TN/AG/SCC/W/48  
WT/CFMC/W/98  
26 April 2024 
(24-3398) Page: 1/24 
Sub-Committee on Cotton  Original:  French  
 
  
SOLUTIONS TO THE COTTON LEAFHOPPER ( AMRASCA BIGUTTULA /COTTON JASSID) 
PROBLEM IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA  
REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT1 
  
 
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and is without prejudice 
to the positions of Members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO. It has been prepared for 
information only and is not intended to provide any authoritative or official legal interpretation of the provisions 
of the WTO Agreements in general on in relation to any measure listed in this document.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  ACRONYMS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  3 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 
DISCLAIMER  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  5 
FOREWORD  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  6 
WTO Deputy Director -General  ................................ ................................ .............................  6 
Director of the FAO Liaison Office in Geneva  ................................ ................................ .........  8 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 10 
INTRODUCTION  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  12 
1 PRESENTATION OF THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING THE COTTON LEAFHOPPER 
INFESTATION IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND ITS IMPACT  ON COTTON 
PRODUCTION  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  13 
1.1 Situation regarding leafhopper infestations  ................................ ................................ ..... 13 
1.2 Recommended measures for dealing with this pest  ................................ ..........................  14 
1.3 Recommendations  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 14 
1.4 Cotton companies  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 15 
1.5 Producers  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  15 
1.6 Challenges  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  16 
1.7 Conclusion  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  16 
2 DISCUSSION ON THE MEASURES CURRENTLY IN PLACE, INCLUDING THOSE 
IMPLEMENTED BY THE FAO IN CONJUNCTION WITH ITS PARTNERS, TO SUPPORT 
COUNTRIES' EFFORTS TO CONTROL THIS PEST AND REDUCE COTTON PRODUCTION 
LOSSES  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  17 
2.1 Background  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  17 
2.2 Description  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  17 
2.3 Potential for the biological control of Amrasca biguttula  ................................ ....................  18 
2.4 Conclusions and outlook  ................................ ................................ ..............................  18 
3 PRESENTATION OF A MODEL FOR PREDICTING AMRASCA BIGUTTULA INFESTATIONS
 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 19 
3.1 Model and data  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  19 
3.2 Results  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  20 
3.3 Conclusion  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  20 
4 PROPOSED ACTIONS AND SOLUTIONS SUPPORTING THE OBJECTIVES OF COTTON 
LEAFHOPPER ERADICATION PROGRAMMES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA FOR 
PRESENTATION TO DONORS AND TECHNICAL PARTNERS AT A LATER DATE.  .................  21 
4.1 Question -and-answer session  ................................ ................................ .......................  21 
4.2 Proposed solutions for managing Amrasca biguttula ................................ .........................  22 
4.3 Next steps  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  23 
5 CONCLUSION  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  23 
6 CLOSING SPEECH  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  24 
 
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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ACRONYMS  
WTO World Trade Organization  
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  
IRC Cotton Research Institute  (Benin)  
ICIPE  International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology  
CABI Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International  
PR-PICA Regional Programme for Integrated  Cotton Production in Africa  
C4 Cotton  4 (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali)  
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  
This report is based on the webinar "Solutions to the cotton leafhopper ( Amrasca biguttula /cotton 
jassid ) problem in West and Central Africa" organized by the WTO and the FAO  on 26  March  2024. 
The WTO Secretariat would like to express its sincere gratitude to  Félix Sawadogo, 
Adin Bloukounon  Goubalan, Marc  Kenis and Abdelmutalab  Azrag , who presented the vario us 
elements of this report . E mmanuel  Seklo ka, Marc  Kenis, Patrice Hakizimana, 
Saliou  Niassy  Lakpo  Agboyi, F élix Sawadogo and Boubakar  Bilgo provided guidance, reviews and 
advice for the preparation and finalization of the report . The WTO Secretariat would like to express 
its sincere gratitude to various West and Central African organizations, namely the IRC (Benin ), 
PR-PICA, ICIPE, CABI and the Inter -African Phytosanitary Council for their various  presentations and 
contributions . The WTO  Secretariat would also like to  thank all participants for the fruitful discussions  
during the webinar.  
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  DISCLAIMER  
The report and its contents are the sole responsibility of the WTO Secretariat, except for the 
presentations provided by external contributors, which are the sole responsibility of their authors . 
The report does not reflect the opinions or views of WTO Members.  
 
_______________  
 
 
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  FOREWORD  
WTO Deputy Director -General  
It is my great pleasure to welcome you to this webinar on solutions to counter the threat of the 
cotton leafhopper in West and Central Africa. This harmful pest has had a devastating impact on 
cotton crops, resulting in a significant reduction in production forecasts, and consequently exports, 
for the 2022 -23 season. Total cotton production has fa llen by 30% in West and Central Africa. In 
several countries, such as Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo, production is even down by almost  50%. By 
injecting a toxin that stunts plant growth, the pest has had a  devastating  impact , reducing yields by 
over 45% on a verage across the two sub -regions.  
The eight countries affected by this pest have suffered significant losses in cotton production and 
fibre export revenues. This has resulted in a reduction in purchasing power for millions of small 
farmers, which in turn has led to a decline in the food security of these already fragile populations.  
As the C4 countries have repeatedly highlighted in our cotton meetings at the WTO, this situation 
poses a major challenge that requires a unified and effective response. It is against this backdrop 
that we are meeting today to examine this matter in depth and to discuss the measures that must 
be taken to address it.  
The role of the WTO in this context is crucial. We have a special plurilateral committee that leads 
discussions on  development of the cotton sector, particularly in LDCs. It is the only committee that 
brings together Member and Observer countries, the private sector, development agencies and key 
technical partners to discuss issues related to the sector's development and to help stakeholders 
find effective and sustainable solutions to these issues.  
It was in the context of  these meetings, known as the "Director -General's Consultative Framework 
Mechanism on Cotton", that the cotton leafhopper problem in West and Centra l Africa came to the 
fore. Practical solutions to this pest were urgently needed. This webinar is a direct result of that 
work. We first became fully aware of the nature of the problem during the two most recent meetings 
of our cotton committee. Thanks to the commitment of our friends at the FAO and their partners on 
the African continent, our discussions today will focus on the solutions available to eradicate the pest 
in a sustainable way.  
The results of these discussions will be presented in the form of a webinar report and circulated as 
an official WTO document in three languages before the next meeting of the cotton committee on 
7 May. The aims of this exercise are practical in nature:  
• to identify feasible solutions;  
• to define implementation costs a nd time  frames ; 
• to present these solutions to donors and technical partners represented in the 
WTO cotton committee for immediate action.  
The committee will then closely monitor developments and share key information on development 
assistance designed to e radicate the cotton leafhopper and its damaging impact on the food security 
of millions of people.  
Building on the WTO's tradition of collaboration, we are pleased to be working with partners such as 
the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United  Nations), IRC (Cotton Research Institute) 
of Benin, ICIPE (International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology), CABI (Centre for Agriculture 
and Bioscience  International ), PR-PICA and the Inter -African Phytosanitary Council , as well as other 
partners, with a view to making a significant  contribution  towards  resolving  this problem.  
I therefore encourage you to actively contribute to the discussions, share your knowledge and 
experience, and work to develop effective strategies to address this common chall enge.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  In closing, I would like to reiterate the WTO's commitment to supporting the C4 and other cotton -
producing countries in Africa in their efforts to revitalize the cotton sector and boost value -adding 
activities at the local level. This can subsequently help to  improve food security for the local 
populations and create sustainable jobs, especially for young people and women.  
 
Jean-Marie  Paugam  
WTO Deputy Director -General  
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  Director of the FAO Liaison Office in Geneva  
I would like to extend a warm welcome to everyone participating in this important and timely 
discussion. Today, we will be focusing on the current situation of the cotton jassid infestation in West 
and Central African countries and its implications for cotton production in the reg ion. 
Cotton is a key driver of economic growth, supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers and 
families in 80  countries on five continents. On the African continent in particular, cotton farming is 
a vital mainstay for rural households, providing th em with access to basic needs such as food and 
healthcare and offering a source of income for those employed in cotton -related industries, including 
ginning mills, textile mills and cotton oil extraction plants. It is also a significant source of foreign 
exchange. For example, cotton exports account for nearly  20% of total export earnings in Benin, 
around 10% in Burkina Faso and Mali, and 7% in Togo.  
As DDG  Paugam pointed out, the cotton jassid infestation in West and Central Africa poses a serious 
threat to the region:  
Production and yields in Senegal have fallen by 48% and 40%, respectively, compared 
to estimates at the start of the 2022 -23 season. In Togo, production losses have been 
estimated at 10%. In Côte d'Ivoire, crop and yield losses have been est imated at 41% 
and 50%, respectively, as a result of high infestation levels. In Mali, Benin and Burkina 
Faso, which together with Togo account for around 50% of the region's production, 
cotton growers and the authorities have reported an unusually high lev el of cotton jassid 
infestation.  
Against this backdrop, today's webinar, which brings together various partners such as the WTO, 
PR-PICA (Regional Programme for Integrated Cotton Production in Africa), IRC (Cotton Research 
Institute) of Benin, CNRA (Nation al Agricultural Research Centre), ICIPE (International Centre of 
Insect Physiology and Ecology) and CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International), will 
provide an opportunity to focus on the following issues:  
• to present relevant data and infor mation in order to develop an appropriate response 
strategy to the problem in the region; and  
• to share views on potential actions and solutions to control the infestation, reduce cotton 
production losses and eradicate the pest.  
As I emphasized  at the sta rt, cotton is a major  sector and industry, particularly for the African 
continent, supporting livelihoods and providing income and employment opportunities that 
contribute to socio -economic development. This makes the sector a key contributor to the 
achiev ement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development 
Goals.  
The narrative that guides the FAO Strategic Framework 2022 -31 is consistent with the 2030  Agenda, 
as it support s the transformation to more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agri -food 
systems for the "four betters" : better  production, better nutrition, a better environment and a better  
life, leaving no one behind.  
I am confident that , with your divers e expertise and experience in the cotton sector, this webinar 
will be an opportunity for you to share your insights on addressing the cotton jassid problem, and 
especially on appropriate measures and strategies to sustainably control this new cotton pest t hat 
is endangering farmers' livelihoods and may have a negative impact on government and corporate 
revenues.  
With that, I would like to conclude by reiterating the FAO's commitment to continuing to support 
cotton -producing countries as they endeavour to su rmount the challenges they currently face and 
achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  I would like to wish you all fruitful and productive discussions today. Thank you for your attention.  
 
Dominique Burgeon  
Director , FAO Liaison Office  
in Geneva  
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  EXECU TIVE SUMMARY  
1. The infestation by Amrasca biguttula  represents a major challenge for agriculture in West and 
Central Africa, threatening the food security and economic viability of farmers. This report presents 
the main conclusions and recommendations of a webinar organized by the WTO and the FAO, with 
the assistance of a number of West and Central African partners, aimed at identifying sustainable 
solutions for the management of this pest.  
2. The WTO began by reaffirming its commitment to supporting the C4 and  other cotton -producing 
countries in Africa in promoting the cotton sector and value -adding activities at the local level, which 
can subsequently help to improve food security and create sustainable jobs, especially for young 
people and women.  
3. The FAO reca lled the importance of cotton, which is a major sector and industry, particularly for 
the African continent, supporting livelihoods and providing income and employment opportunities 
that contribute to socio -economic development. Thus, commitment to this se ctor is fully consistent 
with the FAO Strategic Framework 2022 -31 and its support for the 2030 Agenda through the 
transformation to more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agrifood systems for the "four 
betters": better production, better nutr ition, a better environment and a better life, leaving no one 
behind.  
4. The statements and presentations by cotton sector experts on the cotton jassid in West and 
Central Africa created, as a first step, an overview of the cotton jassid infestation in these 
two regions. This first part highlighted the polyphagous nature of the insect and the various 
consequences for cotton and other crops. As a second step, the panellists proposed a set of solutions 
including integrated management, biological control, risk ma nagement, or a combination of several 
of these solutions through an integrated approach. Subsequently, the various presentations 
generated interesting exchanges with the audience through a question -and-answer session. Lastly, 
the webinar closed with an out line of the next steps for combating Amrasca biguttula .  
5. Impact on food security:  The Amrasca biguttula  infestation affects not only cotton production 
but also major vegetable crops, endangering the food security of local populations. Crop losses 
caused by this pest underline the urgent need to intervene to preserve the livelihoods of farming 
communities.  
6. Rapid management methods:  Curative methods, including the use of seed and foliar treatment 
products, as well as recommended cultivation practices, have been developed to control and manage 
the infestation emergency. These strategies have demonstrated their  effectiveness in reducing 
damage caused by the pest and preserving crops.  
7. Integrated management approach : In order t o ensure sustainable pest management, it is 
essential to adopt an integrated approach that incorporates the agroecological dimension and 
biological control. This holistic approach makes for reduced dependence on chemical pesticides while 
preserving the ecological balance of agroecosystems.  
8. Risk management model:  A risk management model was presented, but needs to be adapted 
to the specific situation in West and Central Africa in order to propose appropriate sustainable 
solutions for the region. This model provides a sound basis for the development of preventive and 
early warning strategies.  
9. Search for effective new products:  Finding effecti ve new products is crucial for diversifying 
the supply of pest management products and anticipating any occurrence of resistance. It is vitally 
important to support research and the development of innovative solutions to meet the specific 
needs of farmers in the region.  
10. Further studies on pest bioecology:  Additional studies on the bioecology of Amrasca biguttula  
are needed for a better understand ing of  its behaviour and interactions with its environment. Greater  
knowledge of the pest's biology and ecology will enable the development of more focused and 
effective control strategies.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  11. Preparation of a concept note:  A concept note will be drafted to fully identify the challenges 
involved and solutions proposed, with a view to seeking adequate funding for imple mentation of the 
recommended actions. This note will be an essential tool for mobilizing the resources needed to 
combat infestation by Amrasca biguttula .  
12. Next steps:  The results of the webinar will be presented at the WTO cotton meeting on 7 May, 
where pa rticipants will be invited to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the management of 
Amrasca biguttula . This meeting will provide an opportunity to strengthen regional and international 
cooperation to address the challenge posed by this pest.  
13. This repo rt highlights the importance of coordinating regional and international efforts to address 
the challenge posed by the Amrasca biguttula  infestation and to ensure the food security and 
sustainable development of the regions concerned. Implementation of the recommendations in this 
report will require close collaboration between governments, international organizations, civil society 
and the private sector in order to protect the livelihoods of agricultural populations and promote the 
resilience of food system s in the face of future challenges.  
  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  INTRODUCTION  
14. The infestation by Amrasca Biguttula , commonly known as the cotton jassid, represents a major 
challenge for agriculture in West and Central Africa. Because of its voracity and rapid propagation, 
this pest threatens food security and the economic viability of farmers in the region. In the face of 
this growing threat, international collaboration has been set in motion to identify sustainable 
solutions for the effective management of thi s infestation and the mitigation of its adverse effects 
on crops, in particular cotton and other key vegetable crops.   
15. This report presents the main conclusions and recommendations of a high -level webinar 
organized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and  the Food and Agriculture Organization of the 
United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with a number of West and Central African partners. The main 
objective of this webinar was to bring together key players in agriculture in order to exchange 
knowledge, sha re experience and propose innovative solutions to combat the infestation by 
Amrasca  Biguttula .  
 
Figure  1: Location of webinar participants  
16. There was diverse international participation in the webinar, reflecting the worldwide interest in 
the topics discu ssed, as illustrated by Figure 1  above. Participants from countries in Africa, Europe, 
America and Asia contributed to rich discussions through their geographical and linguistic diversity. 
African countries, particularly Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Senegal, were particularly well 
represented, reflecting the importance of these issues for the region.  
17. The wide geographical coverage of the webinar facilitated an in -depth discussion of key issues 
related to textile development, agriculture and the econom y. Participants were able to share their 
experiences and insights , thereby enriching the debate and paving the way for new collaborations 
and initiatives.  
18. In this report, the impact of infestation on food security has been discussed in detail, highlightin g 
the crop losses caused by this pest and the urgent need to intervene in order to preserve the 
livelihood of farming communities. Moreover, the various presentations by cotton sector and cotton 
jassid experts in West and Central Africa are recorded in thi s report. The presentations generated 
an overview and enabled proposals for innovative solutions for the management of this pest.  
19. In addition, this report explores currently available rapid management methods, such as the use 
of seed and foliar treatment products, as well as recommended cultivation practices to control and 
manage the infestation emergency. The importance of adopting an integrated approach to 
 
Figure 1: Localisation des participants au webinaire  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  sustainable management of the pest – incorporat ing the agroecological dimension and biological 
control in order to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and safeguard the ecological balance 
of agroecosystems – is highlighted.  
20. Lastly, this report proposes specific recommendations for the next steps to be taken, including 
the preparation of a concept note that fully identifies the challenges involved and solutions proposed. 
Emphasis is placed on the importance of coordinating regional and international efforts to address 
the challenge posed by the Amrasca Biguttula  infestation and to ensure the food se curity and 
sustainable development of the regions concerned.   
1  PRESENTATION OF THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING THE COTTON LEAFHOPPER 
INFESTATION IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND ITS IMPACT ON COTTON PRODUCTION  
This section was presented by Mr F élix Sawadogo o f the Regional Programme for 
Integrated Cotton Production in Africa (PR -PICA)  
1.1.  Mr Sawadogo of PR -PICA opened the webinar with  a presentation on the cotton leafhopper 
situation in West and Central Africa. After briefly describing the various measures taken w ithin the 
PR-PICA network since this pest first appeared, he structured his presentation around three themes: 
(i) the situation regarding cotton jassid infestations; (ii) proposed measures for managing cotton 
jassids; and (iii) the challenges faced.  
1.2.  By way  of introduction, the speaker recalled that cotton crops in West and Central Africa had 
been targeted by destructive pests on multiple occasions and that in this part of Africa there were 
currently more than 500 species of pests that were known to have cau sed huge crop losses in cotton 
farming. Such losses could amount to 70% of the yield, or even 100% if cotton fields were not 
protected. To tackle these pests, a number of recommendations had been made by researchers. 
However, despite all these recommendati ons, a number of challenges had come to light such as 
invasions of new species or biotypes and resistance to some commonly used insecticides. The 
2022-23 season had been characterized by severe and unusual attacks by jassids, which had 
previously been mana ged using plant protection products that were now ineffective. In view of this 
situation, PR -PICA had raised the alarm and organized a number of activities with a view to finding 
concrete solutions. These activities had included:  
• Consultations with resear chers to review infestations during the 2022 -23 season. The 
consultations had made it possible to set up tests for old products, as well as for new 
products from partner firms.  
• A meeting held in Lomé in November 2022 to present the initial results and 
recommendations for the 2023 -24 season. At this meeting, various products had been 
recommended to cotton sector stakeholders for managing the 2023 -24 season.  
• Off-season activities organized by researchers.  
• The 15th review meeting held in Côte d'Ivoire in April 2023 , which had provided an 
opportunity to take stock of the tests carried out, while receiving recommendations for 
the 2023 -24 season.  
• A meeting held in November 2023 in Garoua, Cameroon, which had provided an 
overview of the results of the 2023 -24 season and recommendations for the 
2024-25 season. This event had been necessary as it had enabled cotton companies to 
obtain lists of effective products to order in time for the coming season.  
1.1  Situation regarding leafhopper infestations  
1.3.  Here, the speaker described the situation regarding infestations, the measures that were 
recommended and the challenges faced. What was to be done about commonly used products that 
had been shown to be ineffective? Researchers had conducted a morphological  and molecular 
identification process and had noted that the pest concerned was indeed a new species of jassid 
known as Amrasca biguttula  or "Indian cotton jassid". The species was characterized by a black spot TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  on each of its forewings. The types of specie s commonly encountered in cotton crops were Jacobiella 
facialis  and Jacobiasca lybica .  
1.4.  Morphological identification during the 2022 -23 season had found that Amrasca biguttula  was 
the dominant species, accounting for over 90% of jassids in the six PR -PICA member countries in 
West Africa, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d' Ivoire, Mali, Senegal and Togo. Neither Cameroon 
nor Chad had been affected by this outbreak during the 2022 -23 season. However, all eight PR -PICA 
countries had experienced the presence o f the species in 2023 -24, which demonstrated the highly 
invasive nature of the pest.  
1.5.  The insect was also highly polyphagous and had been found on a variety of crops, including 
vegetable crops such as okra, aubergine, pepper and kenaf, causing symptoms ide ntical to those 
seen in cotton plants. It was therefore vital to control this pest at the sub -regional level.  
1.6.  Production losses relating to the pest invasion were estimated. Crop losses in the six West 
African countries ranged from 8% to 50% for the 2022 -23 season. Côte d' Ivoire, for example, had 
seen a 50% loss in production in 2022 -23, which amounted to a loss of 236,186 tonnes of seed 
cotton. This figure had been calculated taking into account the average yield for the three years 
prior to the 2022 -23 season. By making the calculation using the purchase price for seed cotton, 
Côte d' Ivoire's losses were estimated at 73,217,660,000 CFA francs (CFAF). If those estimates were 
extended to all eight PR -PICA countries, seed cotton losses would amount to arou nd CFAF 215 billion, 
illustrating the adverse impact of this pest on cotton farming.  
1.2  Recommended measures for dealing with this pest  
1.7.  The effective management of Amrasca biguttula  begins in the early stages of cotton plant 
growth. First of all, treating the seeds is crucial, as infestation begins as soon as the seedlings 
emerge. However, the doses used to treat seeds in the past have proved insufficient for controlling 
this new thr eat. In -depth studies have identified several seed treatment products, such as those 
containing thiamethoxam and flonicamid, as effective in protecting seedlings against attacks. 
Recommendations to this effect have been made to cotton sector stakeholders.  
1.8.  Next, foliar treatment is essential. Unfortunately, most products that are effective against other 
species of jassids have proved to be ineffective against Amrasca biguttula . New products therefore 
needed to be tested, three of which were shown to be effec tive: Gracia 10 EC, Flonicamid and 
Jacobia  350 EC. These products were recommended for pest management in the 2023 -24 season, 
but some shortcomings were observed, particularly in terms of their spectrum of activity. The 
products could not necessarily contr ol other pests in the cycle, meaning that a high number of 
treatments was required.  
1.9.  To address these shortcomings, experiments were conducted with new binary products, the 
aim being to control both Amrasca biguttula  and lepidoptera larvae with a view to re ducing the 
number and cost of treatments. Six or seven products were thus proposed for the 2024 -25 season.  
1.10.  Researchers explored other control methods alongside these measures. The use of cotton 
plant growth regulators has shown promising results, with a yi eld increase of over 16%. Similarly, 
the use of yellow traps, while preventive, allows for rapid monitoring of infestation levels so that 
decisions can be made regarding the treatment required.  
1.11.  Lastly, optimizing the use of fertilizers combining organic an d mineral elements has been 
recommended, since studies show that well -nourished plants are more resilient to Amrasca biguttula  
attacks. These recommendations, directed at cotton companies and producers, seek to improve the 
resilience of crops to this pest.  
1.3  Recommendations  
1.12.  A set of recommendations combined with the above -mentioned measures have been proposed 
to help manage Amrasca biguttula  more efficiently.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  1.4  Cotton companies  
1.13.  Make new insecticide products that are effective against jassids available to 
produc ers in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities:  It is imperative that cotton 
companies make new insecticide products that are effective against jassids available to producers 
in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities. Limited access to these pro ducts within a region 
could seriously undermine efforts to combat these pests.  
1.14.  Improve insecticide/fungicide coatings for delinted and fuzzy seed by using 
adhesive products (stickers):  It is recommended that approved insecticide coatings for fuzzy 
seed be improved by using adhesive products. Cotton companies are encouraged to follow these 
guidelines before making this seed available to producers.  
1.15.  Continue raising producers' awareness of the importance of applying insecticide 
treatments in a grouped manner t o plots in the same block:  Cotton companies should continue 
their efforts to raise producers' awareness of the importance of applying insecticide treatments in a 
grouped manner to plots in the same block. Given the invasive nature of Amrasca biguttula , it is 
vital that all producers in the same block apply such treatments simultaneously.  
1.16.  Build the capacity of managers, support and advisory staff and producers in terms 
of their knowledge of, and ability to manage, new jassid species:  There is a need to build  the 
capacity of managers, support and advisory staff and producers in terms of their knowledge of, and 
ability to manage, new jassid species. A better understanding of these pests is essential for effective 
management, and this responsibility lies with co tton companies, supported by researchers.  
1.17.  Raise producers' awareness of good organic and mineral fertilization and provide 
support in this area:  Cotton companies must raise producers' awareness of good organic and 
mineral fertilization and support producer s in adopting this practice. Studies have shown that well -
nourished plants are more resilient to Amrasca biguttula , thus highlighting the importance of such 
fertilization.  
1.18.  Make producers aware that growing host plants (okra, aubergine, sorrel, roselle, 
etc.) near cotton plots should be avoided:  Producers must be made aware that growing host 
plants such as okra and aubergine near cotton plots should be avoided. Amrasca biguttula  can attack 
these vegetable crops as well as cotton, so having them close by is n ot recommended.  
1.5  Producers  
1.19.  Use treated seed provided by cotton companies and avoid practices such as seed 
coating or soaking:  Producers are strongly encouraged to use the treated seed provided by cotton 
companies. It is vital to avoid practices such as coa ting the seed in other substances or soaking it, 
which can compromise crop health. Producers are therefore encouraged to comply with this 
recommendation by using only the treated seed provided by cotton companies.  
1.20.  Use new insecticide products that are effe ctive against jassids:  Producers are 
encouraged to use the new insecticide products for effective jassid control that are recommended 
by cotton companies. Cotton companies should make these products available to producers, and 
their systematic use is stron gly encouraged.  
1.21.  Apply insecticide treatments in a grouped manner to plots in the same block:  It is 
recommended that insecticide treatments be applied in a grouped manner to plots in the same block. 
While advice on this matter is provided by cotton companie s, it is vital that producers implement 
this recommendation to maximize the effectiveness of treatments.  
1.22.  Avoid growing host plants (okra, aubergine, pepper, tomato, sorrel, roselle, kenaf, 
etc.) near cotton plots:  Producers are strongly advised not to grow  host plants near cotton plots. 
This practice could facilitate the spread of certain diseases or pests. Producers are therefore 
encouraged to avoid planting host plants such as okra and aubergine near cotton plots in order to 
safeguard crop health.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  1.6  Challen ges 
1.23.  Study the bioecology of Amrasca biguttula  in local conditions:  One of the main 
challenges is to conduct in -depth research on the bioecology of Amrasca biguttula  in local conditions. 
Most existing knowledge of this species comes from related literature.  A better understanding of its 
behaviour, its development and its interaction with the local ecosystem is essential for the effective 
management of this pest.  
1.24.  Conduct molecular characterization of samples collected in all countries and identify 
strains:  It is crucial to conduct molecular characterization of collected samples in order to identify 
the strains of Amrasca biguttula  and their geographical origin. This will help inform management 
measures by determining the sources of the infestation.  
1.25.  Continue the search for effective new insecticide products:  Finding effective new 
insecticide products is an ongoing challenge. It is vital that alternative solutions be identified and 
validated in order to combat the spread of this pest.  
1.26.  Conduct research into biological control elements (natural enemies (predators, 
parasitoids, entomopathogens) and biopesticides):  Biological control approaches, such as the 
use of natural enemies, predators and biopesticides, are a promising option for the sustainable 
manag ement of Amrasca biguttula . 
1.27.  Select high -pilosity varieties to combat all jassids:  Research should be conducted and 
cotton companies mobilized in order to provide producers with varieties of cotton that are more 
resistant to Amrasca biguttula . This constitu tes a specific challenge.  
1.28.  Monitor the sensitivity of new jassid species to the main insecticide molecules:  The 
sensitivity of new jassid species to the main insecticide molecules should be carefully monitored in 
order to prevent the development of resistan ce. 
1.29.  Develop an integrated and sustainable management strategy for all cotton pests:  
Lastly, the development of an integrated and sustainable management strategy for all pests is 
indispensable. This requires a holistic approach that takes into account the i nteractions between the 
various pathogens and agricultural practices.  
1.7  Conclusion  
1.30.  In conclusion, it is important to highlight the significant changes that occurred in the fight 
against the pest complex in the last two seasons, both of which were marked by t he emergence of 
Amrasca biguttula  in West and Central Africa. While this species has caused significant damage for 
cotton sector stakeholders, we must learn to coexist with it, just as we have done with 
Helicoverpa  armigera . Fortunately, effective solution s have been identified to manage this pest; 
however, a number of challenges remain.  
1.31.  PR-PICA stands ready to address these challenges with assistance from its experts, including 
entomologists, agronomists and selectors, provided that the necessary financing  is available. Aware 
of what is at stake, researchers are determined to provide effective solutions to support our valiant 
producers.  
1.32.  The presentation highlighted the various actions taken, such as curative and preventive 
treatments, as well as the recomm endations made to cotton companies and producers on how best 
to manage this pest. However, the resistance of this species to active molecules underlines the 
importance of continuously monitoring the pest's sensitivity, and the need to move towards 
integrat ed pest management.  
1.33.  In 2022, the Amrasca biguttula  outbreak came as a surprise to stakeholders, but significant 
progress has been made thanks to the joint efforts of researchers, cotton companies and producers. 
It is, however, vital that we continue our e fforts and remain vigilant in the face of this persistent 
threat. It is therefore important to enhance collaboration among all the stakeholders involved.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  2  DISCUSSION ON THE MEASURES CURRENTLY IN PLACE, INCLUDING THOSE 
IMPLEMENTED BY THE FAO IN CONJUNCTION W ITH ITS PARTNERS, TO SUPPORT 
COUNTRIES' EFFORTS TO CONTROL THIS PEST AND REDUCE COTTON PRODUCTION 
LOSSES  
This section was presented by Dr Adin Bloukounon Goubalan, Agricultural Officer, FAO 
Subregional Office for West Africa, and Dr Marc Kenis, entomologis t, Centre for Agriculture 
and Bioscience International (CABI)  
2.1  Background  
2.1.  The scourge of the cotton jassid infestation has transcended borders, and, since 2016 -17, the 
FAO has worked actively alongside countries affected by the fall armyworm. These efforts gave rise 
to what is known as "Global Action for Fall Armyworm Control", a worldwide initiative that seeks to 
intervene in all regions affected by this pest, in particular West Africa.  
2.2.  As part of this action, a regional task force was set up, bringing toge ther the 15 West African 
countries and their respective Ministries of Agriculture. This task force has played a key role in 
managing biological risks and finding appropriate solutions for the region. The emergence of the 
cotton jassid came to light at the July 2023 workshop in Cotonou, an event initially organized to 
discuss the fall armyworm. The workshop's focus was shifted accordingly.  
2.3.  This new threat led the task force to propose the preparation of an integrated management 
manual for the cotton leafhopp er. This manual, prepared by a multidisciplinary team made up of 
researchers, entomologists and representatives from national cotton research institutes, national 
cotton producers' federations and cotton companies, seeks to address knowledge gaps regarding  
this new species and propose integrated management methods.  
2.4.  The manual's main objective is therefore to improve understanding of the cotton leafhopper 
and to propose long -lasting solutions. Indeed, the excessive use of chemical inputs may not only 
affect public health and the environment, but also encourage the development of resistance in pests, 
as pointed out by Mr Félix Sawadogo. Promoting an integrated approach to managing this emerging 
threat is therefore imperative.  
2.5.  The manual will serve as a technic al medium for the dissemination of knowledge and will foster 
research in this area of vital importance for the food and economic security of the region.  
2.2  Description  
2.6.  This pest is particularly prolific and poses a threat to cotton and other alternative crops  such 
as aubergine. Amrasca biguttula  poses a major challenge because of its ability to survive on different 
host plants, particularly those close to cotton fields, which enables it to persist throughout the year.  
2.7.  Originating in India, this insect was firs t reported in West Africa, particularly in Ghana, in 2003. 
While molecular analyses have not yet been conducted to confirm its identity, it is crucial to 
acknowledge its presence and its potential threat to the region. Amrasca biguttula , with its 
transpare nt wings and two distinctive black spots, is difficult to identify because of its small size and 
its ability to change colour depending on the season.  
2.8.  Cotton -producing countries, most notably those between latitudes 13 and 7, are particularly 
vulnerable to  this threat, as seen in Benin, Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal and other Sahel 
countries. A management manual, divided into five chapters, has been developed to address this 
threat.  
2.9.  The first chapter looks back over the presence of the leafhopper in W est Africa and the ways 
that countries have responded to this emerging threat. The second chapter provides a detailed 
description of the species, its biology and ecology, and the symptoms and damage it causes. The 
third chapter discusses recommended agrono mic practices, such as the selection of high -pilosity 
varieties, the regular maintenance of fields and the management of plantation density to reduce 
interventions.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  2.10.  The fourth chapter explores biological control options, while the fifth chapter focuses on 
chemical control practices, despite the latter having already been covered in a previous presentation. 
I will therefore focus on agronomic practices, including the importance of the following: avoiding 
crop rotations and intercropping with host plants; car efully selecting the variety used; synchronized 
sowing; and using organic fertilizers to strengthen plant resistance.  
2.11.  In conclusion, these agronomic practices are essential to prevent and mitigate the damage 
caused by Amrasca biguttula  and to ensure the su stainability of cotton production in West Africa.  
2.3  Potential for the biological control of Amrasca biguttula  
2.12.  This part of the presentation was delivered by Dr Marc Kenis, entomologist, Head of Risk 
Analysis and Invasion Ecology at CABI in Switzerland. Biological  control offers promising 
opportunities for managing Amrasca biguttula , a pest originating in Asia that poses a threat to cotton 
crops in West Africa. But what do we mean by biological pest control? It is a practice that involves 
the use of living organisms, such as predators, parasitoids or entomopathogens, to control pests. 
Three biological control strategies should be taken into consideration:  
• Conservation of natural enemies:  This approach seeks to promote natural enemies, 
such as parasitoids and predators, that already exist in a given environment. In West 
Africa, however, the natural enemies of Amrasca biguttula  are not yet well known. 
Extensive studies are therefore needed to identify and understand these organisms. 
Agricultural practices favourable to these natural enemies could then be implemented, 
including the use of less harmful biopesticides and the promotion of an environment 
conducive to their development.  
• Augmentat ion of natural enemies:  This involves the mass release of natural 
enemies, such as egg predators or parasitoids, for temporary control purposes. It is 
vital to select, preferably in the targeted region, effective natural enemies that are easy 
to produce in  large quantities. Unfortunately, not enough is yet known about the 
complex of natural enemies of Amrasca biguttula  in Africa in order to be able to select 
candidate biological control agents.  
• Classical biological control:  This approach, used to tackle in vasive exotic pests, 
involves introducing exotic natural enemies so that they become established in the 
region where they are introduced, in order to control pests on a permanent basis. In 
the case of Amrasca biguttula , research needs to be conducted into its effective natural 
enemies in Asia, the continent from which the insect originates. Arescon enocki , for 
example, is the most abundant parasitoid of Amrasca biguttula  in India, Pakistan and 
Japan. Other parasitoid species of the genus Anagrus  could also be considered. 
However, this approach requires in -depth studies on the specificities of natural enemies 
and their compatibility with the local environment.  
2.13.  It is important to emphasize that the aforementioned approaches require a thorough 
understanding of the biology and ecology of Amrasca Biguttula,  as well as of its potential natural 
enemies. Studies are under way to identify the most effective predators and parasitoids for this pest. 
International collaboration is also essential for the success of this r esearch and for implementing 
effective biological control strategies.  
2.4  Conclusions and outlook  
2.14.  In conclusion, it is imperative to conduct in -depth studies on parasitoids, predators and 
pathogens that naturally attack Amrasca biguttula  and other cotton leafh oppers in West Africa. Such 
research is vital for the development of effective programmes that focus on biological control through 
conservation, augmentation and the use of specific biopesticides. Biopesticides, deriving from fungi, 
bacteria or viruses, ar e a promising alternative and should also be explored.  
2.15.  For more long -term effective control, and given the polyphagous nature of Amrasca biguttula , 
it is crucial to establish a regional classical biological control programme that involves introducing 
natur al enemies from Asia. This process is, however, complex and will require several years of 
research and development before becoming operational. It is crucial to understand that the success TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  of this programme could be compromised by the intensive use of chem ical insecticides in cotton 
production in West Africa.  
2.16.  To overcome this challenge, the classical biological control programme needs to be 
incorporated into an integrated management approach, aimed at progressively reducing dependency 
on chemical insecticid es. This will require close collaboration between researchers, farmers and 
policymakers, who must work to develop effective and sustainable strategies.  
2.17.  Lastly, the egg parasite Arescon enocki  is emerging as a promising candidate for classical 
biological co ntrol in Africa. Nevertheless, in -depth studies on this parasite's biology, specificity and 
rearing methods are needed to assess its potential and ensure its success in the region. These 
research efforts are crucial to ensure that cotton crops in West Afri ca are protected against 
Amrasca  biguttula  and other pests in the long term.  
3  PRESENTATION OF A MODEL FOR PREDICTING AMRASCA BIGUTTULA INFESTATIONS  
This section was presented by Dr  Abdelmutalab  Azrag of the Inter -African Phytosanitary 
Council  
3.1.  This presentat ion was delivered by Dr  Abdelmutalab  Azrag. The presentation addressed the 
modelling and mapping of Amrasca biguttula  risks in West Africa. The project is a collaboration 
between the ICIPE and the FAO for West Africa.  
3.2.  As previous speakers pointed out, Amra sca biguttula , which originated in Asia, is a pest of great 
concern to the cotton industry. Although the CABI map was produced three years ago and is not up 
to date, it does show that the pest is mainly found in Asia. However, in reality, as we have seen, it 
can be found in more than five or six countries in West Africa.  
3.3.  As a polyphagous pest, it attacks various economically important crops such as cotton, okra 
and aubergine. The pest primarily feeds on plant leaves, causing them to wilt and produce the 
characteristic browning symptom. The impact is significant, with direct yield losses ranging from 
35% to 80%. In Burkina Faso, for example, the cotton industry suffered an estimated loss of around 
CFAF 65 billion last year, with significant ripple effects on the value chain and livelihoods.  
3.4.  When invasive species like Amrasca biguttula  appear in new regions, such as West Africa, 
pesticide use increases dramatically. This practice has been linked to public health and 
environmental problems and there are concerns  about its impact on human health and ecosystems.  
3.5.  In this context, it is crucial to assess the risk of invasion and to model the environments that 
are conducive to the pest's survival. This collaborative project with the FAO therefore aims to develop 
a risk model to assess the threat of pests in certain regions of West Africa.  
3.1  Model and data  
3.6.  The ﬁrst stage of this study involved data collection, as this is a new species in Africa. Because 
of a lack of information on the species, data from various sources we re collated to examine the 
relationship between biology and climatic conditions. These data were used to develop a species 
distribution model. Once the model had been validated, a projection was generated for each zone 
based on probability of occurrence.  
3.7.  A total of 892 reports were logged, including the GPS coordinates of the locations where the 
pest was found. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan accounted for most of the reports. In Africa, 
particularly West Africa, a limited number of reports were received fr om various sources: the GBIF; 
the participatory science platform iNaturalist; and data from the literature. The data are used in 
conjunction with climate data to create a model.  
3.8.  This task yielded a set of 19 variables that can provide insight into the mode lling process. 
However, the high degree of correlation between these variables may present some challenges when 
they are used as inputs into the model. Consequently, a collinearity test (also known as a correlation 
test) was conducted to identify similar v ariables for elimination. Another indicator called the variable 
inflation factor, which shows how the values are equally correlated, was also used to support our TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  approach. The bioclimatic values for the model were determined by analysing the two measures i n 
question. These values were subsequently used to model habitat stability.  
3.9.  In the modelling approach, reports of occurrences from different databases were taken into 
account, along with environmental predictors. The model is based on machine learning tech niques. 
However, for West Africa, the lack of sufficient data for modelling justifies the use of data from 
Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, which have numerous occurrence records. The model is calibrated 
to the data set and then projected to West Africa.  
3.10.  Once the model had been verified, a probability of occurrence projection was generated by 
examining the areas most likely to host the pest, including both populated and agricultural areas. 
The next step was to examine cotton production areas in order to ide ntify those regions that are 
most likely to attract the pest. When taken together, this work achieved an accuracy rate of 94%. 
Similarly, the blue lines represent a 10 -fold replication of the model, demonstrating a highly accurate 
fit due to their proximit y to the blue line. This is also one of the methods for validating the model.  
3.2  Results  
3.11.  A total of nine major variables were selected from the 19 bioclimatic values to be incorporated 
into the model. These included mean temperature in the driest month and rainfall in the wettest 
month. These two variables were found to be highly significant i n predicting the occurrence of 
Amrasca biguttula . 
3.12.  The map model indicates that the West African region is highly conducive to the proliferation 
of the pest, as evidenced by the extensive red areas. Furthermore, the limited data available from 
this region, primarily from Ghana and Mali, is also concentrate d in high -risk areas, which confirms 
the accuracy of our model.  
3.13.  With particular reference to cotton -growing regions, countries such as Benin, Togo, Ghana, 
Burkina Faso and parts of Senegal appear to be particularly vulnerable to Amrasca biguttula . A close r 
look at Mali, as an example, reveals that the state of Sikasso is particularly vulnerable in comparison 
to other regions.  
3.14.  The same can also be said about certain regions of Burkina Faso. The findings confirm the 
value of the models in identifying high -risk areas and providing valuable information for pest 
management and prevention efforts.  
3.3  Conclusion  
3.15.  In summary, it is clear that cotton -producing regions in West Africa are facing a serious threat 
from this pest. Considerable work needs to be done on impl ementing effective management 
strategies.  
3.16.  Modelling is proving to be an invaluable tool that can be utilized as an early warning system 
for pest management. However, a lack of data from West Africa limits the possibility of developing 
accurate models that  can predict pest abundance on a monthly or seasonal basis. This information 
could provide a basis for decision -making with regard to the optimum time for implementing pest 
management measures.  
3.17.  A more comprehensive approach is recommended, as Africa shoul d not be viewed as a single 
region. Given the threat that the pest poses to cotton -growing areas throughout West Africa, it is 
recommended that a pest risk analysis be conducted across the continent. However, it should be 
noted that this will require finan cial resources to ensure that it can be conducted effectively.  
3.18.  As mentioned by previous speakers, classical biological control may also prove to be a viable 
option. The Inter -African Phytosanitary Council has a proven track record in biological control, a s 
evidenced by its previous successes in controlling mango pests and caterpillars. Another promising 
alternative is biopesticides. A range of biopesticides can be tested for efficacy against this particular 
pest. TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  3.19.  Lastly, the key role of chemical ecology in  pest management deserves further consideration. 
Identification of the chemical compounds capable of attracting the insect would enable the 
development of effective traps. It is therefore imperative to consider alternative solutions, 
particularly in view o f pests' resistance to pesticides. However, such projects would require sufficient 
funding for in -depth research.  
4  PROPOSED ACTIONS AND SOLUTIONS SUPPORTING THE OBJECTIVES OF COTTON 
LEAFHOPPER ERADICATION PROGRAMMES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA FOR 
PRESENTATI ON TO DONORS AND TECHNICAL PARTNERS AT A LATER DATE.  
4.1  Question -and-answer session  
4.1.  Question 1:  Have you considered using other alternative methods, such as biopesticides or 
agroecological measures, to control Amrasca biguttula in cotton crops in West Africa ? 
4.2.  Answer 1:  Yes, we have looked into the potential of alternative methods to control Amrasca 
biguttula . During our presentation, we referred to the widespread use of chemical pesticides in the 
region, which is a source of concern in terms of the impact on the environment and public health. 
We therefore explored the possibility of incorporating biopesticides and agroecological measures into 
our control strategies.  
4.3.  Biopesticides, such as fungi and bacteria, show great potential for effective control of Amrasc a 
biguttula , while minimizing the negative environmental impact of chemical pesticides. By tapping 
into the region's biodiversity, we would be able to identify specific pathogens that target this pest 
species, providing a more sustainable and environmental ly-friendly alternative.  
4.4.  Additionally, agroecological management, which includes supporting biodiversity and 
implementing sustainable farming practices, could help reduce the threat of Amrasca biguttula  to 
cotton crops. For instance, introducing companion crops or repellent plants could help reduce the 
presence of the pest and limit the damage it causes to crops.  
4.5.  By incorporating these alternative approaches into our control strategies, we would be able not 
only to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides but  also to promote more sustainable and pest -
resistant agriculture. However, it is essential that further studies are carried out to assess the 
effectiveness and feasibility of these methods in the specific context of West Africa, and that 
adequate resources  are mobilized to support their large -scale implementation.  
4.6.  Question 2:  What factors are used to achieve 80% to 90% accuracy in the prediction models 
presented by the ICIPE team for West Africa?  
4.7.  Answer 2:  The prediction models developed by the ICIPE team f or West Africa mainly use 
bioclimatic factors that are derived from atmospheric pressure and rainfall. Of the 19 initial 
bioclimatic variables used, only nine were retained in the final model because of their correlation 
with each other. These variables pr imarily concern temperature and rainfall. However, as additional 
occurrence reports from West Africa become available, other variables such as land use could be 
included to improve the accuracy of the model.  
4.8.  Question 3:  You mentioned the use of Asian data for your models. However, do you not think 
it would be beneficial to use climate and land -use data specific to West Africa to improve the accuracy 
of your models? Have you also considered exploring the use of satellite imagery to better localize 
your model s? 
4.9.  Answer 3:  In terms of climate data, using data specific to West Africa is certainly possible and 
could improve the accuracy of our models. We do not have any particular issues with the availability 
of climate or land -use data, but the main challenge is the occurrence reports, i.e. the 
GPS coordinates of the locations where the tests were recorded. We could improve our models and 
provide monthly early warnings to help with crop management if we had these region -specific data. 
The use of satellite imagery could be investigated as a means of more accurately targeting our 
models and refining our predictions.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  4.10.  Question 4:  With respect to Amrasca biguttula damage in 2023 -24, can you provide details 
on the resistance of cotton crops in Cameroon and Chad relative  to other countries in the region?  
4.11.  Answer 4:  In the 2023 -24 season, Cameroon and Chad have been successful in limiting the 
damage caused by Amrasca biguttula . This success can be partly explained by the foresight shown 
by these countries in ordering manage ment products at the very beginning of the infestation. The 
damage has been limited as a result of using these products. We plan to discuss the situation in 
more detail at our next review meeting in Bamako, Mali. On the whole, the damage has been well 
mana ged in the region as a result of the products made available for the 2023 -24 season.  
4.12.  Question 5:  You raised the issue of the impact of polyphagous jassids on the food security 
of cotton -growing populations. Could you please share any information you have o n how you assess 
this impact in your research and with the data you have available?  
4.13.  Answer 5:  In our research, we found that polyphagous jassids impacted both cotton crops 
and vegetable crops. It is strongly recommended to avoid combining these vegetable c rops with 
cotton to minimize damage. However, quantifying the specific impact of the cotton jassid on the 
food security of cotton -growing communities is complex. Although we have observed impacts on 
vegetable crops in the vicinity of cotton -growing areas, we currently lack the necessary quantitative 
data to assess this impact accurately.  
4.14.  Question 6:  Concerning the potential impact of climate change on the intensity of pest 
infestations, such as those caused by leafhoppers, do you have any studies that exami ne this link, 
and how do you envisage addressing this issue?  
4.15.  Answer 6:  It is possible that climate change may influence the intensity and frequency of 
pest infestations, such as those caused by leafhoppers. However, it is difficult to determine whether 
this is a direct consequence of climate change. A number of additional fa ctors may also be relevant, 
including the species' latency, the presence of natural enemies, and accidental or intentional 
introduction. To date, there are no specific studies that confirm a link between climate change and 
leafhopper infestations. Neverthe less, it is important to incorporate this aspect into our future 
research so we can better understand and manage these issues.  
4.16.  Question 7:  The significance of climatic variables in pest prediction models was highlighted, 
with a particular focus on periods of drought and humidity. How do you intend to utilize these data 
to enhance modelling and early warning systems?  
4.17.  Answer 7:  It is important to consider climatic variables, such as periods of drought and 
humidity, when analysing the occurrence patterns of pe sts such as Amrasca biguttula . While we 
cannot directly attribute the presence of this pest to climate change, it is clear that climate plays an 
important role in its persistence. By integrating this climate data into our modelling and early 
warning models , we can better anticipate periods of risk and take preventive measures to protect 
crops. Furthermore, the use of remote sensing data to identify cotton production areas can bolster 
the effectiveness of our early warning systems by directing action to area s where it is most required.  
4.2  Proposed solutions for managing Amrasca biguttula  
4.18.  Rapid response with curative methods:  PR-PICA has developed curative methods to 
control and manage the infestation emergency. These methods involve the use of seed treatment 
products and foliar treatment products, as well as recommended cultivation practices.  
4.19.  Integrated management approach:  An integrated management approach that 
incorporates agroecology and biological control is essential for sustainable pest management. The 
objective of this approach is to gain a deeper insight into the biology and bioecology of the pest, as 
well as its natural enemies, in order to implement appropriate agroecological and/or biological 
control methods. This medium - and long -term approach requires  detailed studies, as well as 
substantial funding, which will need to be mobilized for the benefit of research centres and networks 
working on management of this pest.  
4.20.  Risk management model:  A risk management model was introduced, based on data from 
Bangla desh and Asia. In order to propose sustainable solutions that are appropriate to the region, TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  the model in question must be adapted to take account of the specific situation in West and Central 
Africa. A model has already been developed in Côte d'Ivoire, an d PR-PICA countries are calling for 
it to be scaled up to other countries. It would be beneficial to cross -reference these models in order 
to refine them, and subsequently mobilize funding to scale them up.  
4.21.  Search for effective new products:  It is vital to  continue the search for effective new 
products in order to diversify the range of available pest management products. It is also important 
to monitor sensitivity studies on these products to anticipate any emergence of resistance.  
4.22.  Further studies on the p est's bioecology:  Further studies are required to gain a deeper 
understanding of the pest's bioecology, including its behaviour and interactions with its environment.  
4.3  Next steps  
4.23.  Preparation of a concept note:  It is planned to draft a concept note to fully  identify the 
challenges involved and solutions proposed. This note will be submitted to the WTO with a view to 
requesting appropriate funding.  
4.24.  In summary, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive analysis of biological control, 
agroecological control me thods and biopesticide testing in the different countries. In addition, the 
chemical ecology of this pest needs to be taken into account to develop effective management 
methods and refine risk prediction and warning models. The collection of quantitative d ata, 
particularly data gathered through the use of traps, is crucial for a deeper understanding of pest 
population dynamics and more precise monthly or quarterly predictions.  
4.25.  It is also important to note that these risk maps are able not only to identify a reas at risk but 
also to propose technological solutions such as the use of biopesticides and the deployment of natural 
enemies. It is clear that further quantitative data must be collected to improve the accuracy of 
predictions and enable greater prioriti zation of areas where prompt intervention is required.  
5  CONCLUSION  
5.1.  The webinar on managing the Amrasca biguttula  infestation was a pivotal event, which brought 
together experts, practitioners and key decision -makers to discuss the challenges posed by this p est 
in the West and Central African regions. Various significant findings emerged from this virtual 
meeting, highlighting the scale of the threat to agriculture, particularly cotton and other major 
vegetable crops, and the impact on food security and the e conomic viability of farmers.  
5.2.  The presentations underlined the need for an integrated approach to managing the infestation, 
combining different control methods such as biological control, recommended cultivation practices, 
and the use of seed and foliar tr eatment products. Furthermore, the meeting highlighted the 
importance of research and innovation, with a focus on the development of effective new products 
and further studies into the bioecology of the pest. The results also indicated the impact of climat ic 
variations on the occurrence of Amrasca biguttula , suggesting the probable influence of climate 
change. However, this latter finding requires further investigation in future research.  
5.3.  The recommendations made during the webinar emphasized the immediate  need for decisive 
action to control the infestation, as well as the importance of international collaboration in meeting 
this challenge. It was recommended that there be increased collaboration between governments, 
international organizations, civil socie ty and the private sector, and that regional and international 
partnerships be encouraged to share best practice.  
5.4.  Lastly, the next steps were outlined for continuing efforts to control the Amrasca biguttula  
infestation. This includes drafting a concept not e outlining the challenges involved and solutions 
proposed, as well as securing the necessary funding to implement recommended actions. The 
findings of the webinar will also be presented at the WTO cotton meeting in May, which will provide 
a forum for furt her discussion and reinforce regional and international cooperation in the 
management of this pest.  TN/AG/SCC/W/48 • WT/CFMC/W/98  
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  6  CLOSING SPEECH  
The closing speech was delivered by the WTO Secretariat  
6.1.  I would like to express my gratitude to Professor  Sekloka and to all the panellists f or this 
enlightening discussion. It is our hope that this information will prove useful in identifying solutions 
that can be quickly financed by donors and financial and technical partners.  
6.2.  It is worth underlining two key points from the WTO's perspective.  First, it is important to 
recognize the crucial link between cotton farming, food security and access to food, which is directly 
affected by the production losses caused by Amrasca biguttula . Second, we have gained an 
understanding of the extent of the im pact of this insect not only on cotton but also on a number of 
other key vegetable crops, and this underscores the pressing need to act quickly.  
6.3.  Once again, I would like to thank all the participants and panellists for their insightful 
contributions during  the three -hour discussion. I would also like to share some practical information 
about the webinar. In partnership with Professor  Sekloka, the FAO and the other panellists, we will 
be drafting a report that will be presented briefly at the next WTO cotton  meeting on 7  May in 
Geneva. The report will be shared both in person and via Zoom. Participants and panellists will 
receive an invitation to this event on 8  April.  
6.4.  In closing, I would like to express my gratitude to everyone for their contributions to thi s fruitful 
debate. We look forward to continuing these discussions at the meeting on 7 May. Thank you, 
everyone. We look forward to seeing you again soon.  
 
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