Risk Management Proposal:   
 
Proposed phytosanitary measures for the 
management of pospiviroids  on the 
importation of seeds for sowing and 
plants for planting   
 
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 March  2020  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
i  Page 1 of 70  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant & Pathways Directorate  
Biosecurity New Zealand - Tiakitanga Pūtaiao Aotearoa  
Ministry for Primary Industries - Manatū Ahu Matua  
TSB Bank Tower 147 Lambton Quay  
PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Tel: +64 4 894 0100  
Fax: +64 4 894 0662  
Web: www.biosecuri ty.govt.nz   
Email: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz   
Contents  Page 
 
Submissions  1 
Purpose  4 
Background  4 
Columne a latent viroid (CLVd)  5 
Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)  5 
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCVd)  6 
Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd)  6 
Commodity description  6 
Trade   7 
Current requirements  9 
Source information  10 
International setting  11 
Objective  11 
Summary of Risk  11 
Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)  11 
Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)  15 
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd)  19 
Tomato planta macho viroid  22 
Risk Management  24 
Feasibility & Practicality of Measures  26 
Appendix 1: Proposed amendments to the Import Health St andard 155.02.06: Seeds for Sowing  
  28 
2.59 Petunia  28 
2.74 Solanum lycopersicum  30 
Appendix 2: Proposed amendments to the Import Health Standard 155.02.05: Importation  of 
Nursery Stock  32 
Acacia  32  
iii  Page 3 of 70 Aesculus  37 
Chrysanthemum  41 
Dahlia  43 
Diascia  49 
Petunia  51 
Solanum  54 
Verbena  58 
References  60  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   1 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment s from interes ted parties on the 
proposed changes to :  
 
a) the Import Health Standard (IHS) 155.02.05: Seeds for sowing , and measures for the 
importation of  Petunia  sp. and Solanum  lycopersicum ; and  
 
b) the IHS  155.02.06: Importation of Nursery Stock , and measures for the importation of 
Brunfelsia undulata, Calibrachoa spp ., Cestrum sp., Gloxinia  gymnostroma , Nematanthus 
wettsteinii , Petunia  sp., Pittosporum tobira , Verbena  sp., and Vinca minor .  
 
The proposed changes aim to manage the biosecurity risks associated with:  
 
 Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd) ;  
 Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) ; 
 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) ; and 
 Tomato planta macho viroid  (TPMVd) . 
 
The proposed measures to manage these pospiviroids are:  
 
a) “Pest Free Area” declaration, or 
b) “Pest F ree Place of Production ” declaration , or 
c) seed/plant testing  
 
These measures will provide an appropriate level of protection and assurances that imported 
seeds for sowing and plants for planting are free fro m CLVd, TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd, 
while allowing  importers to continue to import these viroids’  host plants from countries where 
the viroids are known to occur.  
 
An IHS “specifies requirements to be met for the effective management of risks associated 
with importing risk goods, including risks arising bec ause importing the goods involves or 
might involve an incidentally imported new organism” (section 22(1) Biosecurity Act 1993).  
 
The following points may be of assistance in preparing comments:  
 
 Wherever possible, comments should be specific to a particu lar change in  IHS 
requirements or a question asked in this document (referencing section numbers or 
commodity names as applicable).  
 Where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments 
are requested.  
 The use of examples t o illustrate particular points is encouraged.   
 
MPI encourages respondents to forward comments electronically. Please include the 
following in your submission:  
 The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email;  
 Your name and title  (if applicable);  
 Your organisation’s name (if applicable); and  
 Your address.   
2  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Please s end submissions to:  PlantImports@mpi.govt.nz  
 
However, should you wish to forward submissions in writing, please send t hem to the 
following address to arrive by close of business on 2 April  2020:  
Plants & Pathways Directorate  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Submissions received by the closure date will be considered during the devel opment of the 
final IHS. Submissions received after the closure date may be held on file for consideration 
when the issued IHS is next revised/ reviewed.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   3 Official Information Act 1982  
Please note that your submission is public information and it is MPI p olicy to publish 
submissions and the review of submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the 
subject of requests for information under the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA).  
 
The OIA specifies that information is to be made available to re questers unless there are 
sufficient grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters may wish to indicate 
grounds for withholding specific information contained in their submission, such as the 
information is commercially sensitive or they wi sh personal information to be withheld.  
 
Any decision to withhold information requested under the OIA is reviewable by the 
Ombudsman.  
 
 
Disclaimer  
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the 
Ministry fo r Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, 
omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any 
decisions based on this information.  
  
Requests for further copies should be d irected to:  
  
Publications Logistics Officer  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
WELLINGTON 6140  
  
Email: brand@mpi.govt.nz  
Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04 -894 0300  
  
This publication is also av ailable on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at 
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publications/  
  
   
© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries   
4  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Purpose  
1. The purpose of this Risk Management Proposal (RMP)  is to:  
 Summarise the known biosecurity risks associated with the pospiviroids :   
o Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd) ;  
o Tomato apical stunt viroid  (TASVd) ;  
o Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  (TCDVd) ; and 
o Tomato planta m acho viroid  (TPMVd) .  
 Propose the phytosanitary measures  to manage those risks on the seed for sowing and 
plants for planting  pathway s.  
 
2. This RMP provides information to support the consultation on the draft amendment to the 
two Import Health Standards ( IHSs), under section 23(3) of the Biosecurity Act 
(1993). The RMP is not itself the subject of consultation. However, the Ministry for 
Primary Industries (MPI) will accept comments and suggestions on the RMP in order to 
improve future IHS consultations.    
 
Background  
3. Seeds for sowing and plants for planting are two pathways that are currently unmanaged 
for four pospiviroids (a genus of viroids) identified through MPI’s Emerging Risks 
System:  Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd ), Tomato apical stunt viroid  (TASVd), Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd ), and Tomato planta macho viroid  (TPMVd) . 
4. Pospiviroids  have  a circular, single -stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) of 360 to 363 
nucleotides depending on the strain that  can infect plant cells, replicate themselves, and 
cause disease. They lack capsid protein and detectable messenger RNA activity ( MPI, 
2012 ).  
5. Pospiviroids can be transmitted in four different ways: mechanically, via seed, via insect 
and via vegetative propagation (MPI, 2019a, b) . There are reports of TASVd a nd TCDVd  
being spread by bumblebees in glasshouse. The exact mode of transmission is unknown, 
but the bee -viroid interaction appears to be non -specific. Therefore, there is potential for 
other pospiviroids to be transmitted by bumblebees within and between  crops in infected 
pollen (MPI, 2019b).  
6. These viroids primarily affect  tomato  plants  (Solanum lycopersicum ), but they can also be 
naturally found in other host plants (MPI, 2012; MPI, 2019a,  b).  
7. Overseas, infection of tomato crops with pospiviroids  have caused considerable economic 
losses, ranging from reduced crop yield to total crop los ses (MPI, 2012 ; MPI, 2019b).  
8. In New Zealand, t omato plants are grown commercially and by home gardeners , both in 
glasshouses and outdoors . Overseas, pospiviroids  have cau sed disease outbreaks in tomato 
crops grown in glasshouses with similar conditions to those grown in New Zealand (MPI, 
2019b).  
9. Pospiviroids  are not known to cause visible symptoms on infected or contaminated seeds  
and ornamental plants . (MPI, 2012; MPI, 2 019a,  b). 
10. Viroids are known for their ability to infect herbaceous and woody hosts, including many 
ornamentals, which act as symptomless carriers ( British Columbia Ministry of 
Agriculture , 201 8), and can be  a channel for the entry and establishment of posp iviroids  
(EFSA, 2011).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   5 11. According to EFSA (2011), between 1997 and 2010 , a number of pospiviroids were 
reported by the European Union ( EU) in the Europhyt database as being intercepted from 
ornamental plants. It is known that pospiviroids are systemically s pread inside the host 
plant, meaning they will be present in all tissues of their hosts. Therefore, the importation 
of infected plants for planting, including cuttings and tissue culture of known ornamental 
host species, represents a distinct pathway for e ntry and establishment.  
12. Current  visual inspections at the border will not be able to detect infected plants and/or 
seeds , which  could aid in spreading  pospiviroids  to other uninfected  susceptible  plants.   
13. At present, New Zealand imports plants for plantin g and seeds for sowing of host species 
of these four viroids from countries  where th e viroids are known to be present , but the  
current import requirements do not specifically manage the biosecurity risks associated 
with these organisms . 
14. In 2012, import req uirements were  put in place for CLVd, TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd 
on tomato seeds for sowing in Australia .  
15. In September 2019, t he United States  (US)  amended  import req uirements for tomato and 
pepper seeds for sowing to prevent the entry and establishment of t hese four viroids.  
16. Similarly, i n 2019 Taiwan added these pospiviroids to their Quarantine pest list.  
17. In January 2020, T hailand  announced phytosanitary import requirements to manage 
CLVd, TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd on tomato seeds for sowing from March 2020.   
Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)  
18. CLVd  causes disease in tomato crops. Its other natural hosts are six ornamental plants, 
from which three species  are currently  allowed to be imported into New Zealand (i.e. 
listed on the Plant Biosecurity Index (PBI)): Brunf elsia undulata , Nematanthus wettsteinii  
and Gloxinia gymnostroma  (MPI, 2019b).  
19. Tomato plants infected with CLVd were  reported to be stunted, their leaves bec ame 
distorted and ha d a yellow or bronze colour (MPI, 2019b).  
20. CLVd is not known to occur in New Ze aland and is recorded as a regulated pest in 
BORIC (MPI, 2019b).  CLVd  is part of the Biosecurity New Zealand’s current priority list 
of pest and diseases of concern to plant health , posing a serious threat to known hosts if it 
were to establish in New Zeal and (MPI, 2019c).  
21. CLVd is confirmed present in Canada , France, Ghana , Italy, Mali, the Netherlands,  
Portugal, Thailand, and the US. It was eradicated from Belgium and the United Kingdom 
(UK) (MPI, 2019b).  
22. New Zealand imports tomato seeds for sowing and G. gymnostroma  plants for planting  
from countries were this viroid is known to be present: France, Italy, the Netherlands, 
Thailand, and the US (MPI, 2019b).  
Tomato apical stunt  viroid (TASVd)  
23. TASVd  causes disease in  tomato  crops . It has also been known to a ffect the ornamental 
plant Cestrum  sp., which is eligible  for importation into New Zealand (MPI, 2012 ). 
24. Symptoms in tomatoes include stunting, apical proliferation, apical leaf narrowing and 
yellowing, leaf crinkling, tissue brittleness, and necrosis. The fruits can be considerably 
reduced in size and have pale red discolouration (MPI, 2012).   
6  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  25. TASVd is not known to be present in New Zealand  (MPI, 2012)  and, as well as  CLVd , is 
also part of the Biosecurity New Zealand’s current priority list of pest and disea ses of 
concern to plant health (MPI, 2019c).  
26. This viroid has a wide  geographical distribution with records in Africa , Asia and Europe 
(EPPO, 2019 ). 
27. New Zealand imports tomato seeds from countries were this viroid is present:  Belgium , 
Israel, and the Netherlands.  
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  (TCVd)   
28. TCDVd ‘s main host is tomato , but it is also  known to naturally infect the ornamental 
plants  Calibrachoa  sp., Petunia  sp., Pittosporum tobira , Verbena  sp., and Vinca minor , all 
of which can be imported into New Zealand  (MPI, 2012; MPI, 2019a) . 
29. Commercially grown tomato plants infected with TCDVd have  chlorotic leaves, reduced 
leaf size, smalle r and sometimes deformed fruit , and overall bunchiness and dwarfing . 
Such symptoms are likely to reduce the yield and mark etability of tomato crops  (MPI, 
2012 ; MPI, 2109a ).  
30. TCDVd is not known to be present in New Zealand , and is record ed as a regulated pest in 
BORIC. T here are  specific  measures on Solanum lycopersicum  as seeds for sowing in the 
IHS 155.02.05: Seeds for sowin g to manage the risk of introduction  via this pathway.  
31. This viroid  is present in Czech Republic , France , India, Mexico, Slovenia , Spain, and the 
US. It has been eradicated from Canada and Japan  (MPI, 2012 ; MPI, 2019a).  
32. New Zealand imports  ornamental host seeds for sowing and plants for planting  from 
countries where TCDVd  is known to occur: Spain, India and the US.  
Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd)  
33. TPMVd  infect s tomatoes. The other reported natural host of TPMVd is the wild  potato 
species Solanum  cardioph yllum , which is not allowed to be imported into New Zealand 
(MPI, 2109b).  
34. Tomato plants infected with TPMVd suffer from  severe stunting, discolouration and 
drying of old leaves and strong epinasty of leaves and leaflets. More flowers and fruits are 
produce d compared to healthy plants, however the fruits remain small and have no 
marketable value (MPI, 2019b).  
35. TPMVd is not known to occur in New Zealand and is listed as a regulated pest in BORIC  
(MPI, 2019b).  
36. This viroid  is present in  Canada and Mexico, and to mato seeds are imported into New 
Zealand from both countries (MPI, 2019b).   
Commodit y description  
37. The species  identified as unmanaged  hosts for CLVd , TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMV d are 
shown in table 1 .  
38. These species are eligible for importation into New Zealand  from all countries under the 
IHS 155.02.05: Seeds for sowing  and/or IHS 155.02.06: Importation of Nursery Stock , 
with no specific requirements to manage these viroids : 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   7 Table 1: Hosts of Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd), Tomato apical stunt viroid  (TASVd), 
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  (TCDVd), and Tomato planta macho viroid  (TPMVd), 
without measures to manage these viroids.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trade   
39. Tomato is an  important crop for New Zealand . In 2018, the domestic sales of tomatoes 
were worth $208.5 million, and the exports were worth $ 12.7 million (FreshFacts, 2018).  
40. Petunias  are one of the most common garden  plants found throughout New Zealand, and 
are popularly used as potte d colour, garden bedding plants  and in ornamental hanging 
baskets. Industry estimates nu rsery production supply chains to be grossed at $15 -20 
million across both vegetative and seed varieties  (MPI, 2017).  
41. Hosts of these four pospi viroids are currently imported into New Zealand as plants for 
planting  and/or seeds for sowing from countries w here the viroids are known to be 
present.  Table 2 shows imports into New Zealand  of the known pospiviroid hosts as plants 
for planting and seeds for sowing between 2016 and 2019 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Natural host  Unmanaged pathway  Pospiviroid  
Brunfelsia undulata  plants for planting  CLVd  
Gloxinia gymnostroma  plants for planting  CLVd 
Nematanthus wettsteinii  plants for planting  CLVd  
Solanum lycopersicum  seeds for sowing  CLVd,  
TPMVd,  
TASVd  
Cestrum sp. plants for planting  TASVd  
Petunia sp.  plants for planting,  
seeds for sowing  TCDVd  
Verbena sp.  plants for planting  TCDVd  
Vinca minor  plants for planting  TCDVd  
Calibrachoa sp.  plants for planting  TCDVd  
Pittosporum tobira  plants for planting  TCDVd   
8  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Table 2:  Imports into New Zealand of known hosts of Columnea laten t viroid (CLVd), 
Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  (TCDVd), and Tomato 
planta macho viroid  (TPMVd) between 2016 and 2019.  
 
Natural host  Unmanaged 
pathway  Pospiviroid  Total 
number of 
exporting  
countries 
(2016 -2019 ) Name of t he 
country  (ies) of 
export   
(Countries in 
bold have one 
of the 
pospiviroid)  Total 
number of 
imports  
(2016 -
2019)  
 Last  
importation  
Brunfelsia 
undulata   plants for 
planting  CLVd  No recorded imports  
Calibrachoa sp.  plants for 
planting  TCDVd  7 Australia, 
Germany , 
Japan , 
Netherlands, 
Poland,    
Spain ,    
United States  51 2019  
Cestrum sp. plants for 
planting  TASVd  No recorded imports  
Gloxinia 
gymnostroma  plants for 
planting  CLVd  - Netherlands  - 2012  
(2 
consignments)  
Nematanthus 
wettsteinii  plants for 
plant ing CLVd  No recorded imports  
Petunia sp.  plants for 
planting,  
 TCDVd  8 Australia, 
Germany, 
Israel ,      
Japan, 
Netherlands, 
Poland, Spain ,       
United States  55 2019  
seeds for 
sowing  TCDVd  15 Australia, 
China, 
Germany, 
Guatemala, 
India ,    
Indonesia,  
Israel,      
Japan,     
Kenya 
Netherlands, 
Poland,   
Spain ,           
Sri Lanka, 
United 
Kingdom , 
United States  871  
(seed lots)  2019  
Pittosporum 
tobira  plants for 
planting  TCDVd  No recorded imports  
Solanum 
lycopersicum  seeds for 
sowing  CLVd,  
TPMVd,  
TASVd  27 Australia, 
Belgium , 
Bolivia,   
Brazil ,  
Canada ,   
Chile ,         
China,   
France ,    
Germany, 1,380 (seed 
lots) 2019   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   9 Guatemala, 
India ,      
Israel ,        
Italy ,        
Japan,     
Kenya,  
Mexico , 
Morocco, 
Netherlands , 
Peru,        
Serbia,     
Spain ,   
Taiwan, 
Tanzania,  
Thailand ,    
United 
Kingdom ,     
United States ,  
Vietnam  
Verbena sp.  plants for 
planting  TCDVd  5 Australia , 
Germany, 
Spain,      
United 
Kingdom , 
United States  24 2019  
Vinca minor  plants for 
planting  TCDVd  - United States  - 2002  
(1 
consignment)  
 
Current requirements  
 
Seeds for sowing  
42. Current import requirements for hosts eligible to be imported as seeds for sowing  are 
shown in table 3 : 
 
Table 3:  Current phytosanitary requirements for the import of known ornamental hosts of the 
four pospiviroids as seeds for sowing . 
 
Plants for planting  
43. Current import requirements for hosts eligible to be imported as plants for planting  are 
shown in table 4 : 
 
 Commodity  Schedule  Phytosanitary 
requirements  Quarantine Pest (s)  
Solanum 
lycopersicum  Solanum 
lycopersicum  ‘pest free area (PFA)’ ; OR 
‘pest free place of 
production (PFPP)’ ; OR 
‘testing’  Pepino mosaic virus ,  
Potato sp indle tuber viroid,  
Tomato brown rugose fruit 
virus,   
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid .  
Petunia sp.  Petunia  - -  
10  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Table 4:  Current phytosanitary requirements for the import of  known ornamental hosts of the 
four pospiviroids as plants for planting.  
 
Source information  
44. In the development of the  risk management proposal the following information was used 
to identify the appr opriate measures to manage the  entry and establishment  of TCDVd, 
TPMVd and CLVd  into New Zealand:  
a) MPI risk analyses and technical advice : 
– MPI Import Risk Analysis: Tomato and Capsicum  seed for s owing from 
all countries ( 2012) ; 
– MPI Technical advice from Risk Analysis team for Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid ( 2019) ; Commodity  Schedule  Phytosanitary 
requirements  Quarantine Pest (s)  
Brunfelsia undulata  Solanum  PFA; OR  
PFPP ; OR  
‘parent stock test ing’ Potato spindle tuber viroid  
Calibrachoa sp.  Solanum  PFA; OR  
PFPP ; OR  
‘parent stock testing’  Potato spindle tuber viroid  
Cestrum sp. Solanum  PFA; OR  
PFPP ; OR  
‘parent stock testing’  Potato spindle tuber viroid  
Gloxinia gymnostroma  L2 (basic)  - - 
Nematanthus wettsteinii  L2(basic)  - - 
Petunia sp.  Petunia  PFA; OR  
PFPP ; OR  
‘parent stock testing’  Potato spindle tuber viroid  
‘country freedom’ ; OR 
PFA; OR  
PFPP  Phytophthora palmivora  
Pittosporum tobira  Aesculus  PFA; OR  
‘an approved PFPP’  Phytophthora ramorum  
  ‘country freedom’ ; OR 
PFA or PFPP AND 
testing in PEQ  Xylella  fastidiosa  
Verbena sp.  Verbena  ‘country freedom’ ; OR 
PFA; OR  
PFPP  Phytophthora tentaculata,  
 Treated with dicofol at 
the rate of 0.7g a.i. per 
litre of water"  Tetranychu s kanzawai  
 ‘country freedom’  Uredinales  
 
 ‘country freedom’ ; OR 
PFA or PFPP AND 
testing in PEQ  Xylella  fastidiosa  
Vinca minor  Acacia  ‘country freedom’ ; OR 
PFA or PFPP AND 
testing in PEQ  Xylella  fastidiosa   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   11 – MPI Pest Risk Assessment: Columnea latent viroid  and Tomato planta 
macho viroid  associated with imported tomato seed for sowing and tissue 
culture of host plants (2019) ; 
b) MPI’s Emerging Risk System ; 
c) Relevant literature and database searches ; and  
d) Key references and sources of information and analyses from other countries  for 
the same commodity or pests . 
International setti ng 
45. Where possible, phytosanitary measures are aligned with international standards, 
guidelines, and recommendations as per New Zealand’s obligations under Article 3.1 of 
the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS 
Agree ment), WTO 1995  and section 23(4)(c) of the Biosecurity Act 1993 .  
46. The SPS Agreement states that phytosanitary measures must not discriminate unfairly 
between countries or between imported or domestically produced goods, and where there 
is a choice of phyt osanitary measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level, WTO 
members must select the least trade restrictive measure .  
Objective  
47. MPI’s objective is to ensure the known biosecurity risks associated with CLVd , TASVd, 
TCDVd, and TPMVd on seeds for sowing and  plants for planting  of the known hosts 
Brunfelsia undulata , Calibrachoa sp., Cestrum  sp., Gloxinia gymnostoma , Nematanthus 
wettsteinii , Petunia  sp., Solanum  lycopersicum , Pittosporum tobira , Verbena  sp., and 
Vinca minor  are managed appropriately and consi stent ly with New Zealand’s domestic 
legislation and international obligations.  
 
Summary of Risk  
48. MPI considers r isk orga nisms as  regulated on the commodity if they are:   
a) present in the exporting country and absent from New Zealand (or under official 
contro l); and  
b) likely to be present on the pathway if the risk is unmitigated ; or  
c) known to be associated with the commodity (as per previous risk analyses) ; and  
d) their hosts include  species which are present in New Zealand ; and  
e) they are climatically able to es tablish in New Zealand ; and/or  
f) they are likely to cause unwanted  economic impact s to New Zealand.   
 
Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd)  
 
Likelihood of entry into New Zealand  
Tomato  
49. CLVd is highly likely to enter New Zealand on infected or contaminated tomato seeds 
because the viroid is known to be present in internationally traded tomato seeds , and a 
large numbers of tomato seeds are imported  into the country , including from countries 
where CLVd is known to be present (MPI, 2019b). Viroids do not cause symptom s on  
12  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  infected or contaminated seeds. Therefore, infected seeds are unlikely to be detected at the 
border (MPI, 2019b).  
50. Between 2008 and 2016 , Constable et al.  (2019) detected CLVd in 1 9 lots of tomato seeds 
arriving in Australia  using reverse -transcription  PCR . The geographic distribution of 
CLVd reflected by the seed testing results was consistent with its known distribution, with 
the exception of a detection in tomato seed s sent from the Middle East (country not 
specified). This suggests that infectio n of crops may go unnoticed/ unreported and that the 
geographic distribution may be wider than reported (MPI, 2019b).  
51. Constable et al. (2019) identified low levels of viroid contamination in these seed lots. 
They concluded that, in such scenarios, if insuffici ent seed numbers are tested the viroids 
may not be detected, but the risk of introduction remains (MPI, 2019b).  
52. In the US, between November 2018 and September 2019, shipments of tomato seeds from 
several countries also tested positive for CLVd , among other  pospiviroids  (APHIS, 2019 ). 
53. Tomato seeds can be imported into New Zealand from all countries (IHS 155.02.05). The 
majority of imported tom ato seeds (by volume) come from ‘re-exporter’ countries, such as 
the Netherlands (MPI, 2012). Therefore, the true cou ntry of origin in some cases may not 
be known. Between 2008 and 20 19 the greatest volume of seeds came from the Australia , 
China,  the Netherlands,  and the US (MPI, 2012 ; MPI, 2019b ).  
54. It is estimated at least 2.75 million seeds are imported per year (MPI, 2012). Therefore, 
even at low levels of viroid contamination, there is the potential for at least some seeds 
contaminated or infected with CLVd to enter New Zealand  (MPI, 2019b) .  
 
Ornamental plants  
55. This viroid has been reported to asymptomatically infect  natural ornamental hosts. Of 
these , Brunfelsia undulata , Gloxinia gymnostoma  and Nematanthus wettsteinii  can be 
imported as plants for planting , including tissue culture, from all countries into New 
Zealand (IHS 155.02.06). Other reported ornamental hosts  of CLVd are not permitted to 
be imported (MPI, 2019b) . 
56. CLVd may enter New Zealand via infected tissue culture of selected ornamental host 
plants, as the viroid  is reported to asymptomati cally infect ornamental species. The 
likelihood of entry into New Zea land through ornamental plants is low due to low trade 
volumes (MPI, 2019b).  
57. Infected tissue culture of host ornamental plants is unlikely to be detected at the time of 
export or during visual inspection at the New Zealand border as no symptoms would be 
visible  (MPI, 2019b) .   
58. No information was found on seed transmission of CLVd in known ornamental host 
plants  (MPI, 2019b).  
 
Likelihood of exposure  in New Zealand  
59. CLVd  would be able to successfully complete its life cycle on a suitable host if it were to 
enter New Zealand undetected on contaminated/infected tomato o r tissue culture of 
selected ornamental hosts  (MPI, 2019b) .  
60. Systemically infecting plant viroids do not have to leave the import pathway to achieve 
exposure because successful exposure is consid ered to be when a contaminating organism 
becomes associated with a suitable host in New Zealand that allows it to complete a 
normal life cycle  (MPI, 2019b) .   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   13 61. Plants produced from imported germplasm are likely to be propagated in favourable 
conditions and m ay be multiplied. Conditions favouring plant growth favour the 
persistence and survival of associated pathogens (MPI, 2018). Therefore, CLVd entering 
on host germplasm is likely to replicate and persist in the resulting plants  (MPI, 2019b) . 
 
Likelihood of establishment in New Zealand  
62. CLVd  is likely to be able to establish and spread in New Zealand, but it may be restricted 
to indoor growing sites. Disease outbreaks of the viroid have been reported in glasshouse 
tomato crops grown under similar conditions t o New Zealand.  
63. The New Zealand climate is unlikely to support overwintering of the v iroid in outdoor 
grown plants  because  temperature is the key factor for viroid rep lication and symptom 
expression,  with both enhanced as the temperature increases to above  20 °C to (at least) 
35 °C (Hadidi et al ., 2003 ; MPI, 2019b ).  
64. There are reports of other pospiviroids to be transmitted by bumblebees t herefore, there is 
the potential for other pospiviroids, such as CLVd, to be transmitted by bumblebees 
within and betwee n crops in infected/contaminated pollen. There is high uncertainty , 
however, due to the limited number of studies  (MPI, 2019b) .  
65. CLVd was experimentally shown to be transmitted by artificial pollination to healthy 
eggplants  (Solanum melongena ) with CLVd -infected pollen. Infected seeds produced by 
this method then produced infected seedlings (Bhuvitarkorn and Reanwarakorn, 2019 ; 
MPI, 2019b ). 
 
Tomato  
66. In New Zealand , 408 ha of commercial tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) crops are grown 
outdoors. The majority of t hese crops are grown in Hawke ’s Bay. There are also outdoor 
commercial production  sites in Whangarei, Auckland and Christchurch (MPI, 2012). The 
northern regions have maximum, mean daily temperatures above 20 °C from November to 
January (during the tomato growing season), and Christchurch during December and 
January (NIWA data). Therefore, temperatures that support viroid replication and 
symptom development occur during the cropping season  (MPI, 2019b) . 
67. There is uncertainty as to whether CLVd would persist outdoors over the winter as tomato 
crops are not grown during this time and the low temperatures do not favour viroid 
replication. Therefore, there is the potential for transient populations of CLVd to exist 
outdoors. However , the establishment of the viro id outdoors, beyond one growing season, 
is unlikely  (MPI, 2019b) .  
68. CLVd is only reported from outdoor tomato plants grown in Mali and Ghana (Batuman 
and Gilbertson, 2013; Batuman et al ., 2013). These countries have poor climate similarity 
to New Zealand (C MI 0.3‒0.4 and CMI 0.4‒0.5)  (MPI, 2019b) . A score of 0.7 or above is 
considered to represent a climate similar enough to N ew Zealand  to support 
establishment.  
69. In Europe there are several reports of CLVd disease occurring in glasshouse tomato crops , 
includi ng in  Belgium (eradicated), France , the Nether lands , and the U K (eradicated) 
(Sansford and Morris, 2009; Nixon et al ., 2010; Steyer et al ., 2010). Due to the controlled 
conditions and warmer temperatures within glasshouses, the viroid may establish 
anywhe re in New Zealand  where tomatoes are grown c ontinuously in such conditions 
(MPI, 2019b).   
14  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  70. CLVd is transmitted through tomato seeds to seedlings (Matsushita and Tsuda, 2016). 
Therefore, some seedlings grown from CLVd contaminated seed are likely to become 
infected with the viroid  (MPI, 2019b) .  
71. Matsushita and Tsuda (2016) demonstrated seed transmission in tomato. Transmission 
rates in four different tested cultivars ranged  between 0% and 100%. Therefore, seed 
transmis sion may be cultivar dependent (MPI, 2019b ).  
72. Outbrea ks of CLVd in four tomato crops of the same cultivar in the U K were linked to 
imported contaminated seed (Sansford and Morris, 2009; Nixon et al ., 2010; Fox and 
Monger 2011). CLVd is also mechanically transmitted (Hadidi et al ., 2003; Jones et a l., 
2014), therefore it has the potential to be spread by workers handling the crops, by plant -
to-plant contact, the use of contaminated tools and machinery, and by graft inoculation  
(MPI, 2019b) . 
73. The viroid has been reported to spread rapidly through toma to cro ps. During an outbreak 
in the U K symptoms were initially identified in three plants, but by the end of the growing 
season 50‒60% of the total crop was symptomatic (Sansford and Morris, 2009; Nixon et 
al., 2009; FERA 2010). Spread in the UK and the Nether lands is  thought to be a result o f 
workers handling the crop s (Verhoeven et al ., 2004 ; MPI, 2019b ).    
 
Ornamental plants  
74. Ornamental plants can be asymptomatically infected with CLVd (Sansford and Morris, 
2009; EFSA, 2011). Asymptomatic hosts play a critical role in the transmission of C LVd 
because it can only be detected if the host plants are tested , complicating surveillance and 
phytosanitary control of production processes and consignments.  
75. As pospiviroids affect plants systemically,  it is assumed that tissue culture material can 
provide a pathway for CLVd  to enter New Zealand.  
76. Australia’s pest risk analysis  states  that, outside contaminated tomato seeds , another 
possible cause for the  introduction of pospiviroids , including  CLVd , in tomato crops is via 
ornamental plants . This is  due to pospiviroid detection on these hosts (DAWR , 2018). 
 
Impact  
77. CLVd is likely to cause impacts of economic value to New Zealand  through impacts on 
tomato production. Other economically important hosts such as potato and pepper could 
also be impacted if natu ral infection occurs (MPI, 2019b) .  
78. B. undulata , G. gymnostoma  and Nematanthus wettsteinii  although asymptomatic hosts, 
can act as reservoirs for the viroid . It is assumed that the likelihood of viroid transmission 
to tomato plants is low, it  is not known if the same can be applied to other economically 
important hosts (MPI, 2019b ).  
79. Experimental work with different isolates of CLVd from ornamental hosts, i.e. B. 
undulata and N. wettsteinii , were shown to be transmissible to tomato plants (FERA, 
2010).   
80. Initially, CLVd  was only found in ornamental species . However , during the period of 
1988 and 2002, six isolates of CLVd infecting seve n different varieties of tomato  were 
reported . The infection rate with CLVd varied in different cultivars from less than 1% t o 
as high as 90% (Verhoeven et al. , 2004 ; Singh and da Silva, 2006).  
81. Observations duri ng an outbreak of CLVd in the U K found that although quality of the 
fruit of the infected tomato crop was not affected, yield losses were reported (Sansford  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   15 and Morris, 2009; FERA, 2010). However, this is based on one grower comparing 2006 
yields to 2007 when the outbreak occurred. It was concluded that the viroid had potential 
to cause si gnificant yield losses in the U K tomato industry (Sansford and Morris, 2009). 
No inf ormation on crop losses due to CLVd outbreaks countries other than the UK could 
be found  (MPI, 2019b) .  
82. Yield losses of 26‒100% have been reported during experimental studies in tomato plants 
infect ed with the viroid (Marach 2008,  cited in DAWR 2018 ; MPI, 2019b ).  
83. There is the potential for CLVd to infect native solanaceae  plants, although this is highly 
uncertain due to the lack of studies. As the viroid has only been identified causing 
symptoms in tomato, infection of these plants may be asymptomatic  (MPI, 2019b) .  
84. Although no natural infections were  reported, CLVd is reported to experimentally infect 
other  economically significant hosts. If natural infection were to occur economic impacts 
could be  seen due to loss of production:  
i. Experimentally infected eggplants ( Solanum melongena ) showed symptoms of 
stunting, reduced leaf size, cupping of flowers, reduced pollen production and fruit 
size (Bhuvitarkorn and Reanwarakan, 2019 ; MPI, 2019b ).  
ii. Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) plants experimentally infected with CLVd showed 
symptoms similar to Potato spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd) infected potatoes (Singh 
et al., 1992; Ve rhoeven et al ., 2004). Crop losses could be similar to those for 
PSTVd, which have been estimated as 1% of  the total potato crop in the US  
(Owens and Verhoeven, 2009). However , there have been no reports of natural 
potato infection by CLVd and no evidence of transmission under field conditions 
(Verhoeven et al ., 2004 ; MPI, 2019b ).    
iii. Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) is also described as an experimental host of CLVd. 
Infection by the viroid is described as causing symptoms, however details are not 
given (Hammond e t al., 1989). It is assumed that symptomatic infection would 
lead to yield losses  (MPI, 2019b) . 
Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)  
 
Likelihood of entry into New Zealand   
85. TASVd could enter New Zealand with imports of tomato seed for sowing, as this viroid 
has been demonstrated to be seed transmitted in tomatoes ; but also via the importation of 
plants for planting  species of the genus Cestrum  (Antignus et al., 2007  cited in  MPI, 
2012 ).   
86. The likelihood of entry is high, but the proportion of seeds and plants for planting infected 
with TASVd is highly uncertain ( MPI, 2012 ).  
87. TASVd was recorded in commercial glasshouses and in commercial seed lots, be ing 
intercepted once in tomato seed s exported from the US to Israel (EPPO 2010 ; MPI, 2012 ). 
TASVd was detected  on seed lots of tomatoes destined for Australia and later on 
glasshouse tomatoes  in Italy  (Constable et al., 2019; EPPO, 2019) .  
88. This viroid is consistently reported since 2003 in various countries in tomato and 
ornamental plants : Austria, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Israel , Italy, the 
Netherlands, Poland, Senegal, Slovenia, and Tunisia (EPPO, 2019) .  
89. Cestrum  sp. is recorded by Verhoeven et al.  (2008 , cited in MPI, 2012 ) as a natural 
ornamental host of TASVd  in the Netherlands. This record originates f rom an EPPO  
16  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  reporting from  2006 when TASVD was detected in symptomless Cestrum  sp. under 
glasshouses . 
90. TASVd  has been consistently found in tomato glasshouses in Israel causing severe losses 
(Antignus et al., 2007 cited in MPI, 2012 ). TASVd was also recorde d in commercial 
tomato production facilities in Tunisia (Verhoeven et al., 2006). Furthermore, although 
TASVd has only been reported as present from a few countries  (Cote d’Ivoire, Belgium, 
Ghana, Indonesia, Israel, the Netherlands, Senegal, Slovenia, and Tunisia ), it is likely that 
TASVd is present in other countries where it has not yet been detected or reported  (MPI, 
2012 ).  
91. Seed -lots and plants for planting  entering New Zealand are considered to originate from 
all over the world, including from countrie s that are known to have TASVd in tomatoes 
(e.g. Israel, the Netherlands ) (MPI, 2012 ). 
92. It seems unlikely that symptomatic  plants would be used for high value commercial seed 
production . In reality, the proportion of seeds infected with TASVd is likely to b e variable 
from consignment to consignment and over time is highly uncertain. As large volumes of 
tomato seed are imported into New Zealand, TASVd may enter New Zealand through this 
pathway  (MPI, 2012 ).  
93. As pospiviroids affect plants systemically,  it is as sumed that tissue culture material can 
provide a pathway for TASVd  to enter New Zealand.  
94. As a visual inspection of a consignment of tomato seeds will not enable detection of 
contaminated seeds, it is considered highly likely that if tomato seeds exported t o New 
Zealand are infected with TASVd, then TASVd will enter New Zealand  (MPI, 2012 ). 
95. The same rationale can be applied for Cestrum sp. as plants for planting. V isual inspection 
of a consignment of Cestrum sp. will not enable the detection  of contaminated plants, i.e. 
tissue culture . Therefore it is highly likely that if Cestrum sp. plants for planting exported 
to New Zealand are infected with TASVd, then TASVd will enter New Zealand.  
 
Likelihood of exposure  in New Zealand   
96. If TASVd entered New Zealand in imported tomato seed, most plants arising from the 
infected seed are likely to be infected because the seed -to-seedling transmission rate is 
high ( MPI, 2012 ).  
97. If TASVd entered New Zealand in imported Cestrum sp. plants for planting, the grown 
plants and c lones generated from these plants will be infected because the viroid is 
systemic in the plant, meaning that it can be found in all parts of the plant.  
98. A transmission experiment conducted by Antignus et al.  (2007 , cited in MPI, 2012 ) 
showed that 24 out of  30 tomato seedlings propagated from seeds taken from TASVd -
infected tomato plants tested positive for the viroid. This represents 80% infection. The 
generation of an infected plant from an infected seed is considered to be completion of the 
exposure  pathw ay (MPI, 2012 ). 
99. In the context of millions of seeds being planted in New Zealand over time, the likelihood 
of TASVd exposure to a tomato seedling is considered to be high  (MPI, 2012 ). 
 
Likelihood of establishment in New Zealand   
100. Establishment in this secti on is a ssessed on the basis that TASVd has already been 
exposed to (or infected) a new host plan t. TASVd establishment in the environment is  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   17 affected by the number of tomato plants exposed to (infected with) TASVd and whether 
that number is above the thres hold for concern  (MPI, 2012 ).   
101. As TASVd can readily spread within a tomato crop as a result of routine crop handling 
and maintenance, even if there is only one initial exposure (infection) event, it is likely to 
result in tens to hundreds of additional ex posures in the tomato crop, depending on what 
setting the initial exposure has occurred in (i.e. potentially hundreds of exposures in a 
commercial greenhouse, or in a commercial outdoor crop of table tomatoes, or in an 
outdoor, commercial field crop; and p otentially tens of exposu res in a home garden 
setting). These numbers of exposures are considered to be above the threshold for concern  
(MPI, 2012 ). 
 
Commercial glasshouses  
102. In commercial glasshouses in New Zealand, TASVd in plants grown from infected seeds  
is likely to be spread through the glasshouse mechanically by contaminated workers’ 
hands or equipment, or by bumble bees. In New Zealand bumble bees are used to 
pollinate commercially grown tomato plants (W. Zwart, pers. comm. , 2011 ; MPI, 2012 ).   
103. Outbre aks in other countries demonstrate that TASVd can spread quickly through a 
glasshouse. For example, in an outbreak of TASVd in Tunisia initially only 5% of plants 
in a production facility showed symptoms but the number of symptomatic plants increased 
quick ly to 100% as temperatures increased in the facility (Verhoeven et al.,  2006). It is not 
known if TASVd is ever symptomless in tomatoes but possibly it is similar to Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd)  (MPI, 2012 ).  
104. The viroid could establish for a season in New Zealand glasshouses, but is highly likely to 
be destroyed when plants are destroyed and the glasshouse disinfected at the end of the 
season.  If there was an outbreak of TASVd in a glasshouse tomato crop, there is a low 
likelihood that infection cou ld be moved from one glasshouse tomato crop to another 
glasshouse tomato crop, or to tomatoes growing outdoors.  The primary mechanism of 
spread would be by mechanical transmission by sap, on the hands or equipment of 
workers  (MPI, 2012 ).   
 
Outdoor crops  
105. For outdoor crops of commercially grown field tomato plants, t here is a high probability 
of spread ing throughout the field , through a combination of bumblebee activity, and on 
workers hands or equipment because field tomatoes will be checked by workers on a 
regular basis and leaves  are touched for nearly all plants during crop scouting (checking 
for insect pests and looking for symptoms due to pathogens or nutrient deficiency)  (MPI, 
2012 ).  
106. Also, the viroid could be spread from machinery operated in the fie ld i.e. during spraying.  
The likelihood that TASVd would be spread to alternative host pla nts, such as 
Brugmansia sp ., Cestrum sp. and Solanum  jasminoides , which are described as weeds in 
New Zealand (Ogle and Lovelock, 1989; Popay et al. , 2010; Bay of Ple nty Regional 
Council, 2011) before crops are destroyed at the end of the growing season is uncertain  
(MPI, 2012 ).   
107. Infections of TASVd in perennial or weedy annual species could establish if bumblebees 
visit flowers of suitable host plant s, rather than no n-host plants.  If populations of these 
plants are infected they could act as a reservoir for TASVd , where i nfection is 
symptomless in all of these hosts (Verhoeven et al.,  2008a and 2008b; Olivier et al.,  2011 ; 
MPI, 2012 ).    
18  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Home Gardeners  
108. Home gardeners g rowing plants from commercially purchased infected seed s or seedlings 
could spread TASVd throughout their own tomato crop mechanically, or it could spread 
via bumble bee activity  (MPI, 2012 ).  
109. Home gardeners often save the seeds harvested from plants grown  using purchased seeds. 
Gardeners  may also distribute harvested seeds which, if  collected from infected plants , 
could be moved around the country and provide a source of infection . This is the major 
way that infection could travel long distances within New  Zealand  (MPI, 2012 ).  
110. Seed may not be collected from obviously infected plants, but there is a possibility that 
infected plants may be symptomless (like some plants grown from seeds infected with 
PSTVd). Furthermore, home gardeners may not be aware of sym ptoms of viroids, or be 
aware that they shouldn’t collect seeds from diseased plants  (MPI, 2012 ).  
111. As with commercial crops of tomatoes, it is assumed here that TASVd can be spread from 
tomatoes in the ho me garden to other host plants, such as Brugmansia sp., Cestrum sp . 
and S. jasminoides  by bumblebees  (MPI, 2012 ).   
112. It is conceivable that these plants may occur in home gardens, and they may be trimmed 
and maintained using tools that have become contaminated with TASVd thro ugh exposure 
to tomato plants. Therefore, there is a low -moderate likelihood that TASVd could be 
spread from tomato plants in home gardens to other host plants  (MPI, 2012 ). 
113. The likelihood of TASVd establishing in tomato crops where the initial infection occurs, 
and for that season, is con sidered to be high  (MPI, 2012 ). 
114. The likelihood of TASVd establishing in the New Zealand environment (beyond one 
season) is uncertain but considered to range from low to moderate, and is most likely to 
originate from the occurrence of TASVd in home garden t omato crops; and from outdoor 
commercial crops assuming that bumblebees can transmit TASVd trans -species  (MPI, 
2012 ).   
 
Impact  
115. Affected tomato plants in Israel showed shortened internodes (bushy appearance), leaf 
deformation and yellowing, reduced fruit s ize, pale red discoloration of fruit. Up to 100% 
disease incidence could be observed with heavy yield losses  (MPI, 2012 ).  
116. Based on the description of damage caused by TASVd, it is estimated that if TASVd 
became established in New Zealand crops, the yield losses are likely to be similar to those 
caused  by other viroids such as PSTVd  or TCDVd .  Other direct costs to the tomato 
industry may include costs of detection and eradication of the viroid from crops  (MPI, 
2012 ).  
117. The Indonesian strain of TASVd and the  Israeli isolate (TASVd -Is) are reported to cause 
severe symptoms and crop losses in tomato (Antignus et al., 2002 and 2007). The 
outbreak of TASVd in a commercial glasshouse in the Netherlands in May 2011 resulted 
in heavy damage on plants (EPPO, 2011b  cited in MPI, 2012 ).   
118. Consequences for commercial growers are mostly independent of environmental 
establishment of TASVd, and could arise every year simply through the importation and 
growing of infected seed  (MPI, 2012 ). 
119. The viroid has been reported to asy mptomatically infect ornamental Cestrum  sp. that can 
be imported to New Zealand as tissue culture. However, the likelihood is low due to low 
trade volumes  (MPI, 201 9b).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   19 120. Infected tissue culture of host ornamental plants is unlikely to be detected at the ti me of 
export or at the border as no symptoms would be visible  (MPI, 201 9b). 
 
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  (TCDVd)  
 
Likelihood of entry into New Zealand   
121. Although t he main host of TCDVd is Solanum lycopersicum  (tomato) , TCDVd  may enter 
New Zealand on other  infected or contaminated  natural hosts , such as ornamental plants 
for planting.   
122. It is assumed that tissue culture material can provide a pathway for TCDVd  to enter New 
Zealand  as pospiviroids infect plants systemically . 
123. A detection of TCDVd from Petunia sp. leaves at a plant breeding facility in Illinois  has 
been reported ; the plants originated in California (CDFA, 2015). No further reports of the 
viroid in California were found. The viroid has also recently been detected in glasshouse 
grown tomatoes in H awaii (Olmedo -Velarde, 2019 ; MPI, 2019a ).  
 
Seeds for sowing  
124. Matsushita and Tsuda (2016) mechanically inoculated Petunia  hybrid plants with TCDVd 
isolated from infected tomato plants. The seeds were harvested from the Petunia  hybrids 
3-5 months following i noculation. These seeds were grown for 2 -3 months and the 
resulting plants tested for TCDVd contamination. Of the sampled plants , seven of the 28 
(25%) were found positive for TCDVd. As the seeds were sown directly after collecting 
from the infected plants , it is not known if the viroid was present within the seed or as a 
contaminant on the seed coat  (MPI, 2019a) .  
125. Early work by the same authors (2014) , observed that the closely related PSTVd directly 
infects the embryo and endosperm of Petunia sp. seed dur ing seed development. As both 
viroids are closely related, it seems likely that TCDVd will also infect the embryo and 
endosperm of Petunia sp. seed (MPI, 2019a).  
126. A visual inspection of a consignment of Petunia  seeds will not enable detection of seeds 
contaminated with TCDVd ( MPI, 2012 ). 
127. In the context of millions of seeds being imported into New Zealand over time, the 
likelihood of Petunia  seed infected with TCDVd entering New Zealand is considered to 
be high , but the proportion of those seeds that are inf ected with TCDVd is highly 
uncertain.   
 
Plants for planting  
128. The viroid is symptomless in the ornamental hosts described above (CDFA, 2015). There 
is little information available regarding the nature of the viroid infection in these hosts 
(MPI, 2012).  
129. In Slovenia, Petunia  plants found to be TCDVd positive had been reproduced via cuttings 
(Marn and Pleško , 2010). TCDVd is a systemic pathogen and occurs throughout the plant 
(CDFA, 2015). The most efficient method of transmission of TCDVd is thought to be 
mech anical methods , for example by contact with contaminated clothing, pruning tools, 
farming equipment and between neighbouring plants ( British Columbia Ministry of 
Agriculture , 201 8; MPI, 2019a).   
20  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  130. The closely related PSTVd  is readily transmitted by propagati on of infected tubers, 
cuttings and micro -plants. The widespread occurrence of PSTVd in Russia was attributed 
to the large -scale propagation of infected in vitro plants (CABI, 2019). There is very little 
known about the epidemiology, host specificity and h ost-pathogen interactions of 
TCDVd. It is thought that TCDVd is likely to exhibit pathogenicity properties similar to 
the closely related PSTVd ( BCMA , 201 8; MPI, 2019a).  
131. As Petunia  plants infected with TCDVd are symptomless (James et al ., 2008; Marn and 
Pleško, 2010; Shiraishi et al ., 2013) , visual inspection of plants used for germplasm will 
not prevent infected plants being used for propagative material.  
 
Likelihood of exposure  in New Zealand   
132. TCDVd  would be able to successfully complete its life cycle  if a suitable host were to 
enter New Zealand undetected on contaminated/infected seeds or tissue culture of selected 
ornamental hosts.  
133. Successful exposure is considered to be when a contaminating organism becomes 
associated with a suitable host in New Zeal and that allows it to complete a normal life 
cycle. For systemic pathogens in plant propagative material and seeds, the concept is 
assessed differently, because the imported plants themselves are transferred directly to the 
wider environment. Therefore, th e pathogen does not have to leave the import pathway to 
find a suitable host to complete its lifecycle (MPI, 2018 ; MPI, 2019b ).    
 
Seeds for sowing  
134. This assessment  is made on the basis that contaminated seeds have entered New Zealand. 
Exposure of the TCDV d to a host plant simply requires seed -to-seedling transmission to 
occur, i.e. that a Petunia  plant derived from a seed is infected. The imported Petunia  seed 
would be planted in glasshouses or outside, and a new plant would be generated. The 
percentage of  those plants th at would be infected with TCDVd  depends on the seed  to-
seedling transmission rate  (MPI, 2012) .  
135. The reported transmission rate of TCDVd in seeds is of 25% ( Matsushita and Tsuda , 
2016 ). In the context of millions of seeds being planted in Ne w Zealand over time, the 
likelihood of exposure of TCDVd to a host plant is considered to be moderate .  
 
Plants for planting  
136. Plants produced from imported germplasm are likely to be propagated in favourable 
conditions and may be multiplied. Conditions favo uring plant growth also favour the 
persistence and survival of associated pathogens (MPI, 2018). Therefore, TCDVd  entering 
on host germplasm is likely to replicate and persist in the resulting plants.  
 
Likelihood of establishment in New Zealand   
137. This sect ion assesses establishment on the basis that TCDVd has already been exposed to 
(or infected) a new host plant. TCDVd establishment in the environment is affected by the 
number of Petunia  plants exposed to (infected with) TCDVd and whether that number is 
above the threshold for concern  (MPI, 2012) .  
138. As TCDVd can readily spread within a Petunia  crop as a result of routine crop handling 
and maintenance, even if there is only one initial exposure (infection) event, it is likely to  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   21 result in tens to hundreds of additional exposures in the Petunia  crop, depending on what 
setting the initial exposure has occurred in (i.e. potentially hundreds of exposures in a 
commercial greenhouse, and potentially tens of exposures in a home garden setting). 
These numbers of expos ures are considered to be above the threshold for concern  (MPI, 
2012) .  
139. Establishment of TCDVd in New Zealand requires the following scenarios, some of 
which depend on viroid transmission to other host species:  
i. Persistence of the infected Petunia  plant an d/or infected crop ; or  
ii. Contaminated/infected seeds or tissue culture  derived from the original host plant 
must generate infected new Petunia  plants in subsequent seasons ; or  
iii. The viroid must be transmitted to other host species that can either persist lon ger 
than one season (e.g. perennials), or generate seeds contaminated with the viroid  
(MPI, 2012) .  
140. If TCDVd infects  a Petunia  plant, the viroid persists systemically within the plant and is 
considered established in the environment until the plant dies ( MPI, 2012) . The movement 
of infected plants for planting and seeds of Petunia  could spread the viroid to new areas.  
141. Petunia  plants could act as reservoirs of TCDVd if they were infected.  Infected plants are 
symptomless , and as TCDVd is easily transmitted m echanically during routine crop 
handling and maintenance, it is highly likely that TCDVd will spread throughout a 
Petunia  crop (MPI, 2012).  Because of this ability, transmission from ornamental plants to 
crop plants such as tomato is also possible, include  if farm equipment and/or tools are 
shared.  
142. A glasshouse -based experiment demonstrated that the bumblebee Bombus ignitus  transmit 
TCDVd between tomato plants via their pollination activities, with a transmission 
efficiency ranging from 20 -50% (Mat suura et al., 2010). The specific transmission 
mechanism is yet to be determined, but evidence from Matsuura and collaborators  (2010) 
suggests that TCDVd is mechanically transmitted when the bumblebees grasp the anthers 
with their mandible s.  
143. This mechanism would e nable trans -species transmission of TCDVd by bumblebees 
(MPI, 2012) , potential ly spreading the viroid to economically important hosts, such as 
tomato.  
 
Impact  
144. TCDVd could potentially establish in New Zealand under local conditions.  Ornamental 
hosts  can act as reservoir s for the viroid , aiding in its spread via pollination  and movement 
of infected material across the country . As reported in the Australia’s risk analysis , the 
movement of TCDVd -infected crop residues to new areas, and their disposal near tomat o, 
weed or other susceptible hosts could result in the mechanical transfer of the viroid to 
those hosts and result in its spread  (MPI, 2012; MPI, 2019a; DAWR , 2018). 
145. TCDVd can cause damage to infected tomato plants, and possibly other infected species, 
and so can potentially cause unwanted impacts in New Zealand  (MPI, 2012; MPI, 2019a) . 
146. According to MPI  (2019a ), the economic impacts and yield losses associated with 
TCDVd infection have not been investigated. The prevalence of symptoms in infected 
locations may be used to predict likely impacts:   
22  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  i. In France, 20 -25% of tomato plants in a glasshouse showed symptoms associated 
with TCDVd infection (Candresse et al ., 2010). Three samples were tested and 
were positive for TCDVd.  
ii. In Japan 3,000 of 66,000 tomato pla nts showed symptoms (Matsushita et al ., 
2008). It is not known how many samples were tested.  
iii. In a Hawaiian glasshouse growing tomatoes, plants were observed showing 
symptoms associated with viroid infection. In some of the plant bays 100% of 
plants were s ymptomatic. Two symptomatic plants were sampled, each sample 
consisting of three leaflets from different leaves and were found positive for 
TCDVd (Olmedo -Velarde et al ., 2019).  
147. The Californian Department of Food and Agriculture consider TCDVd a high risk of 
causing economic impact. Their assessment concluded that ‘TCDVd can potentially lower 
tomato crop value, yield, and can influence normal cultural practices’  (MPI , 2012; MPI, 
2019a) .  
148. Even though Petunias  are asymptomatically infected by this viroid , these plants  are the 
most commonly grown ornamental plants in New Zealand, with a high market value 
(MPI, 2017). As such, this industry could be seriously affected if Petunias were to be 
destroyed d ue to confirmed risk s to tomato crops.  
149. As tomatoes and petuni as are commonly grown by home gardeners the viroid would 
likely also have social impacts. This may be through reduced production or (MPI, 2019a) .  
Tomato planta macho viroid  
 
Likelihood of entry into New Zeala nd 
150. TPMVd may enter New Zealand on infected or c ontaminated tomato seed  as these show 
no symptoms of infection. Therefore, infected seeds are unlikely to be detected at the 
border  by visual inspection (MPI, 2019 b). 
151. Large quantities of tomato seeds are imported into New Zealand, including from countries 
where TPMVd is reported . It is estimated at least 2.75 million seeds are imported per year 
(MPI, 2012). Therefore, it is possible that at least some of the seeds will be contaminated 
with TPMVd  (MPI, 2019 b).   
152. The viroid has been reported causing disease o f tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ) in 
Mexico and Canada (Ling and Bledsoe, 2009; Ling and Zhang, 2009). Tomato seeds are 
imported to New Zealand from both countries ( MPI, 2019 b).  
153. Although Constable et al. (2019) did not detect TPMVd  in any of the PCR -tested tomato 
seed lots imported into Australia between 2008 and 2016 , low levels of contamination 
with other viroid s were detected . They concluded that if insufficient seed numbers are 
tested, the viroids may not be detected , but the risk of introduction remai ns (MPI, 2019 b).  
 
Likelihood of exposure  in New Zealand  
154. TPMVd would be able to successfully complete its life cycle  in a suitable host were  it to 
enter New Zealand undetected on contaminated/infected seeds  (MPI, 2019 b). 
155. Successful exposure is considered t o be when a contaminating organism becomes 
associated with a suitable host in New Zealand that allows it t o complete a normal life 
cycle (MPI, 2018 ; MPI, 2019 b).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   23 156. For systemic pathogens that infect or contaminate seeds, the concept is assessed 
differently,  because the imported plants themselves are transferred directly to the wider 
environment. Therefore, if seed transmission occurs , the pathogen does not have to leave 
the import pathway to find a suitable host to complete its lifecycle (MPI, 2018 ; MPI, 
2019b).    
157. Seeds for so wing are planted in greenhouses  or outdoors, under conditions suitable for 
plant growth. As seed transmission of TPMVd has been reported, a percentage of the 
resulting plants are likely to be infected with the viroid  (MPI, 2019 b).  
 
Likelihood of establishment in New Zealand  
158. TPMVd  is likely to be able to establish and spread in New Zealand, but it may be 
restricted to indoor growing sites  (MPI, 2019 b).  
159. Disease outbreaks of th is viroid have been reported in glasshouse tomato crops grown 
under similar conditions to New Zealand  (MPI, 2019 b). Due to the controlled conditions 
and warmer temperatures within glasshouses, the viroid may establish anywhere in the 
country where tomatoes are grown in such conditions (MPI, 2019 b). In New Zealand 120  
ha of commercial tomato crops are grown in glasshouses, producing a total of 42,400 
tonnes of tomatoes in 2018 (FreshFacts, 2018). Therefore, host plants under suitable 
conditions are likely to be present for the viroid to establish in New Zealand  (MPI, 
2019b). 
160. As with CLVd, t he New Zealand climate is unlikely to support overwintering of the viroid 
in outdoor grown plants  because disease occurrence of TPMVd in outdoor plants appears 
to be limited to regions with an average temperature above 22 °C. Such are as with  those  
conditions are reported to have a disease incidence of 5‒45%, whereas fields with an 
average temperature below 22 °C are not usua lly affected (Jones et al., 2014; MPI, 
2019 b). 
161. There is uncertainty as to whether TPMVd would persist outdoors ov er the winter in New 
Zealand as tomato crops are not grown during this time and the temperatures do not 
favour viroid replication. Therefore, there is the potential for transient populations of 
TPMVd to exist outdoors. However , the establishment of the vir oid outdoors, beyond one 
growing season, is unlikely  (MPI, 2019 b). 
162. It is known that TPMVd can be transmitted by infected seed and has been reported to 
spread rapidly in crops . TPMVd has been demonstrated to be transmitted through tomato 
(Solanum  lycopersic um) seeds to seedlings (Yanagisawa and Matsushita, 2017). 
Therefore, some seedlings grown from TPMVd contaminated seed are likely to be 
infected with the viroid.  
163. Yanagisawa and Ma tsushita  (2017) tested four tomato cultivars for seed transmission of 
TPMVd.  In three of the cultivars (Chika , Pepe  and Sun Cherry) seed transmission of the 
viroid was not observed. The viroid was transmitted at a rate of 4.4% in the Yellow Pear 
cultivar.  
164. As with other plant viroids, TPMVd is transmitted mechanically (Galindo et a l., 1982; 
Jones et al ., 2014)  and therefore can be spread by workers handling the crops , plant -to-
plant contact, the use of contaminated tools and machinery, and by graft inoculation.  
165. Ling and Zhang (2009) reported an outbreak in tomato greenhouses in Mexi co, which 
spread rapidly through the crop. Initially the outbreak was found in one 5 ha building. It 
quickly spread to two additional 5 ha greenhouses and by the end of the year 
approximately 5% of tomato plants over 35 ha were infected.   
24  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  166. Myzus persicae  has been reported to  transmit TPMVd to tomato crops  from wild plants , 
such as Physalis affinis foetens  and Solanum rostratum . The rate of transmission was 
reported to be as high as 97% after a 24 hour acquisition period (Galindo, 1989 cited in 
EFSA, 2011).  
 
Impact  
167. In Mexico the disease is commonly called ‘Planta macho’ (male plant) because the 
infected plants do  not produce marketable fruit (Galindo et al ., 1982). In some year s 
severe damage and occasionally total crop losses have been  described (Galindo et a l., 
1982; MPI, 2019b) . 
168. Tomato plants are widely grown by home gardeners in different parts of the countr y, both 
outdoor and in glasshouses ( MPI, 2012 ). Therefore establishment of TPMVd may also 
have  social impacts.   
Risk Management  
 
169. The pospiviroids  a) Pepper chat fruit viroid  (PCFVd) in Capsicum  seeds,  b) Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd) in Solanum , potato, tomato and Capsicum  seeds and 
Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Diascia, Persea, Petunia, Solanum  and potato as plants for 
planting , and c) Tomato dwarf chlor otic viroid  (TCDVd) in tomato seeds are regulated in 
New Zealan d in the import health standard (s) 155.02.05: Seeds for sowing  and 155.02.06: 
Importation of Nursery Stock .  
170. The current measures require that known hosts as  seeds for sowing allowed for import  
into New Zealand must have a phytosanitary certificate endorsed with an additional 
declaration for ‘pest free area’ or ‘pest free place of production’ or ‘tested using an 
appropriate method’  with exception of potato which is required to be grown under a p ost-
entry quarantine facility . Known hosts as plants for planting eligible to be imported into 
New Zealand must have the phytosanitary certificate endorsed with an additional 
declaration for ‘pest free area’ or ‘pest free place of production’  or ‘tested by  PCR’. These 
measures were imposed to minimize the risk of PCFVd, PSTVd and TCDVd entering 
New Zealand.  
171. Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) , Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) , Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  (TDCVd) , and Tomato planta macho viroid  (TPMVd) are ve ry similar in 
their biology, morphology, host range and symptoms, so the application of similar 
requirements for the mitigation of risk is reasonable.   
172. Further options to mitigate the risk of these viroids  include assurances by the importers  
that their see d sources are from healthy planting material grown and sourced from areas  
where the virus historically has not been reported. Importers can also source seed from  
reputable producers that follow good cultural practices and employ parent plant testing  
during  seed production.  
 
OPTIONS ANALYSIS  
Pest free area  (PFA)  
173. CLVd , TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd  have a wide  distribution, so PFA declarations will 
only be  possible for countries  where these viroids are not present . For the countries where 
PFA can be declared for CLVd, TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd , this measure offers  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   25 assurance that consignments are free from  these pathogens. Care needs to be taken by 
suppliers to source certified disease -free seed  and plants for planting  prior to planting.  
174. Guidelines for the determinati on of a PFA can be found in the International Standards for 
Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 4.  
 
Pest free place of production  (PFPP)  
175. PFPP systems are a practical alternative for specific quarantine  pathogens which have 
visible symptoms. During the growing se ason, an official  inspection by the exporting 
National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO ) for disease symptoms and/or parent plant 
testing for the absence of specific  quarantine pests needs to  be used for the official 
endorsement of PFPP  on the phytosani tary certificate.   
176. Solanum lycopersicum , Petunia , Brunfelsia undulata , Calibrachoa sp., Cestrum sp., 
Gloxinia gymnostroma , Nematanthus wettsteinii , Verbena sp., Vinca minor, and 
Pittosporum t obira plants  may show no symptoms in the field . Due  to the high i mpact that 
CLVd  and TCDVd can cause on the tomato  and Petunia  industr ies of New  Zealand , MPI 
requests that the PFPP  option utilises growing  season te sting of parent plants, using a  
NPPO approved testing method and sampling  regime.   
177. Tomato plants are able t o display visual s ymptoms of TPMVd , CLVd and TASVd  
infection , for example severe stunting, apical proliferation, yellowing leaves,  reduced 
yield and strong epinasty of leaves and le aflets (Galindo et al ., 1982). As a result, to 
manag e the risk of CLVd, TAS Vd and TPMVd  on tomato seeds, PFPP  using parent plant 
visual inspection or testing during the growing season will provide satisfactory means to 
ensure that consignments of seeds produced in the designated production area are free 
from th ese viroid s.  
178. Guide lines for the determination of a PFPP  can be found in the ISPM  10. 
 
Seed and plants for planting  testing  
179. Sensitive and accurate diagnostic tests are available which can be applied to commercial  
seed lots and plants for planting  to provide assurance that th e seeds and the plants are free 
of CLVd , TASVd, TCDVd, and TPMVd . 
180. Tomato and Petunia  seed lots can be tested using an NPPO approved testing method  
offshore , with testing  endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate , or on arrival in New 
Zealand .  
181. As ornamenta l hosts are known to be asymptomatic hosts of CLVd , TASVd  and TCDVd, 
growing season inspection while in Post-Entry Quarantine ( PEQ ) will not be adequate to 
identify the presence of this pathogen.  
182. Testing for the ornamental host plants will be performed in  PEQ if importers cannot 
secure a PFA or PFPP declaration endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate.  
183. Bulbs do not have the option of testing in PEQ as:  
 Most bulbs are imported from approved schemes, with the risk being managed 
offshore; and  
 Testing for the  pospiviroids involve the destruction of the bulbs.  
  
26  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Feasibility & Practicality of Measures  
184. The New Zealand industries of tomato and Petunia would benefit from the measures 
implemented to mitigate the risk of importing regulated viroids into New Zealand as they 
could have si gnificant impacts on production.  
185. PFA declarations should be possible for countries where these viroids have not been 
recorded as present.   
186. PFPP declarations may be possible for countries where the se viroids are present, but 
where a produ ction area  has been identified as free from the pathogens through  growing 
season visual inspection of parent plants or testing of parent plants . 
187. PFPP declarations, as well as testing, will enable importers to continue to  import CLVd,  
TASVd , TCDVd, and TPMV d host plants as seeds for sowing and plants for planting 
from countries where these viroids are known to occur.  
188. Seed testing allows access to seed pro duced for international markets  and gives a practical 
option for imp orting stored inventory of seed  where  country of origin is not specified 
and/or growing season inspections have not previously been undertaken. The limitations 
include t he cost and efficacy of testing.   
189. The cost for testing for the four pospiviroids plus PSTVd at the Plant Health and 
Environm ent Laboratory  (PHEL) will vary depending on the commodity and the 
pathogens to be tested. Available tests at PHEL can detect a single viroid or a group:  
 RT-qPCR PSTVd test: detects PSTVd, TPMVd and TCDVd (sequencing will be 
required if a sample is positiv e). 
 RT-qPCR test CLVd: detects CLVd . 
 RT-qPCR test TASVd: detects TASVd . 
190. Testing individual plants (or a bulk of up to 5 plants) for one pospiviroid starts at $195.00 
(GST excluded) . The cost for testing a seed lot will vary  depending on whether the sample 
also requires virus testing . The estimated cost for testing 3000 seeds with subsampling for 
one pospiviroid s tarts at $720.00 (GST excluded).  
191. Seeds should be submitted untreated. In the rare event that seeds are treated pre -export, an 
additional cost of $1 05.00 (GST excluded) will apply to each treated seed lot as washing 
will be required before testing . 
192. The proposed phytosanitary measures described here are already successfully operating on 
other commodities in the IHS 155.02. 05: Seeds for sowing  and IHS 1 55.02.06: 
Importation of Nursery Stock . For example, on Solanum  seeds for sowing and 
Chrysantemum  plants for planting . 
193. These measures will provide an appropriate level of protection and assurances that 
imported seed s for sowing and plants for planting  are free from CLVd , TASVd , TCDVd, 
and TPMVd . 
 
Proposed IHS requirements  Seeds for sowing  
194. Current specific requirements for Solanum lycopersicum  already include measures for the 
following pospiviroids: Potato spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd) and Tomato chlorotic dw arf 
viroid  (TCDVd). The addition of CLVd, TASVd and TPMVd will allow for the 
harmonization of measures for all the pospiviroids on the tomato seeds for sowing 
pathway. This will guarantee consistency of approach domestically , but also 
internationally.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   27 195. Based on the evaluation of measures for the management of CLVd,  TASVd, TCDVd, and 
TPMVd on the seed for sowing pathway , the following amendment to the requirements 
for the import of Solanum lycopersicum  and Petunia sp. as seed for sowing is proposed:  
a) “Pes t Free Area” declaration, or  
b) growing season testing of parent plants for TCDVd on Petunia  seeds ; growing season 
inspection of parent plants or testing of parent plants for CLVd, TASVd  and TPMVd 
declaration on tomato seeds, or  
c) seed testing, using a NPPO approved method  endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate .    
196. These proposed requirements will also affect the current measures in place for PSTVd and 
TCDVd on tomato seeds.  
 
Plants for planting  
197. Current requirements for ornamental plants for planting  already include measures for the 
pospiviroids Potato spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd). The addition of CLVd, TASVd  and 
TPMVd will allow for the harmonization of measures for all the pospiviroids on the plants 
for planting  pathway. This will guarantee consisten cy of approach domestically, but also 
internationally.  
198. Based on the evaluation of measures for the management of CLVd, TASVd  and TCDVd 
on the plants for planting  pathway , the following amendment to the requirements for the 
import of Brunfelsia undulata , Calibrachoa sp., Cestrum  sp., Gloxinia gymnostroma 
Nematanthus wettsteinii, Petunia sp., Pittosporum to bira, Verbena sp., and Vinca minor  
as plants for planting  is proposed:  
a) “Pest Free Area ” declaration, or  
b) growing season testing of parent plants for : 
 CLVd on  Brunfelsia undulata , Gloxinia gymnostroma  and Nematanthus 
wettsteinii  plants for planting , 
 TASVd on Cestrum  sp. plants for planting ,  
 TCDVd on Calibrachoa sp., Petunia sp., Pittosporum to bira, Verbena sp., and 
Vinca minor plants for planting , or  
c) plant testing, using a NPPO approved method during  PEQ .    
199. These proposed requirements will also affect the current measure in place for PSTVd  on 
various ornamental species . 
  
28  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Appendix  1: Proposed amendments to the Import Health 
Standard 155.02.06: See ds for Sowing   
2.59 Petunia  
These requirements only apply to species in the Plant Biosecurity Index listed under 
Import Specifications for  Seed as “see 155.02.05 under Petunia ”. 
 
Approved countries:  All 
 
Quarantine pests:  Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
 
Import Permit:  Permit not required, unless seeds are to be grown in PEQ.  
 
PEQ:  Not required, unless imported under options 2.2.2 or 2.2.3 of the MPI Protocol for 
Testing for the  Presence of Genetically Modified Plant Material.  
 
Approved treatment:  Not require d 
 
Phytosanitary certificate:  Required  
 
  2.59.1 Phytosanitary requirements  
(1) If satisfied that the pre -shipment activities have been undertaken, the exporting 
country NPPO must  confirm this by providing the certifying statement as per Part 1.5.2 of 
this import health standard  and also the following additional declaration(s) to the 
phytosanitary certificate:  
a) “The [insert species name] seeds for sowing have been:  
i) sourced from a ‘pest free area’ free from  Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ; 
OR 
ii) sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, where parent plants have 
been tested according to a NPPO approved methodology and found free from 
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ; 
OR 
iii) officially tested, on a representative sample  of a minimum of 3000 seeds 
officially drawn according to the ISTA or AOSA sampling methodology using 
a NPPO approved PCR testing method, and found to be free from Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
(2) The full scientific name of the Petunia  species and variety, plus the appropriate 
common name, must  be specified on the phytosanitary certificate.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   29   2.59.2 GM seed testing  
(1) In addition to the phytosanitary requirements above, all lots of Petunia are required to 
be representatively sampled, tested at an MPI approved testing laboratory, and found to be 
free of  unapproved GM seed according to the MPI Protocol (refer to Part 1.5.3 
Genetically Modified Testing  Certificate).  
(2) Every lot tested must be specified on the testing certificate.  
 
Guidance:  
 The MPI Protocol for Testing for the Presence of Ge netically Modified Plant 
Material can be found at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/document -vault/10250   
 More information on genetically modified seeds can also be found at 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/importing/plants/seeds -for-sowing/genetically -modified -
seeds/  
 
2.59.3 Testing requirements   
(1) Testing is required to be completed offshore prior to export, or o n arrival in New 
Zealand.  
(2) Pre -export testing for each seed lot must be endorsed by the NPPO on the 
phytosanitary certificate, or if tested on arrival in New Zealand, must be completed by an 
MPI-approved testing laboratory.  
(3) Testing on -shore will b e performed using an MPI -approved testing method.   
30  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  2.74 Solanum  lycopersicum  
The following requirements only apply to species in the Plant Biosecurity Index listed 
under Import  Specifications for Seed as “see 155.02.05 under Solanum  lycopersicum .”  
 
Appro ved countries:  All 
 
Quarantine pests:  Columnea latent viroid , Pepino mosaic virus, Potato spindle tuber 
viroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, Tomato brown rugose fruit virus , Tomato apical 
stunt viroid, Tomato plant macho viroid  
 
Import permit:  Not requi red 
 
PEQ:  Not required  
 
Approved treatment:  Not required  
 
Phytosanitary certificate:  Required  
 
  2.74.1 Phytosanitary certificate - Additional declarations  
(1) If satisfied that the pre -shipment activities have been undertaken, the exporting 
country NPPO m ust confirm this by providing the certifying statement as per Part 1.5.2 of 
this import health standard and  also the following additional declaration(s) to the 
phytosanitary certificate:  
   
a) “The Solanum lycopersicum seeds have been prepared to industry sta ndards with 
thorough cleaning to remove all traces of flesh from the seeds”.  
AND  
b) “The Solanum lycopersicum  seeds have been:  
i) sourced from a ‘pest free area’ free from Pepino mosaic virus .  
OR 
ii) sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’ free from Pepino  mosaic virus .  
OR 
iii) officially tested, on a representative sample, and using appropriate methods, 
and found to be free from Pepino mosaic virus” .  
AND  
c) “The Solanum lycopersicum  seeds have been:  
i) sourced from a ‘pest free area’ free from Columnea latent  viroid , Potato 
spindle tuber viroid , Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, Tomato apical stunt 
viroid , and  Tomato planta macho viroid .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   31 OR 
ii)  sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’ where parent plants have been 
visually inspected or tested according to a NP PO approved methodology and 
found free from Columnea latent viroid , Potato spindle tuber viroid , Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid, Tomato ap ical stunt viroid , and Tomato planta macho 
viroid .  
OR 
iii) officially tested, on a representative sample  of a minimum of 30 00 seeds 
officially drawn according to the ISTA or AOSA sampling methodology 
using a NPPO approved PCR testing method, and found to be free from 
Columnea latent viroid , Potato spindle tuber viroid , Tomato chlorotic dwarf 
viroid, Tomato apical stunt viroid , and Tomato planta macho viroid . 
AND  
d) “ The Solanum lycopersicum seeds have been:  
i) sourced from a ‘pest free area’, free from Tomato brown rugose fruit virus .  
OR 
ii) sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’ free from for Tomato brown 
rugose fruit virus ”.  
OR 
iii) officially tested, on a representative sample of a minimum of 3000 seeds 
officially drawn according to the ISTA or AOSA sampling methodology, using 
an approved NPPO testing method and found free from Tomato brown rugose 
fruit virus ”.  
 
2.74.2 Testing requirements  
(1) Testing is required to be completed offshore prior to export, or on arrival in New 
Zealand.  
(2) Pre -export testing for each seed lot must be endorsed by the NPPO on the 
phytosanitary certificate, or if tested on arrival in Ne w Zealand, must be completed by an 
MPI-approved testing laboratory.  
(3) Testing on -shore will be performed using an MPI -approved testing method.  
  
32  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Appendix 2: Proposed amendments to the Import Health 
Standard  155.02.0 5: Importation of Nursery Stock  
Acac ia 
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Acacia ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the i mport 
health standard.  
   
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries:  All 
 
Quarantine Pests:  Ceratocystis fimbriata;  Phellinus noxius; Phytophthora capsici; 
Phytophthora palmivora; Phytophthora ramorum; Phytophthora tentaculata; Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum;  Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid;  Xylella fastidiosa   
 
Entry Conditions:  
Basic; with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  
PEQ:  Level 2  
Minimum Period:  3 months  
a. Conditions for Ceratocystis fimbriata (section 2.2.1.8)  
Note: Only applies to the following genera: Acacia  and Passiflora  
b. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici  
Note:  Only applies to the following genus: Portulaca  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
 
i) “The  [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
c. Conditions for Phytophthora palmivora1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genus:  Rosmarinus  
One of the following Add itional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora palmivora ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   33 d. Conditions for Phytophthora ramoru m (section 2.2.1.11)  
Note:  Only applies to the following species: Veronica spicata   
e. Conditions for Phytophthora tentaculata  
Note:  Only applies to the following genera: Artemisia and Mimulus  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
 
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “p est free area” 
for Phytophthora tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
 
f. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
            Note:   Only  applies to the following species:  Vinca minor  
            One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’,  where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato c hlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Vinca minor ”. 
a. Conditions for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  
Note:   Only applies to members of the following genus:  Pelargonium  
One of th e following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants were sourced from a pest free area, free from Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum)”.  
  OR  
ii)  “The [insert plant species] plants have been sou rced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum”.  
h.    Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa (section 2.2.1.12)  
         Guidance for impor ters: The minimum quarantine period will be 6 months  for nursery stock sourced 
from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa   
 
i.     Conditions for Phellinus noxius  (section 2.2.1.13)  
Note:  Only applies to the following species: Artemisia capillaris; Artemisia princeps; Duranta repens; 
Nerium oleander; and applies to all members of the Acacia  genus  
 
B. For Cuttings  
PEQ:  Level 2  
Minimum Period:  3 months  
a. Conditions for Ceratocystis fimbriata (section 2.2.1.8)  
Note : Only applies to member s of the Acacia  and Passiflora genera   
34  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  b. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
   Note:  Only applies to the following genus: Portulaca  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] pl ants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert specie s name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
c. Conditions for Phytophthora palmivora1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genus:  Rosmarinus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were prod uced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora palmivora ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
d. Conditions for Phytophthora ramorum (section 2.2.1.11)  
Note:  Only applies to the following species: Veronica spicata   
e. Conditions for Phytophthora tentaculata  
Note:  Only applies to the following genera: Artemisia and Mimulus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate : 
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthor a tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
f. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
              Note:   Only applies to the following spec ies:  Vinca minor  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary  
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not k nown to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determine d testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Vinca minor ”. 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   35 g. Conditions for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  
Note:   Only applies to members of the following genus:  Pelargonium  
One of the following Additional Declarations must  be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants were sourced from a pest free area, free from Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum) ”. 
OR  
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’,  
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum ”. 
h. Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa (section 2.2.1.12)  
Guidance for importers : The minimum quarantine period will be 6 months  for nu rsery stock sourced 
from countries not recognized  by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa   
 
C. For Tissue Culture  
a. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
              Note:   Only applies to the following species:  Vinca minor  
One of the following Additio nal Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testin g and Treatment Requirements 
for Vinca minor ”. 
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf v iroid  during the quarantine period.  
Conditions for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  
Note:   Only applies to members of the following genus:  Pelargonium  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert  plant species] plants were sourced from a pest free area, free from Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum)”.  
OR  
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where  parent plants were tested according to an NPPO appr oved methodology and found 
free from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum”.  
Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa on tissue culture (section 2.2.2.5)  
Guidance for importers : There will be a minimum quarantine period of 6 months in a Level 2 PEQ    
greenhouse , for tiss ue cultures from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa . 
 
D. For Whole Plants, Cuttings or Tissue cultures imported into a level 3A PEQ facility  
Note:   Only applies to members of the following genus:  Pelargonium  
PEQ:  Level 3A  
Minimu m Period:  3 months  
a. Conditions for Ralstonia pseduosolanacearum  
Pre-determined testing in PEQ; refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements for 
Pelargonium ”.  
36  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  b. Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa on tissue culture (section 2.2.1.12 or 2.2.2.5)  
Guid ance for importers : There will be a minimum quarantine period of 6 months in a Level 2 PEQ 
greenhouse , for tissue cultures from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa . 
 
 
Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements  
Note:   Only a pplies to  Pelargonium  and Vinca minor  
 
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Bacterium  
Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum  Growing season inspection in PEQ for 
symptom expression AND plating o n 
selective media OR PCR  Applies to Pelargonium   
whole plants, cuttings, and 
tissue culture imported into a 
level 3A PEQ facility  
Xylella fastidiosa  
  
  Refer to section 2.2.1.12 “Measures 
for Xylella fastidiosa ” Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only .  Testing 
requirements for Xylella 
fastidiosa  are identified in 
section 2.2.1.12.  
Refer to section 2.2.2.5 “Measures for 
Xylella fastidiosa  on tissue culture”  Applies to tissue culture 
only.  Testing requirements 
for Xylella fastidiosa  are 
identified in  section 2.2.2.5.  
Viroid    
Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  PCR  based methods  Only applies to Vinca minor  
whole plants, cuttings, and 
tissue culture imported into a 
level 2 PEQ facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Tomato ch lorotic dwarf viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .  
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   37 Aesculus  
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Speci fications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Aesculus ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import 
health standard.  
   
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries:  All 
 
Quarantine Pests:  Phellinus noxius, Phytophthora pa lmivora,  Phytophthora ramorum, 
Phytophthora tentaculata,  Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid , Xylella fastidiosa  
 
Entry Conditions:  
Basic; with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  
PEQ:  Level 2  
Minimum Period:  3 months  
a. Conditions for Phytophthora palmivora1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genus : Syringa  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name ] plants  in this consignment have been sourced f rom [insert 
country name ], which is free from Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
OR 
ii) “The  [insert species name ] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora palmivora ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name ] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
 
b. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
              Note:   Only applies to the following species:  Pittosporum tobira  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be e ndorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ:  refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requiremen ts 
for Pittosporum tobira ”. 
c. Conditions for  Phytophthora ramorum  (section 2.2.1.11)  
 
 
  
38  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  d. Conditions for Phytophthora tentaculata1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genera: Heteromeles and Rhamnus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed  on the phytosanitary certificate:  
  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in  a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
e. Conditions  for Xylella fastidiosa (section 2.2.1.12)  
Guidance for  importers : The minimum quarantine period will be 6 months  for nursery stock sourced 
from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa  
f. Conditions for Phellinus noxius  (section 2.2.1.13)  
Note : Only applies to the following species: Fraxin us griffithii; Rhus succedanea  
 
B. For Cuttings  
PEQ:  Level 2  
Minimum Period:  3 months  
a. Conditions for Phytophthora palmivora1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genus : Syringa  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name ] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name ], which is free from Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name ] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora palmivora ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name ] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
 
b. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
              Note:   Only applies to the followi ng species:  Pittosporum tobira  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The  [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Pittosporum tobira ”. 
b. Conditions for  Phytophthora ramorum  (section 2.2.1.11)  
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   39 c. Conditions for Phytophthora tentaculata1 
Note:  Only applies to the following gen era: Heteromeles and Rhamnus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora  tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
d. Conditions for  Xylella fastidiosa (section 2.2.1.12)  
Guidance for importers:  The minimum quarantine period will be 6 months for nursery stock sourced 
from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa  
 
C. For Tiss ue Cultures  
a. Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa on tissue culture (section 2.2.2.5)  
Guidance for importers:  There will be a minimum quarantine period of 6 months in a Level 2 PEQ 
greenhouse , for tissue cultures from countries not recognised by MPI as free fr om Xylella fastidiosa . 
 
b. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
              Note:   Only applies to the following species:  Pittosporum tobira  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent  plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Pittosporum tobira ”. 
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
40  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Inspection, Testing and Tre atment Requirements for Pittosporum tobira  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Bacterium  
Xylella fastidiosa  
  
  Refer to section 2.2.1.12 “Measures for 
Xylella fastidiosa ” Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings only. Testing 
requirements for Xylella 
fastidiosa  are identified in 
section 2.2.1.12  
Refer to section 2.2.2.5 “Measures for 
Xylella fastidiosa  on tissue culture”  Applies to tissue culture only.  
Testing requirements for 
Xylella fas tidiosa  are 
identified in section 2.2.2.5  
Viroid  
Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  PCR  based method  Applies  to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1Implementation of measures :  
For consignm ents with a phytosanitary certificate issued on or after 25 May 2018  the requirements for Phytophthora 
palmivora  and P. tentaculata  must be met.  
For consignments with a phytosanitary certificate issued no later than 24 May 2018,  the requirements for Phyto phthora 
palmivora and P. tentaculata are not mandatory .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   41  
Chrysanthemum  
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Chrysanth emum ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the 
import health standard.  
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries:  Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, 
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg , The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, 
Sweden, UK, USA.  
 
Quarantine Pests : Phytophthora tentaculata, Potato spindle tuber viroid , Uredinales  
 
Entry Conditions:  Basic;   with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  
PEQ : Lev el 2 
Minimum Period : 3 months  
 
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid   
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest  free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Chrysanthemum ”. 
b. Conditions for  Coleosporium  and Cronatium  
 
Rust diseases of genus  Coleosporium  and Cronatium  are not known t o occur on _____ (the host 
species being imported) _____ in _____ (the country in which the plants were grown)  _____".  
 
c. Conditions for Phytophthora tentaculata1 
Note:  Only applies to the following genus: Argranthemum  
One of the following Additional Declarati ons must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignmen t were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
 
  
42  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  B. For Tissue Cultures  
    As for Standard E ntry Conditions for Tissue Cultures - see Section 2.2.2.  
   PLUS  
   Additional Declaration:   
 
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant spe cies] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were t ested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Chrysanthemum ”. 
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture import ed under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements for Chrysa nthemum  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticid e treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Viroid  
Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Potato spindle tuber viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   43 Dahlia  
Note:  The entry conditions in this sched ule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Dahlia ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import 
health standard.  
 
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS : 
 
Approved Countries :  All 
 
Quarantine Pests : Phymatotrichopsis omnivore , Phytophthora capsici,  Potato spindle 
tuber viroid,  Tetranychus kanzawai,  Uredinales  
 
Entry Conditions:  Basic;   with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  
PEQ : Level 2  
Minimum Period : 3 months   
a. Additional Declarations  
"Rust diseases are not known to occur on Dahlia  in _ (the country in which the plants were grown)  _". 
AND  
"The plants have been dipped prior to export in dicofol at the rate of 0.7 g a.i. per litre of water".  
 
b. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest fr ee 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free fro m Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Dahlia ”. 
c. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitar y certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
 
 
 
 
  
44  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  B. For Dormant Bulbs from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, 
France, Germ any, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, 
Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom:  
 
OPTION 1:  
No import permit is required.  
PEQ: None  
 
1) For bulbs produced under a MPI -approved Dutch bulb propagation  scheme  
a. Additional  Declaration  
"In addition to inspection of the dormant bulbs prior to shipment, the imported bulbs meet the 
requirements of the BKD Class 1 bulb certification scheme.  
b. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber vir oid 
One of the following Additional Declarations m ust be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been so urced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
c. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must  be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produ ced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
2) For bulbs NOT produced under a MPI -approved bulb propagation sc heme:  
d. Additional Declaration  
"In addition to inspection of dormant bulbs prior to shipment, the crop from which the bulbs 
were derived was inspected during the growing season according to appropriate procedures, and 
considered free of quarantine pests, and  practically free from other injurious pests."  
e. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourc ed from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii)  “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology  and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
a. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   45 ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were pro duced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
OPTION 2:  
PEQ: Level 1  
Minimum Period: 3 months  
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate : 
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
b. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsi ci”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
C. For Dormant Bulbs from the USA  
No import permit is required unless the bulbs require post -entry quarantine.  
PEQ : None or Level 2 (see below)  
a. Additional Declarations  
"In addition to inspection of dormant bulbs prior to shipment, the crop from which the bulbs 
were derived was inspected during the growing season according to appropriate procedures, and 
considered free  of quarantine pests, and practically free from other injurious pests".  
b. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this co nsignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an N PPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
c. Conditions for Phymatotrichopsis omnivore  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) "The dormant tubers have been sourced from a “Pest free area”, free from 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ". 
OR 
ii) "The dormant bulbs have been sourced from a “ Pest free place of production ”, free from 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ".  
46  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  AND  for consignments with a “Pest free place of production” declaration for 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivoria : 
- The consignment must be treated for fungi as described in Section 2.2.1.7 “Pesticide 
treatments for dormant bulbs”. If satisfied that the pre -shipment activities have been 
undertaken, the exporting country NPPO must confirm this by recording the 
treatments applied in the “Disinfestation and/or Disinfection Treatment” section of 
the phytosanitary certificate.  
AND  
- Post-entry quarantine: Upon arrival in New Zealand the dormant bulbs will require a 
period of at least 3 months in Level  2 post -entry quarantine  
d. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name] , which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free pla ce 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
D. For Dormant Bulbs from Countries other than  Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, 
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, The 
Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain,  Sweden, UK, USA:  
PEQ: Level 1 or Level 2 (see below)  
Minimum Period: 3 months  
a. Additional Declarations  
"The dormant bulbs in this consignment have been:  
- derived from a crop which was inspected during the growing season according to appropriate 
procedures  and found to be free of regulated pests.  
AND  
- treated for regulated insects as described in section 2.2.1.7 of the basic conditions within 7 
days prior to freezing, cold -storage or shipment. " 
b. Conditions for  Potato spindle tuber vir oid 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant spe cies] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
c. Conditions for Phymatotrichopsis omnivore  
One of the followin g Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) "The dormant tubers have been sourced from a “Pest free area”, free from 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ". 
OR 
ii) "The dormant bulbs have been sourced from a “ Pest free place of production ”, free from 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ". 
AND  for consignments with a “Pest free place of production” declaration for 
Phymatotrichopsis omnivoria : 
- The consignment must be treated for fungi as described in Section 2.2.1.7 “Pesticide  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   47 treatments for dormant b ulbs”. If satisfied that the pre -shipment activities have been 
undertaken, the exporting country NPPO must confirm this by recording the 
treatments applied in the “Disinfestation and/or Disinfection Treatment” section of 
the phytosanitary certificate.  
AND  
- Post-entry quarantine: Upon arrival in New Zealand the dormant bulbs will require a 
period of at least 3 months in Level 2 post -entry quarantine  
d. Conditions for Phytophthora capsici1 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phyto sanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora capsici ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area”  
for Phytophthora capsici ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora capsici ”. 
 
E. For Tissue Cultures  
As for Standard Entry Conditions for Tissue Cultures  - see Section 2.2.2.  
PLUS:  
Additional Declaration:  
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a  ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found  
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii) Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Dahlia ”. 
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhou se for a minimum period of 3 months to undergo testing for the presence of Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  during the quarantine period.   
 
b. Conditions for virus diseases  
“The cultures have been derived from parent stock tested and found free of virus diseases."  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
48  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements for Dahlia  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants  and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Viroid  
Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Applies to whole plant s, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Potato spindle tuber viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1Implementation of measures :   
For consignments with a phytosanitary certificate issued on or after 25 May 2018  the requirements for Phytophthora capsici  
must be met.  
For consignments with a phytosanitary certificate issue d no later than 24 May 2018,  the requirements for Phytophthora 
capsici are not mandatory.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   49 Diascia  
 
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “se e 155.02.06 under 
Diascia ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import 
health standard.  
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries :  All 
 
Quarantine Pests : Potato spindle tuber viroid1 
 
Entry Conditions : Basic;  with variations  and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  and Cuttings  
PEQ : Level 2  
Minimum Period : 3 months  
Additional declaration:   
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free  place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Diascia ”. 
 
B. For Tissue Cultures  
As for Standard Entry Conditions for Tissue Cultures  - see Section 2.2.2.  
PLUS:  
Additional Declaration:  
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of product ion’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Diascia ”. 
                                                 
1 Requirements for Potato spindle tuber viroid  will commence on 1 September 2014:   
All phytosanitary certificates issued on or after 1 September 2014 must be endorsed with the correct additional declarations for Potato 
spindle tuber viroid .  
50  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Guidance for import ers: Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 
2 PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
Inspection, Testing and Treatme nt Requirements for Diascia  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Viroid  
Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported int o a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Potato spindle tuber viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   51 Petunia   
Note: The entry conditions in th is schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under Petunia ”, 
and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import health standard.  
 
GENERAL C ONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries : All  
 
Quarantine Pests : Phytophthora palmivora, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  
 
Entry Conditions : Basic; with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants and C uttings  
Import Permit:  An import permit is required.  
GM Testing Certificate:  A copy of the GM testing certificate must be submitted with the 
import permit application.  
PEQ : Level 2  
Minimum Period : 3 months  
Additional declaration:  
 
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants  in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest  free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest  free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found  
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined  testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Petunia ”. 
b. Conditions for Phytophthora palmivora  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary   
certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plant s in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
OR 
ii)  “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora palmivora ”.  
OR 
iii)  “The [insert spe cies name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora palmivora ”. 
 
c. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certifica te:  
52  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’ , 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Petunia ”. 
 
B. For Tissue Cultur es 
Import Permit:  An import permit is required.  
GM Testing Certificate:  A copy of the GM testing certificate must be submitted with the 
import permit application.  
As for Standard Entry Conditions for Tissue Cultures - see Section 2.2.2.  
PLUS  
Additional D eclaration s:  
 
a. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced  from a ‘pest free 
area’, wher e Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest  free place of production’, 
where  parent plants were  tested according to an NPPO approved methodology  and found 
free from Potato spind le tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Petunia ”. 
Guidance for importers:   Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum per iod of 3 months to undergo testing for the presence of Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
b. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements 
for Petunia ”. 
Guidance for importers:   Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
 
 
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   53  
 
Requirements for Genetically  Modified (GM) Testing Certificates:  
All varieties of Petunia  nursery stock imported into New Zealand require a GM testing 
certificate, which confirms that the variety is not a new organism, as defined by the  
Hazardous Substances  and New Organisms Act 1996  (HSNO Act 1996) . A copy of the GM 
testing certificate must be submitted with the import permit application.  
 Testing must occur at an MPI -approved or recognised laboratory, in accordance with 
the standard PIT -GMO -ALGMOT: Approval of Laboratories for Geneti cally Modified 
Organism Testing , and the Protocol for Testing for the Presence of Genetically 
Modified Plant Material . 
 The GM testing certificate must include the species name and a unique identifier (e.g. 
variety name or lot/line number),  which must be re produced on other import 
documentation to support traceability . 
 Sampling for the purposes of testing must be carried out in accordance with the Protocol 
for Testing for the Presence of Genetically Modified Plant Material.  
 
Guidance:  
 The Protocol, and a li st of MPI -approved and recognised facilities, are on the 
website Genetically Modified Plant Material 
http://mpi.govt.nz/importing/plants/seeds -for-sowing/geneti cally -modified -seeds/  
 
 
Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements for Petunia  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies t o whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Viroid s 
Potato spindle tuber 
viroid   PCR  based methods  Applie s to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  PCR  based methods  Applies  to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
54  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Solanum  
 
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plant s Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Solanum ”, and are additional to those specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import 
health standard.  
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries :  All  
 
Quarantin e Pests : Columnea latent viroid , Potato spindle tuber viroid , Tomato apical 
stunt  viroid , Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
 
Entry Conditions : Basic;  with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants and Cuttings:  
PEQ : Level 2  
Minimum Period : 3 months  
a. Conditions for Columnea latent viroid  
Note:   Only applies to  the following species:  Brunfelsia undulata , Gloxinia gymnostroma  and 
Nematanthus wettsteinii  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosa nitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Columnea latent viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of pr oduction’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Columnea latent viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements” . 
 
b. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber vir oid 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants  in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest  free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to  occur”.  
OR  
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest  free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found  
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testin g in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements”.  
 
c. Conditions for Tomato  apical stunt  viroid  
Note:   Only applies to  the Cestrum  genus  
 
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   55 i) “The [ insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato apical stunt viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where paren t plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato apical stunt viroid ”. 
OR 
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements”.  
 
d. Conditions for Tomato  chlorotic dwarf viroid  
Note :  Only applies to  the Calibrachoa  genus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chloroti c dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viro id”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements” . 
 
B.  For Tissue Cultures:  
As for Standard Entry Conditions for Tissue Cultures  - see Section 2.2.2.  
PLUS  
a.  Conditions for Columnea latent viroid  
        Note :  Only applies to  the following species:  Brunfelsia undulata , Gloxinia gymnostroma and 
Nematanthus wettsteinii  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this cons ignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Columnea latent viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO app roved methodology and found 
free from Columnea latent viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements” . 
Guidance for importers:   Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2  
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Columnea 
latent  viroid  during the quarantine period.  
b. Conditions for Tomato  apical stunt  viroid  
Note:   Only applies to  the Cestrum  genus  
 
One of the following Additional  Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato apical stunt viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR  
56  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  ii) “The [insert plant species] plant s have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato apical stunt viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Tre atment 
Requirements”.  
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
apical stunt viroid  during the quarantine period.  
c. Conditions for Potato spindle tuber vir oid 
  One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur”.  
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species] plants  have been sourced from a ‘pest  free place of production’, 
where ”; parent plants were  tested according to an NPPO approved methodology  and found 
free from Potato spindle tuber viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements”.  
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Potato 
spindle tuber  viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
d. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
Note:   Only applies to  the Calibrachoa  genus  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the  phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest f ree place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  “Pre-determined testing in PEQ:  refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment 
Requirements” . 
Guidance  for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf  viroid  during the quarantine period.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   57  
 
Insp ection, Testing and Treatment Requirements  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approved 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Viroid s 
Columnea latent 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Only applies to Brunfelsia 
undulata , Gloxinia  
gymnostr oma and 
Nematanthus wettsteinii  
whole plants, cuttings, and 
tissue culture of the species 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ  
facility  
Tomato apical stunt 
viroid  PCR  based methods  Only applies to Cestrum 
whole plants, cuttings, and 
tissue culture  imported in to 
a level 2 PEQ facility  
Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  
 PCR  based methods  Only applies to 
Calibrachoa  whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture  
imported in to a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Columnea latent viroid  and Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  is only necessary when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alte rnative declarations .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
58  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Verbena  
Note:  The entry conditions in this schedule only apply to species in the Plants Biosecurity 
Index listed under Import Specifications for Nursery Stock as “see 155.02.06 under 
Verbena ”, and are additional to th ose specified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the import 
health standard.  
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS:  
 
Approved Countries : All 
 
Quarantine Pests : Phytophthora tentaculata,  Tetranychus kanzawai,  Tomato chlorotic dwarf 
viroid , Uredinales , Xylella fastidiosa  
 
Entry Condit ions: Basic;  with variations and additional conditions as specified below:  
 
A. For Whole Plants  
PEQ : Level 2  
Minimum Period : 3 months   
a. Conditions for  Phytophthora tentaculata  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitar y certificate:  
i) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment have been sourced from [insert 
country name], which is free from Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
OR 
ii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free area” 
for Phytophthora tentaculata ”.  
OR 
iii) “The [insert species name] plants in this consignment were produced in a “pest free place 
of production” for Phytophthora tentaculata ”. 
b. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
One of the following Additional Declaratio ns must be endorsed on the phytosanitary certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant species ] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have b een sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatmen t Requirements 
for Verbena ”. 
c. Conditions for  Tetranychus kanzawai  
Additional declaration: "The plants have been dipped prior to export in dicofol at the rate of 
0.7g a.i. per litre of water".  
d. Conditions for Uredinales  
Additional declaration: "Rust diseases are not known to occur on _ (the imported genus)  _ in _ (the country 
in which the plants were grown)  _". 
e. Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa  (section 2.2.1.12)  
Guidance for importers: The minimum quarantine period will be 6 months  for nursery stock sourced 
from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa  
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   59 B. For Tissue Cultures  
a. Conditions for Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  
One of the following Additional Declarations must be endorsed on the phytosanitary 
certificate:  
i) “The [insert plant spe cies] plants in this consignment ha ve been sourced from a ‘pest free 
area’, where Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid is not known to occur” . 
OR 
ii) “The [insert plant species ] plants have been sourced from a ‘pest free place of production’, 
where parent plants were  tested according to an NPPO approved methodology and found 
free from Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid ”. 
OR  
iii)  Pre-determined testing in PEQ: refer to “Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirements  
for Verbena ” 
Guidance for importers:  Tissue culture imported under this option must be imported into a level 2 
PEQ greenhouse for a minimum period of 3 months  to undergo testing for the presence of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf  viroid  during the quarantine period.  
b. Conditions for Xylella fastidiosa on tissue culture  (see se ction 2.2.2.5)  
Guidance for importers : There will be a minimum quarantine period of 6 months in a Level 2 PEQ 
greenhouse , for tissue cultures from countries not recognised by MPI as free from Xylella fastidiosa . 
 
 
Inspection, Testing and Treatment Requirem ents for Verbena  
ORGANISM  MPI ACCEPTABLE METHODS  Comments  
Insects  
 Visual inspection AND  approved 
insecticide treatments as described in 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Mites  Visual inspection AND  approve d 
miticide treatments as described in the 
section 2.2.1.6 of the Basic conditions  Applies to whole plants and 
cuttings only  
Bacterium  
Xylella fastidiosa  
  Refer to section 2.2.1.12 “Measures for 
Xylella fastidiosa ” Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings only.  Testing 
requirements for Xylella 
fastidiosa  are identified in 
section 2.2.1.12  
  Refer to section 2.2.2.5 “Measures for 
Xylella fastidiosa  on tissue culture”  Applies to tissue culture only.  
Testing requirements for 
Xylella fastidiosa  are 
identified in s ection 2.2.2.5  
Viroid  
Tomato chlorotic 
dwarf viroid  PCR  based method  Applies to whole plants, 
cuttings, and tissue culture 
imported into a level 2 PEQ 
facility  
Guidance for importers:   Testing in PEQ for the presence of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  is only necessary 
when an importer has been unable to secure one of the alternative declarations .  
 
  
60  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  References  
 
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service  (APHIS ) (2019)  APHIS amends entry 
requirements for importation of tomato and pepper seeds form all co untries into the United 
States. Available at: 
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/federal_order/downloads/201
9/DA -2019 -21.pdf  
Batuman, O ; Gilbertson, R (2013) First Report of Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd) in Tomato 
in Mali. Plant Disease  97(5): 692‒693.  
Batuman, O; Michael, K O; Mochiah, M B; Gilbertson, R (2013) The first report of Tomato 
apical stunt viroid  (TASVd) and Potato spindle tuber viroid  (PSTVd) in tomatoes in Ghana. 
Paper presented at APS -MSA Joint Meeting, August 10‒14 2013, Austin, Texas . 
Bay of Plenty Regional Council (2011) Cestrum . Available at: 
http://www.boprc.govt.nz/environment/pests/pest -plants -and-weeds/weed -
index/shrubs/cestrum/  
Bhuvitarkorn, S; Reanwarakorn, K (2019) Pollen and seed transmission of Columnea latent 
viroid  in eggplants . European Journal of Plant Pathology  154(4): 1067‒1075.  
British C olumbia Ministry of Agriculture  (BCMA)  (2018) Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  on 
greenhouse tomatoes. Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming -natural -
resources -and-industry/agriculture -and-seafood/animal -and-crops/plant -health/phu -
tomatochlorotic -dwarfviroidss.pdf  
 
CAB International ( CAB I) (2019) Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid . Available at:  
https://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/108089  
 
California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) (2015). California Pest Rating for 
Tomato chlor otic dwarf viroid . Available at: http://blogs.cdfa.ca.gov/Section3162/?p=1181  
 
Candresse, T; Marais, A; Tassus, X; Suhard, P; Renaudin, I; Leguay, A; Poliakoff, F; 
Blancard, D (2010) First report  of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  in tomato in France.  Plant 
Disease  94(5): 633.  
 
Constable, F;  Chambers, G ; Penrose, L ; Daly, A ; Mackie, J ; Davis, K ; Rodoni, B; Gibbs, M  
(2019 ) Viroid -infected tomato and capsicum seed shipments to Australia.  Viruses  11(2): 98. 
DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/v11020098  
 
Department of Agriculture and Water Resource (DAWR) (2018) Draft pest risk analysis for 
pepino mosaic virus and pospiviroids associated with tomato seed. Availab le at: 
https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocumen ts/biosecurity/risk -
analysis/plant -reviews/draft -pest-ra-pmv-pospiviroids -tomato -seed.pdf   
 
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2011) Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the 
risk of solanaceous pospiviroids for the EU territory and the identificati on and evaluation of 
risk management options. Available at:  
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2330   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   61 European and Mediterranean Plant Protect ion Organization (EPPO ) (2010) Tomato apical 
stunt viroid . Available at: https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TASVD0/distribution  
 
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO ) (2019) Ava ilable at: 
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CLVD00/distribution/CR   
Food and Environment Research Agency  (FERA ) (2010) Emerging viroid threats to UK 
tomato production. Available at: 
https://planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk/assets/factsheets/emergingViroidThreatsTomato.pdf  
Fox A; Monger W (2011) Detection and elimination of solanaceous viroids in tom ato seeds 
and seedlings . Available at: http://horticulture.ahdb.org.uk/project/detection -and-elimination -
solanaceous -viroids -tomato -seeds -and-seedlings -6 
 
Fresh Facts (2018)  New Ze aland horticulture.  Available at: 
https://www.freshfacts.co.nz/files/freshfacts -2018.pdf  
 
Galindo, J A; Lopez, C; Aguilar, T (1989 ) Discovery of the transmitting agent of Tomato 
planta macho viroid . Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia  7: 61‒65.  
Galindo, J; Smith, D R; Diener, T O (1982) Etiology of Planta Macho, a Viroid Disease of 
Tomato.  Phytopathology  72: 49‒54 . 
Hadidi , A; Flores , R; Randles , J W; Semancik , J S (Eds.) (2003) Viroids . CSIRO Publishing ; 
Victoria, Australia.  
Hammond, R;  Smith, D R; Diener, T O (1989) Nucleotide sequence and proposed secondary 
structure of Columnea latent viroid : a natural mosaic of viroid sequences.  Nucleic Acids 
Research  17(23): 10083‒10094.  
James, T ; Mulholland, V ; Jeffries, C ; Chard, J  (2008) First re port of Tomato chlorotic dwarf 
viroid  infecting commercial petunia stocks in the United Kingdom. Plant Pathology  57(2) : 
400.  
Jones, J B; Zitter, T A; Momol, T M; Miller, S A (2014) Compendium of tomato diseases and 
pests  (2nd edition). The American Phytop athology Society , Minnesota, USA.   
Ling, K S; Bledsoe, M E  (2009) First report of Mexican papita viroid infecting greenhouse 
tomato in Canada. Plant Dis ease 93(8): 839. 
Ling, K S; Zhang, W  (2009) First report of a natural infection by Mexican papita viroid  and 
tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  on greenhouse tomatoes in Mexico. Plant Dis ease 93(11): 
1216.  
Marn, M V; Plesko, I M (2010) First report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  in Petunia  spp. 
in Slovenia.  Plant Disease  94(9): 1171.  
Matsushita, Y; Kanda, A; U sugi, T; Tsuda, S (2008) First report of a Tomato chlorotic dwarf 
viroid  disease on tomato plants in Japan.  Journal of General Plant Pathology  74(2): 182 ‒184.  
Matsushita, Y ; Tsuda, S  (2014) Distribution of Potato spindle tuber viroid  in reproductive 
organs of Petunia  during its developmental stages. Phytopathology  104(9): 964 ‒969. 
  
62  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  Matsushita, Y; Tsuda, S (2016) Seed transmission of Potato spindle tuber v iroid , Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid , Tomato apical stunt viroid , and Columnea latent viroid  in horticultural 
plants.  European Journal of Plant Pathology , 145(4): 1007‒1011.  
 
Matsushita, Y ; Usugi, T ; Tsuda, S  (2009) Host range and properties of Tomato chlo rotic 
dwarf viroi d. European Journal of Plant Pathology  124(2): 349 ‒352. 
 
Matsuura, S ; Matsushita, Y ; Kozuka, R ; Shimizu, S ; Tsuda, S (2010) Transmission of Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid  by bumblebees ( Bombus ignitus ) in tomato plants. European Journal of 
Plant Pathology  126(1): 111 ‒115. 
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2012) Import Risk Analysis: Tomato and Capsicum 
seed for sowing from all countries. Available at: 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/ dmsdocument/2887/send  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2017) Response options working paper: GM Orange -
Flowered Petunias 2017. Available at: 
https://piritahi.cohesion.net.nz/Sites/RES/2017B0005/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?so urcedo
c={86023F1C -9C7F -41A6 -94BB -
A6E128AD8F1E}&file=Response%20Options%20Working%20Paper%20GM%20Orange -
Flowered%20Petunia%2021 -06-2017%20FINAL.docx&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2018)  Import risk analysis: Actini dia plants for 
planting (plants in vitro). Available at: 
https://piritahi.cohesion.net.nz/Sites/BFSRA/Biosecurity/Actinidia%20IRA%20to%20send%
20out%20March%202018.doc  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2019a) Technical advice on Tomato chlorotic dwarf 
viroid  (TCDVd). Available at:  
https://piritahi.cohesion.net.nz/Sites/BFSRA/Biosecurity/Scientific%20and%20technical%20
advice%20on%20Tomato%20chlorotic%20dwarf%20viroid.docx?d=w3c911d6f918749ab9ee
4d15e1415efec  
 
Ministry f or Primary Industries (MPI) (2019b)  Pest Risk Assessment:  
Columnea latent viroid  and Tomato planta macho viroid  associated with imported tomato 
seed for sowing and tissue culture of host plants. Available at: 
https://piritahi.cohesion.net.nz/Sites/BFSRA/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourc edoc={9461
CB17 -0692 -4571 -AA82 -
D825912B6B03}&file=CLVd%20and%20TMPVd%20on%20tomato%20seed%20for%20so
wing%20PRA.docx&action=default  
 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2019c) Alphabetical list of priority pests and diseases. 
Available at: https://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/protection -and-response/finding -and-reporting -
pests-and-diseases/priority -pests -plant -aquatic/alphabetical -list-of-priority -pests -and-diseases/  
 
Nixon, T; Glover, R; Mathews -Berry, S; Daly, M; Hobden, E; Lambourne, C; Harju, V; 
Skelton, A (20 10) Columnea latent viroid  (CLVd) in tomato: the first repor t in the United 
Kingdom.  Plant Pathology  59:392.   
New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (NZIER) (2016) How valuable is that plant 
species? Application of a method for enumerating the contribution of selected plant species to  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06   63 New Zealand’s GDP. Report to the Ministry for Primary Industries ; Auckland, New Zealand 
(confidential).  
 
Ogle, C; Lovelock, B (1989) Methods for the control of wandering jew ( Tradescantia 
fluminensis ) at “Rangitawa” Rangitikei District, and notes on other aspects of conserving this  
forest remnant. Science and Research Internal Report No. 56 . Available at: 
http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science -and-technical/SRIR56.pdf  
 
Olivier, T; Demonty, E; Govers, J; Belkheir, K; Steyer, S, Jongen, C (2011) First report of a 
Brugmansia sp. infected by Tomato apical stunt viroid in Belgium. Plant Disease  95(4): 495  
 
Olmedo -Velarde A ; Roy, A; Belanger , C A; Watanabe , S; Hamasaki , R T; Mavrodieva , V A; 
Nakhla , M K; Melzer , M J (2019) First report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  infecting 
greenhouse tomato in Hawaii. Plant Disease  103(5) : 1049 . 
 
Owens, R A; Verhoeven, J th J (2009) Potato spindle tuber. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 
10.1094/PHI -I-2009 -0804 -01. 
 
Popay, I; Champion, P; James, T (2010) An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New 
Zealand  (3rd Edition ). New Zealand Plant Protection Society ; Christchurch, New Zealand.  
 
Sansford, C; Morris, J (2009) Food and Environment Resea rch Agency (FERA) Pest Risk 
Analysis for Columnea latent viroid . Available at : 
https://webarchive.n ationalarchives.gov.uk/20140904094401/http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/pl
ants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/CLVd0110.pdf  
 
Shiraishi, T ; Maejima, K ; Komatsu, K ; Hashimoto, M ; Okano, Y ; Kitazawa, Y ; Yamaji, Y ; 
Namba, S (2013) First report of tomato chloro tic dwarf viroid  isolated from symptomless 
petunia plants ( Petunia  spp.) in Japan. Journal of general plant pathology  79(3) : 214–216. 
 
Singh, R P; Lakshman, D K; Boucher, A; Tavantzis, S M (1992) A viroid from Nematanthus 
wettsteinii  plants closely related  to the Columnea latent viroid . Journal of General 
Virology  73(11): 2769‒2774.  
 
Singh, R P; Teixeria da Silva, J A (2006) Ornamental plants: Silent carrier of evolving 
viroids. In Teixeria da Silva, J A (ed) Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology . 
Global Science Books ; London, UK; pp 531–539. 
 
Steyer, S; Olivier, T; Skelton, A; Nixon, T; Hobden, E (2010) Columnea latent viroid  
(CLVd): first report in tomato in France.  Plant Pathology  59(4): 794.  
 
Verhoeven, J T J; Jansen, C C C; Roenhorst, J W (20 06) First report of Tomato apical stunt 
viroid in tomato in Tunisia. Plant Disease 90(4): 528.  
 
Verhoeven, J T J; Jansen, C C C; Roenhorst, J W (2008b) First report of pospiviroids 
infecting ornamentals in the Netherlands: Citrus exocortis viroid in Verben a sp., Potato 
spindle tuber viroid in Brugmansia suaveolens and Solanum jasminoides,  and Tomato apical 
stunt viroid in Cestrum sp. Plant Pathology 57(2): 399.  
 
Verhoeven, J T J; Jansen, C C C; Roenhorst, J W; Steyer, S; Schwind, N; Wassenegger, M 
(2008a) F irst report of Solanum jasminoides infected by Citrus exocortis viroid in Germany  
64  Proposed amendments to the IHS 155.02.05 and IHS 155.02.06  Ministry for Primary Industries  and the Netherlands and Tomato apical stunt viroid in Belgium and Germany. Plant Disease 
92(6): 973.  
 
Verhoeven, J T J; Jansen, C C C; Willemen, T M; Kox, L F F; Owens, R A; Roenhorst, J W 
(2004) Natural infections of tomato by Citrus exocortis viroid , Columnea latent viroid , Potato 
spindle tuber viroid  and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid . European Journal of Plant 
Pathology  110(8): 823‒831.  
 
Viršček, M; Mavrič, P (2010) First R eport of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid  in Petunia  sp. in 
Slovenia. Plant Disease  94(9):  1171.  
 
Yanagisawa, H; Matsushita, Y (2017) Host ranges and seed transmission of Tomato planta 
macho viroid  and Pepper chat fruit viroid . European Journal of Plant Patho logy 149(1): 
211‒217 . 
 
Yanagisawa, H ; Matsushita, Y  (2018 ) Differences in dynamics of horizontal transmission of 
Tomato planta macho viroid  and Potato spindle tuber viroid  after pollinati on with viroid -
infected pollen. Virology  516: 258 ‒264.  
 
Zhu, Y L; Gr een, L; Woo, Y M; Owens, R; Ding, B 2001. Cellular basis of potato spindle 
tuber viroid  systemic movement. Virology  279(1): 69 ‒77. 
 
Zwart , W (2011) Personal Communication.