Risk Management Proposal   
Phytosanitary measures for the management of Cucumber green 
mottle mosaic virus on fresh pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and 
watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) fruit from Australia  
 
MPI Discussion/Technical/Information – chose one  Paper  No: 2019/….. 
 
 
 
Prepared for public consultation  
by Horticulture Imports  
 
 
ISBN No: (contact Publications team)  
ISSN No:  
 
 
 
 
16 April 2019  
 
 
Disclaimer  
 
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate,  
the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, 
interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this 
information.  
 
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Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
WELLINGTON  6140  
 
Email: brand@mpi.govt.nz  
Telephone: 0800 00 83 33  
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This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries  website at  
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Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   1 Contents  Page 
 
Submissions  2 
1 Purpose  4 
2 Scope  4 
3 Part 1: Background  5 
4 Part 2: Context  6 
4.1 Domestic  6 
4.2 International  6 
4.3 New Zealand’s Biosecurity System  6 
4.4 Equivalence  7 
5 Part 3: Assessment  8 
5.1 Assessment of risk  8 
5.2 Assessment of risk manage ment  9 
5.3 Feasibility and practicality of measures  11 
5.4 Summary  11 
6 References  12 
 2  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries  Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment fro m interested parties on phytosanitary 
measures for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) for fresh pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) and 
fresh watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) from Australia.  
 
An Import Health Standard (IHS) “specifies requirements to be met for  the effective management of 
risks associated with importing risk goods, including risks arising because importing the goods involves 
or might involve an incidentally imported new organism” (section 22(1) Biosecurity Act 1993).  
 
MPI therefore seeks commen t on the phytosanitary measures for CGMMV associated with fresh 
pumpkin and fresh watermelon from Australia. MPI has developed this proposal based on the available 
scientific evidence and assessment of this evidence.  
 
The following points may be of assistance in preparing comments:  
 Wherever possible, comments should be specific to a particular change in IHS requirements 
or a question asked in this document (referencing section numbers or commodity names as 
applicable).   
 Where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments are 
requested.  
 The use of examples to illustrate particular points is encouraged.   
 
MPI encourages respondents to forward comments electronically. Please include the following in your 
submission:  
 The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email;  
 Your name and title (if applicable);  
 Your organisation’s name (if applicable); and  
 Your address.  
 
Send submissions to: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz . 
 
However, should you wish to forward submissions in writing, please send them to the following address 
to arrive by close of business on 2 May 2019.  
Plant Imports  
Plants & Pathways  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Submissions received by the closure date will be considered during the amendment of the affected 
import health standards (IHS) which are as follows:  
 Import Health Standard 152.02: Impo rtation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into 
New Zealand ; and,  
 Import Health Standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Watermelon, Citrullus 
lanatus  from Australia .  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   3 Submissions received after the closure date may be held on file fo r consideration when the issued IHS 
are next revised/ reviewed.  
 
Official Information Act 1982  
 
Please note that your submission is public information and it is MPI policy to publish submissions and 
the review of submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the subject of requests for 
information under the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA).  
 
The OIA specifies that information is to be made available to requesters unless there are sufficient 
grounds for withholding it, as set out in t he OIA. Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for withholding 
specific information contained in their submission, such as the information is commercially sensitive or 
they wish their personal information to be withheld.  
 
Any decision to withhold informat ion requested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman . 4  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries  1 Purpose  
1. The purpose of this risk management proposal (RMP) is to:  
a. Summarise the known biosecurity risk associated with Cucumber green mottle mosaic 
virus (CGMMV) on fresh pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) and fresh watermelon ( Citrullus 
lanatus ) from Australia;  
b. Outline the proposed amendments to the import requirements for fresh pumpkin and 
watermelon fruit from Australia for the management of CGMMV;  
c. Explain how the phytosanitary measures (i.e. pest free  area and pest free place of 
production) manage risk and are consistent with New Zealand’s domestic legislation 
and international obligations; and,  
d. Seek stakeholder feedback on the amendment to the import requirements for the fresh 
pumpkin and fresh waterm elon from Australia IHS.  
   
2 Scope  
2. This RMP lists the information and processes used to assess:  
a. the existing measure (i.e. pest free area); and,  
b. whether the proposed measure (i.e. pest free place of production) is equivalent to the 
existing measure.  
3. The dr aft amendment to the IHS is the subject of consultation under section 23(3) of the 
Biosecurity Act (1993). This RMP provides information to support the consultation on the IHS 
amendment but is not itself the subject of consultation. However, MPI will accep t comments and 
suggestions on the RMP in order to improve future IHS consultations.  
4. The RMP is divided into 3 parts:  
a. Part 1 provides background information to the phytosanitary measures.  
b. Part 2 outlines the context for considering the phytosanitary measure s. 
c. Part 3 assesses the risk of CGMMV on fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit from 
Australia, and the suitability of the phytosanitary measures to effectively manage this 
risk on fresh pumpkin and watermelon exported from Australia.  
 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   5 3 Part 1: Background  
5. CGMMV is a pathogen associated with fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit, commodities which 
are approved for import from Australia (MPI, 2018; MPI, 2018a; MPI, 2018b).  
6. CGMMV has been detected in the following Australian states/territories: Northern Territor y, 
Queensland and Western Australia (Australian Government, 2017).  
7. In 2018, CGMMV was identified as an unmanaged biosecurity risk on fresh pumpkin and 
watermelon fruit from Australia. Consequently, pest free area (PFA) established in accordance 
with Intern ational Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 4 . Requirements for the 
establishment of pest free areas  was introduced as an emergency phytosanitary measure to 
manage CGMMV on these pathways (MPI, 2018; MPI, 2018a). MPI requires PFA for CGMMV 
because of the high likelihood of introduction and high impact it could have if it was introduced 
to New Zealand.  
8. As per Article VII.6 of the International Plant Protection Convention, MPI is obligated to assess 
emergency phytosanitary measures as soon as possible to ensure that the continued use of the 
measure is justified. As part of that assessment, MPI will also co nsult with domestic 
stakeholders.  
9. The Australian Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (the department) has requested 
that MPI consider pest free place of production (PFPP) as equivalent to pest free area (PFA) for 
the management of CGMMV on fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit (Australian Government, 
2018b). PFPP would be established in accordance with ISPM 10. Requirements for the 
establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites . 
 
  6  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries  4 Part 2: Context  
4.1 DOMESTIC  
10. The New Zeal and biosecurity system is regulated through the Biosecurity Act 1993. Section 22 
of the Act describes the meaning of an IHS, and requires that the IHS specifies requirements to 
be met for the effective management of risks associated with importing risk goo ds (including 
plants and plant products) into New Zealand.  
11. The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is the government authority responsible for the 
effective management of risks associated with the importation of risk goods into New Zealand 
(Part 3, Biose curity Act 1993).  
12. MPI engages with interested parties and/or affected New Zealand stakeholders, and the 
exporting country requesting market access, during the development of an IHS.  
13. MPI follows MPI policies and procedures for the development and consultati on of an IHS.  
4.2 INTERNATIONAL  
14. Where possible, phytosanitary measures are aligned with international standards, guidelines, 
and recommendations as per New Zealand’s obligations under Article 3.1 of the World Trade 
Organisation (WTO) Agreement on the Applicat ion of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 
(SPS Agreement), WTO 1995 and section 23(4)(c) of the Biosecurity Act 1993.  
15. The SPS Agreement states that phytosanitary measures must not discriminate unfairly between 
countries or between imported or domestically  produced goods, and where there is a choice of 
phytosanitary measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level, WTO members must select the 
least trade restrictive measure.  
 
4.3 NEW ZEALAND ’S BIOSECURITY SYSTEM  
16. New Zealand operates a biosecurity system for which  the phytosanitary aspect (covering plant 
health) is a key part.  
17. No biosecurity system is capable of reducing risk to zero. The objective of the system is to 
reduce the likelihood of entry and establishment of regulated organisms (including pests, 
diseases  and weeds) to an acceptable level.  
18. An organism is ‘regulated’ by MPI if it could cause unacceptable consequences (i.e. likely to 
cause unacceptable economic, environmental, socio -cultural or human health impacts) if it were 
to enter and establish in New Z ealand, provided the following conditions are met:  
a. it is not present in New Zealand; or  
b. it is present but under official control in New Zealand;  
c. it is able to establish and spread in New Zealand.  
- Entry and establishment is defined as ‘introduction’ by th e International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).  
19. The New Zealand phytosanitary system focuses on ensuring that the most significant pests, for 
example economically important fruit flies, are unlikely to ever establish in New Zealand. The 
system also man ages risk associated with all regulated pests.  
20. The focus of the IHS for plant -based goods is to, wherever possible, manage unacceptable 
phytosanitary risks identified as being associated with the goods before arrival/clearance at the 
New Zealand border. Th e expectation is that commercial consignments of plants and plant  
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   7 products meet New Zealand’s phytosanitary import requirements on arrival (risk is managed off -
shore).  
21. MPI monitors the pathway performance related to each IHS to ensure it provides the expec ted 
level of protection. This is achieved through verification and inspection activities at the border 
(and where possible, identification of pests detected) and audits of the export systems and 
critical control points contained in government -government ar rangements (e.g. Bilateral 
Quarantine Arrangement, Export Plan, etc.).  
4.4 EQUIVALENCE  
22. For a phytosanitary measure to be approved by MPI as equivalent it must offer the same or 
greater level of protection to what it is replacing or is currently in place.  
23. The assessment of any equivalence request is based on:  
a. international standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPMs); for example:  
i. ISPM 4. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas ; 
ii. ISPM 10. Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and 
pest free production sites ; 
iii. ISPM 24. Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalence of 
phytosanitary measures ; 
b. efficacy data relating to a treatment;  
c. the target pest(s); and,  
d. other relevant information (e.g. history of tra de).  
24. MPI must ensure that any measure approved is consistent with the Biosecurity Act 1993 and, 
the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) agreement with regard to scientific justification, 
non-discrimination and offer transparency in assessment proces ses and decisions.  
  8  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries  5 Part 3: Assessment  
26. Technical advice on Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus on fresh cucurbit fruit from Australia 
has previously been undertaken and resulted in an emergency measure (i.e. pest free area) 
being applied to affected pathways (MPI, 2018; MPI, 2018a; MPI, 2018b).  
27. Part 3 discusses the evidence to support the emergency  measure and an equivalent measure 
(i.e. pest free place of production). The assessment information is specific to CGMMV on fresh 
pumpkin and watermelon fruit from Australia.  
5.1 ASSESSMENT OF RISK  
28. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus ( CGMMV) is a virus of conce rn on fresh pumpkin 
(Cucurbita pepo ) and watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) fruit from Australia because:  
 
a. CGMMV has been detected in the following Australian states/territories: Northern 
Territory, Queensland and Western Australia (Australian Government, 2017).  
b. CGMMV is not known to be present in New Zealand (NZOR, 2011).  
c. CGMMV is associated with fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit (MPI, 2018b).  
 
29. Measures are justified  to manage the biosecurity risk of CGMMV on the fresh pumpkin and 
watermelon from Australi a pathways because:  
 
a. It is highly likely that fruit infected with CGMMV can enter New Zealand, if there are no 
phytosanitary measures in place to manage the risk offshore.  
i. Fruit infected with CGMMV can survive the transit to New Zealand and not be 
detected  on arrival.  
1. Fruit can be asymptomatic (Dombrovsky et al., 2017); therefore, 
CGMMV would not be detected during visual inspection on arrival in 
New Zealand.  
2. CGMMV virions will be present in the flesh and seeds of infected fruit 
(MPI, 2018b).  
3. CGMMV virions are highly stable and can remain infectious on 
contaminated surfaces, such as the exterior of fruit, for long periods 
(Dombrovsky et al., 2017).  
 
b. There is a high potential for CGMMV to establish in New Zealand due to infected fruit’s 
seeds, skin and flesh being discarded in compost (MPI, 2018b).  
i. Mature seeds of pumpkin and watermelon are not generally consumed and 
therefore, are disposed of (MPI, 2018b).  
ii. Disposed mature seeds of pumpkin and watermelon are capable of 
germinating and successfully growing in New Zealand (MPI, 2018b).  
iii. CGMMV is transmissible via seeds of pumpkin and watermelon (MPI, 2018b).  
1. When CGMMV -infected seeds are sown, virions from the seed coat 
can infect the germinating seedling via tiny wounds that form during 
early growth (Dombrovsky et al., 2017).  
iv. CGMMV virions can remain viable for up to two years in the soil; deliberate or 
accidental movement of infected compost, or virions carried from compost in 
ground water, could infect host plants in the environment (MPI, 2018b).  
 
c. There is a hi gh likelihood of CGMMV spreading from infected fruit to host species 
present in New Zealand.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   9 i. CGMMV is highly infectious (MPI, 2018b).  
ii. CGMMV can transfer mechanically from infected imported fruit and 
contaminated surfaces to host plants (MPI, 2018b).  
1. Infected cucurbit crop plants or weeds could continue to spread 
CGMMV via tiny wounds that develop when infected plants brush 
against healthy plants (MPI, 2018b).  
2. Virus particle -contaminated plant debris and/or contaminated 
machinery, equipment, boxes, too ls, hands, clothes, and shoes can 
infect host plants following direct contact (Dombrovsky et al., 2017, 
MPI, 2018b).  
 
d. CGMMV would have a significant impact on the domestic cucurbit industry, if the virus 
were to establish in New Zealand.  
i. CGMMV may lead t o a reduction in crop yield and fruit quality (Dombrovsky et 
al., 2017).  
1. Field surveys of squash plants have reported severe leaf mosaic, 
mottle and deformation (Ali et al., 2015).  
ii. The cucurbit industry has a sizable contribution to New Zealand’s economy.  
2. In 2017, domestic sales values for fresh cucumbers, melons, pumpkins 
and squash were estimated at $20 million, $28 million, $13 million and 
$3 million respectively (Plant & Food Research, 2017).  
3. In 2017, export sales values (free -on-board) for fresh melon s and 
squash were estimated at $1.2 million and $56.2 million respectively 
(Plant & Food Research, 2017).  
ii. Importing countries may impose additional phytosanitary measures on New 
Zealand cucurbits to obtain assurance that exported produce is free from 
CGMMV . 
 
5.2 ASSESSMENT OF RISK M ANAGEMENT  
 
30. Pest free area (PFA) is a sufficient  measure to manage the Risk Group 2 (RG2) pest CGMMV 
on fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit from Australia because:  
 
a. The department and state governments can establish  PFAs as per ISPM 4.  
Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas  on the basis that:  
i. Monitoring surveys for CGMMV and other notifiable pests and diseases have 
been conducted by state officials (Australian Government, 2019).  
ii. Specific surveillance for CGMMV, including  surveillance of host plants in 
production areas and urban/peri -urban areas, has been conducted by state 
officials (Australian Government, 2018a).  
iii. States have conducted targeted surveillance of any properties that have been 
identified as having any linkage  to properties where CGMMV has been 
confirmed to be present (Australian Government, 2018a).  
iv. As a consequence of the surveillance activities described in 30 a. i -iii, the 
department and state governments have been able to limit the properties 
infected to th e following (Australian Government, 2019a):  
1. 25 properties in Northern Territory  
2. 6 properties in Queensland  
3. 10 properties in Western Australia  
v. General surveillance is accomplished via public awareness information on 
CGMMV on government websites (Australian Government, 2018a).  10  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries   
b. The department and state governments can maintain  a PFA as per ISPM 4 because:  
i. CGMMV is a notifiable disease and growers are required to report any 
suspected detections (Australian Government et al. , 2016).  
ii. Growers apply appropriate on -farm biosecurity procedures for control of 
CGMMV in accordance with guidelines in the CGMMV National Management 
Plan (Australian Government et al. , 2016).  
iii. State officials conduct regular surveys of commercial farms for a broad range 
of pest and diseases, including CGMMV (Australian Government, 2019).  
iv. Authorised officers conduct phytosanitary inspections of produce intended for 
export (Australian Government, 2018c).  
1. If any symptomatic fruit are detected, the premises from where it came 
from is deemed infect ed. 
v. There are specific import requirements for CGMMV host material into Australia 
(Australian Government et al. , 2016).  
vi. Under legislation, there are specified movement controls for plants, propagated 
material, growing media, farm machinery and vehicles and  clothing from any 
property found to have CGMMV (Australian Government, 2018a).  
 
c. The department can verify  a PFA as per ISPM 4 on the basis that:  
i. Growers intending to export fresh cucurbit fruit to New Zealand must apply to 
the department for accreditation  (Australian Government, 2018d).  
ii. State officials will continue to conduct monitoring surveys for CGMMV and 
other notifiable pests and disease (Australian Government, 2019).  
 
31. Pest free place of production (PFPP) is a sufficient  measure to manage the Risk Group 2 (RG2) 
pest CGMMV on fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit from Australia because:  
 
a. The department and state governments can establish  PFPPs as per ISPM 10. 
Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of productio n and pest free 
production sites  because they conduct:  
i. Detection surveys for CGMMV on commercial farms throughout the growing 
season (Australian Government, 2019).  
ii. Specific surveys for CGMMV on commercial farms prior to harvest (Australian 
Government, 2019 ). 
iii. General surveillance via public awareness information on CGMMV on websites 
(Australian Government, 2018b).  
 
b. The department and state governments can maintain  PFPPs as per ISPM 10 because:  
i. CGMMV is a notifiable disease and growers are required to report any 
suspected detections (Australian Government et al. , 2016).  
ii. Growers apply appropriate on -farm biosecurity procedures for control of 
CGMMV in accordance with guidelines in the CGMMV National Management 
Plan (Australian Government et al. , 2016).  
iii. Authorise d officers conduct phytosanitary inspections of produce intended for 
export (Australian Government, 2018c).  
1. If any symptomatic fruit are detected, the premises from where it came 
from is deemed infected.  
iv. There are specific import requirements for CGMMV hos t material into Australia 
(Australian Government et al. , 2016).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   11 v. Under legislation, there are specified movement controls for plants, propagated 
material, growing media, farm machinery and vehicles and clothing from any 
property found to have CGMMV (Austral ian Government, 2018a).  
 
c. The department can verify  a PFPP as per ISPM 10 on the basis that:  
i. Properties seeking PFPP certification must be assessed by state auditors for 
compliance with requirements for managing CGMMV (Australian Government, 
2019).  
ii. Growers intending to export fresh cucurbit fruit to New Zealand must apply to 
the department for accreditation (Australian Government, 2018d).  
iii. State officials will continue to conduct monitoring surveys for CGMMV and 
other notifiable pests and disease (Australian Government, 2019).  
 
32. Reports o n changes in the distribution of CGMMV will continue to be monitored through MPI’s 
emerging risk system.  
 
5.3 FEASIBILITY AND PRAC TICALITY OF MEASURES  
33. The application of PFA and PFPP is operationally feasible in Australia for the following reasons:  
a. The department are currently operating the systems described above to establish, 
maintain pest freedom for CGMMV in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland 
(Australian Government, 2019).  
 
b. The department proposed PFPP as a phytosanitary measure to manage CGMMV on 
fresh pumpkin and watermelon from Australia (Australian Government, 2018b).  
 
5.4 SUMMARY  
34. MPI considers pest free place of production to be an equivalent measure to pest free area  to 
effectively manage the risk of Cucumber green mott le mosaic virus (CGMMV) on fresh pumpkin 
and watermelon fruit from Australia.  
35. MPI proposes the following IHSs are amended to include pest free place of production in 
addition to pest free area as a phytosanitary measure to manage CGMMV on fresh pumpkin 
and watermelon:  
a. Import Health Standard 152.02: Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and 
Vegetables into New Zealand ; and,  
 
b. Import Health Standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Watermelon, 
Citrullus lanatus  from Australia.  
36. All measures conta ined in IHS are subject to regular review based on pathway compliance, 
emerging risk assessment, new information/intelligence, and results of audit of the Export Plan 
or bilateral agreement.  
37. MPI monitors interceptions of all regulated pests (and hitchhiker s) and the appropriateness/ 
effectiveness of phytosanitary measures during trade.  
  12  RMP: Phytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon  Ministry for Primary Industries  6 References  
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 2017. 
Final pest risk analysis for  Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) . Australian Government, 
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. Retrieved from 
http://www. agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/biosecurity/risk -analysis/plant -reviews/final -pest-
risk-analysis -cgmmv.pdf   
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 
2018a. Correspondence from David Ironside (Asst. Secretary, Plant Export Operations) dated 24 
August 2018. Canberra, Australia.  
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 
2018b. Correspondence from David Ironside (Asst. Secretary, Plant Export Ope rations) dated 2 October 
2018. Canberra, Australia.  
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 
2018c. Exporting plants and plant products: A step -by-step guide for Australian exporters . Canberra, 
Australia . Retrieved from http://agriculture.gov.au/export/controlled -goods/plants -plant -
products /exportersguide#step -5-present -documents -and-goods -to-an-authorised -officer   
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 
2018d. Horticulture Exports Program – Additional measures for the importation of cucu mber green 
mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) hosts into New Zealand . Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from 
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/export/controlled -goods/plants -plant -products/ian/2018/2018 -39  
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 2019. 
Information provided by James Allan via teleconference regarding the department’s establishment, 
maintenance a nd verification of a PFPP for CGMMV. Canberra, Australia.  
 
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian Government), 
2019a. Information provided by Galen Waterford via email regarding the department’s establishment, 
maint enance and verification of a PFA for CGMMV. Canberra, Australia.  
 
Australian Government, State and Territory Governments, Nursery & Garden Industries Australia, 
AUSVEG Ltd, Australian Melon Association and Northern Territory Farmers Association, 2016. 
Cucu mber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) National Management Plan.  Retrieved from 
https://ausveg.com.au/app/uploads/2017/05/National -CGMMV -Management -Plan-V-2.0.pdf   
 
Australian Melon Association, 2016. Property Management Plan for properties infected with Cucumber 
green mottle mosaic virus . Retrieved from https://www.melonsaustralia.org.au/wp -
content/uploads/2018/12/Property -Management -Plan-for-properties -infected -with-CGMMV.pdf   
 
Dombrovsky, A., Tran -Nguyen, LTT., Jones, RAC., 2017. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus: rap idly 
increasing global distribution, etiology, epidemiology, and management. Annual Review of 
Phytopathology  55: 231 -256 
 
International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 4. 2017. Requirements for the establishment 
of pest free areas.  Rome, IPPC, F AO. 
 
International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 10. 2016. Requirements for the 
establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites.  Rome, IPPC, FAO.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   RMP: Ph ytosanitary measures for CGMMV on pumpkin and watermelon   13  
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), 2018. Import Health Standa rd 152.02: Importation and Clearance 
of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand . Wellington, New Zealand.  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), 2018a. Import Health Standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh 
Fruit/Vegetables Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus fr om Australia . Wellington, New Zealand.  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), 2018b. Technical advice on: The risk of exposure of Cucumber 
green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on imported fresh produce cucurbits . Wellington, New Zealand.  
 
New Zealand Organism Register (NZOR), 2011. Retrieved from 
http://www.nzor.org.nz/search?Query=cucumber+green+mottle+mosaic+virus&UseFuzzyMatching =fals
e  
 
Plant & Food Research, 2017. Fresh Facts: New Zealand Horticulture . Plant & Food Research Ltd.