RESTRICTED  
  
WT/CTE/M/79  
 
2 February 2024  
  
(24-0867) Page: 1/112 
Committee on Trade and Environment   
 
  
REPORT OF THE MEETING HELD ON 13-14 AND 16 NOVEMBER  2023  
NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT1 
The Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE Regular) met on 13-14 and 16 November  2023, 
chaired by  H.E. Mr. José VALENCIA (Ecuador ). The Committee adopted the Airgram  
WTO/AIR/CT E/22, dated 17 October 2023  and revised in WTO/AIR/CTE/22/Rev.1 . The Report of the 
last CTE meeting, held on 14 and 15  March 2023 , is contained in  WT/CTE/M/7 8. 
 
_______________  
 
1   ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA  ................................ ................................ .....................  5 
2   ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND MARKET ACCESS, PARAGRAPH 32(I) OF THE 
DOHA MINISTERIAL DECLARATI ON – ITEM 6 OF THE CTE WORK PROGRAMME  ...............  5 
2.1   The effect of environmental measures on market acce ss, especially in relation to developing 
countries, in particular the least developed among them, and those situations in which the 
elimination or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions would benefit trade, the environment 
and development  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 5 
2.2   Trade -relevant aspects of the EU Green Deal  ................................ ...............................  10 
2.3   Global Biofuels Alliance – Recent developments  ................................ ...........................  25 
3   MEMBERS' SUGGESTIONS AND PROPOSALS  ................................ ...........................  27 
3.1   Consideration of recent proposals  ................................ ................................ ..............  27 
3.1.1   The role of transfer of technology in resilience building: Climate change mitigation and 
adaptation (African Group, WT/CTE/W/254) and the principles guiding the development and 
implementation of trade -related environmental measures (African Group, WT/CTE/W/255)  ........  27 
3.1.2   Reinvigorating discussions on the relationship between trade and the transfer of 
environmentally sound technologies to developing countries to address climate change (India, 
JOB/TE/82 and J OB/TE/82/Corr.1)  ................................ ................................ ....................  40 
3.1.3   Functioning of the Committee on Trade and Environment (Paraguay, WT/C TE/W/257)  ..... 45 
3.1.4   Transparency and experience sharing (Paraguay, WT/CTE/W/256)  ...............................  48 
3.1.5   Policy issues for dedicated multilateral discussions on border carbon adjustment (China, 
WT/CTE/W/258)  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  53 
3.2   Follow -up to previously submitted proposals  ................................ ...............................  56 
3.2.1   Concerns on emerging trend of using environmental measures as protectionist non -tariff 
measures (India and South Africa, JOB/TE/78/Rev.1)  ................................ ..........................  56 
3.3   Reporting on TESSD, DDP and FFSR  ................................ ................................ ..........  60 
3.3.1   Update by the coordinators of the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured 
Discussions (TESSD) on recent dis cussions  ................................ ................................ ........  60 
 
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and is without prejudice 
to the positions of Members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.3.2   Update by the coordinators of the Dialogue on Plastics Pollution and Environm entally 
Sustainable Plastics Trade (DPP) on recent discussions ................................ .........................  62 
3.3.3   Update by the coordinat or of the Fossil Fuels Subsidy Reform (FFSR) on recent discussions
 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 65 
3.4   Discussion on possible CTE contributions to MC13 including reflection on the Senior Officials 
Meeting of 23 -24 October  ................................ ................................ ...............................  68 
4   REPORT ON THE FIRST THEMATIC SESSION BY THE MODERATOR  ...........................  80 
5   MULTILATERAL ENVIRONM ENTAL AGREEMENTS AND WTO – CTE WORK 
PROGRAMME ITEMS 1 AND 5  ................................ ................................ ......................  83 
5.1   United Nations Framework Co nvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  ..............................  83 
5.1.1   Briefing by the UNFCCC Secretariat on COP28 preparations ................................ .........  83 
5.1.2   Briefing by DG Okonjo -Iweala and DDG Paugam on the WTO Secretariat prepar ations for 
activities at COP28  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  85 
5.1.3   Update the negotiations towards the Agreement on Climat e Change, Trade and 
Sustainability (ACCTS) ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 95 
6   TRANSPARENCY OF ENVIRONMENT -RELATED TRADE MEASURES – CTE WORK 
PROGRAMME ITEM 4  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 96 
6.1   Presentation by the WTO S ecretariat on the WTO Environmental Database 2022  ...............  96 
7   TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CAPACITY BUILD ING – DOHA MINISTERIAL 
DECLARATION PARAGRAPH 33  ................................ ................................ ...................  98 
7.1   The importance of technical assistance and capacity building in the field of trade and the 
environment to developing countries, in particular the least developed among them  .................  98 
7.2   WTO-BRS e -learning course on "The BRS Conventions and the WTO: enhancing international 
cooperation for sustainable development"  ................................ ................................ ..........  98 
7.3   Report by the WTO Secretariat on the fourth Trade and Environment Week 2023  ............  101 
8   RELATIONS WITH IOS AND NGOS – CTE WORK PROGRAMME ITEM 10  ..................  102  
8.1   Briefings from Observer organizations  ................................ ................................ ...... 102 
8.1.1   Briefing by UNEP  ................................ ................................ ...............................  102 
8.1.2   Briefing by UNCTAD  ................................ ................................ ...........................  104 
8.2   UNEP Draft Agreement on Plastic Pollution  ................................ ................................  105 
8.2.1   Russian Federation's perspective from the multilateral trading system  ........................  105 
8.3   Requests for Observer status  ................................ ................................ ..................  106 
8.3.1   Request by India for granting International Solar Alliance an Observer Status to the CTE  106 
9   OTHER BUSINESS  ................................ ................................ ................................  107  
9.1   European Union Regulation on Deforestation and Forest Degradation -Free Supply Chains 
(Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecua dor, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and Peru, 
WT/CTE/GEN/33) ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  107 
10   DATE OF THE NEXT MEE TING  ................................ ................................ .............  110  
ANNEX 1: ITEMS OF THE CTE WORK PROGRAMME (1994)  ................................ ..........  111  
ANNEX 2: DOHA MINISTERIAL DECLARATION PARAGRAPHS  ................................ ..... 112  
_______________  
 
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  ACRONYMS  
ACCTS  Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability  
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countries  
AfT Aid for Trade  
APEC Asia-Paciﬁc Economic Cooperation  
BRS (Conventions)  Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (Conventions)  
CBAM  Carbon border adjustment mechanism  
CBDR  Common But Differentiated Responsibilities  
CBDR -RC Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective C apabilities  
CITES  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 
and Flora  
CMA Committee on Market Access  
COP Conference of the Parties  
CSDDD  Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive  
CTE Committee on Trade and Environment  
CTG Council for Trade in Goods  
DPP Informal Dialogue on Plastics Pollution and Environmentally Sustainable 
Plastics Trade  
EGS Environmental goods and services  
ETS Emissions trading scheme  
EU European Union  
EUR Euros  
FFS Fossil fuel subsid ies 
FFSR Fossil fuel subsidy reform  
GHG Greenhouse gas  
GST Global stocktake  
HS Harmonized System  
IEA International Energy Agency  
IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development  
IMF International Monetary Fund  
INC Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee  
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  
ISA International Solar Alliance  
ITC International Trade Centre  
LDCs Least developed countries  
MC Ministerial Conference  
MEAs Multilateral environmental agreements  
MSME  Micro, small and medium -sized enterprise  
NDC Nationally determined contribution  
OECD  Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development  
SCM Subsidies and countervailing measures  
SCM Agreement  Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures  
SDG Sustainable development goal 
SGD Singapore dollar  
SIDS Small island developing states  
SMEs Small and medium -sized enterprises  
SPS Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
SPS Agreement  Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
SPS Committee  Committee on  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
TBT Technical barriers to trade  
TBT Agreement  Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade  
TBT Committee  Committee  on Technical Barriers to Tr ade 
TESS Forum on Trade, Environment and the SDGs  
TESSD  Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions  
TPR Trade policy review  
TrPMs  Trade -related plastic measures  
UAE United Arab Emirates  
UK United Kingdom  
UNCTAD  United  Nations Conference on Trade and Development  
UNEA  United  Nations Environment Assembly  
UNEP  United  Nations Environment Programme  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  UNFCCC  United  Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  
US United States  
USD US dollars  
WCO World Customs Organization  
WEF World Economic Forum  
 
 WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  1  ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA  
1.1.  The Chair noted that today's meeting was a milestone in the CTE, as the Committee's first 
thematic session had taken place that morning.  
1.2.  The Chair  opened the floor to Members to add any items under "Other business".  
1.3.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered the foll owing statement:   
1.4.  On behalf of the delegations of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, 
Mexico, Paraguay and Peru, we would like to add to the agenda under "Other Business" the item 
Regulation of the European Union relating to forest d egradation, document WT/CTE/GEN/33 . Chair, 
the document was not distributed early enough to make it possible to have a discussion but we 
would like to emphasize that the document's main objective is to put forward once again our 
concerns and questions of a technical nature. We just wanted to inform interested parties about this.  
1.5.  The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
1.6.  I do have sympathy for the comments you made about resource pressure on the Secretariat, 
but while we agree on the agenda we  also wish to express some concerns about the process. The 
Committee has been discussing procedural improvements for quite a while now but it seems that 
even simple things do not change despite the Members' pleas. We would really appreciate if both 
the WTO  Secretariat and Members could adhere to some best practices that would allow to foster 
better engagement and dialogue within the Committee.  For example, the Airgram should be 
circulated six weeks in advance, allowing the agenda with annotations to be dist ributed four weeks 
before the Committee meeting. Unfortunately, despite the EU sharing an annotation for the European 
Green Deal point with the Secretariat on 12 October, the deadline for the agenda point, information 
about the content of the presentation was only shared with Members last week. Additionally, we 
should adhere to rules for circulating papers for discussion or presentation during the meeting. In 
our view, papers not circulated at least two weeks before the meeting should not be presented 
during it. The agenda for committees regularly close 10 days before the meeting, so adding a new 
paper on the agenda on the Friday before the meeting on Monday is simply unacceptable. I hope 
that we can reinvigorate our efforts to help the good functioning of t his Committee.  
1.7.  The Committee  adopted the agenda contained in WTO/AIR/CTE/22  with the addition of the 
agenda item by Paraguay.  
2  ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND MARKET ACCESS, PARAGRAPH 32(I) OF THE DOHA 
MINISTERIAL DECLARATION – ITEM 6 OF THE CTE WORK PROGR AMME  
"The effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to 
developing countries, in particular the least -developed among them, and those 
situations in which the elimination or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions 
would benefit trade, the environment and development".  
2.1  The effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to 
developing countries, in particular the least developed among them, and those situations 
in which the elimin ation or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions would benefit 
trade, the environment and development  
2.1.  The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
2.2.  Argentina would like to thank the Committee for the opportunity to make an inte rvention on 
this agenda item, as well as on point 7. In order to be brief and given the link between the two  items, 
we will take these up together, so we will cover agenda items 2 and 7 in this statement. In this 
respect, our country considers that it is p ositive to include both items on the agenda of the 
Committee and they should remain on future agendas of the Committee.  
2.3.  We believe that there is a procedural need for the CTE to take up active debate on the impact 
of environmental measures on market access , in accordance with the original mandate of the 
Committee established in the 1994 Trade and Environment Ministerial Decision and in the Doha WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  Ministerial Declaration (for example, in paragraphs 32(i), 33 and 51). Proof of this are the varied 
presentations made in this session, as well as the experience of the CTE in the past. As such, the 
proposal consists of giving greater structure to individual presentations as well as making them a 
standing item on the agenda of this Committee.  
2.4.  As such, under agenda ite ms 2.a and 7, we would like to propose maintaining on the agenda 
the original topics that gave  rise to this Committee and that are still relevant today in order to 
revitalize the work of the CTE and to reaffirm its mandate.  
2.5.  This will enable us to better ta ke advantage of the opportunities provided by the CTE for 
exchange between WTO Members, in particular, with respect to its functions defined in the 1994 
Trade and Environment Decision mentioned earlier. In line with the decision on trade and the 
environmen t and in order to achieve the aim of ensuring that international trade policies and 
environmental policies are mutually beneficial, the Committee should fully address the relationship 
between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and trade meas ures adopted with 
environmental aims.  
2.6.  Equally, we should address the effective environmental measures on market access, 
particularly market access of developing countries and LDCs. Further, we should discuss the benefits 
arising from this for the environm ent and restrictions and distortions to trade. This would also be 
consistent with the mandate under paragraph 32(i) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration, which 
defined the work of the CTE.  
2.7.  This mandate should continue to guide this Committee's debates and be an integral part of its 
agenda in current and future sessions, as has happened in the past. Moreover, it is important to 
take into account, as part of the CTE discussions, the importance of technical assistance and capacity 
building in the area of trade and environment, particularly for developing countries and LDCs. This 
proposal is in line with paragraph 33 of the Doha Declaration, which defined the mandate of this 
Committee.  
2.8.  Additionally, we should recall the importance of the CTE as the primary com petent multilateral 
authority for debating environmental issues as linked to trade. This is line with and consistent with 
the MC12 outcome document, in particular, paragraph 14, which strengthened the fact that the role 
of the CTE was as a standing forum f or dialogue between Members on the link between trade 
measures and environmental measures.  
2.9.  In this respect, as part of these debates, we believe that Paraguay's proposals in documents 
WT/CTE/W/256  and WT/CTE/W/257  introduce aspects of interest to improve  the procedures of this 
Committee. As far as possible, we should give greater depths to our debates on environmental 
measures that have trade impacts, including their impact on market access for developing countries 
and particularly LDCs. Argentina sustain s that this item should be included in the outcomes for 
approval at the upcoming Ministerial Conference.  
2.10.  In light of what has been said, we would like to reiterate the vision and request that both 
agenda items 2.a and 7 remain on the annotated agenda from now on.  
2.11.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
2.12.  The representative of the Maldives  delivered the following statement:  
2.13.  Let me begin by thanking Argentina for their insightful and constructive discussion on this 
item. The Samoa Pathway indicates that the marine and terrestrial biodiversity of small island 
developing states is profoundly important to the livelihood and identities of these states and it 
supports the efforts by them to export sustainably produced products.  
2.14.  As such, the Maldives has taken measures to promote sustainable fishing methods like pole 
and line and hand line fishing, which have been used for generations. Due to zero bycatch, these 
methods have a lower environmental impact and protect the marine bio diversity instead of 
indiscriminate methods such as drift netting. It is imperative to incentivize these activities, including 
preferential market access, in order to maximize the blue economy's potential and maximize its 
positive trade impact.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.15.  The effect  of environmental measures on market access is a key are for the CTE and it is 
important for the CTE to consider incentivizing the market access of sustainable and environmental 
goods in order to pursue sustainable supply chains and to assist developing co untries, especially 
SIDS, in identifying and developing export markets for environmentally friendly products, including 
those produced sustainably where SIDS can gain an advantage. This would enhance the sustainable 
development of the blue economy and help  to realise its vast potential, and help SIDS to achieve 
their development aspirations, as outlined in the Samoa Pathway.  
2.16.  In conclusion, I would like to thank the Chair and the presenters for the updates and 
information they have provided today. We look fo rward to working with Members and the WTO to 
further the trade and environment agenda, including in finding pathways to promote sustainably 
sourced fisheries' products.  
2.17.  The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
2.18.  Brazil thanks Argentin a for adding this agenda item. We support having a more structured 
discussion on how environment -related trade measures can affect market access in line with the 
1994 Decision that established this Committee.  
2.19.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered the f ollowing statement:  
2.20.  I would like to thank Argentina for its presentation and we would like to express our 
agreement with these items becoming standing items on the agenda. It is part of the Committee's 
mandate and they are important topics for a significan t number of the membership, so we are very 
pleased to see this.  
2.21.  The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
2.22.  We wanted to share this, particularly on agenda item 7, because I think there was a request 
to discuss technical ass istance. The EU is collectively the world's largest donor for international aid, 
providing over EUR  50 billion per year to alleviate poverty and advance global development.  
2.23.  We also continue to support partner countries in their green transition, in line wi th our 
international commitments. For example, through the EU's Global Instrument (Neighbourhood, 
Development, and International Cooperation Instrument – NDICI), we have committed 
approximately EUR  27.8 billion to support climate objectives in our partner countries for the period 
of 2021 -2027. Furthermore, we have committed to doubling EU international funding for biodiversity 
to EUR  7 billion, particularly for the most vulnerable countries, during the same period.  
2.24.  In December 2021, the EU launched the Glob al Gateway, a new strategy to mobili ze 
investments totalling EUR 300 billion over the period 2021 -2027. In line with the EU's commitment 
to the 2030 Agenda, the Global Gateway aims to boost smart, clean and secure investments in 
digital, energy and transpo rt. 
2.25.  Also, the EU, with its member states, is the world's largest provider of Aid for Trade (AfT), 
with 40%  of global AfT (or around EUR 22.9 billion in 2020). We are also increasingly "greening" our 
AfT; in 2020, 48% of it was targeted to environmental objectives. The 2022 EU AfT Progress Report 
includes a focus on greening AfT, and readers may find numerous project examples of how we 
support partner countries at the interface of trade and climate change adaptation and mitigation.  
2.26.  Finally, we would also like to mention a concrete example as reference was made to particular 
environmental measures linked to one of the EU's measures, namely, the Carbon Border Adjustment 
Mechanism  (CBAM ). From the early stages of the design of the CBAM, we have seen that it may 
affect a country like Mozambique because of the importance of aluminium exports for the national 
economy and the high share of exports to the EU market: 7.7% of all EU aluminium imports come 
from the country, and 52.9% of Mozambique's alum inium exports go to the EU.  
2.27.  While the impact of CBAM on aluminium seems limited at this stage due to the transitional 
period and the fact that indirect emissions due to electricity being used in the production process 
are not to be counted in computing the  carbon content of the product imported at this stage, as 
explained by my colleague earlier today, this is an important issue, as for aluminium, the bulk of WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  emissions in the production process are due to power -related emissions, estimated at approximately 
70% of total emissions. The large potential of Mozambique in renewable generation, including from 
Cahora Bassa, represents a strong advantage for Mozambican exporters if fully exploited and would 
minimize the impact of CBAM in the country. In yesterday's d iscussion on energy transition, we also 
heard some good examples of how Africa can be not a victim but also seize the opportunity of the 
green transition.  
2.28.  Finally, the EU is firmly committed to supporting Mozambique in this sustainable development 
transit ion. For the next seven -year period, the EU has set out the main priorities, including 
environmental protection, sustainable agriculture, fishing, forestry and climate -smart infrastructure, 
all of which constitute substantial parts, amounting to an estimat ed EUR 150 million during this 
period. This is just one example of how we also support the countries linked to our environmental 
measures.  
2.29.  The representative of the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
2.30.  We would like to echo the concerns ex pressed by the delegation of Argentina on this matter 
and thank this delegation for including the item on the agenda.  
2.31.  The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
2.32.  Thank you to Argentina for raising this issue. I do not have a planned intervention and perhaps 
I could just follow up bilaterally, but I do not really understand what the request is. I think that when 
I started here a couple of years ago covering the CTE and looking at how the old agenda was 
formatted the agenda incl uded all of these items with a bunch of black lines crossed through them, 
because none of these issues were ever erased, but they were still on the agenda.  
2.33.  Yesterday, I made the comment that this is a Member -driven Organization and it is up to 
Members to advance the work, and so I do not understand if there is an issue that is of importance 
to Members, why those Members cannot bring that issue to the CTE. I would not want to see an 
agenda that has a bunch of standing items on it with a bunch of black lines  crossed out. If there are 
issues of interest to Members, and it sounds like there certainly are, then my expectation and my 
encouragement would be to bring those issues to talk about them at the Committee whether or not 
they are a standing agenda item.  
2.34.  The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
2.35.  China would like to thank our Argentinian colleagues for their presentation. We think the 
problem of climate change is a historical one, accumulated over a period of time. Many developing 
Members  need to face the problem of energy restructuring and paying the accumulation of historical 
greenhouse gas emissions before they have had an opportunity to develop their own industries, as 
developed Members have done.  
2.36.  These Members were already lagging be hind developed Members and meanwhile energy 
restructuring requires more capital and technology which is even more challenging for developing 
and least developed Members and their business industries. The principle of CBDR -RC under the 
United Nations Framew ork Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC ) framework also puts forward 
different requirements for Members with different capacities and at different stages from a global 
perspective, which is conducive to the global joint effort to carry out the transformat ion of the energy 
structure and also address climate change.  
2.37.  The WTO and its Members recognize that trade is important too for addressing climate change 
and environmental issues. We believe that better addressing climate and environmental issues 
through t rade instruments requires taking full account of the fundamental principles and norms 
under the UNFCCC framework.  
2.38.  The WTO principles of special and differentiated treatment (S&DT)  and CBDR have similar 
starting points and basis, that is, differentiated pr ovisions for Members with different capacities. We 
could not totally agree that CBDR is not applicable to the WTO under the trade area.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.39.  On the issue of market access, especially for developing Members, the relevant market access 
thresholds set by some developed Members on the basis of their own capacities and standards have 
objectively created obstacles and burdens on developing and other Members. China adheres to the 
CBDR principle under the UNFCCC framework and opposes the erection of barriers to green trade 
and calls for comprehensive assistance to developing and least developed Members in items of 
policy, technology, financing and evalu ation systems, so as to promote the liberalization and 
facilitation of trade and investment in the green arena and to address climate change and 
environmental issues.  
2.40.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
2.41.  India welcomes Argentina' s intervention made today to this Committee. Measures like 
deforestation -free supply chains or use of environment protection to regulate Maximum Residual 
Limits as well as the use of some active substances in insecticides and pesticides are proliferating i n 
one way or another.  
2.42.  We have expressed our disappointment with the continued use of such measures in WTO 
bodies like the Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on Market Access ( CMA), the Committee 
on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  (SPS Committee) , the Committee on Technical Barriers to 
Trade  (TBT Committee)  and the Council for Trade in Goods  (CTG) .  
2.43.  The objective of sustainable development as a key outcome of global trade has been 
recognized in the very first paragraph of the Marrakesh Agreement Es tablishing the WTO. We urge 
all WTO Members not to lose sight of this objective in formulating their trade policies.  
2.44.  The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
2.45.  Egypt thanks Argentina for its presentation and for bringing this important topic to the agenda 
and we welcome discussing these issues as a standing item in the CTE.  
2.46.  The representative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
2.47.  Australia thanks Argentina for the presentations. I just wanted to give a brief intervention on 
item 7, technical assistance. We agree on the important role of technical assistance and capacity 
building in the field of trade and the environment to developing countries.  
2.48.  To meet the needs of our developing country partners, Australia is deploying high qu ality 
climate finance and announced a new development policy that increases climate investments and 
better addresses climate risks. The Australian climate finance commitment has been strengthened 
and is on track to deliver 3 billion Australian dollars for the period 2020 -2025.  
2.49.  Our new development policy acknowledges climate change as the greatest shared threat to 
all countries. At least half of all new bilateral and regional investments, valued at more than 3 million 
Australian dollars, will have a climate change objective with a goal of 80% in 2028 -2029.  
2.50.  Australia is also providing Australia Awards climate change short courses to improve capability 
in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and South America. Our new development policy is acknowledgment that 
climate chan ge is the greatest shared threat to all countries as we commit to strengthening climate 
resilience across our development programme. We agree it is important to support developing 
country capability to engage in renewable energy supply chains and the new Q uad Initiative Clean 
Energy Supply Chain Diversification Programme and Principles for Clean Energy Supply Chains aims 
to support the diversification of supply chains and underpin development of relevant supply chains, 
including developing countries with a focus on the Indo -Pacific.  
2.51.  Supporting developing country capability in embedded emissions accounting information 
systems can prevent creation of barriers to trade and access to markets. So support for developing 
countries to build capacity in embedded emi ssions accounting frameworks will be an ongoing focus 
for us through dialogue here at the WTO, at the Organisation for Economic Co -operation and 
Development (OECD ), and in cooperation fora like the Asia-Paciﬁc Economic Cooperation (APEC), 
the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) and climate finance discussions.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.52.  We support WTO efforts to use trade policy to achieve shared climate goals and we recognize 
the important role of the multilateral trading system. We also recognize the catalytic rol e that 
development cooperation can play to support developing countries' trade -related adaptation and 
mitigation objectives.  
2.53.  To better understand the role that trade policy can play, Australia has recently partnered with 
IISD to undertake an assessment of trade-related barriers for the exchange of environmental goods 
and services that may impact the implementation of national adaptation plan priorities.  
2.54.  This project will work with a select group of Indo -Pacific countries and we aim to identify 
trade-related  barriers that impede the exchange of EGS related to NAPs and to find ways to 
overcome those barriers to reinforce the positive role that trade can play in achieving climate 
adaptation goals.  
2.55.  The representative of Argentina  responded:  
2.56.  We thank delegations for their generalized support for including this on the agenda. As far as 
the concerns of the colleague from the United States, I think we can discuss this bilaterally and he 
can share his past experience with us.  
2.57.  Our capital has observed that this Commit tee has varied from its original mandate and at 
present we discuss how trade measures benefit the environment, when the mandate of this 
Committee was how do environmental measures affect trade, particularly market access of 
developing countries.  
2.58.  Argentina 's proposal does not seek to ignore the analysis of the environmental effects of trade 
measures, but rather seeks to bring back to the table the discussions of this Organization when it 
created and founded this Committee, that is, how does trade contribute  to the development of 
developing countries in particular. The development of developing countries is very strongly tied to 
trade and the trade of goods is the focus of many environmental measures. So, what we are seeking 
is to have the space to discuss th e issues that gave rise to this Committee and that should never 
have left its agenda.  
2.2  Trade -relevant aspects of the EU Green Deal  
2.59.  The representative s of the European Union  (F / M) delivered the following statement : 
2.60.  As announced in the annotated agenda, we will provide a brief update on the European Green 
Deal, and present two European Green Deal proposals with relevance to our trading partners. WE 
will also provide an overview of the Implementing Regulation on the re porting obligations during the 
transitional period of the CBAM . 
2.61.  The presentations today focus on the trade -related environmental aspects of the 
European  Union 's Waste Framework Directive and on the environmental dimension of the 
Commission 's proposal for a  Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.  
2.62.  Before moving to these two initiatives, please let me provide you with a short update on other 
legislative and policy developments.  
2.63.  Since the last meeting of this Committee, we have experience the hottest summer hottest 
ever on record in Europe, marked by extreme weather, ravaging wildfires and devastating floods. 
The whole world if suffering. This is the reality of a boiling planet.  
2.64.  The European Green Deal was born out of this necessity to protect our plan et and the effort 
to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss remains a central part of the Commission 's work. The 
European Union now has in place a complete package of legislation to achieve the European Union 's 
2030 climate targets of a reduction of o ur greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030.  
2.65.  While the main focus is now on implementation, we will continue our efforts to ensure that 
the green transition is done in a just, smart and inclusive way, while engaging actively with our third 
country partners including to strengthen green growth.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.66.  As yo u can see from the list of selected initiatives under the European Green Deal, the 
legislative process has progressed and several initiatives are close to final agreement by the Council 
and the European Parliament in the interinstitutional negotiations.  
2.67.  Now let me turn to the colleagues who will present to you the trade -related aspects of the 
Waste Framework Directive and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.  
2.68.  I will briefly present to you the update on the target ed amend ment of the W aste Framework 
Directive that was adopted by the Commission on 5 July 2023. The targeted amendment D irective 
contributed to the ambition of the European Green Deal in terms of reducing waste generation and 
the transition to a circular economy , and it focuses o n two main aspects, which are quite 
resource -intensive sectors, which are textile and food.  
2.69.  As for textile s, the main policy initiative  behind this revision of the W aste Framework Directive 
can be seen in the Circular Economy Action Plan and the EU Strate gy for Sustainable and Circular 
Textile s, which call for reinforcing accelerated EU and member states' action to prevent textile waste 
and to improve the circularity  of textile s.  
2.70.  As for food, the EU and its member states are committ ed to achieving the Sus tainable 
Development Goal target 12.3  to halve  per capita global food waste. In addition,  there are also other 
previous commitments from the EU : one is t he Waste Framework Directive , as revised 2018, which 
required the Commission to consider the feasibilit y of establishing  a UN food waste reduction target 
and also the 2020 Farm to Fork Strategy.  
2.71.  Regarding textile waste, the Commission proposal is addressing two main aspects for textiles. 
One is the rules on textile waste management that is in line with  the waste hierarchy and the other 
one is the mandatory harmoni zed extended producer responsibility.  
2.72.  So, for textile waste management, in addition to the obligation that is already present in the 
Waste Framework Directive that calls for member states to set up  separate collection system s for 
textile s by 1 January 2025, the targeted amendment revision is adding  also some new minimum 
rules for the separate collection and sorting of waste. The proposed rules on textile waste 
management aim to ensure that used text iles are sorted for reuse and what cannot be reused is 
directed to recycling as a priority.  
2.73.  In addition, the proposal is also  addressing the practice of illegal shipment of textile waste, 
which are sometimes disguised as waste for reuse , and it is doing t hat by clarifying what constitutes 
waste and what is considered  reusable textiles , and also by improving inspection by competent 
authorities and requirements for shipment of used textiles.  
2.74.  Regarding  extended producer responsibility, the Commission proposa l is including  extended 
producer responsibility schemes on producer s of textile products that are made available on the 
market for the first time within the territory of member states.  The extended producer responsibility 
scheme for textile waste is expected to close the financing gap and improve the security of the textile 
value chain. The E xtended Producer Responsibility (EPR)  schemes  will make producers responsible 
for the entire lifecycle of textiles, including collection of used and waste product s and their waste 
management , composition and survey of collected  municipal waste, information to citizens, data 
gathering and reporting obligations, and support to research innovation.  
2.75.  The proposal of the Commission includes an eco -modulation of EPR fees , which means that 
producer s' financial contribution s will depend also on the circularity and on the environmental 
performance  of textile products.  The eco -modulation fees will be consistent with the eco -design 
requirements that will be set up in the eco -design for sustainable product regulation.  
2.76.  On food waste, the Commission proposal is bringing forward two main objectives. Firstly, to 
assign a clear responsibility to member states for accelerating the reduction of food waste along the 
food supply chain an d in households , and thus mak ing a solid contribution towards the achievement 
of SDG Target 12.3. Secondly, to ensure a sufficient and consistent response by all member states 
to reduce food waste in line with that of front runners.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.77.  Reducing food loss and waste is expected to also help meet other SDGs, including those 
related to climate action and food security.  
2.78.  To achieve these objectives, the Commission proposal included a specific provision in its 
Article 9.4  that obliged member states to take the neces sary and appropriate measures to achieve , 
by 31 December 2030, the reduction of the generation of food waste in processing and 
manufacturing by 10 % in comparison to the amount generated in 2020,  and the reduction of 
generation of food waste per capita, joi nt retail and other distribution of food in restaurants and food 
services and households by 30 % in comparison to the amount generated in 2020.  
2.79.  The Commission proposal includes also other measures for member states, for example, to 
put forward information c ampaigns, to raise awareness about food waste prevention, to support 
cooperation among all stakeholders in the value chain,  to monitor and assess the implementation of 
the food waste prevention measure, and also to review and adapt their food waste prevent ion 
program mes.  
2.80.  I will give you  an update on the Directive on Corporate S ustainability Due Diligence  Directive . 
This D irective, in short "CSDDD ", is part of the commitment by the Commission to deliver on the 
SDGs and the Paris Agreement. This is a proposal that was adopted in  February 2022 . The premises 
of this proposal is that the Commission recogni zes the role of large business incorporation in shaping 
the standards and the conditions across the value  chain, especially the global economic operator s. 
2.81.  Due diligence processes are increasingly common among large companies because the 
management culture has already made a significant shift  and has embraced sustainability concern s 
and also because it  is a way to respond to  concerns about sustainability a mong investors and 
consumers.  
2.82.  The proposal therefore contributes  to the work of corporations by strengthening the legal 
framework of both companies and affected stakeholders and fosters the culture of no  harm through 
responsible business conduct, focusing  on human rights and environmental consideration s in the 
company 's operation and corporate governance.  
2.83.  So I will give you an introduction on how we plan to do this  and w hat is the plan of the CSDDD 
to achieve th is objectiv e. First of all, the Directive pro posed by the Commission aims at improving 
corporate governance practices, first and foremost through making due diligence mandatory for 
companies in scope,  with a view to promote the management of human rights and environmental 
potential risks  linked to th e operation of the company value chain, and to foster the mitigation of 
actual impacts.  
2.84.  Now, importantly, this is a proposal in line with international standards in that it covers 
aspects related to the accountability of corporations and those related to a ccess to remedy for 
impacted stakeholders.  Another element of this proposal is to contribute to the harmonization and 
coherence across the various legislative initiatives that the EU is putting forward on responsible 
business conduct.  
2.85.  As I said, the propos al builds on the voluntary framework developed by the OECD, notably 
the multinational guidelines for responsible business conduct, which were updated recently in June 
of this year, and the UN Guiding Principle on Business and Human Rights.  It builds on the  standards, 
particularly following the 'six steps approach ' to due diligence processes.  
2.86.  Now, what sort of obligations  are we talking about. First of all, the Directive introduces 
corporate due diligence duties.  In what sense? Companies are required to undertake due diligence 
on their own operations, their subsidiaries, and those partners with whom they have an established 
business relationship in the value chain. This , in practice , includes not just upstream activities  related 
to the production of goods  and developmental services, but also some downstream relationships. 
For instance, the use of service or the disposal of a product.  
2.87.  Now, there are a number of appropriate measures that you see in the references to the 
toolbox.  These are a set of measures t hat the companies are expected to take, and they are detailed 
in the proposed Directive for greater legal certainty.  Among these measures, the proposal spells out 
the prevention or correction action plan by the corporation ; it gives a  special role to contr actual WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  assurances, including the cascading, also for the purpose of conducting verification.  It introduces 
provisions that make explicit reference to the need to invest into the supply chain to increase the  
responsible business conduct throughout the suppl y chain, including by providing financial support 
to the smaller business partner, and therefore collaborating to increase leverage throughout the 
value chain.  
2.88.  There is, of course, a reference to the disengagement, which is always an option when it 
comes t o adverse impacts, but it  is really emphasized that disengagement is the last resort.  
2.89.  It is important to clarify that , in the EC proposal, because of the way the legal  basis of the 
proposal,  and the division of competence between inside the Union, it is i ncumbent to member states 
to ensure that the companies carry out due diligence.  
2.90.  With regards to the  duties for director s, these are basically  requirements about corporate 
governance reform , in particular, the fact that company directors should put in plac e and oversee 
due diligence policy and processes with input from stakeholders and civil society organization s, and 
introduce  a mechanism of reporting to the board of the company. In the Commission proposal, 
Directors are made accountable for sustainability -related decisions as part of their duty of care to 
act in the best interest of the company, in the sense  that sustainability is now put at the cent re of 
the long-term strategy of the company.  
2.91.  One special on  climate change , which I think is important sinc e we are in the Committee on 
Trade and the Environment : climate -related due diligence duties are given special treatment in the 
Commission proposal.  An entire article of the proposal is dedicated to the corporate duty to 
contribute to effectively combat ting climate change. Companies are expected to adopt an emission 
reduction plan to ensure  that the business model and strategy are compatible with the goals of the 
Paris Agreement, namely , to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees.  
2.92.  In those cases, when climate i s identified as a principal risk for the company or the company 
has a major impact on climate through its operation, then there is an additional expectation  of the 
company, an additional requirement , that the company should include an emission reduction 
objective in the plan. So , not just a plan, but also  a target. Now, to ensure the proper implementation 
of the plan and to contribute to a lasting , permanent change  in corporate behavio ur in relation t o 
climate, the Commission proposes that the emission reduction plan should be part of the variable 
remuneration of the directors of the company. This is in those cases at least when the director is 
asked to contribute to the company business  strategy and l ong-term investment and sustainability.  
2.93.  At the same time, to nuance and to find a balance in the obligation s for companies, it should 
be noted that the duty to implement the emission reduction plan is subject to  administrative 
supervision.  
2.94.  It is interesting in this context of the Committee on Trade and the Environment that, in order  
to achieve a contribution to the sustainability transition, an annex to the Directive lists a number of 
international environmental conventions with the purpose of pro viding clarity for business.  Although 
the conventions , of course , bind parties to the Convention, therefore states and not companies  are 
bound , but the fact there is a positive list of international conventions gives a sense of direction and 
legal clarity for the business.  
2.95.  As you know , the proposal includes in its scope both large EU companies but also non-EU 
companies and , in sectors that are identified as high  risk – namely, textile, agriculture and extractive 
sector  – also some middle -sized companies bot h from the EU and non-EU are included in the scope . 
This is, of course , a major feature of the Directive, but I would like to recap some of the essential 
principles embedded in this proposal.  
2.96.  For instance , the fact that the EU remains committed to multilateralism and to the rule of law 
and the policy has been designed in line with international commitments, whether it  is WTO rules, 
MEAs or the Paris Agreement.  The fact that the proposal is anchored in inter national ly agreed 
standards and obligations, we consider very important for the credibility of the measure and for 
mobili zing support from international partners.  Alignment with the international standards 
underpin ned coherence as we developed a raft of le gislative initiatives based on due diligence.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.97.  So as we saw earlier there is an alignment with the OECD framework and the UN framework  
for due diligence, in particular , in relation to the proportionality of a due diligence measure expected 
of corporat ions. Of course , we are mindful  and we strongly adher e to the development consideration  
and we do assess the potential impact of our policies on partner countries, in particular , those that 
are more sensitive. The implementation of this policy will be accompani ed by a strong cooperation 
dimension , including for building capacity for the implementation.  
2.98.  Allow me here to briefly mention the accompanying measure under the multi -annual financial 
framework of 2027 that will accompany the implementation of this measu re. We have actions with 
international partners reputed for their credibility and their experience in the field, notably the OECD, 
ILO and  the International Trade Centre  (ITC), where we will together with  them develop training 
modules, mak e an impact asses sment of the CSDDD on partner countries, and create accessible 
database on labour standards.  
2.99.  We also focus our action at the regional level. We already have some pilots in Africa, the 
Caribbean and Pacific region s. We have some successful implementation o f responsible business 
conduct projects both in the Latin America region and in Asia and now also , in preparation in the 
pipeline, in Africa.  There are various programmes developed through the network of our 
representation in third countries. Just to give an indicator, two -thirds of the country 's indicative 
programmes for  the year include sustainability of supply chain s among the development prio rities.  
Of course we also partner with our member states.  
2.100.   As an overview of the accompanying  measures that we are planning to develop  once the 
measure has been  adopted , subsidiary legislation will be implemented  and de dicated acts to 
implement it, and importantly we will develop guidance documents  and invest in information 
campaign s and develop the dimension of trade facilitation.  In particular , among the avenues that 
we are considering, there is the recognition of certification schemes and the identificat ion of specific 
methodologies and criteria to assess the credibility of multi -stakeholder initiative s and industry 
schemes.  
2.101.   The final presentation by DG TAXUD is on the implementation phase of the CBAM.  
2.102.   I know that you are well aware of CBAM  and that my c olleagues have made presentations 
on the topic before, so I  will not go over it more generally, but rather on the details of its 
implementation and the reporting during the transitional period.  
2.103.   As you all know, the CBAM is an environmental policy designed in the context of the EU 
Green Deal  that will help the EU achieve its environmental ambition  by ensuring and trying to prevent 
the risk of carbon leakage.  We have begun this exercise with its implementation in the transitional 
period, which just beg an on 1  October, and it will run in its transitional phase until the end of 2025,  
where there will be no financial obligation, but solely reporting requirements.  
2.104.   The sectors that have been chosen under the scope have been chosen according to very 
specific criteri a. First, that there are  at high risk of carbon leakage, which would mean that they 
have high carbon emissions  and a high level of trade or projected trade, like the case of hydrogen.  
Then, that it covers more than 45% of the CO 2 emissions currently under the EU emissions trading 
system,  and that it  is practically feasible to include it.  There  is an exclusion for goods under EUR 150, 
and also for countries that are linked to the EU emissions trading system, such as Switzerland.   
2.105.   So, in a second  stage, CBAM may be extended to other sectors that are currently under the 
EU Emissions trading scheme (ETS) and at risk of carbon leakage, provided that these sectors meet 
the three criteria that we have just listed.  This analysis will be do ne by the end of 2025 in the review 
process, according to Article 30 of the Regulation o n CBAM,  and should be applied by the definitive 
period.  
2.106.   We wanted to talk a bit more about the specificities of who are the main participants : there 
will be an importer  – the EU importer  – that will be subject to the reporting obligations,  or the 
importer can use an indirect customs representative, which may be the reporting declarant.  In this 
case, they would be also subject to reporting obligations.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.107.   So, what are the re porting obligations during the transitional period?  From 1 October until 
the end of 2025, the CBAM report must contain the information that relates to the total quantity of 
goods imported during the preceding quarter.  So, from 1 October until January, the total embedded 
direct and indirect emissions of those goods,  and the c arbon  price due in the country of origin for 
the embedded emissions.  
2.108.   There will be no need for verification by an EU -accredited verifier, and that will be only 
effective during the defin itive period.  
2.109.   What are the emissions included during the transitional period?  As I said, we will include 
scope  1, scope 2 emissions, both direct and indirect,  and there will be also a scope 3 small amount 
of emissions for the input materials under the CBAM  scope,  so precursors used in the final complex 
products.  This applies during the transitional period but , for the definitive period,  what we  have 
proposed for now is that indirect emissions only apply to sectors that do not receive indirect cost 
compensat ion under the EU state aid policy , so iron and steel, aluminium, hydrogen and electricity 
would not be subject to indirect emissions during the definitive period as it currently stands.  This 
may be reviewed in the review process in 2025.  
2.110.   As for the main actors , obviously the operators of the installations have a role as they have 
to monitor the emissions and transmit this information to the reporting declarants  aka the EU 
importers that will need to supply this information to the EU throug h a CBAM report.  Customs 
authorities just have to tick a box saying that this person has imported CBAM goods,  but they do 
not have any other role aside from that in the transitional period.  The European Commission will 
handle this data,  carry out analysis and checks, and transmit this data to the national competen t 
authorities in each member state who will also assess the information and request additional 
information if needed from the reporting declarants.  
2.111.   In very simple terms, this is what we  have define d as the steps to comply with the reporting 
obligations during the transitional period.  In step one, you need to define the scope of goods 
concerned within the installation by the operator.  Then you need to determine what monitoring 
period you will use.  Step three would be to identify all the parameters that you will need to report.  
Step four would be to collect the data on the c arbon  price in the jurisdiction, if there is any.  
2.112.   This will help us collect information and data that will help feed into the revi ew process of 
the mechanism  and define the rules for reporting and monitoring during the definitive period,  as 
well as learning about foreign c arbon price that will help in the process of deducting it from the 
financial adjustment during the definitive per iod. 
2.113.   For the transitional period, we have created something called the 'Transitional Registry ', 
where this information will be collected.  The CBAM Transitional Registry works directly with customs 
authorities, as well as national competent authorities and the reporting declarants , and the 
Commission has access to the information.  
2.114.   So, the operator of the installation will give the information to the reporting declarants that 
will then feed into the CBAM Transitional Registry.  It is a secure platform that wil l contain  this 
confidential information, but it will not be public or become accessible to anyone except for the 
European Commission and the national competent authorities.  This will be a single platform applying 
to all of the EU, which will help us collec t and process this data.  
2.115.   What are the key reporting deadlines that we have?  I won 't go through them  because the 
slides will be shared with everyone, but the important thing to know is that the submission of the 
first report is due  in by 31 January and the modification of this report is allowed until 31  July. The 
second report will be due on 30 April, and the modifying period will be until  31 July, and like this 
subsequently until the end of the transitional period, where the reporting will have to be done on a 
yearly basis.  So right now it is q uarterly , but, during the definitive period, it will have to be done 
once a year.  
2.116.   In order to ensure that everyone can adapt and learn about CBAM  and that its 
implementation is as smooth as possible,  not only hav e we defined a transitional period that will 
help us understand and learn more about carbon pricing and also monitoring and reporting of 
emissions,  we have also allowed for flexibility in the reporting.  So until 31 July 2024, for each import WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  of goods where  the reporting declarant  (the EU importer ) does not have the information that is 
required,  they may use other methods for determining these emissions, including default values, 
which will be global values per product.  
2.117.   Then, until 31 December 2024, we will allow for other monitoring and reporting methods if 
they lead to a similar coverage and accuracy,  such as a carbon pricing scheme where the installation 
is located, or a compulsory emissions monitoring scheme where the installation is located,  or an 
emissi on monitoring scheme at the installation, which can include verification by an accredited 
verifier.  
2.118.   Complex goods may be based on estimations provided that the accumulated emissions of 
these installations contributing to the total emissions of goods  repres ent less than 20% of those 
emissions, which has an impact on SMEs in the sense that most likely they w ill not be subject to 
reporting  if they only cover 20% of the emissions.  
2.119.   The Commission has tried to communicate and carry out an exercise of outreach in order to 
ensure that everyone understands C BAM and what is required of them.  In this way, we have created 
first trainings through e -learning, which were both general and sector -specific , and also a  series of 
webinars, which are also sector -specific, and th ese are recorded and available on our website . We 
have also created guidance documents that are very tailored per product,  and they  are both for 
producers in third countries and the reporting declarants.  These explain how to carry out the 
monitoring, how t he reporting works , and they are very useful.  
2.120.   We h ave created templates, which are Excel -based templates that will facilitate the data 
collection  and also the information exchange between the EU importer and the foreign producer.  We 
have created a dedicate d information portal, which is a relaunch of our Commission website,  and it 
includes a very extensive Q&A, where we cover most questions that have been asked.  
2.121.   Finally, we have created an IT reporting interface, so this Transitional Registry,  which will 
help with the reporting of information, and it has very detailed guidance for users, so it  is quite 
user friendly.  
2.122.   I wanted to raise the point that we want to hear what your opinion is on the upcoming 
delegated and implementing acts as a revision of the re gulations due  in by 2025.  So, these are the 
things that are coming.  We have implementing acts  on the methodology for calculating embedded 
emissions in the defensive period ; also on the conversion of carbon price and evidence required for 
accounting of the paid carbon price in the country of origin ; and w e have an implementing act on 
the authorization of CBAM declarants ; and an i mplementing act on the methodology for calculating 
CBAM and its connection with free allocation in the EU emissions trading system.  
2.123.   We also have d elegated acts: one on specifying the conditions for accreditation of verifiers ; 
on the co ntrol and oversight of accredited verifiers, and the withdrawal of this accreditation.  We 
have one on the timing and the administration of the sale and repurchase of CBAM certificates ; and, 
lastly, one amending Annex 1 by modifying the products after carrying out analysis on 
anti-circum vention.  
2.124.   All these will be on the 'Have Your Say ' portal and will be open for consultation as our 
previous implementi ng act was.  Additionally, the Commission has been very open and transparent 
in its developing of CBAM  in the sense that, for finding the rules for reporting and monitoring of 
emissions during the transitional period,  we have an informal expert group on CBA M, which comes 
with third  country observers  from all over the world who have been able to see what the process 
was like of defining the rules.  I think this was a very helpful outreach exercise.  
2.125.   So what are the main takeaways?  To conclude, the transitional period was designed to give 
time for trading partners to understand and adjust to CBAM.  It includes developing countries and 
SMEs as well in this openness.  This period will involve extensive consultation with stakeholders, as 
we have already been doing,  and also international partners.  
2.126.   These guidance documents are very helpful for third  country producers,  and they have 
accompanied the implementing decision to facilitate the implementation.  We have created a 
methodology for the transitional period  but the me thodology for the def initive period will be defined WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  at a later stage,  feeding from the data that will be collected in the coming years, which hopefully 
will be good and helpful.  
2.127.   As I just said, we have involved  third countries as observers in the informal expert group,  
and we have just launched a new informal expert group,  where we count on third countries as 
observers, once again,  to help us finalize the methodology.  
2.128.   You can find further information on CBAM  on our website: https://taxation -
customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon -border -adjustment -mechanism_en . Here you can find the guidance 
documents,  the webinars are already online and  recorded,  and there are the communication 
template s, the recordings,  and e-learning materials, as well as the Q&A and fact sheet s. 
2.129.   I just want to add that , for CBAM and for deforestation, we continue also our outreach 
outside the Committee  but in the cont ext of Geneva. So  our colleague,  Alina will stay with us and 
we have a colleague from DG ENV  also coming for sessions on deforestation and on CBAM. This will 
be a strategy and an engagement that we will want to continue  and, if there is an interest, we are  
ready to intensify  beyond this year and into next year.  
2.130.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
2.131.   The representative of Colombia  delivered the following statement:  
2.132.   I would like to thank the European Union for its presentat ion of these three measures and 
initiatives. They have been interesting and enlightening so thank you. I have a couple of questions 
on the Corporate Sustainability Responsibility Directive.  
2.133.   When you were explaining the due diligence mechanism, you in a br oad sense told us that 
the measure will ensure that the burden of scope of conducting due diligence procedures will not 
disproportionately fall on smaller or less significant companies, so how will the proposal foresee, or 
how is it foreseen, regarding the  issue of small and medium -sized enterprises?  
2.134.   The second question is whether in the regulation the technological, technical, social and 
economic conditions of developing countries will be taken into consideration in order to apply such 
a due diligence sta ndards.  
2.135.   I have two questions related to CBAM for the EU colleague in the room. When she explained 
some provisions or exceptions and also periods of transition for small and medium -sized enterprises 
(SMEs) dealing with the CBAM, could she provide some info rmation with regard to this that would 
be appreciated.  
2.136.   In addition, how does the EU envisage equal recognition or equivalent recognition to other 
treatments embedded in carbon taxes across different industries and sectors in order to prevent any 
distortio n or discrimination in duplication of the CBAM?  
2.137.   Finally, I have a final question for all of you on these initiatives. You mentioned the Paris 
Agreement and I was wondering how both these regulations will take, or are taking, into 
consideration the current and historical emissions of companies outside the EU.   
2.138.   The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
2.139.   Thank you to the European Union for those presentations. Just a few questions and a few 
comments. T he United States supports discussion of underlying policy objectives and choices that 
Members make to address particular environmental concerns. We view the CTE as the appropriate 
venue for such discussions.   
2.140.   However, we do want to ensure  that such discussions or presentat ions in the CTE are not 
intended to replace notification or deliberation in other relevant committees which have the mandate 
to discuss specific trade concerns. In our view, t he CTE is not the appropriate venue at the WTO for 
discussing STCs, nor do we wan t to see it evolve into such a forum.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.141.   Sharing information, and providing transparency into policy decision  making, is a useful and 
constructive role for the CTE but we should not supersede other committee mandates.  
2.142.   We welcome more robust information shar ing among Members, in particular , on policy 
approaches to specific environment challenges. However, we do reiterate that transparency under 
the CTE should not replace established processes under relevant committees, like TBT or 
SPS Committees, for notifica tion of measures and discussion of STCs. 
2.143.   Moving to a couple of questions related to the EU Waste Framework  Directive, this is really 
to put on the record and I would appreciate any responses that the delegation could provide. First 
question is w ill the 'Polluter Pays ' and 'Extended Producer Responsibilities ' apply to EU company 
sales in countries outside the EU?  
2.144.   The second question is d oes the impact analysis account for the distributive impact on 
countries that export textiles or apparel to the EU?  
2.145.   Thirdly , how does the Directive assign responsibility across the supply chain for a completed 
article? Are textile suppliers liable for the actions of a garment manufacturer who uses their textiles 
as an input?  
2.146.   Finally, i s the EU committed to fib re-to-fibre recycling in their waste frameworks? If so, how 
would such frameworks impact existing investments in plastics recycling for polyester production?  
2.147.   The representative of  the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
2.148.   The European Union continues its pr actice of introducing unilateral and WTO -incompatible 
trade-related restrictive measures under the pretext of environmental protection and combatting 
climate change.  
2.149.   The consequences associated with the full operation of the policies such as the CBAM or Due 
Diligences Directive as well as other regulations implementing the European Green Deal appear to 
be distortive for traditional trade flows and supply chains, undermining Members' rights to apply 
appropriate policies in the field of decarbonization and decreasing the g lobal prosperity, especially 
in developing countries. The last point is confirmed by the number of consolidated papers dedicated 
to this issue here at the WTO and tabled by  developing Members and groups of developing Members, 
including the African Group, I ndia, South Africa, Latin American countries etc. that share the same 
concerns.  
2.150.   The measures that the EU tries to justify by "sustainability" are neither based on the rules 
and principles of the multilateral trading system nor on global agreements in the field of combat ting 
climate change.  The EU merely aims for protecting its domestic industries from imports and 
improving its competitive advantages on global markets.  
2.151.   Furthermore, from the systemic point of view, the EU seeks to replace the concept of a 
"product" as an object of consumption implied in the GATT with the idea that a product is the "result 
of a production process", while completely ignoring the current understanding of a "like product" , 
which is the result of a long standing  consensus.  
2.152.   Along with that, I would like to recall that the reasons why this particular Organization was 
founded in the first place were to enhance trade and increase prosperity rather than create new 
restrictions.  
2.153.   Bearing all this in mind, I would like to point out that Brussels neglects the attempts to find 
a common solution for the existing challenges at the multilateral level, preferring  unilateral agenda 
and trying to establish a friend -shoring approach leading to the fragmentation and destruction of 
the multilateral trading system.  
2.154.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
2.155.   India thanks the  European Union for their openness and transparency towards 
communicating their environment and climate -related trade measures to the CTE. Even as we WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  continue to  have differences on the substance of these measures, the EU's readiness to engage in 
this committee is well  appreciated.  
2.156.   On the Waste Framework Directive, there are some discussions going on in other WTO bodies 
as well where we would urge the EU to addres s the practical trade concerns and frictions that these 
policies are likely to generate.  
2.157.   On the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, the provisions of the Directive seem 
to follow the now  familiar pattern of extra territorial  applicability. Som e of the provisions of this 
Directive again seem to have been designed without taking into account the socio -economic 
conditions in other countries. We will examine the presentation made today in more detail.  
2.158.   Our views on CBAM  have been amply communicated to the EU. We welcome the EU's 
information session on this subject on 15 November. However, our businesses remain concerned 
with the intent as well as the implementation of the legislation. We will continue to engage with the 
EU bilaterally on this subject as well as raise or support trade concerns in the relevant WTO bodies.  
2.159.   The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
2.160.   Our country would first like to thank the EU for their presentation and we would add that 
our country shares the concerns of the European Union ab out climate change and, in particular, 
shares the objective of producing food sustainably taking into account the current challenges to 
safeguard global food security under changing climate conditions.  
2.161.   At the same time, we would also reiterate the need th at this framework of the European 
Green Deal respects the commitments of the European Union to the WTO and, particularly, ensure 
that these measures are based on scientific evidence to ensure that these measures do not constitute 
a discriminatory, arbitrar y or unjustifiable, or a disguised restriction on international trade.  
2.162.   We would like to point out that the European Union has indicated that these measures 
constitute instruments for the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Along these lines, we wonder 
how do they implement the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities.  
2.163.   Yesterday, several delegations indicated that the CBDR principle is a principle that is not 
applied or is outside of the WTO. However,  the European Union in today's present ation indicated 
that the measures have been designed to implement the Paris Agreement where there is the principle 
of CBDR. Therefore, the question is how do these measures respect the CBDR principle.  
2.164.   In summary, we want to highlight the need to avoid uni lateral measures without sufficient 
legal basis or scientific basis that might constitute disguised restrictions to trade.  
2.165.   The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
2.166.   Paraguay also wishes to thank the European Union for the presentati ons and we are certainly 
following them very closely for the impact that they might have on developing countries. Paraguay 
shares the concerns and objectives pursued by the European Union with these measures, however, 
if their design is not appropriate, th ey may affect the sustainable development of other countries, 
especially developing countries.  
2.167.   We would like to recall that we have seen that compliance with these measures might lead 
to a great cost, which would almost entirely be transferred to producer s in third countries, for whom 
the cost of compliance would be beyond the reduced profit margin and not part of the important 
domestic aid they receive.  
2.168.   We join the comments of other Members in saying that, although the European Union 
considers that the p rinciples of environmental law are important to the WTO, to present these 
measures as environmental measures, they must also apply environmental principles and, since 
they have a commercial impact, they must also comply with WTO rules. So even if they cons ider 
them outside of this house, there are two regimes that must be complied with for this type of 
measure. We associate ourselves with the questions about how these measures comply with 
environmental principles.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.169.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
2.170.   Brazil also wishes to thank the EU representatives for the presentations. Brazil refers to the 
concerns that have been consistently expressed in different WTO committees and bodies with regard 
to the EU CBAM . The CBAM is a highly quest ionable measure that seems to contravene WTO rules 
in both spirit and letter and to run counter to the core principles and concepts of the UNFCCC.  
2.171.   Under the pretext of "not waiting for multilateralism", it attempts to rewrite, to the EU's 
convenience, the  balance of rights and obligations under multilateral environmental agreements. 
The measure will have a disruptive effect on the UNFCCC process, distort trade, and impoverish, in 
particular, those countries that have contributed the least to existing damag es to the climate system. 
We urge the EU to abide by its commitments under both trade and climate multilateral regimes.  
2.172.   The representative of Korea  delivered the following statement:  
2.173.   Korea would like to thank the EU for its comprehensive presentation of the European Green 
Deal, and their  efforts to improve communication among Members.  
2.174.   My delegation firmly believes that trade -relevant measures within the European Green Deal 
should be discussed thoroughly in a multilateral setting, so that they do not act as  unnecessary 
trade barriers. With the recent enforcement of the Implementing Regulation, the embedded 
emissions reporting obligations have come into effect. We hold deep concerns regarding the potential 
increase in administrative costs and burdens for comp anies imposed by the obligations. Furthermore, 
we also have concerns that the CBAM w ill not consider the various carbon reduction efforts made by 
other Members, relative to their conditions and circumstances of each country.  
2.175.   In addition, we  would like to emphasize the absence of a singular international standard for 
measuring embedded emissions, so there is the need to discuss how to harmonize these diverse 
methodologies.  
2.176.   We anticipate continuing in more detailed discussions during tomorrow's Green Deal se ssion 
and extend our thanks to the EU for hosting these sessions.  
2.177.   The representative of Türkiye  delivered the following statement:  
2.178.   Türkiye would like to thank the European Union for information sharing in multiple occasions  
with regards to its Green Deal . We have been sharing our concerns regarding the draft Waste 
Shipment Regulation in various committees, including the Committees on Market Access and TBT. 
We will be following additions to that  regulation  with regard to text iles as well.  
2.179.   With regard to CBAM, Türkiye and the European Commission engaged in a dialogue during 
the design stage of the CBAM. We provided our feedback on both the concerns around CBAM 's 
compatibility with bilateral and multilateral trade arrangements a nd the possible solutions to 
alleviate such concerns.  
2.180.   First and foremost, it is essential that the CBAM does not become a discriminatory tool or a 
technical barrier to trade, and serves truly as an environmental measure. However, we should 
underline that, many of the concerns we have raised are still valid, and increased efforts are needed 
from the EU to remedy the discriminatory elements.  We will continue to share our concerns in more 
detail in our conversations and meetings with the EU.  
2.181.   We also observe that many of the concerns we raised are shared by other major trade 
partners of the EU. We are, thus, confident that the EU w ill take further steps to level the playing 
field between third country operators and EU operators in the single mark et. Türkiye will continue 
to contribute to this process . 
2.182.   The representative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
2.183.   Japan thanks the EU for its explanation of the EU Green Deal. We believe that, with regard 
to climate -related measures that have trade e ffects, it is essential to ensure transparency and WTO WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 21 - 
 
  consistency, among other things. Providing explanations in for a such as today 's meeting contributes 
to enhancing transparency.  
2.184.   With that being said, with regard to the CBAM Implementing Regulation, we would like to 
reiterate our concern with the fact that the regulation, which imposes new reporting obligations on 
businesses, was only published on 17 August, leaving little time for preparation before the start of 
the transition period on 1 October.  
2.185.   In addition, the reporting needs to be made on a quarterly basis, product  by product, which 
is a higher burden than that faced by businesses in the EU. Importers are in some cases required to 
submit confidential business information that EU companies do not ha ve to report.  
2.186.   We would like to call on the EU to ensure adequate discussions with other Members, taking 
into account the actual situation of businesses trying to comply with the regulation, so as not to 
impose an excessive burden that could impede trade or  lead to trade disputes due to a lack of 
common international understanding.  
2.187.   The representative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
2.188.   We would also like to thank the EU for the presentation on the Green Deal and its ongoing 
commitment to transpar ency her at the CTE and we look forward to the information sessions 
tomorrow on CBAM and Deforestation.  
2.189.   Like the EU, we are committed to addressing climate change and we are striving to keep 
1.5 degrees within reach. Australia is bidding to co -host COP31 with the Pacific in 2026. We firmly 
believe that trade and multilateral trading system must be parts of the solution to environmental 
problems, including the climate crisis. The WTO can and must play a role in tackling these problems.  
2.190.   It will not be easy b ut it is our responsibility to try to ensure to the best of our ability that 
there is maximum consistency in trade and environment policies. Transparency and dialogue will be 
important in helping us get there, particularly here in the CTE. As part of broad er WTO reform efforts, 
we think MC13 should launch new deliberations on the major challenges facing the multilateral 
trading system, including trade and climate change. This will enable Ministers to deliberate on trade 
and climate issues at MC13 and provid e more guidance to focus the CTE's efforts.  
2.191.   We are conscious of the importance of tackling carbon leakage and understanding why 
Members are pursuing policies to combat this issue. Indeed, Australia is also considering our own 
carbon leakage policy and our  carbon leakage review commenced on 1 July 2023. We expect to 
complete it by the end of 2024. Our review will assess the risk of carbon leakage from Australia, 
how carbon leakage might affect key products and sectors, and the feasibility of policy options to 
address carbon leakage.  
2.192.   The review will consider a range of options for dealing with carbon leakage. We are not pre -
empting the outcome of this review, which will consider all options against our trade and climate 
objectives. We are committed to consult ing extensively with stakeholders and will engage closely 
with the international community, including trading partners and international institutions.  
2.193.   We remain committed to exploring multilateral and plurilateral solutions to carbon leakage 
but we have to  recognize that climate measures are imperative and we understand why Members 
are taking action now. Any measures should be WTO -consistent.  
2.194.   We note that the EU CBAM policy aims to address this issue and we welcome the consultative 
approach that the EU has taken to its CBAM to date, including here at the CTE and bilaterally with 
interested Members, consistent with the central WTO principle of transparency.  
2.195.   We note that CBAM has entered its transition phase, from 1 October, and we look forward 
to further upda tes from the EU during the transitional period and in preparation for the definitive 
phase in 2026. We also look forward to working closely with the EU during this period as it refines 
the implementing regulation to minimize the cost and administrative bur den placed on businesses, 
including by maximizing inter -operability with third country systems and facilitating appropriate 
recognition of third country approaches  to tackling carbon emissions.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.196.   We are committed to working with the EU and all Members on is sues like carbon leakage, 
where trade is central to advancing our climate, environment and sustainability objectives.   
2.197.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
2.198.   We thank the EU for its presentation, which we find useful to ensure transparency and get 
more clarity about the legislations and the application of the European Green deal.  
2.199.   With regard to the proposal to revise the Waste Framework Directive, we would like to seek 
clarification on how this revision would impact manufacturer s of textiles, textile -related and footwear 
products from outside EU, especially in developing countries, and how this proposal would contribute 
to ensuring food security.  
2.200.   With regard to the proposal on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and the 
CBAM, we would like to reiterate our position that , while it  is important to address sustainability 
issues across all sectors, including trade , there is a crucial need to ensure that trade -related 
environmental measures have no harmful effects on other  countries, especially developing countries. 
These measures should take into consideration the diverse level of development of Member states 
and capacity constraints of developing countries and LDCs. These measures should avoid creating 
unnecessary or disg uised barriers to trade flows and market access, especially for developing 
countries, in order to help them increase their share in international trade, as recognized in 
paragraphs  1 and 2 of the Marrakesh Agreement.  
2.201.   As many other Members, we have concerns  with regard to these EU measures, among 
others, which will have negative effects on our exports to EU markets and may lead to an erosion of 
the preferences granted to Egyptian exports within the framework of the EU -Egypt Association 
Agreement. According t o the Relative CBAM Exposure Index of the World Bank, Egypt will be hit in 
many sectors, especially steel, iron, fertilizers and alumin ium. 
2.202.   We urge the EU to take these concerns into account in the implementation phase of these 
measures and we look forward  to continuing to engage constructively with the EU on these issues . 
2.203.   The representative of Kenya , on behalf of the ACP Group , delivered the following statement:  
2.204.   I make this intervention on behalf of the ACP Group. The ACP Group thanks the EU for its 
update s on some of the aspects of the EU Green Deal. We have taken note of the presentation on 
the key features of the proposal to revise the Waste Framework Directive to deliver more circular, 
sustainable management of textile waste and ensure that textile wast e is only exported where there 
are guarantees that the waste is managed in an environmentally sound manner.  
2.205.   We further thank the EU for providing information on the environmental aspects of the 
proposal for Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.  With respect to the overview of 
implementation of the regulation on the reporting obligations during the transition of the CBAM, we 
thank the EU for clarification of how the mechanism will apply.  
2.206.   The ACP Group looks forward to an in -depth interaction wit h the EU on 15 November on 
CBAM and the Deforestation regulations considering the concerns that we have previously raised 
with respect to the mechanism. The Group will also appreciate receiving copies of the presentations.  
2.207.   The representative of Kingdom of  Saudi Arabia  delivered the following statement:  
2.208.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would like to thank the EU for its presentation and information 
sharing. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would like to reiterate its concern over the CBAM, which has 
also been address ed under the agenda of the CTG and the CMA where Members have discussed and 
will continue to discuss in depth their views and concerns in this regard. Moreover, unilateral trade 
measures must not be accommodated. We support the concerns raised by a number of Members on 
the effects of such measures, let alone the consistency with WTO rules.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.209.   The representative s of the European Union  (F / M) responded:  
2.210.   Firstly, let me express our thanks for the many interventions and the interest in the 
measures. I will make a few comments and then my colleagues, because there are specific questions 
on CBAM, the waste regulation, and CSDDD.  
2.211.   So just to recap what we have  been saying in previous meetings, which is that it all boils 
down to our view that the question is not  if we take measures, but how we take them. It is clear 
that we are faced with an unprecedented climate and environmental challenge and this is why we 
have committed to high targets. The measures that we take are helping us to reach those targets. 
We have given very careful thinking to the how question, and that goes both for the design stage, 
but also the implementation stage. I think the numerous interve ntions and meetings that we are 
having here, including onsite meetings, are an expression of our desire to bring you along in the 
implementation stage and learn from our exchanges on that.  
2.212.   Just to recap, we have been careful in designing these measures in a non-discriminatory 
manner, trying to design measures that do not cause unnecessary burdens for trade. We have also 
tried to design them in a way taking into account what the impact is of these measures on third 
countries, and in particular we looked at d eveloping countries, certainly also SMEs. We share that 
concern.  We believe that we  have come up with ways to address that, whether it is in the way that 
the measure is designed or with capacity building. We have  also looked at the design of measures 
to align with international standards, and  sometimes these international standards are indeed not 
necessary, but we found it necessary to take action because of the urgency to take climate and 
environment measures. What is very important and dear to our heart i s that even if they  are not 
available, we want to look at that joint ly with you.  I think C BAM is a good example. We have currently 
a transitional period, and that is also a period  that we want to learn from  – a new experience being 
built.  
2.213.   What I also want  to highlight is that the single driving force, or the most important  driving 
force for the EU , to consistently propose a thematic session on how to calculate carbon content is 
precisely because we know that we are developing our measure, and we want to do  that in a way 
that the international discussion can catch up.  So maybe I will use this point as a promotion for 
finding consensus , that we should have that discussion also in the CTE, because there  is a lot to be 
discussed on these methodologies.  
2.214.   With that, I cannot do more than continu e to express our desire to engage,  to listen, and to 
work with you , but maybe Alina can take up the CBAM  questions, and then we can move to 
colleagues online.  
2.215.   Thank you everybody for your questions and comments. We ta ke note of all of them, both 
in this context and others, bilaterally.  
2.216.   First, just on the detailed question from Colombia, there is no exemption to SMEs.  That is 
not what I was trying to say. There is, however, a flexibility during the transitional period in the 
reporting where , if the emissions that need to be reported account for only 20% of the production 
process emissions, then they do  not need to be reported in a very specific case. This can be found 
in more detail in the guidance document  and we can e ven organize a bilateral meeting where we 
can discuss in detail how the methodology work s and what it looks like to clarify that point.  
2.217.   On the equivalence with other carbon pricing instruments and carbon taxes, this is 
something that will be defined in mo re detail in the coming years. So there should be an 
implementing act on this by the end of 2025, where we welcome your opinion  and you will be 
consulted. So we will inform you when this takes place.  
2.218.   In general, I  would like to stress, to answer most quest ions, that C BAM is an environmental 
policy that has been designed in a way that is WTO -compliant. It applies the same principles to 
EU producers as to foreign producers. It is a measure that does not apply to countries ; it applies to 
EU importers of these goods, who are the ones subject to the reporting, and eventually the financial 
adjustment. So just to make that clear and stress that point, it does not apply to countries, but to 
products.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.219.   That is the reason why there is maybe not a 100% mirroring of the EU ETS. We  have tried 
our best , but of course there must be some differences, because in the EU ETS the reporting is done 
by installation level , whereas in CBAM , we had to do it by product,  because otherwise the reporting 
would make no sense. You would be reporting the emissions of the whole installation, rather than 
the product, which are not representative of the actual emissions of the product. That is why we had 
to go by product  by product  to answer, I think, it was T ürkiye's question.  
2.220.   We continue to be  open and transparent and welcome your feedback, both in this context 
and in the informal expert group on C BAM. I  am glad to see so many of you observers of our group 
participating here today , and please l ook out for the updates on the regulation and furth er 
discussions.  
2.221.   I think I would also like to stress a point before letting my colleagues from the EU 
Commission intervene, which is that we want to make this as smooth as possible. We want to make 
this as easy as possible for everybody. In that exercise, t he Commission is involved both in offering 
this transitional period  and the flexibilities in the reporting, as I  have said, but also by being the 
largest environmental investor and donor in the world and helping third country producers adapt to 
CBAM. So we want to hear your concerns , we want to hear what you need, what you want , and we 
want to support you in your decarbonization, as we have done so far. CBAM is part of it, but hopefully 
a good part and not a negative p oint. That is how we see it.  
2.222.   I think  there was also a question from Japan  on a specific point on confidential information. 
Just note that the information you supply w ill not become public in any way ; it will be solely treated 
by the European Commission. I just wanted to clarify that point. T here will be no publication of this 
confidential information, of course.  
2.223.   To take up the CSDDD question, a llow me to address the very legitimate issue of the impacts 
that the CS DDD might have on  small business es. I will start by recalling that the scope of the 
proposed  directive is limited to large companies. In the Commission proposal, the scope actually 
identified two categories of companies , divided according to their size  and risk profile. Largely, this 
covers 13,000 companies in the EU and just 4,000 ou tside the EU. There are some criteria for the 
EU companies, some other criteria for non-EU companies but , in any case, the important thing is 
that small - and medium -sized enterprises are actually outside the scope of the directive.  
2.224.   So, there is already in  the design of the proposal by the Commission a  deliberate, if you 
want, even a departure or a slight departure from the approach adopted by  prevailing international 
standards, which is interestingly a point where  we can be even exposed or stigmatized for being 
divergent. But , in fact, it is precisely to  promote a balanced approach to the introduction of these 
mandatory due diligence obligations  – SMEs are excluded. Well, for a number of reasons, because 
there is a recognition of the financial administrativ e burdens of setting up due diligence processes. 
We know th at SMEs do not  have a pre -existing mechanism in place, they might lack know -how, or 
they certainly do not have dedicated personnel to specialize on this function , and, of course, the 
cost of carryi ng out  a full blown due diligence would impact them disproportionately.  
2.225.   At the same time, we do recognize that indirectly SMEs may be requested by their partners 
down the supply chain to  comply and to disclose information about the adverse impacts that the 
operation of the SMEs  might have. So the proposal from the Commission specifies dedicated support 
that the large companies in scope  should provide to their business relationships  when there are 
SMEs, whether it  is in the verification of compliance , the cost should be on the large company, even 
when i t is the independent third  party verification that  produces  or certifies the compliance.  
2.226.   When SMEs are requested by the large companies in scope to enter in to a contract, to 
provide precisely the contr act assurances, the terms of this contract ha ve to be fair, reasonable and 
non-discriminatory.  
2.227.   An additional way through which the implementation of the Directive, once adopted, will 
take into account the specific needs of SMEs is through the provision of information and support. Of 
course, this is an area that is going to be specified once the legislative process is defined  in order  to 
understand where the burden of  implementation actually lands , but in any case we know already 
that the provisions of the m easure  foresee the creation of websites, portals, platforms and measures 
to build capacity.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.228.   In all this, there is, the full openness to continue to engage, to learn together, both at the 
time of the design of the measure but , in particular , at the time of  implementation. Our intention is 
to continue to maintain through for a such as this, through bilateral channels,  through our trade 
agreements and many other platforms, an open communication to exchange, refine, and fine tune 
the design of the implementatio n of this measure for maximum  effectiveness.  
2.229.   Regarding the Waste Framework Directive,  I would like to thank the delegates for the 
interest they demonstrated in the revision of this Directive. I can respond to  some of the few points 
that were raised and com plement what my EU colleagues already  clarified in general on the approach 
of these initiatives.  
2.230.   For the textile part of the W aste Framework Directive, I would like to clarify that the  
Extended Producer Responsibility  (EPR) Schemes apply to the producers of the products that are 
put on the market for the first time in EU member states. This is clearly stated in the proposal and 
the products  that are considered for the application of the EPR schemes are indicated in the annex  
to the proposal itself.  
2.231.   The impact s that were assessed during the impact assessment considered  the entire  supply 
chain of textiles, and also look ed at import s to the EU, and as it regard s the possible treatments of 
textile waste, in particular , fibre-to-fibre technologies . In the Commission proposal , we encourage 
invest ment, especially in terms of innovative  solutions for these kinds of technologies . Further 
information will be available in a study of the European Joint Research Centre that is ongoing on the  
different treatment  of textile waste.  
2.232.   Regarding the last point on food security, the Commission proposal  aims to address food 
security as food waste has been identified already as one of the main drivers of food security from 
both supply and demand side,  and, according to the proposal, the reduction of food waste can 
contribute to an increased resilience of the  food system and to food security in general. These are , 
I think , the main points that were raised and obviously we look forward to  the implementat ion of 
this Directive whose legislative process is still ongoing.  
2.3  Global Biofuels Alliance – Recent developments  
2.233.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
2.234.   We wish to provide information on trade -related aspects of the Global Biofuels Alliance and 
present the initiative 's key features.  
2.235.   The Global Biofuels Alliance was launched last July and has been joined by 19 countries – 
accounting for more than 85% of the production and 80% of the consumption of ethanol – as well 
as 12 international organizations. Its goal is to contribute to climate efforts by establishing a global 
partnership of national governments, agencies, industries and other stakeholders to advance 
sustainable biofuels technology deployment and expand their production and usage.  
2.236.   The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that global biofuels production will need to 
triple by 2030 to put the world 's energy system on track towards net zero emissions by 2050. 
Biofuels have proven to be particularly useful in reducing emissions from transports that have few 
other mitigation options, such as trucks, planes, ships and passe nger vehicles. Liquid biofuels 
provided more than 4% of total transport energy supply in 2022 and prevented the use of nearly 
2 million barrels of oil per day.  
2.237.   Biofuels are also a direct drop -in substitute for fossil fuels compatible with existing 
infrastr ucture; provide a reliable, renewable and affordable energy source during energy crises; can 
be made using wastes and residues; and offer economic and employment opportunities for rural 
communities. They allow developing countries to engage in the global e nergy transition not only as 
consumers but as producers that benefit from international trade.  
2.238.    However, biofuel production is not on track for a net zero trajectory. Global biofuel growth 
through 2028 is projected at less than half the rate needed to help  achieve net zero emissions by 
mid-century based on current policies and market trends. Despite vast unlocked potential in many WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  parts of the world, biofuel production and use are constrained by challenges such as trade barriers, 
the need for convergent sus tainability criteria, and lack of access to technologies.  
2.239.   The Global Alliance intends to expedite the global uptake of biofuels by three main courses 
of action.  First, by identifying and helping develop markets with high potential for sustainable 
biofuels production. The alliance will offer capacity  building exercises across the value chain and 
technical support for national programs, as well as providing policy  experience  sharing. It will 
mobilize a virtual marketplace to assist industries, countries and k ey stakeholders in mapping 
demand and supply and connecting technology providers to end users.  
2.240.   Second, by fostering collaboration in the deployment of biofuels technologies. Advanced 
biofuels must grow 15 times by 2030 from 2021 levels in the IEA 's net zero trajectory estimate. 
Technology will be key to enhance land productivity and energy efficiency and to allow for processing 
different feedstocks and residues, based on the specific realities of each country.  
2.241.   Third, by promoting shared understandings on p erformance -based sustainability 
assessments and other relevant standards. More consistent and internationally recogni zed 
sustainability frameworks will allow for more coherent methodologies of measurement and reporting 
of lifecycle greenhouse gas ( GHG) reductions. It will give investors and relevant stakeholders a more 
parsable and cogent vision of the environmental value of biofuels.  
2.242.   International trade is a critical part of the landscape needed for biofuels production to expand  
in a sustainable manner . Achieving a certain threshold of commercial scale is particularly important 
to make advanced biofuels economically viable. The WTO has a key role to play in generating critical 
mass on trade -related aspects of biofuels production and usage and promoting glo bal cooperation 
toward effective sector -specific solutions.  
2.243.   We look forward to updating this Committee, in future sessions, on the activities undertaken 
by the Alliance.  
2.244.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
2.245.   The represe ntative of India delivered the following statement:  
2.246.   My delegation is pleased to provide an update on a key recent development on the formation 
of the Global Biofuels Alliance. We thank the delegation of Brazil for including this agenda in this 
CTE meeting.  
2.247.   On 9 September, the Honourable Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi announced the 
launch of the Global Biofuels Alliance at the G20 Leaders ' Summit held during India 's G20 Presidency 
in New Delhi. India, Brazil and the US are the founding members of  the Alliance. A total of 
19 countries and 12 international organizations have so far agreed to join the Alliance.  
2.248.   These include G20 members : Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, Italy, South Africa and the 
United States ; G20 invitee countries ; Bangladesh, Mauritius, Singapore and the UAE ; and also 
Finland, Guyana, Iceland, Kenya, Paraguay, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Uganda. The I os include the 
World Bank, Asian Development Bank, World Economic Forum, World LPG Organization, UN Energy 
for All, UNIDO, Biofutures Platform, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Energy 
Agency, International Energy Forum, International Renewable Energy  Agency and the World Biogas 
Association.  
2.249.   The Alliance intends to expedite the global uptake of biofuels through facilitating technology 
advancements, intensifying utilization of sustainable biofuels, and shaping robust standard -setting 
and certification t hrough the participation of a wide spectrum of stakeholders. The Alliance will also 
act as a central repository of knowledge and an expert hub.  
2.250.   The Global Biofuels Alliance aims to serve as a catalytic platform, fostering global 
collaboration for the adva ncement and widespread adoption of biofuels. Along with the delegations 
of Brazil and the United States, we look forward to providing further updates on this important global 
initiative to the WTO membership in due course . WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  2.251.   The representative of  the United States  delivered the following statement : 
2.252.   Biofuels remain an important part of the solution on our shared commitment to deploy 
cleaner, greener fuels around the world that help meet our climate and decarbonization goals. The 
United States remains a global leader in the production, consumption and suppl y of sustainable 
biofuels around the world.  
2.253.   In June 2023, President Biden welcomed Prime Minister Modi to the White House where they 
noted biofuels' importance to decarbonizing the transportation sector and b oth leaders lauded the 
creation of the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA), where President Biden noted the United States would 
be a founding member.  
2.254.   The support of the GBA by the United States was further emphasized when President Biden 
joined other global le aders to launch the GBA on the margins of the G20 Leaders' Summit in 
September 2023.  
2.255.   One of the major components of the GBA is recognizing biofuels are proven renewable, low 
carbon fuels that are commercially available and can already be produced at scale.  Further, that 
both conventional and advanced biofuels can spur domestic growth and supports countries' 
sustainable development goals.  
2.256.   The GBA also recognized the benefits of global biofuels trade , which c omplement s domestic 
energy production, provides su pply stability, and supports energy security through a diversified 
supply chain.  
2.257.   We thank Brazil and India for raising this topic and allowing the United States the opportunity 
to also stress our support for the GBA and the benefits of expanding role of gl obal biofuels to meet 
our decarbonization goals.  
2.258.   We look forward to continue working with other Member countries to further expand the 
organization al structure and next steps of the GBA.  
2.259.   The representative of Canada  delivered the following statement:  
2.260.   Canada supports the objectives of the G lobal Biofuels Alliance  to foster the development and 
global trade of sustainable biofuels and looks forward to contributing as an observer to this important 
international effort.  
2.261.   Canada welcomes the opportunity to engag e with the Alliance, which aligns with our global 
clean energy commitments and our interest in enhancing biofuel use, and to share and learn from 
the collective expertise of its members.  
2.262.   Canada will continue to seek opportunities for synergy with existing initiatives and potential 
collaboration that reflect our national and international interests in sustainable energy and climate 
solutions.  
3  MEMBERS' SUGGESTIONS AND PROPOSALS  
3.1  Consideration of recent proposals  
3.1.1   The role of transfer of technology in resilience building: Climate change mitigation 
and adaptation ( African Group, WT/CTE/W/254 ) and the principles guiding the 
development and implementation of trade -related environmental measures (African 
Group, WT/CTE/W/255 ) 
3.1.  The representative of Egypt , on behalf of the African Group , delivered the following statement:  
3.2.  I am delivering this statement on behalf of the African Group and to present the relevant 
document.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.3.  The African Group has submitted a set of paper on technology transfer and its relation t o the 
different areas of work in the WTO. We have presented the other submissions in the relevant 
subsidiary bodies and today I am going to present the paper contained in WT/CTE/W/254  regarding 
the role of technology transfer in climate change mitigation  and adaptation. This paper should be 
read in conjunction with other African Group submissions on technology transfer as they relate to 
the bigger submission on "Policy  space for industrial development".  
3.4.  As you all know, technology transfer is an integral part of the UNFCCC and a key element to 
achiev ing growth and sustainable development. It is a crucial mean s of implementation, in addition 
to capacity building and finance, to allow developing countries to implement their climate 
commitments and objectives.  
3.5.  In the last few years, trade and environment, especially trade and climate, have gained 
momentum, with an  increased tension over the interface between trade and environmental 
regulations, particularly because of the use of environmental measures to gain trade advantage. 
This debate centres to a large extent around the concerns of the developing countries, who se 
products and services could be the subject of protectionist measures on the pretext of protection of 
environment.  
3.6.  In this regard, the African Group's paper present s a number of key issues in the context of 
technology transfer and climate change that the  CTE can address and discuss, with a view to mak ing 
recommendations for adoption in MC13. These issues are  as follows : 
• First, a ssessment of the Trade -Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 
Agreement to enhance technology transfer for d iffusion of climate change technologies, 
including compulsory licensing, together with the support mechanisms under the UNFCCC to 
access climate -friendly technologies needed, not only to support adaptation and mitigation 
efforts in the agricultural, LULUCF , and energy sectors, but also to enable cleaner production 
and consumption patterns in other industries and sectors of the economy.  
Colleagues might ask why we should discuss this here, if this has to do with the TRIPS 
Agreement and , before the question c omes from the floor, I would say that it has to do with 
climate change and our ability here to deal with the interface , interplay and relationship 
between trade and environment. There is no better place than the CTE to have the discussions 
under your chair manship, Chair.  
• Secondly, f acilitate and promote development and transfer of environmentally sound 
technology (EST), including financial commitments to ensure access to such technology, and 
investments in environmental projects.  
Another concern that might come up from the floor is how can the CTE address financial -
related issues or financing? I believe that it is part of the WTO's functions to work in coherence 
with other international organizations and relevant bodies and there are a lot out there who 
are discussing financing as far as climate is concerned. So, we have to mind our business here 
and try to connect with those international organizations as far as our business here is 
concerned.  
• Third, c reation of a Trade and Environment Fund with objectives s uch as facilitating transfer 
of EST at reasonable prices by funding the incremental costs of sourcing both proprietary and 
non-proprietary EST through licensing and other mechanisms.  
The question that might come up from the floor is how can we do this here ? Very simply, 
through thematic discussions that we can adopt in this Committee with regular focus and 
attention to discussing the matter and trying to agree certain recommendations, hopefully 
before MC13.  
• Finally, on Special and Differential Treatment for  developing and least developed country 
Members , including through technical and financial assistance programmes.  
The question of how can we deal with S&DT as far as climate change is concerned? We have 
to be mindful of our call here and in other subsidiar y bodies where climate change is being WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 29 - 
 
  discussed as far as it relates to trade and I would recall that we are the defendants or we call 
on the membership to embrace the Common but Differentiated Responsibilit ies principle, so 
we have to dive deep and discu ss this in our deliberations, again through thematic sessions.  
3.7.  Chair, t he paper also proposes a set of questions that could foster discussions among Members,  
and all these questions could be taken up in thematic discussions under the umbrella of this 
Comm ittee. Trying to find answers to those questions will benefit the discussions and the 
membership in this Committee in so far as technology transfer is concerned and as far as climate 
change is concerned and as far as building our resilience to face these c hallenges is concerned, of 
course according and within the mandate of this Committee. The first question that we shall be 
trying to focus on and find an answer to is : 
• How we promote sustainable technological change in a manner that enables not only transfe r 
but diffusion of such technology, achieving radical – and not just incremental – sustainable 
technological change, and addressing distributional concerns and impacts?  
• Second, h ow can we ensure that environmental finance to developing and least developed 
countries is strengthened and materialize d to ensure that it is appropriate and adequate to 
allow developing countries including LDCs to meet the incremental costs arising from green 
technologies and global environmental challenges?  
• Third, how can we ensure that environmental -related technical assistance, capacity building 
and skills transfer are fit for purpose to build the capacity for resilient economies in developing 
and least developed countries, and to help them meet their economic development and 
environmental protection needs?  
• Fourth, h ow could technology transfer help developing countr y Members  secure and retain a 
decent market share in the export markets that develop or adopt unilateral trade -related 
measures, specifically in the context of carbo n pricing and circularity?  
• Finally, h ow could we  build deeper coherence and coordination at the international level so 
that WTO Members could benefit from , and add value to , relevant initiatives like those 
supported by the Technology Executive Committee and its rolling work plan for 2023 -2027, 
and the Climate Technology Cent re and Network (CTCN).  
3.8.  In conclusion, Chair, we look forward to discuss ing the elements included in thi s paper with 
Members, including how best to ensure synergy between this paper and the questions therein and 
other papers presented on this topic  from other Members . I hope that was enough to explain and 
capture everything that this document is aspiring to do. 
3.9.  The representative of South Africa , on behalf of the African Group , delivered the following 
statement:   
3.10.  I deliver this statement on behalf of the African Group. Our submission was tabled at the GC 
meeting on 24 -25 January 2023 and we welcome the opportunity to introduce this submission at 
the CTE and to engage in this discussion on guiding principles towards the development and 
implementation of environment -related trade measures.  
3.11.  We believe there is need for a better understanding of the relation ship between trade, 
development and the environment so as to better understand the links and the role international 
trade can play.  
3.12.  As we reflect on the relationship between trade and environment, we are concerned by the 
growing trend of using unilateral t rade measures to pursue environment and climate goals, some of 
which go beyond national borders and have an extra territorial  reach. These unilateral measures 
cover a wide range of globally traded goods and will have far reaching impacts on exports from 
developing and LDCs, with a detrimental impact on Africa 's competitiveness.  
3.13.  The unilateral trade measures not only undermine the basic principle of Common but 
Differentiated Responsibilit ies (CBDR) but can also have a distortive effect on international trade 
and restrict the market access of developing countries and LDCs , which will have an adverse impact WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 30 - 
 
  on the economic and social development in developing countries and LDCs, reducing any prospects 
for their development.  
3.14.  Beyond trade, the unilateral measures could have implications for investment, industrial 
development, and job creation. The distributional impact will be huge and the administrative and 
compliance burden and cost for exporting will require adequate systems, controls, and procedures 
and these w ill be difficult and prohibitive for most developing countries.  
3.15.  Some of these unilateral measures have implications on the composition and dynamics of 
entire value chains.  There will also be implications for millions of small farmers producing agricultural  
commodities as they will now face the challenge of assuring buyers that they have produced 
commodities legally.  
3.16.  Environmental requirements are increasing frequently and affect predictability in international 
trade. To this extent, the Africa n Group seeks to ensure that the climate agenda and any 
environment and climate -related trade measures do not constitute arbitrary or disguised restrictions 
or unjustifiable  discrimination in international trade, thereby creating competitive disadvantages for 
developing countries and LDCs.  
3.17.  In addition, the Africa n Group seeks to ensure that Members are not shifting the responsibility 
of meeting their own nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to other Members. Developing 
countries lack the funds to cope wit h adaptation needs, yet it is developing countries that are paying 
the price. Developing countries need predictable and accessible climate financing, climate mitigation 
ambitions must be supported by financial adaptation ambitions. Measures like capacity b uilding, 
technical assistance, environmental finance, and technology transfer should be strengthened, 
adequate, and fit for purpose to allow developing countries and LDCs to meet the incremental 
obligations and costs arising from global environmental issue s and to build resilient economies.  
3.18.  Through the submission, th e African Group's priority is therefore to:  
i. refocus discussions on trade and environment to ensure a better understanding of the 
relationship between trade, development , and the environment so a s to better 
understand the links and the role international trade can play;  
ii. address the harmful impacts of trade on the environment, while recogni zing the needs 
of developing countries;  
iii. ensure that WTO discussions on sustainability respect the CBDR princip le and that any 
environmental measures are subject to multilateral discussions and agreement and 
are not unilateral, arbitrary, or discriminatory;  and 
iv. ensure predictable and accessible climate financing, and fit for purpose capacity 
building, technical ass istance, and technology transfer to allow developing countries 
and LDCs to meet the increasing environmental obligations and costs and to build 
resilient economies.  
3.19.  Given the importance of global environmental challenges, now is the time for the WTO to 
focus on these difficult environmental issues and concerns.  Now is also the time for the CTE to 
improve its functioning to ensure that it is better able to meet its mandate and work programme , 
and to enhance the role of the CTE to promote a better understandi ng of the relationship between 
trade and environmental policies, rather than establishing binding environmental regulations.  
3.20.  We look forward to active and focused engagement on these issues, and the Africa n Group 
trusts this  Committee and other relevant bo dies will earnestly consider the issues raised . 
3.21.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.22.  We welcome the African Group paper, WT/CTE/W/254 . This paper also raises the importance 
of transfer of technology and how ESTs can help address  the challenge of climate change facing the 
world. When we talk about the WTO being part of the solution in trade and environment discussions, 
often times it is forgotten that technology transfer is a key lever in the WTO arsenal to address WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 31 - 
 
  problems of glo bal commons and in reducing global inequalities. We warmly welcome the African 
Group paper and look forward to working towards common and meaningful outcomes on this subject 
for MC13.  
3.23.  On the paper WT/CTE/W/255  from the African Group, this is again a time ly reminder that 
those who have benefitted from the fruits of economic development may now be dabbling in 
industrial and trade policies, which kick the development ladder out from under those who joined 
the race to socio -economic prosperity with a lag. Our  paper, JOB/TE/78/Rev.1 , also talks about the 
perils of trade -restrictive, unilateral, extra territorial  and protectionist environment and 
climate -related trade measures. We share many of the concerns presented by the African  Group.  
3.24.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.25.  The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
3.26.  On the first document, WT/CTE/W/254 , Argentina, along with the African Group, believes that 
adaptation should ta ke place using a number of different strategies, such as diversification of 
production, prevention or risk management, development of infrastructure and so on and so forth. 
Technology here plays a central role in implementation and Argentina is concerned b y the increasing 
gaps in terms of revenues and in terms of knowledge that is held by different countries and so we 
very much support the proposed work put forward by the African Group within the context of the 
TRIPS Agreement in order to improve technology  transfer in the context of climate change.  
3.27.  Argentina did have a specific comment on paragraph 2.1(a) of the African Group's 
communication when reference is made to technology transfer. Here, Argentina believes that 
technologies are not necessarily in the mselves good or bad but rather that depends on their usage 
and the use that is made by Members of them. So, we would call for prudence in terms of what 
technology would qualify as "positive" or "negative" for the climate because quite often it depends 
on the use of that instrument.  
3.28.  About document WT/CTE/W/255 , Argentina thinks it is necessary to broach discussions on 
environmental issues from a holistic standpoint, taking into account the interests and challenges of 
developing countries. To that end, we ar e of the view that the discussions on the principles governing 
such relation is a discussion which the WTO should make, with two aims: that is, to give a legal 
certainty to all operators and, secondly, to help contribute to international equity in trade. W e 
therefore support the African Group's document to discuss principles within the ambit of this 
Committee.  
3.29.  The representative of Colombia  delivered  the following statement:  
3.30.  We should like to express our thanks to the African Group for the documents and the  
presentations that they have shared with us today. We should like to support them and welcome 
some of the ideas that have been put forward in those two documents. W e are interested in looking 
in more detail to technology transfer and sustainable developme nt in the context of the TRIP S 
flexibilities and we welcome the proposals from the African Group.  
3.31.  It is clear that developing countries have been looking to proactively identify the technologies 
that they need in order to ensure the transition for their economies towards sustainable development 
and to ensure low  carbon emissions and I think those efforts are laudable though they are not 
sufficient, especially in the era of renewable energy and development and technology transfer.  
3.32.  These priorities a re very much in line with global objectives to mitigate climate change and 
to build a more sustainable future. These climate change needs have been identified by a number 
of developing countries in the context of the Paris Agreement and the prioritization of technologies 
relating to climate, in particular, those that are mature already is a pragmatic approach that we can 
take and this prioritization I think reflects the need for practical and affordable solutions, which can 
be easily implemented in order to  accelerate climate action.  
3.33.  The sector -based approach, such as energy, transport, agriculture and water and 
infrastructure are going to be integral to overcome the challenges that are being faced by developing 
countries such as my own and also the importance of technology in order to  address these.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 32 - 
 
  3.34.  We have also seen differences in priorities with regard to technology transfer between the 
different regions, especially the importance of having a specific approach for each region and this 
diversity on a regional level highlights the dif ferent challenges and opportunities that exist in these 
different regions and the development of technological action plans as a result of these assessments 
within the Paris Agreement can be reflected in the commitments undertaken by countries and the 
implementation of priority technologies.  
3.35.  A high number of technological -related actions look to provide assistance in areas such as 
financial resources, capacity building and awareness raising. The requests for technical assistance, 
which have been submitted and which are at the heart of the climate change technologies, 
demonstrate that there is an ongoing need and demand for these technologies in the circular 
economy and solar energy , as well as photovoltaic energy. These requests which are currently being 
examined in the Paris Agreement very much emphasize the importance of cooperation on an 
international level and the importance of exchanging knowledge in order to ensure that we can 
address these complex topics.  
3.36.  The presentation underlines the fact that the se policies and measures which seek to overcome 
environmental challenges should also contribute to overcoming these challenges for development, 
which are faced by WTO Members, especially developing Members such as my own, and especially 
how this relates to  health, nutrition, food security, livelihoods and access to energy.  
3.37.  I would like to finish on that first document and move on to the second document. On the 
document regarding principles ( WT/CTE/W/255 ), for Colombia, this document is very important 
because it looks at Colombia's concerns as well. For Colombia, as well as being in agreement with 
some of the guidelines presented in the document, the document strongly believes in the need for 
initial discussions on the principles and parameters that should guide discussions on trade and 
environment in the WTO.  
3.38.  The main principles that have been listed here by the African Group, which we believe to be 
very relevant for these discussions, are: the principle of cooperation on an international level, 
emphasizin g the collaborative approaches, which are consistent for transparency, as well as ensuring 
effective participation and inclusion in domestic policies which contribute to global environmental 
goals; the principle of CBDR and different capacities, which ensu res equity and justice in terms of 
implementation of trade policies; the principle of non-discrimination to promote an open trading 
system that facilitates sustainable trade; and the principle of prevention when designing policies 
that will guarantee the p roper use of scientific evidence and the recognition of the various priorities 
and needs of developing countries and avoiding adverse aspects and other economic impacts as 
much as possible. These principles should be reflected in the design of policies rel ating to trade and 
environment.  
3.39.  With regard to possible next steps, we think that the Committee is going along the right path 
and we think that these thematic sessions have been extremely useful and we would very much like 
to see those continue. We think i t is very important to continue welcoming experts to contribute to 
discussions and the plan of action that is being put forward.  
3.40.  The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
3.41.  I will comment on both African Group papers, starti ng with paper WT/CTE/W/254 . We would 
like to thank the African Group for the presentation on this paper and its engagement in other 
WTO bodies on this topic.  
3.42.  Issues involving technology transfer are often discussed at the Working Group on Trade and 
Techno logy Transfer as well as other councils and bodies. I think, given that, the African Group has 
raised this paper across multiple venues and we would be interested to hear more about how the 
African Group plans to take this work forward and what it envision s the role of the CTE to be in this 
work. In that vein, I do appreciate the distinguished delegate from Egypt pre -empting many of the 
questions that I was going to raise in this intervention, so I appreciate those responses.  
3.43.  We note that it is valuable to talk about Members' different goals and policy approaches to 
trade and environmental policy issues. By discussing our respective approaches, Members can work WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 33 - 
 
  together to better identify specific opportunities to address particular development needs as rela tes 
to trade and environment issues.  
3.44.  In our view, i t is not the role of the WTO to finance technology transfer, nor would we support 
establishing a fund in this instance. Rather, we would encourage developing countries to strengthen 
their domestic protections for intellectual property through legislative a nd regulatory reform, and 
address barriers for businesses seeking to import technologies, which are essential for purchasers 
and governments seeking to purchase environmental technologies from companies.  
3.45.  We do encourage those Members seeking to benefit fro m technology advancements to engage 
under the relevant deliberations at the UNFCCC Technology Executive Council and the C TCN.  
3.46.  Before turning to the next paper, with respect to S&DT, as our Egyptian colleague raised, in 
our view, flexibility must be determ ined on a case -by-case basis. As a final point that I think has 
been raised in a few different interventions: the United States does not recognize the principle of 
CBDR in the WTO.  
3.47.  Finally, moving on to paper WT/CTE/W/255 , we agree with the African Group  that the CTE 
should remain focused on the relationship between trade and environmental measures, and to 
ensure that trade rules and environmental policies are mutually supportive.  
3.48.  We have voiced concern previously when certain Members have chosen to use t he CTE as a 
means of notifying measures to the WTO. We maintain that notification or deliberation on  a specific 
trade concern is not the role for the CTE, and relevant measures should be notified to the pertinent 
committee or body at the WTO. This could in clude, for example, the Committee s on Market Access  
or Import Licensing, or other bodies focused on trade and not just the TBT Committee.  
3.49.  We have a few comments on the African Group's recommendations for the improved 
functioning of the CTE . We are very muc h supportive of the "reform by doing" ethos and so we would 
encourage the African Group to engage in those types of discussions .  
3.50.  I think that we can all agree that this is a Member -led Organization, so it is really up to us to 
drive these types of convers ations forward as we work to maintain the relevance of the WTO. Some 
of this work is taking place in the plurilateral efforts,  in the TESSD,  and in  the DPP , so we do think 
that once those discussions have reached a certain level that they can be moved  back into the CTE 
and into regular committee work.  
3.51.  We welcome the recognition by the African Group that there needs to be better coordination 
within and between the WTO committees, with the increasing relevance of environmental concerns 
in trade measures – this coordination will only become more important in the coming years.  
3.52.  Finally, we had a very interesting inaugural thematic session this morning. I thought that it 
was a very fascinating discussion and so we would encourage the African Group to engage as 
proactively as they can in these types of deliberations moving forward.  
3.53.  The representative of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.54.  The United Kingdom thanks the African Group for their paper and agr ees of the importance 
of prioritizing the interests of developing countries in our work at the CTE. We know that Members 
have a genuine concern about the use of environmental measures that affect trade, and the UK 
takes these seriously and notes that they are emerging at a time when achieving the SDGs by 2030 
is already at risk.  
3.55.  The need to take ambitious climate action will only become more crucial. The CTE should 
continue to be a forum for promoting transparency and discussing how to best promote 
environ mental ambition and minimize trade friction, particularly for developing countries. There is 
also an important role for cross -committee join -up where relevant, and with intergovernmental 
organizations, the private sector, and other experts.  
3.56.  There is signif icant alignment between these suggestions and those proposed by the UK in 
our communication on revitalizing the CTE in June. However, we would question some elements in WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 34 - 
 
  the paper, specifically the statement that the CTE is going beyond its mandate or that the CTE and 
plurilateral initiatives are being used to expand the use of certain environmental measures. These 
fora do not establish binding commitments and measures. The work of the CTE is Member -driven 
and discussions rightly reflect the current prioriti es of Members.  
3.57.  More substantively, we question the idea of placing further conditions on Members ' right to 
regulate for the environment. Members have the sovereignty to take measures in the pursuit of 
environmental goals, and we should be careful not to tr y and create competition between 
environmental and trade objectives,  but instead work on promoting coherence.  
3.58.  Finally,  we do  not see a list of principles as the most important framework for future 
discussions, as they risk taking us away from more practic al, bottom -up work needed on promoting 
sustainable trade, designing policy measures effectively,  and elevating trade barriers at the nexus 
of trade and the environment. We also need to acknowledge that many of these principles covered 
cannot simply be take n out of one context and directly applied to trade. That being said, the paper 
calls to maintain non-discrimination  as a cornerstone of environmental policymaking, and the UK 
agrees that all such measures must comply with this key WTO principle . 
3.59.  The repres entative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
3.60.  We will also just comment briefly on the WT/CTE/W/254  and WT/CTE/W/255  papers  together. 
Thank you to the African Group and Egypt for presenting paper WT/CTE/W/254 , which addresses 
the important issues of transfer, technology,  and climate change.  
3.61.  It is important and timely that all countries lo ok to strengthen their climate change mitigation 
and adaptation approaches. We firmly believe that trade and the multilateral trading system can and 
must be part of the solution for the environmental challenges posed by climate change.  We recognize 
the rol e technology can play in addressing global challenges.  
3.62.  We also understand the role technology can play as a facilitator for economic development, 
particularly for LDCs. Trade has been a key mechanism through which new innovations in one 
country are able to proliferate globally for many centuries.  So there is certainly a role for the WTO 
in this discussion.  
3.63.  Technology transfer is contingent on private industries ' proactive engagement as well. 
Incentivizing private industry to engage in such a technol ogy transfer requires countries to have the 
right market conditions, including the necessary implementing  infrastructure and a reliable and 
enforceable market framework that adequately protects intellectual property.  
3.64.  To assist further discussions on these  important issues, we would like to encourage experience 
sharing. We believe discussions could be difficult to have in the abstract.  The more that we can focus 
in on some concrete case studies and examples, the more constructive our discussions will be abl e 
to be. We are grateful to the African Group for bringing this paper. We look forward to the valuable 
dialogue that will emerge from this.  
3.65.  Regarding the  WT/CTE/W/255  paper, thank you, South Africa, for the intervention and 
presentation of the African G roup paper. We welcome that paper and we are considering the issues 
it raises alongside those raised by other Members ' proposals on trade -related environmental issues.  
3.66.  We are committed to working with Members on these important issues, where trade can assi st 
in advancing our climate, environment, and sustainability objectives, including to address the 
particular needs of developing countries. We encourage Members to continue working through the 
WTO and other multilateral for a, including the OECD and the Co alition of Trade Ministers on Climate, 
to ensure maximum consistency of environmental measures with open trade objectives.  
3.67.  We welcome other recent papers, including of the African Group, to reinvigorate CTE 
discussions. We also see value in the constructiv e discussions that we have been having at TESSD 
and the DPP about these current issues, which are open to all Members to participate in.  
3.68.  We note that the different CTE papers demonstrate that there are divergences between WTO 
Members on how best to address  trade-related environmental climate measures in the WTO. It is WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  for this reason that we strongly support not only reinvigoration of the CTE, but the general need for 
enhanced deliberation on trade and climate measures, including by Ministers at MC13.  
3.69.  As other Members have said, we welcome the first thematic discussion of the CTE this morning 
and thank the Chair and Members for pursuing that line of work, and look forward to the next one.  
3.70.  The representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela  delivered  the following statement:  
3.71.  I refer to document WT/CTE/W/255  and I would like to thank the African Group for the 
document . Unilateral environmental measures c an have implications for and an impact on 
investment, ind ustrial development and job creation in developing countries . We are also concerned 
that unilateral environmental measures run the risk of being used as a justification for technical 
barriers to trade, and limit the effective participation of our countries , which suffer from a lack of 
technology and financial assistance.  
3.72.  Our countries are already affected not only by climate -related disasters but also because of 
COVID -19 and its impact on our economies.  Therefore, we ask the  developed countries to take int o 
account the realities of our countries at a point in time when unilateral  environmental measure s are 
being changed into technical barriers to trade.  
3.73.  The representative of Kenya , on behalf of the ACP Group , delivered the following statement:  
3.74.  I make this i ntervention on behalf of the ACP Group and will comment on both papers by the 
African Group. The ACP Group commends the African Group for submitting the papers 
WT/CTE/W/254  and 255, as introduced by Egypt and South Africa respectively, and supports the 
proposals.  
3.75.  With respect to WT/CTE/W/254 , we particularly share the concerns raised in paragraph 1.6 
of this paper and we support that, for  MC13, a detailed programme of discussion should be held to 
examine each of the elements concerning technologies for developing countries and WTO rules that 
facilitate climate -resilient technologies in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptatio n.  
3.76.  However, such a discussion should keep paramount the flexibilities and context of what is 
also needed to support developing countries and LDCs. This means that indeed all measures 
designed or put forward for environmental purposes must not be arbitrary  or unjustifiable 
discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade, especially the trade of our Members 
and other similarly situated developing countries.  
3.77.  In this category, unilateral actions in the name of addressing climate change and ot her 
environmental threats before us are particularly problematic. Points raised in this submission 
resonate with the nexus elaborated in the African Group 's suggestion in WT/CTE/W/255 , and in 
particular principles to: (1) ensure a better understanding of  the relationship between trade, 
development and environment, to better understand the links and the role that international trade 
can play; and (2) ensure environmental measures do not create a competitive disadvantage for 
developing countries or negative ly affect developing countries, including LDCs; and 
(3) environmental concerns should not be used as justification for TBTs.  
3.78.  Proper implementation and operationalization of the special and differential treatment given 
to developing countries should be pro vided in this context to ensure that developing countries ' 
market share is not negatively affected. There should be a concerted effort in the CTE to take account 
of the natural methods and traded products in developing countries that are environmentally fr iendly 
and adapted. This is an opportunity for all WTO Members. These products should be supported and 
there should not be additional constraints on trade in these products.  
3.79.  We agree with the paper that domestic climate goals must be a priority as well. A s we are not 
the main transgressor causing the damage to our earth, we are retaining the development of our 
traditional products that even some developed countries have been seeking to acquire and adapt to 
their context. This context should be positively r ecognized in the CTE discussion.  
3.80.  The standards under consideration globally should include those standards that engender our 
products and usages as part of the global solutions and harmonization of standards. As highlighted WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  by the African Group, due to the  challenges related to harmonization, developing countries and LDCs 
will greatly benefit from the opportunity to comment on and shape emerging environmental 
standards and regulations that impact market access. The CTE could play a pivotal role in this rega rd 
in work on how to facilitate mutual recognition of existing standards in place in developing countries 
and LDCs.  
3.81.  The representative of Canada  delivered the following statement:  
3.82.  Canada would like to first thank the African Group for both of t heir present ations. Briefly, we 
recognize the transformative potential of technology transfer in enabling climate resilience and are 
committed to engaging in constructive discussions at the WTO on these issues.  
3.83.  We look forward to working collaboratively with Members o n trade policies that reflect our 
shared commitment to address climate change.  
3.84.  The representative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
3.85.  Thank you to the African Group for both of the proposals. I would like to make a brief comment 
on both of the pap ers. Firstly, on technology transfer, while we certainly can recognize the 
importance of technology transfer for development, we believe we should base our discussions on 
the recognition that intellectual property rights are not a barrier to the disseminat ion of 
environmental technologies but rather play a central role in incentivizing research and development 
to produce such technologies. Therefore, we would advocate pursuing an evidence -based discussion 
on what is effective in promoting technology transfe r to developing countries.  
3.86.  As the African Group proposal notes, we already have to support climate -related technology 
transfer, the technology and finance mechanisms that already exist under the UNFCCC and the Paris 
Agreement. We would have concerns about proposals that could duplicate work and should consider 
how the WTO can contribute without overlapping with other initiatives.  
3.87.  With regard to the paper, WT/CTE/W/255 , we would note that CBDR is an important principle 
of the UNFCCC but not a principle of the WTO. We believe it is not the same as S&DT within the WTO 
either. Therefore, to conclude, we do believe that these discussions within the CTE should be both 
active and constructive, and we  do hope that through our further discussions we can encourage 
greater mutual understanding and enhanced contribution to addressing environmental issues.  
3.88.  The representative of Norway  delivered the following statement:  
3.89.  Norway would also like to thank the Af rican Group for these two papers and to Egypt and 
South Africa respectively for the presentations. We will focus our remarks on document 
WT/CTE/W/254  on technology transfer.  
3.90.  Norway believes that the development and transfer of technology is a key part o f climate 
change mitigation and adaptation. It is, however, also a complicated issue and the key proposals 
described in the document could be discussed individually at length. Norway agrees with the African 
Group that tech transfer is needed to support nat ional action on climate change globally. In this 
regard, international trade plays a key role to spread the technology through low -emission 
environmental goods and services. Norway gives a higher priority to the deployment of renewable 
energy technologies in our bilateral and multilateral development cooperation.  
3.91.  To facilitate an increase in trade in environmental goods and services, which can help mitigate 
climate change, we as WTO Members must work together to further strengthen the multilateral 
efforts seeking to ensure transparency and access to information on applicable regulatory 
frameworks.  
3.92.  In general, it is Norway's view that the most efficient transfer of technology takes place 
through private investments. A good investment cli mate is crucial to foster incoming investment. 
The same goes in general for strong protection of intellectual property rights. Governments should 
strive to create incentives for technology transfer, both incoming technology and also developed 
countries to foster the transfer our of our countries of technology.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.93.  In this work, it is important that we ensure that the interests of developing and least 
developed Members be taken duly into account and we are willing to discuss concrete challenges 
that developing countries may have in order to attract incoming investments with new technology.  
3.94.  Norway welcomes the constructive discussions here in the CTE and other bodies on issues in 
the context of tech transfer and climate change.   
3.95.  The representative of Jamaica  delivered the following statement:  
3.96.  The delegation of Jamaica wishes to thank the African Group for its proposal with respect to 
paper WT/CTE/W/255 . As a small island developing state, Jamaica is familiar with the challenges 
posed by climate change and natur al hazards, which have serious implications for our trade and 
development.  
3.97.  On 30 October, Jamaica experienced a magnitude 5.4 earthquake that caused minimal 
structural damage to a few infrastructures around the island, a jolting reminder of the country's 
vulnerability to natural hazards. It is unfortunate, however, that three days later Nepal would also 
experience a 5.7 magnitude earthquake, which resulted in 157 deaths and extensive damage to 
buildings.  
3.98.  In this context, Jamaica holds the view that the di scussions on the issue of trade and 
environment are indeed critical. However , these discussions , as they are currently being debated 
and pursued in the CTE, could have far  reaching implications for developing countries. Of particular 
concern are the unilat eral environmental measures being pursued by some countries, which are 
being implemented with little consideration of their potential impact on developing countries.  
3.99.  As we did at the Senior Officials Meeting  held last month , we wish to reiterate Jamaica's view 
that the CTE remains the standing forum dedicated to dialogue among Member states on the 
relationship between trade and environmental measures , as stated in paragraph 14 of the MC12 
outcome document.  
3.100.   Therefore , the approach to the trade and environment discussions, in line with the CTE 
mandate and work programme, requires a holistic, development -oriented and inclusive approach 
that comprehends the complex relationship between trade, environment and sustainable 
development, taking into account the interests and challenges of developing countries.  
3.101.   The representative of Singapore  delivered the following statement:  
3.102.   Singapore would like to join others in thanking the African Group for its papers. Singapore 
agrees that  technology transfer can play an important role in addressing climate change. However, 
it is also important that any technology transfer we promote at the WTO is done on mutually agreed 
terms that preserve the incentives for innovation.  
3.103.   The leaps we have taken in the development of environmentally sound technologies can be 
attributed to a predictable IP ecosystem that has promoted innovation. Hence, we must strike a 
careful balance and ensure that we do not inadvertently undermine the predictability of the  WTO 
and IP ecosystem.  
3.104.   Any technology transfer partnership will need to be complemented with the necessary 
absorptive capacity, infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks in order to be successful. Hence, it 
is equally important that Members ensure that we  have the right domestic frameworks and 
conditions in place to enable these  transfer s.  
3.105.   Briefly, o n paper WT/CTE/W/255 , while guiding principles can be helpful and important in 
ensuring that trade -related environment measures will be WTO -consistent, we would just like to 
caution against entering protracted discussions on which principles should or should not be included. 
Some of the principles and issues listed in this paper , such as green financing  and CBDR,  have been 
debated in other international fora, such as the UNFCCC , and we should minimi ze duplication of 
discussions where possible. This will allow us to focus on the crux of the issue here, which is to 
develop and implement trade -related environment measures that promote sustainable development.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.106.   The representative of Nicaragua  delivered the following statement:  
3.107.   We make this statement on the African Group 's documents , the guiding principles for the 
development and implementation of trade -related environmental measures, in WT/CTE/W/255 . 
3.108.   Nicaragua  should like to state that we agree with the African Group in recognizing  that the 
link between trade and the environment re presents a challenge for developing Members. We echo 
the concern s expressed by many Members in this Committee and in other WTO fora with regard to 
the fact that the c limate agenda and the measures implemented relating  to the environment not b e 
used by deve loping countries to push forward unilateral protectionist measures, creating competitive 
disadvantages or limiting competition to the detriment of countries that are unable to comply with 
these rules immediately . 
3.109.   Environmental measures that are adopted should be compatible with the needs and concerns 
of all countries, in line with their different levels of development . In order to make real , true changes, 
these should go in line with the commitments undertaken  in multilateral agreements both at an 
environme ntal level as well as with regards to trade.  
3.110.   We would urge Members to keep in mind  the principle of CBDR  and also the Policy of Climate 
Justice with Reparations submitted by Nicaragua at the UN General Assembly in 2015, considering 
that developing countrie s are suffering the consequences of a phenomenon that we have been the 
cause of . 
3.111.   Nicaragua supports what was expressed by the African Group in document WT/CTE/W/255 , 
in paragraph 5.3, urging developed Members to align their responsibilit ies on climate change, tak e 
actions that include financial and technological support  in favo ur of developing Members , and to 
allow for climate change adaptation and mitigat ion of its effects.  
3.112.   We re call Members of this Committee that Nicaragua is considered the sixth most vulnerable 
country to the consequences of climate change, according to the 2019 Global Climate  Change  Risk 
Index . However,  Nicaragua represents on ly 0.02% o f global GHG emissions, according to the 
emissions database for the Global Atmospheric Conditions Report of 2018 . 
3.113.   The representative of Egypt , on behalf of the African Group , responded to the statements 
made by Members:  
3.114.   Thank you to all the Members and col leagues who have taken the floor to comment on the 
African Group submissions. As far as technology transfer is concerned, I am not going to dive deep 
into all the comments , concerns and issues raised by my colleagues today, but I would basically like 
to react by underscoring what the distinguished delegate from Norway said, when he said "transfer 
of technology is part of climate change adaptation and mitigation" and that "technology transfer is 
needed to support national action on climate change globally". This is exactly the underpinning cause 
of why we have submitted the document.  
3.115.   We have to have this kind of discussion here in this Committee and, again, why in this 
Committee and what is the role of the CTE? In reaction to this question from my colleague from the 
United States, I believe that we have the expertise, the experts, the knowledge and the experience 
here that we can share as alluded to in one of the interventions. I think Australia mentioned 
something about the importance of sharing experiences and focusing on concrete examples and case 
studies, which is exactly the purpose of the questions that we posed in the context of that document. 
When we suggested that the Committee maybe adopt or agree on organizing thematic sessions to 
try to answer thos e questions deeply and comprehensively, we did so in connection with the 
experiences of other Members here in the room so that we can learn from the best and definitely try 
to put together the sorts of ideas and examples when it comes to maybe our regulato ry regimes on 
how we make a national action on climate change become globally effective.  
3.116.   Of course, things are discussed elsewhere and other documents were submitted to other 
subsidiary bodies, including of course the Working Group on Trade and Transfer of  Technology . 
Again, it is very important and I quote some words that were used eloquently by the UK delegate 
when they said that it is important to do these "cross -committee discussions" and maybe benefit 
from the discussions happening in other committees. So what we do here should benefit the WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  Working  Group on Trade and Transfer of Technology. They do not have the expertise; there a re 
delegates sitting there trying to come up with recommendations for more than 20 years now and I 
believe that it is about time that we have th ese kinds of focused discussion s in the relevant subsidiary 
bodies and then we can have these cross -committee di scussions where we can all benefit and 
eventually come up with a set of recommendations that would help in that regard.  
3.117.   I can see the point and the position of the United States, when my colleague said that they 
are against the idea of a fund. With all due  respect to this position and my understanding why this 
is their position, I think that we do not have to prejudge the outcome of any discussions, especially 
because the idea of a fund is not new to this Organization. We have a fund already in place to 
support the first ever sustainability agreement on fisheries. This fund was necessary for the 
membership to commit to this agreement, so I believe that we do  not have to prejudge the outcome 
of any discussions as far as climate change is concerned, especially  given the nexus between trade 
and climate change. Yet, we have to figure it out and maybe discuss it further down the road.  
3.118.   Here, I really get to ask the Members – do we know what are trade-related sustainability 
matters or trade -related sustainability ac tions? We have to define this , because again when we say 
"sustainable trade" I really need to know what "sustainable trade" is and how we can make trade 
sustainable , from a WTO perspective of course.  
3.119.   The United States said that S&DT and flexibilities must be determined on a case -by-case 
basis. I do not know  why or rather  how. How can we just apply a provision that is already there in 
an agreement on a case -by-case basis? If this is something that i s going to happen in the future, I 
would really like to know  how we are going to design and implement S&DT on a case -by-case basis.  
3.120.   Now, with respect to IP, and that it is not a barrier to the dissemination and diffusion of 
technology, what we are trying to do here is figure out how we can really use the flexibilities out 
there. There are a lot of flexibilities in the TRIP S Agreement, for example, and we need to know here 
how we can use them in the context of trade and climate change, and in the context of adaptation 
and mitigation. What we are doing here is defining the trade -related sustainability measures. Here , 
I would definitely concur with what Kenya and Venezuela said that unilateral environmental 
measures should not become, in and by themselves, technical barriers to trade.  If there are going 
to be technical barriers to trade , so we don't have to discuss unilateral measures here, we do not 
have to discuss unilateral measures whatsoever, we have to discuss whatever matter a Member is 
willing to implement in the TBT Committee. So, again, this is someth ing that we want to raise here.  
3.121.   Singapore said that the discussions on trade and technology transfer need to be 
complemented with the necessary absorptive capacities in some developing and least developed 
countries and that we should not be duplicating th e work that is taking place in other fora. This is 
very realistic and the point is very well made, but we are not asking to duplicate the work that is 
happening somewhere else. What we are trying to say is that we need to complement this work. We 
have them  sometimes as observers and we need to learn from them and hear from them. We have 
to figure out the possible ways and means for us at this Committee to build bridges with other 
relevant international organizations and try to make them useful for what we d o here.  
3.122.   One last comment, if I may, with respect to the UK and its comment on the paper presented 
by South Africa, that principles are not the most important framework for future discussions. Yet, 
we need to promote sustainable trade -designing policy meas ures. If we want to promote or we have 
to promote sustainable trade -designing policy measures, which I really have to be educated on what 
they are, without having principles. If we are to reach a common definition of what sustainable 
trade-designing policy  measures are, then I believe that the principles should form part of the 
parameters, so how come those are not important?  
3.123.   I will stop here, Chair, but I would be very happy and willing to communicate with the rest 
of the membership and colleagues please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any other 
questions or things that you want to investigate through us.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.1.2   Reinvigorating discussions on the relationship between trade and the transfer of 
environmentally sound technologies to developing countries to address climate change 
(India, JOB/TE/82  and JOB/TE/82/C orr.1) 
3.124.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.125.   We often hear about the relation between trade and environment. However, often the second 
part of the Marrakesh Agreement language on this relationship is forgotten. Yes, the Agreement 
Establishing the WTO recognizes the close relationship between trade, economic endeavour and 
sustainable development, but it also underscores the need to protect and preserve the envi ronment 
and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with Members'  respective needs and 
concerns at different levels of economic development.  
3.126.   As noted in the document JOB/TE/78/Rev.1 , titled "Concerns on Emerging Trend of Using 
Environmental Measures as Protectionist Non-Tariff Measures ", a paper presented by India and 
South Africa and about which we will talk later in this meeting, climate change is a real issue , which 
knows no territorial borders. Hence, international cooperation is  essential to finding pathways to 
address this global problem.  
3.127.   India and South Africa had underscored the need for enabling concrete solutions on climate 
finance and technology transfer, and highlighted that the CTE can address issues.  
3.128.   There are two ways t o look at the relationship between trade and environment . One view 
could be to solve climate mitigation and adaptation issues through the trade instruments available 
in the WTO. The other could be to promote trade in itself as an objective through the theme of 
environment , irrespective of whether the real challenges are addressed or not.  
3.129.   Our paper underscores the need to move away from previously failed discussions like  the 
Environment Goods and Services Agreement to promoting environmental ly sound technology (EST). 
It focuses on expanding the reach of these ESTs, such that they become scalable and do not remain 
mere pilots and contribute in addressing climate mitigation and adaptation challenges.  
3.130.   As explained by the United Nations Environme nt Program (UNEP), ESTs are technologies 
that have the potential for significantly improved environmental performance relative to other 
technologies, and can also be defined as total systems that include know -how, procedures, goods 
and services, and equipm ent, as well as organizational and managerial procedures for promoting 
environmental sustainability.  
3.131.   The WTO recognizes the close relationship between trade and the transfer of technology, as 
evidenced in the establishment of the Working Group on Trade an d Technology Transfer (WGTTT) 
in 2002. The role of the WGTTT was to discuss ways to increase technology flows from developed to 
developing countries. The issue of technology transfer is now perhaps more important than ever 
before, given the central role of  development and transfer of ESTs to address climate change.  
3.132.   Transfer of ESTs is also closely interlinked to the issue of intellectual property rights (IPRs). 
It is important to underscore at the outset that the IPR system was not meant to be a means of 
blocking access to technologies or denying the public the benefits of new technologies. It was created 
not only to stimulate the creation of new technologies, but also to provide an efficient means of 
widely disseminating new technological information, and t o build structures to transfer the 
technology and put it to work.  
3.133.   Technologies such as those promoting low carbon, energy efficiency, carbon capture, 
utilization and storage, renewables, hydrogen and energy storage need to expand in scale. These 
need to mo ve away from startup mode to large scale deployments. This is possible only through 
large scale manufacturing and this requires free flow of ESTs to the emerging markets. This will 
create economies of scale, which will eventually help the intellectual prop erty rights ' holders  as well . 
3.134.   Through this paper, we state that WTO Members need to address the way in which this 
purpose of the IPR system can be operationalized in the best way possible with regard to  the transfer 
of ESTs. The 2001 Doha Declaration on TR IPS and Public Health and , more recently, the 
TRIPS  waiver decision on COVID -19 vaccines at the 12th Ministerial Conference, are two significant WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  achievements which demonstrate the ability of WTO Members to arrive at innovative solutions to 
address IPR conc erns. A similar level of commitment would be required to achieve innovative 
mechanisms for promoting access to patent -protected critical green technologies, which is so critical 
to reali se the shared global objective of effectively dealing with climate cha nge. 
3.135.   This paper also provides a roadmap towards future work on trade and technology transfer 
for developing countries. Such a roadmap may steer the possible MC13 outcomes. In the paper, 
India has presented a roadmap , which includes elements like : 
• Financial  mechanism which can promote the transfer of ESTs at reasonable price, provide 
grants to developing countries, finance research and development and provide technical 
assistance . 
• Database for ESTs to ensure adequate synergies for such a portal with other ex isting 
platforms, such as the technology implementation arm of the UNFCCC – the Climate 
Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and WIPO Green – an online platform for 
technology exchange that supports global efforts to address climate change by connecting 
providers and seekers of environmentally friendly technologies . 
• Streamlining licensing practices such as inclusion of a mechanism under the 
TRIPS  Agreement to promote open and adaptable technology licensing for results obtained 
from research into climate cha nge and ESTs financed through public funds .  
• Enabling developing countries to use TRIPS flexibilities like exemption from patentability, 
on a case -by-case basis, for inventions whose exploitation is vital for the diffusion of ESTs 
needed for adaptation and /or mitigation of climate change crisis . 
3.136.   More details on each of these points are available in the paper.  We look forward to hearing 
from Members their views on such a roadmap and also urge Members to look at either a standalone 
ministerial declaration or an appropriate text in the MC13 outcome document , which enables an 
easier, better and meaningful flow of technology to developing countries.  
3.137.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.138.   The representative of Brazil  delivered t he following statement:  
3.139.   I will react to the three proposals presented so far. Brazil thanks the African Group and India 
for putting forward a robust set of proposals. These documents are evidence that technology is one 
of the main drivers to a more sustain able future.  
3.140.   The proposals show that transfer of technology is the common denominator between , on 
one han d, the multilateral trading system and , on the other hand , the multilateral environmental 
agreements.  
3.141.   According to the UNFCCC, "the extent to which developing country Parties will effectively 
implement their commitments (…) will depend on the effective implementation by developed country 
Parties of their commitments related to financial resources and trans fer of technology ".  
3.142.   Nonetheless, the "adoption of low -emission technologies lags in most developing countries ", 
due in part to limited transfer of technology.  
3.143.   Many here want the WTO to be more responsive to the challenges posed by climate change. 
Nevertheless, few recognize that this Organization already has the tools that can contribute to that 
end. Full implementation of Articles 7 and 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement and providing a sufficient 
flow of low -emission technology transfer to developing co untries are the contribution this 
Organization can give for a just transition.  
3.144.   This understanding is reflected on the proposals shared by India and the African  Group. 
Brazil concurs that transfer of technology cannot be missing from a credible outcome on t rade and 
sustainable development.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.145.   Brazil also thanks the African Group for submitting its second proposal document, 
WT/CTE/W/255 . There is a pressing need to have this discussion at the WTO, as green protectionism 
threatens the integrity of both trade and  environmental regimes. We look forward to engaging 
further with the African Group.  
3.146.   The representative of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
3.147.   Switzerland will make our comments on the three papers that were presented. Under this 
agenda item, the re are a lot of papers and Switzerland thanks the engagement of the whole 
membership. We would like to thank the African Group for their two papers and India for its paper 
and engagement. This clearly shows that trade and environment is of interest to all Members and 
that there still are many questions to be answered. We also note that today there is a lot of 
engagement in the room as well.  
3.148.   In the African Group papers, we note the concerns from developing countries and LDCs on 
the issue of trade and environ ment and we are ready to discuss the challenges and how we can go 
in the direction of a win -win situation for all.  
3.149.   However, turning to the paper on principles, we believe that some of the concepts that are 
put forward have not been agreed in other interna tional fora and remain controversial. We would 
therefore be cautious when using the term "guiding principles". Importing political polarization from 
other fora would not help our discussions here in the WTO.  
3.150.   Now turning to technology transfer, we believe t here is still a lot to be learn ed on how 
effective technology transfer can take place. Many factors are needed to create real incentives for 
technology transfer to happen.  
3.151.   Getting a better understanding on the relationship between trade and technology tran sfer is 
a prerequisite before we can identify meaningful steps or contributions. This is true for technology 
transfer in general, but also in specific areas such as the fight against climate change and other 
environmental challenges. Additional analysis, a s well as exchanging views and sharing experience, 
could be useful in that regard. It is essential to build on existing work in other international fora, 
rather than duplicate it, and to let the experience of the private sector feed in.  
3.152.   The representative  of Nicaragua  delivered the following statement:   
3.153.   Nicaragua welcomes India's proposal that discussions looking towards MC13 address a 
roadmap for trade and technology transfer for LDCs and developing countries, including provisions 
on development and finan cing as well as technology transfer, with the aim of assisting countries  and 
regions to make a progressive transition to specific technologies, while evaluating their 
environmental impact.  
3.154.   Technical assistance and capacity building should allow the promoti on of a fair and inclusive 
transition to the benefit of developing countries in order to create resilient economies and address 
economic and environmental protection needs so as to find real solutions for mitigating the effects 
of climate change.  Fair access to technology transfer, financing and international cooperation are 
essential elements for accelerat ing climate action in the most vulnerable countries.  
3.155.   The representative of the Philippines  delivered the following statement:   
3.156.   On technology transfe r, the Philippines would like to thank the African  Group for its 
WT/CTE/W/ 254 communication and India for its proposal in JOB/TE/82 . We provided some reactions 
to these proposals at the W orking Group  on Technology Transfer so perhaps I would just highlight 
that we support further discussions through a sector -specific approach in considering technology 
transfer, given that there are different industry structures, barriers to entry , and varying absorptive 
capacities to adopt technologies.   
3.157.   We also concur that c onsideration of environmentally sound technologies should form part 
of CTE 's work after MC13, given its connection to the promotion of environmental goods and services 
and the ambition at COP28 to significantly increase the deployment of renewable energy a nd energy 
efficiency.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.158.   An initial starting point could be to frame discussions around the technology needs 
assessments of developing countries under the UNFCCC , as well as work under the WIPO Green 
initiative.  If we are to examine the feasibility of facilit ating access to, and adoption of , EST 
technology, we should engage more closely with the private sector and examine the future prospects 
for an EST patent pool or cooperation on digital public goods such as open -source solutions for 
climate risk and climate finance.  
3.159.   The representative of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.160.   Like other delegations, we have reconfigured our interventions to respond to the papers 
under discussion. Given the similar scope of India's and the African Group's paper on technology 
transfer, my inte rvention will aim to cover both.  
3.161.   The United Kingdom welcomes the chance to discuss a specific, tangible and important 
aspect of the nexus between climate action and trade policy. There are elements within both papers 
which certainly merit further considera tion. For example, building deeper coherence with the 
UN CTCN and the Technology Executive Committee ( TEC) and the WTO; an examination of existing 
institutions and mechanisms and how they can be best utilized to promote green tech transfer; 
enhanced transp arency and databases building on the good work of WIPO Green; promoting best 
practices for contracts, innovative and mutually agreed rights' sharing agreements; and possible 
opportunities for directing and enhancing technical and financial assistance progr ammes.  
3.162.   However, we need to take a step back and situate this within a wider context. Technology 
transfer is a broad and complex topic with no fixed definition. When we are talking about improving 
tech transfer, we could be talking about multiple things fr om the dissemination of technical 
know-how to regulatory barriers to burdensome licen sing procedures. Before we get to specific 
actions from Members, we need to have a much deeper conversation on the goods, services and 
technologies which are vital to achi eving common environmental objectives, how they are produced 
and traded within the global value chain, their contribution to the environmental objective, relevant 
barriers to trade, and opportunities for the trade facilitation and technology transfer.  
3.163.   Without having undertaken the fundamental analysis on the barriers to successful green tech 
transfer, the consequences of adopting waivers risks undermining the very innovation -incentive 
structure which our route to the green transition relies on. Let us not run before we can walk.  
3.164.   The United Kingdom has been working with other Members to deepen our collective 
understanding of key renewal energy technologies, including through value chain analysis. We would 
welcome Members' close collaboration on this and woul d be happy to engage further on this work 
post-MC13.  
3.165.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:   
3.166.   We would like to thank India for its presentation and we welcome its submission. We see 
many areas of similarities between the African Grou p's submission and the Indian submission  and 
we look forward to working closely with India to see how best to advance the issue of transfer of 
environmentally sound technology in the WTO, including in MC13.  
3.167.   The representative of Colombia  delivered the foll owing statement:   
3.168.   Colombia wishes to thank India for their presentation and, as was said by the Egyptian 
delegation, we do see that there are some points of convergence between this document and the 
African Group's document, and the document submitted by C olombia  RD/CTE/221 , so we would very 
much encourage a conversation on that.  
3.169.   For those saying that the principles reflected in these documents have not been agreed in 
other agreements, I would invite them to refer to the Rio Declaration, chapters 22 and 23 of the 
2021 Agenda, Article 3 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change,  as well as 4.8, and 
paragraphs 7, 14, 20, 40, 63, 66 and 65 of the Glasgow Convention and here the commitment of 
Members is clearly stated that environmental policies should be clearly stated on the principles of 
cooperation.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.170.   In other words, if the Membe rs of the WTO look to restrict trade to protect the environment, 
they will not be able to ignore the rules and principles that have been agreed upon in relation to the 
topic of cooperation. This includes the fact that, in line with these rules, Members mus t address 
environmental issues and cross -border issues based on international cooperation preferably in a 
multilateral way with inclusive participation of all countries. Countries must address environmental 
issues in a way that promotes an international ec onomic system that is open and inclusive and that 
allows for economic growth and the objectives and the priorities on an environmental level must be 
reflected in the development of all countries and countries need to take measures to protect the 
environmen t on the basis of their specific national situations and their CBDR .  
3.171.   Countries should avoid any unilateral actions for environmental issues that are outside of 
their jurisdictions, if they take unilateral measures they should ensure that this is not arbitrary 
discrimination or disguised restrictions on trade. These are some of the rules around international 
cooperation and I think it is important here to highlight Article 4.7 of the UN Convention on Climate 
Change, which specifically looks at the elem ent of transparency in terms of technology with a specific 
element on cooperation. With that, I will conclude and I propose dialogue between Members so that 
we can continue with these discussion on these principles.   
3.172.   The representative of South Africa  delivered the following statement:  
3.173.   We thank India for its submission and see points of convergence in its submission and that 
of the African Group. We would also like to concur with the points raised and the need to invigorate 
discussions on the relationship between trade and the transfer of environmentally sound technology 
to address climate change, given the central role of development and the transfer of environmentally 
sound technology to address climate change. We also welcome further discussion on the is sues 
raised and proposed and look forward to active, focused engagement on these issues.  
3.174.   The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
3.175.   Argentina in general terms supports the next steps that have been proposed included in 
India's docu ment, particularly the roadmap proposed for the next ministerial and Annex 1. In this 
connection, with regard to the Annex, we would just request that it be kept in mind that the database 
is linked with the platform for technology transfer and this could b e considered on the website of the 
WTO for technology transfer.  
3.176.   Argentina shares what has been expressed by India with regard to CBDR , the fundamental 
principle, which has been recognized by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 
Paris Agre ement, through which all environmental obligations should be interpreted, considering the 
different departure points of states and the recognition of the fundamental priorities of developing 
countries and particularly in terms of achieving sustainable deve lopment and eradicating poverty.  
3.177.   The representative of India responded to the statements made by Members :  
3.178.   Thank you to all of the Members who intervened on this agenda item. Just a few quick points. 
Firstly, we have presented this paper already in the Wor king Group on Trade and Technology 
Transfer and the TRIPS Council, so we will continue to have these conversations in various fora 
where the content is relevant.  
3.179.   We think the delegations of Brazil, Nicaragua, Philippines, Egypt, Colombia, South Africa and 
Argentina for their words of support. The content of this paper, the African Group's paper and the 
paper by Colombia ( RD/CTE/221 ) is definitely quite similar and they are all converging towards the 
same end objective. We will continue our deliberations with those Members and see how we can 
build a common framework towards MC13.  
3.180.   We also thank the delegations of the UK and Switzerland for their comments and will engage 
with them constructively to bridge the gaps on the understanding and the b est way possible.  
3.181.   Finally, on the point of principles and the principle s of CBDR -RC and NDCs, which have long 
been part of the environmental conversation, in fact they have been enshrined in the agreement 
since 1992,  as the delegate of Colombia very eloque ntly mentioned  this list, in the Annex to our 
paper the discussions have also been mentioned and how they have evolved over time. Since we WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  are talking about environmental measures, these principles should also apply to these measures as 
well. With that, I will thank again all Members and look forward to continued conversations.  
3.1.3   Functioning of the Committee on Trade and Environment ( Paraguay, 
WT/CTE/W/257 ) 
3.182.   The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
3.183.   Thank you very much for giving me t he floor to introduce this document. My delegation drew 
attention in the consultations convened by you, Chair, as well as in the Committee meetings held 
afterwards that among the possible improvements that the Committee could implement in its 
functioning w e could identify some proposals of substance and others of form.  
3.184.   We would like to thank the African Group and India to their contribution to this. Paraguay's 
proposals, in this case the proposal circulated under WT/CTE/W/257 , seeks to contribute to the 
debate on and possible improvements in this second category.  
3.185.   This proposal was drafted based on  the discussions held in this Committee and the 
documents circulated, but also on the process taking place in other WTO bodies, in particular, the 
CTG and its subs idiary bodies.  
3.186.   We are not seeking agreement on this document, it is just a contribution to the list of items 
that can be considered in terms of improving the function of the Committee.  
3.187.   Relating to the planning of meetings:  
• This is something that is already done, to some extent, we only add the importance of 
having explanations in case modifications are made to the established dates and when it 
is possible to organi ze meetings with the same theme, including the thematic sessions in 
the same week, to f acilitate capital participation.  Where possible, meeting dates should 
also be coordinated with the joint environmental initiatives.  
3.188.   With respect to the Convening Notice :  
• This document is currently distributed as an " Airgram" and we have made proposals 
relating to whether the title can be changed, when it should be sent out to capitals, the 
format and how to ensure the content it should include is necessary  etc. 
• The name change we suggest is not a central issue but just to inform that it is based on 
the Gen eral Council rules of procedure  (Rule 2) , which appl y to all WTO bodies unless they 
have specific rules of procedure.  
• In order to be in sync with the procedures of the Committee, we talk about a draft 
Convening Notice being circulated 30 days in advance  and the agenda closing 15 days 
before the meeting. This is in line with the procedures of other committees but  would  also 
give enough time for Members to submit items to the agenda and make it possible for 
them to effectively participate . 
3.189.   As regards the annotated agenda:  
• The annotated agenda is , as the European Union mentioned, not an item we included in 
the document, but it is certainly a very useful element for discussions and we can see how 
to make this part of the discussions on improving the working of the Committee.  
3.190.   As for the Chair's follow -up note:  
• This would be a new document , which like the others  would be intended to facilitate the 
participation of delegations, especially small ones with limited human resources .  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
- 46 - 
 
  • We understand that this is not very common in the CTE, but an example could be deadlines 
for suggesting speakers for thematic sessions, but also the relevant dates for upcoming 
meetings as a closing date for the agenda.  
• This document would be especially usef ul for delegations that could not be present at the 
meeting  and are waiting for the circulation of the official minutes.   
3.191.   Regarding digital tools:  
• E-registration – would be important for missions to control who can receive information, 
but also would make it easier for us other delegates to identify other Members' focal points.  
• E-delegate – the WTO will be launching it soon but the CTE does not have this option to 
replace the mailing lists. We included this suggestion in the document because you have 
to circulate documents only to the list of delegates that is included in the system and this 
means that delegations will have some control over mailing lists. For example, in the 
Paraguayan mission, we have engaged in a lot of work to deal with the mailing lists  of 
various committees and parts of the Secretariat and it would be easier to have a single 
e-registration.  
3.192.   As regards, e -agenda, we think this is a useful tool for all committees that can be 
implemented in the CTE as well . It means that delegates from oth er countries will be able to access 
statements from colleagues and also facilitate the work of the Secretariat as well.  
3.193.   With regard to the procedure s, we are in your hands, Chair, but we  would like to move 
forward with the identification of improvements that do not require new mandates, for example , the 
use of e -delegate  and other such elements that can be implemented, if there is agreement in the 
CTE, such as setting dates for agenda closure, dates for circulation of documents etc.  
3.194.   Other is sues may require either a more general decision or, for example , because of their 
possible budgetary implications, might need to be dealt with first in other WTO bodies such as the 
GC or the CBFA.  
3.195.   As just mentioned, we are not seeking to have an agreement on this document or trying to 
get a consensus , but we have just listed some issues in order to move forward on this.  
3.196.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.197.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.198.   Paraguay's paper, WT/CTE/W/257 , is a very timely paper and it builds on the MC12 mandate 
on improving the functioning of all WTO bodies. Our own paper in the General Council, 
WT/GC/W/874 , presents similar ideas. The CTG has been an exemplar on this subjec t and India 
encourages Members to follow a similar approach as the CTG towards 'reform by doing' in the CTE.  
3.199.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
3.200.   We thank Paraguay for presenting this submission. Egypt, of course, welcomes any ini tiative 
that would contribute to furthering and improving the functioning of the CTE. Back home in capital, 
in Cairo, we are running an assessment on the proposed improvements – part of which are 
technology -based – as to what extent these proposed improvem ents could help my country, my 
capital -based officials, as well as the delegation here, in increasing the level of participation in the 
deliberative function, as well as to what extent would they benefit us in terms of getting shared 
information, and to wh at extent would the Q&A technique complement or provide information that 
is not necessarily provided through other venues and means. Those could be good suggestions and 
proposals. However, we just want to look at the implications.  
3.201.   Perhaps the delegate fro m Paraguay could share their experience on how this could benefit 
developing countries in terms of raising the level of participation, especially when it comes to the 
deliberative functions in the CTE, and is the Secretariat ready to provide technical assi stance and 
capacity building for developing countries when it comes to using the technology that is proposed to WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  implement those improvements. Again, thank you, Paraguay, for your submission, and we are ready 
to learn more about this.  
3.202.   The representative of South Africa  delivered the following statement:  
3.203.   We would like to thank Paraguay for its submission in terms of improving the functioning of 
the CTE, especially in light of the increasing number of formal and informal meetings at the WTO 
and the amount of i nformation generated therefrom because of the various topics that are discussed, 
which also, indeed, represent a challenge for delegations, I think especially those with limited human 
resources.  
3.204.   We would like further engagement of Paraguay 's experience with some of the proposals that 
they have made. We would welcome further discussion on the issues raised and propose and look 
forward to active and focused engagement on these issues.  
3.205.   The representative of Colombia  delivered the following sta tement:  
3.206.   We just wish to thank Paraguay for its submission of this document and we are open to 
discuss all issues to improve the CTE and how it functions, particularly with regards to small 
delegations, such as mine. The use of digital tools as in other com mittees will be useful and moreover 
facilitate the participation of delegates from capitals.  
3.207.   The representative of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.208.   I will just be very brief and I have no prepared statement on this, but I wish merely t o say 
that I think the UK has obviously put forward our own paper on ideas for revitalizing the conversation 
here. I think it is really important that we continue to have this conversation. There will be 
differences and we need to talk about potential budg et implications, all of these things. But I think 
there is a genuine interest across the floor in improving and enhancing not only the conversation 
here but also just the general ways of working and how that will then, in turn, enhance the 
conversation. As  I was listening to the Egyptian intervention about how that can improve 
engagement with developing countries, we really think that is important. So just to say we continue 
to look forward to and hope for continued conversation on this area. We are very mu ch ready to 
engage with any Member that would like to talk about it.  
3.209.   The representative of the Philippines  delivered the following statement:  
3.210.   We would like to thank Paraguay for its WT/CTE/W/257  communication. I think that we just 
have two comments here. We broadly support elements in the paper to enhance the operational 
efficiency of the Committee, though we would like to ensure that there is consistency with any 
changes that are made within prescribed timelines and working methods. They should remain 
consistent as much as possible with other committees, just for practical purposes.  
3.211.   Secondly, we would also welcome perhaps the perspective of Secretariat in looking at the 
feasibility of all of these elements as to whether there are things that can be done in  the short term 
or whether they would take a bit longer to implement.  
3.212.   The representative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
3.213.   Australia would also like to thank Paraguay for its paper, WT/CTE/W/257 , and we support 
and welcome this communication , particularly as a step towards reinvigorating the CTE through 
improving the deliberative processes. We agree with other Members that it is important that the CTE 
tries to be more and more productive and inclusive. So thank you for the paper.  
3.214.   The representative of Canada  delivered the following statement:  
3.215.   Canada would like to thank Paraguay's initiative to modernize the Committee's 
communication and meeting procedures, which we believe is a step forward to making the WTO and 
the CTE more respon sive and efficient for all its Members. We share their concerns on the importance 
of the timely circulation of the agenda and supporting documents well in advance ahead of the 
meeting to provide all Members with sufficient time to prepare so that we may ha ve fruitful WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  discussions on the issues before us. Canada welcomes the opportunity for further discussions on 
how we can collectively improve the meeting processes.  
3.216.   The representative of Paraguay  responded to the statements made by Members : 
3.217.   Thank you to all Members that took the floor on this. Let me refer to a few comments. Egypt 
asked whether we have an example of how we can improve participation. Most of the improvements 
were addressed in the CTG , such as giving more time to prepare our statements and givi ng more 
time to capitals to react. You have to know when documents are going to be circulated, for example, 
the Chair's follow -up note, we believe will be of particular interest to small delegations,  who cannot 
always be in the room, to find out what decis ions or actions are  expected of Members before an 
upcoming meeting.  I understand that perhaps the delegation of Egypt was referring to the Q&A 
document, WT/CTE/W/256 , but I will come to that later when we present that document.  
3.218.   I would like to thank the United Kingdom . There is some convergence with other Member 
documents and the UK  document . As I said, we are not seeking to get a consensus on this document 
but we just wanted to submit this list of issues for consideration. As regards what the Philippines 
asked, relating to the time schedule, we think that it is important for small delegations to have 
timelines because sometimes you have to cover several meetings at the same time and so if the 
agenda can be circulated 10 or 15 days before it is easier to work given that the CTG has agreed on 
15 days for closing the agenda.  
3.219.   Obviously, we are open to discussing any options put forward and meeting with you in the 
context of the CTE in  order to come up with concrete statements and approaches.  
3.1.4   Transparency and experience sharing ( Paraguay, WT/CTE/W/256 ) 
3.220.   The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
3.221.   The CTE concluded as early as 1996 that there was no need to make a ny changes to WTO 
rules to ensure due transparency of trade -related environmental measures. It is necessary to note 
that no other WTO body has a mandate to discuss such elements. As things stand, the Committee 
only has  these kinds of discussions on environ mental measures when Members make presentations  
on them .  
3.222.   So, with a view to increasing participation, Paraguay is suggesting that this Committee and 
its existing mandate and terms of reference to come up with questions that increase transparency 
and incen tivize experience sharing on environmental measures and policies which have a trade 
impact. This will reduce the burden of having to make presentations and will allow for more active 
participation by not limiting questions to presentations made by other Me mbers.  
3.223.   It should be noted that this proposal  does not require a new decision since it is already 
covered by the Committee 's existing terms of reference.  But we found it necessary to propose a sort 
of procedure in order to facilitate the process and provid e sufficient clarity and time for M embers to 
present and respond to questions. Additionally , and linked to Paraguay's other proposal, this 
procedure could be further facilitated through the use of digital tools such as e-agenda, which can 
make things much easier.  
3.224.    As I said previously, Paraguay is of the view that it is not necessary to  take a decision  on 
this because it is already covered by the Committee's terms of reference , but if  we can improve our 
procedure, it would give us more certainty in terms of how we function and how we ask questions 
and answer requests.  
3.225.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.226.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.227.   Regarding Paraguay's paper WT/CTE/W/256 , we welcome the suggestion of sharing national 
experiences in the CTE. However, Members also need to ensure that they notify environment and 
climate -related trade measures to respective WTO committees in accordance with the rules and 
procedures of those committees.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.228.   The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
3.229.   Argentina supports this document given that this is a proposal to improve the functioning of 
the Committee in line with the ide a of 'reform by doing'. In this connection, we believe it is important 
to increase transparency at the level of the Committee as the primary competent forum to address 
trade and environmental topics. For this reason, we support Paraguay's proposal to hold question 
and answer sessions in this context.  
3.230.   WTO Members have the opportunity to share experiences in other bodies, such as the 
Committee on Agriculture and, in this connection, that experience could be perfectly replicated in 
this Committee in order to s eek to enrich knowledge of mutual practices.  
3.231.   Furthermore, we believe that this approach would allow us to reaffirm and defend the original 
mandate of this Committee helping us to reaffirm that, according to the ministerial decision of 1994, 
would enable a regular exchange among Members on issues relating to the relationship between 
trade and the environment.  
3.232.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
3.233.   Paraguay's proposal is a positive contribution for strengthening the functions of the C TE as 
it is a practical step towards the implementation of the CTE's terms of reference. Establishing a more 
structured process to discuss environment -related trade measures will allow the Committee to better 
fulfil its role, including, and I will quote fr om the 1994 Decision on Trade and Environment, the 
"surveillance of trade measures used for environmental purposes, of trade -related aspects of 
environmental measures which have significant trade effects, and of effective implementation of the 
multilateral  disciplines governing those measures".  
3.234.   The representative of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
3.235.   Switzerland will make some remarks on the two papers presented by Paraguay. Switzerland  
would like to thank Paraguay for their proposals but, before I give some remarks, Switzerland would 
have a broad er remark on the CTE process. Previously, Switzerland has requested that most of the 
papers should be sent in advance and  we would appreciate  in future CTEs to receive all of them by 
email.  Linked to the EU's point at the beginning, we b elieve that documents being sent the week 
before makes it difficult for Members to get ready for discussion s the week after. In other words, 
sending the papers so late prevents Members from having fruitful discussions at the meeting.  
3.236.   With regard to Paraguay's papers, we generally support the idea of strengthening the 
deliberative function, the functioning of the CTE , and transparency.  
3.237.   We support receiving papers an d agenda in advance, so they are very good points from 
Paraguay's papers. But, since both papers were circulated to Members on 7 and 8 November , we 
are still analysing it internally, especially with regards to what the exact purpose of the second paper 
on transparency  is. 
3.238.   As it is the last time that we take the floor under this agenda item, let me say that it is 
positive to see so many papers on the table. Switzerland stays constructively engaged in the 
discussions.  In terms of process and next steps, we wo uld like to know what the Chair is thinking of 
doing until MC13 as this is the last CTE before that.  
3.239.   The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
3.240.   I would like to give a brief comment on all the proposals Members have raised today. I would 
like to thank the African Group, India, and Paraguay for their contributions. We also appreciate the 
willingness of all Members here to work together to enhance the functioning of the CTE and to 
maximize the use of trade tools to address climate chan ge and environmental issues.  
3.241.   China supports discussing trade and the environment issues under the framework of the 
CTE, as well as the specific initiatives, supports strengthening the positive interaction among 
multilateral platforms for international gove rnance in environmental areas, and would like to 
promote the use of the WTO as a platform for the discussion and coordination of relative trade rules, WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  and maintain the WTO as the main channel on the formulation of environment -related trade policies 
and rul es. 
3.242.   Regarding how to strengthen the specific work of the Committee in related areas, China 
supports the following: first, carrying out exchanges on trade -related environmental policies to 
enhance transparency; second, strengthening communication and inform ation sharing across 
different international platforms; and third, establishing a dedicated agenda to discuss the 
implementation of paragraph 14 of the MC12 outcome document, and to promote the development 
of the relevant outcomes of MC13.  
3.243.   China is willing  to strengthen communication with other Members on the agenda setting and 
experience -sharing issues, and to promote cooperation on trade and environment issues between 
the WTO and other international organizations, as well as multilateral agreements, so as  to let the 
Committee and the WTO play a better and more active role.  
3.244.   Furthermore, China insists that measures addressing climate change should uphold and 
embody the principle of CBDR, especially taking into account the specific national conditions and 
challenges faced by developing and least developed Members, and should, when necessary, provide 
financial and technical assistance to them. We strongly oppose unilateralism and protectionist 
measures in the name of environmental protection.  
3.245.   The representativ e of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
3.246.   The EU would like to thank all those Members that submitted papers and we welcome an 
active engagement by Members. Our intervention will cover all papers presented.  
3.247.   Starting with the African Group  communication on the Role of Transfer of Technology in 
Resilience Building: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation and India's communication on 
Reinvigorating Discussions on the Relationship Between Trade and the Transfer of Environmentally 
Sound Techno logies to Developing Countries to Address Climate Change , let me begin by saying 
that the EU is committed to foster ing innovation as well as promo ting and facilitating  technology 
dissemination. To that end, the EU and its member states actively promote and finance technology 
transfer programmes worldwide.  
3.248.   For example, the EU is the biggest donor to the UN Climate Technology Centre and Network 
which helps developing coun tries to develop and deploy climate -friendly technologies. In the context 
of the WTO, as other developed Members, the EU and its member states provide multiple technology 
transfers programmes, in particular to least developed countries, in areas such as he alth, climate 
change or agriculture.  
3.249.   However, technology transfer or access to technologies is a complex matter. A successful 
use of a new technology that helps fight climate change and environmental degradation involves, 
among other things:  
• adequate infr astructure and production system s; 
• education and training of personnel, usually on an ongoing basis;  
• collaboration between governments, businesses, research institutions;  
• predictability of regulatory and legal frameworks;  
• enabling governmental policies;  
• affordability or securing the necessary financing;  as well as  
• openness to international trade and investment.  
3.250.   We do see a role for the CTE to deepen the discussion on the role of trade to facilitation the 
access and transfer of technologies that contribute to addressing climate change and environmental 
degradation. It could look at the current tools available that help transfer of technology and 
possibilities of improving them, as well as ways of encouraging investments in such technologies in 
developing cou ntries. This discussion could also focus on a thorough analysis of practical examples 
and best practices of partnerships that lead to successful green technology transfers, as well as 
those which did not produce satisfactory results, so we can learn from them.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.251.   Let me now turn to the African Group 's paper  on the Principles Guiding the Development 
and Implementation of Trade -Related Environmental Measures , and Paraguay's communication on 
Transparency and Experience Sharing.  I would like to start with outlini ng the EU 's support for the 
idea of having transparency and dialogue on trade -related environmental policies that Members are 
implementing to fulfil their international commitments.  
3.252.   The EU sees the WTO, and particularly the CTE, as valuable for a for engage ment on 
trade-related environmental measures, both during the design stage and once the measures are in 
force. This includes discussion s on how to minimi ze the impact of such measures on trade but also 
identifying means to support developing countries in c omplying with such measures and facilitating 
trade.  
3.253.   The EU has engaged without the WTO needing to change the rules. We do not believe that 
prescriptive principles for engagement are necessary in the WTO. Nor they would be enticing WTO 
Members to engage, p robably rather the contrary.  
3.254.   Moreover, the principles referred to in the African Group 's paper belong to different legal 
regimes, and do not necessarily apply to every environmental policy being implemented. On the 
other hand, we fully agree that , in nati onal policymaking, compliance with relevant international 
commitments must be ensured, even if they stem from different legal regimes. This is why the EU 
has ensured that the European Green Deal policies comply with MEAs, including the UNFCCC and 
the WTO r ules.  
3.255.   We do  not believe that a repetition of the Trade Policy Review (TPR)  approach on questions 
and answers is necessary. Contrary to what is suggested in the Paraguay paper , questions and 
answers is a resource -intensive exercise, and the EU has experien ce having answered around 1 ,300 
questions during its last TPR.  
3.256.   The EU has walked the talk of transparency and engagement, we invite other WTO Members, 
including developing countries , to do the same  with their measures . We would also encourage 
Members to turn from ideological discussions to engagement on a practical action.  
3.257.   Finally, we would like to welcome  the African Group 's support to thematic discussions in the 
CTE.  
3.258.   As regards Paraguay 's proposal on the functionin g of the CTE, the EU supports any proposals 
to improve the practical functioning of the CTE, and especially some basic principles on circulation 
of the agenda and documents, as witnessed by our previous intervention. However, we would 
suggest sorting out s imple things like circulation of the agenda, before going ahead with further 
improvements.  
3.259.   Finally, as regards China's paper, we will not comment on it, as we believe it should not have 
been added to the agenda one working day ahead of th is meeting.  
3.260.   The representative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
3.261.   We thank Paraguay for the two papers and, in particular, with regard to many of the 
proposals for the functioning of the CTE in WT/CTE/W/257  – we find them useful from the viewpoint 
of improv ing practical convenience. We believe some of the items are already under consideration  
within other WTO bodies , and we should certainly start with those items that c an be implemented 
promptly.  
3.262.   Regarding the other document,  WT/CTE/W/256 , while a written q uestion  and answer process 
for specific countries' measures may contribute to increased transparency, we are also concerned 
with the risk of impeding interactive discussions within the Committee and we would appreciate the 
chance to have further reflection on this.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.263.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
3.264.   We thank Paraguay for the submission again. Of course, we support any proposal to improve 
the functioning of the CTE, includin g with respect to transparency. However, this needs to be done 
without bringing in any new commitments for developing country Members.  
3.265.   In that regard, our initial reaction is that we have a couple of questions to pose today. First, 
in what way does Paragu ay anticipate that their proposed approach will enhance transparency in the 
discussions of environmental measures and policies with trade effects, especially for developing 
countries, and to what extent will this approach help in containing the proliferati on of the unilateral 
trade environment -related measures?  
3.266.   Second, considering the focus on reducing the need for presentations, how does Paraguay 
envision the balance between actively participating through posed questions and ensuring a 
comprehensive unders tanding of the environmental measures Members implement or intend to 
implement?  
3.267.   Third, how does Paraguay foresee the coordination and unification of questions submitted 
by Members concerning the same measures or policies, particularly with the assistance of the 
Secretariat and what measures can be taken to avoid duplication of efforts effectively?  
3.268.   The representative of Paraguay  responded to the statements made by Members : 
3.269.   Many thanks to the Members who submitted comments or questions. I will address some of 
those straightaway. For example, Switzerland, with respect to the circulation of documents, and 
when the dates of both the closing of the agenda and the circulation of documents coincide, this is 
one of the elements that we have to agree on, but when su bmitting documents before the agenda 
closing date, by procedure they must be included in the agenda, even if, due to translation or other 
elements, the documents end up being circulated after the agenda closes. Undoubtedly, there will 
be some elements that  we need to establish  in order  to facilitate th at process.  
3.270.   Regarding the comments from the European Union regarding the question and answer 
mechanism, I would like to draw attention to  the fact that, at the previous meeting , the 
European  Union gave an upd ate on some of the Green Deal measures that had nothing to do with 
the long list of questions they received from Members after making the presentation. What a 
procedure like this would allow is to facilitate  these types of processes  and make them more orde rly 
and it would mean that questions  are not being received  in the room  when there is no possibility of 
responding to them, and that have nothing to do with the presentation that is being made.  A 
mechanism like this would have allowed the questions to arri ve before the closing of the agenda  and 
the European Union would have  had enough time to answer them .  
3.271.   Just to link back to what Egypt said about avoiding duplication of questions . This can be 
done with the help of the Secretariat but , if not, once the que stions have been answered, the Member 
responding  can always make reference to the document or  meeting in which they did respond to the 
question, as has been done in other committees such as the CoA , but also in the questions that have 
been submitted in the context of specific  trade concerns in other committees.  
3.272.   With r egard  to 'reform by doing', we think we can start with  solving th e circulation of agendas 
and documents firs t, and  perhaps asking for your help Chair and that of the Secretaria t, as we work 
in other committees,  we could have some kind of table or matrix . We think that all these proposals 
could be framed under those three columns  of issues that have already been implemented or can 
already be implemente d, that do not even need a d ecision by the Committee . Others require a 
decision , but can be implemented immediately as soon as the decision is taken , for example , setting 
how many days before the agenda will close, how many days before documents are circulat ed. A 
third column would b e issues that we agree are going to require more work  and more discussion 
and perhaps  would  have some budgetary implications and , of course , that would just be for the CTE.  
3.273.   Regarding the questions  from Egypt, by allowing questions to be asked on any enviro nmental 
measures that have a trade impact  for Members , this will facilitate  improved transparency because 
we would not  only be depending on the submissions of M embers but we would be able to anticipate WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  these presentations , or even the lack of submissions,  and put forward questions on those measures 
and ask about how they would impact other Members.   
3.274.   With regards to h ow to avoid duplication , this is something that we would have to work on 
with the Secretariat . There are other experiences that we can draw on  for that , for example in the 
CoA, which already has a system in place for question s and answer s. I do not think it would be very 
difficult to think that something like this could be done through a digital tool that already exists such 
as e-agenda but , if not, we could maybe group together the topics as is done, for example, for TPRs.  
3.275.   On the TPR comment from the European Union, just to clarify that this is something different . 
TPRs generally are a different type of more general questions and it is the CT E that has the mandate 
to analy se environmental issues for those kind of measures. Once a gain, I would just draw attention 
to how  this procedure would help us to better organize what we are already doing in practice and 
which is something quite difficult to m anage,  both for those who have to answer questions  in the 
room and those who are re ceiving questions in a disorderly manner , which might not  necessarily be 
linked to the presentations being made, and also for other Members who are able to ask  questions 
on the presentations being  made and also on  other measures.  
3.276.   I think that I have responded to all of the questions . In any case, we are ope n to discuss ions 
with all Members and working with the Secretariat and with you , Chair, and the entire Committee 
to try to put into practice some of these improvements, especially with regard to the 'reform by 
doing' and the functioning of the Committee, which we think could be implemented without too much 
work.  
3.1.5   Policy issues for dedicated multilateral discussions on border carbon  adjustment 
(China, WT/CTE/W/258 ) 
3.277.   The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
3.278.   Thank you for giving me an opportunity to introduce China 's proposal of policy issues for 
dedicated multilater al discussion on border carbon adjustment, document WT/CTE/W/258 . This 
proposal is very important.  
3.279.   The repeat of this proposal could help deepen understanding and facilitate Members to make 
comments and suggestions on China 's proposals. In March 2023, Chi na submitted a proposal for 
dedicated multilateral discussions on certain environment -related trade measures.  
3.280.   In addition to the MC12 mandate, in the meeting of June, China submitted a further 
communication to elaborate on some of China 's specific ideas fo r implementing the outcome of the 
MC12 and for dedicated multilateral discussions.  
3.281.   Including on China 's two previous proposals, this communication focuses on one specific 
policy instrument, the Border Carbon Adjustment  (BCA). The proposed discussions are intended to 
strengthen the linkages between the multilateral trading system and sustainable development, so 
as to seek both to protect the perceived environment  and to enhance the means of doing so in a 
manner consistent with their Members ' respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic 
development  and ensure that there should not be, nor need be, any policy contradiction between  
upholding and safeguarding an open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system , 
on the one hand , and acting for the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable 
development , on the other.  
3.282.   We propose the following topics for dedicated multilateral discussions.  The first topic is about 
the basic operating mechanism.  Firstly, we would like to discuss what is carbon leakage in the 
context of environmental policy. If there is a gap in explicit carbon price between Members, does it 
necessarily mean that there is a gap in the overall stringency of their respective carbon em ission 
control policies?  Can carbon leakage be used as a basis to justify the BCA?  
3.283.   Secondly, how to objectively estimate the changes in the total amount and regional 
composition of global carbon emissions caused by the relocation of industries or importan t 
substitutions?  How to distinguish them from the changes in global carbon emissions caused by WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  structural factors? And , thirdly, when a Member imposes BCA on imports, is it regulating domestic 
carbon emissions or extraterritorial carbon emissions?  
3.284.   The second topic is about the policy design.  We would like to discuss this issue in four 
sectors : (1) applicable scenario s for BCA ; (2) the WTO conformity of BCA ; (3) default values ; and 
(4) carbon price and the BCA.  
3.285.   The 3rd topic is about the trade impacts.  First, we would like to discuss what ways and what 
areas will unilateral BCA impact other Members ' international trade and the microeconomy? How can 
the impacts of BCA on Members ' trade be measured in an objective manner?  And if a carbon club 
agrees to impose  punitive tariffs on non-club members on grounds of differences in the carbon 
intensity or carbon price, what for um to coordinate the implementation of BCA? What would be the 
impact on international trade?  
3.286.   The fourth topic is about environmental effects.  We would like to discuss what role will BCA 
play in the Members ' achievement of its NDC under the Paris Agreement? And how should the 
revenues from BCA be used to better achieve the global environment goal of the carbon emission 
reduction?  
3.287.   The fifth topic is about inclusiveness. We would like to discuss the inclusiveness for designing 
and implementing BCA from five aspects that are : effective policy dialogues, diversity and flexibility, 
data reporting  and mutual recognition, the princ iple of CBDR and the disproportionate impacts by 
BCA on developing countries and small and medium enterprises.  
3.288.   Last but not least, we would also like to discuss protection of submitted data. How to set the 
reasonable boundary and the necessity of data requ ired for a BCA? How to ensure the security of 
submitted data through institutional guardrails?  
3.289.   China welcomes contributions from other Members with respect to additional policy issues 
regarding BCA, as well as answers and solutions to these policy issues.  We believe that multilateral, 
structured and engaged discussions on such policy issues would be conducive to collectively 
strengthening the multilateral trading system and enhance the complementarity of trade policy and 
environmental sustainability.  
3.290.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.291.   The representative of  the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
3.292.   Thank you to China. I will keep it very short, I have just two comments. The first is to repeat 
that it is una cceptable that papers are distributed on Friday and discussed in this Committee on 
Monday, and taking up presentation time. This requires proper time management and time for us to 
study.  
3.293.   My second comment is that I do hear a lot of interest in CBAMs, and I  do sense growing 
interest in a next thematic session topic. We have been pleading for methodologies to calculate 
carbon emissions and I can see that there is a real interest to have that discussion.  
3.294.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following sta tement:  
3.295.   We thank China for putting forward this proposal. As a subsector of Members implements or 
considers BCAs, we would welcome structured in -depth discussion on the main concepts of these 
mechanisms, which should be supported by empirical evidence and align with internationally 
recognized environmental goals. We look forward to engaging further with China on this proposal.  
3.296.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.297.   China 's paper , WT/CTE/W/258 , was recently circulated and our capital is still examining it. 
However, as a preliminary comment, trade measures designed on the basis of the idea of leakage 
may lead to further fragmentation of the global trading system. They may be scaled bo th 
horizontally  (which is to go beyond leakage of carbon ) and vertically (which is to cover increasing WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  number of industries for one type of leakage , like carbon leakage ). Both these extensions will lead 
to a weakening of the multilateral trading system.  
3.298.   The representative of the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
3.299.   My delegation supports the paper submitted by China and seeks further constructive 
deliberations on the issues outlined in the proposal, which are quite relevant now.  
3.300.   The represe ntative s of the United Kingdom  (M / F) delivered the following statement:  
3.301.   Thank you to China for their update. I would just like to echo the comments by the European 
Union. We do want to engage in these topics but it is hard to do it when we get things at such short 
notice so we will read it but we will not comment now. We would encourage delegations to try to get 
these papers in earlier.  
3.302.   With the Chair's indulgence, I would like to pass to my colleague to give an update on the 
UK's own carbon leakage consu ltation. It has been hard following the agenda but we thought this 
might be the best time to do it at the end of the other interventions, but we will be very brief.  
3.303.   Seeing that this item is specifically about carbon leakage policy, and that we have 
underta ken some work in this space, we would like to take the opportunity to update on our recent 
consultations, which we raised in previous CTE meetings.  
3.304.   The UK conducted a consultation that considered the range of potential policy measures to 
mitigate carbon le ak risk in the future and to ensure the UK industry has the optimal policy 
environment to decarbonize. We want to thank Members who responded. We are reviewing and 
analysing the responses and we continue to engage with partners as our policy develops.  
3.305.   If any policies are taken forward from this consultation, the UK will ensure those are 
consistent with our government's commitments to free and open trade, upholding the WTO rules, 
and will continue to engage with our trading partners, in particular developing  countries as we 
consider policy in this area.  
3.306.   As the UK has already said, we still have a strong desire to continue undertaking work on 
international solutions, we are clear that these remain the most desirable. In particular, we are keen 
to continue disc ussions on the development of comparable methodologies and standards to measure 
emissions intensity data for industrial products. I think there have been some suggestions in that 
respect today.  
3.307.   We welcome the opportunity to engage with WTO Members on this agenda moving forward.  
3.308.   The representative of Türkiye  delivered the following statement:  
3.309.   We thank China for this paper. The specificities of the paper are being analysed by our capital 
colleagues, but preliminarily we would like to indicate that we support  in-depth discussion of this 
issue.  
3.310.   The representative of China  responded : 
3.311.   China's proposal does not intentionally aim at a specific Member. As expressed in the 
proposal, China has witnessed the trend of BCA being pushed forward in a unilateral manner, and 
China hopes a thematic, structured, and multilateral discussion on  this policy issue can be held in 
the WTO. China thanks all Members  for their  contributions to the discussion . WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.2  Follow -up to previously submitted proposals  
3.2.1   Concerns on emerging t rend of using environmental measures as protectionist 
non-tariff measures ( India and South Africa, JOB/TE/78/Rev.1 ) 
3.312.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.313.   Our views and concerns on the emerging trend of using environmental measures as 
protectionist non-tariff measures have been expressed in detail in the past two CTE meetings. We 
will not repeat those points here today.  
3.314.   We echo the sentiments expressed by ma ny Members that the multilateral trading system 
needs to be preserved and guarded from fragmentation. Any trade policies that act to the contrary 
should be rolled back. A mandate towards this should come from our Ministers directly at this crucial 
juncture  for the world.  
3.315.   However, we continue to keep this item on the agenda because we strongly believe that 
these concerns should be reflected in a ministerial decision or through appropriate text in the MC13 
outcome document.  
3.316.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.317.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
3.318.   The issues raised by India and South Africa reflect the concerns of a wide array of Members 
in this Organization. They have been cited in a number of c ommittees and bodies, such as the 
Committee on Agriculture, the TBT Committee, and the General Council, to mention just a few.  
3.319.   Trade is an underlying force in global efforts against climate change, pollution, and 
biodiversity loss. Unfortunately, that als o means that when policies are out of step with trade and 
environmental laws, they can distort markets and create a window for protectionism. Such measures 
contribute to increased poverty within countries, holding us back in our collective efforts towards 
implementation of SDGs.  
3.320.   In addition, they erode trust within the very same multilateral regime some Members say 
they are trying to keep alive or modernize. We have all engaged in processes such as the 
Agenda  2021, the Paris Agreement, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These 
achievements came from a shared understanding. Progress emerges from a foundation of trust and 
collaborative efforts. The fight against climate change requires countrywide decisions and the will to 
take economies through structural transformation. It takes a shared conviction that only materializes 
from balanced, negotiated solutions that facilitate buy -in from the wider remit of societies.  
3.321.   Unilateralism is not the answer to climate change. No single government has the me ans to 
tackle global warming in isolation. International trade cannot serve as a tool for Members to 
backtrack on their obligations under the UNFCCC and shift away from their historical responsibilities 
for climate change. I would also stress that climate ambition and climate leadership requires 
countries to take more costs and burdens for themselves, not impose them on others. If our 
stakeholders are frustrated with the pace of multilateralism, they will be doubly so when no 
meaningful process is left stan ding after we drain it of trust by trying to fund the climate transition 
with someone else's resources.  
3.322.   We urge all Members desiring a quick breakthrough at the UNFCCC to enhance their own 
national pledges, and particularly to fulfil their outstanding obl igations to provide climate finance 
and technology transfer to developing countries.  
3.323.   Brazil strongly disagrees with the view that climate change requires the WTO to 
accommodate or create accommodations for new trade barriers. The answer is more trade, not  less. 
A more open and less distorted international trading system leads to economic growth and more 
opportunities for all. These, in turn, build national capacities to address environmental challenges. 
This is a clear, concrete way for the Organization to  contribute to achieving environmental goals. WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  This understanding has been repeatedly presented to the CTE by a majority of Members and is an 
indispensable part of any credible multilateral outcome on trade and sustainable development.  
3.324.   The representative of  the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
3.325.   At the outset, I would like to thank the delegations of India and South Africa for including 
such an important item on the agenda of the CTE.  
3.326.   We would like to join concerns expressed by these Membe rs regarding the trend of 
introducing trade -restrictive and discriminatory measures supposedly to combat climate change and 
to protect the environment but, in fact, are merely aimed at improving the competitive advantages 
of domestic industries and localiz ing capacities within the relevant territories.  
3.327.   Along with systemic impacts on the m ultilateral rules -based trading system, which is quite 
ignored while enacting the relevant measures, we are going to witness severe consequences from 
the practical perspect ive. These consequences appear to provoke the distortions of international 
trade, hamper economic capabilities of many Members, especially developing countries, and 
ultimately disrupt already fragile global supply chains.  
3.328.   Apparently,  measures as CBAM  and t he US Inflation Reduction Act will lead us to such 
outcomes. Furthermore, the authors of these regulations previously mentioned are seeking to solve 
the problems they have due to each other's policies at the bilateral level, for instance, negotiations 
on the agreement on sustainable steel and aluminium to avoid CBAM and Section 232 of the Trade 
Expansion Act or arrangements on critical raw materials to benefit from the Inflation Reduction Act.  
3.329.   I would like to emphasize that this friend -shoring approach wor sens the economic situation 
around the globe , completely ignores rules and principles of the multilateral trading system , and 
puts it under the threat.  
3.330.   We urge Members to refrain from the practice of implementing unilateral measures under 
the pretext of e nvironmental protection and to seek the solution of challenges at the multilateral 
level.  
3.331.   The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
3.332.   Argentina shares the concerns of India and South Africa regarding the increasing use of 
unilateral trade measures that are justified as environmental measures. These measures may not 
only be inconsistent with WTO rules, but also may have systemic implicati ons for international law 
as a whole , as a unilateral measure  always  has the potential to undermine the rights and obligations 
of the countries that have been negotiated at the multilateral level.  
3.333.   In this line of reasoning, the fight against climate chang e and environmental protection 
should be cooperative , shared negotiations at an international level and cooperation  between 
countries is key to effectively fighting the environmental challenges that the world is facing.  
3.334.   Protecting the environment and figh ting climate change  require a collaborative and 
cooperative approach in order to provide a unified global response  to these issues . Similarly , it is 
fundamenta l to promote multilateralism in  order to fight against environmental degradation . In this 
respect , Argentina considers that both international cooperation  and, above all , compliance with the 
obligations contained in multilateral environmental agreements are  fundamental to develo p effective 
environmental strategies that contribute to achieving environm ental objectives without prejudicing 
the development po tential of any other country.  
3.335.   The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
3.336.   China would like to thank India and South Africa for their proposals on concerns regarding 
emerging trends of using environmental measures as protectionist non-tariff measures. China 
reiterates that we are adhere to the CBDR principles under the UNFCCC fra mework, opposing barriers 
to green trade and calls for comprehensive assistance to developing countries and LDCs, so as to 
promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment in the green arena.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.337.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the fol lowing statement:  
3.338.   We thank India and South Africa once more for their submission. We reiterate our view that 
trade-related environmental measures should be in line with WTO rules and principles and should 
avoid creating unnecessary or disguised barriers to  trade flows and market access, especially for 
developing countries and LDCs.  
3.339.   The trade -related environmental measures should be discussed and agreed upon 
multilaterally, while avoiding protectionism and unilateralism. Such measures should take into 
accoun t the concerns and needs of other Members, especially developing countries and LDCs, and 
should be in line with commitments and principles enshrined in other relevant environmental 
agreements, in order to ensure coherence and synergy in climate action and sustainable 
development efforts.  
3.340.   Principles such as equity and CBDR are crucial and should be taken into account in designing 
such measures. Developing countries and LDCs should not bear the cost of these measures. They 
should be provided the necessary means of implementation, including finance, capacity building and 
technology transfer, to achieve climate and environmental objectives. WTO Members should explore 
how trade could play a positive role in providing these means of implementation, to  ensure that 
trade contribute s positively to sustainable development.  
3.341.   The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
3.342.   We will try to be brief. First of all, we would like to refer to our lengthy intervention in March 
because there are  some clarifications in terms of the paper that has been submitted by South  Africa 
and India.  
3.343.   Let me just reiterate a few things today that we have also mentioned in our previous 
intervention. C limate change and environmental degradation are global c hallenges that go beyond 
our borders  and, w hile we need a collaborative approach  and we are working on that in  the UNFCCC 
and different multilateral environmental agreements and here at the WTO, it is clear that we also 
need to adopt national policies beyond the multilateral and plurilateral ones to actually achieve the 
commitments that we have all taken globally in the Paris Agreement and in MEAs.  
3.344.   For the EU, this is an important part. We work together but we also need to take national 
policies and, when w e take those national policies, we do make sure that they comply with our 
international commitments be they in the UN, be they in MEAs, or be they in the WTO.  
3.345.   As explained in our earlier intervention today, it is not about if we take the policies but how 
we take them. We have been engaging here, we will continue to engage here and we will continue 
to cooperate with everyone. Also as mentioned in my previous intervention, so I will not repeat it 
here, we also provide a lot of support to developing countries  not only to see if they can comply with 
our measures, but more particularly to support their green transition s, their sustainable 
development, and their elevation o ut of poverty . 
3.346.   The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
3.347.   Just a very brief intervention similar to the EU. The United States intervened on this agenda 
item in the March CTE  so I will not repeat that intervention here but I will submit it so that it is on 
the record of this meeting.  
3.348.   The US does not support efforts  to bring the concept of CBDR  – a concept negotiated in a 
particular context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change – into the WTO.  
3.349.   As a global community, it is essential to take immediate and urgent action to continue on a 
decarbonization pathway that maintains a viable future.  WTO rules account for such action, including 
in the form of various exceptions (such as GATT Article XX).  
3.350.   Multilaterally negotiated solutions depend on good -faith efforts by those participating 
count ries to meet respective obligations under those agreements, including those negotiated under 
the Paris Agreement.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.351.   Trade has a role to play in addressing climate change, including by facilitating and promoting 
trade in environmental goods and services, and  incentivizing decarbonization in energy -intensive 
traded commodities.  
3.352.   Addressing climate change is a global challenge, and one that requires all tools be brought 
to bear to address sources of greenhouse gas emission. Assessing the embodied carbon content  of 
traded commodities through trade -oriented incentives is another potential tool to incentivize 
decarbonization in energy -intensive traded goods and commodities.  
3.353.   The United States does not support an obligation to transfer technology, unless on voluntary  
and mutually agreed terms, nor would we support the establishment of another fund to enable such 
transferring.  There are mechanisms and commitments in other relevant fora that enable 
engagement on these particular issues, and we therefore do not see this as under the purview of 
the WTO.  
3.354.   The representative of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.355.   The United Kingdom would like to refer to its comments made yesterday but just to set out 
here, but, firstly, tackling environmental challenges is  something that is enshrined throughout the 
WTO's mandate, the UK is committed to ensuring our trade and environmental policies are mutually 
supportive, and we value the input of Members in designing and implementing these policies fairly.  
3.356.   We must remembe r that the WTO is founded on the principle that Members have sovereignty 
to create regulations to meet legitimate policy objectives and may choose to make the necessary 
policy decisions, provided they do not unjustifiably and arbitrarily discriminate among  Members or 
constitute disguised restrictions on trade.  
3.357.   Environmental and climate actions have long been pursued as legitimate public policy 
objectives and they are ever growing in importance given the threats posed by climate change and 
biodiversity loss . To meet our shared climate and environmental goals under commitments we have 
all taken, Members will necessarily need to undertake huge policy transformations with impacts on 
trade some of which should be mitigated.  
3.358.   Along the way, there will be key quest ions for policy makers as to how we design measures 
effectively to uphold environmental ambition and ensure that impacts are equitable and 
non-discriminatory, and how do we ensure developing countries have the financial and technical 
assistance they need.  
3.359.   The UK is keen to work collaboratively on these questions and possible solutions and for 
these reasons it is important that we improve the quality and structure of discussions on trade and 
environment and we welcome the efforts of the Chair in doing so her e at the CTE. We would also 
continue to advocate for the proposals made in our June paper, WT/CTE/W/252 , on this important 
subject and would be happy to continue to build on these in light of the discussion today.  
3.360.   The representative of Paraguay  delivered  the following statement:  
3.361.   I just wanted to take the floor again to thank India and South Africa for this document and 
to draw attention to some central points on these unilateral measures. These unilateral measures 
have supposed but unproven environmental objectives and a clear trade impact. We can see and we 
all agree with their end goal, but environmental agreements are based on the idea that each of us 
sets out how to comply with these goals and, when Members create these kind of unilateral 
measures, wha t they are doing is shifting the burden of complying with their obligations on to other 
Members without the due assistance to comply with them and without taking into account the 
commitments taken on by these Members.  
3.362.   Assistance was mentioned by the EU an d I would like to ask a very specific question: how 
do you measure this assistance provided with domestic support granted by the European Union to 
comply with these types of measures, because at the end of the day what we see is that there is 
assistance, w hich is not equivalent, and so there is discrimination in compliance with these measures 
and again the burden of compliance is shifted onto third parties., the commitments assumed 
internally end up being transferred to third parties.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.363.   The representative of Türkiye  delivered the following statement:  
3.364.   We thank India and South Africa and we join most of the concerns stated in the paper. As 
combatting climate change and mitigating its impacts is a global challenge, multilateralism and 
cooperation is important in this regard. It is also equally important to ensure that our trade -related 
climate measures do not constitute arbitrary or disguised restrictions or unjustifiable discrimination 
in international trade, and comply with both international trade and environme nt law. We see mer it 
in continuing to discuss these issues in multilateral fora.  
3.365.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.366.   We thank all the Members who have intervened on this agenda item today. Between 
yesterday's and today's discussion, we see that these concerns that we have expressed through our 
paper are quite widely shared. There are of course differences of opinion from some Members but 
we will continue to engage with the wider membership to see how we can be brought fort h to the 
attention of Ministers at MC13.  
3.3  Reporting on  TESSD, DDP and FFSR   
3.3.1   Update by the coordinators of the Trade and Environmental Sustainability 
Structured Discussions (TESSD) on recent discussions  
3.367.   The representative of Costa Rica  delivered the following statement:  
3.368.   I deliver this update on behalf of Costa Rica and Canada, Co -convenors of th e Trade and 
Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions (TESSD). I would like to begin by thanking the 
Chair for this opportunity to update the CTE on the good progress made in the TESSD since the last 
Committee meeting in June.  
3.369.   Since then, the TE SSD has met twice : on 11 July , for a plenary meeting, and again on 
19-20 September for meetings of the four informal Working Groups . The summaries of these two 
meetings can be found in the documents INF/TE/SSD/R/18  (for the plenary ) and INF/TE/SSD/R/ 19 
(for the Working Groups ). 
3.370.   At the plenary meeting in July, Barbados announced  it would join TESSD, becoming its 
75th co-sponsor. Let me use this opportunity to welcome again Barbados to TESSD  because y our 
perspective as a small develop ing country and island will add much value to the discussions.  
3.371.   The focus of the plenary meeting in July was on the way forward, including objectives and 
possible outcomes for the upcoming Ministerial Conference. Members also considered reports by the 
facilitators on the March and May meetings of the four informal Working Groups.  
3.372.   Let me say a few words on the way forward and possible outcomes for MC13. The expected 
MC13 package includes a Statement by the Co -convenors, an updated Work Plan, as well as outc ome 
documents from the four Working Groups. Members broadly supported to work towards this 
package.  
3.373.   At that plenary  meeting, Members also considered a proposal by the Co -convenors to pursue 
the development of a digital hub (tool) aimed at fostering transp arency and cooperation at the 
intersection of trade and environmental sustainability policy. Based on  the feedback provided by 
Members, we are currently exploring the possibility of a pilot project of reduced scope with a focus 
on environmental goods and s ervices.  
3.374.   Let me now take this opportunity to also briefly introduce the draft outcomes of the four 
Working Groups planned for MC13 . For the informal Working Group on Environmental Goods and 
Services (EGS), the draft outcome document provides an analytical summary of the work done so 
far with respect to EGS and renewable energy sectors, identifying key goods and services for 
renewable energy projects, barriers to their dissemination, topics of priority to developing countries, 
and the opportunities to promot e and facilitate trade in these goods and services.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.375.   The analytical summary is a living document that will be extended to other sectors and 
environmental objectives as discussions move forward. For t he informal Working Group on 
Subsidies , the draft outcome  document comprises a compilation of Members' experiences and 
considerations regarding subsidy design and transparency. In line with the sectoral approach of 
discussions, the document currently covers agricultural subsidies and subsidies related to the 
low-carbon transition. Also this compilation is intended to be further developed after MC13 based on 
the discussions in the Working Group.  
3.376.   As for the informal Working Group on Trade -related Climate Measures (TrCMs), the outcome 
document provides a compilation  of Member practices in the development of TrCMs, dealing 
particularly with transparency and consultations, impact assessments, review following 
implementation, and recommendations for TrCM policymaking.  
3.377.   Lastly, the Working Group on Circular Economy has b een working on a mapping exercise to 
build a common understanding of the trade -related aspects of circular economy along the entire 
lifecycle of products. The draft outcome document provides a mapping of Members' initiatives and 
experiences aimed at promot ing a circular economy; a mapping by the Secretariat of measures 
relating to the circular economy in notifications and TPR from the WTO  Environmental Database , as 
well as a mapping of trade aspects of the circular economy based on presentations and discussions 
in the Working Group.  
3.378.   The four informal Working Groups met again on 19-20 September and resumed discussions 
with a sectoral approach. Supported by substan tive presentations by stakeholders, Members' 
discussions added great value in furthering the TESSD objective to build a solid foundation at the 
technical level on topics at the intersection of trade and environmental sustainability.  
3.379.   The Working Group on S ubsidies discussed environmental effects and transparency issues 
relate to agricultural subsidies. Members also shared their experiences and considerations in design 
of agricultural subsidies – here, Members welcomed the presentations made by Japan and Uru guay.  
3.380.   The Working Group on Circular Economy discussed trade facilitation and waste aspects of 
circular trade with a focus on the electronics sector. Members had substantive discussions on 
opportunities to facilitate safe circular trade, the role of labell ing and digital product passports in 
enhancing transparency and traceability to promote circularity and address waste concerns, as well 
as the challenges faced by developing countries with trade in used or end -of-life electronics.  
3.381.   In the Working Group on EGS, Members had a rich discussion on the opportunities and 
approaches to promote and facilitate trade in goods and services to foster renewable energy. Here, 
a presentation by Australia sharing its experience in regional initiatives was much welcomed. A 
second focus of the meeting was on developing country perspectives on trade and renewable energy. 
Members discussed developing country needs in terms of investment, technology and technical 
assistance as well as opportunities for fostering their renewable e nergy sectors and participating in 
renewable energy value chains.  
3.382.   Lastly, the Working Group on Tr CMs engaged actively on the role of carbon standards in 
decarboni zing the aluminium industry, the importance of international collaboration, including at the 
WTO, as well as specific challenges facing developing countries. In the second part of the meeting, 
Members had a rich exchange on principles relevant for T rCMs as well as key design elements of 
border carbon adjustment.  
3.383.   These were all very substantive mee tings and , besides the meeting summar ies, all of the 
presentations by stakeholders are available on the TESSD website.  
3.384.   Let me now say a few words on the way forward. Next week , on 20 -21 November, we will 
have the last informal Working Group meetings of the  year. The meetings will allocate a significant 
amount of time to discuss the draft outcome documents of each Group as well as priorities for the 
update of the Work Plan. Each Group will also continue to advance technical discussions with a 
sectoral approa ch. Green hydrogen will be a common theme in three Working Groups. In addition, 
the circular economy Working Group will have a focused discussion on circularity in the textile sector, 
while the EGS Working Group will also discuss biofuels.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.385.   At the final ple nary meeting of the year, which is planned for a date in December  to be 
announced , we aim to discuss and gather support for the TESSD package of deliverables for MC13. 
To recall, this package would comprise a statement by the Co -conveners, the outcome docu ments 
of the four informal Working Groups, and an update of the Work Plan to better reflect the direction 
of TESSD discussions as well as the interests and perspectives of developing Members. The updated 
Work Plan will also take into account the ongoing re vitalization of the CTE and ensure that TESSD 
will continue its positive role in supporting the work in this Committee .  
3.386.   As the Co -convenors, we have been holding informal consultations with both co -sponsors 
and non-co-sponsors on the way forward and the u pdate of the Work Plan. We invite Members 
interested in TESSD to get in touch  as we are happy to sit down with you to discuss questions or 
suggestions that you may have.  
3.387.   Let me conclude by thanking the eight facilitators of the four Working Groups for thei r work, 
as well as Members for their engagement in TESSD. Let me also thank stakeholders for their valuable 
contributions to TESSD. Once again, thank you  for this opportunity to share the good progress of 
the TESSD initiative here in the CTE.  
3.388.   Following thi s presentation, one delegations had the following reaction.  
3.389.   The representative o f the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
3.390.   Let me also thank the previous speaker for the report on the ongoing work of the TESSD. 
However, we are forced to note that Canada and Costa  Rica have failed to ensure transparent and 
inclusive work. As we have stated on multiple occasions , if the discussi ons are truly aimed at 
achieving tangible results, there is no place for a selective attitude towards their participants for 
political reasons, turning the format of cooperation into 'get togethers ' of the ir closest friends rather 
than the platform capable  of addressing global  challenges. In such circumstances, the plurilateral 
initiatives will become another example of fragmentation and division of the entire  membership into 
the groups of like -minded countries and jurisdictions.  
3.3.2   Update by the coordinators of the Dialogue on Plastics Pollution and 
Environmentally Sustainable Plastics Trade (DPP) on recent discussions  
3.391.   The representative of Morocco  delivered the following statement:  
3.392.   I am delivering this update on behalf of the six Coordinators of the Dialogue on Plastic 
Pollution, namely, Australia, Barbados, China, Ecuador, Fiji and Morocco.  
3.393.   The work of the Dialogue on Plastic Pollution has seen relevant developments since the last 
meeting of the CTE as we gear up into the final leg of preparations for MC13. Let me highlight two 
such developments , which are key to fulfilling our Ministers ' call for concrete, pragmatic and effective 
outcomes by MC13.   
3.394.   First, in August we rounded up the two surveys on trade -related plastics measures (TrPMs ) 
and Aid for Trade (AfT) global review and needs assessment. The two factual reports containing key 
findings from both surveys were finalized and issued last month. We asked the Secretariat to provide 
a more comprehensive briefing on the main takeaways, b ut let me highlight a few here.   
3.395.   The TrPMs report captured a total of 223 TrPMs from 85 different WTO Members, from all 
regions and levels of development. The survey results demonstrated a steady and important increase 
in TrPMs, with the exponential growth  in TrPMs in recent years – much greater than the growth trend 
for all environmental objectives combined captured by WTO data – mirroring the increase in interest 
and concerns related to plastic pollution.  
3.396.   The report identified three broad categories of T rPMs, noting sustainability requirements 
(such as technical regulations and bans and restrictions) as the overwhelming type of TrPMs adopted 
at 83% of the dataset. The dataset included a few support measures to non-plastic substitutes, 
plastic alternatives , reuse, refill and recycle systems and waste management technology and 
infrastructure. However, these seemed to be less prevalent than for other environmental objectives. 
It was also clear that we still do not have enough visibility at the WTO with respec t to the third type WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  of measures – taxes and market mechanisms such as extended producer schemes. Most of the 
examples in the dataset came directly from replies to the survey from co -sponsors, so this is a clear 
area in which our discussions are already hel ping to improve transparency and peer -learning.   
3.397.   The report goes into further detail on the various types of products targeted by surveyed 
TrPMs, ranging from single -use plastic products, care products, microplastics and specific polymers, 
which is informa tion that is useful while we shape the contours of the Dialogue MC13 outcome.  
3.398.   On the AfT report, we received replies from delegations and institutions representing a 
cross-section of recipient partners, donor Members and South -South partners, and 
regional/international institutions working on plastic pollution.  
3.399.   Respondents pointed to suggestions to improve the gathering of more targeted information 
on AfT programmes addressing plastic pollution, not least in th e context of the AfT Global Review. 
They highlighted in particular the utility of sharing of case studies and domestic experiences by 
Members, along with a focus on Members' priorities and needs on technical assistance and capacity 
building programmes that  were specific or complementary to plastic pollution. Hopefully , this 
information will be useful in improving data collection going forward.  
3.400.   The Report also includes the trade needs and priority objectives most often indicated by 
recipient donors who repl ied to the survey: domestic private sector and civil society engagement, 
followed by access to technology were the needs most often raised, while improving environmentally 
sound management, recovery and recycling of plastic was the top objective among resp ondents. 
Finally, the Report also contains examples of AfT programmes focusing on trade -related aspects of 
addressing plastic pollution already in place.  
3.401.   Second, we are happy to inform that, following the letter sent by the Dialogue's coordinators 
to the W orld Customs Organization  (WCO) in May, work has been progressing well on  exploring 
HS amendments to improve transparency of plastics embedded in traded goods, as well as of 
potential substitutes and alternatives.  
3.402.   With support from the WTO Secretariat and  a host of Dialogue stakeholders, in particular 
international organizations working on the topic, a set of proposals on potential HS amendments 
were tabled at the 72nd HS Committee Meeting held in September this year. These focused on greater 
differentiati on of primary plastics by polymer type and by feedstock, of plastic -containing goods, of 
specific single -use goods (expanding on existing customs classifications ), and on plastic packaging 
and fishing gear, among others.  
3.403.   We are pleased to update that the proposals have been accepted into the agenda of the 
Review Sub -Committee  at the WCO , which will take place later this month, with quite positive 
reception overall by WCO delegates. We hope WCO delegates will be able to identified sensible and 
concrete refo rms that will support our efforts to use trade as a tool to address plastic pollution.  
3.404.   Let me finish by updating you on our potential MC13  outcomes . As you will have seen, we 
have circulated draft one of the proposed MC13 statement as well as its attached  open, illustrative, 
non-exhaustive and evolving compilations of suggestions, practices, options and opportunities. 
These are grounded in the results of the two Surveys and on discussions held throughout the 
Dialogue's meetings. We have received comments f rom delegations and stakeholders in both written 
form and orally at the last pre -plenary meeting in September, and have taken these on board in the 
latest iteration of the documents, noting in particular the points raised by a number of delegations 
on the need to ensure coherence with and without prejudice to the INC process.  
3.405.   We invite all delegations to join us next Thursday, 23rd November when we  will host our last 
pre-plenary meeting of the year. It will be a key opportunity to help us work towards fina lizing our 
outcomes for MC13.  
3.406.   At this juncture , it would be apposite to mention the INC -3 meeting that is taking place at 
this exact same moment as we are having the CTE meeting. As usual, we have continued our good 
cooperation and collaboration with the process. There is much synergy to be reaped in the work of 
the Dialogue and the INC, and I cannot stress this enough but it bears mention that the live and WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  evolving nature of the discussions at both for a speaks volumes on the importance of continued 
mutual  supportiveness of the two process es and their work moving forward.  
3.407.   Last but not least, we invite all Members to continue the great engagement so far and to set 
our sights firmly on delivering the concrete, pragmatic and effective outcomes called for by t he MC12 
Statement. We also invite those that are not yet co -sponsoring our Dialogue to do so – this is a key 
opportunity to be part of this crucial piece for trade to address the pressing 21st century challenge 
presented by plastic pollution.  
3.408.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.409.   The representative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
3.410.   Thank you Costa Rica for the update on TESSD and Morocco for th e update on for the update 
on the Dialogue on Plastics Pollution. Australia recognizes the primacy of the CTE as the key 
multilateral body focused on trade and environment. However, we also see value in the constructive 
discussions we have been having in t he plurilateral initiatives of TESSD and DPP about these current 
issues, which are open to all Members to participate in.  
3.411.   We are committed to addressing plastic pollution through trade and, as co -coordinator of 
the DPP, we firmly believe that collaboratio n and cooperation, which underpin the Dialogue, are 
important because, without that tenet, we would not be able to solve this global problem. The 
significant involvement of non-government organizations in the Dialogue and our close cooperation 
with UNEP on  INC negotiations has helped focus the DPP's work on pragmatic, tangible results as 
much as possible.  
3.412.   MC13 will present a key opportunity to progress the DPP's efforts and mobilize the broader 
WTO membership and the first draft of the statement represents an important step in the 
development of best practice to address plastics pollution through trade.  
3.413.   Australia will build upon leadership demonstrated at INC -2 and 3, as mentioned by my 
colleague from Morocco, to continue advocating for an ambitious, legall y binding instrument. In our 
co-coordinator role in the DPP and our co -facilitation at INC, we will continue to support 
cross-regional engagement, including as a willing and active partner of the Pacific.  
3.414.   The representative of China  delivered the following  statement:  
3.415.   China would like to thank all coordinators and the Secretariat for their hard work on the DPP 
discussions. China would also like to thank our delegates and stakeholders for their engagement and 
contribution to the Dialogue.  
3.416.   Plastic and plastic  products are indispensable in human life. The leakage of plastic waste 
also poses a threat to health and environment. Trade is believed to be one of the powerful tools to 
disentangle this dilemma. Therefore, the DDP plays a critical role to promote enviro nmentally 
sustainable plastics and deal with plastic pollution. It is a significant platform to allow Members to 
share best practice, seek concerns and build cooperation.  
3.417.   The first draft document summarizes the work being done and actions to be taken in a  
comprehensive way, which gives Members and stakeholders a clear picture about challenges and 
opportunities. China appreciates all the efforts made by coordinators, participants and stakeholders. 
This document could be helpful to bridge gaps among differen t positions.  
3.418.   The INC is now negotiating a binding instrument on plastic pollution. China fully understands 
that many Members do not want the DDP outcome document prejudge or interfere with the INC 
negotiation strategy on some significant issues. China enc ourages all Members to show some 
flexibility and make necessary compromises on seeking consensus. China is also willing to work 
together with other Members to reach an outcome as soon as possible.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.3.3   Update by the coordinator of the Fossil Fuels Subsidy Refor m (FFSR) on recent 
discussions  
3.419.   The representative of New Zealand  delivered the following statement:  
3.420.   Following our last report to the CTE, the Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (FFSR) Initiative held its 
third meeting on 18 July.  The July meeting was co-chaired by New Zealand and Switzerland.  As at 
the previous two meetings, it was well attended by a cross -section of WTO Members , both from 
among the 48 co -sponsors of the Joint Statement and by other WTO Members . 
3.421.   To keep participants up to date  with developments relevant to fossil fuel subsidy reform in 
other international fora, the meeting opened with updates from  the UNEP on work to report against 
UN SDG 12.c; the UNFCCC on preparations and priorities for COP28; and Ecuador on the Coalition 
of Trade Ministers on Climate . 
3.422.   The meeting then turned to discussion of the three areas agreed previously as areas of focus 
for further work.  These are:  use of WTO mechanisms to enhance transparency;  approaches to limit 
and pha se out temporary fossil fuel support measures;  and ways to identify and categori ze the most 
harmful types of fossil fuel subsidies, as a basis for further action.  
3.423.   On the first area, participants looked particularly at trends in the provision of information  
and questions asked on fossil fuel subsidies and fossil fuel subsidy reform in TPRs. This indicated 
that more information was being provided in Member TPRs and Members were showing increasing 
interest in this area, with more questions being asked.  There w as not so much consistency, however, 
in where this information was being found or what it covered.   
3.424.   Attention was also drawn to the range of other existing mechanisms for increasing 
transparency, including notifications under the SCM  Agreement , use of the WTO's periodic 
monitoring reports, discussions in the TESSD Working Group on Subsidies , and reports from 
transparency work in other bodies, such as the G7, the G20 and APEC.  
3.425.   In discussion on the second area  – approaches to limit and phase out temporary fo ssil fuel 
support measures – some useful lessons were drawn from previous energy crises, as well as from 
more recent Member experience.  This indicated a clear trend, over time, away from an initial reliance 
on price -based measures (with limited targeting a nd a heavy fiscal burden) to wards  narrower, more 
targeted (often income -based) approaches.  
3.426.   Several delegations commented on what could be learn ed in this area about the kinds of 
design features optimal for temporary measures.  These included time limits, li mits on overall subsidy 
levels and transparency of the measures. Overall, participants reaffirmed that the focus needed to 
be on ensuring such measures remained targeted, transparent and temporary.  
3.427.   In the discussion on categori zation of different kinds of subsidies, some participants recalled 
the importance of not losing sight of the absolute numbers th at the extremely high overall levels of 
fossil fuel subsidies currently being provided represented – with levels estimated to have doubled 
during 2022 to exc eed US D 1 trillion for the first time ever.  
3.428.   Participants also drew attention to the major gap between the current levels of expenditure 
on fossil fuel subsidies , and the level of funds supporting the green transition.  These realities make 
it all the more i mportant to retain a strong focus on ways to reduce these overall volumes.  
3.429.   In conclusion, the meeting agreed to undertake further work on these three pillars , including 
to collate information on Member experience in adopting and rolling back temporary mea sures ; to 
deepen work aimed at identifying which types of subsidies are most harmful from a trade and 
environment perspective ; and t o further analy se and consider questions of how to support 
development and to assist vulnerable groups in the process of fossil fuel subsidy reform ; as well as 
ways to make best use of processes such as TPRs to promote further transparency on fossil fuel 
measures.  
3.430.   Following the July meeting, co -sponsors are now considering a set of concrete options to 
advance work under the initiative in the lead  up to and beyond MC13.  This set of concrete options WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  is based around the three pillars outlined above  and interwoven through these three pillars are the 
important social and development considerations highlighted under the Initiative' s June 2022 
High-Level Work Plan.  
3.431.   These concrete options include some practical steps that can be taken in the more immediate 
term under the first two pillars , and identification of steps towards the broader objective of the 
Initiative, including under the  third pillar, in the period beyond MC13.  
3.432.   The next meeting of the FFSR initiative is due to be held on 24 November . Finally, I would 
like to reiterate that the group continues to welcome new co -sponsors and would like to encourage 
those who have not yet do ne so to get in contact and to join in this important work.  
3.433.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.434.   The representative of the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
3.435.   I thank New Zealand for the provided rep ort. However, we would like to share our view s and 
touch upon the content of the previous meeting.  
3.436.   During the previous FFSR meeting, w e were extremely surprised watching the presentation 
related to temporary support measures and phase  out best practices prepared  by the Secretariat 
and dedicated to the reasons of soaring energy prices. I would like to note hereby that the surveys 
based on which the presentation had been prepared do not reflect the actual aspects of the situation.  
3.437.   First, according to the International Energy Agency, which I presume each participant of the 
FFSR recognizes as a reliable data provider, the funds allocated for the extraction and production of 
fossil fuel energy resources in the period 201 4-2020 decreased by 58% from USD 779 billi on to 
USD 328 billion. So the question is w hy did it happen? The answer is quite simple – because some 
of the largest economies decided to impair the industry in favour  of "green" but unstable sources.  
3.438.   Second, I invite the authors  of those reports  to expl ore the dynamics of oil and oil products 
prices that will lead to a conclusion that a trend toward their steady growth began in 2020 due to 
the COVID -19 crisis and the underfunding of the industry.  
3.439.   Third, the measures considered in the survey , like capping  prices on oil products, especially 
imported ones, have a restrictive nature and are inconsistent with the WTO rules. Bearing this in 
mind, legitimization of such measures by the representatives of the WTO seems to be strange and 
concerning . 
3.440.   The representa tive of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.441.   We are addressing all three initiatives in our intervention and in particular wish to express 
our gratitude to the coordinators, the facilitators, and the other Members for engaging in important 
discussions that have taken place to date through the TES SD, DPP and FFSR dialogues.  
3.442.   The TES SD, DPP and FFSR have played an important and complementary role in facilitating 
discussions on environment and trade matters in the WTO. These add to the  vibrancy of debate in 
the WTO and we are pleased to see this vibrancy continue  yesterday  morning with the inaugural 
session  of the CTE thematic session. We also think that it  is important that these initiatives are 
reported back to the CTE and thank the c oordinators for facilitating that transparency.  
3.443.   The topics under discussion in these initiatives are important and highly pertinent.  Indeed, 
we are speaking about this as the INC meets this week for its third  session in Nairobi and undertaking 
discussions  that are critical that we work alongside and complement.  
3.444.   In that respect, here at the WTO, the DPP can play a key role in deepening our thinking and 
analysis of plastics pollution and trade. We see a key role for it in the future, undertaking further 
assessments to fully understand the effects of plastic pollution on human health  and the 
environment, including the marine environment.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.445.   Similarly, we see TES SD as an avenue to deepening analysis that can be of great benefit to 
conversations in the WTO.  The EG S Analytical Summary, for example , will add substantively to our 
understanding of trade , environment and global value chains in environmental goods and services 
and sectors.  This will be critical in helping to think through the role that trade can play in addressing 
environmental challenges.  
3.446.   We look forward to continuing to play an active role in these initiatives going forward and 
welcome continued transparency measures in the future, such as the updates that we  have heard 
today.  
3.447.   The representative of European Union  delivered the following statement:  
3.448.   The EU would also like to address the three initiatives together. We are going to make a 
short intervention because the one by the UK was very pertinent to what we wanted to say. I think 
in addition to doing and providing the reports here, we would really like to invite the three initiatives 
to also present next year once they have finalized the outputs that they have been working on in 
the CTE. We believe that they would be of interest to all WTO Members and not only the co -sponsors 
of the initiatives.  
3.449.   The representative of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
3.450.   If I may, I would like to also address the three initiatives together. First for T ESSD, we would 
like to thank the Co-conveners, Canada and Costa Rica, for the update and the hard work, but also 
the co -facilitators of each Working Group and the Secretariat for their very good job.  We are looking 
forward to the outcome documents for MC13.   
3.451.   Similarly , for FFSR, Switzerland thanks New Zealand for its leadership in this initiative and 
for the update. We welcome also the positive co -chairing of the last meeting by New Zealand and 
Switzerland,  and we are looking forward to the outcome documents .  
3.452.   On DPP, we thank all the Co-conveners for their hard work and for really taking into account 
all of the Members ' comments.  We w ould also like to reiterate Switzerland 's engagement in the INC 
process, as well as in the DPP, and we believe that the contribution of rules -based multilateral trading 
system and trade -related cooperation  is key to sustain global efforts to end plastic pollution.  
3.453.   The representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela  delivered the following statement:  
3.454.   We thank New Zea land for its presentation. On this subject, we would like to reiterate our 
country's position. We consider it important to acknowledge the work being carried out by the United 
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD ) on fossil fuel subsidies, w hich are used to 
keep energy at low prices for low income companies and households. Without these subsidies, prices 
would be higher for homes and companies and it would affect their competitiveness.  
3.455.   Fossil fuel subsidies are often used to provide access t o energy in remote and rural areas. 
Their reform could reduce access to energy for certain groups of people and businesses. Therefore, 
we need to take into account the specific needs, capacities and conditions of developing countries 
and their economic gro wth. The reduction of fossil fuels could reduce their economic activity and 
slow down their growth.  
3.456.   The issue of eliminating subsidies for fossil fuels is an issue outside the work of the WTO. 
We are concerned that these types of measures, which are being  addressed in other fora such as 
that dealing with climate change and other organizations, could be reversed by the duplicity of 
approaches in other spaces that do not have the mandate to do so, and which, furthermore, are not 
the most suitable for these p urposes. We believe that these efforts should be used to address those 
subsidies that do fall under the jurisdiction and mandate of this Organization.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.4  Discussion on possible CTE contributions to MC13  including reflection on the Senior 
Officials Meeting o f 23-24 October  
3.457.   The Chair delivered the following statement:  
3.458.   Under this agenda item, I would like first to report to you on the informal meeting I held on 
6 October and then to hear from Members  on your expectations for possible CTE contributions to 
MC13, including any reflection on the Senior Officials Meeting on 23 -24 October.  
3.459.   First, on 6 October, I invited delegations to discuss possible follow -ups to paragraph 14 of 
the MC12 outcome document and to share their thoughts on preparations for MC13. During the 
exchange of views, it was widely acknowledged that the preparation for MC13 should build upon 
Paragraph 14 of the MC12 Outcome Document.  
3.460.   Many delegations noted that MC13 offered an opportunit y to continue revitalizing the work 
of the CTE, including the ongoing efforts of increasing transparency on environmental policies and 
exchanging information, holding dedicated discussions in a constructive manner that also captures 
the interests of all Members , in particular developing and least developed countries, and improving 
the procedures of functioning of the CTE.  
3.461.   In this regard, a suggestion was made to provide a report about the work being done at the 
CTE concerning MC13 by the CTE Chair to the Ge neral Council. MC13 Members could take stock of 
the progress made and pave the way for post -MC13 work.  
3.462.   Some other suggestions included furthering the role of the CTE in coordinating the work of 
different WTO bodies related to environment and climate chang e; referencing the outcomes of 
COP28 and the link to trade and sustainable development in an outcome document; discussing the 
impact of trade -related climate measures on market access; developing guidelines to understand 
better linkages between trade, envi ronment and sustainable development, priorities and challenges 
of developing countries and LDCs, including, the role of technology transfer. Members have also 
shown interest in environment and bio -trade and how trade can contribute to tackling pollution.  
3.463.   The CTE must make a concrete , while significant , contribution to MC13. I would like to hear 
your views and suggestions on possible tangible outcomes for MC13, keeping in mind the fruitful 
discussion we just had based on many different proposals to reform th e CTE, our conversation at 
the informal on 6 October, as well as any follow -up to the Senior Officials Meeting on 23 -24 October.  
3.464.   I would like to hear your opinions on this topic, especially in light of the results of the Senior 
Officials Meeting in Octobe r, as that meeting discussed the issue of trade and the environment. The 
Chairperson intends to convene open -ended informal consultations in the coming weeks to deliberate 
on a text that brings together the ideas and objectives of Members. Given that the C hair of the 
General Council is organizing efforts to draft the general Outcome Document of MC13, I will keep 
coordinating with her on what is pertinent. I will keep the CTE informed o n this .  
3.465.   I now invite delegations interested in presenting their views on  this agenda item to take the 
floor. 
3.466.   Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
3.467.   The representative of Canada  delivered the following statement:  
3.468.   Since MC12, WTO Members have intensified our discussions on trade and environmen tal 
sustainability at the CTE, and through informal groups like TESSD, DPP and FFSR.  These discussions 
have shown the potential that international trade and trade policy can play in support of our collective 
efforts to address climate change, and the contr ibutions that the WTO can make in furthering work 
in this area.  
3.469.   Canada is committed to working with WTO Members to develop text for the MC13 outcome 
document that reflects the current state of play at the CTE and the importance of continuing to 
advance wo rk on the role that trade policy must play in supporting action to address climate change. 
This also includes text that recognizes the needs of developing countries throughout our efforts.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.470.   As we consider our work in 2024 and beyond, we encourage WTO Member s to maintain the 
momentum in setting a constructive agenda that is focused on concrete ways we can advance our 
trade and climate goals within the WTO.  
3.471.   Canada also notes with interest the Director -General's proposal to present at COP28 
trade-related climat e policy options.  We look forward to learning more on what those options are, 
and how they may inform the outcomes at MC13 and the future work o f the CTE.  
3.472.   The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
3.473.   At the outset, we would to reiterate o ur thanks to the WTO Secretariat for their tireless 
efforts in the preparation of the Senior Officials Meeting, which took place on 23 -24 October.  
3.474.   We believe that the discussions held in the session on Trade and Environmental 
Sustainability were useful to hear Members' views on how the WTO should address these issues and 
what could be delivered in MC13.  
3.475.   Egypt sees that trade and environment issues have been gaining momentum in the last few 
years. That is why Members agreed on reinvigorating the work of the CTE, including by establishing 
thematic sessions to foster discussion on trade and environmental issues. These sessions would 
allow Members to share best practices, explore opportunities and identify challenges and needs, in 
order to reach common under standing on relevant issues. We take this opportunity to reiterate our 
support to your efforts, Chair, in this regard and we welcome the organization of the first thematic 
session yesterday morning.  
3.476.   In this regard, we believe that MC13 should bless and sup port the reinvigoration of the CTE, 
as the standing forum dedicated to dialogue among Members on the relationship between trade 
measures and environmental measures. Senior officials, during the Senior Officials Meeting, 
discussed several ideas on how to ad dress the trade and environment issues in the WTO and MC13, 
including through the reinvigoration of the CTE Work Programme 1994. While we are open to discuss 
different options, we believe that any trade and environment outcome in MC13 should include 
establ ishing discussions on the following issues:  
i. The relationship between trade, environment and development and how to ensure 
synergy and complementarity between WTO work and negotiations under UNFCCC and 
other multilateral environmental agreements.  
ii. The set of  guidelines and principles that should guide the relationship between trade 
and environment in WTO and how to avoid conflict between trade -related 
environmental measures and longstanding environmental rules and principles, 
especially the principles of equi ty and CBDR.  
iii. The effect of trade -related environmental measures on market access and how better 
to support developing countries and LDCs to avoid the negative repercussions of such 
measures, especially unilateral ones, on their market access and the achie vement of 
their sustainable development.  
iv. How the WTO and international trade could provide the necessary means of 
implementation, including capacity building, finance and green technology, to better 
support developing countries in achieving climate goals on mitigation and adaptation, 
as well as sustainable development.  
3.477.   We believe that MC13 should encourage Members to hold further discussions on trade and 
environment issues under the CTE and within its own mandate and terms of reference.  
3.478.   We stress th at any outcome on trade and environment in MC13 should be discussed and 
agreed by all Members in an inclusive manner under the CTE prior to the Conference and we very 
much appreciate the discussions you hold, Chair, for that purpose, be it informal CTE mee tings or 
bilateral consultations.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.479.   Finally, we look forward to work ing constructively with all Members to wards  successful MC13 
outcomes.  
3.480.   The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
3.481.   The EU wishes to express its appreciation to  Ambassador Valencia for his role and efforts in 
fostering a shared understanding among Members on how the WTO can contribute to combatting 
climate change and environmental degradation.  
3.482.   We propose that, for MC13, Members build upon the work carried out sin ce MC12 and 
develop a vision for enhancing deliberations on global environmental challenges going forward.  
3.483.   We have seen very active engagement in the Committee through numerous papers and 
during the meetings of the Committee where Members have expressed th eir interests and red lines. 
From these discussions and considering the views of different Members and groupings, certain 
themes have emerged.  
3.484.   There is clear convergence on the need to address environmental measures that may have 
unintended consequences fo r trading partners, especially the least developed ones. This includes 
assessing the prospects of achieving specific SDGs and determining how to handle them to mitigate 
trade impacts while proactively pursuing common environmental objectives. Discussions s hould also 
consider the technical and financial support required to achieve these goals and comply with 
emerging requirements.  
3.485.   Additionally, many interventions have emphasi zed the importance of providing access to 
technologies and facilitating technology t ransfer to support the green transition in developing and 
least developed countries. These interventions are often accompanied by calls for technical and 
financial assistance to promote the spread of green technologies.  
3.486.   The EU has been particularly attenti ve to its suggestion for a discussion on methodologies 
for calculating embedded emissions in internationally traded goods. There is clear interest from 
Members in discussing this topic, particularly in establishing coherence and common standards for 
measur ing and verifying embedded carbon emissions and addressing the challenge of fragmented 
markets. These discussions could offer opportunities for synergies and reduce obligations while 
respecting national policies.  
3.487.   We recommend shifting away from ideological  discussions that may not lead to practical 
outcomes and instead focusing deliberations on finding practical solutions and engaging in 
forward -looking work. This could include mapping, analytical work, sharing best practices, etc. Based 
on these considerat ions, we propose a list of three topics for deliberation in the thematic sessions, 
which we believe represent the views of the Member groupings:  
i. Measuring carbon intensity: key features for a methodology for calculating carbon 
content in internationally tr aded goods.  
ii. Best practices to design and engage on the trade -related environmental measures so 
that they minimi ze the impact on trade, particularly for least developed countries , and 
identify means for relevant technical and financial assistance to comply  with emerging 
standards.  
iii. Creating best practices and tools for facilitating the spread of green technologies and 
technology transfer: This involves analysing existing databases and partnerships that 
have successfully led to the international transfer of green technologies, as well as 
cases where such transfers were less successful with the aim of producing best 
practices and suggesting improvements.  
3.488.   To have an open and constructive discussion , we believe that the views expressed by 
Members in the thematic  discussion should not prejudice their positions in the WTO. With these 
three proposals , we also believe we can avoid having too many items for thematic discussions , and 
what we have tried to do is put something together that would, from what we have heard  so far, be 
in the interests of all . WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.489.   The representative of Argentina  delivered the following statement:  
3.490.   On this agenda item and looking at the link between trade and sustainability, Argentina 
considers that the Committee's function as a standing forum on d ialogue between trade and 
environmental measures should continue in line with the trade and environment ministerial 
decisions, the Doha Declaration and the MC12 Declaration.  
3.491.   Moving towards the upcoming Ministerial, we should send a positive signal to show  that the 
Committee is first and foremost a platform and forum for debates on the trade -related aspects of 
environmental measures, in particular on the impact and market access and specifically market 
access for developing countries.  
3.492.   In this framework, we support moving forward on specific debates on the substance of the 
relevant measures, their impact on international trade, and their compatibility with WTO rules in line 
with the communication from China in WT/CTE/W/251 . 
3.493.   We believe it is necessary to ens ure that environmental measures have a limited impact on 
trade as much as possible, that they contribute to development , and global  food security, and that 
they are based on scientific evidence while remaining  consistent with WTO rules.  
3.494.   We therefore  share the concern put forward by the African Group and India's paper in 
document JOB/TE/78/Rev.1  regarding unilateral environmental measures  proposed by some 
Members that  may be in violat ion of  WTO rules, thereby reducing the development prospects of 
developing countries.  
3.495.   Furthermore, we have concerns about some  proposals relate d to subsidies from industrial 
sectors for the protection of the environment. In our opinion, we should avoid adding legitim acy to 
green subsidies that could widen the digital divide between developed and developing countries.  
3.496.   On the contrary, Argentina would suggest we continu e to discuss subsidies within the 
environment within this Committee,  highlighting the relationship between fisheries and agricultural 
subsidies and their impact on the environment, given that there is clea r evidence that domes tic 
support within agricultur al and fishing subsidies not only distort the market but also have a degrad ing 
effect on  the environment.  
3.497.   In this context , we must  ensure that all environmental and trade measures are applied with 
the obje ctive of achieving  sustainable development in line with paragraph 14 of the MC12 
Declaration. Lastly,  we would like to stress the importance of making sure that CTE discussions are 
inclusive, Member -driven , based on consensus , and preserv e the multilateral  nature of discussions, 
in order to move forward in protecting the environment  and sustainable development , and are in 
line with the founding principle s of the Marrakesh Agreement.  
3.498.   The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
3.499.   Before I go on to the substance, I would just like to put forward a number of questions on 
modalities. As you have mentioned, some Members have raised that perhaps we could start working 
within this Committee on the para graphs for the eventual outcome documents for MC13 and that 
we should perhaps have a chapeau to that paragraph recognizing the work of the CTE and the 
improvements that have happened, followed by a second part which is more future looking and 
potential wor k for the CTE in the future.  
3.500.   In that sense, Paraguay believes that the discussion on those paragraphs should take place 
within the framework of this Committee, as a follow -up to paragraph 14 of the MC12 document with 
regard to future work.  
3.501.   With regard to  the topics, we would insist on the founding mandate of the Committee and 
deepening discussions on those topics mentioned within. With regard to how environmental 
measures affect trade and particularly market access, we agree with many of the proposed topi cs, 
including those by Egypt, the EU, and more broadly by Argentina, just looking at my list.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.502.   So with respect to next steps, I think we are in your hands, Chair. We maintain that it is 
important to keep the discussion within the Committee and once we have agreement or the 
murmurings of an agreement, we could then move it into a different forum.  
3.503.   The representative of  the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
3.504.   As regards the CTE contribution to the MC13, we would like to provide a couple of com ments 
and to share our priorities on this matter. First, we believe that first of all we should focus our work 
on the further implementation of MC12, paragraph 14. Otherwise, if we do not implement our own 
decisions, this exercise will solely have a formal  nature.  
3.505.   Second, our delegation will not be in the position to agree upon the paragraph which deems 
unilateral trade -related measures in the pretext of combat ting climate change, such as border carbon 
adjustments or green subsidies, as something positive,  effective and necessary for achieving our 
common goals of sustainable development.  
3.506.   Third, any attempts to call on t he elimination of  fossil fuel subsidies and fossil fuels 
themselves will not be acceptable either . We are convinced that MC13 outcomes should  include our 
common commitments to address fragmentation of the multilateral trading system and trade 
protectionist  measures, especially in the current context.  
3.507.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
3.508.   Let me begin by expressing appr eciation for your efforts on helping to shape a CTE outcome 
at MC13. Notwithstanding the impetus to enhance the CTE so that its work may better contribute  to 
the modernization of the WTO, any such development must faithfully abide by the rules and 
principl es of the multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core.  The CTE agenda and 
program me of work must respect the legal boundaries of cover ed agreements, lest we undermine 
the very system we wish to update and strengthen.   
3.509.   As we attempt to move toward s an approach to trade liberalization that is cognizant of 
legitimate environmental concerns, we cannot neglect or selectively choose to ignore the social and 
economic dimensions of sustainability.  Social inclusion and economic development are as important  
as environmental sustainability. This crucial balance among the three dimensions of sustainable 
development is an inherent element of all agreed sustainability frameworks in force.  
3.510.   Brazil cannot support the idea that environmental sustainability is brough t into consideration 
within the CTE or any other WTO -related body as a standalone concept, divorced from the  social and 
development dimensions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other correlated 
documents central to the sustainability debat e and legal framework.  
3.511.   In fact, for MC13 , we propose changing the headline title of 'Environmental Sustainability ' 
to 'Sustainable Development ', in order to adequately reflect both the broader language of the 
Marrakesh  Agreement and the overriding concept s on which the environmental agreements are 
based.  
3.512.   It is worth noting the ongoing efforts to revitalize the CTE by means of thematic sessions  
and a more vigorous debate of issues among Members, as observed in the last few sessions, based  
on a number of tax proposals submitted by developing countries.  Considering such a body of 
proposals and the positions stated above, Brazil identifies three specific elements arising from this 
exercise that will need to be reflected in a t ext-based outcom e at MC13.  
3.513.   First, an MC13 outcome must reflect the view of a majority of Members who support a 
cooperative,  consensus -based and balanced approach to the issue of trade and sustainability, and 
who vigorously reject unilateralism and green protectionism. Thi s deep -rooted and widespread 
concern has been underscored by a multitude of Members  in the CTE and other relevant bodies of 
the WTO, and can be observed in almost all t ext proposals presented this year. It cannot go 
unaddressed by Ministers at MC13.  
3.514.   Second , sustainable development in its three dimensions must be the organizing principle 
for a WTO approach to trade and environment, including efforts to revitalize the CTE. Accordingly, WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  we propose changing the heading, or descriptor, for the debate from the no tion of "trade and 
environmental sustainability", used in the last SOM meeting, to "trade and sustainable 
development", so that we maintain full alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable 
Development and the three dimensions of sustainability that are the guiding principles of the 
environment agreements.  
3.515.   Third, there must be a concrete commitment to making environmentally sound technologies 
more affordable and widely available to developing countries, including by accelerating the transfer 
of these tech nologies to developing countries and LDCs in favourable terms so that they support 
countries of the Global South to achieve the sustainable development goals and their respective 
NDCs, in line with climate agreements and the principle of CBDR -RC.  
3.516.   The repr esentative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
3.517.   Japan welcomes the various discussions that have been taking place in the CTE based on 
the MC12 outcome document. We were also pleased that the first thematic session within the CTE 
was held yesterday.  In the Senior Officials Meeting held last month,  we understand that many 
Members pointed out that trade should contribute to solving environmental crises, including climate 
change, and that discussions on trade and the environment should be held during MC 13.  
3.518.   Considering that, practically speaking, we have three months left until MC13, excluding the 
holiday season,  it seems unrealistic to expect a standalone document on trade and environment for 
MC13.  
3.519.   For MC13, it is desirable, therefore, to have a relati vely concise agreement to review and 
support the progress made recently in the CTE. We think that the language should be general without 
going into detail ed specifics  in any particular area or excluding any possible discussion in the future.  
3.520.   In order to bu ild the consensus necessary to achieve results, we should focus on having a 
pragmatic and constructive conversation. From this point of view, the continuation of thematic 
sessions is useful  because they can reflect the interests of various Members.  
3.521.   In ter ms of specific themes, we would support exploring the issues raised in yesterday 's 
thematic session in greater depth to share and discuss ways to promote trade and environmental 
goods, services and technologies, as well as methods for measuring carbon emis sions during the 
production process of international trade goods, as well as trade -related issues regarding the 
transition to a circular economy.  
3.522.   We are, however, open about the extent to which it is necessary to specify in detail the 
themes in a potentia l MC13 outcome document. Japan believes that the CTE  should continue to play 
a central role in producing an outcome at MC13 on trade and environment, and we intend to continue 
to contribute constructively to the discussions. We thank the Chair for your eff orts and look forward 
to further guidance on progress towards MC13.  
3.523.   The representative of Kenya , on behalf of the ACP Group , delivered the following statement:  
3.524.   The ACP Group wishes to recall the discussions of the Senior Officials  Meeting on trade and 
environmental sustainability, during which they reiterated the importance of having Ministers discuss 
trade and environment at MC13 and provide further guidance on the direction of future work.  
3.525.   As we have stated before, heavily indebted developing countries and LDCs face tough 
economic choices in relation to promoting the welfare of their citizens,  protecting the environment 
and promoting development. Therefore , there is a need for the CTE to capture these cross -cutting 
issues in a manner that reflects the policy landscape and complex reality, and in particular how to 
support developing countries and LDCs  to promote food security and energy security in the prevailing 
difficult context.  
3.526.   The CTE could therefore work towards a proposal that MC13 directs deliberations at the CTE 
on issues such as : (1) th e steps that are being taken by those mainly responsible for  the climate 
problems to support developing c ountries and LDCs in need ; and (2) t he trade -related impact of 
standards and measures that have been put in place by Members.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.527.   The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
3.528.   We welcome your efforts towards the debate on the contributions to MC13. Paragraph 7 of 
the Chair 's Summary from the Senior Offic ials Meeting  contained in document WT/GC/259/Rev.1  
captured some high -level points from the Senior Officers Meeting. The details of the discussions on 
trade and environmental sustainabili ty are contained in the Annex to the same document.  
3.529.   Paragraph 6 of this Annex states that, and I quote, "Senior Officials stressed that it is 
important to have more focused discussions on a wide range of issues, including the use of unilateral 
measures and the concept of  CBDR, as well as how developing and least developed countries could 
be supported with climate finance, technology transfer, investment and the greening of trade and 
value chains ." These discussions underscore the  importance of e nsuring a balance between 
environment measures and continued focus on SDGs , like SDG 1  (No Poverty ) and SDG 2  (Zero 
Hunger ).  
3.530.   The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO recogni zes the close relationship between 
trade, economic endeavour and sustainable  development but it also underscores the need to protect 
and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with 
the respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development.  Hence, it is 
important that  our Ministers  recogni ze this challenge directly and instruct this Organization's 
membership to ensure that  trade remains a unifying factor and not a dividing one.  
3.531.   We believe that MC13 can consider two outcomes. Firstly, we can look at a standalone 
Minist erial Declaration in relation to trade and environment , which addresses the following : 
• Reiteration of the  primacy of the CTE as a standing forum dedicated to dialogue among 
Members on the relationship between trade measures and environmental measures.  
• Recognition  of the serious concerns regarding the increasing use of unilateral and 
extraterritorial measures impacting trade which are sought to be justified as environmental 
measures.  
• Recognition of potential trade barriers , if such measures lead to differen tiation on processes 
and production methods.  
• Reaffirming  the critical role that the WTO can play in discussing ways to increase technology 
flows for environmentally  sound technologies or EST from developed to developing countries 
such that the focus moves  from ideas  like environmental goods and services agreements to 
the rapid adoption of ESTs.  
• Recognition  of the WTO's role in exploring levers such as financial mechanism, capacity 
building and streamlined licensing practices in addressing environmental challenges.  
• Stressing the importance of the WTO working with other international organizations like the 
World Intelle ctual Property Organization  and the UN Framework Convention on Climate 
Change to achieve the above technology transfer objectives.  
• Reaffirming the importance of global cooperation and the need to hono ur the principles of 
CBDR -RC and ensuring the  primacy a nd integrity of nationally determined contributions.  
3.532.   Secondly, we believe that these points should also be reflect ed in the MC13 outcome 
document in the paragraph on trade and environment. We anticipate that the MC13 outcome 
document will contain a paragr aph similar to paragraph  14 of the MC12 outcome document , 
WT/MIN(22)/24 .  
3.533.   The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
3.534.   We would like to first of all thank you for organizing the informal consultations on potential 
MC13 outcomes. There  are at least two key messages we got from the SOM meeting. The first one 
is that Members share consensus that the world cannot go green without trade. Trade is actually 
part of the solution to climate change and environmental challenges. The second one is  that almost WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  all Members recognize the role the CTE plays in facilitating and deepening the discussion on trade 
and environment.  
3.535.   In this context, we do believe trade and environment is an indispensable element of the 
MC13 outcome. On the format of the MC 13 outcome, I think there are at least two options. The first 
one is a separate paragraph in the outcome document, as we did in MC12. The second one is a 
separate ministerial statement on trade and environmental issues, if it is possible.  
3.536.   On the substance, there are also at least two parts. First, stocktaking. We should take stock 
of the progress we have made since MC12, including recognizing the role of the CTE as well as the 
thematic session. We have to recognize also Members ' concern over the rising environmental -related 
trade m easure s. Second, looking forward. MC13 provides us  a great opportunity to provide further 
political guidance on the way forward on the topic of trade and environment, so that we c an work 
towards positiv e, collective, and concrete  trade solutions to the climate change and environmental 
challenges by the next Ministerial Conference.  
3.537.   Chair, China looks forward to your leadership on the potential MC13 outcome, and we also 
look forward to constructive discus sions with other Members in the coming month . 
3.538.   The representative of Thailand  delivered the following statement:  
3.539.   As you kindly summarized earlier, Chair, the contribution that the CTE can bring to MC13 
was also discussed during the SOM and some of the possi bilities I can recall are another paragraph 
regarding the trade and sustainability in an outcome document and also a concrete work plan, which 
is more narrowed down and targeted on what we would like to achieve at MC13 and even after.  
3.540.   As we can see from o ur first thematic session yesterday, it was very fruitful and useful for 
Members ' consideration on how we can fine tune our common understanding and consider the 
possible ways to improve our practice by learning from each other.  
3.541.   In this respect, Thailand firmly supports the role of the CTE as a primary standing forum 
dedicated to dialogue among Members and, to us, the first thematic session is only a starting point. 
We are very pleased with the progress made under the CTE so far.  
3.542.   However, there are lots o f issues that are worth deepening and intensifying our discussion. 
We would like to echo interventions made by some Members that we have so many papers on the 
table but with the limited time of the discussion. If agreed by Members, we are of view that havi ng 
a roadmap or a possible milestone laying out our plan in the lead up to MC13 or even afterward 
would be useful. This will complement another paragraph regarding trade and sustainability in an 
outcome document and also it will reflect the progress we hav e made after MC12 and also set out 
our direction after MC13 for future development.  
3.543.   The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
3.544.   The engagement during the trade and environment session held at the SOM on 24 October 
reflects th e high level of interest that trade and environment issues have drawn by Members in the 
past years. We are hopeful that we can build on this surge in interest and continue our work in the 
CTE and in the various environment -related plurilateral initiatives.   
3.545.   We note th at TESSD and DPP are working on outcomes for MC13, which reflect the work by 
Members that has taken place under these informal dialogues. We should continue to leverage the 
work under these plurilaterals to mature conversations on emerging policy issues and bring relevant 
discussions back into the CTE or into other bodies , as appropriate , at the WTO.  
3.546.   We were pleased with the thematic session held on Monday morning  and see it as a 
demonstration of the 'reform by doing ' mantra that t he DG has encouraged Members to undertake. 
We hope we can take forward this level of interest and energy and continue to re -energize the work 
of the CTE regardless of a ministerial outcome.  
3.547.   Turning to MC13, the United States is supportive of high -level lan guage and an outcome 
document that recognizes the relevance of environment and climate issues to trade and reaffirms WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  Members ' commitment to the CTE as the standing body for deliberation on trade and environment 
issues.  We note there are divergent interests  across the membership on these issues. That said, we 
hope that , as a collective body, we can recognize the CTE as the leading WTO venue for discussion 
of trade and environment issues.  
3.548.   We should consider more specific interests and issues  as part of our f uture regular work in 
the CTE and avoid limiting ourselves by listing topics in any outcome document. In that vein, we 
would therefore seek to avoid an overly long or prescriptive statement on the CTE or on trade and 
environment  issues for inclusion in any MC13 outcome statement.  
3.549.   The CTE 's mandate is sufficient , in our view , to allow flexibility for Members to discuss issues 
they wish to raise in the WTO as demonstrated by the conversations that have taken place over the 
past yea r in the CTE.  
3.550.   The representative of New Zealand  delivered the following statement:  
3.551.   As we made clear yesterday in the thematic session, New Zealand is a longstanding 
proponent of international efforts to ensure that trade and environmental policy are mutual ly 
reinforcing. We do, as others have stated, firmly believe that trade needs to be part of the solution 
to global environmental challenges.  
3.552.   In that context, thinking about the preparation of outcomes for MC13, we would like to build 
on what was achieved at MC12. We would like to reflect the efforts that you, Chair, and that the 
membership have made to revitalize the work of this Committee – they are very welcome – as was 
yesterday's first thematic session, and we hope that we can build on those beginnings  and deepen 
and further the work.  
3.553.   In a similar vein to Canada and a number of others who have spoken, we are interested to 
see our MC13 outcomes reflect the positive and constructive contribution that we can make here in 
the WTO to addressing these issues . We remain interested to engage and work with you and with 
the membership to secure those outcomes at MC13.  
3.554.   The representative of Norway  delivered the following statement:  
3.555.   Trade and environment has moved up the agenda in the WTO over recent years. This i s 
timely, given that all international organizations must consider how they can contribute to fight the 
triple crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and increasing pollution.  
3.556.   We support your leadership, Chair, in reinvigorating the CTE as the princip al forum for 
deliberations on trade and environment. Norway also supports the three Joint Statement Initiatives  
(TESSD, DPP and FFSR ) and think they bring many good ideas to the table of possible actions WTO 
Members can take collectively.  
3.557.   We cannot, howev er, avoid noting that positions also seem to remain far apart on some of 
the measures under consideration. We do understand that many Members are concerned regarding 
environmental measures that are  not coordinated within a multilateral framework.  Therefore , it is 
increasingly important that Members strive to build mutual trust and search for compromises if trade 
is truly going to be part of the solution, as we all seem to say that it is. We should move away from 
theoretical discussions to concrete actions.  
3.558.   At MC13, we would like to see language on trade and environment, whether it be in the 
outcome document or in a separate statement. Furthermore, Ministers could build on the 
understanding from MC12 and take the next step by instructing negotiators to start searching for a 
common understanding of possible solutions at the WTO.  We should all try to move away from 
entrenched positions and look for common solutions. A deepened dialogue from next year should 
aim for negotiations of concrete outcomes from MC14 in 2026.  
3.559.   The representative of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
3.560.   As I have said before and as others have said today, Australia believes that trade is and 
must continue to be part of the solution to environmental challenges, in particular , the clim ate crisis. WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  If we do  not deal with the growing global priorities such as  environment and climate, we will simply 
see the WTO becoming less relevant. So thank you, Chair, for your work to reinvigorate the CTE and 
for holding the informal talks on MC13 outco mes. 
3.561.   We are committed to the reinvigoration of the CTE and we want to work closely with other 
Members to support enhanced dialogue to consider how trade can effectively respond to climate 
challenges.  We support the work of the CTE as the key multilateral body focused on trade and 
environment and we need to continue these efforts of reinvigoration to ensure its deliberative 
function is working well.  
3.562.   We welcome the recent reform papers , which aim to rei nvigorate discussions in the CTE. 
Like others have mentioned, we were very pleased to join the first thematic  discussion yesterday , 
which was an important step in focusing the work of this Committee.  
3.563.   Chair, we support your efforts to reinvigorate discussio ns which is in line with many of the 
proposals and we have faith in you to drive this reform, including to ensure Ministers are engaging 
on this important issue at MC13.  
3.564.   As part of broader WTO reform efforts, we think MC13  should launch new deliberations on 
the major challenges facing the multilateral trading system,  including climate change, state 
intervention and inclusive trade issues. We need to ensure that the global trade regime supports 
rather than impacts negatively on the world's ability to deal w ith climate challenge s. We suggest 
that Ministers at MC13 engage with some direct questions on the  future of the global trade and 
environment regimes.  
3.565.   They could debate in Abu Dhabi  some of the following topics : 
• How do we ensure the global trade and clima te regimes are mutually supportive?  
• How do we deal with the important policy challenge of carbon leakage in a manner that 
ensures it is compatible with WTO law?  
• How do we ensure the global trading system  is promoting incentives, particularly subsidies 
that promote greenhouse gas reduction efforts, rather than contrary to those efforts?  
3.566.   We have made a good start on this issue in fisheries, but we have a long way to go in areas 
such as agriculture and land use.  This new deliberative program me launched in A bu Dhabi could set 
the direction for post -MC13 work, including at the CTE, setting a course for Ministers to consider 
how to deal with these issues at MC14. We would like to see deliberative reform, including trade and 
climate, captured in  the MC13's outco me document, which we think should be focused on reform.  
3.567.   The representative of  the Philippines  delivered the following statement:  
3.568.   We thank those delegations that have taken the floor and have offered possible contributions 
for MC13 and also thoughts on pra gmatic approaches to the future work of the CTE. As we look 
towards MC13, we must explore what issues of pressing global concern require a ministerial 
perspective, and I would recall at MC12 we had statements on food security and the COVID -19 
pandemic.  
3.569.   In that respect, we would argue that the time is ripe for the WTO to demonstrate the political 
will to address trade and sustainability. At the SOM, the Philippines expressed an interest to explore 
a ministerial declaration on trade and environmental susta inability that would launch a post -MC13 
roadmap or an updated CTE work program that consolidates the previous mandates from 1994, 
Doha, and MC12, and addresses current realities in the trade environment nexus.  
3.570.   Our expectation, therefore, is that Ministers  would provide clear guidance on post -MC13 
work, and we have had already some useful discussions on a number of topics. We remain open and 
believe that we should have some pragmatic, shortlisted focus areas and would offer some thoughts 
in terms of perhaps  four broad themes: consideration of subsidies, both harmful and green; carbon 
pricing, border carbon adjustments, and offset mechanisms; cross -committee collaboration on 
technology transfer and the role of RTAs and GSPs in stimulating green trade; and the  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  complementary role that the WTO can play in supporting climate finance, such as on trade finance 
and domestic regulation, including technical regulations and licensing procedures.  
3.571.   I am also cognizant of the fact that the GC Chair will be launching this p rocess on the 
outcome document, so I think a question to the membership here in this room is if there are specific 
proposals, we would value having them in advance, given the rather compressed timeframe moving 
towards MC13.  
3.572.   The representative of Korea  delivered the following statement:  
3.573.   At MC12 and throughout the work we have done this year, including the thematic session 
yesterday, there is a shared agreement on the necessity of enhancing the functioning of the CTE as 
a standing forum for discussion on the relationship between trade and environmental measures , 
though we have varied views on the main topics o f these issues.  
3.574.   During the recent SOM last October, we also were able to recognize the need for political 
guidance to advance discussions.  As we now have only three months, we should progress further in 
a more practical way. Building on the outcome of MC12, we could set clearer direction and modalities 
for future work on trade and environmental sustainability  at MC 13 and with the CTE taking a leading 
role on this issue.  
3.575.   The representative of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
3.576.   I would like to reiterate Switzerland 's engagement in th is process and would like to thank 
you for your very strong engagement in this regard.  There will be unprecedented environmental 
challenges in the coming decade and the CTE is the right forum to discuss issues related to trade 
and environment. We all need to look at positive and, like Japan said, pragmatic outcomes for MC13  
on trade and environmental sustainability issues.  
3.577.   For Switzerland, it should be highlighted that trade is part of the solution and, like Norway 
said, we need to build common trust here.  Moreover, I would like to highlight that we cannot go 
backwards.  We already have specific language in the MC12 document and we should build on this.  
3.578.   We note that there is a consensus on the reinvigoration of the CTE, including the thematic 
session, and th at it has a standing role on its deliberative function.  We are also open to discus sing 
any future work of the CTE, including the work program. What we have heard with all the different 
papers on the table is that trade -related climate measures are of inter est to the entire membership.  
We would support also discussing the issue of carbon -embedded emissions, as the EU suggested.  
3.579.   In terms of the format, we are rather open. Having heard all the different speakers,  
Switzerland would maybe like to propose to the  Chair to hold other meetings before MC13, as this 
was the last CTE meeting.  
3.580.   The representative of  the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
3.581.   Thank you, Chair, for putting this on the agenda. The UK has been pleased to see the 
reinvigoration of discussions on trade and environment in the WTO, particularly since MC12, where 
we saw the outcome document paragraph.  
3.582.   We have heard the TESSD, DPP and FFSR work this afternoon, and we were pleased to see 
the first ever CTE thematic session yesterday. So t here is a vibrant conversation on key 
environmental and trade issues in this Organization, including in this Committee – so vibrant, in 
fact, that we have had to organize another session on Thursday.  
3.583.   Looking forward, for the WTO to maintain its influence a nd relevance in the international 
rules-based system, it must respond to the most important issues of our time, the existential threats 
of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. The subsequent work of WTO bodies must reflect 
this urgency.  
3.584.   The UK sees three broad categories that fall under this. First, improving transparency in 
trade-related environmental measures and facilitating communication and information sharing WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  between decision -makers in the trade, finance, industry and environment space. Th is ties closely 
with improving the deliberative functions of the WTO.  
3.585.   Second, converging around best practices and methodologies. Creative thinking is needed 
to ensure that the emerging policy tools, which will be vital for achieving our green transition, are 
designed to be consistent with WTO rules whil e advancing sustainable development. The WTO can 
play a role in convening the relevant experts and supporting and endorsing progress being made in 
other fora.  
3.586.   Third, using trade policy to advance environment al objectives. Trade can help remove 
barriers and facilitate the uptake of critical goods, services and technologies, which we need for the 
low carbon and nature -positive transition.  
3.587.   As mentioned, there is a strong link here to practical ways that Members can facilitate 
technology transfer and environmentally sustainable technologies, as long as we go about the 
process in the right way. Throughout, we need to ensure as a priority that developing country voices 
are adequately represented  and their unique needs addressed.  
3.588.   In terms of MC13 specifically,  while there will be lots of areas right across the Organization 
which will need decisions at the Ministerial,  many of which already have their own track,  it is helpful, 
particularly in this area of the  environment,  to think about where we need direction from Ministers  
on the big global challenges , and d espite reinvigoration of the environment and trade conversation,  
this is clearly an area where we could look to give  some further forward direction,  thinking about 
how we make the WTO fit to deal with the challenges  facing the global trading system.  There have 
been many contributions from Members to this debate  in recent months.  
3.589.   I think the need for this is amplified  by the likely fact that Ministers will be arriving following 
COP28  amidst reports, again, of the hottest year on record.  It is hard to imagine them and the 
Organization not having something to say on this.  But we do believe that we need to be focused on 
the role  that trade can play in the envir onmental challenge  and how we can use and improve the 
WTO framework.  
3.590.   On process, we  are talking in many fora,  including at the recent informal HODs and 
elsewhere,  discussing how we organi ze our work in the run -up to MC13  and we note that the 
GC Chair is cu rrently considering ways  to take forward our work towards MC13,  which we think is a 
helpful focal point.  So we  are very mindful of this , as my colleague from the Philippines has also 
highlighted.  I am pleased to hear that you are consulting with her  and we  would be interested to 
hear your further considerations  on how we practically get towards something at MC13  on trade and 
environment.  We look forward to the work ahead.  
3.591.   The representative of Singapore  delivered the following statement:  
3.592.   I just wanted to also join others in thanking you and the Secretariat for the hard work in 
advancing and reinvigorating the discussions at the CTE this year. We are of the view that , given 
the limited time left to MC13, perhaps a realistic contribution  that the CTE can make is through a 
paragraph or two in the MC13 outcome document. The first part could include a stocktake of what 
the CTE has achieved, including the excellent thematic session that was held yesterday. The second 
part could be a forward -looking commitment to deepen our deliberations on  the basis of future 
thematic discussions.  
3.593.   Having heard many ideas from previous speakers on the topics that Members wish to discuss 
post-MC13, we wanted to just caution again st turning this into a listing exercise.  As such, if Members 
cannot agree on two or three topics to be discussed for future thematic sessions, we would suggest 
to do away with the specifics, as Japan mentioned earlier, so that we do not enter  into protract ed 
discussions.  
3.594.   Some of the topics, based on what I heard earlier that we think could gain consensus among 
Members, could include facilitating the transfer of environmentally sound technologies, or perhaps 
sharing of best practices in the development and i mplementation of trade -related environmental 
measures.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  3.595.   The Chair took note  of the statements made and concluded:  
3.596.   Thank you for your thoughtful and encouraging insights. The Committee has recorded all of 
the statements made. Following the approach previous ly outlined, I will work in an open -ended and 
informal manner. This will enable the CTE to contribute to the outcome document of the MC13.  
4  REPORT ON THE FIRST THEMATIC SESSION BY THE MODERATOR  
4.1.  Ms. Anna Vitae, of Finland, gave the following report on the first thematic session of the CTE 
held on 13 November 2023:  
4.2.  The first CTE thematic session on "Trade contributions to energy transition efforts concerning 
climate adaptation and mitigation" was held yesterday. This marked an important step in our broader 
efforts of "reform by doing". I would like to thank the Chair for his leadership and particular thanks 
to our Members and experts for their excellent contributions.  
4.3.  Following the introductory remarks I offered, we benefitted from the expertise of five 
distinguished speakers . Ms. Araceli Fernandez, Head of Technology Innovation Unit of the 
International Energy Agency (IEA) , provided an overview of clean energy transition and trade nexus. 
In particular, she indicated that markets for clean technology offered an important economic 
opportunity, and all government approaches were required to fully reap the benefits of clean 
technology manufacturing.  
4.4.  Mr. Andres Valenciano Yamuni, Director for the Washington DC office of the Economic 
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) , provided an overview of the energy 
transition in Latin America. He also shared some perspecti ves on how the multilateral trading system 
could support energy transition. He highlighted three options for the multilateral trading system to 
support the climate agenda : (i) lowering tariffs and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods; 
(ii) ensuring g reater data on greenhouse gas emissions; and (iii) providing trade -related support 
and capacity  building.  
4.5.  Ms. An Qi, Associate Research Professor at the Renewable Energy Development Research 
Center of the Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic Research , presente d a perspective based on 
China's practice and outlook of how trade could empower energy transition. She highlighted the 
need for sustained leapfrog development in renewable energy technologies as well as the increasing 
importance of green hydrogen in elect ricity generation. Ms . An Qi also explained how trade was an 
important engine for affordable and inclusive energy transition, and it remained essential for 
facilitating innovation.  
4.6.  Ms. Enja Sæthren, Head of Government Relations and Support Mechanisms at Sc atec, 
highlighted trade -related opportunities and challenges related to energy transition. She indicated 
that the current geopolitical context accelerated green transformation in order to achieve energy 
security, address the climate crisis, and contribute to sustainable development globally. It was noted 
that different renewable energy technologies had to be adjusted to local contexts supported by 
investments in infrastructure to enable the uptake of the renewables. In this regard, it was noted 
that governm ents and institutions could come in to ensure the infrastructure necessary to enable 
the deployment of a significant amount of renewable power for the green transition.   
4.7.  Mr. James Irungu Mwangi, CEO of Africa Climate Ventures , shared his experience on ener gy 
transition in Africa, highlighting the continent's several comparative advantages for energy 
transition, including its close proximity to renewable energy resources. He indicated that there had 
to be a shift in approach : moving away from trying to addre ss Africa's energy poverty to trying to 
help Africa become more competitive in addressing climate -related challenges. This included the 
importance of identifying production opportunities at the national level, which would enable close 
proximity to renewabl e energy resources.  
4.8.  Overall, the presentations by speakers, their follow -up comments as well as the discussion with 
Members were very rich and recognized that ensuring energy transition was a shared priority of the 
international community and that the mult ilateral trading system had a role to play in supporting 
the international community in this endeavour.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  4.9.  On the role of trade and trade policies in energy transition, a number of points were highlighted 
during the discussions, including the role of trade i n promoting clean technology supply chains; the 
need for finding effective ways for financing renewable energy projects, while redoubling efforts in 
reducing fossil fuels subsidies; the importance of biofuels as inputs for decarbonization in certain 
sector s and their potential positive contribution to finding energy transition solutions; the need to 
have more dynamic discussions on environmental goods and services; and the importance of 
promoting common standards and definitions, including in the steel sect or. 
4.10.  As far as the WTO is concerned, the following was highlighted: the role of the CTE  as a forum 
for transparency and dialogue, particularly in pursuing a discussions on energy transition and related 
topics from the trade perspective; the CTE's potential for having more evidence -based discussions; 
the organization of a dialogue on trade and environment at MC13; and the recognition of the 
contribution of the joint initiatives on trade and environment.  
4.11.  I would like to thank all of you for the active partici pation and concrete interventions. A more 
detailed summary of the event will be circulated at a later stage.  
4.12.  The Chair commented:  
4.13.  The moderator's report shows clearly that the topic of energy transition is of major interest 
to the membership. Several deleg ations have indicated their willingness to share more information 
on their national strategies. The role of the CTE was also highlighted several times. Therefore, I 
would like to suggest that we continue the discussion on this topic among Members at the CT E next 
year. The Chair will coordinate with Members on the best way to proceed in that regard.  
4.14.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
4.15.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
4.16.  I wanted to make sur e to speak after you had made your remarks, just to thank the  moderator 
and the organization of the session. Because my comments are not related to the topic itself, just 
perhaps your guidance on next steps on how to not only organize the next session itse lf, but perhaps 
have more structure on how to do it. In the previous meeting, you did mention that we would have 
a meeting to assess how this one went and maybe start working on proper procedural steps for 
future thematic sessions. So I was wondering if th ere are news on that.  
4.17.  The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
4.18.  First and foremost, the EU would like to thank the Chair, the moderator, and the 
WTO Secretariat for organi zing this inaugural thematic session. We find it highly encouraging that 
we have already initiated significant progress this year on the thematic session. We believe that the  
discussion yesterday  had an outstanding panel so thank you for that as well. The discussion was 
clearly  engaging, and we eagerly a nticipate upcoming ones, as mentioned in our intervention under 
the agenda item on MC13.  
4.19.  We also believe that some reflection could be made on how we can make these panels and 
sessions even more engaging. As previously mentioned by the EU, and I think as you have 
anticipated as well in your previous discussions to prepare this session, we would like to propose 
convening, perhaps in a more informal setting, to reflect on lessons learned and explore ways to 
enhance these discussions.  
4.20.  Allow me to share some observations on areas where  we believe  improvements can be made, 
and we are of course happy to discuss these with all the membership and see how to advance them 
in the best possible way.  
4.21.  We advocate for the selection of moderators at least two months befor e the session. This lead 
time would allow them a month to prepare discussions, select the speakers, and prepare a session 
note to Members. The session note should  explain a little bit more what is expected from us. In our 
view, the moderators should act in  their personal capacity. The session note should be circulated a 
month in advance. In addition to providing guiding questions to Members, it should  also explain the 
session's format, the perspectives of speakers on the panel, and expectations from Members . WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  4.22.  To assist all Members in preparation, the Secretariat should develop a factual background 
paper on the topic, including references to further reading materials. This paper should be circulated 
at least six weeks ahead of the session.  
4.23.  Finally, a reflectio n should be taken on how these sessions contribute to the deliberative 
function of the CTE, beyond being WTO public forum -like events, and a reflection should be made 
on the deepening work and analysis that could be done by the WTO Secretariat after the se session s.  
4.24.  The representative of China  delivered the following statement:  
4.25.  I would also like to join Paraguay and the EU in welcoming the first thematic session. We 
thank the efforts of the Chair, the moderators, and the Secretariat for making this possible . We 
really think that the first thematic session is a very important step forward and also a very good 
starting point. We really appreciate this 'reform by doing' approach.  
4.26.  The question remains on how to make best use of the thematic session to build tru st among 
Members, deepen our understanding on the relationship between trade and environment, and also 
promote, as I mentioned before, the positive, collective, and concrete actions here in the WTO to 
demonstrate that the WTO can truly respond to global cl imate challenges and environmental 
challenges.  
4.27.  We also take note of the TESSD report during the thematic session. We welcome the 
presentation from TESSD, which briefed us on the discussions related to energy transition under the 
four Working Groups, which China believes has created the synergy between TESSD and also the 
discussions here in the CTE.  
4.28.  While we commend the first thematic session, we also see room for improvement, both in 
procedures as well as the substance. So I join other Members in welcoming the review session of 
this thematic session in  order to have better thematic sessions in the future.  
4.29.  The representative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
4.30.  Japan joins others in appreciating the convening of the first semantic session in the CTE and , 
in particular, the effort of the moderator, the Chair, and the Secretar iat in making this possible.  
Since this is the first time the CTE is doing this,  it has become clear that there are some issues that 
could be improved in terms of management, many of t hem outlined by the EU and others.  
4.31.  We look forward to working constructively with you  in trying to improve these sessions in the 
future.  In doing so, it would be a good idea to make use of the knowledge and practices that have 
already been cultivated throu gh discussions among interested Members at the WTO.  
4.32.  The representative of the United Kingdom  delivered the following statement:  
4.33.  I wish to echo what some others have said. Firstly, we really appreciate the session 
happening. We thank the Secretariat and you , Chair, for your help and guidance in that, and 
particular thanks to Anna Vitae from Finland for her work.  
4.34.  I think it was a really productive session. I think there will always be things we can do to 
improve it, and I think there have been some really go od suggestions just now, and I hope that this 
gives people enough energy and enthusiasm to continue with these going forward. I think it has. I 
do not think that is controversial.  
4.35.  I would certainly agree with, I think it was the EU that noted the importan ce of forward 
planning as far as possible, particularly around getting the facilitators in place. I agree. I think 
operating in a personal capacity is helpful, and I think having a note that they can prepare with the 
Secretariat can be helpful as well. So,  some things to think about, but positive encouragement from 
us. We really enjoyed it.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  4.36.  The Chair took note of the statements made and delivered the following statement:  
4.37.  This inaugural thematic session marks a novel approach by the CTE to foster open, 
transparent, and interactive exchanges on critical trade and environmental issues. This experimental 
format, engaging Members and other stakeholders, is naturally available for enhancements in future 
iterations. This method reflects a practical shift in CTE pro cedures and demonstrates Members' 
dedication to exploring new avenues for progressing mutual interests. Incorporating these 
discussions into the CTE's agenda remains at the Members' discretion, aligning with our 
Member -driven ethos. As Chair, I am committe d to facilitating this progression.  
4.38.  As some delegations have recalled, the Chair has anticipated that an assessment or review 
meeting will be organized to improve the future thematic sessions exercise. Thank you to all 
Members.  
5  MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AND WTO – CTE WORK PROGRAMME 
ITEMS 1 AND 5  
5.1  United Nations Framework Convention on  Climate Change (UNFCCC)  
5.1.1   Briefing by t he UNFCCC Secretariat  on COP28 preparations  
5.1.  The representative of the UNFCCC Secretariat  delivered the following statement:  
5.2.  Earlier this year, we also shared with you our assessment of COP27 and our expectations for 
COP28  in a few weeks . That assessment still stands but, obviously, there are a few nuances based 
on recent  development s. 
5.3.  As many of you probably already know, a broadly expected key outcome of COP28 is the 
conclusion of the first global stocktake (GST) under the Paris Agreement, which is likely to show 
insufficiency of the current efforts to address climate change despite th e pressing urgency. 
Therefore, the GST is expected to become a "course correction moment " by sending political signals 
on the need to enhance action by governments and non-Party stakeholders across all areas – 
mitigation, adaptation, loss and damage, and m eans of implementation including finance.  
5.4.  We recently completed the so -called "Technical Dialogue " under the GST and, not surprisingly, 
the final report of that Dialogue did confirm that we are still far from a path leading to limiting global 
warming to 1. 5 or even 2 °C. But that technical assessment also has a number of positive findings .  
5.5.  First, the report noted that the Paris Agreement has already intensified climate action and the 
related support, leading also to a reduction in the forecasts of global wa rming.  In 2010, for example, 
the expected global temperature increase in 2100 was 3.7 -4.8°C; later in 2015 with the adoption of 
the Paris Agreement and commitments made through INDCs, the expected global temperature 
increase was reduced to 3.0 -3.2°C. Curre ntly, the forecasted increase is about 2.4 -2.6°C with the 
possibility of reaching 1.7 -2.1°C when taking into account the full implementation of long -term net 
zero targets. This is meaningful progress, even if not sufficient  as of yet . 
5.6.  Secondly, the Technic al Dialogue confirmed, consistent with earlier findings by the  
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC), that now sufficient cost -effective opportunities 
to address the 2030 emissions gap, even though significant challenges including access to and 
availability of support remain in harnessing these opportunities at the required pace and scale , so 
there are solutions ; and it has been reiterated that international cooperation can help share 
experiences in  realising opportunities and overcoming barriers to and challenges in the 
implementation  of adaptation plans and promote learning from good practices across various 
contexts . 
5.7.  This is the background against which the political phase of the GST is taking place, to  culminate 
at COP28 in a few weeks ' time. We see intense political discussions ongoing, including  at the pre -COP 
meeting earlier this month . They clearly indicated that Parties are committed to achieve  a good, 
ambitious outcome from the stocktake , but it is also clear that there  are still significant  divergencies 
in the understanding of what that ambitious outcome should contain and how it  should be articulated.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.8.  That said, we should also not forget that the conclusion of the first GST is not the  only 
meaningful outcome of COP28. Implementation of climate action is a complex, multi -faceted 
process, and a good  Conference should address a large variety of issues in order to move  
implementation forward. For COP28, issues relating to loss and damage, just transition,  adaptation, 
mitiga tion and finance are expected to stand particularly high on the agenda.  
5.9.  For loss and damage, the landmark COP27 decision on a fund to address loss and damage 
must be followed up at  COP28 with an agreement on various modalities of the fund to make it  
operat ional. Along with the completion of operational arrangements for the Santiago Network  on 
loss and damage, this would make the international climate change regime fully "fit for  purpose " for 
addressing loss and damage – a tangible, major outcome. The transi tional  committee, working to 
prepare the decision on funding arrangements, has met several times  this year and made progress , 
but there is still much to be finalized at COP.  
5.10.  At COP28 , we should complete the work on the global goal on adaptation, along with  a solid  
methodological framework. This is also a major outcome, which would complement the already  
existing global goals on mitigation and finance with that on adaptation. This outcome must  
strengthen adaptation efforts at all levels – local, national and regional – and underpin the  planning 
and implementation of adaptation actions.  
5.11.  On mitigation, the ongoing mitigation work programme will need to be assessed at COP28, 
with the view to making the programme more efficient and more impactful, in light of the urgent  
need to address the emissions gap, as highlighted also by our flagship NDC synthesis reports , which 
were just published this week . At the June session s, we had a number of important events relating 
to the work  programme, followed up wit h a further gl obal dialogue recently and investment -focused 
events.  
5.12.  Finance has always been important at COPs and COP28 will not be an exception. The 
long outstanding  goal on mobilizing USD  100 billion of climate finance annually should be achieved  
by 2023 as reported by developed countries in Glasgow. While full finance data for 2023 may  not be 
available by the time of COP28, a credible indication of progress would send a strong  positive 
message. The same can be said about a success in ambitious replen ishment of the  Green Climate 
Fund and good progress in the doubling of adaptation finance. We will also see at  COP28 how the 
important discussions on the new goal for climate finance and on making financial  flows consistent 
with the objectives of the Paris  Agreement evolve and how the international  financial system 
responds to the call for reform, which was so prominently made at COP27.  
5.13.  COP27 formally established the work programme on just transition  but its substantive content  
like scope, modalities, timel ines etc. still needs to be developed. The negotiations on these  critical 
details have just started here in Bonn. The growing importance of just transition reflects  the 
understanding that it is critical to engage whole society in climate action and that no  one should be 
left behind in this process. We hope COP28 will deliver well on this key issue.  
5.14.  For some issues, such as the new collective quantified goal on climate finance (NCQG) or 
several  issues relating to the enhanced transparency framework (ETF), fi nal outcomes of work are 
not expected but tangible progress is essential in view of next year 's priorities, such as the  conclusion 
of the negotiations on the NCQG and the submission of first biennial transparency  reports in 2024.  
5.15.  COP28 aims to achieve succ ess not only through the formal outcomes of intergovernmental  
negotiations but also through the scaling up of action by non-Party stakeholders in the framework  
of the Action Agenda, which is to demonstrate an immediate response of real -world, inclusive policy,  
finance and technology solutions – framed by a two -day World Climate Action Summit and an  
innovative two -week programme.  
5.16.  These outcomes , while informal , are still quite important.  All in all, we will have yet another 
important but difficu lt COP, but I am sure that COP28 will  make its contribution into strengthening 
climate action further to respond better to the  pressing challenge of climate change.  
5.17.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.18.  The representati ve of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
5.19.  As mentioned by the representative of UNFCCC, the first global stocktake will also be the most 
important topic at COP28 from Switzerland's point of view. The GST should reflect the core findings 
of the I PCC, namely, that global emissions will peak around 2025 and decline rapidly from then on 
and that global emissions must be halved by 2030.  
5.20.  Both points require stronger commitments from the larger emitters and it is true, from 
Switzerland's point of view, with regard to mitigation, we continue to advocate that the largest 
emitters and the developing countries with greater capacity in particular should be held more 
accountable. In addition, concrete targets are to be adopted with regard to phasing out coal a nd 
other fossil fuels and phasing in renewable energy and energy efficiency. There is a need for 
international rules primarily in the area of mitigation.  
5.21.  Switzerland calls on the larger emerging economies in particular to improve transparency with 
regard to the efforts in the area of mitigation as well as their support for the poorest countries. 
Finally, news that will be interesting in the context of the CTE,  at COP28 Switzerland will join the 
Climate Club initiated by Germany, which aims to promote the d ecarbonization of the industrial 
sector.  
5.22.  The representative of Egypt  delivered the following statement:  
5.23.  I seize this opportunity to thank the representatives from UNEP, UNCTAD, and  the UNFCCC 
for their informative p resentations. I wonder if we could receiv e the reports and the publications 
through the  Secretariat. Referring to what the representative from UNEP said , with respect to the 
information and reports and publications on the finance initiative to launch the net zero report credit 
facility alliance, maybe this report has information  on the modalities of this facility and how this 
facility could be beneficial or supportive to our work here at the Organization, especially when it 
comes to addressing climate challenges and just transition , insofar as t his Committee is concerned.  
5.24.  We would also appreciate UNEP shar ing with us reports on the green consideration of the 
AfCFTA, any reports, initiatives, or anything in writing that they might have in that regard, and 
information, of course, with respect to the  available reports on the initiative on circularity on textile 
sectors and the Green Customs Initiative. I would su ggest that, maybe at the next meeting, UNEP 
could make a presentation on the Green Customs Initiative, so we c ould get to know and learn more 
about th is initiative.  
5.25.  UNCTAD, you mentioned something about a report covering 60 developing countries.  We 
would also request this report to be shared with us through the Secretariat of this Committee. It  is 
interesting to know that this report exists, and definitely we will benefit from the information 
contained therein.  
5.26.  The Chair confirmed that the Committee would organize distribution of the reports presented 
to the CTE.  
5.1.2   Briefing by DG Okonjo -Iweala and DDG Paugam on the WTO Secretariat 
preparations for activities at COP28  
5.27.  The Director -General  delivered the following statement:  
5.28.  I wanted to thank you for the great work that you are doing at the CTE and thank my 
Secretariat team for their support. I just wanted to say a few words about our preparations for the 
COP28 because I really do feel that we have come a long way as an Organization. When I first joined 
the WTO,  you may know, I have some background in the environment and sustainability area, having 
been co -chair of the Global Commission on Economy and Climate for three years with Lord Nicholas 
Stern, so when I came I was all gung -ho and ready to work on this area  and I found a good team 
but I was also told that no Director -General had ever attended a COP. So we went to COP26 in 
Glasgow, and I found out that yes, no Director -General had been to a COP because they had no 
badge for me to enter with the other heads of  organizations, they did not know who we were etc. It 
took some time to persuade them that the WTO has something positive to do with climate change. 
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  who are working in a Committee on several issues that are very pertinent to solutions to climate. I 
think we made our mark and people were pleasantly surprised and wanted to know more. We 
followed it up with the World Trade Report that focused on trade and climate  at COP27. I think that 
in Sharm El -Sheikh we really made a breakthrough in people changing their perceptions. Instead of 
seeing trade mainly as a problem, with the emissions that are brought about by the logistics of 
trade, they began to think of trade as part of the solution . As I say, the team worked really hard to 
make that happen. Thank you for all the work you have been doing here on the various informal 
groupings, in TESSD, in DPP, and all the other initiatives that have been ongoing. We wer e able to 
showcase some of them to let people know that Members are actually very keen on these issues.  
5.29.  At the last COP, we promised that we would work with UNCTAD and ITC colleagues on moving 
forward on some of these areas but that, in particular, we wou ld try to look at sets of trade policies 
or tools that Members or countries could use – if they want – on a voluntary basis to try to 
incorporate into their nationally determined contributions to be able to help move them towards the 
net zero by 2050 that everybody is aiming for.   
5.30.  For COP28, we have envisaged a three -fold contribution . One big item is that we will have a 
Trade Day. I wanted to formally confirm that, after a lot of hard work from the WTO, UNCTAD and 
ITC, the three teams working very well tog ether, and thanks to the COP28 hosts, we have been able 
to get this Trade Day. There will therefore be a day dedicated to trade and climate on 4 December. 
We will have a series of events, which DDG Paugam will speak more about. The day before Trade 
Day is Health and Climate Day, followed by Trade and Climate, and I was joking yesterday with 
Dr. Tedros at the trilateral meeting we had with WIPO as he felt very proud that they had a health 
and climate day so I turned to him and said "we also have a trade and climate day". So that is a 
good thing and is a sign of global recognition that trade is a  part of the solution and key to address ing 
climate  change . While that may be obvious to those of us sitting here, it has not been obvious to 
the world.  
5.31.  We will start Trade Day with a high-level opening with Minister Dr Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi 
and heads of other I os and we will have a series of events on that day. W e have partnered with ICC, 
ITC and UNCTAD to have a Trade House Pavilion. Many of you who have been to COPs have seen 
that various organizations have their pavilions dedicated to them, whether it is a country or an 
organization, where they can hold a series of events. Why is this important? Well, it is visible and 
makes the statement that this organization or this country is on the map with respect to trying to 
take action on climate. What we had to do before, because we did not have our own pavilion, was 
to walk around and try to get slots at other pavilions to have events. Last time, we borrowed the 
pavilion of Scotland for an event and then I think we did one with ITC and ICC. Now that we have 
one – the Trade House Pavilion – that will be shared between ITC, ICC, UNCTAD and the WTO.  
5.32.  I hasten to say, it did not cost us anything. It is quite expensive to hav e a pavilion but we are 
lucky that the ICC agreed to partner with us and is taking care of most of the costs. Instead of 
wandering around looking for who will host our Organization, when all the other organizations such 
as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have their own pavilions , even ITC, 
but WTO never had any resources to have a pavilion.  
5.33.  Most importantly to me, in a way, is that COP28 has presented  an opportunity for us to share 
our analytical work. This is key because, if we sa y that trade is part of the solution to climate change 
issues, people want to know  how and what they can do, and what can trade policies do to help them 
move in this direction. What we have done is prepare a couple of things. We will have a report that 
will be launching that proposes 10 Trade Policy Options for Climate. These are options or policies 
you can pursue voluntarily to help get to net zero by 2050. They are very concrete proposals; some 
of them will not be surprising to you, for instance, governme nt procurement and tariff policies.  
5.34.  We have a second publication on green hydrogen, in cooperation with IRENA. This focuses on 
the role of hydrogen produced from renewable power in supporting the global transition to 
low-carbon energy.  
5.35.  Finally, as you may  have heard from Secretariat's update in the TBT Committee, we will join 
over 20 standard -setting bodies, industry associations, companies, international organizations, and 
civil society in launching the "Steel Standards Principles".  This will be at the re quest of the steel 
industry that actually approached us and I want to commend DDG Paugam and the rest of the team WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  for their work in trying to help them navigate the multiple standards on carbon that the steel industry 
has to deal with. So how do we look at  standard -setting? How do we handle this in a way that can 
really be helpful to this industry? We are going to be annunciating some principles along with some 
other organizations that can help put this forward.  
5.36.  These are the very exciting sets of options that we are going to be putting forward. We will 
have a very full agenda at COP28 and I think that by the time we finish I will be very surprised if 
people ask that question again of how can trade policy and trade be relevant for a low  carbon 
transition.  
5.37.  Deputy Director -General Paugam  delivered the following statement:  
5.38.  I am pleased to share with you some complementary  details about the WTO Secretariat's 
work for the upcoming COP28 taking place next month in the UAE.  The slides of this presentation 
will be circulated to delegations afterwards so you will have this information.  
5.39.  First of all, a recap of the four key deliv erables or activities that we will maintain at COP28. 
As you see, there is a Trade Day, Trade House Pavilions, there are some publications, plus the Steel 
Standards Principles that were just mentioned by the Director -General.  
5.40.  Regarding Trade Day, which wi ll be held for the first time on the COP28 Presidency 
program me, t he UAE invited the WTO Secretariat to co -lead with UNCTAD, WEF, and ICC the 
preparations for that day. The day features a series of high -level events with global leaders from 
government, bus iness and civil society to advocate for trade to be part of a just and ambitious global 
response to climate change.  
5.41.  Second ly, the WTO will host the first Trade House Pavilion with ICC, ITC, and UNCTAD.  Again, 
for the first time in a COP's history, we will have a dedicated space to spark discussions and solutions 
on how trade can help drive climate and sustainable development actions. We have over 50 events 
planned with partner  organizations – mainly UNCTAD, ITC and ICC – over the two -week duration of 
the CO P. The WTO is leading 12 sessions itself and the funding is mainly provided by ICC, but also 
we have been receiving support for some costs from other entities like the European Climate 
Foundation, for instance.  
5.42.  Third, the WTO will launch a short publicatio n on "10 Trade Policy Options for Climate Action".  
The purpose of this is obviously information, there is absolutely no prescriptive element in this 
publication. The options are voluntary in nature and intended to be a source of information. The 
methodolog y is very empirical, it is using examples of existing trade policies that we have dug out 
from the WTO's Environmental Database (EDB), which is accessible to you, and from economic 
literature reviews to showcase what trade policy can do.  This is going to b e our flagship knowledge 
product for COP28 under the Secretariat's own responsibility. It does not pretend to reflect the 
positions of all WTO Members and it is without prejudice to any right and obligation of WTO Members 
under the WTO agreements. It is ve ry much a factual presentation.   
5.43.  The publication covers 10 key trade policy areas that could be leveraged for climate action, 
including trade facilitation, government procurement, regulations and certification, and import 
tariffs, among others. This is wha t has very informally been labelled the "Menu" of options.  
5.44.  Fourth, the other new element will be the report on international trade and green hydrogen 
launched with IRENA . 
5.45.  Finally, as already reported in the TBT Committee, we will join over 20 standard -setting 
bodies, industry associations, companies, international organizations, and civil society at the launch 
of the "Steel Standards Principles" , which is intended to foster dialogue and promote interoperable 
methodologies to count carbon to ensure a faster transition to near -zero emissions.  
5.46.  By way of conclusion, let me mention that all of WTO's activities for COP28 and Trade House 
Pavilion, as well as those of our partners, are available on a dedicated webpage on the WTO website. 
Many of these events will be  livestreamed. I look forward to any feedback or questions from 
Members.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.47.  Following the presentations, some delegations had the following reactions.  
5.48.  The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
5.49.  Thank you Dr Ngozi and DDG Paugam for providing an overview of the activities for COP28. 
The United States would like to thank you for these updates. We have had many discussions with 
the Secretariat staff and can really  appreciate all of the energy, effort and hard work going into 
these events.  
5.50.  But, we did want to convey some concerns that we had with the proposed "menu of options" , 
which does sound like will be launched  at the COP . We understand there are references to the WTO 
agreements and various trade tools but, from our point of view, it is concerning from a process 
standpoint that the membership has not received a preview of the "menu of options" or an 
opportunity to provide input or feedback on its content, notwit hstanding the briefing this morning .  
5.51.  As we have not been able to review or vet the content of this document, we want to be certain 
that any COP events or discussion s on it will not in any way indicate or imply endorsement by 
WTO Members . To be clear, the United States does not endorse this propose "menu of options".  
5.52.  We encourage the Secretariat to consult with Members on this and other self -originating 
initiatives to avoid unnecessary surprises or concerns with the product coming out of the WTO.  We 
do thin k that e ngagement would both ensure a more productive use of Secretariat resources, as well 
as more likely result in future support by Members of relevant work product s. 
5.53.  Just to close, I would like to thank you once again, Director -General, and the Secreta riat 
team, for providing this briefing this morning.  
5.54.  The representative of Guatemala  delivered the following statement:  
5.55.  We thank the Secretariat and the DG for the report we have just heard. We support what the 
United States has just said regarding this a nalytical work and these initiatives on how trade can 
contribute to climate change. We appreciate all the work done. This is an important issue, but we 
regret that this topic has not been discussed among Members beforehand and consultations have 
not taken place before launching the different elements. This does not prejudge the position of 
Members, so we hope to make this clear to avoid confusions on a national level.  
5.56.  The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
5.57.  We would like to thank the DG and DDG Paugam for their presentations. This will mark the 
first time we will have a Trade Day at COP, and this achievement is a testament to your tireless 
efforts, as you have presented here as well.  
5.58.  It was also enlightening to give furthe r insights into what you are planning to do for Trade 
Day. We see having trade at COP as a great opportunity to showcase trade 's key role in disseminating 
green goods and services and technologies.  We appreciate the initiatives to highlight the positive 
contributions that trade can make in the fight against  climate change. It is key that we are breaking 
through silos so that trade is at COP is very good for that, and that i t is presented as a part of the 
response.  This is also what we are trying to do together with the co -leads and other coalition 
members and the Trade Ministers ' Coalition for Climate.  
5.59.  Similarly  to the United States , we would also like to offer the word of caution. In the recent 
communications regarding the m enu of options you will be announcing,  there is a reference to the 
WTO announcing them. The WTO is a Member -driven Organization, and any announcements made 
on behalf of the WTO should be endorsed by its Members in advance. We kindly invite you to ensure 
that your communication clear ly states that the menu of options is presented on behalf of the WTO 
Secreta riat or in your capacity as the Director -General for the WTO, so that there are no 
misunderstandings.  
5.60.  Furthermore, we find the ideas presented here intriguing,  and it is regrettab le that the 
membership is not more informed about the work carried out by the WTO Secretar iat. We would WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  invite more transparency and communication, as already mentioned by our U S colleague . We look 
forward to more cooperation in the future, including in th is Committee.  
5.61.  I think the steel decarbonization work mentioned by DDG Paugam  and yourself is clearly 
relevant also for the work of the CTE. We would see an opportunity for cross -fertilization between 
the Committees here in the WTO,  e.g. TBT and CT E, on thi s work that you are doing , which we find 
very interesting. We look forward to good cooperation in the future with transparency, 
communication, and I  am sure we can show that trade can contribute to climate change.  
5.62.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered t he following statement:  
5.63.  Thank you to the DG and the DDG for your presentations. We agree that trade is and should 
continue being part of the solution. But, as previous Members have stated, we have problems with 
the process.  
5.64.  With all due respect, Madame Dir ector-General, said that the menu of options presented will 
not be a surprise to Members. I can say for sure that it  will be a surprise for Paraguay because we 
have not seen it.  I agree with the comments presented by the US, Guatemala  and the EU regarding 
the issues with process. To be clear, we might very well be happy with the documents and proposals. 
We just have no way of knowing because we have not seen it, much less been consulted about it.  
5.65.  I understand the caveat mentioned that this will be under the  sole responsibility of the 
Secretariat, but this should be clear to all parties that access the documents.  Even so , it is surprising 
to see this type of initiative from the Secretariat of a Member -driven Organization with clear 
parameters of action given in the Marrakech Agreement.  
5.66.  There are, as you mentioned, several initiatives within the WTO and beyond, like the Coalition 
of Trade Ministers for Climate  and the work being carried  out in the CTE , that is actually causing  
Members to find a common understanding on these topics  and these types of initiatives may be 
detrimental to the trust -building exercise that we are currently doing within the membership.  
5.67.  The Director -General  responded:  
5.68.  Thank you all for your comments. I am glad that at least some Members find some utility in 
the work being done to show that trade is part of the solution.  
5.69.  We position this as a knowledge product. This Organization allows the Secretariat to do reports 
each year on trade and various issues. The World Trade Report that  we turn out each year is also a 
knowledge product, and this is the way that this is positioned. It is very clear that it is a product of 
the Secretariat. We do not have any problems in making that crystal clear.  
5.70.  As DDG Paugam said, it does not prejudice any Member 's position. You will see very clearly 
it says that this is not from WTO Members but from the WTO Secretariat. It is in the same vein as 
the World Trade Report, which we have the authority to do each year. So I just want to reassure 
you that this  is not going to be seen as a product of the membership, but from the Secretariat. We 
are allowed to produce some knowledge products. So that is the way I would see it. There is nothing 
non-transparent about it. Each year, we do produce these knowledge pro ducts and we are authorized 
to do that by the membership. It is in exactly the same vein that this is being done.  
5.71.  You will see that this menu of policy options that anyone can use, if they so wish or they do 
not wish, will not be prejudicial. There is no attempt to hide it – that is why we are here, before 
COP, to tell you that we have been doing this work and this exists.  
5.72.  So, again, that is my reassurance to all those who are concerned that this will be put forward 
as something from the membership. It wil l not. It will say very clearly that this is a product from the 
WTO Secretariat and is not prejudicial to Members ' positions.  
5.73.  But I do think that I would like to request something from the membership. This is the only 
Organization among the three Bretton Woods, and it is a membership organization, but so are the 
others; they are also owned by all of you. This is the only place where, when we try to do analytical 
work, it is suppressed. I have said this before, to the point where I found staff who are afrai d to WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  even think analytically or produce work because they are afraid that it will be stomped on and put 
down. I think you need to give us a bit of room to be able to produce analytical products. This is not 
about negotiations; this is not about taking posi tions. This is just about sharing with the world that 
says that trade is a problem, that this is not so.  
5.74.  So I am really appealing to you because we have now got an Organization where you have 
strong intellectual people who are afraid to think. I am saying this with all due concern. This is 
nothing new. I have said it before when I came here. I have had to work with individual Members 
on certain products and, in the end, we got through. I am really appealing to you. Please take a look 
at the menu – it is sti ll a work in progress, it is almost done, but we are not trying to hide anything. 
Once we have the menu, please take a look and see that there is nothing in there that is prejudicial.  
5.75.  But I am really concerned about running a Secretariat where people are afraid to think 
because it might offend one Member or the other. How can we do that? I will just share a story with 
you because I am very concerned. When I came here, my predecessor had undertaken some work 
with the UN Secretary -General to participate in s ome workshops and produce some work that the 
UN Secretary -General had asked UN agencies and affiliated organizations to work on. It was nothing 
very sensitive, but a Member heard about this and they picked up the phone and called the staff 
member in charge  and said, who gave you the authority to do this? This is not authorized by 
Members. Do you know what happened? That staff member picked up the phone to the 
Secretary -General 's office and cancelled it and told them that the WTO would no longer participate.  
It was my predecessor, Mr. Azevedo, that had entered into that understanding. They were so 
terrified, they cancelled it without even checking with their Director whether this was a sensible 
thing to do.  
5.76.  I was travelling when the Director heard about it an d had the good sense to call me and say 
this has happened and he didn't know what the fallout will be. We had to get on the phone 
immediately to the Secretary -General to try to reverse the situation. I talked to the Member and 
explained, and in the end it went forward. So, again, I am speaking to you passionately because I 
am totally concerned. When you see this menu, I think you will see that there is nothing in there 
that is prejudicial to any position. If you do see it and you feel it is, let us know.  
5.77.  So that is what I have to say in response to that. The DG does have some discretion in trying 
to shepherd some analytical work and knowledge products in the Organization, and that  is what we  
are trying to do. We are not trying to do it against Members or an ything, but actually to make it look 
like trade is a positive force.  
5.78.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
5.79.  We thank the DG and DDG Paugam f or their briefing on the work of the WTO Secretariat at 
COP28. We learned at last week 's TBT Committee that the WTO Secretariat will be endorsing certain 
principles on global steel decarbonization efforts along with some private sector participants  directly. 
In that meeting, several Members, developed and developing, expressed concerns on the procedural 
aspects of such engagement. We thank the Director -General  for the follow -up comments in response 
to the previous questions.  
5.80.  We took good note of DDG Paugam' s comments that the trade contribution to environment  
principles report is under the WTO Secretariat 's own responsibility and that it does not in any way 
reflect the views of the WTO membership or individual national positions. We request that the same 
status be accorded to the work on principles for steel decarbonization.  
5.81.  Additionally,  a few  more suggestions, Chair. The landing page of the CTE on the WTO website 
has media links to the WTO's events at COP28. This kind of communication is unfortunate because 
the CTE has not mandated these events.  We would also request to clearly demarcate the w ork of 
CTE from the events hosted by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility.  
5.82.  Similarly, we suggest that a new document series be created , which clearly demonstrates that 
the work product is not endorsed by the WTO Members. The IMF practice of promin ently 
differentiating the content produced by IMF staff may also be considered.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.83.  Taking the advantage of the presence of the Director -General and DDG Paugam in the CTE 
today, we would also attract attention towards the various papers discussed under agenda items 3A 
and 3C. We believe that several of these ideas and issues raised form an appropriate basis for  the 
WTO Secretariat to write further research notes, reports and publications reflecting the views of 
developing countries. We hope that these themes ca n be considered important by the Secretariat 
and will also pick ideas from what Members are talking about on this subject.  
5.84.  The representative of Pakistan  delivered the following statement:  
5.85.  Thank you very much DG and DDG Paugam for providing us more detail of the programme at 
COP28. We appreciate the response of the Director -General to the previous comments.  
5.86.  There is just one point we would like to add: it is important and critical that the varying shares 
of opinions about trade and environment that are pre sent and prevalent among Members are 
reflected during the 12 sessions or other sessions which the WTO is organizing in partnership with 
UNCTAD and ICC, so that it clearly reflects that there is not one specific or a set of specific policies 
which are being  proposed or endorsed by the WTO. Rather, it reflects that, although trade and 
environment are linked, there are different opinions and different shades of the membership.  
5.87.  The representative of Japan  delivered the following statement:  
5.88.  We truly appreciate t he DG's and DDG Paugam's participation in this meeting and explanation 
about the plan for COP28 and the idea of the menu of trade policy options. We also greatly thank 
the Secretariat's efforts and energies devoted to these activities to do outreach to out side the 
environmental circle.  
5.89.  Japan has been supportive of utilizing the Secretariat 's expertise to examine trade's 
contribution to addressing climate change issues and other environmental issues. However, we still 
have to echo the concerns on the proces s that the Secretariat has been preparing the menu of 
options without any process of consultation with WTO Members. The Members ' climate policy circle 
and stakeholders attending the COP should be confused that the WTO presents trade policy options 
that are  not discussed at the WTO. It is very unfortunate for us that we cannot explain about it to 
them.  
5.90.  Japan has also been supportive of the work on the Secretariat 's steel decarbonization 
standards, but it is also unfortunate for us that trade policy officers could not learn about it before 
the Secretariat working on it in environmental circles. So, it is our request that the Secretariat 
consult with WTO Members about its ideas before reaching out to the COP or any other fora outside 
the trade policy circle so that we can advance our trade and environmental discussions in a 
transparent and constructive manner.  
5.91.  The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
5.92.  I would like to thank the DG and DDG Paugam for the briefing and for the work that is going 
into breaking the silos and ensuring that trade makes a contribution to climate goals.  
5.93.  As has been unanimously expressed by previous speakers, we lament the lack of consultations 
with Members  in the preparation of the menu of options. As is widely known, a number of sensitivities 
and divergences remain between Members on trade and environment, so it is quite concerning to 
see a publication that, even if it is presented  as informative and merel y optional, could have 
interpretative value that reflects the view of some Members to the detriment of others.  
5.94.  We value the role of the Secretariat in generating analytical work and reports, but we believe 
that these publications are more useful when  they are based on parameters that have been 
previously discussed with Members. We call for more transparency and for the upholding of the 
Member -driven and consensus -based character of the Organization on future projects.  
5.95.  The representative of the United K ingdom  delivered the following statement:  
5.96.  Thank you  Director -General for coming here today to brief us on this, and thank you 
DDG Paugam and  the Secretar iat for your work on this. We are absolutely behind  the goal of WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  promoting the role that trade can have in tackling the environmental challenges that we face, and 
we are excited by the opportunity of Trade Day at COP. Thank you, Director -General , for your work 
in developing this and taking that work forward.  
5.97.  We also would like to pay  tribute to the high qua lity work of the Secretariat and the reports 
produced. We do really value your expertise. However, we do share some of the concerns that other 
Members have expressed today about some of the process around this, and while we do recogni ze 
that the Secretaria t and the WTO does produce reports that do  not necessarily speak on behalf of 
the Members, as you said, Director -General , I think there is a question, given that this is new, and 
given that it is something  that there has  not been much consultation on, that , as my colleague from 
Paraguay said, the content may not be surprising but it will be a surprise, because we do  not know 
what is in it .  
5.98.  I think just a few weeks out from COP, it was really helpful  to have the menu of options but , 
even then, if it just sa ys 'services ' or 'trade finance ' – these are really big topics. So the more 
information you can share with us in more detail would be much appreciated . As others have said, 
we encourage you  to be clear that this is not a report on behalf of Members when it  is published, 
and I think you  have said that that  is the case  but, nonetheless, inevitably  a lot of us will have 
Ministers there, we  will be asked to react to it, people may assume that  it is, and I think it  is difficult 
for us to prepare our Ministers on something where we do  not have that level of information. So it 
would be helpful to have more . We thank you for your work , but we share the concerns around some 
of the process.  
5.99.  The represen tative of South Africa  delivered the following statement:  
5.100.   Thank you to the DG and the DDG for their presentation on the said menu of options, and 
we take note of what was said. I would also like to thank the DG for the explanation offered after 
the first r ound of comments.  
5.101.   As unanimously stated by previous speakers, we are quite concerned by the process that 
was followed, especially given that this is quite a topical issue and there are quite divergent views 
on this issue in terms of the trade and environme nt linkage and also linking it to sustainable 
development. We take note also of the concerns that were raised during last week 's TBT meeting 
where a number of developed and developing countries raised concerns about the said menu of 
principles.  
5.102.   I think, a s Members, what we request is respect for the process and respect that this is a 
Member -driven Organi zation. We have not seen the principles, we have not been consulted on the 
principles, and informing Members is not quite the same as consulting Members an d having Members 
have their input in any document that is developed by the Secretariat. I think this puts Members in 
quite a difficult position because it may be sending the wrong message that Members are endorsing 
something and yet we have not seen that s omething. It is quite unfortunate that Members were not 
consulted.  
5.103.   I think the more that can be done to share information would be appreciated given the fact 
that Members will be in attendance and it makes it quite difficult for us to prepare them to reac t to 
something that we have not seen and we cannot fully brief them on.  
5.104.   The representative of Australia  delivered the following  statement : 
5.105.   Thank you DG and DDG Paugam for taking your time to be here this morning at the CTE and 
for your work to ensure that the WTO is present at COP28 and that the important role of trade is 
highlighted. As I have said before at the CTE many times, Australia firmly believes that trade must 
be part of the solution to the climate crisis. We would like to thank the WTO Secretaria t for the work 
to secure and promote the upcoming Trade Day at COP28 to ensure that the silos between trade 
and climate regimes are broken down.  
5.106.   Similar to the concerns of other Members, we believe that the impact of future 
WTO publications would be more valuable when the parameters of the work are agreed to by 
Members. We look forward to participating in COP28 and further discussions and engagement at the 
WTO on trade and climate.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.107.   The representative of Canada  delivered the following statement:  
5.108.   We would like to thank the DG and the DDG for the presentations. Canada appreciates the 
efforts of the WTO Secretariat and the DG in preparing for COP28, particularly work to increase 
understanding on the role that trade policy can play in addressing climate change.  
5.109.   However, like others, we want to raise concerns about  the process undertaken by the 
Secretar iat to develop a menu of options that did not include engagement and input from Members. 
Given this lack of engagement, we  would like to stress that the dis cussions or events at the COP 
should not suggest endorsements by Members. Going forward, Canada urges the Secretar iat to fully 
engage Members on this and other proposals. This will allow for comprehensive input and feedback.  
5.110.   Finally, Canada is committed to  working with the Secretar iat and Members on these 
proposals to support action to address climate change going forward.  
5.111.   The representative of Switzerland  delivered the following statement:  
5.112.   Switzerland Thanks the DG and DDG Paugam for the update on the acti vities of the WTO 
Secretariat at the COP. The Trade Day and the pavilion  to name just the two of them are indeed 
important steps towards increasing the presence of trade on the climate agenda. Switzerland always 
defended that trade must be part of the solu tion and remains strongly committed to that end.  
5.113.   We thank the DG for the words of reassurance that the work presented by the Secretariat 
will be in its own capacity and very much ear her appeal: nobody should be afraid to speak, in 
general, but especially when we are talking the major challenge of our times.  
5.114.   We share however the words of caution expressed by several Members and would very much 
welcome a closer cooperation with the Secretariat.  
5.115.   We believe that we would all benefit if we developed synergies b etween the different 
discussions that are happening in several frameworks.  
5.116.   The Director -General  responded : 
5.117.   Thanks to all of you, once again, for your comments, all of which are in the same direction. 
I just want to bring to your attention that, for knowled ge products of the Secretariat, we not have a 
process for agreeing this. We do a World Trade Report, which you get a copy of, and last time we 
did the World Trade Report on trade and climate, you got it and you were made aware of it.  
5.118.   The products that we a re talking about from the Secretariat are similar. These are knowledge 
product and tools. So it is not anything engaging Members or saying that this is on behalf of 
Members.  
5.119.   I like India 's proposal: we shall make it crystal clear on the cover that this ha s absolutely 
nothing to do with WTO Members and that this is a product of the Secretariat. The DG does have 
some leeway to work on knowledge products by the Secretariat, notwithstanding that this is a 
Member -driven Organization.  
5.120.   I think the reason why the process of agreeing on knowledge products has not been set out 
is because it was envisaged to give the Secretariat some leeway to do some analytical work and 
some thinking. If we had to agree every single product, we would not produce anything because all 
Members have very divergent views. I think there was a reason why this was left the way it was.  
5.121.   We will totally respect the advice and what you have said. On the WTO website , we will make 
the change so it is clear that this is not a WTO set of events  and, on the publication itself when it  is 
eventually released , it will be very loud and clear this is not a WTO Member publication  but this is 
from the Secretariat, just like the World Trade Report. We produce  World Trade Reports, which are 
supposed to allow the Secretariat to look at what is happening and try  to make some knowledge 
contributions in that regard. If we had to clear these knowledge products , we would not produce 
anything  because Members have very di vergent views, even on knowledge, even on objective facts. 
We would be completely paralyzed.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.122.   I want to say to you that I have heard you  – we will take the precautions that you have put 
forward to make sure it has nothing  to do with the membership , but to do with us. I am saying it 
now so t hat staff will hear it. But I do want to preserve a little bit of space for us to be able to think 
and produce products. You said the process is non-transparent. We  have been doing this  already; 
this is nothing new.  If you go to the World Trade Report of last year, you will see some of the same 
types of suggestions that we are talking about.  
5.123.   I hope that initiatives like Trade Ministers for Climate, which are also designed to try and 
put forward that the trade side of the world is trying to make itself part of the solution . We talked 
about this  with Valdis Dombrovskis  when this whole thing was started. It was an initiative that came 
forward and we  are glad that Members took it over. Please keep an open mind.  This is not  something 
designed to prejudice Members ' positions by any stretch of the imagination. You will get copies of 
this. It will not be your product.  
5.124.   I think it  is unfortunate that this has been translated as not being transparent  and trying to 
hide something. If we were, we would not come. We produce knowledge products that we just put 
out and you get a copy. We just thought this was something interesting to share with you. These 
are tools ; there are not any binding recommendations . As soon as this is in a position to be shared, 
before we go to COP, we will share it.  
5.125.   The Deputy Director -General  responded:  
5.126.   Just to pick up the comments of Pakistan about diversity : the nature of the toolbox that we 
are presenting is sending the message  that there is not one way to trade for climate, there are 
several tools and several diverse experiences.  
5.127.   The representative of UNEP  delivered the following statement:  
5.128.   On behalf of the United Nations Environment Program, we would like to express our gratit ude 
to the Director -General and the Deputy Director -General for taking the trade and environment 
agenda to the unprecedented levels of importance, including cooperation between UNEP and the 
WTO at a time when the world is facing unprecedented economic and trade challenges which are 
further complicated by economic and social effects of resource scarcities that we are watching around 
the world, climate change, loss of biodiversity. UNEP is proud to be a humble partner of WTO 
Members in addressing trade and en vironmental challenges together in partnership with WTO but 
also with UNCTAD and ITC, among others.  
5.129.   I would like to recall the words of the previous ILO Director -General at a Green Economy 
Conference when he said there will be no jobs on a dead planet. I a ssume it holds true for trade as 
it does for jobs. We look forward to supporting WTO Members in greening the trade and trading the 
green.  
5.130.   The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
5.131.   We would call attention to the need that publication a nd knowledge products published by 
the Secretariat be also aligned with the main concepts and mandates of the Organization, which is 
to promote the liberalization of international trade based on multilaterally agreed rules and within a 
sense of balance of agreed rights and obligations among Members and also support for sustainable 
development.  
5.132.   An additional item that did not seem to be reflected on the menu of options and could be 
the subject of studies and other publications by the Secretariat is the need  for transfer of technology 
that supports efforts against climate change, particularly in a concessional character and at 
affordable prices for licensing.  
5.133.   In the same manner, it would be beneficial, in our view, for the Secretariat to produce 
knowledge on the idea of a climate waiver for intellectual property that allows for a quicker 
dissemination of the needed technologies to fight climate change.  
5.134.   We also observed with some concern a few references to agricultur e and  food in the menu 
of options.  We belie ve that the main concept for organizations on this aspect at the WTO is WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  agriculture and particularly Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture and we believe that these 
aspects of the discussions should be present and correctly reflected in knowledge prod ucts produced 
by the Secretariat.  
5.135.   We believe that it is very important that , even when we are producing publications that are 
meant not to be prejudicial, that the menu and the 'dishes ' contained in this menu be sufficiently 
supported by the normative and the principles of the Organization and do not innovate when they 
do not have a mandate to do it by Members.  
5.1.3   Update the negotiations towards the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and 
Sustainability (ACCTS)  
5.136.   The representative of New Zealand , on behalf of the ACCTS participants , delivered the 
following statement:  
5.137.   I am delivering this statement on behalf of participants in negotiations for the Agreement 
on Climate Change, Trade, and Sustainability, also known as the ACCTS.  
5.138.   The ACCTS initiative is a practical  example of how economies can leverage trade rules and 
architecture in pursuit of climate and broader sustainable development objectives.  
5.139.   Since our last update to this Committee in June 2023, ACCTS participants have held another 
round of negotiations , which saw significant progress. This took place in Geneva in late August/early 
September, and a Chair's statement was released to update on progress.  This can be found at : 
https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/media -and-resources/accts -chairs -statement -from-new-zealand -
round -13-june-2023/ . 
5.140.   In an effort to solidify momentum from Round 14 , ACCTS Senior Officials also met in the 
margins of the WTO Senior Officials Meeting  in October. It was a positive and constructive discussion 
that increased understanding between Parties on a possible pathway towards conclusion.  
5.141.   Turning now to the Environmental Goods Chapter in ACCTS , in previous updates to this 
Committee , we have focused on two of the other chapters that we have been working on 
(eco-labelling and environmental services ). For this updat e, we thought it would be helpful to  share 
information on another chapter of the Ag reement where significant progress has been achieved in 
the past year.  That is, t he chapter covering Environmental Goods , which  sets out the rules ACCTS 
Parties will apply for goods imports from all WTO Members, including the elimination of import duties.  
5.142.   The objective of this chapter is to promote the liberali zation of trade in environmental goods 
as a means of contributing to the transition to a low -emission, climate -resilient, circular and 
sustainable economy, and increasing the uptake of, and investmen t in, relevant technologies and 
products that address pressing environmental needs.  
5.143.   ACCTS Parties have agreed to immediately eliminate duties on an ambitious and 
environmentally credible list of goods. More than 300 environmental goods have already been 
identified for liberali zation, establishing a comprehensive environmental goods lists that goes beyond 
existing international efforts.  ACCTS participants continue to work with their trade, customs and 
environmental authorities to ensure that the list is ambi tious, implementable and environmentally 
credible.  
5.144.   The ACCTS environmental goods list represents a wide and diverse range of products that 
contribute to a range of identified environmental purposes including to address climate change, 
pollution, conserve n atural resources and biodiversity or to support the transition to a circular 
economy.  The chapter establishes a clear pathway for ongoing review and update of the list of 
environmental goods, to ensure it remains relevant and continues to contribute substa ntially to 
environmental objectives.   
5.145.   We hope that this work will be of interest to other WTO Members, and in time, will support 
renewed efforts to liberali ze trade in environmental goods at the multilateral level. We look forward 
to being able to share the finali zed list and the chapter text with Members after the agreement is 
officially signed.   WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  5.146.   Looking ahead, t he next negotiation round , Round 15 , will take place in Costa Rica next 
week, and participants are working hard to conclude as soon as pos sible. Once the ACCTS is 
concluded, in the nature of an open plurilateral,  which has been the understanding and objective 
right from the start,  it will be open to other WTO Members who are able to meet its established 
standards.  
5.147.   We encourage colleagues  here therefore  to share information on the negotiations with their 
capitals, and welcome any questions.  We look forward to providing a further update on our progress 
and hopefully to be able to talk about the conclusion of the ACCTS at an upcoming  meeting of  the 
CTE, and sharing the final text of the agreement after the agreement is officially signed.   
5.148.   Following this presentation, one delegations had the following reaction.  
5.149.   The representative of Costa Rica  delivered the following statement:  
5.150.   We echo the intervention presented by New Zealand and appreciate this update. Costa Rica 
is a participant in the ACCTS negotiations and we want to show that trade has an important role to 
play in fighting climate change. In this vein, as New Zealand announced, Costa R ica will host the 
next round of negotiations that will take place in the week of 20 November. We have achieved 
significant progress on different aspects to date and we believe that the Costa Rican round will lead 
to a successful conclusion of this innovati ve new negotiation.  
6  TRANSPARENCY OF ENVIRONMENT -RELATED TRADE MEASURES – CTE WORK 
PROGRAMME ITEM 4  
6.1  Presentation by the WTO Secretariat on the WTO Environmental Database 2022  
6.1.  The representative of the WTO Secretariat  delivered the following statement:   
6.2.  The slide presentation is being circulated as a room document, so Members can take a look at 
that afterwards. The WTO Environmental Database is well known to the Members of this Committee. 
It has been presented before, including last time at the March meeting of the CTE. The idea of this 
presentation is just to inform Members of certain updates.  
6.3.  We now have the 2022 information also online since last month, and some Members, of course, 
were keen to have regular briefings from us so that they can revert to us i f there are any issues that 
they would like to flag for further reflection before we issue an EDB report for the year at the next 
meeting.  
6.4.  What is perhaps important to mention is that we have also been listening to our Members, and 
the 'friends of the EDB ' have been very active in terms of suggesting improvements, both short -term 
and more longer  term, for us to incorporate moving forward. Some improvements that we have 
already incorporated in the last update is that we are now in fact tracking the subsidy amounts. This 
is something that Members had flagged to us in recent months, and so , from 2022 onwards, for 
agriculture and for subsid ies, we have also now been including this information in the database.  
6.5.  The other improvement is that we have also been including the implementation period in the 
notification. For example, agriculture notifications often are for multiple years  so, even though a 
2022 notification may cover a period such as  2019-2021, we are now  including that information in 
the dataset as w ell. So that is another improvement.  
6.6.  As you can see, we have year -on-year fluctuations in the data. While in the previous year we 
had over 900 notifications and 1,600 measures, last year was a slightly smaller number  with 
768 notifications and about 1,350 environment -related measures contained therein. This trend is  
not altogether surprising because, of course, this also reflects the biennial subsidy notifications, 
which lead to a year -on-year fluctuation as well. Members are invited to look at the data, in cluding 
the 2022 data, and revert to us if there are any issues to be addressed.  
6.7.  I have already mentioned that there were 768 notifications last year, and almost 
1,350  measures within that. As before, TBT is the agreement and the type of measure which  is 
subject to the most notifications  that are environment -related, followed by import licensing in 2022. WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  In terms of sector, we have agriculture, followed by manufacturing, chemicals and fisheries as the 
most environment -related notification s in these sectors.  
6.8.  In terms of type of objective, chemical, toxic and hazardous substances management still 
continues to be the one which is most prevalent in the notifications, and it is good that we have a 
presentation by the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions ( BRS Conventions ) Secretariat 
today so that they can speak more  about that, including on MEA 's implementation and compliance, 
which is also one of the top measures or top objectives in the measures that are notified.  
6.9.  The next slide shows the top 10 Members that have notified environment -related notifications 
last year, with the US notifying  the most, but there are Members from all regions and all levels of 
development, so you also have Rwanda and Uganda, which have  been in the top 10 notifiers over 
the last fe w years . You can also see notifications by o bjective . I already mentioned chemical, toxic 
and hazardous substance management , and here  it shows the number of notifications in this area, 
along with MEA implementation and compliance.   
6.10.  Of course , the type of measures which are there are mostly regulatory in 2022. So we have 
technical regulations and import licen ces and ban and prohibitions in the top three.  Subsidies is also 
usually very important but , as I said , they are biennial notifications so subsidies  last year was not 
the top three but non-monetary support , grants  and direct payments are also in the top five related 
types of measures in the 2022 notifications and measures.  Regarding sectors, agriculture, 
manufacturing and chemicals are there , but we also have a  category called "other", which is a 
residual category covering  wildlife, waste and other measures as well.  
6.11.  Moving from notifications to TPRs, in 2022 , there were 15 TPRs which were reviewed by the 
trade policy review body ( TPRB). Over 1,000 TPR entries have environment -related content in them 
and these h ave been captured in the database. This continues to be a rich source of information. I 
know some Members have also expressed the idea that maybe the EDB focuses more on notifications  
and less on TPRs , but we do still have a lot of even non-notified information coming from the TPRs 
of Members both in the government and the sector reports. This is something that is being captured 
from the 15 TPRs that were reviewed last year.  
6.12.  In TPRs , we have also broken it down by type of sector and type of measure. Energy is very, 
very important in the TPRs , followed  by agriculture , but also among the different sectors is forestry . 
We wanted to leave the idea with Members that we have been focusing in ou r EDB reports  on a 
specific theme and topic for each year 's EDB report and the idea was that , since there has been 
some discussion on forestry , that perhaps the next EDB report could focus on this sector , but of 
course we are in Members ' hands and happy to hear their feedback and views on this matter.  So 
forestry perhaps could be the focus of the EDB report next time if we can present at a future  CTE 
meeting early next year. I am happy to take any questions or comments.  
6.13.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
6.14.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
6.15.  We thank the WTO Secretariat for their upd ate on the EDB and the efforts being put in to 
update it. Many Members, including India, have extensively engaged with the Secretariat on 
understanding the structure and content of this database over the last year.  
6.16.  We would like to especially recognize th e role of the delegation of Paraguay in analysing this 
database used by academics and researchers around the world. We are happy to learn that an effort 
was made to address the questions raised by Members in the prior discussions. We look forward to 
using this database and will of course remain in touch with the Secretariat should there be any 
further questions.  
6.17.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
6.18.  I also hope to soon be an avid reader of the EDB. I just wanted to thank the Secr etariat again 
for the presentation and the improvements that have been made to address some of the comments 
that, as mentioned by the colleague from India, Paraguay, but also other Members, we had on the 
database.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  6.19.  I am not going to return to comments on ot her elements that still cause us concern, the 
reason being that I spoke at length at the start of the year on this and in the past. I just wanted to 
come back to one element, which is why we have an EDB, what we want to use this information for , 
and w hat is the added value that we expect that this will bring specifically to Members. As we heard 
from our colleague from India, we have seen the database mainly being used by external 
stakeholders and not really to fulfil the transparency objective, which in our  understanding was its 
purpose.  
6.20.  On a previous occasion, Paraguay has made reference to the CTE/1 document and also to 
document CTE/96, where Members concluded in the CTE at that time that there was no specific 
requirement for transparency commitments sinc e it was covered elsewhere and that environment al 
measures did not necessar ily require that , and that the EDB would really be for experience sharing 
and for sharing data. If the data is two years out of date, we are not sure that it extremely useful 
for transparency discussions.  
6.21.  We are in  close contact with the Secretariat to try to identify possible solution s we can bring 
to the CTE for discuss ion, but we think that increasing resources  dedicated to this  is not an option . 
We would have to find different wa ys to alleviate the burden, by maybe remov ing some of the 
elements that while they are interesting are less essential in terms of fulfilling the stated objective 
of the EDB and also to get rid of the notification lag and therefore be able to use the EDB more 
effectively. For example, when it comes to responding to questions or experienc e sharing that we 
would like to engage in in the CTE.  
6.22.  The representative of the WTO Secretariat  responded:  
6.23.  Thank you to India and Paraguay for their comments. As Paraguay mentioned, the 'friends of 
EDB' have been consulting us and we are working together to make it more us er-friendly for them 
and for Members  in particular, and not just for external stakeholders, because that was the original 
idea of the EDB and we are very mindful of that. We will work together again with Paraguay  and 
others to , if possible, increase the fr equency without increasing the resource burden  in putting this 
together. As you know, it is a very resource -intensive exercise and we try to balance the two . We 
will be in touch.  
7  TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CAPACITY BUILDING – DOHA MINISTERIAL 
DECLARATION PAR AGRAPH 33  
7.1  The importance of technical assistance and capacity building in the field of trade and 
the environment to developing countries, in particular the least  developed among them  
7.1.  See intervention by Argentina  under paragraph  2.1. 
7.2  WTO -BRS e -learning course on "The BRS Conventions and the WTO: enhancing 
international cooperation for sustainable development"  
7.2.  The representative of the WTO Secretariat  delivered the following statement:  
7.3.  Thank you for giving me the floor, Ambassador. I am Mateo Ferrero from the Trade and 
Environment Division of the WTO Secretariat, and next to me here on my left, there is Ms. Malika 
Amélie Taoufiq -Cailliau from the BRS Conventions Secretariat here in Geneva. We are delighted to 
be launching today on the WTO  e-learning platform a new course on the BRS Conventions and the 
WTO. The course is now live, and my colleague, Roberto Fiorentino from the WTO 's Institute for 
Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC) will give us some important logistical information in just 
a moment.  
7.4.  First, we would like to say a few words about the course content. Why create a joint WTO -BRS 
Conventions e -learning course? By way of context, the dramatic growth in chemical production and 
trade over the past decades has raised major conce rns about the risks posed by hazardous chemicals 
and pesticides as they cross borders. The same applies in the context of transboundary shipments 
of hazardous wastes and, therefore, if not properly managed, hazardous wastes and chemicals may 
constitute a s erious threat to human health and the environment.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  7.5.  Against this backdrop, the multilateral trading system plays a crucial role in supporting global 
efforts to strengthen the management of hazardous wastes and chemicals. On the one hand, we 
have the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, constituting three leading MEAs that govern 
key aspects of the international trade, transboundary movements, and environmentally sound 
management of hazardous chemicals and wastes throughout their life cycle. On the oth er side, the 
WTO also provides relevant rules with respect to international trade in these products and offers 
important fora for discussion in this area, including the CTE.  
7.6.  In light of the increasing intersection between WTO and BRS Conventions -related m atters, this 
timely course takes a thorough look at the work of the BRS Conventions and the WTO, their 
respective areas of coverage, the relationship between these two regimes, and specific areas of 
collaboration between our two organizations. The course a lso has two modules devoted to case 
studies on important current issues, e -waste and plastics pollution.  
7.7.  We at the WTO Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to thank our colleagues in the 
BRS Conventions Secretariat for the very fruitful collabo ration in developing this course. Personally, 
I would also like to thank my colleagues, Liz Upton and Gergana Kiskinova in the Trade and 
Environment Division and Krisztina Ko szo in ITTC, who were instrumental in creating this course. To 
all delegations, of  course, we hope that you enjoy the course and we look forward to hearing any 
feedback you may have. With this, let me give the floor now to the BRS Conventions Secretariat.  
7.8.  Thank you WTO colleagues, in particular, the Trade and Environment Division as wel l as the 
ITTC. Thank you also to my BRS colleagues who could not be here today as there is INC -3 week in 
Nairobi.  
7.9.  As mentioned, this course includes two in -depth case studies, one on e -waste and one on 
plastic pollution. In the past few years, indeed, ther e have been some major developments within 
the BRS Conventions in tackling these two global issues, and these developments are clearly outlined 
in the course. Firstly, on plastic pollution, the Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments, effective 
since Jan uary 2021, redefined the global framework for trade in plastic waste. The Plastic Waste 
Amendments clarify the way plastic waste is internationally traded by bringing additional types of 
plastic waste under a very specific Basel Convention procedure, which  is the Prior Informed Consent 
(PIC) Procedure, and by specifying measures to support implementations of the amendments, 
especially by developing countries.  
7.10.  These new rules provide a powerful incentive for the private sector, for governments and 
other stak eholders to creating enabling environments and technologies for recycling and reducing 
the generation of plastic waste. These efforts go hand in hand with discussions relating to circular 
economy and innovation here at the WTO at both the CTE and in its en vironmental initiatives  – DPP 
and TESSD .  
7.11.  Against this backdrop, in March 2022, the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA ) 
adopted resolution 5/14 entitled "End plastic pollution: towards an international legally binding 
instrument". The resolution cal led for an intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) to develop 
an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. 
The resolution reaffirmed the importance of coordination and complementarity among re levant 
regional and international conventions and treaties, with due respect for their respective mandates, 
to prevent plastic pollution and its related risks to human health and the environment.  
7.12.  Secondly, on e -waste, the Parties to the Basel Convention pl aced a stronger focus on e -waste 
recently at its COP15 agenda in June 2022. In the same vein as the Plastic Waste Amendments that 
came into force in 2021, Parties adopted amendments to Annexes II, VIII, and IX of the Basel 
Convention, which led to the incl usion of all e -waste under the PIC procedure.  
7.13.  As a result, from 1 January 2025, all e -waste moved across the international borders of the 
190 Basel Convention Parties will be subject to a strict control procedure, and governments will be 
able to decide if  they want to e -waste imports from other countries. Prior to these amendments, 
e-waste was only subject to the PIC procedure if such waste was hazardous; whereas, after such 
amendments, e -waste will be subject to the PIC procedure in all instances (regardl ess of whether or 
not it is hazardous).  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  7.14.  To support Parties with the implementation of these amendments, the BRS Conventions' 
Secretariat has launched capacity  building and training programmes on the transboundary 
movements of e -waste; and Parties to the B asel Convention have launched a review of the existing 
guidance on the environmentally sound management (ESM) of e -waste.  
7.15.  By way of conclusion, I would like to note that the BRS Conventions' Secretariat stands ready 
to continue collaborating with the WTO s o that both our organizations work together in our common 
areas of work in a coherent, practical and mutually supportive way.  
7.16.  I will now give the floor to the WTO  ITTC to share with us how we can access the e -learning 
site and this particular course.  
7.17.  My name is Roberto Fiorentino, Head of the E -learning Unit , and our team manages the 
e-learning program me, which offers to WTO  Members and Observers training on WTO and 
trade-related topics. I will take just a few minutes to present some basic elements of the course, 
and more importantly where you can find it and how you can access it.  
7.18.  This is the landing page of our e -learning platform with the URL address where you can find 
all our e -learning courses. What is WTO e -learning?  We offer an expanding course catal ogue: 
currently we have over 140 courses on WTO -related issues offered in the three official languages.  
Our courses are specifically designed for government officials from WTO Members and Observers 
working on trade -related issues. The courses are self -paced and can  be accessed from anywhere at 
any time on a variety of digital devices , including mobile phones  or through the app , which is 
specifically designed for our platform.  In additio n, we also organi ze live webinars on topics that 
complement our course catalogue.  
7.19.  We have a dedicated page on trade and environment,  where we offer a growing number of 
courses on trade and environment , such as circular economy , and the Convention on International 
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora  (CITES ), and the new course on the WTO and 
the BRS Conventions . This course was launched on 7 November  and is currently available only in 
English, but the French and Spanish version s will be released soon . 
7.20.  The course is aligned with the latest standards  in terms of adult learning. It contains a number 
of different elements such as pre - and post-test, final exams, interactive exercises, multimedia 
contents, audio -clips, infographics, and key takeaways.  All of this i s essentially to stimulate 
engagement  and interactivity , as well as retention of knowledge . Those who successfully complete 
the exam are awarded a WTO official certificate.  
7.21.  To access the course, go to the WTO  e-learning platform . This platform can be acce ssed by 
anyone without even enrolling, you can simply go on the landing page and browse the course 
catalogue to see what is on offer. In  order to enrol in a course , however, you need  to create an 
account. All the courses are free of charge.  
7.22.  To access this particular course , you can go to the course catalog ue under the  menu  or search 
by topic  (e.g. trade and environment ), which will take you to the trade and environment dedicated 
page where you find th is course  as well as other courses on trade and environment.  Users can click 
on the information icon , which give s basic information about the course, its level, the learning path, 
the language, objectives and estimated time to complete the course.  Then click "acces s" for  access 
to the course , which you can then under take on a self -paced basis.  
7.23.  To create an account,  on the landing page there is a user guide, which will give you the basic 
steps  to follow in order to create an account. For any technical questions, you can reach us at 
e-learning@wto.org  and you can also follow us on our social media  pages  where we post news and 
events regarding our e -learning program me. 
7.24.  No delegation raised commen ts following  this presentation .  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  7.3  Report by the WTO Secretariat on the fourth Trade and Environment Week 2023  
7.25.  The representative of the WTO Secretariat  delivered the following statement:  
7.26.  The fourth edition of the WTO Trade and Environment Week was successfully held from 
12-16 June 2023. A few statistics from that week: we had 97 speakers throughout 21 side events , 
which were  organized by 12  delegations and 13 stakeholders . During the week, we also had a 
high-level event  and other activities, such as  a reception. In terms of attendance, there were 
1,400 participants registered to attend online , which  represent ed a nearly 90% increase from last 
year, 2022 . In addition,  we also had  282 participants registered to attend in person. From our 
statistics , there were roughly 4 ,300 views of the events on YouTube by the end of the week.  So just 
to say that it was very highly attended Trade and Environment Week and our thanks to you, the 
delegations, for making it such a successful week.  
7.27.  The week was inaugurated by a high -level event on "Trade for Sustainability" discussing  the 
triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Speakers included our Chair, 
Ambassador José Valencia of Ecuador , and the panel included distinguished speakers like 
Ms. Yolanda Kakabadse, former Environment Minister of Ecuador ; Mr. Stewart  Marginnis, 
Deputy  Director -General of the IUCN; Dr. Susan Gardner, Director of UNEP Ecosystems Division ; 
and myself, Aik Hoe Lim, Director of the WTO Trade and Environment Divi sion. 
7.28.  During the week, various trade topics were discussed with an emphasis on environmental 
sustainability and alignment with the UN's SDGs . Discussions ranged from the introduction of the 
EU's CBAM  to national strategies aimed at mitigating carbon leakag e and promoting the clean energy 
transition, such as green hydrogen markets. Trade policy was recognized as a pivotal tool to foster 
investments, facilitate knowledge and technology advancement, and promote global collaboration. 
Discussions also shed light  on the issue of plastic pollution and proposed coordination with various 
global bodies for potential solutions.  
7.29.  Industry -specific issues were explored as well, such as decarbonizing heavy industries like 
the steel sector, and the impact of agriculture and  fisheries on biodiversity loss. Policy makers were 
urged to consider these environmental issues in future trade policies. The implementation of 
sustainable practices was also highlighted as crucial, particularly in developing countries more 
susceptible to  adverse weather impacts and biodiversity loss. Overall, the discussions emphasized 
the need for a sustainable and coordinated approach to global trade policy.  
7.30.  The week also hosted an art exhibition that was held in the WTO atrium and delegates' lounge 
featuring sustainable products and showcasing art projects with an environmental angle. The team 
of the Trade and Environment Division organi zed the week working in cooperation with colleagues 
from across the house, in particular , conference and med ia. 
7.31.  We hope that you see this as a useful week and that we will be able to do it again in 2024 or 
some other future occasion when you think that would be suitable.  
7.32.  Following this presentation, one delegations had the following reaction.  
7.33.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
7.34.  We thank the WTO Secretariat's efforts in organi zing and presenting this report on the Fourth 
Trade and Environment Week, held alongside the June 2023 CTE meeting. We thank Ambassador 
Manley and Ambassador Valen cia for their contributions in reviving and rejuvenating this event.  
7.35.  India is pleased to report that our delegation also hosted two events in this Trade and 
Environment Week, with very able support from the WTO Secretariat. The first event showcased the 
role of two international organizations, the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster 
Resilient Infrastructure, both based in India.  
7.36.  The representatives from the two organizations shared updates on their work. They also 
discussed how gre ater engagement with the WTO membership can help them in further improving 
the outcomes of their efforts. The second event, organized jointly with the delegations of Indonesia 
and South Africa, showcased the efforts being made by our countries in preservin g the rich forestry WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  and biodiversity amidst which we live. Representatives from each of the three WTO Member 
countries spoke about their national efforts and policies on forest management. Both the events saw 
enthusiastic participation in person and online  on the WTO YouTube platform.  We look forward to 
continued engagement in the upcoming Trade and Environment Weeks. 
8  RELATIONS WITH IOS AND NGOS – CTE WORK PROGRAMME ITEM 10  
8.1  Briefings from Observer organizations  
8.1.1   Briefing by U NEP 
8.1.  The representative of UNEP  made the following statement:  
8.2.  Thank you very much for the opportunity to provide an update  on UNEP activities related to 
trade and environment . As you may know, this is a very special week for the United Nations as we 
mourn the loss of over 100 staff members during the last few weeks and the blue flag is lowered to 
half-mast but, as the Secretary -General said, our commitment to humanitarianism, peace and 
human rights stand s high, as always.  
8.3.  I would like to present three things. First, one that has just  happened a few weeks ago, which 
is that the Minamata Convention on Mercury concluded its fifth meeting , which was held in Geneva 
on 30 October to 3 November 2023. The COP called for increased cooperation to deepen 
understanding and awareness on the Conven tion's provisions on mercury supply and trade, including 
the eliminat ion of primary mercury mining, measur ement of  mercury stocks, and implement ation of  
prior informed consent for mercury trade.  I believe that this is important for WTO Members to be 
part o f those discussions and probably we will have a follow -up briefing on this issue.  
8.4.  This week , the third session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC -3) is taking 
place at UNEP 's Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. Preceded by regional consultatio ns, the session will 
focus on developing an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the 
marine environment. A Zero Draft text was released on 1 October, prepared by the Chair of the INC 
with support of the INC Secretaria t. We hope that the outcome will be available tomorrow and then 
there is a follow -up discussion which will lead to INC -4 and 5.  
8.5.  The third point is upcoming, which is that the United Nations Environment Assembly, UNEA -6, 
will be held from  26 February to 1 M arch 2024 at UNEP 's Headquarters in Nairobi. The theme of this 
year's UNEA is "Effective, inclusive and sustainable multilateral actions to tackle climate change, 
biodiversity loss and pollution". We look forward to welcoming WTO Members at the UNEP 
headqu arters in Nairobi.  
8.6.  UNEP has prioritized three global challenges and clustered its work on those three challenges 
and we would like to present what we are doing for each of those challenges, which are: climate 
change; biodiversity loss; and pollution.  
8.7.  In the area of climate change , UNEP 's Finance Initiative is set to launch the Net  Zero Export 
Credit Alliance at the UNFCCC COP28. With 80 -90% of international trade relying on public or private 
financial instruments, the Net  Zero Export Credit Alliance aims t o convene a global high -ambition 
group of export credit agencies to deliver on net  zero commitments by 205 0. We would like to invite 
the member states who will be attending COP28 to join us at the launch of this event.  
8.8.  Secondly, c ontinuing with COP28, UNE P is delighted to invite WTO Members and the Secretariat 
to the side event we are co -hosting with the ITC and Fairtrade International. The event will take 
place on 10 December, focusing on how trade can help deliver a just, inclusive agroecology 
transition , supportive and fitted for the global South.  
8.9.  UNEP is supporting the green considerations of the African Continental Free Trade Area 
(AfCFTA), hosted by the Economic Commission for Africa and UNCTAD. We participate in the experts 
meeting, which was recentl y held and focuse d on investigating how to promote green transition and 
environmental protection  in Africa through the implementation of the AfCFTA.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  8.10.  On the nature loss  side, u nder the framework of the Trade, Development and the Environment 
Hub project, UNEP co -hosted with UNCTAD and CIFOR Indonesia the regional stakeholders 
consultation in Asia on nature -positive trade for sustainable agriculture and inclusive development 
in Jakarta. This was the third and the last consultation. We had held them  previously  in Latin 
America, t he Caribbean and Africa. The findings are now available for member states.  
8.11.  UNEP and ITC recently published a policy brief on "Sustainability Standards and Requirements 
for Agriculture: International Trade Considerations ". The brief discusses a "smart mixes " approach, 
which combines mandatory requirements and voluntary sustainability standards to support the 
sustainability of the agricultural sector, and the role of trade -related considerations in their 
application to improve equitability and effectiveness.  
8.12.  On the pollution  side, c ontributing to UNEP 's initiative on circularity in the textiles sector with 
a full value chain approach, UNEP has started a project  on used textiles trade that will work with 
Kenya, Ghana, Pakistan and Tunisia, and produce d global guideline s and criteria to promote 
circularity of traded used textiles. We appreciate the support provided by the European Union for 
this initiative, the first phase of which will cover 2023 -2025 period , and look forward to working with 
the Geneva -based delegations of these countries . 
8.13.  UNEP, in collaboration with the United Nations Organization on Drugs and Crime, is 
implement ing the "Unwaste project " to identify challenges and trends of waste trafficking of 
hazardous plastics and electronics waste, and will provide recommendations for e nhanced waste 
management frameworks in ASEAN countries.  
8.14.  The WTO may already be familiar with the Green Customs Initiative  that we have been running 
for a long time, which focuses on enhancing the capacity of customs and border control officers to 
enforce a nd foster compliance to combat illegal trade in, and promote the legal trade of, 
environmentally sensitive commodities.  
8.15.  The Partnership for Action on Green Economy, a joint effort of five UN agencies, is proud to 
be a humble supporter of India in the deve lopment of the national Eco -Mark Scheme. Th is technical 
analysis offered by UNEP informed drafting of the Eco -Mark Certification Rules that have now been 
notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.  
8.16.  Let me conclude by thanking the WT O for the strong partnership with UNEP on environment 
and trade, which has been furthered with the first secondment of a UNEP staff member to the WTO 
and a WTO staff  member to UNEP. We look forward to continuing our cooperation that can bring our 
respectiv e constituencies together, creating common solutions for trade, environment, and 
sustainable development challenges that we all face , and to supporting Members with the 
environmental science, data, and UNEP 's initiatives to move these important agendas forward.  
8.17.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
8.18.  The representative of the United States  commented : 
8.19.  Thank you very much for that briefing. Just a quick question. Could you describe a little bit 
more about this sta ff swap between the WTO and UNEP as I found that interesting. I can also follow 
up separately with the Secretariat, but take advantage of your presence here.  
8.20.  The representative of UNEP  responded:  
8.21.  Thank you very much for the question. This is part of the en hanced cooperation between 
UNEP and the WTO on trade and environment issues. So there is one staff member from UNEP who 
is sitting in the WTO and one staff member of the WTO sitting in UNEP and I think there are 
specialized areas of interest especially on plastics and circularity that we would like to take forward. 
But there is a broader cooperation between the two organizations; this is just one element of that.  
8.22.  The representative of the WTO Secretariat  responded:  
8.23.  Just to give some context, all the IOs, al l the UN -related agencies always have arrangements 
to allow staff to move between organizations. So this is part of this arrangement, essentially.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  8.1.2   Briefing by UNCTAD  
8.24.  The representative of UNCTAD  delivered the following statement : 
8.25.  Thank you for this opportu nity to provide an update on UNCTAD's work related to this 
Committee. Let me introduce myself, as this is the first time I address the Committee since taking 
up my position as H ead of Trade, En vironment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development .  
8.26.  As DG Okonjo -Iweala and DDG Paugam mentioned, UNCTAD is partne ring to host the first 
ever Trade Day at COP28 . In this context, UNCTAD is organi zing the session on critical minerals  on 
4 December ("Critical minerals , the energy transition, and the role of trade "), focusing on how to 
secure energy transition -related value chains while increasing mineral -rich countries' benefits by 
fostering 'on site' value addition.   
8.27.  We are also organizing 12 sessions in the Trade House, in addition to the two all partners 
sessions , mainly  with the WTO, ITC and ICC, but also with partners such as WTO, ILO, IRENA, the 
Green Climate Fund, the BRS Secretariat, ISSD, IMO among others . Several sessions will be of 
interest to this Committee and we invite everyone to join us at COP28. We ha ve sessions on e nsuring 
a just energy transition from a development perspective; harnessing services trade for the energy 
transition;  South -South trade in environmentally preferable goods and services;  decarboni zation of 
the ocean economy;  sustainable trad e and plastic waste management in support of climate 
mitigation and adaptation;  trade-related measures to advance the implementation of NDCs and 
climate change goals; and  trade and investment policies to support NDCs.  
8.28.  UNCTAD will be launching its report th at we just finalized on review of 60 developing countries 
and their NDCs and how they can better use trade and trade -related policies. The key messages 
from UNCTAD will be clear. As mentioned by our WTO colleague and many other Members here, 
trade is neces sary to achieve the Paris Agreement. However, we need  a better understanding of the 
co-benefits and trade -offs between climate, trade and development to ensure coherence in policy 
design across national policies, MEAs and trade rules as trade -related polic ies are increasingly 
intersecting with trade.  
8.29.  A just transition to decarboni ze economies could offer development opportunities, and we 
really want to focus on that, including technological advancement that could spur structural economic 
transformation, jo b creation, and enhance productive capacity and trade diversification  in developing 
countries .  
8.30.  However, if not coordinated and designed with climate and development goals in mind, 
measures and policies put in place to support the transition can produce ad verse spill -over effects 
on trade partners, particularly developing countries, affecting their development prospects.  This is 
what we would like to discuss altogether.  
8.31.  At UNCTAD, our role will be to continue to support countries implement ing integrated and 
coherent trade policies that address the triple environmental crisis. This includes by providing data  
and economic analysis, identifying comparative advantages, and su pporting trade in NDC 
implementation, sustainable biodiversity, plastic substitutes and others. Our update on the CBAM 's 
impact on developing countries will maybe be ready  by COP28 but for sure ready for MC13.  
8.32.  On plastic  substitutes , as my colleague  mentio ned, we have collaborated and my colleagues 
are now at the INC negotiations. We are pleased to see non-plastic substitutes in the draft document. 
Also UNCTAD collaborated on "A nature -positive trade for sustainable agriculture supply chains and 
inclusive d evelopment" and our contribution stemmed from our 25 years ' experience with our 
BioTrade Initiative , which are broadening now to  trade and biodiversity more broadly.  
8.33.  In conclud ing, I would like to thank our colleagues at the WTO and ITC for a great collab oration 
as well as ICC and invite all delegations and stakeholders travelling to COP28 to attend our sessions 
and to join us in the Trade Pavilion . 
8.34.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  8.35.  The representative of the United States  delivered the following statement:  
8.36.  Thank you for that briefing.  Just one question: you mentioned that UNCTAD is preparing a 
report that would look at the impact of the EU CBAM on developing countries and that that report is 
being prepared with COP28  in mind and, if that is not possible, then definitely by MC13. Could you 
just elaborate on that a little bit and describe just a very short synopsis of what that report will 
entail.  
8.37.  The representative of UNCTAD  responded:  
8.38.  Thank you to the delegate of the US. This is an update of the 2021 report that we had 
published, but this was before the EU had published its directive. So we are working closely with the 
EU to ensure that we have the latest directive so that we can rerun the model and re -estimate those 
costs that we had estimated in 2021 when the CBAM was announced.  
8.39.  The representative of the European Union  delivered the following statement:  
8.40.  I also wanted to thank UNCTAD very much for this update and to confirm that we are very 
happy to be able to be working with them and look forward to seeing an advanced copy of the study 
before it is finally released. But just to appreciate that we think it is very good that we get these 
regular updates, and I think it was very well prepared.  
8.2  UNEP Draft Agreement on  Plastic Pollution  
8.2.1   Russian Federation 's perspective from the multilateral trading system  
8.41.  The representative of the Russian Federation  delivered the following statement:  
8.42.  At the outset, let me express my gratitude for including this item into the agenda of t his 
meeting although with some difficulties as that required the revision of the Airgram as well as 
convening this Thursday's meeting . 
8.43.  The issue our delegation would like to raise is the content of the Zero Draft of Legally Binding 
Instrument published by the UNEP Secretariat on 4 September and considered as the starting point 
for further deliberations towards the international treaty supposedly aimed at comba tting plastic 
pollution and making our lives better.  
8.44.  The draft text includes various trade instrume nts, such as subsidies, technical regulations, 
quantitative restrictions, tariffs, internal taxes and charges etc. The proposed tools are expected to 
cover the entire lifecycle of the material , which accounts for approximately 4% of global trade, or 
even m ore, according to various estimates. Apparently, the result of this exercise will be the creation 
of a new set of rules that appear to overshadow the multilateral trading system and exempt the 
entire plastic sector from WTO law.  
8.45.  Moreover, in case this agr eement is adopted in the current version or even slightly modified, 
the plastics industries will be threatened and Members with this industry will suffer severe economic 
losses. Along with that, countries without a plastics sector will face challenges asso ciated with the 
sustainability of related industries that use plastics as components of production, since there are 
currently no universal alternatives to this material  that meet the same criteria and consumer 
properties.  These industries include packaging , building and construction, textiles, consumer 
products, transportation, electronics, industrial machinery, production of medical devices, etc. The 
consequences will aggravate the food security issue and undermine health care systems especially 
in develop ing countries because, as it comes from the mentioned previously thesis, basic medical 
devices are made of or contain plastics.  
8.46.  Regarding the systemic standpoint , I would like to recall that the creation of trade rules is an 
exclusive competence of the WT O. We consider it inappropriate for multilateral trade rules to be 
discussed anywhere other than in the WTO, especially in a manner contrary to its principles. This 
Organization was established to promote fair trade and raise living standards. In order to avoid 
collisions between different platforms , the focus of negotiation s must be shifted towards comba tting 
pollution itself rather than regulating and prohibiting manufacturing or consumption of plastics due WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  to the fact that plastic wastes are generated at  the end of the lifecycle. This should be the corner 
stone of  the negotiation  proces s.  
8.47.  Certainly, we have many positive examples of international treaties on regulating trade , for 
instance,  in hazardous chemicals, materials and many other products with sc ientific evidence and 
the rationale behind them. Such treaties  are the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, 
CITES, etc. The agreements mentioned were enacted to regulate specific items with appropriate 
sound justifications, without negative implications on the socio -economic pillars of sustainable 
development.  
8.48.  Further more, draft disciplines that will be in conflict with WTO rules, although expected to be 
applied by the entire WTO membership, are supposed to be agreed upon by two -thirds of the INC 
but not by consensus  as we are used to here in Geneva .  
8.49.  Summing up, I wou ld like to note that topics related to the regulation of trade must be 
discussed here at the WTO. Thus, the trade community has no choice but to react to this matter 
because it puts the operation of the multilateral trading system  per se under threat and l eads to 
further fragmentation on top of other challenges we are currently facing.  
8.50.  Following this presentation, some delegations had the following reactions.  
8.51.  The representative of Brazil  delivered the following statement:  
8.52.  Brazil takes note of the concerns raised by the Russian delegation. In our view, multilateral 
workflows on environment and trade must be mutually supportive under the overarching framework 
of broader commitments set forth by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.  
8.53.  In this context, we see with concern some Members attempt to rewrite their 
WTO commitments or to shift the balance in trade agreements by means of modifying the trade 
obligations in environmental fora.  
8.54.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
8.55.  India has b een an active participant in the UNEP discussions on plastic pollution. In those 
discussions, we have maintained that any UNEP agreement should be designed in a way that respects 
the rights and obligations of those same Members in the WTO.  
8.56.  The representati ve of China  delivered the following statement:  
8.57.  The ongoing negotiations on plastic pollution led by UNEP have received high attention and 
active participant from all Members, including China.  In this regard, China really hope s that the WTO 
and UNEP can mai ntain close communication, including through the coordination between the CTE 
and DPP in the WTO and INC in UNEP to promote synergy and ensure that trade measures involved 
in the negotiations  are consistent with WTO rules.  
8.3  Requests for Observer status  
8.3.1   Requ est by India for granting International Solar Alliance an Observer Status to the 
CTE 
8.58.  The Chair delivered the following statement:  
8.59.  I would like to recall that, in past meetings, India supported a request for observer status 
from the International Solar Alliance. As you know, the consideration of observership has been 
dormant in recent years. The CTE has several other requests on the t able that have been pending 
for many years and would also deserve due consideration.  
8.60.  The Chair has reached out to the parties directly involved in this matter to explore solutions. 
We understand that consultations are currently underway. The Chair will co ntinue to engage with 
the concerned parties, and should the situation necessitate broader consultation with all Members, 
such discussions will be arranged at the appropriate time.  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  8.61.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
8.62.  Through this agenda item, India has planned to put forth the request of granting an observer 
status to the International Solar Alliance (ISA).  The ISA is an intergovernmental organization, 
co-founded after the 2015 Paris COP summit. The ISA was conceived as  a joint effort by India and 
France to mobilize efforts against climate change through deployment of solar energy solutions.  
8.63.  It is an action -oriented, member -driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of 
solar energy technologies as a means f or bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and 
driving energy transition in its member countries.  
8.64.  All member states of the United Nations are now eligible to join the ISA. At present, 
116 countries are signatories to the ISA Framework Agreement, of which 94 countries have 
submitted the necessary instruments of ratification to become full members of the ISA.  The ISA has 
been interacting with WTO Members through the Trade and Environment Week as well as through 
TESSD . 
8.65.  Since the last CTE meeting, we have held bilateral discussions with Members who sought 
more information on this proposal. However, we understand that there are still some differences. 
The Chair also indicated that he would hold bilateral consultations with  delegations interested in 
getting more information about this request.  We also continue to discuss this issue with interested 
Members.  
9  OTHER BUSINESS  
9.1  European Union Regulation on Deforestation and Forest Degradation -Free Supply 
Chains (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay 
and Peru, WT/CTE/GEN/33 ) 
9.1.  The representative of Paraguay  delivered the following statement:  
9.2.  As I mentioned at the start of this meeting, we – together with Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, 
Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Peru – circulated the document WT/CTE/GEN/33 . 
Unfortunately, due to the short deadline, this document was not yet avail able in all official WTO 
languages, but we can provide an unofficial translation to interested Members.  
9.3.  In the document, we recognize the actions undertaken by the EU on their regulations and 
processes and we identified a number of measures on which we wa nted more information. The 
document can be considered as a technical text with specific questions per article for which we 
request written responses. This will facilitate conversations with our respective capitals.  
9.4.  Our goal is to reach as many Members as p ossible to ensure that all interested Members can 
contribute their questions. Although we did not have time to finalize the document, we will send it 
to all Members so that they can include their questions if they are not already covered. Finally, we 
would  like to thank the EU in advance for their attention and written responses.  
9.5.  We understand that it was not possible to provide an answer to all of the questions in the 
information session yesterday but, since the experts from Brussels were there, we asked s ome 
questions and we also presented some initial questions for which we received some preliminary 
responses, which we thank them for. We look forward to the written responses from the EU.  
9.6.  The representative of Panama  delivered the following statement:  
9.7.  Panama joins the concerns of Members presented in document WT/CTE/GEN/33  on the 
EU regulation on supply chains free of deforestation and forest degradation. Panama reaffirms its 
commitment to environmental objectives and principles. We directly feel the eco nomic and social 
impact of climate change and its direct effects on trade. Currently, the Panama Canal has been badly 
affected by the drought, which affects the number of ships going through the canal.  
9.8.  We are the main country in Latin America that has seen  the displacement of indigenous 
communities due to rising sea levels, all due to the consequences of climate change. Trade and WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  sustainability are important issues for Panama. We consider that these trade measures that seek to 
protect the environment should  have an approach that respects the rules of international trade and 
do not hinder access to it.  
9.9.  Unilateral measures present challenges for developing countries like Panama, which often lack 
the physical and regulatory infrastructure to quickly respond to strict new environmental measures, 
such as those proposed by the EU. These measures could increase an economic imbalance between 
developed and developing economies by inconsistently hindering market access, limiting exports 
and economic development.  
9.10.  We wou ld like to express our concerns in a collaborative way and with dialogue so that we 
can achieve measures that are fair and balanced. We would like to thank the EU for answering the 
questions raised by Members.  
9.11.  The representative of Brazil  delivered the fol lowing statement:  
9.12.  We join Paraguay in this initiative, and we believe that these are technical, fact -based 
questions that could contribute to reducing the information gap referring to the EU Deforestation 
Regulation that could effectively make it quite dif ficult for producers to comply with its provisions. 
We would welcome receiving written responses from the EU to these questions.  
9.13.  The representative of Indonesia  delivered the following statement:  
9.14.  Indonesia would also like to thank Paraguay for the introduc tion of this technical document. 
We also have similar concerns, and we  are not going to repeat those, but especially we wanted to 
highlight the potential restrictive and discriminatory impacts of such policy, especially to small -scale 
farmers.  We are hopin g that the written answers from the EU might help as well in bridging the gaps 
of knowledge or trying to reassurance us  that it will not have a negative impact on our small -scale 
farmers.  
9.15.  The representative of India delivered the following statement:  
9.16.  We continue to share some of the concerns and questions raised by Paraguay today on the 
EU Deforestation Regulation. We will continue to take up the specific trade concerns in the 
appropriate WTO bodies.  
9.17.  The representati ve of Australia  delivered the following statement:  
9.18.  Australia also wishes to add its voice to some of the concerns raised by  other Members, but 
we have communicated our concerns and questions already yesterday in the information session 
and passed that on. So we look forward to the EU 's response.  
9.19.  The representative of Costa Rica  delivered the following statement:  
9.20.  I would like to thank Paraguay and the sponsors of this document, which is very detailed. My 
capital is reviewing it and also appreciates the level  of thoroughness with which it was prepared. As 
mentioned other Members, Costa Rica also posed some questions yesterday to the EU in the 
information session and we would like to thank the EU for responding to them. We will continue to 
closely follow this c onversation, which, as we mentioned in the information session, is a process that 
we will pay close attention to. We are interested in continuing dialogue on this issue . 
9.21.  The representative of South Africa  delivered the following statement:  
9.22.  I would like to say thank you to Paraguay for the questions that they have raised. We also 
raised a series of questions at the informal discussion session that the EU had with the African  Group 
yesterday and, as part of the African Group and also as South Africa, we wi ll continue raising our 
concerns and also engaging in dialogue with the EU at the appropriate for a. WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  9.23.  The representative of Malaysia  delivered the following statement:  
9.24.  Malaysia would like to thank Paraguay for the paper. Malaysia would like to also register our 
concern over the EU Deforestation Regulation and we will go through the details presented by 
Paraguay in the paper. We would also appreciate the EU providing written responses to the questions 
raised in the paper.  
9.25.  The representative of Thailand  deliver ed the following statement:  
9.26.  Thailand would like to thank Paraguay for introducing the paper on behalf of other 
co-sponsors. Regarding the EU Deforestation Regulation, we do understand the good intention from 
the EU. However, the implementation of such Regulation has raised concerns for many other 
countries, including Thailand, since it potentially affects our major ex porting products, such as 
rubber.  
9.27.  Also, we highly appreciate the EU for its transparency and always providing an update on its 
measures in the CTE and in other information sessions. We found that yesterday 's session was also 
very insightful and useful. Ho wever, the Regulation is complex and requires the necessary adaptation 
taken by business operators. Some of the details of the Regulation remain unclear and we see the 
value of the paper presented by Paraguay, which points out areas that require further cl arification.  
9.28.  Lastly, Thailand reiterates our commitment to the multilateral agreements relating to trade 
and environment. Thailand also urges the EU to adopt an open and collaborative approach, taking 
into account its trading partners' concerns.  
9.29.  The representative of the European Union  responded : 
9.30.  I will reiterate some of the things that I have already said in the past on the process. Firstly, 
I think the "Any Other Business" agenda item should not have this type of discussions and exchanges 
with Members on  substance.  We invite Members to present their papers well in advance  and put 
them on the agenda, so that we can be ready and prepared.  
9.31.  On proces s, I think in terms of the different comments made  by delegations, I think, as I 
think some of you also allude d, the EU is really engaged and willing to engage with our partners on 
our European Green Deal measures. We  have been doing presentations here  and we are o rganizing 
informal sessions. One was for the African Group, and the other one you attended yesterday.  We 
try to bring the experts here so that we can provide you with insightful information on the technical 
details  of the regulations. We are also engaging with your capitals through our delegations in th ose 
countries, explaining our measures, and organizin g different projects.  We do that also in Brussels 
with your Ambassadors that are present in the EU. So there is a lot of engagement and information 
sharing coming from the EU, including on our website.  
9.32.  As regards to the written comments to this particular  communication, I read it a little bit in 
line with what Paraguay has put in one of their papers on transparency. We have raised some 
concerns in regard to the burden that this would be providing in the CTE, particularly when we have 
already  questions and answers in TPR s. So we raise caution on that.  
9.33.  As regards to written answers to the questions and , as indicated in our informal session 
yesterday, but I note that maybe not  everybody was there , on our website, on the deforestation 
legislation, we have 'Frequently Asked Questions ' that provide a lot of information and answers to 
some of the questions that are raised here.  
9.34.  We are going to be updating this document regularly, including looking into the questions 
received here  through the written communication, but also in all of our channels. So we do not want 
to create an additional channel for written communications, but all of the information regarding 
technical implementation of the regulation is  going to be provided through those channels. We will 
continue our engagement here,  as we have done so far.  
9.35.  There will be more sessions on the deforestation legislation, on CBAM, and on other European 
Green Deal measures,  where you can raise concerns over the implementation of these legislations . WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  We also take these into account and make sure that we ease the life of businesses  that need to 
comply with them.  
10  DATE OF THE NEXT MEETING  
10.1.  The Chair drew Members' attention to the CTE annual report 2023 preparation  process. The 
Secretariat will assemble a draft for your consideration and comments in the coming weeks. The 
draft will be revised accordingly. The Chair will submit the report to the last 2023 meeting of the 
General Council in December.  
10.2.  The next meeting o f the CTE is  tentatively scheduled for 23-24 April 2024 . 
_______________  
 
  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  ANNEX 1: ITEMS OF THE CTE WORK PROGRAMME (1994)  
Item 1:  The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and trade 
measures for environmental purposes, including those pursuant to multilateral 
environmental agreements.  
Item 2:  The relationship between environmental policies relevant to trade and environmental 
measures with significant trade effects and the provisions of the multilateral trading 
system.  
Item 3(a):  The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and 
charges and taxes for environmental purposes.  
Item 3(b):  The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and 
requirements for envir onmental purposes relating to products, including standards 
and technical regulations, packaging, labelling and recycling.  
Item 4:  The provisions of the multilateral trading system with respect to the transparency of 
trade measures used for environmental p urposes and environmental measures and 
requirements which have significant trade effects.  
Item 5:  The relationship between the dispute settlement mechanisms in the multilateral 
trading system and those found in multilateral environmental agreements.  
Item 6 : The effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to 
developing countries, in particular to the least developed among them, and 
environmental benefits of removing trade restrictions and distortions.  
Item 7:  The issue of export s of domestically prohibited goods.  
Item 8:  The relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade -related Aspects of Intellectual 
Property Rights.  
Item 9:  The work programme envisaged in the Decision on Trade in Services and the 
Environment.  
Item 10:  Input to the relevant bodies in respect of appropriate arrangements for relations 
with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations referred to in Article  V 
of the WTO.  
 
_______________  
 
 
  WT/CTE/M/79  
 
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  ANNEX 2: DOHA MINISTERIAL DECLARATION PARAGRAPHS  
32. We instruct th e CTE, in pursuing work on all items on its agenda within its current terms of 
reference, to give particular attention to:  
 
(i) the effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to 
developing countries, in particular the least d eveloped among them, and those situations in 
which the elimination or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions would benefit trade, 
the environment and development;  
 
(ii) the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual 
Property Rights; and  
 
(iii) labelling requirements for environmental purposes.  
 
Work on these issues should include the identification of any need to clarify relevant WTO rules. The 
Committee shall report to the Fifth Session of the Ministeria l Conference, and make 
recommendations, where appropriate, with respect to future action, including the desirability of 
negotiations. The outcome of this work as well as the negotiations carried out under paragraph  31 
(i) and  (ii) shall be compatible with the open and non-discriminatory nature of the multilateral 
trading system, shall not add to or diminish the rights and obligations of Members under existing 
WTO agreements, in particular the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary 
Measur es, nor alter the balance of these rights and obligations, and will take into account the needs 
of developing and least developed countries.  
 
33. We recogni ze the importance of technical assistance and capacity building in the field of trade 
and environmen t to developing countries, in particular the least developed among them. We also 
encourage that expertise and experience be shared with Members wishing to perform environmental 
reviews at the national level. A report shall be prepared on these activities f or the Fifth Session.  
 
51. The Committee on Trade and Development and the C TE shall, within their respective mandates, 
each act as a forum to identify and debate developmental and environmental aspects of the 
negotiations, in order to help achieve the obje ctive of having sustainable development appropriately 
reflected.  
 
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