DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD                             DEAS 982 – 1: 2019  
 
DRAFT  EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Bitumen and Bituminous binders – Part 1: Penetration grade 
bitumen  -- Specifications  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EAST AFRICAN  COMMUNITY  
   
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iii 
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing 
requirements governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is 
envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barrier s that are encountered when 
goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee (EASC) mandated to 
develop and issue East African Standards (EAS). The Committee is compos ed of representatives of 
the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the public 
and private sector organizations in the community.  
East African Standards are developed through Technical Committees that are repre sentative of key 
stakeholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private sector and other 
interested parties. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the 
National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comment s received are discussed and 
incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the Principles and procedures for 
development of East African Standards.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances.  Users of 
the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest 
versions of the standards they are implementing.  
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee EASC/ TC 021, Building and 
Civil Engi neering . 
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be subject of 
patent rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.   
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1 Scope  
This Draft East African Standard  specifies the requirements and test methods for 
penetration  graded bitumen suitable for  pavement  construction.  
 
 
2 Normative references      
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. 
For dated references, only the edit ion cited applies. For undated references, the latest 
edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
 
ASTM D5, Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials  
 
ASTM D6, Standard Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil a nd Asphaltic Compounds  
    
ASTM D36M, Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring -and-ball 
apparatus)  
 
ASTM D 70 Standard  Test Method for Density of Semi -Solid Asphalt Binder (Pycnometer  
Method)   ASTM D113 , Standard Test Method for Ductility  of Asphalt Materials  
 
ASTM D2042 , Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in 
Trichloroethylene  
 
ASTM D2171,  Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary 
Viscometer  
 
ASTM D92b, Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup 
tester   
      
ASTM D2872, Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of 
asphalt (rolling thin - film oven test)    
 
   ASTM D3289 , Standard Test Method for Density of Semi -Solid and Solid Asphalt 
Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)  
 
ASTM D4402M, Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at 
elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer     
   
ASTM D7553 , Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in N -Propyl 
Bromide  
 
 
 
3 Definitions and abbreviations      
For the purposes of this Draft East African Standard , the definitions and abbreviations 
given in ASTM D8 and the following apply.  
 
 
3.1 Definitions  
3.1.1  Bitumen or Asphalt  Cement  
non-crystalline solid or viscous mixture of complex h ydrocarbons that possesses 
characteristic agglomerating properties, softens gradually when heated,  is substantially 
soluble in trichlorethylene, and is obtained from crude petroleum by refining processes .    
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3.1.2  Penetration  
A measure of hardness or consistenc y of the bitumen. It is the vertical distance traversed by 
a standard needle entering the material under specified conditions of load, time and 
temperature; and is expressed in one -tenths of millimeter . 
 
3.1.3   Lot    
that quantity of penetration grade bitumen o f the same batch identification, from one 
manufacturer, submitted at any one time for inspection and testing  
 
3.2  Abbreviations  
ASTM :       American Society for Testing and Materials   
EAC: East African Community  
NSB: National Standardization Bureau  
 
 
4 Requirements  
4.1 General  
The penetration grade bitumen shall be homogeneous and free from visible water, mineral 
matter and other impurities, and shall not foam when heated to application temperature.   
    
4.2  Grade requirements  
   
4.2.1  The bitumen shall comply with  the requirements given in table 1, relevant to the grade 
specified by the purchaser (see annex A).    
    
4.2.2  When so required by the purchaser, the supplier shall indicate the viscosity 
(determined in accordance with annex B) of the bitumen (see annex A), to  serve as a guide 
to the purchaser when the optimum handling temperatures, as in table 1 for the grade 
concerned, are determined.     
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Table 1 — Grade requirements  
 
Property  Penetration grades    
20/30  35/50  40/60  50/70    70/100    160/200  
Test Methods  
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 
PENETRATION @25 °C, dmm  20 30 35 50 40 60 50 70 70 100 150 200 ASTM D 5  
SOFTENING POINT °C  55 63 50 58 48 56 46 54 43 51 38 44 ASTM D 36M a 
DENSITY @25 °C, Kg/m3          1010  1060  1010  1060  1000  1050  1000 1050  ASTM D70 OR D3289  
VISCOSITY @60 °C, Pa.s          3600  4800  1960  2400  900 1200  200 300 ASTM D2171  
Kinematic viscosity at 135°C, mPa.s (min)  530   370   325   295   230   150   ASTM D4402Mb 
FLASH POINT (Cleaveland Open) °C (min)  240   240   230   230   230   218   ASTM D 92b 
Solubility in Trichloroethylene or n -propyl Bromide*, wt% (min)  99   99   99   99   99   99   ASTM D2042/ASTM D7553  
DUCTILITY @25 °C cm (min)          100   100   100   100   ASTM D113  
LOSS ON HEATING wt% (max)            0.2   0.2   0.2   0.5 ASTM D6  
DROP IN PENETRATION AFTER HEATING % (max)            20   20   20   20 ASTM D5  
Thin film oven test (ASTM D1754)  
Change of mass (by mass fraction), % (max.)    0.5   0.5   0.5   0.5   0.8   0.8 ASTM D 2872  
Dynamic Viscosity @60°C , Pa.s (min)  440   225       145   90   55   ASTM D4402Mb 
Softening point (Ring and Ball) °C (min)  57   52   49   48   45   41   ASTM D 36Ma 
Increase in softening point (R&B), (max)    8   8       11   8   7 ASTM D 36Ma 
Retained Penetration 25°C, 100g, 5 s (% of original)  55   53   50   50   46   46   ASTM D5  
a   Shouldered ring can also be used.  
b   The RV viscometer, using SC 4 spindles with thermosel system can also be used.   
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NOTE 1: ASTM D7553 covers determination fo r the degree  of solubili ty of N-propyl bromide  
on asphalt material. It is intended  to be a replacement  for test method ASTM D2042 
specifying  a solvent like  trichloroethylene . N-propyl bromide is safe in that it has no flas h 
point and has similar solubilizing  characteristics  to trichloroethylene, but is not considered 
to be an ozone -depletor by the Kyoto protocol . 
 
 
 
5 Packaging and marking  
 
5.1 Packaging  
 
The condition of each drum and tanker into which the penetration grade bitumen is packed 
shall be such that it will have no detrimen tal effect on the quality of the product during 
normal transport and   storage.  
     
5.2 Marking  
 
The following information shall appear in legible and indelible marking on each drum or, 
when the bitumen is supplied in tankers, on the relevant consignment do cuments:   
 
    
a) the manufacturer's identification;  
  
b)  a description of the contents;  
 
c) the grade designation;  
 
d) manufacture  date; 
 
e) the batch identification; and   
 
f) the quantity.  
 
 
 
6 Sampling and compliance with this East African  Standard  
 
6.1 General  
 
This cla use applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejection 
of single lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation of 
quality control or testing during manufacture is available to help in assessing th e quality of 
the lot. It is also used as the procedure for adjudicating in cases of dispute.  
     
6.2 Sampling  
 
The relevant sampling procedure as described in annex B shall be applied in determining 
whether a lot complies with the appropriate requirements of  this East African  Standard. The 
samples so drawn shall be deemed to represent the lot.   
   
6.3 Compliance  
  
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 The lot shall be deemed to comply with the requirements   of this East African  Standard if, 
after inspection and testing, the sample taken in accordan ce with 6.2 is found to comply 
with all the appropriate requirements of this standard.   
 
Compliance of bitumen with this East African  Standard does not guarantee compat ibility 
with various modifiers. Consequently,  the onus rests with the manufacturer of m odified 
binders to ensure compatibility through testing.   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
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Annex  A   
(informative)   
    
Notes to purchasers    
  
The following requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and in each order  or 
contract:   
 
a) The grade (see 4.2.1);    
b) The viscosity (see 4.2.2); and  
c) Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained 
from the EAC Partner States NSBs  Office.  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
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Annex B  
(normative)  
 
Standard practice for sampling asphalt materials  
 
 
B.1 General  
 
This practice applies to the sampling of asphalt materials at points of manufacture, storage, 
or delivery.  
 
B.1.1 Significance and use  
 
Sampling is as important as testing, and precau tions shall be taken to obtain samples to 
show the true nature and condition of the materials.  
 
B.1.2 Samples are taken for either of the following two purposes:  
 
B.1.2.1  To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, 
or  
 
B.1.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics that  the material possesses.  
 
B.1.3 Precautions  
 
Because of the numerous types and grades of asphalt materials that are alternately shipped 
and stored in the same or similar containers, th e opportunity for contaminating these 
containers with residues, precipitates, or cleaning solvents is present . Numerous 
opportunities also exist for obtaining samples that  are not strictly representative of the 
material or are contaminated after removal. T herefore, it is incumbent upon the producer, 
transporter, user, and sampler to exercise continuous precaution in the sampling and 
handling of these materials.  
 
 
B.2 Selection of samples  
 
B.2.1 Whenever practicable, asphalt materials shall be sampled at the  point of manufacture 
or storage, and at such time as to allow the tests controlling acceptance or rejection to be 
made in advance of shipment.  
 
B.2.2  When the samples cannot be taken at the point of manufacture or storage, they shall 
be taken from the sh ipment immediately upon delivery.  
 
 
B.3 Samples size   
 
B.3.1  The sample size of liquid materials shall be as follows:  
 
B.3.1.1  For routine laboratory examination and from barrels or drums, 500 mL to 1 L.  
 
B.3.1.2  From bulk storage, 4 L.   
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B.3.1.3  For emuls ified asphalts, 1 L.  
 
B.3.2  The sample size of semisolid or solid materials shall be as follows:  
 
B.3.2.1  From barrels, drums, or cakes, 1 to 2 kg.  
 
B.3.2.2  From crushed or powdered material in bulk or bags, 1 to 2 kg.  
 
 
B.4 Containers  
 
B.4.1  Type of Cont ainers:  
 
B.4.1.1  Containers for liquid asphalt materials shall  be wide mouth cans with lined screw 
caps or triple seal friction top cans.  
 
B.4.1.2   
 
B.4.1.3   
 
B.4.2 Size of Containers  
 
The size of the container shall correspond to the required sample size . 
 
 
B.5 Protection and preservation of samples  
 
B.5.1  Sample containers shall be new. They shall not be washed, rinsed,  or wiped with an 
oily cloth. If they contain evidence of solder flux, or if they are not clean and dry, they shall 
not be used. Top and  container shall fit together tightly.  
 
B.5.2  Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming contaminated. Immediately 
after filling, the container shall be tightly sealed.  
 
B.5.3  The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent, no r shall it be wiped 
with a solvent saturated cloth. If cleaning is necessary,  use a clean dry cloth.  
 
B.5.4 Samples shall not be transferred from one container to another except where required 
by the sampling procedure.  
 
B.5.5 Immediately after filling, sealing, and cleaning, the sampling containers shall be 
properly marked for identification with a suitable marking pencil on the container itself, and 
not on the lid. Labels or tags also may be used for identification if they can be securely 
fastened to th e container in such a manner as to ensure that they will not be lost in transit. 
Labels or tags shall not be attached to containers by using the lids to secure them. All 
identification materials shall maintain their integrity at temperatures up to 200 °C.  
 
B.5.5.1 The labeling of the sample must, at a minimum, include an identification of the 
product or material type and the date of sampling.  
 
 
B.6 Sampling  at place of manufacture  
 
B.6.1  Vertical tanks not capable of being agitated (liquid materials or mate rials made liquid 
by heating) (800 m3 or more capacity) — Three sampling methods are recommended (Note 2):  
  
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 B.6.1.1  Sampling -valve method —Valves shall be located, with easy and safe access 
provided, on the side of the tank with the first in the top third of the tank, but no higher 
than 1 m from the top; the second in the middle third of the tank; and the third in the 
bottom third of the tank, but no lower than 1 m from the bottom. A recommended design of 
the sampling valve is shown in Figure 1.  
 
B.6.1.1.1  A minimum of 4 L of the product shall be drawn from each sample valve and 
discarded before taking the sample for test in a clean container.  
 
B.6.1.1.2  500 mL to 4 L shall be drawn from each sample valve for test.  
 
B.6.1.2  Thief sampler method  (not suitable  for asphalt cements) — Samples shall be taken 
in the top, middle, and lower sections at levels indicated in B.6.1.1, of the tank by lowering 
a thief sampler into the material. A satisfactory type with instructions for use is shown in 
Figure 2.  
 
NOTE 2  — Most asphalt materials in the liquid state are of such viscous and adhesive 
character that, after normal emptying of a container by pouring, the container retains enough 
material to cause significant contamination of any second samples secured before the 
container was thoroughly cleaned. The aforementioned properties of asphalt materials also 
make container cleaning a difficult, tedious, and time -consuming task.  
 
NOTE 3  — The thief sampler described in  Figure 2  may be used for repetitive sampling 
because significant sample contamination by previous contents is avoided by the self -cleaning 
action provided by the passage of material through the tube -shaped thief sampler which is 
open at both ends. The practice of ra ising and lowering the sampler 3 or 4 times through a 
distance of a metre (several feet) at the sampling depth is recommended.  
 
B.6.1.3  Throw -away container method — Samples shall be taken at top, middle, and lower 
levels by lowering into the material a co ntainer in a suitable weighted holding device. The 
essential feature of the method is to use a clean container to take the sample, pour this 
sample into another clean container, and throw away the container used to take the sample 
from the tank. A satisfac tory type with instructions on how to use the device is shown in 
Figure 3.  
 
B.6.1.4  The three samples from bulk storage tanks may be tested separately for consistency 
to detect stratification. They may be combined, thoroughly mixed, and a 500 -mL to 4 -L 
sample may be taken for other tests that may be required for determining average 
characteristics of the material.  
 
 
 
Figure 1 — Typical submerged sampling device  
  
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Figure 2 — Thief sampler  
 
NOTE 4  — This type sampler is lowered into the tank with bottom v alve open (there is no top 
closure). When the desired depth is reached, the lowering chain is given a snap tug, which  
closes the bottom valve. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents 
transferred to the sample container. This sampler ma y be used for repetitive sampling in the 
same tank.  
 
B.6.2  Bulk Storage tanks (liquid materials or materials made liquid by heating) equipped with 
mechanical agitators — When the tank is equipped with operating mechanical agitators 
which, by observation th rough the sampling or inspection hatch, are performing adequate 
mixing of the tank contents, a single sample taken by any of the methods described in 
B.6.1.1, B.6.1.2, or B.6.1.3 will be satisfactory to use for test purposes.  
 
 
B.7 Sampling from tank cars,  vehicle tanks, distributor trucks or 
recirculating storage tanks  
 
B.7.1  The sample may be taken from the sample valve or tap if the tanks are provided with 
them. When such sampling devices are required, they are to be built into the tank itself. A 
samplin g device of this type is shown in Figure 1. Before the sample is taken, 4 L shall be 
drawn from the sample valve and discarded before taking the sample for test in a clean 
container.  
 
B.7.2  Samples of liquid materials and materials made liquid by heating m ay be taken by 
the dip method using a clean wide -mouth or friction -top can in a suitable holder as shown 
in Figure 4. A clean container must be used to take each sample, and the material sampled 
shall then be transferred to another new and clean container for retention or testing 
sample.  
 
B.7.3  A detachable fitting, similar in design to the one shown in Figure 5 may be inserted in 
the discharge line. Before the sample is taken 4 L shall be drawn from this sampling valve 
and discarded before taking the sampl e in a clean container.  
 
 
B.8 Sampling from tankers and barges  
 
B.8.1 For liquid materials (including all cutbacks  made liquid by heating) top, middle, and 
lower samples shall be taken using the methods as described in B.6.1.2 and B.6.1.3.    
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B.8.2 For all other materials made liquid by heating, a top sample only shall be taken by 
the dip, thief, or throw -away container method.  
 
 
B.9 Sampling from pipe lines during loading or unloading  
 
B.9.1  When tankers and barges are being loaded or unloaded samples may c onveniently 
be taken from the pipe line through which the material is flowing by insertion of a sampling 
pipe into a rising section of the pipe line on the discharge side of the pump or in a 
completely filled line in which gravity creates the materials flo w. A suitable in -line sampling 
pipe is shown in Figure 5.The sampling pipe shall be not more than one eighth the diameter 
of the pipe line and its opening should be turned to face the flow of the liquid. This pipe 
shall be provided with a valve or plug coc k and shall discharge into a sample receiver. At 
least three 4 -L samples shall be taken at uniform intervals throughout the entire loading or 
unloading. At the completion of the loading or unloading, the individual 4 -L samples shall 
be combined, thoroughly  mixed without altering its characteristics, and a 4 -L sample taken 
therefrom.   
 
B.9.2 When sampling tankers and barges 4000 m3 or less, capacity, at least five 4 -L 
samples shall be taken at uniform intervals throughout the entire loading or unloading 
(4000 m3, or larger, capacity requires at least ten 4 -L samples. At completion of the loading 
or unloading, the individual 4 -L samples shall be combined, thoroughly mixed in a manner 
designed to not alter its characteristics, and a 4 -L sample taken therefrom.  
 
 
B.10 Sampling from drums or barrels  
 
After thorough mixing, samples of liquid asphalt material from barrels or drums shall be 
secured by tube or thief sampling by taking 1 L of material from packages selected at 
random according to B.11.  
 
 
B.11 Sampling semisolid or uncrushed solid materials  
 
Drums, Barrels, Cartons, and Bags —Where the lot of material to be sampled is obviously 
from a single run or batch of the producer, one package shall be selected at random and 
sampled as described below. Where the lo t of material to be sampled is not obviously from a 
single run or batch of the producer, or where the single samples selected as described 
above fails on test to conform to the requirements of the specifications, a number of 
packages shall be selected at r andom and equivalent to the cube root of the total number of 
packages in the lot. The following table is given, showing the number of samples to be 
selected for shipments of various sizes.  
  
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Figure 3 — Throw -away container sampler  
 
NOTE 5  — This type sam pler is lowered into the tank with the stopper in place. When the 
desired depth is reached, the stopper is removed by means of the attached wire, cord, or 
chain and the container allowed to fill. Complete filling is indicated by the cessation of 
bubbles of  air from the can at the surface of the liquid. The sampler is then withdrawn from 
the tank and the contents poured into the clean sampler container. A clean can (bottle) must 
be used for each sample taken.  
 
Packages in Shipment  Packages Selected  
                                                       2 to 8                      2           
                                                       9 to 27                     3           
                                                     28 to 64                      4           
                                                     65 to 125               5 
                                                   126 to 216               6 
                                                   217 to 343               7 
                                                   344 to 512               8 
                                                   513 to 729               9 
                                                   730 to 1000             10 
                                                                      1001 to  1331               11    
      
Samples shall be taken from at least 75 mm below the surface and at least 75 mm from the 
side of the container. If the material is hard enough to shatter, use a clean hatchet. If  the 
material is soft, use a broad, stiff putty knife. When more than one package in a lot is 
sampled, each individual sample shall have a mass of not less than 0.1 kg in weight. When  
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 the lot of material is obviously from a single run or batch of the produ cer, all samples from 
the lot shall be melted and thoroughly mixed, and an average 4 -L sample taken from the 
combined material for examination. In case more than a single run or batch of the producer 
is  
 
B.12 Sampling crushed or powdered materials  
 
B.12.1  Bulk storage — Solid asphalt materials in crushed fragments or powder shall be 
sampled in accordance with Practice ASTMD346. The gross sample shall be not less than 
25 kg from which shall be selected the 1 to 2 -kg sample for test.  
 
B.12.2  Drums, barrels , bags and cartons  — Where the crushed or powdered material is in 
barrels, drums, or bags, a number of packages shall be selected at random as described in 
B.11 sample at least 0.5 kg in mass shall be selected from near the center of each container 
to yield  a gross sample weighing not less than 25 kg from which the 1to 2 kg sample for test 
shall be selected as prescribed in Practice ASTMD346.  
  
 
 
Figure 4 — Dip sampler  
 
NOTE 6 — Sampler with can secured in place is rapidly lowered into tank to desired 
depth  and allowed to fill with sample. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank 
and the contents transferred to the sample container. A clean container must be used 
to take each sample.  
 
 
B.13 Sampling at point of shipment delivery  
 
B.13.1  Sampling of aspha lt materials shall be done as soon as practicable after the asphalt 
material has arrived at plant site, storage site, or job destination or at the time of 
unloading.  
 
B.13.2  The required number of samples shall be taken from each delivery of asphalt 
mater ial. In the case of small delivery units such as distributors, the samples shall be taken 
to represent a maximum of 40 m3. 
 
B.13.3  Sampling shall be done by one of the three following methods:  
  
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 B.13.3.1  In accordance with B.10.  
 
B.13.3.2  By bleeding thro ugh a sample valve or tap in the transfer line during the 
unloading of the approximate middle third of the load, or  
 
B.13.3.3  By means of a sampling device inserted to a level of approximately the middle 
third of the load or tank.  
 
B.13.4  Tests for mater ial acceptability shall be made on one of the samples taken. The 
other samples are to be retained for confirmation in the event the first sample tested should 
fail to comply with requirements.  
 
 
B.14 Keywords  
 
asphalt materials; crushed materials; emulsifi ed asphalts; liquid asphalts; powdered 
materials; sampling; semi -solid materials; uncrushed solid materials  
 
 
 
Figure 5 — In-line asphalt sampling device  
 
 COMMITTEE DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 982 – 1: 2019  
 
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  
 COMMITTEE DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 982 – 1: 2019  
 
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved