Sec.
2321. Establishment.
2322. Seal.
2323. Organization.
2324. Restrictions on employees as to interest in plant variety protection.
2325. Repealed.
2326. Regulations.
2327. Plant V ariety Protection Board.
2328. Library .
2329. Register of protected plant varieties.
2330. Publications.
2331. Copies for public libraries.
2351. Day for taking action falling on Saturday , Sunday , or holiday .
2352. Form of papers filed.
2353. Testimony in Plant V ariety Protection Of fice cases.
2354. Subpoenas; witnesses.
2355. Effect of defective execution.
2356. Regulations for practice before the Of fice.
2357. Unauthorized practice.
2371. Plant variety protection fees.
2372. Payment of plant variety protection fees; return of excess amounts.
2401. Definitions and rules of construction.
2402. Right to plant variety protection; plant varieties protectable.
2403. Reciprocity limits.
2404. Public interest in wide usage.
2421. Application for recognition of plant variety rights.
2422. Content of application.
2423. Joint breeders.
2424. Death or incapacity of breeder .
2425. Benefit of earlier filing date.
2426. Confidential status of application.
2427. Publication.
2441. Examination of application.
2442. Notice of refusal; reconsideration.7 USC Ch. 57 : PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION
From T itle 7—AGRICUL TURE
CHAPTER 57 —PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION
SUBCHAPTER I—PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE
P A—O  P
        
P B—L P    P V P O
        
P C—P V P F
        
SUBCHAPTER II—PROTECT ABILITY OF PLANT V ARIETIES AND CER TIFICA TES OF PROTECTION
P D—P  P V
        
P E—A; F; W M F; R B; C
        
P F—E; R T; I A2443. Initial appeal.
2461. Appeals.
2462. Civil action against Secretary .
2463. Repealed.
2481. Plant variety protection.
2482. How issued.
2483. Contents and term of plant variety protection.
2484. Correction of Plant V ariety Protection Of fice mistake.
2485. Correction of applicant's mistake.
2486. Correction of named breeder .
2501. Reexamination after issue.
2502, 2503. Repealed.
2504. Interfering plant variety protection.
2531. Ownership and assignment.
2532. Ownership during testing.
2541. Infringement of plant variety protection.
2542. Grandfather clause.
2543. Right to save seed; crop exemption.
2544. Research exemption.
2545. Intermediary exemption.
2561. Remedy for infringement of plant variety protection.
2562. Presumption of validity; defenses.
2563. Injunction.
2564. Damages.
2565. Attorney fees.
2566. Time limitation on damages.
2567. Limitation of damages; marking and notice.
2568. False marking; cease and desist orders.
2569. Nonresident proprietors; service and notice.
2570. Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State of ficials for infringement of plant variety
protection.
2581. Intent.
2582. Severability .
2583. Repealed.        
P G—A  C  O R
        
P H—C  P V P
        
P I—R A I,  C P
        
SUBCHAPTER III—PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION AND RIGHTS
P J—O  A
        
P K—I  P V P
        
P L—R  I  P V P,  O
A
        
P M—I  S
        SUBCHAPTER I—PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE
P A—O   P 
§2321. Establishment
There is hereby established in the Department of Agriculture an of fice to be known as the Plant V ariety Protection
Office, which shall have the functions set forth in this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §1, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §1, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "an office" for "a bureau".
E D
Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §141, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1558 , provided that: "This Act [this chapter] shall
take effect upon enactment [Dec. 24, 1970]. Applications may be filed with the Secretary and held by him
until the Office of Plant Variety Protection is organized and in operation".
S T  1994 A
Pub. L. 103–349,  §1(a), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3136 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2327,
2330, 2353, 2354, 2357, 2401, 2402, 2404, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 2442, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2482, 2483, 2486, 2501,
2504, 2532, 2541, 2542, 2543, 2561, 2566, 2567, 2568, and 2570 of this title , repealing sections 2463, 2502 and
2503 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2401 of this title ] may be cited as the
'Plant Variety Protection Act Amendments of 1994'."
S T  1992 A
Pub. L. 102–560,  §1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4230 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2570 of this
title and section 296 of T itle 35 , Patents, amending section 2541 of this title  and section 271 of T itle 35 , and
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2541 of this title ] may be cited as the 'Patent and Plant
Variety Protection Remedy Clarification Act'."
S T
Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §145, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1559 , provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter,
section 161 1 of this title , and sections 1545 and 2353 of T itle 28 , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending
section 1562 of this title  and sections 1338 and 1498 of T itle 28 , and enacting provisions set out as notes under
this section] may be cited as the 'Plant Variety Protection Act'."
§2322. Seal
The Plant V ariety Protection Of fice shall have a seal with which documents and certificates evidencing plant variety
protection shall be authenticated.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §2, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 .)
§2323. Organization
The organization of the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice shall, except as provided herein, be determined by the
Secretary of Agriculture (hereinafter called the Secretary). The of fice shall devote itself substantially exclusively to the
administration of this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §3, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 .)
§2324. Restrictions on employees as to interest in plant variety protection
Employees of the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice shall be ineligible during the periods of their employment, to apply
for plant variety protection and to acquire directly or indirectly , except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest inany matters before that of fice. This section shall not apply to members of the Plant V ariety Protection Board who are
not otherwise employees of the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §4, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 .)
§2325. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–574,  §2, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350
Section, Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §5, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 , required employees designated by
Secretary to give bond before entering upon their duties.
§2326. Regulations
The Secretary may establish regulations, not inconsistent with law , for the conduct of proceedings in the Plant
Variety Protection Of fice after consultations with the Plant V ariety Protection Board.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §6, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1542 .)
§2327. Plant Variety Protection Board
(a) Appointment
The Secretary shall appoint a Plant V ariety Protection Board. The Board shall consist of individuals who are experts
in various areas of varietal development covered by this chapter . Membership of the Board shall include farmer
representation and shall be drawn approximately equally from the private or seed industry sector and from the sector
of government or the public. The Secretary or the designee of the Secretary shall act as chairperson of the Board
without voting rights except in the case of ties.
(b) Functions of Board
The functions of the Plant V ariety Protection Board shall include:
(1) Advising the Secretary concerning the adoption of Rules and Regulations to facilitate the proper administration
of this chapter;
(2) Making advisory decisions on all appeals from the examiner . The Board shall determine whether to act as a full
Board or by panels it selects; and whether to review advisory decisions made by a panel. For service on such
appeals, the Board may select, as temporary members, experts in the area to which the particular appeal relates;
and
(3) Advising the Secretary on all questions under section 2404 of this title .
(c) Compensation of Board
The members of the Plant V ariety Protection Board shall serve without compensation except for standard
government reimbursable expenses.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §7, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1543 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(a), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3142 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the designee of the Secretary shall act as chairperson"
for "his designee shall act as chairman" in last sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2328. Library
The Secretary shall maintain a library of scientific and other works and periodicals, both foreign and domestic, in the
Plant V ariety Protection Of fice to aid the examiners in the discharge of their duties.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §8, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1543 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §3, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "examiners" for "officers".
§2329. Register of protected plant varietiesThe Secretary shall maintain a register of descriptions of United States protected plant varieties.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §9, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1543 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §4, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "descriptions" for "published specifications", and struck out provisions
requiring maintenance of a file for other information.
§2330. Publications
(a) The Secretary may publish, or cause to be published, in such format as the Secretary shall determine to be
suitable, the following:
(1) The descriptions of plant varieties protected including drawings and photographs.
(2) The Of ficial Journal of the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice, including annual indices.
(3) Pamphlet copies of the plant variety protection laws and rules of practice and circulars or other publications
relating to the business of the Of fice.
(b) The Secretary may (1) establish public facilities for the searching of plant variety protection records and
materials, and (2) from time to time, as through an information service, disseminate to the public those portions of the
technological and other public information available to or within the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice to encourage
innovation and promote the progress of plant breeding.
(c) The Secretary may exchange any of the publications specified for publications desirable for the use of the Plant
Variety Protection Of fice. The Secretary may exchange copies of descriptions, drawings, and photographs of United
States protected plant varieties for copies of descriptions, drawings, and photographs of applications and protected
plant varieties of foreign countries.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §10, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1543 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §§5–8, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 ; Pub.
L. 103–349,  §13(b), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the Secretary" for "he" before "shall" in introductory
provisions.
1980—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96–574,  §5, substituted provisions respecting descriptions for provisions
respecting specifications.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–574,  §§6, 7, struck out subsec. (b) which related to photolithography and
lithography, redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and substituted "plant breeding" for "the useful arts".
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 96–574,  §§7, 8, redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and substituted "descriptions"
for "specifications" in two places. Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2331. Copies for public libraries
The Secretary may supply printed copies of descriptions, drawings, and photographs of protected plant varieties to
public libraries in the United States which shall maintain such copies for the use of the public.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §1 1, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1544 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §9, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "descriptions" for "specifications".
P B—L P     P V  P O
§2351. Day for taking action falling on Saturday, Sunday, or holiday
When the day , or the last day , for taking any action or paying any fee in the United States Plant V ariety Protection
Office falls on Saturday , Sunday , a holiday within the District of Columbia, or on any other day the Plant V arietyProtection Of fice is closed for the receipt of papers, the action may be taken or the fee paid, on the next succeeding
business day .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §21, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1544 .)
§2352. Form of papers filed
The Secretary may by regulations prescribe the form of papers to be filed in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §22, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1544 .)
§2353. Testimony in Plant Variety Protection Office cases
The Secretary may establish regulations for taking af fidavits, depositions, and other evidence required in cases
before the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice. Any of ficer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the courts of
the United States, or of the State where the of ficer resides, may take such af fidavits and depositions, and swear the
witnesses. If any person acts as a hearing of ficer by authority of the Secretary , the person shall have like power .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §23, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1544 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(c), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the officer" for "he" in second sentence and "the person" for "he" in
third sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2354. Subpoenas; witnesses
(a) The clerk of any United States court for the district wherein testimony is to be taken in accordance with
regulations established by the Secretary for use in any contested case in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice shall, upon
the application of any party thereof, issue a subpoena for any witness residing or being within such district or within
one hundred miles of the stated place in such district, commanding the witness to appear and testify before an of ficer
in such district authorized to take depositions and af fidavits, at the time and place stated in the subpoena. The
provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to the attendance of witnesses and the production of
documents and things shall apply to contested cases in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice insofar as consistent with
such regulations.
(b) Every witness subpoenaed or testifying shall be allowed the fees and traveling expenses allowed to witnesses
attending the United States district courts.
(c) A judge of a court whose clerk issued a subpoena may enforce obedience to the process or punish disobedience
as in other like cases, on proof that a witness, served with such subpoena, neglected or refused to appear or to testify .
No witness shall be deemed guilty of contempt for disobeying such subpoena unless the fees and traveling expenses
of the witness in going to, and returning from, one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or tendered
the witness at the time of the service of the subpoena; nor for refusing to disclose any secret matter except upon
appropriate order of the court which issued the subpoena or of the Secretary .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §24, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1544 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(d), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(d)(1), substituted "the witness" for "him" in first sentence.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(d)(2)(B), substituted "the witness" for "him" after "paid or tendered" in
second sentence.
Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(d)(2)(A), which directed that second sentence be amended by substituting "the
fees and traveling expenses of the witness" for "this fees and traveling expenses", was executed by
making the substitution for "his fees and traveling expenses", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .§2355. Effect of defective execution
Any document to be filed in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice and which is required by any law or regulation to be
executed in a specified manner may be provisionally accepted by the Secretary despite a defective execution,
provided a properly executed document is submitted within such time as may be prescribed.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §25, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1545 .)
§2356. Regulations for practice before the Office
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations governing the admission to practice and conduct of persons representing
applicants or other parties before the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice. The Secretary may , after notice and opportunity
for a hearing, suspend or exclude, either generally or in any particular case, from further practice before the Of fice of
Plant V ariety Protection any person shown to be incompetent or disreputable or guilty of gross misconduct.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §26, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1545 .)
§2357. Unauthorized practice
Anyone who in the United States engages in direct or indirect practice before the Of fice of Plant V ariety Protection
while suspended or excluded under section 2356 of this title , or without being admitted to practice before the Of fice,
shall be liable in a civil action for the return of all money received, and for compensation for damage done by such
person and also may be enjoined from such practice. However , there shall be no liability for damage if such person
establishes that the work was done competently and without negligence. This section does not apply to anyone who,
without a claim of self-suf ficiency , works under the supervision of another who stands admitted and is the responsible
party; or to anyone who establishes that the person acted only on behalf of any employer by whom the person was
regularly employed.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §27, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1545 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(e), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the person" for "he" in two places in last sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
P C—P V  P F
§2371. Plant variety protection fees
(a) In general
The Secretary shall, under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, charge and collect reasonable fees for
services performed under this chapter .
(b) Late payment penalty
On failure to pay such fees, the Secretary shall assess a late payment penalty . Such overdue fees shall accrue
interest as required by section 3717 of title 31 .
(c) Disposition of funds
Such fees, late payment penalties, and accrued interest collected shall be credited to the account that incurs the
cost and shall remain available without fiscal year limitation to pay the expenses incurred by the Secretary in carrying
out this chapter . Such funds collected (including late payment penalties and any interest earned) may be invested by
the Secretary in insured or fully collateralized, interest-bearing accounts or , at the discretion of the Secretary , by the
Secretary of the T reasury in United States Government debt instruments.
(d) Actions for nonpayment
The Attorney General may bring an action for the recovery of charges that have not been paid in accordance with
this chapter against any person obligated for payment of such charges under this chapter in any United States districtcourt or other United States court for any territory or possession in any jurisdiction in which the person is found,
resides, or transacts business. The court shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide the action.
(e) Authorization of appropriations
There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §31, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1545 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §10, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 ; Pub. L.
100–203,  title I, §1505, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–28 .)
A
1987—Pub. L. 100–203  amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "The
Secretary shall, under such regulations as he may prescribe, charge and collect reasonable fees for
services performed under this chapter. Such fees shall be deposited into the Treasury as miscellaneous
receipts. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out
the provisions of this chapter."
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted provisions relating to deposit of fees and authorization of
appropriations for provisions relating to recovering of fees, initial capital of the fund, and charging of fees.
§2372. Payment of plant variety protection fees; return of excess amounts
All fees shall be paid to the Secretary , and the Secretary may refund any sum paid by mistake or in excess of the fee
required.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title I, §32, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1545 .)
SUBCHAPTER II—PROTECT ABILITY OF PLANT V ARIETIES AND CERTIFICA TES OF PROTECTION
P D—P   P V 
§2401. Definitions and rules of construction
(a) Definitions
As used in this chapter:
(1) Asexually reproduced
The term "asexually reproduced" means produced by a method of plant propagation using vegetative material
(other than seed) from a single parent, including cuttings, grafting, tissue culture, and propagation by root division.
(2) Basic seed
The term "basic seed" means the seed planted to produce certified or commercial seed.
(3) Breeder
The term "breeder" means the person who directs the final breeding creating a variety or who discovers and
develops a variety . If the actions are conducted by an agent on behalf of a principal, the principal, rather than the
agent, shall be considered the breeder . The term does not include a person who redevelops or rediscovers a variety
the existence of which is publicly known or a matter of common knowledge.
(4) Essentially derived variety
(A) In general
The term "essentially derived variety" means a variety that—
(i) is predominantly derived from another variety (referred to in this paragraph as the "initial variety") or from a
variety that is predominantly derived from the initial variety , while retaining the expression of the essential
characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety;
(ii) is clearly distinguishable from the initial variety; and
(iii) except for dif ferences that result from the act of derivation, conforms to the initial variety in the expression
of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety .
(B) Methods
An essentially derived variety may be obtained by the selection of a natural or induced mutant or of a
somaclonal variant, the selection of a variant individual from plants of the initial variety , backcrossing,transformation by genetic engineering, or other method.
(5) Kind
The term "kind" means one or more related species or subspecies singly or collectively known by one common
name, such as soybean, flax, or radish.
(6) Seed
The term "seed", with respect to a tuber propagated variety , means the tuber or the part of the tuber used for
propagation.
(7) Sexually reproduced
The term "sexually reproduced" includes any production of a variety by seed, but does not include the production
of a variety by tuber propagation.
(8) Tuber propagated
The term "tuber propagated" means propagated by a tuber or a part of a tuber .
(9) United States
The terms "United States" and "this country" mean the United States, the territories and possessions of the United
States, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
(10) V ariety
The term "variety" means a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, that, without
regard to whether the conditions for plant variety protection are fully met, can be defined by the expression of the
characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of genotypes, distinguished from any other plant
grouping by the expression of at least one characteristic and considered as a unit with regard to the suitability of the
plant grouping for being propagated unchanged. A variety may be represented by seed, transplants, plants, tubers,
tissue culture plantlets, and other matter .
(b) Rules of construction
For the purposes of this chapter:
(1) Sale or disposition for nonreproductive purposes
The sale or disposition, for other than reproductive purposes, of harvested material produced as a result of
experimentation or testing of a variety to ascertain the characteristics of the variety , or as a by-product of increasing
a variety , shall not be considered to be a sale or disposition for purposes of exploitation of the variety .
(2) Sale or disposition for reproductive purposes
The sale or disposition of a variety for reproductive purposes shall not be considered to be a sale or disposition for
the purposes of exploitation of the variety if the sale or disposition is done as an integral part of a program of
experimentation or testing to ascertain the characteristics of the variety , or to increase the variety on behalf of the
breeder or the successor in interest of the breeder .
(3) Sale or disposition of hybrid seed
The sale or disposition of hybrid seed shall be considered to be a sale or disposition of harvested material of the
varieties from which the seed was produced.
(4) Application for protection or entering into a register of varieties
The filing of an application for the protection or for the entering of a variety in an of ficial register of varieties, in any
country , shall be considered to render the variety a matter of common knowledge from the date of the application, if
the application leads to the granting of protection or to the entering of the variety in the of ficial register of varieties, as
the case may be.
(5) Distinctness
The distinctness of one variety from another may be based on one or more identifiable morphological,
physiological, or other characteristics (including any characteristics evidenced by processing or product
characteristics, such as milling and baking characteristics in the case of wheat) with respect to which a dif ference in
genealogy may contribute evidence.
(6) Publicly known varieties
(A) In general
A variety that is adequately described by a publication reasonably considered to be a part of the public technical
knowledge in the United States shall be considered to be publicly known and a matter of common knowledge.
(B) Description
A description that meets the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall include a disclosure of the principal
characteristics by which a variety is distinguished.
(C) Other meansA variety may become publicly known and a matter of common knowledge by other means.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §41, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1546 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §2, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3136 ; Pub. L.
115–334,  title X, §10108(a), Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 4906 .)
A
2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 1 15–334  added par. (1) and redesignated former pars. (1) to (9) as (2) to (10),
respectively.
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  amended section generally, substituting provisions consisting of subsecs. (a) and
(b) for former provisions consisting of subsecs. (a) to (j).
E D  1994 A
Pub. L. 103–349,  §15, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3145 , provided that: "This Act [amending this section and
sections 2327, 2330, 2353, 2354, 2357, 2402, 2404, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 2442, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2482, 2483,
2486, 2501, 2504, 2532, 2541, 2542, 2543, 2561, 2566, 2567, 2568, and 2570 of this title , repealing sections 2463,
2502 and 2503 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2321 of this
title] and the amendments made by this Act shall become effective 180 days after the date of enactment
of this Act [Oct. 6, 1994]."
T P  1994 A
Pub. L. 103–349,  §14, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 , provided that:
"(a) I G .—Except as provided in this section, any variety for which a certificate of plant variety
protection has been issued prior to the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
note above], and any variety for which an application is pending on the effective date of this Act, shall
continue to be governed by the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq. ), as in effect on the day
before the effective date of this Act.
"(b) A  R.—
"(1) I  .—An applicant may refile a pending application on or after the effective date of this
Act [see Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note above].
"(2) E   .—If a pending application is refiled on or after the effective date of this Act
—
"(A) eligibility for protection and the terms of protection shall be governed by the Plant Variety
Protection Act [7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq. ], as amended by this Act; and
"(B) for purposes of section 42 of the Plant Variety Protection Act [7 U.S.C. 2402 ], as amended
by section 3 of this Act, the date of filing shall be the date of filing of the original application.
"(c) L.—
"(1) I  .—To obtain the protection provided to an owner of a protected variety under the
Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq. ) (as amended by this Act), a notice given by an owner
concerning the variety under section 127 of the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2567 ) shall state
that the variety is protected under such Act (as amended by this Act).
"(2) S .—Any person that makes a false or misleading statement or claim, or uses a false
or misleading label, concerning protection described in paragraph (1) shall be subject to the sanctions
described in section 128 of the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2568 )."
§2402. Right to plant variety protection; plant varieties protectable
(a) In general
The breeder of any sexually reproduced, tuber propagated, or asexually reproduced plant variety (other than fungi or
bacteria) who has so reproduced the variety , or the successor in interest of the breeder , shall be entitled to plant
variety protection for the variety , subject to the conditions and requirements of this chapter , if the variety is—
(1) new , in the sense that, on the date of filing of the application for plant variety protection, propagating or
harvested material of the variety has not been sold or otherwise disposed of to other persons, by or with the consent
of the breeder , or the successor in interest of the breeder , for purposes of exploitation of the variety—
(A) in the United States, more than 1 year prior to the date of filing; or
(B) in any area outside of the United States—
(i) more than 4 years prior to the date of filing, except that in the case of a tuber propagated plant variety the
Secretary may waive the 4-year limitation for a period ending 1 year after April 4, 1996; or
(ii) in the case of a tree or vine, more than 6 years prior to the date of filing;
(2) distinct, in the sense that the variety is clearly distinguishable from any other variety the existence of which is
publicly known or a matter of common knowledge at the time of the filing of the application;(3) uniform, in the sense that any variations are describable, predictable, and commercially acceptable; and
(4) stable, in the sense that the variety , when reproduced, will remain unchanged with regard to the essential and
distinctive characteristics of the variety with a reasonable degree of reliability commensurate with that of varieties of
the same category in which the same breeding method is employed.
(b) Multiple applicants
(1) In general
If 2 or more applicants submit applications on the same ef fective filing date for varieties that cannot be clearly
distinguished from one another , but that fulfill all other requirements of subsection (a), the applicant who first
complies with all requirements of this chapter shall be entitled to a certificate of plant variety protection, to the
exclusion of any other applicant.
(2) Requirements completed on same date
(A) In general
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), if 2 or more applicants comply with all requirements for protection on
the same date, a certificate shall be issued for each variety .
(B) V arieties indistinguishable
If the varieties that are the subject of the applications cannot be distinguished in any manner , a single certificate
shall be issued jointly to the applicants.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §42, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1547 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §3, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3138 ; Pub. L.
104–127,  title IX, §913(a), Apr . 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1 186; Pub. L. 1 15–334,  title X, §10108(b), Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat.
4906 .)
A
2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 1 15–334  substituted ", tuber propagated, or asexually reproduced" for "or
tuber propagated" in introductory provisions.
1996—Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–127  inserted ", except that in the case of a tuber propagated
plant variety the Secretary may waive the 4-year limitation for a period ending 1 year after April 4, 1996"
after "filing".
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  amended section generally, substituting present provisions for substantially
similar former provisions.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2403. Reciprocity limits
Protection under this chapter may , by regulation, be limited to nationals of the United States, except where this
limitation would violate a treaty and except that nationals of a foreign state in which they are domiciled shall be entitled
to so much of the protection here af forded as is af forded by said foreign state to nationals of the United States for the
same genus and species.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §43, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1547 .)
§2404. Public interest in wide usage
The Secretary may declare a protected variety open to use on a basis of equitable remuneration to the owner , not
less than a reasonable royalty , when the Secretary determines that such declaration is necessary in order to insure an
adequate supply of fiber , food, or feed in this country and that the owner is unwilling or unable to supply the public
needs for the variety at a price which may reasonably be deemed fair . Such declaration may be, with or without
limitation, with or without designation of what the remuneration is to be; and shall be subject to review as under section
2461 or 2462 of this title  (any finding that the price is not reasonable being reviewable), and shall remain in ef fect not
more than two years. In the event litigation is required to collect such remuneration, a higher rate may be allowed by
the court.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §44, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1547 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(f), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the Secretary" for "he" before "determines" in first sentence.E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
P E—A ; F; W M  F; R  B; C
§2421. Application for recognition of plant variety rights
(a) An application for a certificate of Plant V ariety Protection may be filed by the owner of the variety sought to be
protected. The application shall be made in writing to the Secretary , shall be signed by or on behalf of the applicant,
and shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee.
(b) An error as to the naming of the breeder , without deceptive intent, may be corrected at any time, in accordance
with regulations established by the Secretary .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §51, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1548 .)
§2422. Content of application
An application for a certificate recognizing plant variety rights shall contain:
(1) The name of the variety except that a temporary designation will suf fice until the certificate is to be issued. The
variety shall be named in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary .
(2) A description of the variety setting forth its distinctiveness, uniformity , and stability and a description of the
genealogy and breeding procedure, when known. The Secretary may require amplification, including the submission
of adequate photographs or drawings or plant specimens, if the description is not adequate or as complete as is
reasonably possible, and submission of records or proof of ownership or of allegations made in the application. An
applicant may add to or correct the description at any time, before the certificate is issued, upon a showing
acceptable to the Secretary that the revised description is retroactively accurate. Courts shall protect others from any
injustice which would result. The Secretary may accept records of the breeder and of any of ficial seed certifying
agency in this country as evidence of stability where applicable.
(3) A statement of the basis of the claim of the applicant that the variety is new .
(4) A declaration that a viable sample of basic seed (including any propagating material) necessary for
propagation of the variety will be deposited and replenished periodically in a public repository in accordance with
regulations to be established hereunder .
(5) A statement of the basis of applicant's ownership.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §52, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1548 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §11, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 ; Pub. L.
103–349,  §4, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3139 .)
A
1994—Par. (1). Pub. L. 103–349,  §4(1), inserted at end "The variety shall be named in accordance with
regulations issued by the Secretary."
Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–349,  §4(2), in first sentence substituted "distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability" for
"novelty".
Par. (3). Pub. L. 103–349,  §4(4), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).
Par. (4). Pub. L. 103–349,  §4(3), (5), redesignated par. (3) as (4) and inserted "(including any
propagating material)" after "basic seed". Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
Par. (5). Pub. L. 103–349,  §4(3), redesignated par. (4) as (5).
1980—Par. (3). Pub. L. 96–574  struck out provisions relating to adding of declaration by amendment.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2423. Joint breeders
(a) When two or more persons are the breeders, one person (or the successor of the person) may apply , naming the
others.
(b) The Secretary , after such notice as the Secretary may prescribe, may issue a certificate of plant variety protection
to the applicant and such of the other breeders (or their successors in interest) as may have subsequently joined in theapplication.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §53, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1548 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(g), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(g)(1), substituted "one person (or the successor of the person)"
for "one (or his successor)".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(g)(2), substituted "the Secretary" for "he" before "may".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2424. Death or incapacity of breeder
Legal representatives of deceased breeders and of those under legal incapacity may make application for plant
variety protection upon compliance with the requirements and on the same terms and conditions applicable to the
breeder or the successor in interest of the breeder .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §54, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1548 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(h), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the successor in interest of the breeder" for "his successor in
interest".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2425. Benefit of earlier filing date
(a)(1) An application for a certificate of plant variety protection filed in this country based on the same variety , and on
rights derived from the same breeder , on which there has previously been filed an application for plant variety
protection in a foreign country which af fords similar privileges in the case of applications filed in the United States by
nationals of the United States, shall have the same ef fect as the same application would have if filed in the United
States on the date on which the application for plant variety protection for the same variety was first filed in such
foreign country , if the application in this country is filed within twelve months from the earliest date on which such
foreign application was filed, not including the date on which the application is filed in the foreign country .
(2) No application shall be entitled to a right of priority under this section, unless the applicant designates the foreign
application in the application filed in the United States or by amendment thereto and, if required by the Secretary ,
furnishes such copy , translation or both, as the Secretary may specify .
(3)(A) An applicant entitled to a right of priority under this subsection shall be allowed to furnish any necessary
information, document, or material required for the purpose of the examination of the application during—
(i) the 2-year period beginning on the date of the expiration of the period of priority; or
(ii) if the first application is rejected or withdrawn, an appropriate period after the rejection or withdrawal, to be
determined by the Secretary .
(B) An event occurring within the period of priority (such as the filing of another application or use of the variety that
is the subject of the first application) shall not constitute a ground for rejecting the application or give rise to any third
party right.
(b) An application for a certificate of plant variety protection for the same variety as was the subject of an application
previously filed in the United States by or on behalf of the same person, or by the predecessor in title of the person,
shall have the same ef fect as to such variety as though filed on the date of the prior application if filed before the
issuance of the certificate or other termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly
entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to contain a specific
reference to the earlier filed application.
(c) A later application shall not by itself establish that a characteristic newly described was in the variety at the time
of the earlier application.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §55, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1548 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §§5, 13(i), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3139 ,
3143 .)
A1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §5(1), designated first sentence as par. (1) and second sentence as
par. (2).
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–349,  §5(2), inserted before period at end ", not including the date on which
the application is filed in the foreign country".
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(i)(1), substituted "in the application filed in the United States" for "in
his application".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–349,  §5(3), added par. (3).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(i)(2), substituted "the predecessor in title of the person" for "his
predecessor in title".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2426. Confidential status of application
Applications for plant variety protection and their contents shall be kept in confidence by the Plant V ariety Protection
Office, by the Board, and by the of fices in the Department of Agriculture to which access may be given under
regulations. No information concerning the same shall be given without the authority of the owner , unless necessary
under special circumstances as may be determined by the Secretary , except that the Secretary may publish the variety
names designated in applications, stating the kind to which each applies, the name of the applicant, and whether the
applicant specified that the variety is to be sold by variety name only as a class of certified seed.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §56, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1549 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §12, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  inserted provisions relating to name of applicant and sale of the variety.
§2427. Publication
The Secretary may establish regulations for the publication of information regarding any pending application when
publication is requested by the owner .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §57, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1549 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §13, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  inserted "information regarding" after "publication of".
P F—E ; R T; I A
§2441. Examination of application
The Secretary shall cause an examination to be made of the application and if on such examination it is determined
that the applicant is entitled to plant variety protection under the law , the Secretary shall issue a notice of allowance of
plant variety protection therefor as hereinafter provided.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §61, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1549 .)
§2442. Notice of refusal; reconsideration
(a) Whenever an application is refused, or any objection or requirement made by the examiner , the Secretary shall
notify the applicant thereof, stating the reasons therefor , together with such information and references as may be
useful in judging the propriety of continuing the prosecution of the application; and if after receiving such notice the
applicant requests reconsideration, with or without amendment, the application shall be reconsidered.
(b) For taking appropriate action after the mailing to an applicant of an action other than allowance, the applicant
shall be allowed at least 30 days, and not more than 180 days, or such other time as the Secretary shall set in the
refusal, or such time as the Secretary may allow as an extension. Without such extension, action may be taken up to
three months late by paying an additional fee to be prescribed by the Secretary .(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §62, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1549 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §§6, 13(j), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3140 ,
3143 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349  in first sentence substituted "mailing to an applicant" for "mailing to
him", "the applicant shall" for "an applicant shall", "at least 30 days, and not more than 180 days" for "six
months", "the Secretary shall" for "the Secretary in exceptional circumstances shall", and "as the
Secretary may" for "as he may".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2443. Initial appeal
When an application for plant variety protection has been refused by the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice, the applicant
may appeal to the Secretary . The Secretary shall seek the advice of the Plant V ariety Protection Board on all appeals,
before deciding the appeal.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §63, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1550 .)
P G—A   C  O R
§2461. Appeals
From the decisions made under sections 2404, 2443, 2501, and 2568 of this title  appeal may , within sixty days or
such further times as the Secretary allows, be taken under the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall have jurisdiction of any such appeal.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §71, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1550 ; Pub. L. 97–164,  title I, §145, Apr . 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 45 ; Pub.
L. 103–349,  §8(d)(1), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3141 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  struck out "2502," after "2501,".
1982—Pub. L. 97–164  substituted "The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall have
jurisdiction of any such appeal" for "The Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and United States Courts
of Appeals shall have jurisdiction, with venue in the case of the latter as stated in section 2343 of title 28 ".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
E D  1982 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164  effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164,  set out as a note
under section 171 of T itle 28 , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
§2462. Civil action against Secretary
An applicant dissatisfied with a decision under section 2443 or 2501 of this title , may , as an alternative to appeal,
have remedy by civil action against the Secretary in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Such
action shall be commenced within sixty days after such decision or within such further time as the Secretary allows.
The court may , in the case of review of a decision by the Secretary refusing plant variety protection, adjudge that such
applicant is entitled to receive a certificate of plant variety protection for the variety as specified in the application as
the facts of the case may appear , on compliance with the requirements of this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §72, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1550 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(k), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A1994—Pub. L. 103–349,  which directed that the second sentence be amended by substituting "the variety
as specified in the application" for "his variety as specified in his application", was executed by making
the substitution in the third sentence, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2463. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(c)(2), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3141
Section, Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §73, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1550 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(c)(1), Oct. 6, 1994,
108 Stat. 3140 , related to appeal or civil action in contested cases. Prior to repeal, subsec. (b) of this
section was transferred to section 2504 of this title  by Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(c)(1), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3140 .
E D  R
Repeal effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,  set out as an Effective
Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 2401 of this title .
P H—C   P V  P
§2481. Plant variety protection
(a) If it appears that a certificate of plant variety protection should be issued on an application, a written notice of
allowance shall be given or mailed to the owner . The notice shall specify the sum, constituting the issue fee, which
shall be paid within one month thereafter .
(b) Upon timely payment of this sum, and provided that deposit of seed has been made in accordance with section
2422(3) 1 of this title, the certificate of plant variety protection shall issue.
(c) If any payment required by this section is not timely made, but is submitted with an additional fee prescribed by
the Secretary within nine months after the due date or within such further time as the Secretary may allow , it shall be
accepted.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §81, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1551 .)
R  T
Section 2422(3) of this title , referred to in subsec. (b), was redesignated section 2422(4) of this title  by Pub. L.
103–349,  §4, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3139 .
1 See References in T ext note below .
§2482. How issued
A certificate of plant variety protection shall be issued in the name of the United States of America under the seal of
the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice, and shall be signed by the Secretary or have the signature of the Secretary placed
thereon, and shall be recorded in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §82, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1551 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(l), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the signature of the Secretary" for "his signature".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2483. Contents and term of plant variety protection
(a) Certificate(1) Every certificate of plant variety protection shall certify that the breeder (or the successor in interest of the
breeder),1 has the right, during the term of the plant variety protection, to exclude others from selling the variety , or
offering it for sale, or reproducing it, or importing it, or exporting it, or using it in producing (as distinguished from
developing) a hybrid or dif ferent variety therefrom, to the extent provided by this chapter .
(2) If the owner so elects, the certificate shall—
(A) specify that seed of the variety shall be sold in the United States only as a class of certified seed; and
(B) if so specified, conform to the number of generations designated by the owner .
(3) An owner may waive a right provided under this subsection, other than a right that is elected by the owner under
paragraph (2)(A).
(4) The Secretary may at the discretion of the Secretary permit such election or waiver to be made after certificating
and amend the certificate accordingly , without retroactive ef fect.
(b) T erm
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the term of plant variety protection shall expire 20 years from the date of
issue of the certificate in the United States, except that—
(A) in the case of a tuber propagated plant variety subject to a waiver granted under section 2402(a)(1)(B)(i) of
this title , the term of the plant variety protection shall expire 20 years after the date of the original grant of the plant
breeder's rights to the variety outside the United States; and
(B) in the case of a tree or vine, the term of the plant variety protection shall expire 25 years from the date of
issue of the certificate.
(2) Exceptions
If the certificate is not issued within three years from the ef fective filing date, the Secretary may shorten the term
by the amount of delay in the prosecution of the application attributed by the Secretary to the applicant.
(c) Expiration upon failure to comply with regulations; notice
The term of plant variety protection shall also expire if the owner fails to comply with regulations, in force at the time
of certificating, relating to replenishing seed in a public repository , or requiring the submission of a dif ferent name for
the variety , except that this expiration shall not occur unless notice is mailed to the last owner recorded as provided in
section 2531(d) of this title  and the last owner fails, within the time allowed thereafter , not less than three months, to
comply with said regulations, paying an additional fee to be prescribed by the Secretary .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §83, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1551 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §14, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 ; Pub. L.
103–349,  §§7, 13(m), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3140 , 3143 ; Pub. L. 104–127,  title IX, §913(b), Apr . 4, 1996, 110 Stat.
1186.)
A
1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–127,  §913(b)(1), (2), inserted heading, designated first sentence as par.
(1), inserted par. heading, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the term" for "The term",
designated second sentence as par. (2), and inserted par. heading.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–127,  §913(b)(3), which directed the amendment of par. (2) by striking out
"except that, in the case" and inserting "except that—", subpar. (A), and "(B) in the case", was executed
to par. (1) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §7(1)(A), designated first through fourth sentences as pars. (1) to
(4), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(m)(1)(A), which directed the substitution of "(or the successor in
interest of the breeder)" for "(or his successor in interest) his heirs and assignees", was executed by
making the substitution for "(or his successor in interest) his heirs or assignees", to reflect the probable
intent of Congress.
Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 103–349,  §7(1)(B), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2)
and (3) which read as follows:
"(2) If the owner so elects, the certificate shall also specify that in the United States, seed of the variety
shall be sold by variety name only as a class of certified seed and, if specified, shall also conform to the
number of generations designated by the owner.
"(3) Any rights, or all rights except those elected under the preceding sentence, may be waived; and
the certificate shall conform to such waiver."
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(m)(1)(B), substituted "the discretion of the Secretary" for "his
discretion".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349,  §7(2), in first sentence substituted "20 years" for "eighteen years" and
inserted before period at end ", except that, in the case of a tree or vine, the term of the plant variety
protection shall expire 25 years from the date of issue of the certificate".Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–349,  §§7(3), 13(m)(2), substituted "repository, or requiring the submission of a
different name for the variety, except that" for "repository: Provided, however , That" and "the last owner" for
"he" before "fails".
1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "eighteen" for "seventeen".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear .
§2484. Correction of Plant Variety Protection Office mistake
Whenever a mistake in a certificate of plant variety protection incurred through the fault of the Plant V ariety
Protection Of fice is clearly disclosed by the records of the Of fice, the Secretary may issue, without charge, a corrected
certificate of plant variety protection, stating the fact and nature of such mistake. Such certificate of plant variety
protection shall have the same ef fect and operation in law as if the same had been originally issued in such corrected
form.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §84, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1552 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §15, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3350 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted provisions relating to correction of Plant Variety Protection Office
mistake for provisions relating to certificate of correction of Plant Variety Protection Office mistake.
§2485. Correction of applicant's mistake
Whenever a mistake of a clerical or typographical nature, or of minor character , or in the description of the variety ,
which was not the fault of the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice, appears in a certificate of plant variety protection and a
showing has been made that such mistake occurred in good faith, the Secretary may , upon payment of the required
fee, issue a corrected certificate if the correction could have been made before the certificate issued. Such certificate
of plant variety protection shall have the same ef fect and operation in law as if the same had been originally issued in
such corrected form.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §85, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1552 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §16, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3351 .)
A
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  struck out applicability of section 2484 of this title  to manner and form of certificate,
and reference to trials of actions thereafter arising with respect to effect and operation in law of certificate.
§2486. Correction of named breeder
An error as to the naming of a breeder in the application, without deceptive intent, shall not af fect validity of plant
variety protection and may be corrected at any time by the Secretary in accordance with regulations established by the
Secretary or upon order of a federal court before which the matter is called in question. Upon such correction the
Secretary shall issue a certificate accordingly . Such correction shall not deprive any person of any rights the person
otherwise would have had.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §86, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1552 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(n), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3143 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the Secretary" for "him" in first sentence and "the person" for "he" in
third sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
P I—R  A I,  C P§2501. Reexamination after issue
(a) Any person may , within five years after the issuance of a certificate of plant variety protection, notify the Secretary
in writing of facts which may have a bearing on the protectability of the variety , and the Secretary may cause such
plant variety protection to be reexamined in the light thereof.
(b) Reexamination of plant variety protection under this section and appeals shall be pursuant to the same
procedures and with the same rights as for original examinations. Abandonment of the procedure while subject to a
ruling against the retention of the certificate shall result in cancellation of the plant variety certificate thereon and notice
thereof shall be endorsed on copies of the description of the protected plant variety thereafter distributed by the Plant
Variety Protection Of fice.
(c) If a person acting under subsection (a) makes a prima facie showing of facts needing proof, the Secretary may
direct that the reexamination include such interparty proceedings as the Secretary shall establish.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §91, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1552 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §17, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3351 ; Pub. L.
103–349,  §13(o), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the Secretary" for "he".
1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "description" for "specification".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§§2502, 2503. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(a), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3140
Section 2502, Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §92, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1553 , related to priority contest.
Section 2503, Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §93, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1553 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §18, Dec. 22,
1980, 94 Stat. 3351 , related to effect of adverse final judgment or of nonaction.
E D  R
Repeal effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,  set out as an Effective
Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 2401 of this title .
§2504. Interfering plant variety protection
(a) The owner of a certificate of plant variety protection may have relief against another owner of a certificate of the
same variety by civil action, and the court may adjudge the question of validity of the respective certificates, or the
ownership of the certificate.
(b) Such suit may be instituted against the party in interest as shown by the record of the Plant V ariety Protection
Office at the time of the decision complained of, but any party in interest may become a party to the action. If there be
adverse parties residing in a plurality of districts not embraced within the same State, or an adverse party residing in a
foreign country , the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, or any United States district court to which
it may transfer the case, shall have jurisdiction and may issue summons against the adverse parties directed to the
marshall of any district in which any adverse party resides. Summons against adverse parties residing in foreign
countries may be served by publication or otherwise as the court directs. The Secretary shall not be made a party but
the Secretary shall have the right to intervene. Judgment of the court in favor of the right of an applicant to plant variety
protection shall authorize the Secretary to issue a certificate of plant variety protection on the filing in the Plant V ariety
Protection Of fice of a certified copy of the judgment and on compliance with the requirements of this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, §92, formerly §94, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1553 ; renumbered §92 and amended Pub. L. 103–
349, §§8(b), (c)(1), 13(p), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3140 , 3144 .)
C
The text of subsec. (b) of section 2463 of this title , which was transferred to subsec. (b) of this section by
Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(c)(1), was based on section 73(b) of Pub. L. 91–577,  title II, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1550 .
P P
A prior section 92 of Pub. L. 91–577  was classified to section 2502 of this title  prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–
349.A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(b)(2), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and struck
out at end "The provisions of section 2463(b) of this title  shall apply to actions brought under this section."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349,  §§8(c)(1), 13(p), transferred subsec. (b) of section 2463 of this title  to
subsec. (b) of this section, and substituted "the Secretary" for "he" before "shall have" in fourth sentence.
See Codification note above.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
SUBCHAPTER III—PLANT V ARIETY PROTECTION AND RIGHTS
P J—O  A
§2531. Ownership and assignment
(a) Subject to the provisions of this subchapter , plant variety protection shall have the attributes of personal property .
(b) Applications for certificates of plant variety protection, or any interest in a variety , shall be assignable by an
instrument in writing. The owner may in like manner license or grant and convey an exclusive right to use of the variety
in the whole or any specified part of the United States.
(c) A certificate of acknowledgment under the hand and of ficial seal of a person authorized to administer oaths within
the United States, or in a foreign country , of a diplomatic or consular of ficer of the United States or an of ficer authorized
to administer oaths whose authority is proved by a certificate of a diplomatic or consular of ficer of the United States,
shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of an assignment, grant, license, or conveyance of plant variety
protection or application for plant variety protection.
(d) An assignment, grant, conveyance or license shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee
for a valuable consideration, without notice, unless it, or an acknowledgment thereof by the person giving such
encumbrance that there is such encumbrance, is filed for recording in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice within one
month from its date or at least one month prior to the date of such subsequent purchase or mortgage.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §101, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1554 .)
§2532. Ownership during testing
An owner who, with notice that release is for testing only , releases possession of seed or other sexually reproducible
or tuber propagable plant material for testing retains ownership with respect thereto; and any diversion from authorized
testing, or any unauthorized retention, of such material by anyone who has knowledge that it is under such notice, or
who is chargeable with notice, is prohibited, and violates the property rights of the owner . Anyone receiving the
material tagged or labeled with the notice is chargeable with the notice. The owner is entitled to remedy and redress in
a civil action hereunder . No remedy available by State or local law is hereby excluded. No such notice shall be used, or
if used be ef fective, when the owner has made identical sexually reproducible or tuber propagable plant material
available to the public, as by sale thereof.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §102, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1554 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §8(d)(2), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3141 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  inserted "or tuber propagable" after "sexually reproducible" in two places.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
P K—I  P V  P§2541. Infringement of plant variety protection
(a) Acts constituting infringement
Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter , it shall be an infringement of the rights of the owner of a protected
variety to perform without authority , any of the following acts in the United States, or in commerce which can be
regulated by Congress or af fecting such commerce, prior to expiration of the right to plant variety protection but after
either the issue of the certificate or the distribution of a protected plant variety with the notice under section 2567 of this
title:
(1) sell or market the protected variety , or of fer it or expose it for sale, deliver it, ship it, consign it, exchange it, or
solicit an of fer to buy it, or any other transfer of title or possession of it;
(2) import the variety into, or export it from, the United States;
(3) sexually or asexually multiply , or propagate by a tuber or a part of a tuber , the variety as a step in marketing
(for growing purposes) the variety;
(4) use the variety in producing (as distinguished from developing) a hybrid or dif ferent variety therefrom;
(5) use seed which had been marked "Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited" or "Unauthorized Seed Multiplication
Prohibited" or progeny thereof to propagate the variety;
(6) dispense the variety to another , in a form which can be propagated, without notice as to being a protected
variety under which it was received;
(7) condition the variety for the purpose of propagation, except to the extent that the conditioning is related to the
activities permitted under section 2543 of this title ;
(8) stock the variety for any of the purposes referred to in paragraphs (1) through (7);
(9) perform any of the foregoing acts even in instances in which the variety is multiplied other than sexually , except
in pursuance of a valid United States plant patent; or
(10) instigate or actively induce performance of any of the foregoing acts.
(b) Uses authorized by owner
(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the owner of a protected variety may authorize the use of the variety under this section
subject to conditions and limitations specified by the owner .
(2) In the case of a contract between a seed producer and the owner of a protected variety of lawn, turf, or forage
grass seed, or alfalfa or clover seed for the production of seed of the protected variety , the producer shall be deemed
to be authorized by the owner to sell such seed and to use the variety if—
(A) the producer has fulfilled the terms of the contract;
(B) the owner refuses to take delivery of the seed or refuses to pay any amounts due under the contract within 30
days of the payment date specified in the contract; and
(C) after the expiration of the period specified in subparagraph (B), the producer notifies the owner of the
producer's intent to sell the seed and unless the owner fails to pay the amounts due under the contract and take
delivery of the seed within 30 days of such notification. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "owner" shall
include any licensee of the owner .
(3) Paragraph (2) shall apply to contracts entered into with respect to plant varieties protected under this chapter as
in effect on the day before the ef fective date of this provision as well as plant varieties protected under this chapter as
amended by the Plant V ariety Protection Act Amendments of 1994.
(4) Nothing in this subsection shall af fect any other rights or remedies of producers or owners that may exist under
other Federal or State laws.
(c) Applicability to certain plant varieties
This section shall apply equally to—
(1) any variety that is essentially derived from a protected variety , unless the protected variety is an essentially
derived variety;
(2) any variety that is not clearly distinguishable from a protected variety;
(3) any variety whose production requires the repeated use of a protected variety; and
(4) harvested material (including entire plants and parts of plants) obtained through the unauthorized use of
propagating material of a protected variety , unless the owner of the variety has had a reasonable opportunity to
exercise the rights provided under this chapter with respect to the propagating material.
(d) Acts not considered infringing
It shall not be an infringement of the rights of the owner of a variety to perform any act concerning propagating
material of any kind, or harvested material, including entire plants and parts of plants, of a protected variety that is sold
or otherwise marketed with the consent of the owner in the United States, unless the act involves further propagation
of the variety or involves an export of material of the variety , that enables the propagation of the variety , into a country
that does not protect varieties of the plant genus or species to which the variety belongs, unless the exported material
is for final consumption purposes.
(e) Private noncommercial usesIt shall not be an infringement of the rights of the owner of a variety to perform any act done privately and for
noncommercial purposes.
(f) "Perform without authority" defined
As used in this section, the term "perform without authority" includes performance without authority by any State, any
instrumentality of a State, and any of ficer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in the of ficial
capacity of the of ficer or employee. Any State, and any such instrumentality , officer, or employee, shall be subject to
the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §1 11, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1554 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §19(a), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3351 ;
Pub. L. 102–560,  §3(a), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4231 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §§9, 13(q), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3141 ,
3144 ; Pub. L. 1 15–334,  title X, §10108(c), Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 4906 .)
R  T
The effective date of this provision, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), probably means the effective date of
subsec. (b)(3), which was added by Pub. L. 103–349,  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994. See Effective
Date of 1994 Amendment note set out under section 2401 of this title .
The Plant Variety Protection Act Amendments of 1994, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is Pub. L. 103–349,
Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3136 . For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1994
Amendment note set out under section 2321 of this title  and Tables.
A
2018—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 1 15–334  inserted "or asexually" after "sexually".
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(A), substituted "protected" for "novel" in two places in
introductory provisions.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(B), substituted "or market the protected" for "the novel".
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(C), struck out "novel" before "variety".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(C)–(E), inserted ", or propagate by a tuber or a part of a tuber,"
after "multiply", struck out "novel" before "variety", and struck out "or" at end.
Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(C), (E), struck out "novel" before "variety" and struck out
"or" at end.
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(G), added par. (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (9).
Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(C), struck out "novel" before "variety".
Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(G), added par. (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (10).
Subsec. (a)(9), (10). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(1)(F), redesignated pars. (7) and (8) as (9) and (10),
respectively.
Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 103–349,  §9(3), added subsecs. (b) to (e). Former subsec. (b) redesignated
(f).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–349,  §§9(2), 13(q), redesignated subsec. (b) as (f) and in first sentence
substituted "the official capacity of the officer or employee" for "his official capacity".
1992—Pub. L. 102–560  designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
1980—Par. (5). Pub. L. 96–574  substituted " 'Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited' or 'Unauthorized
Seed Multiplication Prohibited' " for " 'propagation prohibited' ".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
E D  1992 A
Pub. L. 102–560,  §4, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4232 , provided that: "The amendments made by this Act
[enacting section 2570 of this title  and section 296 of T itle 35 , Patents, and amending this section and section
271 of T itle 35 ] shall take effect with respect to violations that occur on or after the date of the enactment of
this Act [Oct. 28, 1992]."
§2542. Grandfather clause
Nothing in this chapter shall abridge the right of any person, or the successor in interest of the person, to reproduce
or sell a variety developed and produced by such person more than one year prior to the ef fective filing date of an
adverse application for a certificate of plant variety protection.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §1 12, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1555 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(r), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 .)A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the successor in interest of the person" for "his successor in
interest".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2543. Right to save seed; crop exemption
Except to the extent that such action may constitute an infringement under subsections (3) and (4) of section 2541 1
of this title, it shall not infringe any right hereunder for a person to save seed produced by the person from seed
obtained, or descended from seed obtained, by authority of the owner of the variety for seeding purposes and use
such saved seed in the production of a crop for use on the farm of the person, or for sale as provided in this section. A
bona fide sale for other than reproductive purposes, made in channels usual for such other purposes, of seed
produced on a farm either from seed obtained by authority of the owner for seeding purposes or from seed produced
by descent on such farm from seed obtained by authority of the owner for seeding purposes shall not constitute an
infringement. A purchaser who diverts seed from such channels to seeding purposes shall be deemed to have notice
under section 2567 of this title  that the actions of the purchaser constitute an infringement.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §1 13, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1555 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §§10, 13(s), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat.
3142 , 3144 .)
R  T
Subsections (3) and (4) of section 2541 of this title , referred to in text, probably means paragraphs (3) and
(4) of section 2541 of this title , which were redesignated subsection (a)(3) and (4) of section 2541 of this title
by Pub. L. 102–560,  §3(a), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4231 .
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349,  §§10, 13(s)(1), in first sentence substituted "produced by the person" for
"produced by him", "the farm of the person" for "his farm", and "section." for "section: Provided , That
without regard to the provisions of section 2541(3) of this title  it shall not infringe any right hereunder for a
person, whose primary farming occupation is the growing of crops for sale for other than reproductive
purposes, to sell such saved seed to other persons so engaged, for reproductive purposes, provided
such sale is in compliance with such State laws governing the sale of seed as may be applicable."
Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(s)(2), substituted "the actions of the purchaser" for "his actions" in third sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
1 See References in T ext note below .
§2544. Research exemption
The use and reproduction of a protected variety for plant breeding or other bona fide research shall not constitute an
infringement of the protection provided under this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §1 14, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1555 .)
§2545. Intermediary exemption
Transportation or delivery by a carrier in the ordinary course of its business as a carrier , or advertising by a person in
the advertising business in the ordinary course of that business, shall not constitute an infringement of the protection
provided under this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §1 15, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1555 .)P L—R  I  P V  P,  O A
§2561. Remedy for infringement of plant variety protection
An owner shall have remedy by civil action for infringement of plant variety protection under section 2541 of this title .
If a variety is sold under the name of a variety shown in a certificate, there is a prima facie presumption that it is the
same variety .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §121, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(t), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  struck out "his" before "plant" in first sentence.
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2562. Presumption of validity; defenses
(a) Certificates of plant variety protection shall be presumed valid. The burden of establishing invalidity of a plant
variety protection shall rest on the party asserting invalidity .
(b) The following shall be defenses in any action charging infringement and shall be pleaded: (1) noninfringement,
absence of liability for infringement, or unenforceability; (2) invalidity of the plant variety protection in suit on any
ground specified in section 2402 of this title  as a condition for protectability; (3) invalidity of the plant variety protection
in suit for failure to comply with any requirement of section 2422 of this title ; (4) that the asserted infringement was
performed under an existing certificate adverse to that asserted and prior to notice of the infringement; and (5) any
other fact or act made a defense by this chapter .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §122, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 .)
§2563. Injunction
The several courts having jurisdiction of cases under this subchapter may grant injunctions in accordance with the
principles of equity to prevent the violation of any right hereunder on such terms as the court deems reasonable.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §123, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 .)
§2564. Damages
(a) Upon finding an infringement the court shall award damages adequate to compensate for the infringement but in
no event less than a reasonable royalty for the use made of the variety by the infringer , together with interest and costs
as fixed by the court.
(b) When the damages are not determined by the jury , the court shall determine them. In either event the court may
increase the damages up to three times the amount determined.
(c) The court may receive expert testimony as an aid to the determination of damages or of what royalty would be
reasonable under the circumstances.
(d) As to infringement prior to, or resulting from a planting prior to, issuance of a certificate for the infringed variety , a
court finding the infringer to have established innocent intentions, shall have discretion as to awarding damages.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §124, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 .)
§2565. Attorney fees
The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §125, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 .)
§2566. Time limitation on damages
(a) No recovery shall be had for that part of any infringement committed more than six years (or known to the owner
more than one year) prior to the filing of the complaint or counterclaim for infringement in the action.(b) In the case of claims against the United States Government for unauthorized use of a protected variety , the
period between the date of receipt of written claim for compensation by the department or agency of the Government
having authority to settle such claim, and the date of mailing by the Government of a notice to the claimant that the
claim has been denied shall not be counted as part of the period referred to in the preceding paragraph.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §126, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1556 ; Pub. L. 103–349,  §13(u), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the" for "his" before "claim has been denied".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2567. Limitation of damages; marking and notice
Owners may give notice to the public by physically associating with or af fixing to the container of seed of a variety or
by fixing to the variety , a label containing either the words "Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited" or the words
"Unauthorized Seed Multiplication Prohibited" and after the certificate issues, such additional words as "U.S. Protected
Variety". In the event the variety is distributed by authorization of the owner and is received by the infringer without
such marking, no damages shall be recovered against such infringer by the owner in any action for infringement,
unless the infringer has actual notice or knowledge that propagation is prohibited or that the variety is a protected
variety , in which event damages may be recovered only for infringement occurring after such notice. As to both
damages and injunction, a court shall have discretion to be lenient as to disposal of materials acquired in good faith by
acts prior to such notice.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §127, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1557 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §19(b), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3351 ;
Pub. L. 103–349,  §11, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3142 .)
A
1994—Pub. L. 103–349  in first sentence struck out "novel" before "variety or" and before "variety, a", and
in second sentence struck out "novel" before "variety is distributed".
1980—Pub. L. 96–574  substituted "either the words 'Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited' or the words
'Unauthorized Seed Multiplication Prohibited' " for "the words 'Propagation Prohibited' ".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2568. False marking; cease and desist orders
(a) Each of the following acts, if performed in connection with the sale, of fering for sale, or advertising of sexually or
asexually reproducible plant material or tubers or parts of tubers, is prohibited, and the Secretary may , if the Secretary
determines after an opportunity for hearing that the act is being so performed, issue an order to cease and desist, said
order being binding unless appealed under section 2461 of this title :
(1) Use of the words "U.S. Protected V ariety" or any word or number importing that the material is a variety
protected under certificate, when it is not.
(2) Use of any wording importing that the material is a variety for which an application for plant variety protection is
pending, when it is not.
(3) Use of either the phrase "Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited" or "Unauthorized Seed Multiplication
Prohibited" or similar phrase without reasonable basis. Any reasonable basis expires one year after the first sale of
the variety except as justified thereafter by a pending application or a certificate still in force.
(4) Failure to use the name of a variety for which a certificate of protection has been issued under this chapter ,
even after the expiration of the certificate, except that lawn, turf, or forage grass seed, or alfalfa or clover seed may
be sold without a variety name unless use of the name of a variety for which a certificate of protection has been
issued under this chapter is required under State law .
(b) Anyone convicted of violating a binding cease and desist order , or of performing any act prohibited in subsection
(a) of this section for the purpose of deceiving the public, shall be fined not more than $10,000 and not less than $500.
(c) Anyone whose business is damaged or is likely to be damaged by an act prohibited in subsection (a) of this
section, or is subjected to competition in connection with which such act is performed, may have remedy by civil action.(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §128, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1557 ; Pub. L. 96–574,  §19(c), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3352 ;
Pub. L. 103–349,  §§12, 13(v), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3142 , 3144 ; Pub. L. 1 15–334,  title X, §10108(d), Dec. 20, 2018,
132 Stat. 4906 .)
A
2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 1 15–334  inserted "or asexually" after "sexually" in introductory provisions.
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349  inserted "or tubers or parts of tubers" after "plant material" and
substituted "if the Secretary determines" for "if he determines" in introductory provisions, and added par.
(4).
1980—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 96–574  substituted provisions respecting prohibitions for use of phrases
"Unauthorized Propagation Prohibited" and "Unauthorized Seed Multiplication Prohibited" for provisions
respecting prohibitions for use of phrase "propagation prohibited".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
§2569. Nonresident proprietors; service and notice
Every owner not residing in the United States may file in the Plant V ariety Protection Of fice a written designation
stating the name and address of a person residing within the United States on whom may be served process or notice
of proceedings af fecting the plant variety protection or rights thereunder . If the person designated cannot be found at
the address given in the last designation, or if no person has been designated, the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction and summons shall be served by publication or otherwise as the court
directs. The court shall have the same jurisdiction to take any action respecting the plant variety protection, or rights
thereunder that it would have if the owner were personally within the jurisdiction of the court.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §129, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1557 .)
§2570. Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State officials for
infringement of plant variety protection
(a) Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any of ficer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State
acting in the of ficial capacity of the of ficer or employee, shall not be immune, under the eleventh amendment of the
Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign immunity , from suit in Federal court by any
person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity , for infringement of plant variety protection under
section 2541 of this title , or for any other violation under this subchapter .
(b) In a suit described in subsection (a) for a violation described in that subsection, remedies (including remedies
both at law and in equity) are available for the violation to the same extent as such remedies are available for such a
violation in a suit against any private entity . Such remedies include damages, interest, costs, and treble damages
under section 2564 of this title , and attorney fees under section 2565 of this title .
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §130, as added Pub. L. 102–560,  §3(b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4231 ; amended Pub. L. 103–
349, §13(w), Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3144 .)
A
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–349  substituted "the official capacity of the officer or employee" for "his
official capacity".
E D  1994 A
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–349  effective 180 days after Oct. 6, 1994, see section 15 of Pub. L. 103–349,
set out as a note under section 2401 of this title .
E D
Section effective with respect to violations that occur on or after Oct. 28, 1992, see section 4 of Pub. L.
102–560,  set out as an Effective Date of 1992 Amendment note under section 2541 of this title .
P M—I  S§2581. Intent
It is the intent of Congress to provide the indicated protection for new varieties by exercise of any constitutional
power needed for that end, so as to af ford adequate encouragement for research, and for marketing when appropriate,
to yield for the public the benefits of new varieties. Constitutional clauses 3 and 8 of article I, section 8 are both relied
upon.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §131, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1558 .)
§2582. Severability
If this chapter is held unconstitutional as to some provisions or circumstances, it shall remain in force as to the
remaining provisions and other circumstances.
(Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §132, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1558 .)
§2583. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–574,  §20, Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3352
Section, Pub. L. 91–577,  title III, §144, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1559 , exempted certain plants from
provisions of this chapter.