilateral trading system. We want this 
system to be effective and adopted  to modern -day challenges. We believe that the WTO needs to 
be reformed. We have consistently promoted this view not only in the WTO, but at other international 
fora - G20, BRICS, APEC, etc.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  2.22.   An issue of urgent priority for Russia is the restoration of a fu lly operational dispute settlement 
system, in particular through resolution of the longstanding Appellate Body crisis. To this end Russia 
stands open and ready for substantive discussions with all WTO Members, including on Members' 
existing concerns about certain adjudicative approaches and specific rulings.  
2.23.   Another important area continues to be modernization of WTO rules to facilitate all forms of 
trade and investment, which have been transformed profoundly in the recent years. Russia has 
actively partici pated in the ongoing multilateral and plurilateral tracks – fisheries, agriculture, 
e-commerce, investment facilitation, services domreg, investment facilitation, MSMEs, women 
empowerment. We hope to achieve tangible results at the upcoming MC12 in the nex t month. We 
have also joined the Informal dialogue on Plastics Pollution and now we considering the participation 
in the Structured Discussions on Environment and Sustainability.  
2.24.   Moreover, there are emerging issues not yet sufficiently covered by the WTO agenda. There 
are strong requests in favor of addressing market -distorting subsidies in both industrial and 
agricultural sectors. Besides, there are other forms of competitive distortions that, in our view, 
unjustifiably lack our attention. I mean for inst ance anti -competitive practices of transnational 
corporations, barriers to technology access, abuse of various exceptions that also harm competition, 
but still escape attention of the Membership. In Russia's view, the WTO should address these 
challenges, t oo, in a comprehensive manner that would account the interests of all Members.  
2.25.   To conclude, we firmly believe in the paramount importance of our joint work in strengthening 
and improving an open, rules -based and balanced multilateral trading system. We wil l combine these 
efforts with on -going work of creation business - and investment -friendly environment in our country.  
We approach today's TPR as a valuable opportunity to listen and to learn. We look forward to 
participating in the exchange of opinions and ideas; inspired by your comments and questions.   
  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  Let me warmly welcome the Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations of the Ministry 
of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, and her dist inguished 
delegation.  
3.2.  It is my honor to participate in the role of the discussant in the second  Trade Policy Review of 
the Russian Federation.  
3.3.  The accession to the WTO in 2012 was a landmark for both, the Russian Federation and the 
multilateral trading system. On the part of the Russian Federation, it brought about wide -ranging 
reform efforts and the establishment of a more open and liberal trade regime. For the multilateral 
trading system, and the WTO in particular, it meant further  strengthening and a step towards 
universality. It is therefore a particular privilege to have a closer look at the trade and trade -related 
policies of the largest WTO member by area.  
3.4.  The detailed reports prepared by the Russian Federation and the Secretariat are a very rich 
source of information. The work and effort that went into those documents are therefore highly 
appreciated.  
3.5.  My remarks as discussant are structured along three questions: First, what are the most 
important macroeconomic features  that influence Russia's trade policy? Second, what are the key 
changes since the last trade policy review in 2016? And third, what are the main trade and trade -
related challenges faced by the member under review? I will then end my intervention with some 
general observations.  
Macroeconomic situation  
3.6.  Let me start by turning to the first question and highlighting significant points related to the 
macroeconomic context of Russia's trade policy.  
3.7.  Russia has been performing stronger than projected in terms of ec onomic outturns, given the 
external shocks it experienced in recent years. In times of a global pandemic, Russia's economy has 
shown a high degree of resilience. At the beginning of the COVID -19 crisis, Russia was equipped 
with a sound policy framework and  significant financial buffers such as a public debt below 20 % of 
GDP and substantial savings and reserves. This allowed for effective financial support: Fiscal support 
of about 3.3 % of GDP was dedicated to the health sector, vulnerable households and the 
unemployed, as well as to supporting businesses with a focus on SMEs and preventing large -scale 
layoffs. This significant amount is in line with the average fiscal support of other G20 emerging 
markets.  
3.8.  Russia's economy also absorbed the volatility of the energy market. This is an impressive 
achievement given that the Russian Federation is one of the world's major producers of oil, gas, and 
electricity, and one of the most energy -intensive economies. The Russian Federation demonstrated 
reasonably stable gro wth, retaining the 11th position in the world ranking of countries' nominal GDP. 
Nonetheless, the growth rate averaged 1.7% between 2016 and 2019, compared to 4.8% in the 
previous decade. This is three  times less than before.  
3.9.  As I just pointed out, Russia' s export -focused economy has already well recovered to pre -
pandemic levels and the outlook is optimistic. Yet, the recovery, together with global inflation and a 
weak Rouble, is resulting in higher consumer prices and reduced living standards. Russia's inf lation 
rate recently was at a five -year high. Despite forecasts that inflation in Russia will soon trend 
downwards, it remains a concern.  
Key changes and developments since the last review  
3.10.   I will now address key changes and developments in Russia's trade p atterns and trade policy 
since the last TPR.  
3.11.   As we heard from Director Mayorova, significant legal changes have been made since 2016, 
including in the areas of customs procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, export 
support, public procurement , foreign investment, competition, IP, mining and energy, banking, and WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  telecommunication. Those changes have been along the line of Russia's development strategies, 
which aim to improve the Russian Federation's long -term economic growth and development.  
3.12.   Let me now highlight some of the key development since the last review.  
3.13.   Firstly, the Russian Federation has implemented a wide range of measures and policies aimed 
at economic diversification, by improving the business environment and investment climate, 
developing international trade and economic cooperation, promoting technological modernization, 
and supporting micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). As a result, Russia is now ranking 
28th among 190 economies in the ease of doing business, according t o the latest World Bank annual 
ratings. This is an improvement compared to rank 40 in 2016.  
3.14.   Secondly, in the period of 2016 to 2019, Russia's foreign trade turnover increased by 43%. 
This positive development is attributed to the relative stabilization of global energy prices. In 
addition, the agro -industrial complex was one of the drivers of the Russian export growth in the 
recent years.  
3.15.   As a third point, I would like to highlight, that the geographical structure of Russia's foreign 
trade has shifted. The  European Union remains with around 34% of Russian trade turnover the most 
important trading partner, even though its share decreased by 6.9% between 2016 and 2020. With 
a share of 33.8% the economies of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are the  second 
major group of trading partners. The share of APEC increased by 4.1% from 2016 to 2020. In this 
region, China is the key partner with a share of more than 18%.  
3.16.   Fourthly, the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015 is an important element o f 
Russia's trade policy today.  
3.17.   Finally, I do not want to leave out that Russia has been playing a proactive role in 
strengthening and promoting the multilateral trading system. Since its accession, Russia has become 
a strong contributor to the WTO, both in  the regular work and in various negotiations, including, the 
discussions on fisheries subsidies, the WTO reform, e -commerce, agriculture, services and more 
recently trade and health. Russia is also a party to the Information Technology Agreement. 
Furtherm ore, Russia actively participates in the negotiations of the Joint Statements Initiatives 
launched at the 11th WTO Ministerial Conference as well as the Informal Dialogue on Plastics Pollution 
and Environmentally Sustainable Plastics Trade (IDP).  
Trade and  trade -related challenges  
3.18.   Turning now to the second question: What trade and trade related -challenges are faced by 
the Russian Federation?  
3.19.   In their report, the Russian federation pointed out that they are confronted with the same 
challenges that all Membe rs face such as sustainable development, particularly in the field of 
environment, and the transformation to a digital economy. My following considerations will however 
focus on two other key trade -related challenges, firstly export diversification, and se condly injecting 
competitiveness and dynamism into the economy.  
Export diversification  
3.20.   Russia's economy has frequently been described as "structurally highly dependent on 
hydrocarbons". It is therefore a key priority of the Russian Federation to diversify its exports away 
from gas and oil. In this regard, some progress could be made: The GDP share of the oil and gas 
sector was 28% in 2020, which is a decrease by 15% compared to 2016. In addition, the share of 
oil and gas revenues in the total expo rts has gone down by 8.5% since 2016 and amounted to 49.6% 
in 2020. However, the dependency remains a challenge, in particular given the need to move towards 
more renewable energy alternatives.  
3.21.   Closely connected to the diversification of exports is the imp ort substitution strategy that has 
been in effect since 2015 as a reaction to post -2014 sanctions. The aim is to give preference to 
domestic producers by imposing restrictions on public contracts or subsidies. The stated objective is 
to diversify the domes tic economy and, as a result, increase the non -commodity share of exports. 
The Russian Federation also pursues import substitution through other instruments, particularly the WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  regulation of public procurement and measures to incentivize localization. This i s a major source of 
criticism among WTO members. The strategy for import substitution in the past five years has shown 
mixed results in terms of achieving higher domestic production levels and decreasing import 
dependency.  
3.22.   Let me now turn to the second maj or challenge I would like to underline.  
Competition and dynamism  
3.23.   Developing competition in economic sectors and inducing more dynamism has become an 
important goal of the Russian Federation. In particular, I noted the progress already made. The 
number of u nitary enterprises and the number of joint stock companies in which the State holds 
more than 30% of the shares declined during the reviewed period. Nevertheless, I would like to 
highlight that State involvement in the economy remains considerable. State t rading and 
State -Owned Enterprises are still prominent and have a significant impact on competition and 
economic efficiency. This is why Members have raised questions on SOEs, expressing preoccupations 
when Russian SOEs are directly competing with their pr oducts and services.  
3.24.   This brings me to the next issue, which is government procurement. In Russia, the 
government has the right to establish preferences, including through the procurement of a minimum 
share of goods, works, and services provided by Russia n suppliers. Since 2016, for example, a 15% 
price preference can be applied by State Owned Enterprises, regulated entities, monopoly entities 
and utility companies for goods, works, and services of Russian Federation origin. It is therefore 
unfortunate tha t the process of joining the Government Procurement Agreement of the WTO is on 
halt. The accession to the WTO GPA and the submission of the outstanding notifications to the WTO 
on State Trading Enterprises could help improve transparency, reduce distortion s and stimulate 
growth.  
3.25.   Another challenge compounded by the COVID -19 pandemic is the strong decline in FDI inflows 
into Russia in 2020, both in the manufacturing and the services sectors. In 2020, inward FDI 
temporarily dropped to USD 1.4 billion, down fro m USD 28.9 billion in 2019, according to the Russian 
central bank. Even though FDI in the region is said to recover to its pre -crisis trendline, it is expected 
by UNCTAD that this will occur slower than the recovery of trade flows. In Russia, restrictions on 
FDI have increased since 2016 and remain relatively high, according to the OECD's FDI Regulatory 
Restrictiveness Index. For example, the list of strategic sectors in which foreign investment requires 
prior approval was expanded in 2017 and the administr ative burden remains higher for foreign 
investors. The World Bank therefore recommends to untangle the complex web of laws and foster a 
business culture that gives investors more security.  
3.26.   I hope that the TPR will offer new perspectives on how to best over come those challenges.  
Conclusion  
3.27.   Chair , let me now come to my conclusion.  Overall, the economy of the Russian Federation has 
proven its resilience under the current pandemic. The laid -out strategies and initiatives are aimed 
at improving the business climate, increasing competition, addressing governance shortcomings and 
reducing the regulatory burden. They are therefore right on point to foster Russia's economic growth. 
While we recognize Russia's endeavors to further facilitate trade and ope n new sectors to 
investment, we also note certain protectionist tendencies. I therefore hope that Russia in future no 
longer sees the necessity for those policies and considers the mutually beneficial advantages of a 
level-playing field for all WTO Members . 
3.28.   Also, I would like to commend Russia for outlining its contribution to combat global warming. 
Furthermore, as a fellow supporter of the relevant Joint Statement Initiatives, I would like to express 
my appreciation for Russia's efforts to support MSMEs an d empower women to be better integrate 
into the economy.  
3.29.   I hope that Russia will continue to be a firm supporter of the rules -based multilateral trading 
system and help further shape the WTO as an institution. Russia's dedication to restore a fully 
operat ional dispute settlement system is a case in point. In this regard, I look forward to constructive 
discussions today, and wish the Russian Federation a successful and insightful T rade Policy Review .  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
CHINA  
4.1.  I'd like to extend my warm welcome to the delegation of the Russian Federation led by H.E . 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova and appreciate the government of Russia for the preparation for this review. 
I would also like to express my gratitude to the Discussant, H.E Ambassador C hambovey  for his 
insightful remarks. Let me also thank the Secretariat for their invaluable contribution to the review.  
4.2.  China is pleased to note that, during the period of Trade Policy Review, the Russian Federation 
has maintained the course of economic diversificati on and increasing investment attractiveness of 
the domestic market, improving legislative regulation, supporting and developing the multilateral 
trading system, countering trade protectionism, as well as effectively participating in regional 
integration pr ocesses.  
4.3.  Despite the crisis COVID -19 pandemic, the resilience of Russian economy is applaudable. 
According to IMF analysts, GDP growth in 2021 and 2022 will increase by 4.4% and 3.1% 
respectively, thanks to the implementation of a balanced social and econ omic policy of the 
Russian  Federation.  
4.4.  China commends Russia 's strong support to the multilateral trading system and clear rejection 
of protectionism. We applaud Russia 's contribution to the discussion on WTO reform and share the 
same view with Russia that  the fully -functioning of a two -tier dispute settlement system through the 
restore of the Appellate Body is an issue of top priority. We also highly appreciate Russia 's positive 
proposals to promote the outcomes of MC12, especially for negotiations on fish eries subsidies.  
4.5.  China applauds Russia 's active participation and constructive role in the negotiations on 
Investment Facilitation for Development and  look forward to extensive and constructive cooperation 
with Russia under the framework of JSIs such as e -commerce, MSMEs, gender, as well as the 
Informal Dialogue on Plastics. China especially appreciates the fruitful work of the Russian Mission 
to WTO led by H.E . Ambassador Dmitry L yakishev  and looks forward to our continued close 
cooperation in Geneva.  
4.6.  In addition to the WTO, Russia 's voices of sticking to the rules -based multilateral trading 
system, fighting against protectionism, including in the form of unilateral trade restrictions are also 
loud and clear. China remains committed to working closely with Russia in safeguarding multilateral 
trading system on various fora, such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, G20 and APEC.  
4.7.  China has been Russia 's largest trading partner for eleven  consecutive years. Russia is one of 
the top ten trading partners of China. Despite the global economic downturn, the bilateral trade 
volume between China and Russia continues to grow. In the first nine months of 2021, bilateral 
trade volume reached  USD 102.5 billion, up 29.8% year -on-year. Based on that positive trend, our 
bilateral trade volume is expected to reach a new record this year. Besides, China high -tech 
investment in Russia has increased significantly, reflecting an upgraded structure of bilateral 
economic and trade cooperation.  
4.8.  Under the strategic leadership of China and Russia, the Belt and Road Initiative and the 
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) well echoes each other and accomplishes in trade, investment and 
regional cooperation. Particularly, the national level E -commerce cooperation mechanism since 2018 
has brought benefits to both sides and also boost the economic growth in the Belt and Road 
countries.  
4.9.  China and Russia are both emerging economies with great development potential. We look 
forward to observing further progress in Russia 's trade and investment  regimes, with the common 
wish to create a more liberalized business environment for the welfare of our people and for a more 
prosperous bilateral economic and trade relationship. As H.E . Ambassador Dmitry L yakishev  
mentioned last week, this year marks the 20th anniversary of the signing of the China -Russia Treaty 
of Good -Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation, which sets out an ambitious agenda of bilateral 
political, investment, scientific, technical, humanitarian , trade and economic cooperation. It 's worth 
noting that, this treaty was extended for another five years from June 2021, which we believe would WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  further strengthen the China -Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new 
era. 
4.10.   For the purpose of this review, China submitted the questions to Russia, we appreciate the 
written response from Russia and we will review them carefully.  Finally, I wish the Russian delegation 
every success in this T rade Policy Review .  
SWITZERLAND  
4.11.   Thank you for giving me the floor. I would like to extend a very cordial welcome to Russia 's 
delegation led by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova. Furthermore, I thank the Secretariat for its, as always, 
substantive report.  
4.12.   Switzerland highly values its trade relations with the Rus sian Federation. Since the last TPR, 
significant developments in bilateral trade between Switzerland and Russia have taken place. 
Amongst others, Swiss exports to Russia increased by a third during the period under review. 
Currently, more than 200 Swiss co mpanies are operating in Russia and Switzerland has been among 
the ten most important investors in Russia since 2014. In our ongoing bilateral dialogue with Russia, 
we look forward to examining a wide range of issues such as the cooperation in the field of  
mechanical and electrical engineering, chemical and pharmaceutical industry and watch industry, as 
well as cooperation in the field of agricultural exports and intellectual property rights.  
4.13.   The indicators of fiscal and budgetary policy of Russia remain po sitive: Russia has the 
sixth-lowest national debt and the sixth -highest national reserves in the world. This allowed the 
Russian Federation to absorb the economic shock of the COVID -19 pandemic. Yet, inflation gives 
reasons for concern and we note the stro ng actions taken by the Central Bank of Russia by increasing 
the interest rates.  
4.14.   We took well note of the Russian Federation 's efforts to diversify exports away from the 
natural resources and commodities sector. However, the manner in which the move away f rom 
hydrocarbons is played out remains a concern for Switzerland. In particular, export subsidies and 
import substitution have to be mentioned. For instance, financial support to exporters, in the form 
of partial reimbursement of certification costs, are c onsidered problematic. We are interested to 
learn, how the Russian Federation ensures that its industrial policy is compatible with WTO 
obligations, in particular on subsidies.  
4.15.   Another concern of Switzerland relates to the importance of State Owned Enterpr ises. Whilst 
it must be recognized, that there have been some reform efforts aimed at making SOEs more 
efficient, it cannot be denied that quite a few such enterprises continue to suffer from modest 
productivity and profitability. We therefore encourage th e Russian Federation to pursue its efforts to 
reinforce market -based principles in the running of SOEs in order to improve productivity and 
competitiveness and to enable a level playing field. The lack of transparency relating to SOEs is 
another concern. R ussia should provide the relevant outstanding notifications to the WTO.  
4.16.   Regarding other changes in the Russian and global economy, we encourage the 
Russian  Federation to continue to improve the provision of infrastructure to accelerate the energy 
transitio n and broaden access to Information and Communication Technology. A rethinking of 
competition and anti -trust frameworks is also needed in our view, in order to ensure market entry 
for new actors, both local and international.  
4.17.   Switzerland welcomes the initi al steps taken to accede to the GPA. However, transparency 
and non -discrimination in government procurement remain serious concerns with the current 
procurement regime. Goods, works, and services of Russian origin procured by government entities 
enjoy a pr ice preference of 15%. Furthermore, certain categories of locally produced goods are given 
a preference in the form of the so -called „third odd one out rule. We consider this to be (quasi) 
localization requirements. In particular , Small and Medium Enterpri ses face serious disadvantages 
when accessing the Russian procurement market. Important reforms are therefore needed within a 
reasonable timeframe in order to complete this accession.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.18.   Finally, we welcome the constructive engagement of Russia in various Joi nt Statement 
Initiatives and other WTO negotiations. We are pleased to see the Russian engagement in the work 
on MSMEs, Women 's economic empowerment and e -commerce.  
4.19.   We thank Russia for having provided replies to all our questions submitted in writing and wish 
its distinguished delegation a successful outcome of this Trade Policy Review.   
BRAZIL  
4.20.   I would like to start by welcoming the Russian delegation, headed by H.E. Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development ; 
and by thanking the Russian Mission to the WTO, headed by Ambassador Dmitry  Lyakishev, for its 
efforts and contributions to this important transparency exercise.  
4.21.   I would also like to express our appreciation to the Russian Government and to the WTO 
Secretariat for their comprehensive reports, as well as to the discussant, Ambassa dor Didier 
Chambovey, for his insightful observations on Russia 's economic and trade policies.  
4.22.   Russia is a strategic partner of Brazil with whom we cooperate here at the WTO, in the BRICS 
and at the G20. Presidents Putin and Bolsonaro have been able to mai ntain a fluid and constant 
dialogue since 2019, when the current administration took office in Brazil. Our bilateral trade flows 
are complementary: Brazil is an important supplier of agricultural goods to Russia; on the other 
hand, Russia is the main sourc e of fertilizers for our agriculture. The Russian market is critical for 
Brazilian beef, soyabeans, tobacco, coffee, peanuts and fruits, among other products.  
4.23.   In 2020, bilateral trade flows were significantly hit by the pandemic, with a decrease around 
19% from 2019 levels. Brazil and Russia trade reached USD 4.27 billion in 2020, with a deficit of 
USD 1.2 billion for Brazil. As both TPR Reports show, Russian 's economy is recovering and has a 
positive outlook for 2021 and 2022, as a result of social and eco nomic policies. The numbers for 
2021 are already reflecting that: bilateral trade reversed the negative trend with a growth of 58% 
till September, with overall trade flows of USD 4.9 billion. We are very likely to surpass pre -pandemic 
trade levels in 2021.  
4.24.   The Brazilian economy has been contributing very positively to that recovery in trade flows: 
our imports of Russian products increased by 93.5% in 2021 up to September and reached 
USD 3.8 billion.  
4.25.   Trade between Russia and Brazil has been much larger in th e past. Our peak trade flows 
reached USD 8 billion in 2008. One of the reasons for the current and past levelling  of Russian 
imports of Brazilian products is pointed out by the Secretariat Report: Russia 's import substitution 
and localization policies. Nat ional food security policies have established very high-level targets of 
market share for local production, as high as 85% for beef and fisheries, for instance. On a positive 
note, we welcome the reduction in Russia 's average applied MFN tariffs between 20 16 and 2021, as 
mentioned on the Secretariat report, as well as the removal of export duties on products covered by 
235 tariff lines.  
4.26.   Another reason why Brazil was not able to export larger amounts of products to Russia is the 
imposition of sanitary barrie rs to beef imports since 2018. We are negotiating bilaterally the terms 
by which Brazil could have more meatpacking plants approved to export beef, poultry and pork to 
Russia. It is of Paramount importance that Russia resumes inspection missions to Brazil 's 
meatpacking industry, as soon as possible. We believe Brazil and Russia can work together and do 
more to diversify our trade, expanding the range of products we export to each other, including the 
trade of manufactured goods. Our ongoing trade cooperatio n dialogue between MERCOSUR and 
Eurasian Economic Union can also be helpful in that sense.  
4.27.   Russia is an important potential source of Foreign Direct Investments to Brazil. We welcome 
the interest of Russian companies in our infrastructure sector, in partic ular in our Investment 
Partnerships Program (PPI) projects for railways, ports and energy production.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.28.   Under Russia 's BRICS presidency, we approved in 2020 the Strategy for BRICS Economic 
Partnership 2025. One of the basic principles of the BRICS strategy i s our commitment to the rules 
of the multilateral trading system. Last month, at the BRICS summit, we reiterated our support for 
a transparent, rules -based, open, inclusive and non-discriminatory  multilateral trading system, with 
the WTO at its core. The BRICS recognize the need for an urgent reform of the WTO aimed at 
preserving its relevance, core values and fundamental principles.  
4.29.   Russia and Brazil share some common views about what the MC12 co mmitments should be, 
such as restoring and improving the dispute settlement system and revitalizing the negotiating 
function of the WTO. In this spirit, Brazil looks forward to continuing its engagement with Russia and 
other Members towards a successful ou tcome at MC12 this year.  
4.30.   Brazil has submitted a number of questions in this Trade Policy Review. These questions 
addressed topics like telecommunications, fuel and energy policies, global value chains, export 
promotion policies, trade in local currencies, and other topics. We thank Russia for its written replies, 
which were forwarded to our capital for examination and follow -up. 
4.31.   Let me conclude, Chair, by wishing Russia a very successful and productive Trade Policy 
Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.32.   Singapore extends a warm  welcome to the Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations 
of the Ministry of Economic Development, Ms Ekaterina Mayorova and her delegation. Let me begin 
by expressing our appreciation to the Russian Federation for its Government report and statemen t. 
Our appreciation also goes to the Chair , Ambassador Athaliah Molokomme, the d iscussant 
Ambassador Didier Chambovey , as well as the Secretariat for their valuable insights. Allow me to 
make three points.  
4.33.   First, Singapore and Russia share healthy and grow ing economic relations. In 2020, 
Singapore 's bilateral trade with Russia totalled US D 2 billion, making Russia Singapore 's top trading 
partner in the Central Asian region, and our 34th largest trading partner globally. Our two -way flow 
of investments has a lso continued to grow. Singapore was Russia 's largest source of foreign 
investment for the cumulative period from 2016 to 2020, and second largest foreign investor in 2020 
itself. The value of foreign direct investments from Singapore into Russia reached n early 
USD 5.3 billion in 2019, and US D 16.2 billion from Russia to Singapore. Singapore companies see 
great potential in deepening our economic relationship in many areas, including food, technology 
and innovation, education and training as well as master -planning.  
4.34.   Second, Singapore commends Russia 's efforts to establish a network of Free Trade 
Agreements (FTAs) through the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The EAEU 's FTA strategy, 
including a Singapore -EAEU FTA, would enable the bloc to strengthen economic relations with 
international partners and enhance integration with the global economy. When it enters into force, 
the EAEU -Singapore FTA will endow both sides with important institutional linkages and facilitative 
measures which will provide certainty in t rade and investment rules. This will also send a positive 
signal to the international community of our mutual commitment to facilitate global trade and 
investment flows. Bilateral discussions on the Russia -Singapore Services and Investment Agreement 
are on -going and we look forward to its swift conclusion.  
4.35.   Singapore looks forward to further strengthening our multi -faceted cooperation with Russia. 
Singapore and Russia established the High -Level Intergovernmental Commission (IGC) in 
November  2009 chaired by o ur respective Ministers. The IGC covers a broad spectrum of issues 
including trade and investment, culture, education, science and technology and ICT. There is 
potential for Singapore to collaborate with Russia in its development of high -tech and competiti ve 
industries that focuses on innovation. We commend Russia 's efforts to digitalise its economy and 
develop its e -commerce sector which is matched by its active participation in international 
e-commerce related discussions including the JSI on E -commerce. We also recognise the progress 
in Russia 's agriculture sector over the past decade, which has increased Russia 's contribution to 
improving global food security in its role as an important exporter of agri -food products. This is 
particularly pertinent given the challenges posed by the COVID -19 pandemic to food security. In this 
regard, we see many opportunities for cooperation and knowledge transfer as Singapore embarks WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  on our "30 by 30 " programme which aims to produce 30 % of our nutritional needs locally in a 
sustainable manner by 2030.  
4.36.   Third, we commend Russia for its positive contributions to the WTO since its acc ession in 
2012. As highlighted in the Secretariat 's report, Russia participates in all four Joint Statement 
Initiatives, and also joined several proposals and statements on the COVID -19 pandemic and world 
trade. Such active and constructive participation i n the WTO underscores Russia 's commitment to 
the multilateral trading system and its conviction that the WTO is critical to ensuring a stable and 
predictable international trading environment. To further strengthen the critical pillar of transparency 
at the WTO, we encourage Russia to submit the outstanding notifications flagged by the Secretariat, 
on agriculture, licensing procedures and state trading enterprises. Singapore has also requested 
Russia to provide more information on some aspects of its invest ment regime, its FTA strategy and 
operationalisation, and development plans for its digital economy. We look forward to Russia 's 
responses.  
4.37.   We are confident that Russia will continue its positive economic development trajectory and 
wish Russia every succe ss for its second T rade Policy Review . 
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.38.   I would like to start by extending a warm welcome to the delegation of the Russian Federation 
led by Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of 
Economic  Development.  I would also like to thank Ambassador Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland for 
sharing with us his insights as discussant, and the Secretariat for the comprehensive reports 
prepared for this Review.  
4.39.   Hong Kong, China and the Russian Federation have  enjoyed steady and prospering bilateral 
trade relations. The Russian Federation was our 21st largest trading partner in merchandise trade in 
2020, and 25th largest partner in services trade in 2019.  
4.40.   It is particularly encouraging to note that our bilatera l merchandise trade during the past five 
years (2016 -2020) recorded an average growth rate of over 15% a year, and our bilateral services 
trade recorded an average growth rate of around 3% a year (during 2015 -2019).  
4.41.   We are also glad to note the strong inve stment relationship between Hong Kong, China and 
the Russian Federation, with Hong Kong, China being the third largest source of foreign direct 
investment in the Russian Federation in 2020. The double taxation agreement between our two 
economies effective since July 2016 has also contributed to the further strengthening of our bilateral 
trade and investment relations.  
4.42.   We appreciate the support of the Russian Federation for the multilateral trading system as 
well as its active participation in and contributions to the WTO. We look forward to working with the 
Russian Federation and other Members in making MC12 a success.  
4.43.   We noted that t he Russian Federation has actively supported the Joint Statement Initiative on 
Investment Facilitation for Development, including co -sponsoring the Joint Ministerial Statements in 
Buenos Aires in 2017 and Shanghai in 2019, participating in the structured discussions and 
submitting text proposals. Hong Kong, China will closely with the Russian Federation and other like -
minded Members to further develop the framework for investment facilitation for development 
towards a concrete outcome by MC1 2. 
4.44.   We have the following observations on the trade policies of the Russian Federation.  
4.45.   First, trade facilitation. We are pleased to note that the Russian Federation has introduced 
further measures during the reporting period, such as implementing a subject -oriented model of the 
risk management system, implementing the automation of customs operations, adopting electronic 
customs documents management to simplify customs procedures, eliminating unnecessary barriers 
and reducing the time for the release of goods.  
4.46.   Second, tariff. We are pleased to note that the Russian Federation has bound all of its tariff 
lines, with a simple average final bound rate of 8.4%. There is also a slight decrease in the simple WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  average applied MFN rate of the Ru ssian Federation from 8.3% in 2016 to 7.9% in 2021. However, 
it is noted that 14% of the tariff lines have non -ad valorem rates in the form of specific, compound 
or mixed duties, with a rather high dispersion in the overall tariff rates ranging from zero t o 284.6%. 
We encourage the Russian Federation to continue with its efforts in improving the tariff regime and 
simplifying its tariff structure.  
4.47.   Turning to anti -dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, we note that between 
June 2016 and March 2021, all six completed expiry reviews resulted in continuation of the 
anti-dumping (AD) measures in place. Meanwhile, the average timespan of AD measures in force 
during the same period was seven years, with ten AD measures had been in place for more than 
five years, including six measures with timespans exceeding ten years. To avoid creating 
unnecessary restrictions to trade, we encourage the competent authority to conduct timely and 
thorough reviews to ensure that any AD measures in force are fully justified.  
4.48.   Finally, services. We note that the services sector in the Russian Federation has continued to 
be the main contributor to its GDP, accounted for an estimated share of 61.1% during the period of 
2016-2020.In 2019, the Russian Federation ranked 15th in the w orld's services exports, and 11th in 
services imports. We encourage the Russian Federation to continue liberalising its services trade 
regime to create favourable conditions for trade in services and boost the competitiveness of its 
services sector in acco rdance with its trade policy.  In particular, we would urge the 
Russian  Federation to seriously consider removing all its MFN exemptions.  
4.49.   Hong Kong, China values the Russian Federation as an important trading partner. We look 
forward to maintaining our clos e bilateral trade ties and  cooperating more closely with the 
Russian  Federation in the WTO on issues of mutual interests. We thank the Russian Federation for 
the written replies to our questions and wish the Russian Federation a successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
KINGDOM  OF SAUDI  ARABIA  
4.50.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is very pleased to take part in the second Trade Policy Review 
of Russian Federation and wishes to extend a very warm welcome to its distinguished delegation 
headed by H.E. Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Di rector of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry 
of Economic Development.  
4.51.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia thanks the Russian Federation and the Trade Policies Review 
Division of the WTO Secretariat for their detailed and comprehensive reports. We also thank the 
discussant , H.E. Dr Didier Chambovey , Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Swiss 
Permanent Mission to the WTO and EFTA in Geneva for his insightful and perceptive comments.  
4.52.   The trade policy review reports highlight that during the period of 2016 -2019, 
Russian  Federation maintained a GDP growth rate which averaged at 1.7%. Russian prudent 
management resulted in macroeconomic stability, as evidenced by the existence of a fiscal surplus 
during most of the review period, a low inflation  rate, and ample international reserves. Also, Russa 
managed the impact of declining and volatile of oil prices well.  
4.53.   International trade openness is clearly vital for Russian Federation as it continues its 
development and growth. During the review period,  Russian Federation has two FTAs that entered 
into force, and signed other two FTAs but still not yet put into force.  
4.54.   The Russian Federation is commended for its National Plan on the Development of the 
Competition Policy, and its combining activities to im prove the business and investment 
environment, increasing employment rate in SMEs, updating the principal customs legislation to be 
following the EAEU Customs Codes.  
4.55.   We also praise the Russian Federation for the significant legal changes that have occurred  in 
many areas such as customs procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, export support, 
public procurement, foreign investment, protection of intellectual property, mining and energy, 
financial services, and telecommunication services, promoti on and diversification of non -energy 
exports.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.56.   Saudi Arabia and the Russian Federation enjoy a friendly trade relationship supported by 
shared membership in the G20, and they are prominent trading partners. Trade exchange between 
the two countries in 2020 g rew by 95% than it was in 2016. The Saudi -Russian Business Council 
that was established in 2002 to reflect the two countries keener to further facilitate trade and joint 
economic exchange and cooperation remains very active in strengthen the economic ties and 
promote the investment opportunities between the two countries.  
4.57.   The Russian Federation as a G20 member and an active member of this Organization 
continues to play a central role in the reinforcement of the multilateral trading system. The Kingdom 
of Saudi Arabia appreciates the Russian Federation actively engagement in the WTO negotiations.  
4.58.   Before I conclude, I would like to thank H.E. Mr Dmitry L yakishev , Ambassador and Permanent 
Representative of the Russian Federation to the WTO , and his distinguishe d team for the great 
cooperation between our two Missions which serves our mutual interests and thank them for their 
active engagement in all WTO activities.  
4.59.   To conclude, we wish the delegation of the Russian Federation a very successful Trade Policy 
Revie w.  
PHILIPPINES  
4.60.   At the outset, the Philippines associates itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by 
Brunei Darussalam recognizing Russia as one of ASEAN 's important trading partners.  
4.61.   The Philippine delegation warmly welcomes and congratulates the  Russian delegation led by 
Director Ekaterina Mayorova of the Ministry of Economic Development and Ambassador Dmitry 
Lyakishev of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the WTO on their second  Trade 
Policy Review. We also thank Ambassador Didie r Chambovey of Switzerland for his insightful 
comments as discussant, and the WTO Secretariat for a comprehensive report.  
4.62.   This year marks the 45th anniversary of the Philippines -Russia diplomatic relations. Since the 
establishment of our bilateral relation ship in June 1976, we have reinvigorated our partnership 
through high -level visits and conclusion of more than 30 agreements in the areas of trade, defense, 
security, nuclear energy, higher education, agriculture, culture, and tourism.  
4.63.   While the Philippine s' bilateral ties with Russia have grown remarkably over the past few 
years, there is an enormous potential for further cooperation which was demonstrated in the 
opportunities presented by the current pandemic for the Philippines and Russia to cooperate in  the 
area of COVID -19 vaccines.  
4.64.   Furthermore, the Philippine -Russia bilateral relations have shifted from being defense -centric 
to more robust cooperation in trade and investments, culture, outer space, nuclear technology and 
energy, labor, and people -to-people ties.  
4.65.   Russia is an important trading partner of the Philippines. In 2020, Russia ranked as the 
Philippines ' 20th trading partner with total bilateral trade valued at US D 901 million. Among the top 
commodity exports of the Philippine to Rus sia include desiccated coconuts, semiconductor devices, 
and carrageenan. While among the top imports of the Philippines from Russia include semi -finished 
products of iron or non -alloy steel, petroleum oils, and other wheat and meslin.  
4.66.   The establishment of the Philippines -Russia Joint Commission on Trade and Economic 
Cooperation (JCTEC) in November 2015 opened more opportunities for cooperation as the Philippine 
and Russian products are now more accessible in the respective mainstream market s of the two 
countries. The JCTEC serves as an overarching framework to facilitate and promote trade and 
economic cooperation between our two countries.  
4.67.   Russia 's accession to the WTO in August 2012 marked a landmark in its integration into the 
multilateral  trading system. As one of the world 's biggest producers of oil, gas, and electricity, it has 
continued to prioritize the diversification of its economy away from its abundant gas and oil 
resources. Moreover, since the last Review in 2016, significant lega l changes have occurred, 
including in the areas of customs procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, export WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  support, public procurement, foreign investment, competition, protection of intellectual property, 
mining and energy, financial services , and telecommunications services.  
4.68.   According to the World Bank's "Ease of Doing Business" rating in 2020, Russia ranked 28th 
among 190 economies in terms of ease of doing business, which is an improvement from its previous 
rating position in 2016 where it ranked 51st out of 189 economies.  
4.69.   The Philippines acknowledges Russia 's strong support and commitment to an open, non -
discriminatory, and transparent rules -based multilateral trading system, and its regard to the critical 
role of the WTO in ensuring a sta ble and predictable international trading environment. It actively 
participates in preparing the MC12 outcomes by engaging in various WTO negotiations, including 
the WTO reform, fisheries subsidies, and agriculture. It also supports the flexible multilater alism 
approach by actively participating in the various negotiations under the Joint Statement Initiatives, 
namely, electronic commerce, investment facilitation for development, domestic regulation in 
services, and MSMEs. It also supported the Buenos Aires  Joint Declaration on Trade and Women 's 
Economic Empowerment and is a participant of the WTO Informal Working Group on Gender.  
4.70.   The Philippines has submitted advance written questions on the TPR reports and we thank the 
delegation of Russia for their prompt  replies.  
4.71.   In closing, the Philippines looks forward to further enhancing the mutually beneficial economic 
relations with Russia in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral for um.  
AUSTRALIA   
4.72.   Australia welcomes the opportunity to participate in the Russian  Federation 's second Trade 
Policy Review. This review process is an important step in Russia 's enhanced integration into the 
global economy and the multilateral rules -based trading system.  
4.73.   We welcome Russia 's strong engagement in the work of the WTO, part icularly as we strive 
towards successful outcomes at MC12. Given the importance of agricultural trade reform to global 
food markets, Russian leadership in support of an MC12 outcome would strengthen prospects. In 
the fisheries subsidies negotiations, notin g the urgency to conclude, we encourage Russia to focus 
its efforts on fostering compromise.  
4.74.   We appreciate Russia 's active participation in the Joint Statement Initiatives on services 
domestic regulation, e -commerce, and investment facilitation for develop ment. We hope Russia will 
be able to join the expected outcome on services domestic regulation at MC12 and, to that end, 
encourage it to submit its pre -finalization schedule as soon as possible.  
4.75.   During the review period, Russia commenced negotiations on i ts accession to the Government 
Procurement Agreement, tabling its initial market access offer in June 2017. We welcome Russia 's 
continued serious engagement in and commitment to acceding to that Agreement.  
4.76.   Australia places high priority on transparency an d notification obligations at the WTO and we 
would encourage Russia to comply fully and promptly with its notification obligations across the WTO 
agreements.  
4.77.   We encourage Russia to ensure its trade measures are consistent with international standards 
and g uidelines, and that administrative requirements are streamlined where possible. In particular, 
harmonising – and clarifying – regulatory requirements for imported foods and improving border 
inspection and clearance systems for imports to Russia would lower  costs for importers and, in turn, 
domestic consumers.  
4.78.   Growing bilateral trade with Australia in the mining equipment, technology and services sector 
is supporting modernisation and enhancing the productivity of Russia 's economy. Australia looks 
forward t o future growth in trade in these areas.  
4.79.   The challenges faced by the Russian economy, including its continued dependency on 
hydrocarbon export prices, underline the importance of pursuing growth strategies that support a 
flexible, versatile, and resilient economy. As the World Bank has highlighted, structural issues with WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  respect to productivity and diversification have contributed to limits in the rate of Russia 's potential 
economic growth.  
4.80.   We note that the entry into force of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) on 
1 January 2015 has meant that trade policy formation in Russia involves both EAEU and national 
institutions and legislation. Australian wine exporters are keen to see progress that would allow 
harmonisation between relevan t EAEU technical regulations and Russia 's corresponding technical 
laws. 
4.81.   Australia has submitted a number of written questions for this Review. We look forward to 
Russia 's response to these questions.  
MEXICO  
4.82.   Mexico extends a warm welcome to the delegation o f the Russian Federation, headed by 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of 
Economic Development. My delegation would also like to thank Ambassador Didier Chambovey for 
his timely analysis and the WTO Sec retariat for preparing its report.  
4.83.   In addition, we wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge the active and constructive 
efforts of the Russian Mission, headed by Ambassador Lyakishev, in WTO work. Mexico will continue 
to collaborate with Russia on the various activities that bring us together as we work to build a 
stronger multilateral trading system.  
4.84.   I would like to start by highlighting that, last year, Mexico and Russia celebrated 130 years of 
diplomatic relations and, several months ago, our Ministe rs of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed the 
relationship between our countries, which encompasses many different areas.  
4.85.   Regarding Russia's economic performance, it is noteworthy that, between 2016 and 2018, 
its GDP showed a marked acceleration as its growth rate rose from 0.2% to almost 3%. However, 
like much of the world, Russia was also affected by an unstable global economic environment, which 
resulted in a decline of 2% in 2019, which was exacerbated by the effects of the pandemic, shrinking 
by a further 3% in  2020. However, projections for this year suggest the country will experience a 
recovery of close to 5%.  
4.86.   Moreover, my delegation recognizes the progress made by Russia in its annual action plans 
aimed at streamlining customs formalities and procedures. The se efforts have resulted in a 
significant improvement in the Doing Business Index indicator for trading across borders, where the 
country rose from 170th place to 99th place during the review period. We hope that these efforts will 
also be consolidated by the implementation of the national single window system.  
4.87.   Similarly, it is worth noting the introduction of measures to develop e -commerce in Russia, 
such as the implementation of the Online Consumer Protection Law, and various provisions on data 
privacy an d electronic signatures. This has had a significant impact on the considerable growth of 
turnover in the e -commerce sector.  
4.88.   Mexico also welcomes the introduction of a "regulatory guillotine" mechanism to update 
sectoral regulatory instruments and implement  risk-based principles. Moreover, it recognizes the 
efforts made by Russia to improve its regulatory environment by taking into account the interests 
of MSMEs. This is reflected in the review of all normative legal acts to assess the potential impact 
on MS MEs, and the opportunity granted to MSMEs to contribute to the standard -setting process, 
among other things, by submitting comments on new or revised laws and regulations.  
4.89.   In addition, we would like to highlight the progress made by Russia in promoting women's 
empowerment through the implementation of the 2017 -2022 National Strategy for Action for 
Women.  
4.90.   However, on the basis of the Secretariat report, we can identify several areas of opportunity 
for improvement in Russian trade policies, inclu ding the following.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.91.   Although the number of public companies has fallen recently, in "Russian Federation: Selected 
Issues", an IMF Country Report published in 2018, it is indicated that the size of the Russian State 
has a significant impact on competition a nd economic efficiency, which highlights the importance of 
implementing pro -competition policies. In that regard, we encourage Russia to submit its 
outstanding notifications on state trading enterprises and to continue its work to promote economic 
diversif ication and a level playing field for the private sector.  
4.92.   The degree of restrictions on FDI continues to be relatively high and has even increased 
since 2016, largely because of measures intended to screen and approve foreign investment, as well 
as restric tions on foreign capital in sectors such as transportation, the media and financial services.  
4.93.   The level of concentration in the banking sector and the role of state -owned banks continues 
to be significant.  
4.94.   Despite not having granted any export subsidies fo r agricultural products during the review 
period, some Members remain concerned about the provision of assistance via the Russian Export 
Center that could infringe on the commitments made by Russia in this area.  
4.95.   In conclusion, allow me to wish the Russian delegation a successful Trade Policy Review and 
I hope that the ongoing discussions will be productive and useful in continuing efforts to perfect 
Russia's trade policy. I would also like to wish the officials accompanying us today a smooth journey 
back to  the capital.  
ISRAEL  
4.96.   Israel would like to thank you, the Discussant H.E. Mr Didier C hambovey  (Switzerland), 
Russia, and the Secretariat for the detailed reports. Israel also welcomes Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , 
Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development as the Head of 
Delegation. Israel and Russia have maintaine d significantly close relations extending beyond trade 
for many years. Our ties have extended beyond economic and trade relationships. To demonstrate 
how interlinked our countries are it is sufficient to mention that a large proportion of the population 
of Israel speaks the Russian language natively, d ue to the immigration of many families to Israel in 
previous decades.  
4.97.   It is no secret that for many years, there has been strong bilateral interest in fostering growth 
and expanding the economic ties between o ur countries. On the bilateral front, we set up in 1994 
the Joint Russian -Israeli Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation, which remains a vital part 
of our collaboration up to this day. A Free Trade Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union 
and its Member States and Israel is under negotiations, and we hope for a successful conclusion in 
the near future.  
4.98.   In line with recent global developments including the COVID -19 pandemic and the drop in 
petroleum prices, trade in goods between Russia and Israe l in 2020 declined by 30%, while in the 
first half of 2021, it grew by 50% year -on-year. 
4.99.   Russia 's leading goods exports to Israel include minerals and refined petroleum, precious 
stones and metals and agricultural products, while Israel's exports to Russia  are dominated by 
agricultural products, machinery and electrical equipment, and chemicals.  
4.100.   As we notice from the Report, the Russian Federation has witnessed a positive effect on 
productivity growth, quality of jobs, and poverty reduction through its bett er integration in global 
value chains. Therefore, Israel expects this positive trend to continue as Russia enhances its 
commitment to international trade and the world economy.  
4.101.   At the WTO, Israel sees Russia as an essential player in the MTS. In e -commerce , for 
example, Israel is encouraged by Russia's participation in the JSI, an area where international 
cooperation is essential in our view. It is also worth noting that we are looking forward to Russia's 
accession to the GPA to fulfil its accession protoco l. We have engaged with Russia in its previous 
market access offer, and we look forward to improvements to it, commensurate to the offers of 
other GPA parties. We stand ready to assist Russia through this process if necessary.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.102.   During this exercise, Israel  submitted questions to the Russian Federation, and we look 
forward to reviewing the replies in due course. The areas of interest for Israel include tariffs in both 
industrial and agricultural goods, government procurement, border policies, and the Eurasia n 
Economic Union.  
4.103.   As we are nearing MC12, Israel looks forward to Russia 's contributions and constructive role 
towards a successful Ministerial.  
4.104.   Finally, Israel looks forward to continuing our close collaboration with the Russian delegation 
headed by Amba ssador Dmitry L yakishev . Israel wishes the Russian Federation a very successful 
Trade Policy Review . 
UNITED  STATES  
4.105.   I would like to join others in welcoming H.E. M Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the 
Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic De velopment ; and her distinguished 
delegation from Moscow for Russia's second Trade Policy Review.  
4.106.   Russia has been a WTO Member for nearly a decade. In that time, Russia has taken some 
steps to advance the principles and goals of the WTO: it has implemented its WTO tariff reductions; 
its customs procedures have improved; and it has reduced some export duties. In addition , as 
reflected in the Secretariat report, the Government of Russia says that it supports the WTO, the 
multilateral trading system, and increa sed competition.  
4.107.   However, actions speak louder than words, and Russia's actions reflect an economy moving 
away from the core tenets of the WTO: non -discrimination; predictability; transparency; and fair 
competition.  
4.108.   Rather, it appears that Russia's industr ial policy is driven by the guiding principle of import 
substitution and forced localization. For example, in 2021 alone, Russia has issued over a dozen 
"Actions Plans" with important substitution goals, Russia has mandated preferential prices for many 
domestic products and services; established minimum quotas for purchases of certain domestic 
products; directed state -owned companies to buy domestic software; barred foreign suppliers from 
participating in certain tenders; forbidden companies from purchasing  any imports in certain sectors; 
and offered subsidies to domestic producers that use domestic content or meet export requirements 
across a range of industries and consistently increasing the local content required to meet the 
definition of "Made in Rus sia"; by requiring IT companies  to establish a legal presence in Russia; 
and by requiring companies to store certain data in Russia. The result is discriminatory regime with 
little fair competition.  
4.109.   Russia has not accepted the related principles of transpar ency and predictability. As the 
Secretariat Report notes, Russia has refused to provide numerous required notifications under the 
Agreement on Agriculture, The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and regarding State 
Trading Enterprises. But even for t hose measures Russia did notify, many were not notified with the 
standard 60 -day comment period. In addition, the United Stated has submitted written questions 
about some of Russia's import substitution measures, but Russia has, to date, refused to respond . 
Russia has also failed to bring the promised transparency and accountability to its system of 
collective management for the collection and distribution of copyright royalties. Transparency is a 
core principle of the WTO and a critical requirement for an efficient economy. Without it, the result 
is an impenetrable and unfair system where any supposed requirement can be imposed because no 
one really knows what the rules are.  
4.110.   A non -transparent system, like Russia's system, cr eates  an environment of unpredict ability 
because economic players don't know the rules of the road. The WTO Agreement, by contrast, 
promotes predictability, for instance , through the use of international standards, and the prohibition 
against regulations that present unnecessary obstacles  to trade. Russia maintains certain SPS 
measures that are nor consistent with international standards and has yet to provide WTO Members 
with scientific evidence to support how these measures protect human, animal, or plant life or health. 
The introduction  of the mandatory labelling law, or "Track and Trace" regime, created significant 
confusion and border disruptions because the infrastructure wasn't yet in place. And now Russia has WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  introduced a "Traceability Regime" that appears to pursue the same goals, with no clear explanation 
as to the difference between the two regimes.  
4.111.   Finally, as Ambassador Tai noted in her recent speech to the Graduate Institute's Geneva 
Trade Platform, the WTO can be a force for good and trade should raise living standards. Russia 's 
accession to the WTO and, more importantly, its adoption of WTO norms, could have been the 
catalyst for Russia to diversify and reform its economy. Indeed, when the United States welcomed 
Russia into the WTO  nine years ago, we had great hopes. Hopes tha t Russia would contribute to the 
global trading system, distributing its unique goods and services around the world and opening its 
market to imports and investment.  
4.112.   Unfortunately, Russia seems to be turning inwards, closing its borders and building walls to 
keep global trade out. We believe this approach hurts workers, farmers, exporters and investors in 
Russia, the United Stated, and around the world. We urge Russia to choose a different path – the 
path that it promised to embrace a decade ago, founded in the core tenets of the WTO: 
non-discrimination; predictability; transparency; and fair competition.  
CANADA  
4.113.   Canada joins others in welcoming Ms Ekaterina M ayorova  and the delegation of Russia to its 
Trade Policy Review. Canada is pleased to be participating in this important discussion.  
4.114.   Since its accession to WTO in 2012, Russia has made efforts to further integrate its economy 
with international trade networks. Canada welcomes the work Russia has undertaken to meet its 
WTO obligations. Howev er, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight a couple of areas where 
improvements would be of particular interest to Canada: state involvement in the economy and 
efforts to address corruption and improve the business environment.  
4.115.   First, the stat e continues to be heavily involved in the Russian economy, and has a dominant 
position in key sectors including transport and energy. Banking remains dominated by state -owned 
financial institutions, which control the bulk of assets and deposits. While we a pplaud Russia 's 
reforms to the corporate governance of its state enterprises, there remain serious issues including 
a lack of transparency and the different rules that apply to state corporations. We welcome the 
July 2020 announcement to reduce the number of state -owned enterprises and encourage Russia to 
also decrease the total market capitalization and assets of such firms. Ensuring fair competition will 
improve resource allocation, promote better quality products at lower prices and increase consumer 
welfare. 
4.116.   I also echo the recommendations of the IMF 's 2020 World Economic Outlook when I say that 
boosting potential economic growth in Russia will involve a concerted effort to address the 
disproportionate effect of the state in its economy, including throug h greater competition, lower 
administrative barriers and regulation, and stronger governance.  
4.117.   Implementation of these measures would also seek to address my second point, which is 
corruption and the environment for doing business. Foreign investment into R ussia has been 
hampered by a variety of concerns. In addition to regulatory barriers, foreign business people worry 
about a lack of transparency, the prevalence of insider deals, the threat of organised crime and 
difficulties with getting redress in courts . They also complain that the success of their projects 
depends heavily on relations with regional and local authorities. Corruption remains a major 
obstacle, in public institutions as well as in private business.  
4.118.   Russia 's concurrent engagement of the Eur asian Economic Union (EAEU), beginning in 2015, 
appears to have sometimes strengthened and sometimes weakened its pursuit of fulfilling its WTO 
obligations. Upon joining the EAEU, Russia nominally transferred authority over many aspects of its 
foreign trad e regime to the EAEU. As a result, many of Russia 's WTO commitments are implemented 
through EAEU measures. As an example, Russia has sought to implement broader enforcement of 
intellectual property rights. However, the country has yet to harmonize fully it s intellectual property 
regime with the regulatory principles adopted under the EAEU.  
4.119.   It is our view that when international trade objectives are pursued inconsistently across 
competing organizations, these may further risk damaging a country 's economy an d undermine the WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  multilateral trading system which benefits Russia. Canada continues to encourage Russia to adopt a 
free, fair, non -discriminatory, transparent, predictable, and stable trade environment based on the 
rule of law.  
4.120.   Within the WTO, Canada welc omes Russia 's participation in the joint statement initiatives on 
services domestic regulation, electronic commerce, and investment facilitation, as well as in the 
context of the Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade. On the JSI on services domestic 
regulations, Canada trust Russia will be submitting a draft schedule before 29 October to further 
demonstrate its commitment to the initiative. Furthermore, Canada appreciates Russia 's solid 
notification record, but does note a shortfall regarding state tr ading enterprises. We are also grateful 
for Russia 's active and constructive participation in the MSME Working Group.  
4.121.   In the context of the impasse at the Appellate Body, we encourage Russia to consider joining 
the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Ar rangement as soon as possible to ensure binding dispute 
settlement with access to appellate review in its disputes with other participants. Moreover, we 
encourage Russia to make progress on its negotiations to accede to the GPA.  
4.122.   Canada has prepared a set of questions touching on some of themes previously mentioned, 
including coherence between EAEU regulations and WTO rules, particularly in the spheres of SPS 
and TBT, as well as other issues such as government procurement and gover nment support for 
agriculture. Canada thanks Russia for its responses and wishes Russia a successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
COSTA RICA  
4.123.   Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of 
Economic Development; Ambassado r Dmitry Lyakishev, Permanent Representative of the 
Russian  Federation to the WTO; distinguished members of the delegation of the Russian Federation 
and of the Permanent Mission in Geneva; Ambassador Didier Chambovey, Permanent Representative 
of Switzerlan d to the WTO, discussant for this Trade Policy Review; Ambassador Athaliah 
Molokomme, Chair of the Trade Policy Review Body; distinguished colleagues. The Permanent 
Mission of Costa Rica to the WTO is pleased to participate in this second Trade Policy Revi ew of the 
Russian Federation and is grateful for the opportunity to offer some comments on the reports 
presented and the context in which this Review took place.  
4.124.   We recognize the efforts made by the Russian Federation during the review period to 
maintain m acroeconomic stability and adopt mechanisms to adapt to the challenges of the changing 
global economy through economic diversification, participation in global value chains and the 
subsequent creation of jobs and reduction of poverty. We also welcome the a ctions taken to 
empower and strengthen MSMEs, improve their productivity and make them more competitive.  
4.125.   The Russian economy did not escape the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, as shown by 
its 3% shrinkage in 2020. This had a considerable impact on unemplo yment levels and although the 
Government implemented a series of measures to address these difficulties, dependence on the use 
and production of hydrocarbons continues to be a challenge for the transformation of the Russian 
economy.  
4.126.   Within this transformat ion process, we commend the Russian Federation for its participation 
in the various joint initiatives, which shows the clear interest of the Government in making progress 
in discussions on topics important to Members, in accordance with our present realiti es. We also 
welcome the focus of the Russian Federation to making constructive contributions to discussions 
on WTO reform and the need to strengthen the role of the Appellate Body.  
4.127.   Costa Rica recognizes the active role of the Russian Federation in the agri cultural 
negotiations, especially in regard to domestic support. Costa Rica agrees with many of the concepts 
outlined by Russia in its proposals and is fully prepared to work together with Russia to design 
modalities under this pillar.  
4.128.   Costa Rica is closel y monitoring the development of the Russian sanitary and phytosanitary 
regulatory system, as well as the various policies notified to the Committee on Technical Barriers to 
Trade. We urge Russia to continue to work with Members on these topics to ensure th at the WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  implementation of non -tariff measures has as little impact as possible on trade, particularly in 
agricultural products.  
4.129.   In terms of transparency, we are grateful for the consistency the Russian Federation has 
shown in holding annual consultations on  the allocation of WTO -bound tariff quotas. However, we 
urge Russia to notify the relevant Working Group about its state trading enterprises as soon as 
possible, as no progress has been made on this topic for many years.  
4.130.   In addition, Costa Rica, as co -coordinator of the Trade and Environmental Sustainability 
Structured Discussions, thanks the Russian Federation for its participation at the sessions held 
throughout the year and welcomes its recent participation in the Informal Dialogue on Plastics 
Pollution and Environmentally Sustainable Plastics Trade. In that regard, we urge the Member 
reviewed to continue to be part of discussions on sustainability and trade and to assess the 
opportunities to transition to a greener economy, use clean technologies and pro gressively reduce 
emissions, with the further harmonization of the trade and environmental agendas.  
4.131.   My delegation submitted a number of questions, which have been answered in a timely 
manner. We thank the Russian Federation for its replies, which have been  sent to our capital for 
analysis.  
4.132.   I would like to conclude my statement by thanking the discussant, Ambassador Chambovey, 
for his timely comments and the Secretariat for its typically excellent work, and by wishing the 
Russian  Federation a successful seco nd Trade Policy Review . 
INDIA  
4.133.   At the outset, I would like to extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of the 
Russian  Federation led by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations 
for the second  Trade Policy Review. Warm welc ome also to the Russian delegation to the WTO in 
Geneva led by Ambassador Dmitry and his able team. My delegation would like to commend the 
Government of the Russian Federation and the WTO secretariat for their comprehensive reports and 
would also thank th e discussant Ambassador Chambovey of Switzerland for his insightful remarks.  
4.134.   We note from the Secretariat 's report the challenging economic environment faced by the 
Russian Federation during the review period and the structural reforms and policy initiatives taken 
by the Government of Russia to address the structural issues. We further note the many changes 
brought about by the Russian Government during the Review period to the domestic legal 
frameworks in areas like customs procedures, export duti es and taxes, public procurement, foreign 
investment, competition, protection of intellectual property, energy, financial and 
telecommunications services. We appreciate the positive changes in Russia 's economic, trade and 
investment policies and hope that they will help put Russia on a sustained positive growth trajectory.  
4.135.   We have noted the negative impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on the Russian economy in 
2020. However, we are pleased to note that the sound macroeconomic stabilization policies and 
accumula ted buffers have enabled the Russian Federation to manage the impact of these adverse 
shocks. We thank the Government of Russian Federation for its support to India during the COVID -19 
pandemic with COVID -19 medical supplies. India is also partnering with Russia for production of 
Russian developed COVID -19 vaccine.  
4.136.   Chair, India and the Russian Federation share multifaceted and long -standing ties rooted in 
history. Our relationship has been time -tested , in recent years India -Russia ties have acquired a 
qualitatively new character with enhanced cooperation in almost all areas of the bilateral relationship 
including economic, trade and investment. The bilateral goods trade continues to remain below 
potential at around U SD 8 billion, which does n ot reflect the true scale of our bilateral partnership. 
However, it has been on an upward trajectory since 2017 and we hope that this positive momentum 
will be maintained. Investment relations have also continued to expand, with Russian investment in 
India at US D 18 billion and India 's investment in Russia being US D 13 billion. Intensifying the trade 
and economic relations has been identified as a priority area by our leaders with targets set for 
increasing bilateral investments to US D 50 billion and bilate ral trade to US D 30 billion by 2025.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.137.   Both countries are working closely to expand our bilateral trade and investment ties. We had 
submitted a number of questions to the Russian Federation for this TPR, including on some of our 
concerns, which if addressed , could further unlock our trade potential. We thank the Russian 
delegation for the replies provided and our capital will be carefully reviewing the responses.  
4.138.   India and Russia work closely in forums like the BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 
G-20 and are engaged on a range of diverse issues such as global governance, poverty alleviation 
and sustainable development. We appreciate Russia 's strong support to the multilateral trading 
system under the WTO and its advocacy for a stable and predictable in ternational trading 
environment. We look forward to continuing our work together with our Russian colleagues, both 
bilaterally and here at the WTO to further expanding our trade and investment ties for mutual 
benefit. We wish our friends from the Russian F ederation a productive and successful T rade Policy 
Review . 
JAPAN  
4.139.   In this 10th anniversary year of the Russian Federation 's accession to the WTO, Japan 
welcomes the Delegation of the Russian Federation led by Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , Director of the 
Departmen t of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development, to today 's Trade Policy 
Review. We sincerely appreciate the reports prepared by the WTO Secretariat and the Government 
of the Russian Federation, which form the basis for our discussion today. Our delegation also offers 
its appreciation to the Discussant, H.E. Mr Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland, for his insightful 
remarks.  
4.140.   Despite the fact that Russia 's economic growth has been declining due to challenges caused 
by structural issues with respect to  productivity and economic diversification, we recognize that the 
Russian Federation has made great efforts to improve its legal system since the previous TPR. We 
look forward to Russia 's continued efforts to build a prosperous country, benefitting from th e 
multilateral trading system.  
4.141.   Japan is working to strengthen its economic cooperation with the Russian Federation in a 
mutually beneficial manner. We have some projects that are underway in the areas of resource 
development and cooperation in the Far East  region. Despite the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, 
the amount of trade between our two countries increased by about 17% in the first half of this year, 
compared to the same period last year.  
4.142.   Japan appreciates the active participation of the Russian Fede ration in the WTO, including 
cooperation with Japan in the Joint Statement Initiatives. Japan attaches importance to ensuring 
transparency, as a significant factor, relevant to all WTO reforms. Therefore, we would like to invite 
the Russian Federation to s teadily implement its notification obligations in the WTO.  
4.143.   On this occasion, we would like to take up some specific issues.  
4.144.   First, on trade and investment facilitation. Japan welcomes the Russian Federation 's efforts 
to facilitate investment and trade, inc luding the approval of a new Federal Law to protect and 
encourage investment, introducing the Capital Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements in 
2020. Japan also acknowledges the ongoing work on the development of a national single window 
under the EAEU Customs Code. On the other hand, we see that there is still much room for 
improvement. As the Secretariat 's report points out, there remain significant barriers in trade and 
investment procedure to starting a business and investing in Russia.  
4.145.   Second,  on the localization of production in the industrial sector. Japan values the 
Russian  Federation 's contribution to maintaining and strengthening the multilateral trading system 
in general terms. Nevertheless, we are concerned about the radical localization  of production in the 
industrial sector in order to enhance domestic production capacity and promote technology transfer. 
This includes the national policy that requires the use of locally produced products for companies to 
operate in the country and avail  of various preferential systems. This situation has created an 
undesirable business environment for foreign companies, as it makes it difficult for them to avail of 
such systems. Japan requests the Russian Federation to ensure an open and predictable busi ness 
environment, in order to enable foreign companies, which are also contributing to the Russian 
economy, to operate on an equal footing.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.146.   We also have a concern on the services sector. The Merchant Shipping Code of the 
Russian  Federation, with some excep tions, stipulates an obligation to use vessels with Russian 
nationality when transporting resources. This obligation could have an adverse impact on the 
operation of foreign companies engaging in natural resource trade with Russia. We are further 
concerned  about media reports on a draft government ordinance that obligates the use of vessels 
constructed in the Russian Federation when transporting resources produced in the country.  
4.147.   In conclusion, Japan appreciates the efforts made by the Russian Federation si nce the last 
meeting to improve its trade and investment environment and  will support its continued 
improvement. We wish the delegation of the Russian Federation a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.148.   Kyrgyz Republic warmly welcomes the delegation  of the Russian Federation led by the 
Director of the Trade Negotiations Department of the Ministry of Economy H .E. Madam Ekaterina 
Mayorova and His Excellency Ambassador Mr Dmitri Lyakishev.  
4.149.   We would like to express our gratitude to the WTO Secretariat an d Government of the 
Russian Federation for providing such Comprehensive Reports of the Trade Policy Review. We would 
also like to thank the Discussant, H .E. Mr Didier Chambovey  of Switzerland for his insightful 
comments.  
4.150.   Since the beginning of its membersh ip to WTO in 2012, the Russian Federation has 
demonstrated its highest of dedications to the WTO law and has continuously shown its commitment 
to trade liberalization under the multilateral trading system centered on the WTO.  
4.151.   Due to the historical and cult ural commonalities between the peoples of the Kyrgyz Republic 
and the Russian Federation, the traditional ties of friendship, common interests in not only trade 
and economic, but also in the political and cultural and humanitarian fields, cooperation with the 
Russian Federation is of a particular importance for the Kyrgyz Republic.  
4.152.   Relationship with Russia occupies a special place in our history, which is counted back from 
the 18th century, when the Kyrgyz first sent its ambassadors to Russia, and from that  moment, the 
first steps were taken towards building political and economic cooperation between our countries 
and expanding mutual trade.  
4.153.   For seventy  years we have lived as part of one state, invariably supporting each other in 
difficult times of our histo rical path. After the collapse of the USSR, powerful forces of gravity 
between Kyrgyzstan and Russia dictated the need to build bilateral relations on a new interstate 
basis including in the areas of economic and trade cooperation.  
4.154.   The Kyrgyz Republic shar e with Russia harmonized positions on a wide range of issues at 
the international platforms. Bishkek and Moscow interact within the framework of the EAEU, CIS, 
CSTO and SCO. Each positive step towards strengthening interaction gives even higher dynamics 
and effectiveness to the Kyrgyz -Russian relations.  
4.155.   On August 12, 2015, the Treaty on the accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Eurasian 
Economic Union (EAEU) entered into force, and Kyrgyzstan became a full member of the Union along 
with Russia, Armenia, Belarus,  and Kazakhstan, which brought relations the Union members to a 
qualitatively new level of economic and trade partnership to meet the long -term national interests.  
4.156.   Joining the EAEU opened new prospects for boosting our trade and investment cooperati on 
with the Russian Federation. Barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital and labor were 
removed. New investment opportunities and prospects for the implementation of large infrastructure 
projects opened up primarily in the fields of energy, tra nsport and agriculture. Citizens of Kyrgyzstan 
received the right to work in Russia on the same conditions as Russian citizens themselves.  
4.157.   Another priority area of the Kyrgyz -Russian interaction is the expansion and development of 
trade and economic cooper ation, which implemented in the line of the Kyrgyz -Russian 
Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technical and Humanitarian 
Cooperation. Within the framework of the meetings of the Intergovernmental Commission, the WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  parties work out a nd discuss most important issues of bilateral cooperation between the two 
countries, as well as promising areas for further intensification of the interaction in such areas as 
trade, investment, education, culture, energy, industry, healthcare, tourism, ag riculture, 
interregional cooperation, oil, and gas industry. At the intergovernmental level, the Economic 
Cooperation Program for 2018 -2021 was adopted, which includes specific measures to expand 
economic cooperation between our countries.  
4.158.   Separate events are held in the format of exhibitions and fairs to attract investments to the 
Kyrgyz Republic and export promotion from the Kyrgyz Republic to the Russian markets, where 
investment and export potential, and as well as the tourism potential of Kyrgyzstan ar e 
systematically presented.  
4.159.   The major export items from the Kyrgyz Republic to the Russian Federation are clothing and 
its accessories; foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials (vegetables and fruits, dairy products, 
tobacco); electrical equipment, variou s spare parts (including incandescent lamps, radiator; oil 
products; cotton fiber; scrap and waste metals).  
4.160.   The main imports from the Russian Federation to the Kyrgyz Republic are chemical products 
(pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber and their products, soap and detergents, perfume, cosmetic, 
organic, inorganic chemical substances, etc.); petroleum products; food products and agricultural 
raw materials; ferrous metals and products from them; wood and wood products; mechanical 
engineering product s (equipment and mechanical devices, electrical equipment, ground vehicles and 
their parts, various devices); paper and cardboard.  
4.161.   In January -October 2021, trade between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation 
amounted to USD 1 ,338 million , the same  period of 2020 (USD 1 ,061.3 million, incl uding  exports of 
USD 251 million (in 2020 USD 170 million), imports from the Russian Federation USD  1,087 million 
(in 2020  USD 891 millio n). The increase in the rate of bilateral trade in the reporting period was 
26% compared to the same period in 2020.  
4.162.   In January -June 2021 , FDI inflows from the Russian Federation to the Kyrgyz Republic 
increased and amounted to USD 27.4 million (the same period of 2020 USD 9.0 million). Analysis of 
the overall dynamics of FDI from Russia shows uneven dynamics, a significant increase in direct 
investment inflows was recorded in 2015, which accounted for the largest volume, amounting to 
USD 515,5 million.  
4.163.   The issue of remittances from Russia remains important for the socioeconomi c situation. 
According to the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, the volume of remittances from the 
Russian  Federation to the Kyrgyz Republic in January -June 2021 amounted to about USD 1 ,224 
million. Comparing to the same period in 2020 it increased by 28.2%.  
4.164.   Taking this opportunity, the Kyrgyz Republic wishes a very successful Trade Policy Review 
to the delegation of the Russian Federation.  
VIET  NAM 
4.165.   Viet Nam would like to join other Members in warmly welcoming the delegation of the 
Russian  Federation le d by Ms. Ekaterina M ayorova , Director of the Department for Trade 
Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development to its second  Trade Policy Review. Viet Nam is 
thankful for the efforts that the Government of the Russian Federation and the WTO Secretariat h ave 
put into the reports. We would also like to express our gratitude to the discussant, H.E. Mr Didier 
Chambovey  of Switzerland for his invaluable insights.  
4.166.   Viet Nam associates itself with the joint ASEAN statement to be delivered by Brunei 
Darussalam.  
4.167.   Viet Nam acknowledges that the Russian Federation continues to strongly support the 
multilateral trading system as embodied in the WTO and regards the WTO as critical to ensuring a 
stable and predictable international trading environment. As also stated in  the WTO Secretariat 's 
report, the Russian Federation maintained a stable macroeconomy due to its prudent policies and  
managed to mitigate the impact of declining and volatile oil prices as well as other external WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  developments during the review period. Furt hermore, Viet Nam recognizes the reforms that the 
Russian Federation undertook with regard to concluding several regional trade agreements, as well 
as facilitating the business environment.  
4.168.   Viet Nam has become a comprehensive strategic partner of the Russ ian Federation since 
2012. Our bilateral trade relationship with the Russian Federation is positive, with the two -way trade 
volume reaching USD 4.85 billion in 2020, a surge of 8.04% compared to 2019. In the first eight 
months of 2021, the total trade volu me between the two countries was USD 3.46 billion, of which 
Viet Nam exported  USD 2.16 billion of goods to Russia and imported USD 1.3 billion of goods from 
Russia.  
4.169.   Viet Nam is also the first FTA partner of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) which Russia 
plays the key role. The two -way trade volume between Viet Nam and EAEU members in 2016 
reached  USD 3.04 billion, a remarkable increase of 23% compared to 2015 when the FTA was yet 
to become effective. Between 2017 and 2019, the two -way trade volume between Viet Nam and the 
EAEU continued to maintain a stable annual growth of over 25%. In 2020, despite being affected by 
the C OVID -19 pandemic , two-way trade between Viet Nam and EAEU still observed an upward trend 
of nearly 10%.  
4.170.   In the upcoming time, Viet Nam l ooks forward to continuing our close cooperation with the 
Russian Federation in the WTO, and the EAEU, to further our common goal towards deeper and more 
progressive trade liberation at all levels.  
4.171.   Viet Nam once again would like to commend the commitments  and constructive contributions 
of the Russian Federation to the multilateral trading system, including issues related to WTO reform, 
fisheries subsidies, e -commerce, investment facilitation for development, domestic regulation in 
services, gender as well as MSMEs.  
4.172.   Before closing our speech, I would like to express my appreciation to H.E . Ambassador 
Dmitry Lyakishev and his team at the Mission for their active engagement and we wish them every 
success in their trade policy review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.173.   The EU wel comes this second Trade Policy Review of the Russian Federation, almost a decade 
since its accession to the WTO. We welcome the delegation of Russia, led by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova 
(Director of the Department of trade negotiations, Ministry of Economic Devel opment) and thank 
the discussant, Ambassador of Switzerland H.E. Didier Chambovey, for his remarks.  
4.174.   The EU is the main trade partner of the Russian Federation, both for goods and for services, 
and its main source of foreign direct investment, with some 75 % of total inward FDI. Bilateral trade 
in 2020 represented some 4.8% of EU foreign trade in goods, down from 6% at the time of the 
previous TPR.  
4.175.   Back in 2016, at its first Trade Policy Review, the EU had emphasized that Russia 's WTO 
accession represented a n opportunity for its modernisation. A chance to diversify its economy and 
reduce its reliance on raw materials and commodities, but equally to adjust its judicial and legal 
framework to bring in a more dynamic and responsive market. The European Union con tinues to 
hold that belief.  
4.176.   Over the last few years, Russia 's efforts to play a constructive role in various areas in the 
WTO have not gone unnoticed - be it in its involvement in the Joint Statement Initiatives, or in its 
general support to achieve a mea ningful MC12 including through its openness towards WTO reform 
in order for the organization to remain strong and credible. The EU looks forward in making progress 
in the different Joint Statement Initiatives, and in particular concluding the Domestic Regu lation JSI 
in the margins of MC12. We hope that Russia will be in the position to submit their schedule of 
specific commitments as soon as possible, noting that the schedules of all participants are an 
essential component for a successful conclusion of thi s negotiation.  
4.177.   However, the Russian Federation needs to redouble its commitment to the WTO. Today, we 
regret to note that since its accession the Russian authorities have expanded, rather than reduced, WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  the scope of its import substitution policy - without  any realistic furthering their pretended aim of 
localisation. This not only has a negative effect on trade with the EU but is done in most cases to 
the direct detriment of Russian consumers.  
4.178.   In addition, the arguments used by the Russian authorities to ju stify protectionist policies - 
namely that they are a direct consequence of the sanctions of individual economies on the 
Russian  Federation – are questionable in our view. These Russian policies started immediately after 
Russia 's WTO accession and predate the political tensions that Russia highlights.  
4.179.   Some of the specific questions tabled by the EU better explain the underlying concerns that 
we have. Allow me to highlight some:  
4.180.   Several questions target the contradiction between the aspiration of the Russia n Federation 
to become a member of the Government Procurement Agreement, and the reality of its practice. 
The ability of foreign bidders to participate in government procurement has been obstructed or 
effectively denied through a growing body of regulation s granting advantages to domestic products 
via price preferences, quotas, or exclusion of foreign goods and services.  
4.181.   A large part of the Russian state 's presence in the economy – up to 20% of Russian GDP - 
corresponds to state -owned enterprises providing  products and services in a commercial context. 
Despite the applicable WTO rules in this area, the Russian Federation has introduced such a growing 
body of restrictions as to make the participation of foreign bidders in tenders uneconomic, or a 
practical i mpossibility.  
4.182.   As to export restrictions - under the rationale of preventing illegal logging and supporting 
domestic forest -based industries - the Russian Federation has announced a ban on the export of 
unprocessed wood from 2022. It remains unclear how the  Russian Federation intends to reconcile 
these measures with the schedule of its concessions, which include export tariff -rate quotas in some 
of the categories of wood covered by the announced ban.  
4.183.   One primary mission of the WTO is to facilitate transparen cy. For this, a reliable notification 
practice is imperative. The Russian Federation 's performance in this area leaves much to be desired.  
4.184.   For example, Russian Federation notifications in the area of technical barriers to trade have 
concerned only Eurasian Economic Union -level measures. A number of Russian Federation national 
measures falling within the scope of the TBT Agreement entered into  force without any notification 
whatsoever to the WTO, including those regarding the wines and spirits sector. Not a single measure 
adopted at the national level has been notified to the WTO.  
4.185.   The same can be said about the exclusive rights in the area of foreign trade granted to 
certain entities in the Russian Federation including, for example, for the export of natural gas. The 
Russian Federation has failed, since its accession, to notify a single state -trading enterprise to the 
WTO. At the same time, around 50% of the EU 's imports from the Russian Federation are sold by a 
single export monopoly of natural gas. Let me also remark that, beyond its non -notification, this fact 
sits uneasily with the overall principles of the WTO, and in our view also with the long -term interests 
of Russia.  
4.186.   To conclude, the EU welcomes the Russian Federation 's commitment in its report to an open, 
non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral trading system, and for a reform aimed at 
preserving the WTO 's role in maintaining  and developing new trade rules. We commend this as a 
good foundation for the necessary efforts that Russia should undertake to abide by the spirit and 
the letter of its WTO commitments, and to build a more open, transparent and non -discriminatory 
business  environment.  
ARGENTINA  
4.187.   We would like to begin by welcoming the delegation of the Russian Federation, headed by 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of 
Economic Development of the Russian Federation. I wi ll also take the opportunity to congratulate 
Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev and his entire team for their commitment and leadership at the WTO.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.188.   We are grateful for the reports prepared by Russia and the Secretariat, and for the valuable 
contribution of Ambass ador Chambovey, which has enabled us to deepen our understanding of this 
Member's trade practices.  
4.189.   My delegation congratulates Russia for having stayed on the path to economic diversification 
by implementing policies aimed at improving the business environ ment and investment climate, 
developing international trade and economic cooperation, promoting technological modernization 
and supporting micro, small and medium -sized enterprises (MSMEs), as well as seeking to boost 
foreign direct investment during the r eview period.  
4.190.   We are pleased to hear that, thanks to its consistent and balanced macroeconomic policy, 
Russia was able to cope with external shocks, including the COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.191.   Russia is an important trading partner for Argentina. Since 2016, Argentin a has maintained 
a surplus with the Russian Federation, largely owing to the sharp decline in gas oil imports. In 2020, 
trade between Argentina and the Russian Federation amounted to USD 903.1 million. The Argentine 
surplus was USD 446 million, with export s of USD 612 million and imports of USD 166 million.  
4.192.   Argentina is the fifth largest exporter to the Russian Federation in Latin America and the 
fourth  largest recipient of Russian exports to this region. For Argentina, trade with the 
Russian  Federation is highly important and we value continuity and consolidation in that regard.  
4.193.   Regarding bilateral cooperation relations and in the context of COVID -19, Argentina has 
reached an agreement with Russia on the provision of 30 million doses of Sputnik V, which has  
enabled us to establish a fast pace of vaccination in Argentina.  
4.194.   Moreover, as a result of close collaboration and joint work, the Sputnik V vaccine is now 
being manufactured in Argentina, thereby reducing logistics costs and delivery times.  
4.195.   In addition, t hrough the Sovereign Wealth Fund, Russia has cooperated with the 
Collaborative Study to Evaluate Heterologous Vaccination against COVID -19, which is being carried 
out in our country. This study is making it possible to generate scientific evidence on the c ombined 
application of vaccines not only for Argentina, but for the entire region and the rest of the world.  
4.196.   Argentina greatly appreciates the contributions of Russia to the multilateral trading system 
and its active participation in this Organization.  
4.197.   We support the defence of an open, non -discriminatory and transparent multilateral trading 
system with the WTO at its core.  
4.198.   Argentina and Russia fully support the work of the G20 and actively participate in the G20 
Working Group on Trade and Investment, aimed  at strengthening consensus on relevant issues of 
particular importance to the global trade agenda, including WTO reform.  
4.199.   Russia and Argentina consider it important for the WTO to make progress in the agriculture 
negotiations. Our delegations advocate for the early conclusion of the fisheries subsidies negotiations 
on terms acceptable to all WTO Members.  
4.200.   Russia and Argentina are in favour of the contribution of trade policy to the SDGs. Both share 
the view that the WTO must ensure the growth and development  of all Members, especially 
developing and least developed countries.  
4.201.   Under this Trade Policy Review, we have submitted a number of questions to the 
Russian  Federation on various topics, including investment regimes and tax incentives, the 
simplification o f customs procedures, geographical indications and sanitary and phytosanitary 
requirements. Specifically, we forwarded our enquiries regarding the Russian health inspection 
system. We would highly appreciate any clarifications that the Russian Federation i s able to give us 
in this area and we would like to take this opportunity to request specifically that the inspections of 
Argentine establishments for the authorization of exports of agricultural products be expedited.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.202.   We thank the Russian Federation in ad vance for its replies, which will be duly studied by our 
authorities in Buenos Aires, and we hope to maintain a fluid bilateral dialogue between our 
delegations.  
4.203.   To conclude, we would like to reiterate our thanks for this opportunity to exchange views on 
Russian trade policies and wish the Russian delegation a successful conclusion to this exercise.  
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.204.   Let me first of all join others in welcoming Director Ekaterina Mayorova and her numerous 
team from the Russian Federation here today. Allow me t o thank her Government and the Secretariat 
for their respective reports and work towards this Review.I would also like to extend our thanks to 
our distinguished discussant Ambassador Chambovey for facilitating the process and for his, as ever, 
insightful c omments at the opening of this meeting.  
4.205.   Chair, we appreciate the opportunity to engage with the Russian Federation on its trade 
policy regime.  
4.206.   Bilateral trade between the UK and Russia grew to over GBP 14.5 billion in the four quarters 
to the end of Q2 2021. Exports from the United Kingdom to Russia totalled over GBP 4 billion during 
that period. Russian exports to the United Kingdom between 2016 and 2020 increased threefold 
giving a total of over GBP 10 billion.  
4.207.   I would like to join other Members in welcoming the active participation of the 
Russian  Federation right across the different negotiations we have in this house, not least across the 
invaluable plurilateral initiatives. We welcome Russia 's contributions in these important discussions 
to modernise the WTO Rulebook and make it fit for the 2020s. I would also like to recognise the 
positive changes made and steps taken by the Russian Federation since its last Trade Policy Review 
in 2016, such as implementing key provisions of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation, reductions to 
the simple average applied MFN tariff rate, and developments in the area of electronic commerce.  
4.208.   Chair, having spoken about these several encouraging developments, I note , like others, 
that there remain a number of areas in which we would like to see further efforts by the 
Russian  Federation to promote free and fair trade.  
4.209.   Firstly, despite the commitment expressed by the Russian Federation in its report to 
improving the b usiness climate, as other Members have also noted this morning, Russia continues 
to implement local content and import substitution policies. Indeed, this is clear from the comments 
of the Russian Government in its own report. These policies, as others hav e said, have an impact 
upon foreign direct investment, and upon government and commercial procurement practices. We 
cannot ignore their detrimental effect on free and fair trade, international trade and investment. We 
call on our Russian colleagues to ensu re Russia 's policies are consistent with its WTO obligations, 
and are administered in the spirit of those obligations.  
4.210.   Related to this, we note that the significant stake of state-owned  enterprises in key sectors 
of the Russian economy continues to hinder open and fair competition. The  United Kingdom would 
like to advocate a reduced role for state owned enterprises in the Russian economy, in line with the 
liberalising spirit of the commitments our countries have undertaken as WTO Members.  
4.211.   Secondly, like oth er Members which have spoken this morning, we would like to highlight 
the further challenge for competitive conditions which is posed by the prevalence of domestic 
subsidies and tax relief policies within the Russian Federation. These market distorting pol icies 
disrupt the level playing field and provide unfair advantages to domestic Russian entities over their 
international competitors. In our view such policies are present in a wide range of sectors, such as 
IT, energy, agriculture and agri -tech, as well as being embedded in Russia 's export credit system. 
Again, Chair, we would encourage the Russian Federation to review its policies in this area to ensure 
compliance with WTO commitments.  
4.212.   Thirdly, Chair, I would like to comment on another matter of concern for British business 
operating in the Russian Federation. Our questions to the Russian Federation contain several 
requests for clarification as to the interaction between the regulatory regimes of the Russian State WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  and the Eurasian Economic Union. The  lack of clarity and coherence between these regimes in areas 
such as SPS, intellectual property and labelling leads to burdensome complexity for British business 
and other international businesses and in some cases serves as a substantial barrier to trade. We 
look forward to reviewing Russia 's responses to our questions on this matter.  
4.213.   We would like to highlight challenges with the enforcement of legislation  on intellectual 
property rights developed at Union and State level, in a context where online piracy con tinues to 
pose an ongoing threat to the interests of UK business in Russia.  We urge the Russian Federation to 
align its standards to those of international best practice, refrain from introducing measures that are 
more trade restrictive than necessary and strengthen its enforcement practices in these important 
areas.  
4.214.   Lastly, whilst we welcome the confirmation in the Secretariat 's report that Russia's 
notification record is generally positive, we must highlight that some notifications remained 
outstanding t owards the end of 2020 and no notifications were provided in relation to State Trading 
Enterprises under Article XVII of the GATT.  Again Chair , we would encourage the Russian Federation 
to make all relevant notifications to the WTO in a consistent and time ly manner, in line with its own 
transparency obligations.  
4.215.   This Trade Policy Review presents an opportunity for our colleagues in the Russian Federation 
to build on developments Russia has made since the last T rade Policy Review , to take decisive steps 
to strengthen its trade policy regime in the areas highlighted through this process by the UK and 
other Members, and to show that Russia is living by values of free and fair trade - not just in word 
but also in deed . 
4.216.   To conclude, I would like to than k the Russian Federation for their engagement with this 
trade policy review, and for their attention to our comments. We look forward to reviewing Russia 's 
responses to our questions, and to working together in line with words of the Director General in th e 
Economist today; we have to work together to reform the WTO, we have to make it work better for 
people everywhere.  
NORWAY  
4.217.   Let me first of all join others in welcoming the delegation of Russia to this Trade Policy Review 
and to thank the discussant for hi s contribution to our deliberations.  
4.218.   The Russian Federation is the world 's largest country with extensive access to arable land, 
vast natural resources, a highly educated population, and an advanced manufacturing industry in 
several areas. The potential of  Russia 's economy is therefore unquestionable.  
4.219.   The achievement of the full potential of Russia 's economy seems, however, to be somewhat 
constrained by certain structural challenges, in particular with respect to productivity and 
diversification, as pointe d out by a recent World Bank study and referred to in the WTO Secretariat 
report. These challenges may, at least partly, explain why Russia has experienced a consistent 
decline in the potential economic growth since the financial crisis. As the Secretariat  notes, closer 
integration and participation in global value chains could help to improve productivity, improve job 
quality, and reduce poverty.  
4.220.    To achieve these objectives and to secure continued development of Russia 's economy, it 
will be important to build a predictable framework for traders and foreign investors, including 
strengthening the independence of the judiciary. In this context, we welcome various reforms aimed 
at improving the business environment. Numerous challenges remain, however. Uncert ainty in the 
area of rule of law, complexity of tax regulations, difficult access to financing, corruption, inadequate 
transparency, and inadequate respect for property rights continue to be issues of concern for 
investors in Russia.  
4.221.   These uncertainties m ay also be partly to blame for the relatively limited bilateral trade and 
investment flows between Norway and Russia, and despite the fact that we are neighbours with a 
shared border. Trade in goods between Norway and Russia is quite limited, with Russia e xporting 
around three times more to Norway then the other way around. Restrictive measures and WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  subsequent retaliatory import restrictions imposed by the Russian Federation, also play a role in 
limiting the potential for trade.  
4.222.   Furthermore, it should be no ted that bilateral trade is dominated by raw materials, reflecting 
the fact that raw materials are key to both countries, and illustrating that we are faced with similar 
challenges related to the diversification of our economic base as well as our trade re lation.  
4.223.   Let me in this context add that Norway and Russia share a number of common challenges 
and opportunities, and that we have a long -standing and well -functioning practical cooperation on 
issues of common interest, in particular in the far north. Just  recently, Norway and Russia agreed 
on the size and share of cod quotas for next year. Other issues of close bilateral cooperation include 
environmental issues, nuclear issues, regional cooperation, and people -to-people contact.  
4.224.   I am delighted to note tha t this cordial and practical contact also extends to the WTO. We 
appreciate that Russia, since it 's accession in 2012, has gradually become more actively engaged in 
the WTO, better reflecting Russia 's economic size and global significance. We welcome the f act that 
Russia is a party to the Information Technology Agreement, and we hope that Russia 's process of 
accession to the Government Procurement Agreement can be resumed.  
4.225.   Furthermore, we welcome Russia 's participation in all Joint Statement Initiatives, a s well the 
Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender. We also appreciate the many constructive 
conversations we have had in the context of one particular area of common interest, namely the 
fisheries subsidies negotiations.  
4.226.   Russia and Norway are both lead ing maritime nations. Our maritime cooperation is 
significant, and we have a shared interest in working for open markets and fair competition in the 
international maritime transport services sector. Norway is pleased to note the comprehensive 
commitments o f the Russian Federation for maritime transport in the schedule under the WTO/GATS 
agreement.  
4.227.   We have, however, some concerns regarding certain amendments of a Russian Federal Act 
relating to transport of subsoil resources (petroleum/coal), and possible r eservations for Russian 
flagged and built vessels. It is not clear to us to what extent these changes might apply to 
international trades in addition to cabotage. This is why we have posed a question in this regard, 
and we hope that the response will confi rm that the amendments will be in line with Russia's WTO 
commitments.  Finally, let me wish Russia a successful Trade Policy Review . 
CHILE  
4.228.   We welcome the Russian delegation, headed by the Director of the Department for Trade 
Negotiations of the Ministry of Economic Development, Ekaterina Mayorova. We also extend a special 
welcome to my neighbour, Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev and the team from his Mission, with whom 
we work closely in different areas within this Organization.  
4.229.   We appreciate the work  done for this Review both by the Secretariat and by the Russian 
Government, as well as the analyses and background information contained in the reports, and we 
congratulate the Permanent Representative of Switzerland, Ambassador Didier Chambovey, for his 
contribution as discussant.  
4.230.   Russia is an important partner for Chile. Our bilateral relations are growing gradually 
stronger thanks to a number of agreements, regular political consultations, cooperation in the fields 
of defence, science and technology, and the fact that we both belong to various international bodies 
for trade integration.  
4.231.   Chile and Russia base their trade relations around the Trade and Economic Cooperation 
Convention, which has been in force since May 1995 and gave rise to th e creation of the 
Chilean -Russian Intergovernmental Commission for Trade and Economic Cooperation. The 
tenth  meeting of this Commission will take place in November.  
4.232.   In order to continue deepening its trade links with Russia and other members of the Eurasia n 
Economic Union, Chile aims to negotiate a trade agreement with this bloc.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.233.   Over the last five years, bilateral trade has grown by a yearly average of 3%, 
totalling  USD 741 million in 2020, which is a low figure for the existing potential, with a balance i n 
my country's favour.  
4.234.   Russia is an important market for Chilean consignments of seafood, dairy products, meat, 
dried fruits, fresh fruits, wine and agro -industrial products in general. In turn, our main imports from 
Russia are ammonium nitrate, solid fuel s, isoprene rubber and wood panels.  
4.235.   We are both part of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) where we support 
initiatives on issues such as digital innovation and education opportunities, artificial intelligence and 
the empowerment of small -scale fisherwomen, and lead the pillar on improving the business 
environment for global value chains within the Chilean initiative to develop these chains, with a 
special focus on promoting the participation of women and MSMEs. Also worthy of note is the pr ize 
the Russian Federation awards every year to businesswomen in the region to promote their 
leadership.  
4.236.   Within the WTO, both countries agree on the importance of ensuring an open, transparent 
and rules -based multilateral system. We are also both part of t he Informal Working Group on Trade 
and Gender and actively support the Joint Initiatives on the facilitation of investment for 
development, where I would like to draw attention to the active role of Olga Biryukova and where 
we hope to reach a positive outc ome that takes into account the concerns of the Russian Federation 
in a number of areas. We also work together on the Joint Initiatives on e -commerce, MSMEs and 
services domestic regulation. With regard to the latter negotiation, we encourage Russia to 
contribute to the success of the Initiative and MC12 by expediting circulation of its pre -finalization 
schedule. In the negotiations on fisheries subsidies, we hope to see greater flexibility in the positions 
taken by Russia in order to achieve an ambitious a greement with the sustainability of fisheries 
resources at its core.  
4.237.   With regard to the reports submitted and in regard to the period reviewed, we appreciate 
the macroeconomic stability shown by Russia, the establishment of suitable conditions for the 
development of e -commerce, the adoption of measures to simplify customs procedures, the 
reduction (albeit slight) of the simple average applied MFN tariff rate (from 8.3% to 7.9%), the 
adoption of the National Plan on the Development of Competition Policy and the existence of a 
competitive telecommunications market.  
4.238.   However, we note with concern the implementation of import -substitution and localization 
policies, and difficulties affecting regulatory quality, legal independence and corruption.  
4.239.   We also see oppor tunities for improvement in export diversification (currently highly 
concentrated in fossil fuels), energy efficiency and the enhancement of competition in the financial 
services sector.  
4.240.   In conclusion, we welcome the responses received and would like to re iterate our interest 
in continuing to work with Russia in the various bodes within our Organization. We wish the 
country every success in its second Trade Policy Review.  
UKRAINE  
4.241.   We deeply appreciate Secretariat report, which prompted Ukraine to rise number  of 
questions regarding Russia's trade policy.  
4.242.   Ukraine would like to emphasize that the purpose of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism is 
to contribute to improved adherence by all Members to rules, disciplines and commitments made 
within the framework of th e WTO, and hence to the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading 
system.  
4.243.   Unfortunately, within the period after Russia's first Review in 2016, the Russian Federation 
continues to pursue the trade policies and practices that adversely influence the functioning of the 
multilateral trading system and does not demonstrate the predictability, transparency and 
consistency with its international commitments.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.244.   The increase in the numbers of formal disputes launched against the Russian Federation in 
the WTO, a lot of concerns raised by WTO Members in meetings of relevant WTO bodies during the 
review period, as well as the problematic issues submitted in Members ' advance written questions 
to this Review, confirm the broad range of Russia`s trade restrictive mea sures unfavorably targeting 
goods and services of WTO Members, creating new trade barriers and undermining the benefits of 
the membership in the WTO.  
4.245.   We would like to recall that the Russian Federation was Ukraine's largest trade partner and 
our countries enjoyed bilateral economic and trading relationship until 2014, when the 
Russian  Federation introduced an intensive economic and trade pressure in its aggression towards 
Ukraine and access to this market was considerably deteriorated.  
4.246.   In 2014, the Russian Federation implemented restrictive trade measures targeted a lot of 
Ukrainian goods alleging their "incompliance " with Russia 's technical standards and phytosanitary 
regulations. In fact, Russia banned imports of those products from Ukraine as appropriate technical 
regulation, labelling, hygiene or safety requirements were major obstacles to Ukraine 's exports of 
agricultural and industrial goods to Russia while being freely supplied to markets of other trade 
partners.  
4.247.   Since 1 January 2016, the Russian Federation has unilaterally suspended the operation of 
the Treaty on a Free Trade Area between Members of the Commonwealth of Independent States 
regarding Ukraine. It resulted in application increased customs tariff rates on all goods originating 
in Ukraine.  
4.248.   At the same time, since 1 January 2016, Russia banned certain agricultural, raw materials 
and food imports from Ukraine.  
4.249.   Of our greatest concern, in 2018 Russia expanded the list of banned products originating in 
Ukraine or being transported thr ough the territory of Ukraine, as well as expanded the list of 
countries covered by the ban, that negatively affected exports of WTO Members to Russia. This ban 
is still in force until 31 December 2021 and continues to close off areas of international trad e, to 
cause ongoing uncertainties and economic damages for traders.  
4.250.   In addition, within review period Russia imposed ban on exports of agricultural and non -
agricultural products from Russia to international markets.  
4.251.   As it is mentioned in the Report of the  WTO Secretariat, "A ban on the international transit 
of certain cargo through the territory of the Russian Federation was implemented in 2014 and 
underwent several amendments before being lifted in July 2019. From that date, the transit traffic 
of goods o riginating in jurisdictions that have imposed certain economic restrictions against Russian 
legal and/or natural persons, as well as goods originating in or being transported through Ukraine, 
must be traced using identification means operating on the basis  of the GLONASS and, in case of 
transportation by road, registration cards for drivers ." 
4.252.   Ukraine is equally concerned about Russia 's various restrictions on international transit and 
consider that current administrative and regulatory transit procedures re main burdensome. Ukraine 
therefore urges Russia to adhere to its WTO obligations regarding transit, including taken under the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement, to gain obvious economic benefits from international trade directly by 
Russia, as well as by its tra ding partners.  
4.253.   Ukraine is also concerned about the increasing number of anti -dumping measures applied 
by the Russian Federation as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union against Ukrainian products. 
At present, there are 6 anti -dumping measures in force ag ainst Ukrainian products and 2 on -going 
expire reviews conducted by the Eurasian Economic Commission (the EEC). Ukraine emphasizes that 
the EEC appears to disregard certain procedural and methodological requirements of the 
Antidumping Agreement.  
4.254.   As referred to in the TPR Government report, "politicization of foreign economic and trade 
relations is a serious challenge ". This concern should be addressed to the trade policy of the 
Russian  Federation. One recent example of such policy is also a remind er that energy security and WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  energy poverty threats apply to all countries. Russia uses its gas supply monopoly for geopolitical 
influence.  
4.255.   The cumulative negative impact of Russia`s measures has led to substantial decrease in our 
trade. To compare, at the beginning of this decade, almost one third of the Ukrainian export went 
to the Russian market. In 2015, the Russian Federation 's share in Ukraine 's overall trade in goods 
dropped to almost 16% and fell to 7% in 2020, showing further downturn trend.  
4.256.   We woul d also like to refer to the Report, prepared by the Russian Federation, that declares 
Russia 's commitments "to an open, non -discriminatory, and transparent multilateral trading system 
with the WTO at its core ". 
4.257.   We therefore urge the Russian Federation to e liminate any trade barriers, discriminatory and 
restrictive measures and to implement its trade policy in a manner consistent with Russia 's WTO 
and free trade agreement obligations as well as with its mentioned intention to provide open and 
non-discriminat ory trade regime, proving such intention by taking the necessary Russia 's actions.  
4.258.   In addition to the abovementioned issues, Ukraine has also submitted a number of written 
questions to the Russian Federation. We are going to examine Russia`s written replie s thoroughly.  
REPUBLIC  OF KOREA  
4.259.   I would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of the Russian Federation for its 
second Trade Policy Review. I extend my appreciation to Madame Ekaterina Mayorova for her 
comprehensive presentation. I would also lik e to take this opportunity to commend Ambassador 
Dmitry Lyakishev for all his work here in Geneva. I also thank Ambassador Didier Chambovey of 
Switzerland for his insightful comments as discussant and the Secretariat for its detailed report.  
4.260.   Chair, my del egation appreciates Russia 's continued efforts to liberalize its economy and 
implement tariff reductions in accordance with its commitments made over the course of its 
accession in 2012. I take particular note of Russia 's average MFN applied rates getting reduced to 
less than half of where they used to be at the early stage of its accession.  
4.261.   With the 30th anniversary of our diplomatic ties in 2020 and the 2020 -2021 Year of Mutual 
Exchange, Korea and Russia continue to engage in robust economic and cultural interactions. In 
particular, we welcome the recent rise in the volume of bilateral trade, going throu gh a sudden drop 
in 2020 caused largely by the COVID -19 pandemic. It is our hope that Russia will promote further a 
mutually beneficial trade by deepening market liberalization based upon our complementary trade 
structures. Korea also highly appreciates ou r joint efforts to strengthen cooperation in major sectors, 
including energy and shipbuilding, in the context of the Nine -Bridge Action Plan 2.0.  
4.262.   As we navigate the wide -ranging changes and challenges presented by the recent 
circumstances, my delegation be lieves that both countries are in a position to expand the scope of 
our close economic relationship into new, future -oriented areas beyond the traditional areas, 
especially, in preparation for carbon neutrality and the post COVID -19 era. In  particular, Kor ea 
believes that Russia 's immense potential for hydrogen production and Korea 's extensive expertise 
on hydrogen utilization would pave the way for both countries to create positive synergy and broaden 
our cooperation into hydrogen commercialization and tra de.  
4.263.   Our two countries have maintained momentum for discussions in the context of the bilateral 
FTA negotiation on services since June 2019. Korea looks forward to making further headway in 
these efforts so that the two countries can build a concrete platf orm for facilitating trade and 
promoting investments.  
4.264.   Against this positive backdrop, I wish to mention a few specific areas of interest and concerns 
for Korea.  
4.265.   Russia 's domestic laws and regulations have been made more transparent since its WTO 
accessio n. This is encouraging. At the same time, we have recently witnessed that the import quota 
system for the hydro -fluoro -carbons or HFCs, used to make refrigerators and air conditioners, is in 
operation with the apparent absence of a specific quantity or oth er detailed regulations. Such WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  measures bring about trade restrictive effects, posing a particular challenge to both export and 
import companies. Korea calls on Russia to take a closer look at this mechanism and address its 
impact appropriately.  
4.266.   There is a  concern over the amendment to the certification rule for automobiles, which will 
come into effect from July 2022. The new rule runs risk of putting an additional strain on corporates 
in their R&D activities. We would like to encourage Russia to formulate and operate the relevant 
legal framework in a manner consistent with the WTO TBT Agreement so that it does not impose 
unnecessary burdens on businesses.  
4.267.   In 2017, Russia circulated its initial market access offer in the context of its bid to join the 
GPA. Korea hopes to see Russia 's GPA accession process completed as early as possible through 
close cooperation with Members.  
4.268.   As many delegations said today, I also highly appreciate Russia 's contributions to the 
multilateral trading system by faithfully fulfi lling its commitments on market liberalization and 
actively engaging in discussions over WTO reforms. Korea hopes that Russia will continue to 
contribute to facilitating free trade, continuously strengthening compliance with the global trade 
norms, and hel ping restore the multilateral trading system.  I wish the delegation of Russia every 
success in its T rade Policy Review . 
THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU  
4.269.   On behalf of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen  and Matsu, I would 
like to welcome the delegation of the Russian Federation, led by Director of the Department of trade 
negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development, Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , to its second  Trade Policy 
Review. I also wish to thank the Disc ussant, Ambassador Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland, for his 
insightful discussion, and the WTO Secretariat for its excellent Report.  
4.270.   The Russian Federation plays an important role in world trade and global economy. Its 
economy maintained stable and resilie nt during the period since its last review. Even during the 
COVID -19 outbreak, the Russian Federation was able to weather the pandemic comparatively well. 
The IMF predicts that in 2021 the global economy will continue to recover, with the 
Russian  Federation growing by 3.8%. We therefore commend the Russian Federation on its stable 
economic performance.  
4.271.   As the Secretariat Report confirms, the Russian Federation continues to strongly support the 
multilateral trading system. For example, concerning it s transparency obligations, the 
Russian  Federation has registered some important notifications on TBT and SPS. These demonstrate 
its recognition of the crucial importance of transparency. We have also noticed, however, that some 
of its notifications remain  outstanding, such as those on licensing procedure, agriculture, and 
especially state trading enterprises. We therefore encourage the Russian Federation to make efforts 
to fulfil its notification obligations in these particular areas. On its participation in the WTO 
negotiations, the Russian Federation has been active in many fronts, including in fisheries subsidies 
negotiations. It has also taken steps to engage in all four WTO 's plurilateral joint statement 
initiatives. We applaud its active engagements i n these initiatives. We also understand that the 
Russian Federation started negotiations on the GPA accession in 2016 and tabled its initial market 
access offer in 2017. We look forward to seeing the Russian Federation becoming a GPA Party in the 
not-too-distant future.  
4.272.   Concerning our bilateral ties with the Russian Federation, we are pleased to see that we 
maintain to be one of the Russian Federation 's significant trading partner in the Asia region in 2020. 
Machine tool industry and energy are the most imp ortant items in our bilateral trade relationship. 
While the Russian Federation continues to pursue its substitution policy, our own expertise and 
experience in machine tool industry can surely serve as a basis for a mutually beneficial partnership 
and help  the Russian Federation to achieve its policy goal. We look forward to further strengthening 
our bilateral economic cooperation in the future.  
4.273.   We have raised some written questions and would like to thank the Russian Federation in 
advance for its replies. Finally, we wish the Russian Federation a productive and successful Trade 
Policy Review.   WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  KAZAKHSTAN  
4.274.   Kazakhstan warmly welcomes the delegation of the Russian Federation led by Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova , Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations of the M inistry of Economic 
Development. We express our gratitude to the Government of the Russian Federation for its 
informative Report and Statement. We also thank Ambassador Didier C hambovey  for his insightful 
comments as a discussant and the WTO Secretariat fo r its comprehensive report.  
4.275.   The Russian Federation is a strategic, political, economic and trade partner of the Republic 
of Kazakhstan. Integration processes within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union lead to 
even closer interaction between our c ountries.  
4.276.   Despite the decrease of the bilateral total trade turnover by 6% at the end of 2020, in 
January -August this year, the bilateral merchandise trade increased by 26.5% and constituted 
USD 14.8 billion . If in case the current positive dynamics are maintained, then the trade volume 
between Kazakhstan and Russia this year may exceed USD 20 billion.  
4.277.   The Russian Federation is the sixth -largest investor in Kazakhstan's economy, accounting 
for USD 16.6 billion of FDI from 2005 to 2021, and ranks the third destination  for direct investments 
from Kazakhstan, which amounted to  USD 4.5 billion.  
4.278.   There are more than 7 ,700 enterprises with Russian participation and 3 ,300 joint 
Kazakh -Russian enterprises successfully operating in contribution to the economic development of 
Kazakhstan. Currently, at the stage of implementation there are 30 major collaborative projects in 
the field of trade, construction, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals totalling  USD 5.3 billion.  
4.279.   We particularly emphasize Russia's efforts in providing medical a ssistance to other countries 
to fight the pandemic, including my country.  
4.280.   In this regard, we highly appreciate effective assistance by Russian doctors who have been 
working very closely with their Kazakh colleagues in the most difficult regions affected by  the 
pandemic, honourably  fulfilling their professional duty, sharing their experience and knowledge.  
4.281.   A separate important stage of our cooperation during this period was the launch of the 
production of the Russian vaccine "Sputnik V" on the basis of Kazakhstan's pharmaceutical complex 
as part of the implementation of Agreements between our Presidents.  
4.282.   We believe that in the context of the global crisis and the decline in global economic and 
investment activity, we will continue working closely to deep en cooperation between our countries 
to achieve mutual benefits.  
4.283.   We applaud the consistent work of the Russian Federation that has been carried out on the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement to simplify customs procedures, reduce the time required for customs 
operations, eliminate unnecessary barriers in the field of customs regulation with the aim to promote 
favourable conduct of foreign trade activities, as well as to automate customs operations and reduce 
the time for the release of goods. For instance, since 2 018, the interaction process between 
interested parties and customs authorities has completely switched to electronic document 
management. This covers the delivery of public services, administration of payment of customs 
duties and taxes, post -clearance au dit, appeals of decisions, actions of customs authorities.  
4.284.   Kazakhstan notes that the Russian Federation has taken several measures to improve 
legislation to simplify the conditions for doing business, reduce administrative barriers, and ensure 
the required  quality of law enforcement practice.  
4.285.   In this context, the upward movement of the Russian Federation in the World Bank's Doing 
Business Index from 40th in 2016 to 28th place in 2020 is commendable.  
4.286.   Kazakhstan welcomes the Russian Federation's effort in e nhancing the services sector, such 
as an increase in the stability of the banking sector and the level of digitalization, the development 
of the legal foundation for the functioning of marketplaces and online platforms, liberalization of WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  access to the Russ ian market for branches of foreign insurance companies in accordance with 
Russia's WTO accession commitments and the development of tourism.  
4.287.   According to the Ernst & Young study, Russian authorities are making more efforts to 
improve the investment climat e and business environment than a few years ago to attract 
investment from foreign companies. Thus, foreign investors "see the potential of the Russian 
economy and are inclined to increase investment in the coming years."  
4.288.   We welcome the significant progres s in promoting women empowerment in the 
Russian  Federation that has been achieved through the implementation of the 2017 -2022 National 
Strategy for Action for Women. Thus, over the past five years, several measures have been taken 
in this area. The number of professions in which female labour is prohibited has been reduced by 
four times. Support for women -led MSMEs and women's entrepreneurship has been strengthened.  
4.289.   On 1 January 2018, the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union came into force. It 
has changed the approaches to customs regulation in the EAEU and created the basis for the 
development of customs information technologies for the years to come.  
4.290.   As EAEU evolves, there is still a great potential for further improvement of our mutually 
benefici al trade and economic cooperation.  
4.291.   From the perspective of the multilateral trading system, Russian Federation's achievement 
is also noteworthy. We recognize Russia's constructive engagement in multilateral negotiations on 
Agriculture, Fisheries subsidies,  MSME and in major JSI negotiations on e -commerce, investment 
facilitation and domestic regulation in services.  
4.292.   I also would like to thank the Russian Federation for all the support and active participation 
in the accession of Kazakhstan to the WTO.  
4.293.   In conclusion, we would like to congratulate the delegation of the Russian Federation and 
the WTO Secretariat for the hard work and efforts that went into preparing for this TPR. We also like 
to express our appreciation to Ambassador Dmitry L yakishev  and his te am in Geneva. We wish the 
delegation of Russia every success for their second Trade Policy Review.  
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM ON BEHALF OF ASEAN  
4.294.   First of all, we would like to join other speakers in welcoming the delegation of the 
Russian  Federation led by Ms Ekate rina M ayorova  – Director of the Department for Trade 
Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development to the second  Trade Policy Review of Russia. We 
would like to thank the government of the Russian Federation and the WTO Secretariat for their 
reports that are the foundation of our discussions today. Our appreciation is also extended to the 
discussant, H.E.  Mr Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland for his insightful remarks.  
4.295.   The ASEAN commends the economic achievements that the Russian Federation has made 
during t he review period, with an encouraging growth rate of 2.8% in 2018 compared to 0.2% in 
2016. As highlighted in the report by the Russian government, the Russian economy proved resilient 
during the pandemic despite the devastating effects from the spread of the coronavirus, which 
included the disruption of global supply chains.  
4.296.   The Russian Federation became a full Dialogue Partner of ASEAN in 1996. Through the first 
meeting of the ASEAN - Russia Joint Cooperation Committee (ARJCC) and the ASEAN -Russia 
Coopera tion Fund, the two sides have agreed to conduct dialogues in the spirit of ASEAN -Russia 
solidarity, towards bilateral cooperation, mutual support and understanding through specialized 
committees and working groups to accomplish committed common goals.  
4.297.   Economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and ASEAN in recent years has 
focused on implementation of the post -2017 ASEAN -Russia Trade and Investment Cooperation Work 
Program, particularly in areas of mutual interest such as energy, agriculture, scien ce and technology, 
human resource development, tourism, development of MSMEs, as well as smart cities.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.298.   In September 2021, the 10th ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM) -Russia Consultations was 
held to mark the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Dialogue Partnership between the two 
sides. At this event, the two sides noted the performance of ASEAN -Russia bilateral trade and 
investment, of which, in 2020, two -way trade amounted to USD 15.7 billion  while the bilateral 
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) amounted to  USD 8.8 billion. The two sides also agreed to update 
the ASEAN -Russia Trade and Investment Cooperation Roadmap and the ASEAN -Russia Trade and 
Investment Cooperation Work Program for the period between 2 021 and 2025, aiming towards 
further strengthening of our economic collaboration. The emphasis on cooperation in trade and 
investment, sustainable development, and digital transformation will form the basis of a stable 
economic recovery from the pandemic.  
4.299.   Before concluding, we would like to again express the ASEAN 's appreciation for the 
Russian  Federation 's support of the multilateral trading system since its accession to the WTO and 
its constructive role in the WTO, including active engagement on issues r elated to WTO reform, 
fisheries subsidies, e -commerce, domestic regulation in services, investment facilitation for 
development, gender issues and MSMEs. We would like to take this opportunity to commend the 
work of H.E.  Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev and his  team at the Mission in Geneva and we wish the 
Russian Federation every success in its second T rade Policy Review.   
MONGOLIA  
4.300.   The delegation of Mongolia would like to express gratitude to the delegation of the 
Russian  Federation and the Secretariat for the comprehensive reports on Russia 's trade -related 
policies and the discussant 's overview on the updates to these policies.  
4.301.    Mongolia and Russia enjoy traditionally friendly and good -neighborly relations. This year 
marks the 100th anniversary of the establish ment of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and the 
Russian Federation. The close cooperation between the two countries has reached the 
Comprehensive Strategic Partnership level with the signing of the relevant Treaty in 2019. The 
Government of Mongolia attaches great significance to further expanding the bilateral trade and 
economic cooperation within the framework of the comprehensive strategic partnership. A 
particularly important role in this is played by the intergovernmental commission on trade, eco nomic, 
scientific and technological cooperation, which is scheduled to hold its 23rd meeting this year.  
4.302.   The bilateral trade volume between the two countries has been growing in recent years, 
reaching USD 1.8 billion in 2019. However, due to the COVID -19 pandemic the volume has 
decreased in 2020 by almost 19% over the previous year.  
4.303.   Despite the fact that the  trade turnover between the two countries has been growing in 
recent years, there is still a large trade deficit due to high transport costs, tariff and non -tariff 
barriers, sanitary requirements for Mongolian meat and meat products, as well as due to the fact 
that Mongolia imports almost 100% of its petroleum products from Russia. We are confident that 
there is still a lot of potential to further improve our mutually beneficial trade and economic 
cooperation.  
4.304.   Mongolia welcomes Russia's legislative and reg ulatory reforms, which are helping to increase 
the country's integration in the multilateral trading system. We are confident that the TPR meeting 
would provide good opportunity for Russia and its trading partners, including Mongolia, to assess 
the progres s and impact of Russia 's trade policy on the functioning of the multilateral trading system. 
We highly appreciate the efforts made by Russia in the implementation of the TFA since its joining 
in 2016.  We express appreciation to the delegation of the Russia n Federation for the hard work in 
preparing for this TPR and wish a successful review.  
ICELAND  
4.305.   Iceland joins others in welcoming the distinguished delegation of the Russian Federation to 
their second Trade Policy Review. We also express appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and Russia 
for the reports prepared, as well as to the discussant for his exce llent framing of the issues for our 
discussion today.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.306.   As with all countries, Russia 's economy has since 2020 been impacted by the COVID -19 
pandemic as well as the related disruption of the global oil markets. As outlined in the Trade Policy 
Review report,  Russia 's measures to counter those challenges have contributed to stabilising the 
economy and GDP growth is projected to be 3.8% in 2021.  
4.307.   Iceland and Russia have long enjoyed a close trading history. Unfortunately, these trade ties 
were undermined in 201 5 by wide ranging Russian countersanctions on Icelandic foodstuffs, in 
particular fishery products. The restrictions imposed by Russia were disproportionate to the targeted 
measures applied by Iceland and resulted in a 95% decrease in exports. They also ha d an adverse 
effect on the Icelandic fishing industry, notably in rural areas dependent on fish processing.  
4.308.   We value strong bilateral trade relations with Russia and welcome positive developments in 
sectors not affected by restrictive measures. A good exa mple is related to the renewal of the Russian 
fishing fleet and fish plants, where Icelandic expertise in sea -tech solutions, i.e. naval architecture, 
design, fishing gear and processing have proven useful.  
4.309.   We also welcome Russia 's active participation in  WTO negotiations on fisheries subsidies and 
urge the Russian Federation to play a constructive role in reaching a meaningful and effective 
outcome on fisheries subsidies at MC12.  
4.310.   As we look towards global economic recovery, it is important to recall that  women still face 
disproportionate barriers that prevent them from fully participating in international trade. These 
barriers, that have increased due to the pandemic, need to be addressed with an inclusive approach 
towards economic recovery. Iceland welco mes Russia 's National Strategy for Action for Women 
2017-2022 and hopes it will contribute to ensuring that women 's full economic rights will be a 
factored contribution towards sustainable social economic development.  
4.311.   Iceland also appreciates Russia 's active participation in the Informal Working Group on Trade 
and Gender, established last year following the Buenos Aires Declaration on women 's economic 
empowerment from 2017.  
4.312.   Iceland welcomes that more and more WTO Members provide information on their gende r-
responsive trade policies. The trade policy review provides an excellent opportunity to share best 
practices and experiences that aim at women 's social and economic empowerment and full inclusion 
in trade.  
4.313.   Iceland has submitted in advance written questi ons, among them on the participation of 
women in the economy of the Russian Federation. Iceland welcomes the replies that we will review. 
The replies concerning gender and trade will be useful as we continue to gather information on best 
practices. We wish  the delegation of the Russian Federation every success for their Trade Policy 
Review.  
MALAYSIA  
4.314.   Malaysia associates herself with the ASEAN statement delivered by Brunei Darussalam.  
Malaysia is pleased to take part in the second Trade Policy Review of the R ussian Federation.  
4.315.   Firstly, we would like to extend a very warm welcome to Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , the Director 
of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development, and her delegation to 
its second Trade Policy Review. We appreciate the Russian Government and Secretariat for the 
comprehensive reports, and the discussant, Ambassad or Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland for his 
insightful contribution.  
4.316.   Malaysia would like to take this opportunity to commend Russia for its macroeconomic 
stability prior to the COVID -19 pandemic. We take note that the Presidential Decree No. 474 of 
21 July 2020, which outlined the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation in the Period 
up to 2030 had set out specific targets to increase productivity and economic diversity by 2030. The 
Federation 's sound monetary and exchange rate policies have als o contributed to significant 
de-dollarization and reduced inflation, from 10.2% on average during 2003 -2012 period to 3.4% in 
2020.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.317.   Malaysia also wishes to congratulate the Federation 's emphasis on implementing measures 
and policies aimed at improving the business environment and investment climate, as well as 
supporting micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). We observe that the main priorities of 
the Federation 's policies are aimed at ensuring a transparent and predictable business environment 
in the  Russian market, which has seen an improvement in the World Bank 's composite rating "Ease 
of Doing Business " in 2020, in comparison with its ranking in 2016.  
4.318.   Historically, Malaysia has developed a strong partnership with the Russian Federation, 
particularl y in the economic sphere. In 2020, the Russian Federation was Malaysia 's largest trading 
partner among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), where the total bilateral trade 
amounted to USD  1.50 billion. Although there has been a decrease in the two -way trade in 2020, it 
has rebounded during the period of January to August 2021, which a significant increase of 53.5% 
amounting to USD  1.51 billion, compared to the corresponding period in 2020. With this promising 
trend, Malaysia continues to look forwa rd to further improve the value of our trade in the future.  
4.319.   On investments, the Russian Federation is also investing in Malaysia. As of October 2021, a 
total of 8 manufacturing projects have been implemented, with total investments worth 
USD 39.66  million  creating over 400 jobs.  
4.320.   For this current review, Malaysia had submitted written questions on areas such as 
renewable energy, government procurement and investment. In general, Malaysia looks forward to 
obtaining further clarifications in terms of the rule s and procedures governing the technical standards 
and SPS requirements, especially for agriculture and energy related sectors.  
4.321.   Once again, we would like to thank the Russian Federation for the responses, and we shall 
examine them with great interest. We w ish Russia a productive and successful T rade Policy Review .  
THAILAND  
4.322.   At the outset, Thailand fully associates itself with the ASEAN statement made b y Brunei 
Darussalam.  
4.323.   Thailand is delighted to participate in the second  Trade Policy Review of the 
Russian  Federation and would like to extend our warm welcome to the Russian delegation led by Ms 
Ekaterina M ayorova , Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic 
Development.  
4.324.   We would also like to thank Ambassador Didier C hambovey  of Switzerland, for his 
contribution as a discussant today, as well as to the Government of the Russian Federation and the 
WTO Secretariat for preparing the comprehensive reports.  
4.325.   In respect of our bilateral relationship, Thailand and the Russian Federation have enjoyed a 
long cherished diplomatic tie for over 124 years, dating back to 1897. Since then, the two countries 
have developed a multi -dimensional partnership, not only in trade but also socially and culturally. 
Next year, we will ce lebrate the 125th anniversary of our diplomatic relations. I am confident that 
the relationship between Thailand and Russian Federation will continue to grow and prosper.  
4.326.   Russia is the 29th trading partner of Thailand and is the 1st trading partner among the 
Eurasian Economic Union in terms of trade value in 2020. In the past five years, the total trade value 
between the two countries amounted to approximately USD 2,804.69 million per year. The top 
exported goods from Russia to Thailand are crude oil, iron , steel and associated products; fertilizer 
and pesticides; and vegetable and vegetable products. Whilst Russia imports cars, car parts and 
accessories; rubber products; prepared and preserved fruits; and machinery and parts. We hope 
that the two countries  could strive to increase bilateral trade in the future.  
4.327.   In terms of Investment, we appreciate Russia 's "Look East " policy and believe that Thailand 
and the Russian Federation could cooperate in numerous opportunities to increase Foreign Direct 
Investment  in sectors of mutual interest, including green investments in the oil and gas industry.  
4.328.   Thailand commends the Russian Federation for her economic performance. Despite an 
economic contraction of 3 percent due the adverse impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, R ussia's GDP WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  of 2021 is expected to grow by 4.3 % thanks to  a balanced macroeconomic policy, both on financial 
and trade matters that helped to overcome the negative impact of the pandemic. In 2021 and 
beyond, we are confident that Russia 's economy will cont inue to grow strongly.  
4.329.   Since the Russian Federation 's accession to the WTO in 2012, she has been a strong 
supporter of the multilateral trading system that is open,  non-discriminatory,  and transparent. This 
is evident by the Russian Federation 's active ro le in all aspects of WTO 's work, including the WTO 
Reform and ongoing negotiations on fisheries subsidies and agricultural issues as well as the joint 
statement initiatives where the Russian Federation are a Member, namely,  E-Commerce, Domestic 
Regulations , Investment Facilitation for Development, and MSMEs. She also joined numerous 
statements and declarations, including those on COVID -19 and gender issues.  
4.330.   Thailand applauds the Russian Federation for its efforts on upgrading its trade policies and 
legal f ramework since the entry into force of the EAEU treaty. Significant changes have been made 
in the fields of custom procedures, export duties and taxes, foreign investment, competition, mining 
and energy, IP, and telecommunications and financial services. W e witness the crucial role of the 
Russian Federation in the development of EAEU and we seek the Russian Federation 's support in 
commencing the FTA negotiations between EAEU and Thailand which will contribute to a greater 
economic growth amongst all members . 
4.331.   With regards to the agriculture sector, Thailand acknowledges the improvement in this sector 
as a result of the Russian Federation 's balanced policy of simultaneously pursuing growth, leading 
to an increase in agricultural exports; and development, by ad opting measures to help raise the 
standard of living and boosting employment. Thailand wholeheartedly shares both these objectives. 
However, Thailand remains concerned about SPS issues of which we believe that there is room for 
improvement. We encourage th e Russian Federation to expedite the approval process so as to 
facilitate the export of agricultural products of Thailand to the Russian Federation.  
4.332.   In this review, Thailand has submitted a number of questions on various areas of Russia's 
trade and econom ic policy, and we thank Russia for responding to our questions and look forward 
to thoroughly reviewing them.  
4.333.   Lastly, Thailand appreciates the leadership of Ambassador Dmitry L yakishev . We look 
forward to work closely with the Russian Mission to advance ou r mutual interest. Thailand wishes 
the Russian delegation a successful Trade Policy Review and looks forward to strengthening our 
partnership at all levels.   
COLOMBIA  
4.334.   We welcome the Russian delegation, headed by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the 
Department for Trade Negotiations, and also extend a warm welcome to his Excellency Ambassador 
Dmitry Lyakishev, Permanent Representative of Russia to the WTO.  
4.335.   We appreciate the comprehensive analysis and feedback provided by Ambassador Didier 
Chambovey as  discussant, as well as all relevant elements that contribute to this discussion. We 
also recognize the hard work of the Secretariat and the Russian authorities in the preparation of the 
reports.  
4.336.   Russia has a strong and dynamic economy, with stable growth rates and a good performance 
in macroeconomic indicators. Average exports have enjoyed sustained growth, although they have 
a high level of concentration. The Russian economy has been no stranger to the challenges and 
difficulties arising from the pandemic , and has highlighted the importance of diversifying the 
production base and avoiding dependence on raw materials.  
4.337.   The review document contains interesting information on the policies and measures adopted 
to promote and diversify exports, foster innovation , increase productivity and improve the business 
environment. Russia has set ambitious goals on modernizing the economy, participating in value 
chains and increasing exports of both goods and services.  
4.338.   In meeting these targets, we find that the report deta ils industrial policy instruments and 
various financial and non -financial support mechanisms for exports, as well as tax benefits, WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  preferential credits and other incentives. Colombia shares the aims of diversifying and promoting 
exports and agrees on the i mportance of a modern industrial policy. However, it is essential for these 
actions to be compatible with WTO rules, especially those related to import substitution programmes.  
4.339.   Since joining, Russia has played a leading role in the multilateral trading sys tem. The 
significant part it plays in total global imports and exports also reflects its active participation in the 
regular and negotiating committees. We welcome the commitment that the Government of Russia 
shows in its report regarding multilateral prin ciples and its support for a reform that contributes to 
strengthening the Organization and taking it into the future, as well as its support for the proper 
operation of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism.  
4.340.   The documents from the Secretariat and the Government  also reflect the importance of 
regional and bilateral agreements to Russia. In particular, we find that the EAEU treaty has led to 
significant updates to the trade regime and has increased the progressive opening of the Russian 
market.  
4.341.   At the bilateral le vel, the close relationship between Colombia and Russia dates back as far 
as the 18th century, when the first contact was made with the court of Empress Catherine the Great. 
This relationship has become progressively stronger, and commercial and economic t ies have 
developed that are now under the Joint Intergovernmental Commission, which has achieved 
important results.  
4.342.   At present, we have increasing and diversified bilateral trade, within which Colombian 
exports of agricultural and agro -industrial products have increased. There are new trading 
opportunities to exploit with products such as fruits and vegetables, cosmetics and clothing. We 
encourage the further deepening of contact between our authorities, which will maintain the good 
track record of our trad e relations.  
4.343.   Regarding tariff policy, the reports show that the reforms introduced by Russia have tended 
to simplify the tariff structure and have led to a slight reduction in the average applied tariff during 
the review period. However, there are still so me specific or mixed tariff rates, as well as some 
significant tariff peaks.  
4.344.   Noteworthy are the export duties and quotas applied to more than 235 products, including 
seeds, cereals and metals. As Russia is a major player in the global markets of some of th ese 
products, these measures may have relevant impacts on players throughout the production chains.  
4.345.   We note that, under the Eurasian Economic Union, there has been greater clarity on the 
rules governing import prohibitions, restrictions and licensing. Howe ver, import substitution 
measures and local content policies are a source of concern, especially those that link these elements 
to attracting foreign investment.  
4.346.   Also noteworthy in this Review is the major role that the Government continues to play 
within the economy. Although the number of state enterprises has declined compared to previous 
years, such enterprises continue to play a key role in a significant number of sectors.  
4.347.   In the area of customs and foreign trade procedures, we commend the concrete pro gress 
and actions taken during the review period, in particular those related to simplifying procedures and 
adopting electronic mechanisms. There has also been positive progress in expanding and improving 
the country's single window for trade, which will b enefit the import of goods and facilitate risk 
management.  
4.348.   In the area of transparency, we acknowledge the positive track record that Russia has 
maintained and we invite the country to continue contributing to the WTO's monitoring pillar by 
submitting its outstanding notifications in a timely manner.  
4.349.   We recognize the full and detailed report prepared by the Government of the 
Russian  Federation, which reflects its commitment to the multilateral trading system. The inclusion 
of sections dedicated to policies to promote the share of MSMEs in international trade and to the 
economic empowerment of women reflect Russia's support for these initiatives and provide detailed 
information for the analysis and actions of the relevant working groups.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.350.   Also of inte rest is the section on trade and environmental protection, in which the significant 
role of WTO rules is acknowledged as part of the multilateral institutional framework for responding 
to the environmental challenges we are facing.  
4.351.   Colombia submitted quest ions on areas of interest to our trade relationship, such as tariff 
levels, sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, restrictions, taxes and charges on exports, updates 
to customs regulations and trade integration under the Eurasian Economic Union. Colombi a will be 
interested to hear the replies from the Russian authorities.  
4.352.   I conclude by wishing Russia and its delegation a successful conclusion to the Trade Policy 
Review process. We extend our warm appreciation to Ambassador Lyakishev and delegates in 
Geneva, and take this opportunity to highlight the excellent working relations and cooperation 
between our two Missions.  
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC  
4.353.   Firstly, we would like to welcome Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department for 
Trade Negotiations of the Russia n Federation's Ministry of Economic Development, and her 
distinguished delegation.  
4.354.   We congratulate the discussant, H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey, Ambassador of Switzerland, and 
the Secretariat for preparing the report.  
4.355.   The Dominican Republic and the Russian Fed eration have excellent relations.  
4.356.   Between January 2015 and July 2021, trade between the Dominican Republic and the 
Russian  Federation amounted to USD 664 million, with imports accounting for 91% and exports 
for 9%. Exports from the Dominican Republic have recently grown at an annual rate of 40%. The 
following Dominican products are entering the Russian market: granules of pig iron, spiegeleisen 
and iron; rum and other sugar -cane products; ethyl alcohol; cigars; copper derivatives; fresh or 
dried avocados; r oasted coffee, not decaffeinated; fruit; footwear; and tobacco, not stemmed.  
4.357.   Imports have grown at an annual rate of 28%. The main products being imported include: 
light oils and preparations; semi -finished products of iron or non -alloy steel containing ca rbon; urea, 
whether or not in aqueous solution; bars of free -cutting non -alloy steel in irregularly wound coils; 
vodka; and buttermilk.  
4.358.   Moreover, in recent years the Russian Federation has become the third largest source of 
tourists visiting our country, a fter the United States and Canada. In 2019, around 220,000 Russian 
tourists visited the Dominican Republic, although this number has since fallen owing to the 
pandemic. In June this year, we welcomed some 8,000 Russian tourists. We hope that these 
numbers will go on to reach and even exceed pre -pandemic levels.  
4.359.   We congratulate the Russian Federation for having established key conditions for the 
development of electronic commerce, such as consumer protection laws, data privacy provisions and 
electronic signa tures. The principal customs legislation was updated following the entry into force, 
on 1 January 2018, of the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which introduced 
various innovations aimed at streamlining customs procedures, including thro ugh electronic means, 
and implementing key provisions of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation.  
4.360.   We welcome the Russian Federation's commitment to an open, non -discriminatory and 
transparent multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core, as outlined in  its report and 
reinforced by its participation in the activities of the Organization.  
4.361.   Lastly, we would like to thank the Russian Federation for its timely response to the 
Dominican  Republic's questions relating to various points contained in the report. We wish the 
Russian Federation and its delegation every success with this report.  
  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  ECUADOR  
4.362.   We congratulate the Russian Federation on its second Trade Policy Review and welcome the 
officials in our presence today.  
4.363.   I would like to begin by expressing Ecuador's appreciation of the policies promoted by the 
Russian Federation to modernize its economy, foster competitiveness and create favourable 
conditions for growth and sustainable development.  
4.364.   The Russian Federation promotes an industrial pol icy based on support for exporters, tax 
incentives and import substitution. We hope that this industrial policy, accompanied by initiatives 
aimed at diversifying the economy and reducing the country's dependence on mineral and energy 
resources, will not af fect its relations with trading partners or distort international trade.  
4.365.   Since its accession to the WTO, the Russian Federation has focused its efforts on moving 
from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Measures such as binding all its tariff lines, 
opening up its service sectors and limiting export duties have required substantial changes to trade 
policy. This should not go unnoticed.  
4.366.   The Russian Federation is clearly a major player in world trade, as evidenced by its bilateral 
relations with numerous countries, including Ecuador, its interaction with international agreements 
and mechanisms, and its participation in the multilateral trading system. Its trade policy decisions 
will therefore always have an impact on international trade.  
4.367.   Trade bet ween Ecuador and the Russian Federation is substantial. In 2020, it amounted to 
more than USD 900 million, a 5% increase on 2019. Over 571 Ecuadorian companies send exports 
to the Russian market, mainly comprising agricultural products such as bananas, flo wers, shrimps 
and coffee. Ecuador therefore pays particular attention to the rules and regulations applicable to its 
agricultural sector, including in respect of sanitary and phytosanitary matters.  
4.368.   Regarding imports, Ecuador receives agricultural inputs an d machinery from the 
Russian  Federation. The composition of our bilateral trade reflects the complementarity of our 
economies and suggests the existence of greater scope for the deepening of trade relations between 
our two countries.  
4.369.   On the occasion of thi s trade review, Ecuador has submitted written questions in relation to 
the Russian Federation's trade policies on the subjects of customs duties and taxes, tariff rates, the 
import regime and export incentive programmes. We look forward to receiving answer s to the 
questions posed.  
4.370.   Lastly, on behalf of Ecuador, I wish the Russian Federation a successful conclusion to its 
second Trade Policy Review.  
TURKEY  
4.371.   Turkey joins other members in welcoming the delegation of Russian Federation headed by 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations at the Ministry of Economic 
Development.  
4.372.   We would like to thank the Secretariat and the Governmen t of Russia for their reports as 
well as discussant Ambassador Didier Chambovey of Switzerland for his valuable comments.  
4.373.   As stated in the reports, the Russian Federation demonstrated macroeconomic stability, low 
inflation rate and ample international rese rves during the review period. Russia also managed to 
mitigate the impact of declining and volatile oil prices and other external developments.  
4.374.   New national development objectives and related national projects that were adopted in 
2018 and revised in 2020,  are promising. As stated in the Secretariat 's report, participation in global 
value chains can contribute to achievement of these new development goals.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.375.   In 2020, like other countries, Russia has faced a significant slowdown in economic activity 
during the  lockdown period.  
4.376.   Yet, international trade continues to have a significant place in Russia's economic 
development. We are pleased to see that Russian Federation considers open and non -discriminatory 
trade, favorable conditions for capital flows and technol ogy, as well as the stability and predictability 
of international trade rules at the core of the sustainability of Russia's economic development.  
4.377.   Since 2014, the Government has implemented the State Programme for Economic 
Development and Innovation Economy , combining activities to improve the business and investment 
environment. We welcome the Russian Federation 's intention to continue to undertake reforms to 
improve the business environment for investors.  
4.378.   Russian Federation is an active participant in our work at the WTO and accepted the 
Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) in April 2016. All TFA provisions have been binding from the 
moment the agreement has entered into force. Russia also contributes to a ll Joint Statement 
Initiatives.  
4.379.   Over the last two decades, Turkish -Russian economic and trade relations have been 
developing and diversifying.  
4.380.   At the bilateral level, these diverse relations produce concrete results in energy and services 
sectors as well a s in increasing trade volume.  
4.381.   As stated in the reports, Turkey is the sixth largest trading partner of Russia.  
4.382.   Seven  million Russian tourists came to Turkey in 2019. Despite the pandemic restrictions, 
we hosted 2 million tourists from Russia in 2020. By th e end of this year, the figure is expected to 
reach 3 million.  
4.383.   Total value of Turkish construction projects in Russia exceeded USD 85 billio n. 
4.384.   Russia is one of the biggest oil and gas supplier for Turkey. Besides, our cooperation in 
energy is expanding. Ou r Presidents attended the inauguration ceremony of TurkAkım Natural Gas 
Pipeline in 2020 and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is being constructed as a joint project.  
4.385.   We believe that, once concluded, Agreement on Services and Investments will boost our 
economic  partnership. Thus, negotiations should be carried forward since there is a huge potential 
especially in the fields of automotive industry, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, textile, food, 
machinery, energy, processed food, and chemical products.  
4.386.   We wou ld like to continue to further strengthen our cooperation with Russia in all areas.  
4.387.   To conclude, we would like to take this opportunity to thank the delegation of 
Russian  Federation, Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev and his team for the excellent preparation fo r 
this review, as well as their constructive contributions to WTO activities. We wish Russia a very 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
INDONESIA  
4.388.   First, Indonesia associates its statement with ASEAN statement read by Ambassador  
Mrs Pengiran Mahalee  of Brunei Darussalam . Indonesia would like to extend its warm welcome to 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations at the Ministry of Economic 
Development , and other members of the delegation to the Trade Policy Review of the 
Russian  Federation.  
4.389.   Indonesia would also like to convey its appreciation to Chair of Trade Policy Review Body 
H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme of Botswana  and the discussant H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey of 
Switzerland  for his insightful remarks an d our appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and the delegation WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  of Russia for their comprehensive  report s when  preparing and conducting the second Trade Policy 
Review of the Russian Federation.  
4.390.   Upon t he accession in 2012, Russia 's membership in the WTO has become a significant boost 
to international economy and major benefit to its development  and resulted in a positive impact on 
the conditions of trade and investment. Russia always intended to create better business 
environment and competitive industries , as well as to achieve a completely new level of integration 
into the global economic system.  
4.391.   Indonesia acknowledge s that Russia has improve d its policy with respect to market access 
for WTO Members on trade in goods and services, while it also ensures a transparent and predictable 
mechanism in order to maintain and strengthen the multilateral trading system.  
4.392.   Indonesia underlines that Russia i s applying over -tariff with respect  of import duties with 
6.7% MFN applied tariff, 7.6% final bound tariff, and 100% tariff binding coverage. In addition, 
Indonesia observed that Russia provided greater market access with the enforcement of customs 
procedu res regulations, the use of health and sanitary measures, technical standards, and the 
protection of intellectual property. Russia as well provide s market access and facilitates service 
provider in many areas.  
4.393.   The Russian economy and trading system are improving gradually since the accession. 
Russia enjoys economic growth by reaching GDP of USD 1,4 64 billion , USD 10,000 GDP per capita, 
as well as surplus in trade performance with a world collecting total value o f USD 21.7 billion in 
2020. Russia also improved and ranked 28 among 190 economies in the World Bank Doing Business 
Index in 2020 . 
4.394.   For the goods sector, Russia is a powerhouse exporter of crude petroleum ; petroleum oils 
(excluding crude) ; commodities; gold  and coal; and power  services sector . It exports 
transportations, other business services , telecommunications, construction,  and travel.  
4.395.   With respect of Indonesia's trading partner, Russia ranked 29 for exports destination, 22 for 
imports source, and Indonesia ranked third in terms of Russia trade with ASEAN Members with a 
total trade value of USD 2. 1 billion in 2019 and USD 1.9 billion in 2020. The main export products 
from Indonesia to Russia are palm oil and its fractions; coconut; palm kernel; coff ee; natural rubber; 
and cocoa butter, which recorded a total value of USD 864 million in 2019, and USD 973 million in 
2020. While the main import products from Russia to Indonesia are iron or non -alloy steel; coal; 
minerals; and aircraft launching gear, th at recorded total value of USD 1.2 billion in 2019 and 
USD 957 million in 2020.  
4.396.   On the investment, Indonesia has issued more than 200  permanent licences for Russia -based 
enterprises or industries with total FDI of USD 38 million since 2019 until 2020 . Based on these 
figures , it is believed that trade and investment between Indonesia and Russia is achieving stability 
and balance.  
4.397.   Indonesia note s that, in addition to its commitment  to the rules-based multilateral trading 
system, Russia has pursued extensive c ooperation in several  free trade areas; as for Indonesia, 
more countries expedited  by establishment  of trade cooperation , namely the Intergovernmental 
Indonesian -Russian Joint Commission on Trade , Econom ic and Technical Cooperation, and Joint 
Working Group between Indonesia and Eurasian  Economic Commission ; this cooperation indicate s 
world countries ' commitment in ensuring open market and facilitate trade in transparent  and 
non-discrimination  manner in the fields of trade, industry, investment, energy transportation, 
infrastructure , culture, tourism, technology, and health.   
4.398.   Indonesia has submitted  a number of written questions related to issues of import 
prohibition s, and quantitative restrictions, tariff p references, labelling system, tax incentives, as well 
as SPS requirements. We look forward to lear n more about a Union-wide "track and trace" system 
for the marking of certain goods , as well as the system product coverage and its implementation 
timeline. We note from the Secretariat Report that many  Russian non-tariff measures are 
implemented under international convention while other represented national or regional interest s; 
we will be interested in more information on how  Russi a intends to ensure the conformity of these 
non-tariff measures with the WTO obligation.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.399.   Indonesia was also asking for more information on the legislative and institutional framework 
for SPS protection in Russia. Indonesia encourage Russia to consider its  conformity to international 
standards and review its SPS measures based on scientific evidence.  
4.400.   Further, Indonesia wishes Russia could provide more information on the EAEU's rationale 
and criteria for granting the Unified System of Tariff Preferences.  
4.401.   Russia continues to impose  trade remedy measures to exported products from Indonesia. 
Indonesia observe s that current ly there is one imposition of safeguard duty on flat rolled steel 
products. In light of this, Indonesia encourages Russia to remove the measur e once Russian 
domestic industry has been recovered from injury  as stipulated in the Agreement on Safeguards.  
4.402.   Regarding WTO reform  on transparency, Russia intends to ensure that laws and regulations 
must be notified and relevant with WTO provisions in Russia , among others, fully support the  
proposal regarding selection process to appoint Appellate Body members to ensure the function of 
the dispute settlement system.   
4.403.   To concl ude our remarks, Indonesia will continue to strengthen its  cooperation with Russia 
and to engage with it on the multilateral, regional and bilateral fronts . Indonesia, once again, 
appreciates the delegation of Russia for their eminent  work for this review,  and we look forward to 
continuing to deepen our bilateral economic and trade relations.  
4.404.   Finally, Indonesia congratulates and wishes Russia a successful second Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.405.   Cambodia is pleased to participate in the second  Russian Federation Trade Policy Review and 
warmly welcome the delegation of Russian Federation, led by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova , Director of 
the Department of Trade Negotiations.  
4.406.   Our special thanks also go the Discussant, H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey , Ambassador of 
Switzerland, for his insightful and constructive remarks. We appreciate the reports prepared by the 
TPR Secretariat and the Government of the Russian Federation, which outline recent developments 
in the R ussian Federation 's trade policies and practices.  
4.407.   At the outset, Cambodia also associates itself with the ASEAN statement delivered by Brunei  
Darussalam . 
4.408.   Cambodia applauds Russia for the good economic performance since becoming the official 
WTO Member in 2 012 and particularly since the first trade policy review.  
4.409.   We would like to congratulate Russia for maintaining its resilient economic performance even 
amidst the threat of the global economic uncertainty and the COVID -19 pandemic. The Russian 
economy conti nued to grow between 2016 and 2019 at a stable growth at an average of 1.7% during 
2016-2019. Nonetheless, in light of the global pandemic, GDP growth fell to negative 3.0% in 2020.  
4.410.   Cambodia -Russia 's diplomatic relations was officially established on 13 May 1956. Since 
1956, the two nations have cherished relations based on friendship and trust, and mutual interests. 
This year (2021) marks the 65th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the 
two countries.  
4.411.   Bilateral trade between the tw o countries has risen substantially over the last decade. In 
2020, bilateral trade was USD 63.82 million which was increased 15.26% comparing to the total 
trade in 2019. From January -July of 2021, bilateral trade has increased sharply at the rate of 61% 
equivalent to USD 60 million.  
4.412.   In terms of Investment, the FDI inflow from Russia to Cambodia has remained minimal. In 
2009, FDI from Russia amounts to USD 27 million, yet since 2013 that amount has dropped 
remarkably.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.413.   However, with Cambodia and the Eurasian Economic Union engaging in free trade agreement 
negotiation since 2017 and with many productive engagements with Russia and other EAEU member 
states since then, we look forward to see increase in both trade, investment and economic and 
technical cooperatio n between Cambodia and Russia in the near future.  
4.414.   We thank and appreciate the delegation of the Russian Federation in Geneva led by His 
Excellency Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev for their friendship and good cooperation. We commend 
Russian for taking an activ e part to support the integration of LDCs into the multilateral trading 
system.  
4.415.   In addition, we would like to encourage Russia to provide other technical assistance to LDCs 
to increase our productive capacity, industrial development and economic transforma tion to better 
take advantage of the trade preferences provide under the WTO and other trade preferential 
arrangements to better compete and integrate into the world trading system especially during and 
after this COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.416.   We would encourage Russ ia to expand product coverage and products interest that we are 
exporting to Russia as well as to accelerating Cambodia and EAEU trade agreement which will 
broaden market access on trade in goods and services, and investment flow.  
4.417.   Finally, we commit to working closely with the Russian Federation and all Members in both 
bilateral and multilateral levels to strengthen our good cooperation for economic growth and 
development.  We wish the Russian Federation a successful and fruitful conclusion of its second  Trade 
Policy Review.   
MAURITIUS  
4.418.   We welcome the delegation  from the Russian Federation led by  Ms Ekaterina Mayorova , 
Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations  of the Ministry of Economic Development of the 
Russian Federation.  
4.419.   We co mmend  the Secretariat and th e Government of the Russian Federation  for their efforts 
to realize  the Trade Policy Review  of the Russian Federation despite the trying pandemic -related 
challenges.  We would also like to thank  H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey  of Switzerland  for his insightful 
remarks as  discussant  to this Trade Policy Review.  
4.420.   We were glad  to note from the TPR report that Russia through  its macroeconomic 
stabilization polic es and accumulated  buffers  has manage d to mitigate some of the adverse effects 
of the COVID -19 pandemic on its economy. Furthermore, we noted the crucial role that trade played 
in Russia's economic recovery process, which we think shows the importance that the WTO's 
multilateral trading system  plays in global trade.   
4.421.   The numerous measures taken by Russia to increase its exports ' competitiveness are 
interesting, to say the least, and we would be happy to learn more about  the policy development 
objectives of the country. However, we would urge Ru ssia to consider eliminating the possibly 
non-WTO-compliant measures , such as import  substitution measures , mention ed by the Secretariat.  
4.422.   Mauritius and Russia share a relatively limited trade relationship ; we have seen bilateral 
trade experience h ighs and lows during  the recent years and understandably the pandemic has 
severely impacted trade volumes between our two countries.  
4.423.   The difficulties encountered to increase trade flow can largely be attributed to distance and 
lack of market knowledge . Nonetheless, our two economies do share some similarities that can be 
traced back to the WTO; we are both supporters of the rules -based multilateral trading system, WTO 
reform ; and like Russia, Mauritius  also participates in the Joint Statement Initiatives,  and has 
endorsed the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment . 
4.424.   We were , however,  quite disappointed when Mauritius was excluded from Russia's GSP 
scheme . Being a small island developing state, Mauritius faces a lot of challenges and remains WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  extremely vulnerable to external shocks. Graduating a country on the basis of per capita income is 
no guarantee  that the country has achieved  competitiveness across the board and in all sectors.  
4.425.   We therefore call  on Eurasia , of which Russia is a leading member , to review the GSP 
graduation conditions to include SIDS as beneficiaries based on vulnerability factors  rather  than on 
per capita income.  
4.426.   That being said, we would welcome the opportunity to work closely with Russia and Eurasia 
to improve our trade and investment relations. We have already expressed to the Eurasian side our 
desire to negotiate a trade agreement and we would great ly facilitate trade from Mauritius and 
Russia. We seize this opportunity to reach  a waiver request and ho pe that it could be favourably 
consider ed in the near future.  
4.427.   To conclude, we would like to thank the Russian Federation for its contribution to the global 
fight against the pandemic, specially for making vaccines available to developing countries like 
Mauritius. We wish the Russian Federation a successful Trade Policy Review.   
ANGOLA  
4.428.   The delegation of the Republic of Angola would like to congratulate the Russian Federation 
on the public presentation and debate of its second Trade Policy Review. We acknowle dge the 
comprehensive document that reviews, with remarkable openness, the general and thematic trade 
achievements and challenges, commercial policies, and practices since 2016. It includes a timely 
overview of the latest challenges for the past two years,  framed by the global COVID -19 pandemic 
crisis. Angola is particularly impressed by the resilience of the Russian Federation 's economy, namely 
due to balanced Fiscal and Monetary Policy.  
4.429.   Angola also takes this opportunity to commend the Secretariat for th e well drafted document, 
which is especially efficient in capturing a profound balance of trade policies by sector, including 
institutional framework, regulatory changes, novel investment laws, customs duty, and taxation, to 
name just a few.  
4.430.   Angola notes, with interest, the Russian Federation 's commitment to an open and non -
discriminatory trade, favourable conditions for capital flows and technology, and to the stability and 
predictability of the universal rules of international trade.  
4.431.   We have to agree wit h the Russian Federation report 's concerns that the growth of the world 
economy has been too often constrained by the replacement of the WTO norms with other unilateral 
"rules" , together with unfair competition methods, protectionist measures, and recurren t and 
questionable trade wars. Indeed, the politicization of foreign economic and trade relations is a 
serious issue that must be debated frankly and solved.  
4.432.   The Republic of Angola has enjoyed excellent political and economic cooperation relations 
with the  Russian Federation since the beginning of its Independence. In this sense, to give a more 
pragmatic character to bilateral cooperation, the Bilateral Business Council was created, a 
mechanism for monitoring business relations and promote business activiti es through the creation 
of public -private partnerships, with emphasis in the fields of manufacturing, agroindustry, fisheries, 
energy, geology and mining, amongst other sectors considered priorities in the context of the 
diversification of Angola's economy.  
4.433.   As you know, Angola is engaged in a rigorous economic diversification process, trying to 
overturn the considerable dependency on crude oil produc tion and exportation. We therefore 
reiterate our invitation to the Russian Federation in order to share its diversification experience in 
building technical capacity in areas crucial for Angola such as, business training, health, higher 
education, sciences  and technology, that are in an urgent need of a new impetus.  
4.434.   Finally, Angola recognizes the Russian Federation's engagement in the WTO comprehensive, 
structured, transparent , and inclusive reforms, helping our common institution to meet modern 
challenges , and to contribute to the world economic recovery. Congratulations to the 
Russian  Federation in its Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  NICARAGUA  
4.435.   On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua, I would like to join the previous delegations in 
extending a warm welcome to the delegation of the Russian Federation, to its head Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova and to the other delegates in attendance for the presentation of its second Trade Policy 
Review. We recognize the effort and hard work undertaken by the Russian Government, which show 
its commitment to developing a transparent trade policy regime within the framework of the rules 
governing the WTO.  
4.436.   The Russian economy has been strengthened and has enjoyed sustained growth in recent 
years, largely as a result of national strategies and a  trade policy focused on further trade 
liberalization, the diversification of the economy and participation in regional integration processes. 
Despite the negative impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on international trade, oil market volatility 
and supply cha ins, the reports show how the Russian Government, by overseeing balanced fiscal 
and monetary policies, has achieved macroeconomic stability.  
4.437.   Nicaragua and the Russian Federation have close diplomatic relations and are involved in 
jointly developing economi c and trade cooperation mechanisms and scientific and technical 
exchanges. With respect to trade, the country maintains an interest in Nicaragua's exportable supply 
of products such as green coffee and ground -nuts, and contributes by way of foreign investm ent in 
different economic sectors including telecommunications, agriculture, services and tourism. It also 
maintains trade relations with other countries in Central America, which strengthens regional trade 
and rapprochement within the framework of the Cen tral American Integration System. We also 
highlight the support offered in the fight against COVID -19, through the provision of vaccines and 
pharmaceutical supplies.  
4.438.   In closing, it is important to underline the active participation of the Russian delegatio n in 
the regular work and negotiations conducted in the WTO, which shows its commitment to 
multilateralism. We salute the work of the discussant and the Secretariat in preparing the report and 
wish the Russian  Federation every success in its Trade Policy R eview.  
ARMENIA  
4.439.   I would like to join other delegations and on behalf of Armenian delegation welcome the 
second Trade Policy Review of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation  delegation led by 
Ekaterina Mayorova.  
4.440.   Recognizing the importance of obser vation and monitoring of the national trade policies we 
strongly support the TPR mechanism aimed at enhancing of transparency and building of confidence 
in the multilateral trading system.  
4.441.   This is the second Trade Policy Review of the R ussian Federation  after its accession to the 
WTO and in the years following its accession Russia has made a significant progress in adopting of 
economic reforms and increased the openness of its economy for trade and investment.  
4.442.   Armenia and the Russian Federation share long-standing economic and trade ties rooted in 
history. We have very close links in various sectors of economy and despite challenging economic 
conditions, Russia remains to be one of our major trading partners. Russia is strategic partner for 
Armenia bot h in trade and investment. Thousand companies with Russian capital participation are 
operating in Armenia. Russia is one of the main destinations for Armenian exports and also is the 
main source of Armenian imports. Trade between our two countries has grow n substantially over 
the past decades, and especially after Armenia 's accession into EAEU where we together with the 
Russian Federation  and other EAEU members we are enjoying benefits from being part of the big 
and fast developing market.  
4.443.   The R ussian Federation  is a strong supporter of the multilateral trading system. We very 
much welcome the R ussian Federation  active engagement in the WTO multilateral negotiations since 
its membership.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.444.   Despite all challenges, Russia has shown its commitment to further in tegration into global 
trading system by undertaking several reforms targeted at foreign trade liberalization, infrastructure 
development and business environment improvement.  
4.445.   The Russian Federation has taken various steps to simplify customs procedures an d thus 
improve efficiency for both importers and exporters. It has made significant commitments in trade 
in services and as part of its WTO commitments has liberalized important services sectors.  
4.446.   Russia is a firm believer in the role the WTO has played an d will play in providing a rule -based 
approach for the liberalization of international trade.  
4.447.   We do hope that the efforts undertaken by the R ussian Federation  to modernize and diversify 
its economy will further promote the country on the path of sustainab le and inclusive growth.  
4.448.   I would like to express appreciation to the distinguished delegation of the R ussian Federation  
for today's presentation and wish every success in the Trade Policy Review exercise.  
4.449.   Taking this opportunity, I would like also to than k Ambassador Dmitri Liakishev and the 
colleagues in the Russian Mission for their constructive engagement with the Armenian delegation 
in Gen eva. 
MYANMAR  
4.450.   Myanmar aligns itself with the ASEAN Statement made by Permanent Representative of 
Brunei Darussalam.  
4.451.   My delegation would like to join others in welcoming the Russia Delegation led by 
Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director, Department for Trade Negotiation, Ministry of Economic 
Development of Russia.  
4.452.   Myanmar would also like to take this opportunity to congratula te H.E. Mr Dmitry Lyakishev, 
Permanent Representative of Russia and his team for their hard work and appreciate the insightful 
remarks made by H.E Mr Didier Chambovey, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to WTO.  
4.453.   Our appreciation also goes to the gover nment of Russia and WTO secretariat for their 
comprehensive reports.  
4.454.   Even though geographically far apart from each other, Myanmar and Russia have enjoyed a 
long history of friendship and goodwill since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1948. It is evident 
that the development of the diplomatic, economic and social relations between our countries is based 
on the mutual -trust and cooperation in various fields including Government to Government 
Cooperation and Business to Business Dialogues.  
4.455.   In review ing bilateral trade, according to statistics from Myanmar, since 2015 -2016 to date, 
both of our countries are experiencing the steady growth in the bilateral trade volume. In terms of 
investment, Russia ranks 22 among 51 investor countries in Myanmar.  
4.456.   The major import commodities of Myanmar from Russia are petroleum products, fertilizer, 
wheat, industrial oilseeds, rubber raw materials, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The major export 
items of Myanmar to Russia are garment, rice, pulses and beans.  
4.457.   Myanm ar acknowledges the accelerated economic growth rate of Russia in 2018 reaching to 
2.8% as compared to 2016. We are pleased to note that according to anticipation from OECD and 
IMF, Russia economy is estimated to grow again in 2021 and 2022 in the range of  2.8% to 4.4%.  
4.458.   We are also pleased to note that increased liberalization and facilitation measures of Russia 
in its Trade in Goods, investment regime and economic diversification programmes such as 
"Development of Foreign Economic Activity " since its first Trade Policy Review.  
4.459.   In this connection, we appreciated the World Bank 's rating of Russia as the 28 position 
among 190 economies in terms of ease of doing business in 2020.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.460.   Myanmar appreciates Russia 's support in Multilateral Trading Syst em by providing various 
assistance programmes in cooperation with other international organizations, by granting tariff 
preferences for developing countries and LDCs, by supporting acceding members especially LDCs 
and actively taking part in WTO negotiatio ns, Joint Statement Initiatives and WTO Reform Process.  
4.461.   In conclusion, Myanmar wishes to express its appreciation for Russia 's commitments in 
Multilateral Trading System through active participation in WTO, regional cooperation such as 
Eurasian Economic Un ion (EAEU), G -20, APEC, BRICS, ASEAN , and Shanghai Cooperation 
Organization (SCO). We look forward to more cooperation with Russia in our bilateral trade relation 
and in the Multilateral Trading System. I wish Russia every success in its second  Trade Policy Review  
process.   
HONDURAS  
4.462.   On behalf of the State of Honduras, we warmly welcome Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of 
the Department for Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of Economic Development, and her delegation. 
We extend our thanks to the Russian Fede ration for its report and statement.  
4.463.   Chair, I would also like to thank you, the Secretariat and the discussant for your statements, 
reports and assessments.  
4.464.   Over three decades ago, the Republic of Honduras and the Russian Federation took the wise 
decision to formalize their ties by establishing diplomatic relations. Since then, our friendship has 
grown stronger every day, facilitating dynamic and thriving exchanges on important topics such as 
politics, cooperation, security, education, science and technolog y, to name but a few.  
4.465.   This harmonious relationship has been framed by mutual respect, by a shared commitment 
to the maintenance of peace and, in this Organization, by support for a rules -based multilateral 
trading system, something we both consider essenti al to ensuring a transparent, non -discriminatory, 
stable and predictable international trade environment.  
4.466.   We therefore wish to take this opportunity to express our deep appreciation to the people 
and Government of the Russian Federation for their continual  gestures of solidarity that have 
contributed to our country's well -being. They have included the shipping of 40,000 doses of Sputnik 
V, the Russian Federation's COVID -19 vaccine, and the provision of Russian aid in response to 
natural disasters that have affected our country.  
4.467.   As far as bilateral trade is concerned, in 2020 we exported USD 15 million worth of products 
such as coffee, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, and edible vegetables and tubers. Those 
exports registered a growth rate of 3% between 2016 and 2020.  
4.468.   On the other hand, we imported products such as fertilisers, iron, steel and inorganic 
chemicals to the value of USD 56 million.  
4.469.   With respect to the reports under consideration, we are pleased to note that, for most of the 
period under review, the Russian Federation enjoyed a fiscal surplus and maintained low inflation 
rates and ample international reserves, among other indicators, and that it retained eleventh position 
in the world ranking of countries' nominal GDP, as well as six th position in the world ranking of 
countries' GDP measured at purchasing power parity.  
4.470.   The reports indicate that, during the period from 2016 to 2020, there was a gradual change 
in the structure of the Russian economy in the direction of innovative develo pment and that the level 
of innovation of organizations increased to 9.1% in 2019 and the share of products of high -tech and 
knowledge -intensive industries in GDP increased to 23.4% in 2020.  
4.471.   We take note of the Strategy for the Development of the Informati on Society in the 
Russian  Federation for 2017 -2030, which stresses the importance of the harmonious development 
of electronic commerce and provides for the use of mechanisms aimed at protecting citizens from 
counterfeit products, developing legislation to protect and foster competition, implementing an equal 
tax regime for companies, and ensuring the transparency of cross -border payments and the WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  protection of consumer rights in the information and communication network of the Internet, among 
other measures.  
4.472.   In closing, we thank you for this new opportunity to participate in evaluating and reviewing 
the trade policies and practices of the Russian Federation and we wish you every success in your 
second Trade Policy Review . 
JAMAICA  
4.473.   Jamaica congratulates the Rus sian Federation on this its second Trade Policy Review and 
extends a warm welcome to its distinguished delegation led by Ms. Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of 
the Department of Trade Negotiations, in the Ministry of Economic Development. We thank the 
delegat ion for its detailed report. Jamaica extends thanks to you, Chair, and our discussant, 
Ambassador Didier Chambovey for his balanced and insightful perspectives. We also commend the 
Secretariat for its comprehensive report.  
4.474.   This year, 2021, Jamaica and the Russian Federation celebrated 46 years of friendly 
relations, built on shared values and mutual respect. Our countries have collaborated in various 
fields ranging from tourism, language training and cultural exchanges, mining and industry, and 
trade. We lo ok forward to further strengthening of these relations at the bilateral and multilateral 
levels.  
4.475.   With its vast landmass, natural resources, and high human capital, the Russian Federation 
is an extraordinary country. It currently stands as the world 's eleve nth largest economy and still has 
much latent potential. We note that during the period 2003 to 2012, Russia recorded robust 
economic growth at an average annual rate of 4.8%. In the following period, however, GDP 
contracted; this coincided with the onset of several external shocks, including unstable movements 
in global oil prices and the COVID -19 pandemic. Yet, the Russian economy has consistently 
weathered each storm. The report further indicates that GDP growth for 2021 is expected to be 
3.8%. Against t his background, the Government 's ability to implement sound macroeconomic 
stabilization policies should be commended.  
4.476.   It has been observed that, consistent with its national development objectives, Russia has 
steadily pursued the promotion and diversifica tion of its non -energy exports. It is noted that last 
year, the Government set a target of 70% real growth in exports of non -energy goods by 2030. In 
addition, the Government has sought to strengthen the legislative frameworks to support trade and 
improve the business environment. Continued action to enhance efficiency and streamlining of 
customs procedures and requirements; promote foreign investment; expand e -commerce; improve 
transparency in public procurement among others should be supported.  
4.477.   The contin ued diversification of the economy and development of other areas will augur well 
for the expansion of the economy and foster deeper integration into the global trade system. We 
note the observation by the Secretariat that participation in global value cha ins could contribute to 
the achievement of Russia 's long -term development goals and encourage action by the Government 
towards that end.  
4.478.   Jamaica welcomes the continued high priority that the Russian Federation attaches to its 
participation in the rules -based multilateral trading system, underpinned by the WTO. We note that 
Russia is a party to several WTO Agreements, including the Agreement  on Trade Facilitation, and 
actively contributes to the work of the Organisation. We commend Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev 
and his team for their continued engagement in the deliberations on issues on the WTO agenda; 
among these, have been the discussions on  the response to COVID -19 pandemic, the ongoing 
fisheries subsidies negotiations, the reform of the WTO, and the dispute settlement mechanism.  
4.479.   Russia has accorded great importance to empowering women to participate in trade; this is 
also a policy prerogat ive of Jamaica. In this respect, Jamaica applauds Russia 's endorsement of the 
Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women 's Economic Empowerment, and involvement in the 
work of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender. Jamaica further welcomes Russia 's 
proactive approach to outlining its priorities for the impending 12th WTO Ministerial scheduled for 
November 2021.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.480.   Russia has made significant strides since its accession to the WTO in 2012. Jamaica believes 
that there is tremendous scope and opportuni ty for Russia to contribute to the further expansion of 
global trade and strengthening of the multilateral trading system. We look forward to working closely 
with the delegation in this regard and wish the Russian Federation a very successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
SRI LANKA  
4.481.   My delegation welcomes the delegation of the Russian Federation led by Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations of the Ministry of Economic 
Development for the second review of the trade policies and practices of the Russian Federation.  
4.482.   We thank His Excellency Mr Didier Chambovey, the Ambassador of Switzerland as the 
Discussant, for his report and insights, and the WTO Secretariat and the Government of the 
Russian  Federation for their comprehensive reports made available to t he delegations in advance of 
this meeting.  
4.483.   We realize that Russia is not an exception and similar to that of those countries, it has also 
faced a significant slowdown in economic activity during the lockdown period as well as it continues 
to face several c hallenges that hinder the full realization of its potential as a participant in 
international trade. We acknowledge the steps taken by Russia to overcome the impediments, in 
particular the measures implemented to stabilize its domestic epidemiological situ ation.  
4.484.   Consequent to the last review, Russia has introduced and made significant legal changes in 
an array of areas, in particular in customs procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, 
export support, public procurement, foreign investment, com petition, protection of intellectual 
property, mining and energy, financial services, and telecommunications services, which are also 
commendable.  
4.485.   Russia considers the WTO as a unique forum and considers that it has no alternatives, which 
serves as the pl atform for the development of multilateral international rules, common for all 
participants in the world trade. In this context, Sri Lanka appreciates active involvement of the 
Russian Federation in the discussions on domestic support in agriculture, elimi nating agricultural 
safeguards, tariff quota allocation, enhancing transparency of applied import custom duties and 
negotiations on fishery subsidies. Further, we note that Russia is an active member in the discussion 
of all four Joint Statement Initiative s, in Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment and Informal 
Working Group on Trade and Gender. Its proposals on the MC12 package also provide welcome 
narratives.  
4.486.   On bilateral economic cooperation, the Russia was the 15th export market and the 16th import 
partner for Sri Lanka. Russian Federation was the 7th largest source of tourist traffic to Sri Lanka in 
2019 with a share of 4.5 % of total traffic received in 2019.  
4.487.   Since 2010, the Russian Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) Scheme has been 
granting pre ferential tariffs for 65 items for the exports of certain developing countries, including 
Sri Lanka. Under the Russian GSP, Sri Lanka enjoys 25% of tariff reduction from the current customs 
duty rate. According to the available statistics more than 80% of Sri Lanka exports to Russia have 
been covered under the GSP scheme, during the last five years.  
4.488.   Sri Lanka -Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific and 
Technical Cooperation (IGC) established in 2015, plays a vital role in strengt hening the trade and 
economic relations between the two countries. The Sessions of IGC were a platform to discuss on 
promoting trade, investment and tourism, and the Russia 's capacity building and technical 
cooperation initiatives have helped industries in  Sri Lanka. A Number of proposals have also been 
tabled at the preparatory meeting of the IGC held recently, in particular to develop the agriculture 
and fisheries sectors in the country, including capacity building and technical assistance from Russia. 
Sri Lanka is thankful for Russia in extending its willingness to offer the cooperation towards the 
development of these sectors in Sri Lanka.  
4.489.   While acknowledging such cooperation extended towards Sri Lanka in various sectors, my 
delegation wishes to draw th e attention of the Russian delegation on the difficulties being WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  encountered by Sri Lankan exporters when entering the Russian market. The gems stones and 
jewellery sector of Sri Lanka had not been able to gain access to the Russian market due to high 
impor t duties (10 -15%) and strict rules and regulations. Despite the fact, that gems exporters of 
Sri Lanka had Carnet Certificates issued by the National Gem and Jewellery Authority or the 
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) of Sri Lanka, according to carn et holders, the Russian 
Customs Service pointed on the need of making a deposit up front in the amount equivalent to 100% 
of price of product and applicable customs duties of the Russian Federation at the point of entry.  
4.490.   My delegation appreciates the Russi a's favourable consideration on this matter and come up 
with an appropriate solution that would pave the way to remove such non -tariff barriers in order to 
enhance bilateral trade between two countries in the future.  
4.491.   In concluding, my delegation appreciate s Russia 's highly valued contribution to the 
multilateral trade system and its active engagement in the negotiations. The dynamic role played 
by Ambassador Mr Dmitry Lyakishev , Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the 
WTO and his very able  and dynamic team in Geneva in proactively engaging in ongoing activities of 
the WTO, is highly commendable.  
4.492.   We wish Russian delegation a successful deliberation and productive outcomes on its Trade 
Policy Review.  
TAJIKISTAN  
4.493.   Tajikistan is pleased to partic ipate in the second  Trade Policy Review of the 
Russian  Federation and would like to warmly welcome entire delegation of the Russian Federation 
led by Ms  Ekaterina Mayorova – Director of the Department of trade negotiations, Ministry of 
Economic Development and would also like to congratulate the Russian delegation, Secretariat team 
for the reports prepared for this meeting and discussant H.E. Ambassador Di dier Chambovey of 
Switzerland for his comments.  
4.494.   Tajikistan and Russia are historically linked by centuries -old tradition, close interaction and 
friendship people, deep interpenetration of cultures. Russia is one of the first countries recognized 
independe nce and the sovereignty of Tajikistan.  
4.495.   In May 2021 during the meeting in Moscow, President of Tajikistan , Emomali Rahmon , and 
President of Russia , Vladimir Putin , discussed topical issues of Tajik -Russian strategic partnership 
with an emphasis on trade, e conomy, investment, and other areas of cooperation.  
4.496.   Russia is the main trading partner of Tajikistan. The expansion of trade cooperation is in the 
interest of both states and contributes to the development of trade relations between Tajikistan and 
Russia.  For eight months of 2021, the volume of mutual foreign trade turnover with the 
Russian  Federation amounted to USD 764.4 million and increased compared to the same period of 
2020 by USD 116.3 million or by 18%. Exports of goods to Russia from Tajikistan fo r this period 
amounted to  USD 34 million and imports amounted to USD 730.4 million. The share of trade with 
the Russian Federation in the total foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Tajikistan for this period 
was 18.8%.  
4.497.   During the review period the ec onomy of the Russia demonstrated stable growth and 
real GDP growth averaged 1.7% in 2016 -19. In 2020, the economy contracted by 3%, due to the 
impact of the COVID -19 pandemic and disruption of the global oil markets.  
4.498.   Russia is a party to the ITA and accept ed the TFA in 2016. Russia takes an active part in 
negotiations on WTO reform, fisheries subsidies, agriculture, e -commerce, investment facilitation 
for development, domestic regulation in services, MSMEs and Gender issues.  
4.499.   My delegation acknowledges Russ ia's continued pursuit of trade liberalization and its 
contribution to and constructive involvement in the WTO negotiations. We are confident that Russia 
will continue to undertake further trade and structural reforms to maintain an open WTO consistent 
trade regime to secure sustainable growth. In conclusion I wish Russia a very productive and 
successful Trade Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  PANAMA  
4.500.   I firstly wish to extend my greetings and congratulations to Her Excellency Ekaterina 
Mayorova, Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations of the Russian Federation's Ministry of 
Economic Development, and to the entire Russian delegation for their outstanding work. In turn, I 
would like to thank Ambassador Didier Chambovey of Switzerland, discussant for this second Review, 
for his insightful comments that assist us in evaluating the Russian Federation's trade policies. I 
would also like to thank the Secretariat for preparing the reports.  
4.501.   The Russian Federation is an important partner of Panama in the areas of international 
cooperation and trade. Over the last five years, the value of trade between our countries has ranged 
from USD 7.2 to USD 28.7 million. The main export products include pineapple, decaffeinated 
roasted coffee, dates, avocados and coco a beans. For its part, the Russian Federation exports mainly 
minerals and chemicals to Panama.  
4.502.   Chair, we are pleased to read that, since its last Review in the wake of the financial crisis, 
the Russian Federation has achieved macroeconomic stability by con trolling inflation and maintaining 
a low level of public debt and ample foreign exchange reserves. While the country's potential growth 
rate may have declined marginally over the last decade, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
forecasts GDP growth of 3. 8% for 2021.  
4.503.   However, we note the continued dependence of the Russian economy on oil, as shown during 
the COVID -19 pandemic when global supply chain disruptions affected the country's macroeconomic 
indicators owing to the fall in oil prices. In this regard , we applaud the Russian Federation's latest 
efforts to integrate further into global production, value and logistics chains.  
4.504.   Elsewhere, we acknowledge the Russian Federation's efforts to support other sectors of its 
economy, such as SMEs. The so -called Na tional Development Goals of the Russian Federation in the 
Period up to 2030 are consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and 
the WTO Agreements. We wish it every success in implementing this plan, which will undoubtedly 
have positiv e repercussions for its trading partners and will strengthen the multilateral trading 
system.  
4.505.   Chair, the Russian Federation is a significant player in the international community and 
performs a central role in resolving the various and complex challenges f acing humanity, as shown 
by its major scientific contribution in the manufacture of the Sputnik V COVID -19 vaccine. Given the 
positive outcomes achieved from the relationship between the two nations, Panama remains fully 
prepared to continue working togeth er to strengthen the long -standing links that exist between us.  
4.506.   We would like to congratulate the Russian Federation on its active participation in the 
multilateral trading system. We share a number of priorities within the WTO. For example, as 
Article  XII Members, we seek greater parity between the commitments made by the Members that 
acceded to the WTO under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement and those made by the original 
Members. The Russian Federation also plays an important role in negotiations on  fisheries subsidies 
and WTO accessions.  
4.507.   We wish the Russian Federation every success in this review and would also like to highlight 
the admirable work of its delegation in Geneva, led by Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev . 
PAKISTAN  
4.508.   We warmly welcome the Russian  delegation led by Her Excellency Ms Ekaterina Mayorova at 
this second T rade Policy Review  of the Russian Federation. Our thanks go to the discussant 
H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey for his thoughtful comments for the discussions on this TPR as well as to 
the Sec retariat for their work on this Trade Policy Review . 
4.509.   The Russian economy continues to register a positive growth during the period under review 
except last year due to the health pandemic. Such sustained economic growth is testimony to the 
outstanding refo rms both at national, regional and multilateral levels that the Russian Federation 
has implemented. The reforms made at various areas of the Russian economy are impressive and 
will certainly sail the Russian Federation smoothly through the adverse effects of the pandemic.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.510.   First, the sound and effective trade policy the R ussian Federation  has embarked upon to 
diversify its economy and to lessen its dependency on hydrocarbons. Several measures have been 
implemented to this effect, among others, a sound monet ary and fiscal policy, improvement of the 
business and investment environment, improving the competition policy, facilitating foreign 
investments and improving its Intellectual property regulations.  
4.511.   Second, the integration of the Russian Federation into th e Treaty on the Eurasian Economic 
Union (EAEU Treaty) has also contributed to the development of its economy as several polic ies were 
undertaken in different areas as a result of this regional integration.  
4.512.   Third, at the multilateral level, the Russian Fede ration is staunch supporter of the multilateral 
trading system. It plays a key role in the restoration of the Appellate Body system, in the 
safeguarding of the interests of the developing countries especially in view of the WTO reforms and 
in ensuring that  development remains the fundamental pillar of the WTO. Such active participation 
of the Russian Federation is thanks to its Geneva mission team led by H.E . Mr Dmitry L yakishev . 
4.513.   Furthermore, at the global level the importance of the Russian Federation econ omy cannot 
be downplayed. Its economic policies have therefore tremendous impacts. To this regard, we wish 
to highlight some of the key facts of our bilateral relations with the Russian Federation.  
4.514.   The total bilateral Trade between Pakistan and Russia stands at close to USD 1 billion with a 
trade balance in favour of Russia. During Pakistan 's fiscal year 2020 -21 we exported around USD  180 
million worth of goods to Russia. Main items include citrus fruit, leather apparel & clothing, and 
textile ma de-ups and garments.  
4.515.   Pakistan 's cooperation with Russia extends to various sectors of the economy and Pakistan 
finds Russia to be an important partner in the region. Russia has offered assistance in the past to 
Pakistan in areas of Steel, and energy, and i nstallation of power plants. Pakistan and Russia have 
also signed some Memorandum of Understandings in various fields of Oil and Gas exploration, and 
potential investments in these areas are already being discussed. In the end, we thank once again 
the dele gation of Russia and wish them a very fruitful T rade Policy Review . 
NEPAL  
4.516.   At the outset, I would like to extend my warm welcome to the delegation of the 
Russian  Federation headed by Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade 
Negotiations, M inistry of Economic Development and commend her insightful presentation on trade 
policy review of Russia this morning.  
4.517.   My delegation thanks H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey, Ambassador of Switzerland for his remarks 
as discussant of this review.  
4.518.   I wish to extend  sincere appreciation to the Government of Russian Federation and the WTO 
Secretariat for their comprehensive reports.  
4.519.   Both the reports indicate that Russian Federation demonstrated its continued commitments 
to fair, predictable, transparent, and rule -based multilateral trading system under the auspices of 
the WTO, which is much appreciated.  
4.520.   The willingness to integrate i ts economy, and further liberalizing trade and investment 
regimes through involvement in regional, bilateral, and other international fora is commendable.  
4.521.   I take good note of the success of Russia to devise appropriate economic and social policy 
tools for the containment, prevention, and treatment of C OVID -19 pandemic and to keep the 
economic impact of the same pandemic at the minimum level. That showed comparatively resilient 
economic environment maintained by the Russian Federation through stable economic  policies.  
4.522.   Russia 's effective mitigation of impact of declining and volatile oil prices and other external 
developments, especially through the floating exchange rate regime, and a new fiscal rule remained 
commendable.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.523.   New development objectives and goals  remained effective in participation in the global value 
chains, productivity growth, quality of jobs, and poverty reduction.  
4.524.   Managing adverse shocks of the COVID -19 pandemic through macroeconomic stabilization 
policies and accumulated buffers remained ap preciated.  
4.525.   Similarly, my delegation commends all the legal reforms including in the areas of customs 
procedures and requirements, export duties and taxes, public procurement, foreign investment, 
competition, protection of intellectual property, mining and  energy, financial services, and 
telecommunications services over the review period.  
4.526.   I hope the newly adopted strategies, national projects, and state programmes, and 
amendment to the constitution, among others would be instrumental in harnessing potentia l socio -
economic prosperity in future.  
4.527.   Furthermore, reform initiatives undertaken to transit the national economy towards digital 
and inclusive one are also noteworthy.  
4.528.   While turning to the bilateral front, Nepal and Russian Federation have been enjoying cordial 
and cooperative relations in various fields since establishment of diplomatic relations in 1956. Both 
the countries have residential diplomatic presence in each other 's capital cities.  
4.529.   The two countries have signed an agreement on the Abolition of Visa Requirements for the 
Holders of Diplomatic and Service Passports.  
4.530.   Regular exchanges of high -level visits have further strengthened our bilateral ties from 
governments to people -to-people level in different dimensions of socio -economic dev elopment.  
4.531.   My delegation appreciates Russian Federation for extending economic and technical 
cooperation since 1959 in development process of Nepal, in particular in the areas of building 
physical and industrial infrastructure, health, hydropower, road, an d human capacity building, 
among others.  
4.532.   Cooperation between the two countries spans to the economic, trade, investment and 
tourism and culture and even people to people level in modern days.  
4.533.   Bilateral trade between two countries is growing over the past  decade.  
4.534.   The preliminary data reveals that Nepal imported goods from Russia worth of N PR 1.7 billion 
while exported to Russia worth of just N PR 136 million in the year 2020 resulting huge trade gap of 
NPR 1.56 billion.  
4.535.   Bridging this huge trade imbalance is a challenge for Nepal. However, such situation could 
be an opportunity to further enhance our bilateral economic cooperation focusing on bridging the 
trade gap in the days ahead.  
4.536.   My delegation views that the potentialities of bilateral cooperation betw een Nepal and Russia 
in the fields of economic, trade and investment, technology, tourism and culture and also in 
people -to-people level are yet to be well explored and materialized.  
4.537.   In this regard, I would like to reassure the delegation of the Russian Fe deration that my 
delegation stands ready to engage and consult with delegation of Russian Federation for 
strengthening the bilateral cooperation and collaboration in future.  
4.538.   I believe that the steps as reflected in the government report would be instrumen tal in 
preventing deepening of the crisis situation in international trade, reforming the WTO functioning, 
improving investment climate, increasing transparency and predictability of the business 
environment in Russia, and reducing costs incurred by econom ic operators, including MSMEs and 
enhancing economic and social advancement of Russia in future. Finally, I wish a successful 
conclusion of the second trade policy review of the Russian Federation.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  URUGUAY  
4.539.   Uruguay wishes to extend a warm welcome to the de legation of the Russian Federation, 
headed by the Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations, Ekaterina Mayorova, on the 
occasion of its second Trade Policy Review. We appreciate the excellent work undertaken by 
both the Secretariat and the Russian Federation in preparing their respective reports and wish to 
congratulate Ambassador Chambovey on his high -quality report.  
4.540.   I would also like to acknowledge the Russian Federation's commitment to the multilateral 
trading system, as reflected by the leadersh ip shown by Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev and his team 
in the WTO's work.  
4.541.   As has happened around the world, the economy of the Russian Federation has been greatly 
affected by COVID -19. Under these circumstances, the Russian Federation has reiterated the 
importance it attaches to maintaining an open trade regime, promoting competition and lending 
support to MSMEs in response to the pandemic. We also note that macroeconomic stabilization 
policies and accumulated reserves have enabled the Russian Federation to m anage the impact of 
these adverse shocks.  
4.542.   Uruguay recognizes the efforts of the Russian Federation to reduce customs duties within 
the framework of its WTO commitments and thereby to create the conditions for its effective 
integration into the global econo my. We also note the improvements in customs administration 
aimed at eliminating unnecessary barriers, the automation of customs operations and the reduction 
of release times for goods with a view to improving the conditions for doing business.  
4.543.   Our two cou ntries have a long -standing bilateral relationship, diplomatic relations having 
been first established back in 1857. Today, the Russian Federation is Uruguay's seventh largest 
trading partner. Uruguay has traditionally recorded a trade surplus, mainly thro ugh exports of 
foodstuffs. In addition to this bilateral relationship, we must also take into account links maintained 
at the regional level through discussions held between MERCOSUR and the EAEU. A memorandum 
on trade and economic cooperation between the two blocs was signed at the Common Market Council 
meeting in Montevideo in December 2018. We are in favour of the further strengthening of our 
bilateral relations, which are based on trust and economic cooperation.  
4.544.   The Russian Federation and Uruguay agree on the great value of the WTO and the central 
role that it performs in the rules -based multilateral trading system, as well as on the need to achieve 
meaningful outcomes at MC12. Both countries recognize that supporting and contributing to the 
multil ateral trading system, enhancing trade cooperation and promoting an inclusive and sustainable 
trade policy will be key to navigating the post -pandemic economic landscape.  
4.545.   I would also like to acknowledge the Russian Federation's leadership in the Informal Working 
Group on MSMEs at the WTO. We note that the Russian Federation pays particular attention to 
transparency issues and to ensuring that the interests of MSMEs are taken into account during the 
rule-making process. Indeed, the Russian Federation and Ur uguay were authors of one of the 
six recommendations approved in December 2020, which seek to promote MSMEs' involvement in 
developing regulations, including through MSME -focused impact assessment and by providing those 
enterprises with more opportunities to comment and consult on prospective measures.  
4.546.   To conclude, we would like to reiterate our appreciation for this new opportunity to discuss 
the trade practices of the Russian Federation, and we look forward to pursuing our cooperation with 
the Russian Fed eration at all levels: bilateral, regional and here at the WTO. Thank you and my best 
wishes for a successful review . 
BANGLADESH  
4.547.   At the outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes Ms Ekaterina M ayorova , Director of the 
Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development and Head of Delegation – for 
her introductory presentation at the second Trade Policy Review of the Russian Federation. 
Bangladesh delegation also thanks H.E. Mr Didier C hambovey , Ambassador and P ermanent 
Representative  of Switzerland , for his insightful discussions. Our sincere appreciations also go to the 
Government of the Russian Federation and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive reports.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.548.   During the period under rev iew, we have noted that the Government of the 
Russian  Federation has focused on carrying out many structural reforms including ensuring inclusive 
growth. The fundamentals of the Russian economy remain strong, and this has ensured 
macroeconomic stability. I nflation is within limits and FDI inflows have increased significantly. We 
applaud the Government of the Russian Federation for the various reform measures that it has 
adopted in its trade and investment related areas. Since Russa's first and last Trade Po licy Review 
in 2018, the Russian economy has been a major driver of global growth. Real GDP growth in the 
Russian Federation averaged 1.7% in 2016 -19, compared with 4.8% in 2003 -12. Prudent 
management resulted in macroeconomic stability, as evidenced by th e existence of a fiscal surplus 
during most of the review period, a low inflation rate, and ample international reserves.  
4.549.   The Russian Federation managed to mitigate the impact of declining and volatile oil prices 
and other external developments, notably t hrough the floating exchange rate regime, and a new 
fiscal rule. At the same time, the consistent decline in the rate of potential economic growth since 
the financial crisis has drawn attention to certain structural issues with respect to productivity and 
economic diversification, as discussed in a recent World Bank study. New national development 
objectives and related national projects were adopted in 2018 and revised in 2020, which aim to 
improve the Russian Federation's long term economic growth and dev elopment performance. It has 
been observed that participation in global value chains can contribute to the achievement of these 
new development goals because of its positive effect on productivity growth, quality of jobs, and 
poverty reduction.  
4.550.   The Russia n economy has contracted by 3% in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID -19 
pandemic and the related disruption of the global oil markets, which has resulted in a substantial 
increase in unemployment. Macroeconomic stabilization policies and accumulated buffe rs have 
enabled the Russian Federation to manage the impact of these adverse shocks. For 2021, the IMF 
expects GDP growth of 3.8%. The Bank of Russia paused its accommodative policy actions in 
mid-2020, keeping the key policy rate at a record low of 4.25% and maintaining short term interest 
rates close to the key rate. Since March 2021, the Bank of Russia has increased the key rate several 
times in response to intensifying inflationary pressures.  
4.551.   As one of the important trading and development partners, Ban gladesh is delighted to note 
the great strides that Russian Federation has made in recent years. We enjoy excellent bilateral 
trade and economic relations. Bangladesh highly values its relationship with Russia which happens 
to be one of its largest trading  and development partner. Bangladesh exported goods worth 
USD 665.31 million to Russia against the imports of USD 466.70 million in the fiscal year 2020-21. 
Bangladesh delegation appreciates Russian Federation 's cooperation with Bangladesh in different 
sectors, particularly in building Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant.  
4.552.   To conclude, Madam Chair, we wish the delegation of Russia a productive and successful 
Trade Policy Review . My delegation will continue to work close ly with the Russian delegation, led by 
H.E. Mr Dmitry L yakishev , Ambassador and Permanent Representative to strengthen multilateral 
trading system as well as enhance our bilateral trade ties.  
EGYPT   
4.553.   Egypt joins previous speakers in extending a very warm we lcome to the Russian delegation 
led by  H.E. Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations at the Ministry 
of Economic Development.  
4.554.   We also thank Ambassador Didier Chambove y for his insightful comments as a discussant 
and express o ur appreciation to the Russian Federation and the WTO Secretariat for their detailed 
reports.  
4.555.   Egypt starts by applauding the Russian government for its success in maintaining 
macroeconomic stability, reasonable inflation rates, high foreign currenc ies reserves, as well as fiscal 
and current account surplus es throughout  the review period , despite the heavy impact  and adverse 
shocks due to COVID -19 pandemic and disruption in the global oil market.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.556.   Egypt also  underscores the wide  legislative reforms in various trade  and economic fields, 
including those of customs procedures, investment, intellectual property, e -commerce, and some 
vital services sectors.  
4.557.    In addition, Russia was able to reduce its simple average MFN applied tariff rates from 8.3% 
to 7.9% across the last five years, although the applied rate on agriculture products remains higher 
than those on non -agriculture lines, we encourage Russia to continue liberalizing trade and 
enhancing its business environment.  
4.558.   The Secretariat report highlights s ome important national strategies, policies, and 
program mes adopted by the Russian government in recent years in continuation with its economic 
and structural reforms, the world's economic diversification as well as promoting competition and 
innovation , sustained  commitment to such strategies  is key to help the Russian government reap 
the exact fruits of their efforts.  
4.559.   We agree with the Secretariat on the Russians ' strong support for the multilateral trading 
system, evidencing its active  engagement and contributions regarding WTO reform discussions, as 
well as its general positive  record in submitting timely notifications.  
4.560.   Egypt and Russia share long -standing cordia l relation s that developed over the years into a 
close and trusted partnership on all fronts including trade, economic, and cultural exchange. In fact, 
Russia is one of the Egypt's  top 10 trading partners . 
4.561.   Bilateral trade generally witness ed an increased in levies , reaching USD 6.2 billion by 2019, 
with agricultural products contributing to half of these figures.  Egypt mainly imports wheat, minerals, 
cars, oil, and gas from Russia; and exports citrus fruits, potatoes, and onions in the other direction . 
4.562.   We welcome the Mutual Recognition Agreement concluded in October 2020 by  the veterinary 
authorities in Egypt and Russia , which accelerated the registration of companies trading in meat, 
poultry, fish, and dairy products  on both sides.  
4.563.   We also  praise the Russian decision, in March 2021, to lift three -year-old import restrictions 
of potato es from three main production sites in Egypt.   
4.564.   As for investment, accumulated Russian direct investment in Egypt approached USD 8 billion 
by 2020, most notably in energy, infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism sector s.  
4.565.   We take good note of  this positive trend, yet we believe there is much potential to further 
develop our trade relations. In this regard Egypt looks forwards to conclusion of a free trade 
agreement with the Eurasian Customs Union.  
4.566.   In addition, we  trust that  the expansion of the Russian Industrial  Zone with the Suez Canal 
Economic Zone shall trigger  our economic relations to even more advance d horizons.  
4.567.   Finally,  Egypt wishes Russia a successful conclusion of its policy review and looks forward to 
continuing  to promot e our economic bilateral relations.    
SERBIA  
4.568.   Please allow me to welcome the Russian Federation delegation led by Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova, Director of the Department for Trade Negotiations within the Ministry of Economic 
Development.  
4.569.   I would like to thank H.E. Didier Chambove y for his insightful reviews and to commend 
H.E. Dmitry Lyakichev a nd his team for the work in the WTO, but also for the cooperation between  
our two Missions.  
4.570.   Bilateral relations between the Republic of Serbia and the Russian Federation are considered 
as very good, based on strategic partnership  and broad consensus on important bilateral and 
international issues.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  4.571.   On this basis, our two countries have been devel oping a fruitful cooperation in many fields, 
where trade and economic cooperation play a prominent role.  
4.572.   Russian Federation is considered as one of the most important trading partners for the 
Serbian economy.  
4.573.   Since 2000, trade between our two countries ha ve been realized on the basis of bilateral free 
trade agreement, which has provided free trade access for almost 99% of tariff lines.  
4.574.   Positive effect of this bilateral FTA can be illustrated by the rise of the Serbian exports to the 
Russian Federation, whi ch almost doubled in 2020 in comparison to 2008.  
4.575.   In 2020, the Russian Federation was the fourth biggest foreign trade partner of the Republic 
of Serbia. It was ranked as sixth biggest partner in exports and fourth on the imports side.  
4.576.   Despite fall of 6.8% , exports to the Russian Federation reached  USD 0.9 billion in 2020. At 
the same time, the value of imported goods originated in Russia amounted to USD 1.6 billion.  
4.577.   However, in the first 8 months of the 2021, exports to Russian Federation recovered and 
15.8% rise was recorded in comparison to the same period last year.  
4.578.   Following the formation and expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union, bilateral free trade 
agreements which Serbia had with Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan were renegotiated 
and replaced by a single FTA between the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states on one 
side and the Republic of Serbia on the other.  
4.579.   This agreement, signed in October 2019, entered into force on 10 July this year. While 
preserving the existing level of  liberalization, the Agreement extended the free trade regime to 
Armenia and Kyrgyzstan – two new members of the Eurasian Economic Union.  
4.580.   It is expected that this updated FTA, based on WTO rules, will allow further positive 
development of trade and econom ic cooperation between Serbia and EAEU members and will 
encourage new investment in Serbian economy.  
4.581.   The Republic of Serbia and the Russian Federation have good cooperation in multilateral fora 
as well.  
4.582.   In the context of Serbia 's accession to the WTO, Serb ia appreciates constructive approach 
of the Russian Federation in this process.  In conclusion, we wish the Russian Federation a successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSI AN FEDERATION AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  
5.1.  I would like t o sincerely thank the Membership for the active participation in this TPR. The 
number of interventions by Member from all continents represented in the WTO indicates that 
Russia 's involvement in global trade and our trade policy, as well as WTO involvement , are of certain 
relevance. That, for sure,  elevates  our sense of responsibility for the future of the multilateral trading 
system and for our part in this system.  
5.2.  I would like to outline several outcomes of this TPR, as I see them.  
5.3.  First, we are very pleased with overall positive assessment of our bilatera l trade and investment 
cooperation with most participating Members. This is particularly encouraging in the difficult times 
we all face today. Our partners are interested in Russian goods and services, and at the same time 
Russia 's market maintains its att ractiveness for their exporters and investors. For us, it means that 
the WTO that provided the basis for such successful development of our bilateral relations 
throughout the years of our Membership has proven its value; and our core interest is for the 
organization to overcome any hurdles and challenges.  
5.4.  Second, we appreciate Members ' highly positive assessment of Russia 's role in the WTO 
negotiations. Indeed, we try to do our best to be active and constructive. And in this context,  I would 
like to confirm  that our lagging with submitting draft schedule on domestic regulation track should 
not be taken as loss of interest. This is mostly due to certain hick -ups in the internal procedures 
which are caused by the pandemic situation. We will do our best to catc h up. On fisheries – Russia 
supports the conclusion of the negotiations by MC12 and, in this respect, we currently make strong 
efforts towards finding solutions on outstanding issues.  
5.5.  Third, we are thankful for all the comments and questions that we have r eceived during this 
TPR. Most of them were very precise and pragmatic. We consider the task to duly address them as 
our immediate duty. Some of the issues raised were not a surprise for us. However, based on the 
Members ' average assessment, the WTO rules c ontinue to shape Russia 's domestic framework and 
improves business environment.  
5.6.  Now, let me comment on some particular points, highlighted by the Members.  
5.7.  We were happy to hear positive assessments on Russia 's steady efforts to diversify its economy. 
Russian Government agrees that there is still much work to be done to decrease the dependence on 
hydrocarbons. The target has been set to increase by 70% by 2030, a non – commodity, non -energy 
export compared to 2020. The forecasted share of oil a nd gas export in 2024 is expected to be 
45.1% compared to 51 .4% in 2022.  
5.8.  We received confirmation from the Membership that we are on the right track with our 
macroeconomic, monetary and fiscal policies. They indeed allowed our country to keep economic 
stability in these turbulent times. However, as noted by many Members, high inflation remains a 
serious challenge putting increasing pressure on Russian citizens ' wallets. The Government 's prices 
stabilization measures were the key tools to improve this situat ion.  
5.9.  On tariffs. Russia 's tariff peaks and structure – are not out of the ordinary. Most Members use 
same methods to secure their agricultural and industrial development in case of sensitive products.  
5.10.   As regards subsidies. Governmental support policy cre ates incentives for production of 
industrial and agricultural goods. The strategic long -term goal is to ensure food security, progressive 
economic development and solid improvement of business environment. Vital role of subsidies is 
widely recognized, espe cially with the rise of COVID -19 pandemic and energy transition. The WTO 
rulebook does not ban subsidies entirely, but envisage "the box scheme " to distinguish and prohibit 
only the subsidies that are distorting trade by their very design. Subsidies provid ed to Russian 
enterprises comply with the WTO rules. Russia stands for prohibition of all forms of export subsidies, 
including in agriculture. We implemented this commitment even before our accession to the WTO.  
5.11.   There were a lot of critics of Russian impor t substitution programs. I will try again to provide 
simple explanations of what this policy is about.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  5.12.   Imagine, an international production chain to build a passenger aircraft. You have invested 
billions in this project. But suddenly your partner from U.S.  rejects to supply wings – on the basis 
of instructions of his government. You have basically two options. Option 1 is to stop this project 
and lose money you invested. Option 2 is to develop the wings by yourself and continue the project. 
For us this is n ot a hypothetical situation – that is exactly what happened with MS -21 aircraft. We 
chose the second option, using WTO -friendly instruments. This is an example of import substitution 
forced by politics.  
5.13.   Another example. You limit access to foreign product s to your government procurement 
because you want to spend your money, money of your taxpayers for development of your economy. 
That is fully consistent with your WTO commitments. Nothing in the WTO requires you to spend 
country 's budget abroad. Access of same products to your domestic market is not limited.  
5.14.   We are ready to change these rules of government procurement on reciprocal basis within the 
framework of GPA. We think it is legal and it is fair.  
5.15.   One may call it import substitution, reshoring or prot ection of critical supplies. What matters 
is that one acts in accordance with the rules. That is exactly what we do and will continue to do.  
5.16.   Shortly on governmental involvement in the economy. In Russia, all forms of property are 
equal. If private property  is more effective – state has no reason to artificially support its market 
positions. But sometimes state companies do the job better. In Russia this is relevant in particular 
for energy distribution. However, the biggest and richest state -owned or state -sponsored enterprises 
are not in Russia. Not in Europe. They are on the other side of the Atlantic. Our aim in the WTO is 
to secure fair level playing field and that is what we are trying to do.  
5.17.   On investment regime. We believe, in complicated global envir onment undermined by raise 
in protectionism, trade wars, disruptions in GVCs, nonetheless, welcomes foreign investors. Russia 
continues to introduce new measures promoting FDIs and adapting its legal framework to provide 
guarantees for investors. The instr uments of investment promotion and protection agreements give 
additional stability guarantees for established companies and their projects within our countries. We 
invite companies from all the Members to enjoy various regional programs and incentives that  special 
economic zones and territories of advanced socio -economic development have to offer. Russia 
recognizes importance of FDIs. At the same time when reviewing national policies regarding its FDI 
regime, Russia has to take into account new risks that a rise in the current circumstances. Therefore, 
Russia attempts to maintain a healthy balance between "localization " policies and the design of the 
restrictions applied in respect of foreign investments.  
5.18.   We have received a number of questions regarding the Track and Trace system. The System 
is necessary to fight against counterfeiting and smuggling. Its operation is sta ble, due to preparatory 
work done between the Government and business community (both Russian and foreign ). As for 
traceability regime, the system does not cover the products subject to Track and Trace. The regime 
is based on electronic document management  and aims to ensure payment of taxes.  
5.19.   Some comments were made on certain elements of the EAEU trade policy. Permit me to 
highlight that the Union is indeed a complex mechanism, the integration process is on -going. If there 
are concerns with some specific r equirements or procedures applied in the Union, we will be ready 
to consider them in consultation with our EAEU partners so that our integration may be improved 
and deepened further.  
5.20.   There was a number of questions on Russia 's SPS regulation. We continuous ly harmonize our 
SPS measures with international standards. I say "continuously " as these standards are not set in 
stone and constantly evolve. Russia regularly notifies its SPS measures in full conformity with its 
obligations. Since our accession, we have  notified in total 330 SPS measures. Therefore, to be frank, 
we fail to understand specific elements that are of concern to Members raising this matter.  
5.21.   As regards intellectual property, the EAEU Treaty harmonized basic provisions of IP protection 
of the E AEU Member States. Russia's regime on IPR fully complies with the Treaty and provides even 
a higher level of protection. The work of collective management organizations is effective and 
transparent. Such organizations are subject to audit and are obliged t o disclose information 
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  payment. We would also like to reiterate strong commitments of the Russian Federation to combat 
Internet piracy. Restricting access to  the "mirrors" websites , networks and applications with pirated 
content are among new mechanisms that contribute to this task.  
5.22.   On the combat against corruption, Russia continues to take comprehensive action both at the 
law-making and enforcement stages. W e have solid anti -corruption legislation in place. Potentially 
corrupt practices are prevented at all stages of law -making throughout constant public review of 
draft legal acts. Since the last TPR more than 160 thousand corruption -related episodes, with 
multiple high -profile examples, resulted in criminal penalties and measures aiming to ensure 
manageable redress for those who were affected. Besides digitalization efforts, that eliminate human 
factors; preventive measures, including prevention of conflicts of interests, strong independent 
courts play important role in our combat with corruption.  
5.23.   On customs. I would like to thank  Members for their positive assessments of Russia 's 
achievements in trade facilitation. Customs procedures in the Russian Federatio n are implemented 
through application of International Standards and Practices administered at the World Customs 
Organization and its ' partnering international organizations. The Union and National legislation are 
fully aligned with international agreement s and recommendations. Please, be assured that Russian 
Customs Authorities do not request deposit when goods are accompanied with internationally agreed 
form of Carnet ATA.  
5.24.   Once again, we appreciate this opportunity to engage with Members on the whole ran ge of 
Russia 's policies that are relevant to our trading partners. We take this exercise very seriously, 
together with all the work under the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. We are grateful for all concerns 
and questions raised. We believe this will help us  to make our trade policy better for the benefit of 
our economy and people.  Thank you very much for your attention.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.25.   Madam Chair, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, good morning to you on this second day 
of the Russia 's Trade Policy Review.  
5.26.   Let me first congratulate Director Mayorova and her team for the outstanding work 
accomplished. I commend them for having responded to more than 1 ,000 questions.  
5.27.   That Russia matters to all of us became apparent from the high number of Members who took 
the floo r on the first day. The general tenor of the statements has shown that Russia 's trade and 
investment policies are taken seriously and studied carefully in our capitals. Moreover, it also shows 
the degree to which the Russian Federation has become a key Mem ber of the multilateral trading 
system in the nine years since its accession to the WTO.  
5.28.   How can one sum up our discussions and do it justice in light of the wide spectrum of different 
interventions? It is indeed not an easy task although some recurrent themes and issues have 
emerged. Allow me to share my attempt.  
5.29.   The WTO did much for the Russian Federation. It offered the country a predictable framework 
for what we may call a first phase of internal reform. It helped Russia to derive tangible b enefits, 
such as rendering its agriculture sector more efficient. The accession to the WTO - and with it the 
adoption of the multilateral framework for the conduct of international trade - opened many doors 
for Russia.  
5.30.   Several Members stressed that they a re enjoying good and growing trade relations with Russia 
and that they see a real potential in the Russian market. However, a number of members pointed 
out that bilateral trade - despite tariff reductions - remained below expectations and still has 
potenti al to grow. Attention was drawn to customs procedures, which can be cumbersome for trade 
operators. In this regard, Members mentioned, amongst others, complex licensing procedures. 
Moreover, regulatory requirements, in particular in the area of SPS, were a mongst the reasons why 
Member were not able to realize the full potential of their trade relations with the Russian Federation.  
5.31.   Conversely, Russia did also much for the WTO. The engagement in our organization and its 
negotiating bodies was applauded. Russ ia is an important and active player of the multilateral trading WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  system and its contributions to the various streams of work taking place under the auspices of our 
organization is highly appreciated.  
5.32.   My impression is that the initial two points I raised in my first statement – (1) diversifying 
exports and (2) inducing competition and dynamism into the economy – were in line with the 
observations made by Members and the priorities highlighted by the Rus sian delegation. The 
importance of the two objectives is undisputed. Russia is firmly committed to promoting 
development and diversification of its economy, expanding the variety and geographical coverage 
of its exports, and attracting foreign investment. Yet, the assessment and perception of the approach 
adopted by the Russian Federation to achieve those objectives differ among the multifaceted 
Membership of the WTO.  
5.33.   In general, we have to admit, there is no shared view by Members on what constitutes fair  
competition or a level -playing field. We all have different types of economic models, differing 
frameworks for trade and investment. Nevertheless, at the center of this diverse universe, is the 
common belief in the virtues of market forces. The calls for more openness and liberalization from 
Members did therefore not come as a surprise.  
5.34.   Several Members have noted that Russia's policies are increasingly characterized by a retreat 
to localization requirements, to domestic preferences based on import substit ution policies. Those 
Members argued that import substitution policies are not in line with the objectives and principles of 
the WTO. They held the view that import substitution stands in the way of sustainable production 
and export diversification and the  integration into the global value chains. In addition, they felt that 
SOEs remain an obstacle to the efficient functioning of the market. Some Members also noted that 
GPA accession would contribute to enhancing competition and the level -playing field.  
5.35.   Director Mayorova explained that there is no intention of isolating the Russian economy. 
Restrictions on imports and export subsidies are not only intended to reduce dependency on foreign 
countries but also to diversify the domestic production structure and r ender it more competitive. 
Such measures are deemed necessary as a reaction to sanctions and to the current impact of the 
pandemic.  
5.36.   These policies have been implemented for some time now. And it may be time to take stock 
and draw lessons. In particular, t o assess whether the direction taken so far is conducive to the 
expected result. I mentioned in my introductory statement on Wednesday that the World Bank 's 
assessment showed mixed results. The Russian Federation may wish to reevaluate its options. To 
assess whether a policy that facilitates trade and investment would not be more efficient. Even if, 
as in the case of Russia, constraints arising from the political environment can influence economic 
policies.  
5.37.   The move towards greater openness, when accompanie d by appropriate macroeconomic, 
structural and social policies, can be successful. Russia, like many other WTO Members, has certainly 
pondered what is the best choice. It is primarily up to the Russian authorities to determine whether 
they intend to contin ue along the current path or whether they want to embark on a path of openness 
and increased international competition that would be more in line with the principles underlying the 
WTO.  
5.38.   Director Mayorova highlighted that Russia is undertaking new measures  promoting FDI and is 
adapting its legal framework to provide guarantees for investors. I can only encourage Russia to 
continue in this way.  
5.39.   Lastly, I would like to mention that the EAEU drew a lot of attention. Many Members welcomed 
the outreach by the Ru ssian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union to tighten trade 
relationships. One can therefore expect that the EAEU will become a more important player in the 
field of FTAs.  
5.40.   I am confident that this TPR will provide additional food for thoughts. Not on ly to the 
Russian  Federation, but to the entire Membership.  
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  BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA  
5.41.   The delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela wishes to extend a warm welcome to 
the delegation of the Russian Federation, headed by the Director of the  Department for Trade 
Negotiations of the Ministry of Economic Development, Ms Ekaterina Mayorova, and to thank the 
discussant, Mr Didier Chambovey, Ambassador of Switzerland, for providing us with contextual 
information by way of his analysis. We would al so like to thank the Secretariat for organizing this 
meeting and providing documentation.  
5.42.   We would like to open our statement by highlighting the ties of brotherhood and strategic 
trade cooperation that unite us with the Russian Federation, which are stron ger today than ever. In 
that regard, we are pleased to report that last week we held the fifteenth high -level 
intergovernmental commission of Venezuela and Russia, which concluded with the adoption of 
nine legal and cooperation instruments. With respect to  trade, we agreed to strengthen our strategic 
alliances in sectors such as agri -food, industry and fisheries, in particular to boost the Venezuelan 
shrimp sector. A complementary bilateral business forum was also held in Moscow, attended by 
Venezuelan comp anies seeking to export to the Russian market and others interested in importing 
raw materials to make the most of facilities in Venezuela. In addition, Russian entrepreneurs 
expressed their interest in making investments and creating joint ventures in are as such as the 
high-tech sector.  
5.43.   Since its previous Trade Policy Review, the Russian Federation has continued to promote 
economic diversification and has pursued its efforts to attract investment in the domestic market, 
to improve legislative instruments, to support and develop the multilateral trading system and to 
combat trade protectionism (including unilateral trade restrictions). Venezuela and the 
Russian  Federation are both opposed to unilateralism and protectionism, particularly the illegal 
unilatera l coercive measures that some global sectors use for political ends, which exclude over a 
third of humanity and cause great suffering and pain for States like ours that are directly affected.  
5.44.   At a time when Venezuela has been subjected to attacks and aggre ssion, not only has the 
Russian Federation stood up for our country and the Venezuelan people in all international fora, 
including in this Organization, in defence of Venezuelan sovereignty and international law, but our 
cooperation on trade, energy and ma ny other economic areas has also been strengthened.  
5.45.   Like other countries, the Russian Federation experienced a significant decline in its economic 
activity during lockdown. However, this did not affect its traditional policy of solidarity, as 
demonstrated by its full support for global cooperation in the fight against COVID -19. We wish to 
take this opportunity to express the gratitude of our people and the Venezuelan Government for the 
generous donation of Sputnik V vaccines, which have protected and guaran teed the health of millions 
of Venezuelans at such a difficult time. This very week, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) 
launched operations to supply Venezuela with 713,000 second doses of the Sputnik V COVID -19 
vaccine, in addition to the 3.86 mill ion doses already received.  
5.46.   Before giving back the floor, we would also like to congratulate the Permanent Representative 
of the Russian Federation to the WTO, Ambassador Dmitry Lyakishev, and his team on their efforts 
and contributions to the work carried  out in this Organization, and on their support for our delegation 
in this forum.  
5.47.   The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela once more sends its best wishes to the people and 
Government of the Russian Federation and its congratulations on a successful Trade Poli cy Review. 
We hereby reaffirm our willingness to strengthen trade ties and our shared commitment to a robust, 
mutually supportive, fair and predictable multilateral trading system based on common and 
transparent rules.  
BELARUS  
5.48.   I'd like to extend my warm welcome to the delegation of the Russian Federation led by 
H.E. Ms Ekaterina Mayorova. As we all know the great work has been done and we appreciate the 
efforts of the government of the Russian Federation to prepare this Trade policy review. Our 
appre ciation also goes to the Chairperson of our today 's event, Ambassador Athaliah Molokomme of WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  Botswana for her able leadership of our current discussion and to the Discussant, Ambassador Didier 
Chambovey of Switzerland , as well as to the WTO Secretariat for their valuable insights.  
5.49.   Russia is the major trading partner of Belarus. During the last years Belarus ' bilateral trade 
with Russia in goods amounted to nearly  USD 30 billion annually, which represents about a half 
commodity turnover of Belarus. As well, B elarus and Russia share great services turnover that 
amounted to more than USD 12 billion and forms one third of Belarus ' total foreign trade in services. 
Our two -way flow of investments has also recently demonstrated significant numbers. The value of 
foreign direct investments in 2020 from Belarus to Russia reached nearly USD 3.1 billion, and from 
Russia to Belarus – nearly  USD 2.8 billion.  
5.50.   In 2015 , Belarus and Russia together with Kazakhstan founded the Eurasian Economic Union 
that was later joined by Arm enia and the Kyrgyz Republic. The EAEU Treaty is fully based on the 
WTO Agreement and implements all WTO principles concerning trade with the third countries. 
Non-discrimination, transparency and open business environment are the core values shared by the 
EAEU Member States.  
5.51.   Since the last TPR of Russia in 2016 the EAEU Member States have continued to work on 
further trade facilitation including simplifying of customs procedures, export and import regulations, 
increasing transparency of application of SPS and TBT measures, as well as improving of the 
regulation of TRIPS and TRIMS and other issues of common interests in order to provide free trade 
flows among the EAEU Member States and the outer world.  
5.52.   We are also grateful to the Russian Federation for their  constructive approach to Belarus ' 
accession to the WTO and their contribution to the successful finalization of this process. Belarus is 
looking forward to becoming a full -fledged Member of the Trade policy review body upon our 
accession to the WTO in the  foreseeable future.  Finally, I wish the Russian delegation every success 
in completing this T rade Policy Review . 
UZBEKISTAN  
5.53.   I am pleased to deliver a statement on behalf of Uzbekistan on the second  Trade Policy Review 
of Russian Federation.  
5.54.   Uzbekistan warmly welcomes the delegation of the Russian Federation, led by the Director of 
the Trade Negotiations Department of the Minist ry of Economy Her Excellency Madame Ekaterina 
Mayorova.  
5.55.   We thank the Government of Russian Federation and WTO Secretariat for the Report and huge 
work done to hold this Review. We would also like to thank the Discussant, H.E. Mr Didier Chambovey 
for his co mments.  
5.56.   Uzbekistan and Russia have very close historical relations, comprehensive bilateral and 
regional cooperation in various fields.  
5.57.   Relations between our countries have successfully passed the test of three decades of 
independent development and today it is dynamically developing. Regular contacts and continues 
engagement at the highest level between two Governments is contributing to the development of 
mutual trade -economic and investment cooperation.  
5.58.   We have a free trade regime and good dynamics of tr ade turnover. Despite the fact, that last 
year there was a slight decrease in the mutual trade due to the COVID -19 pandemic, according to 
the results of nine months of this year, the trade turnover increased by 26% and amounted more 
than USD 5 billion.  
5.59.   In the region, Uzbekistan is one of the leading exporters of textile, agricultural products and 
various services to the market of Russian Federation, and in this context further expansion of close 
trade cooperation between two countries is an important inv estment in ensuring the well -being of 
people and business entities.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  5.60.   We welcome the positive changes made by the Russian Federation since its last Trade Policy 
Review in 2016.  
5.61.   As an acceding country, we appreciate the support of the Russian Federation provi ded to 
Uzbekistan 's accession process and look forward to comprehensive support in future accession 
developments of our country.  
5.62.   We highly appreciate the technical assistance of Russian Federation being provided to the 
accession process of Uzbekistan withi n the Project "Aid for Trade in Uzbekistan " jointly implemented 
by Russian Federation and United Nations Development Program.  
5.63.   For the last two years within the Project, we organized a series of seminars and trainings 
aimed at strengthening the knowledge an d skills of the members of Negotiation Group on the 
Uzbekistan 's accession to WTO.  To conclude, I would like to wish Russian Federation a successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
CHAD ON BEHALF OF THE LDC GROUP  
5.64.   On behalf of the LDC Group, the Republic of Chad would  like to extend its warm 
congratulations to the delegation of the Russian Federation and its distinguished leaders on its Trade 
Policy Review at the WTO. We salute the role played by the Russian Ambassador to the WTO and 
his team in strengthening the multi lateral trading system. We also commend the Ambassador of 
Switzerland for his work as discussant and the Secretariat of the WTO for preparing the Trade Policy 
Review report.  
5.65.   The Russian Federation is a major player in world trade. According to the Secretar iat's report, 
real GDP growth in the Russian Federation averaged 1.7% between 2016 and 2019, compared 
with 4.8% between 2003 and 2012. Prudent management resulted in macroeconomic stability, as 
evidenced by the existence of a fiscal surplus during most of the review period, a low inflation rate 
and ample international reserves.  
5.66.   The Russian Federation managed to mitigate the impact of declining and volatile oil prices and 
other external developments, notably through the floating exchange rate regime and a ne w fiscal 
rule. At the same time, the consistent decline in the rate of potential economic growth since the 
financial crisis has drawn attention to certain structural issues with respect to productivity and 
economic diversification, as discussed in a recent  World Bank study.  
5.67.   The Russian Federation continued to pursue import substitution through various instruments, 
particularly the regulation of public procurement, and adopted measures to encourage companies to 
locate production in the Russian Federation. Ex port duties were removed on products covered 
by 235 tariff lines and reduced on various other products.  
5.68.   As underlined by the Secretariat's report, and despite the recent temporary decline in its 
economic growth rates, the Russian Federation remains one of the leading players in global growth. 
The rapid growth of the Russian economy over recent decades has been shaped by significant 
reforms.  
5.69.   Like other WTO Members, the Russian Federation is faced with a difficult economic situation 
owing to the impact of the  COVID -19 pandemic, which continues to affect various regions of the 
world. An active and important member of the multilateral trading system, the Russian Federation 
is keen to strengthen that system and to help to achieve the objectives set out in the pre amble to 
the Marrakesh Agreement.  
5.70.   The Russian Federation is also an important and active partner in South -South cooperation. 
We are grateful for the support that it has given LDCs. As far as trade relations are concerned, the 
Russian Federation is an impor tant partner of LDCs.  
5.71.   The preferences granted by the Russian Federation to LDCs affect duty -free and quota -free 
market access, facilitated access for LDC services suppliers and the establishment of preferential 
rules of origin in line with the Nairobi Deci sion of 2015.  WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  5.72.   These are fundamental special and differential treatment components for our Group, which 
take into account the particular constraints and challenges that we are facing to enable us to 
integrate better into global trade.  
5.73.   We hope that these gai ns can be consolidated in the future. The LDC Group highly appreciates 
the support that the Russian Federation is able to provide to LDCs in the ongoing WTO negotiations 
and in the work of the regular bodies, as well as its support for the Enhanced Integra ted Framework 
programme.  
5.74.   The LDCs hope for a fruitful deepening of our trade relations with the Russian Federation. The 
LDC Group takes this opportunity to reiterate its congratulations to the Russian Federation on the 
initiatives and reforms that it has u ndertaken. We wish it every success in this Trade Policy Review 
and for the future.  
EUROPEAN UNION  
5.75.   The EU would like to thank the Russian delegation for the replies to the EU 's advance written 
questions and all delegations for participating in this important Trade Policy Review.  
5.76.   The review has provided an opportunity for Russia to reaffirm its commitment to an open, 
non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral trading system to the WTO membership.  
5.77.   As was highlighted by a number of delegations, th e Russian Federation reiterated its 
commitment to a reform aimed at preserving the WTO 's role in maintaining and developing new 
trade rules. The EU welcomes these commitments which become increasingly important given the 
current challenges faced by the mul tilateral trading system.  
5.78.   At the same time, the EU has not been alone in bringing attention to the need for the 
Russian  Federation to adhere, without reservations, to the core spirit of the WTO – that is to say, 
free and fair trade - and to review the way it currently interprets its WTO commitments.  
5.79.   I reiterate the EU 's appreciation for the Russian Federation work in replying in the short time 
available to the 166 questions posed from our side. It is apparent through its replies, that the 
Russian  Federatio n considers import substitution - including numerous measures which confer 
advantages to local products and services which are not granted to their potential competitors from 
abroad - to be compatible with its current WTO commitments. This is an interpreta tion that the EU 
cannot share.  
5.80.   As an example, in discussing the economics  of the on -going pandemic, the Russian Federation 
makes reference to the fragility of the existing global value chains and the need to make them more 
resilient. The EU fully agrees wi th the Russian Federation on this point. But the solution to the 
challenge does not lie in import substitution - which suppresses the benefits of division of labour – 
but rather diversified trade, from different sources precisely so as to spread risk of su pply failure 
from a single or limited provider s. 
5.81.   The EU would invite the Russian Federation to reconsider the true benefits that diversification 
and welfare of a level -playing field for all WTO Members would bring to its economy and its people, 
and set asi de the import substitution policy which it has been brandishing up to now. Together with 
a renewed effort to accede to the Government Procurement Agreement, these steps would send a 
very strong, and welcome, signal not only concerning its commitment to the  WTO founding 
principles, but equally to its future evolution.  
5.82.   On this positive outlook, allow me to take the opportunity to welcome the recently announced 
steps taken by Russia to accede to the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin 
and Geographical Indications.  
5.83.   In concluding, I would like to express once more the EU's appreciation to the whole delegation 
of the Russian Federation for their participation and valuable contributions to this Trade Policy 
Review.   
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  UNITED STATES  
5.84.   Thank yo u Chair and thank you to all other members of Russia 's delegation. We appreciate 
Russia 's engagement on Day 1 and their summary response and comments today.  
5.85.   We have provided some additional follow up questions and look forward to receiving responses 
in due course. We join others in congratulating Russia on a successful TPR review.  
UNITED KINGDOM  
5.86.   The United Kingdom thanks the Russian Federation for their active participation in this Trade 
Policy Review and for the prompt answers to the UK 's questions.  
5.87.   Having reviewed the answers provided by the Russian Federation, the UK has submitted two 
follow -up questions. We look forward to the Russian Federation response within the usual timeframe.  
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The second Trade  Policy Review of the Russian Federation has allowed us to better understand 
and discuss recent developments regarding trade, economic, and investment policies in the 
Russian  Federation. 5 6 delegations took the floor, which demonstrates the importance Memb ers 
attach to the review of the policies and practices of the Russian Federation. 1,017 advance written 
questions were submitted by Members, with additional questions submitted during and following the 
first day of our meeting.  
6.2.  I would like to thank the d elegation of the Russian Federation, headed by Ms Ekaterina 
Mayorova , Director of the Department of Trade Negotiations, Ministry of Economic Development, for 
their constructive participation in this exercise.  
6.3.  I would like to express my gratitude to our di scussant, His Excellency Ambassador Didier 
Chambovey  of Switzerland, for his insightful remarks touching on macroeconomic and other 
developments, remaining trade and trade -related challenges, and the role the TPRM can play in 
overcoming these.  
6.4.  I would lik e to thank the delegations that took the floor for their valuable contributions to this 
Review. Members commended the Russian Federation for its stable and resilient economic 
performance since the previous Review in 2016, including measures taken to stabil ize the banking 
sector. They particularly stressed the effective macroeconomic and monetary policies undertaken, 
and the demonstrated resilience to the economic consequences of the COVID -19 pandemic, as well 
as to volatile energy markets. Some Members comm ented on policies aimed at diversifying the 
economy and addressing structural impediments to economic growth.  
6.5.  Members also positively noted a number of policy reforms undertaken by the 
Russian  Federation affecting, among others, trade facilitation, import tariffs and export duties, 
competition policy, protection of IPRs, and supporting MSMEs. Regarding trade facilitation, Members 
highlighted reforms to improve customs procedures and requirements in areas such as risk 
management, automation, electronic docum ents, and reducing clearance times.  
6.6.  While Members appreciated the overall reduction in MFN tariffs, they nevertheless encouraged 
the Russian Federation to further simplify the tariff structure. Members expressed the hope that the 
Russian Federation would continue to deepen the reforms and to ensure that any new policies, 
regulations, and reforms would be in line with its WTO commitments.  
6.7.  Many Members stressed the Russian Federation's strong involvement in, and support of, the 
multilateral trading system. They highlighted the constructive engagement of the Russian Federation 
in the discussions around WTO reform, preparations for MC12, fishe ries subsidies negotiations, the 
four Joint Statement Initiatives, and trade and gender.  
6.8.  Regarding the JSI on Services Domestic Regulations, some Members encouraged the 
Russian  Federation to swiftly submit its draft schedule of commitments. Members also e ncouraged 
the Russian Federation to complete its process of accession to the Agreement on Government 
Procurement in the near future.  
6.9.  Members expressed their desire for the Russian Federation to continue its leadership role at 
the WTO. In this regard, they welcomed the stated commitment by the Russian Federation to the 
rules-based multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core.  
6.10.   Some Members also commended the Russian Federation for its support to developing 
countries, for example, through the delivery of COVID -19 vaccines. In this regard, Members also 
emphasized the importance of trade preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences.  
6.11.   Import substitution, localization policies, and local content requirements, especially in the 
contex t of public procurement, were issues raised by many Members. They were particularly 
interested in the impact such policies can have on trade, FDI, productivity, and the integration of 
the Russian Federation into global value chains. Members encouraged the Russian Federation to 
review such policies in light of WTO principles and the process of its accession to the Agreement on 
Government Procurement. For some Members, these policies were representative of a broader set WT/TPR/M/4 16 • Russian Federation  
 
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  of policies that they perceived as disc riminatory and reducing predictability, transparency, and 
competition.  
6.12.   Members commended the Russian Federation for the reforms undertaken to improve the 
business and investment environment, for example, the introduction of a "regulatory guillotine" 
mecha nism, and the establishment of key conditions for electronic commerce. Members also 
expressed concerns regarding the remaining challenges in this area.  
6.13.   Thus, in addition to the recent increase in restrictions on FDI, Members identified several 
factors as potentially having a negative effect on the conditions of doing business in the 
Russian  Federation. These include governance and other rule -of-law issues, the dominant position 
of the State in key sectors of the economy and the lack of transparency regardi ng state -owned 
enterprises, the existence of a high degree of concentration in certain sectors, and the use of various 
subsidies in favour of domestic firms. Concerns were voiced in relation to developments in specific 
services sectors, including financial  services and maritime transport.  
6.14.   While many Members expressed appreciation for the numerous notifications submitted, they 
nevertheless encouraged the Russian Federation to further improve the timeliness and completeness 
of its notification record, mentio ning in particular notifications related to state trading enterprises, 
licensing procedures, agriculture, and technical regulations applied at the national level.  
6.15.   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical regulations have also received much 
attent ion in this Review. Thus, for example, several Members raised issues regarding inspection 
procedures for meat imports and the "Track and Trace" regime. Some Members expressed concerns 
regarding the application of measures that they consider were not based on international standards, 
unsupported by scientific evidence, and without adequate transparency. Some Members stressed 
the need for more clarity regarding the relationship between EAEU rules and rules applied at the 
national level.  
6.16.   Other issues of inter est for some Members included the introduction of export bans on 
agricultural and wood products, the imposition of temporary export restrictions and the increased 
use of export tariff rate quotas since the beginning of the pandemic, and measures relating t o transit.  
6.17.   This Trade Policy Review was characterized by open and constructive discussions around the 
Russian Federation's trade and trade -related policies. As highlighted by the Russian Head of 
Delegation, the discussant, and many Members, the TPRM repres ents an opportunity to improve 
policies going forward.  
6.18.   I therefore hope that the authorities will find the questions, comments, and experiences 
shared during this Review useful in their efforts to review and design their policies. Members look 
forward to receiving the answers to outstanding questions from the Russian Federation within one 
month, at which point the Review will be successfully concluded.  
 
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