Consultation : 
Amendments to the import 
health standard Seeds for 
Sowing  
155.02.05  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared for  public consultation   
by the Plant Germplasm Import team  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
May 2024 
i Contents  Page 
 
1 General information  1 
1.1 Purpose  1 
1.2 Who should read this  1 
1.3 How the changes will affect you  1 
1.4 What is changing  1 
1.5 What you can do  3 
1.6 Legal notice about your feedback and Official Information Act 1982  3 
2 Changes we want feedback on  3 
2.1 Option for seeds to be sourced from an area where a pest is ‘absent’  3 
2.2 Replacing “pest not known to occur” with “pest absent”  5 
2.3 Changes to the requirements for seed for sowing of New Zealand origin  5 
2.4 Removing pests from the standard  8 
2.5 Changes to seed testing options  11 
2.6 Making red -veined sorrel ( Rumex sanguineus ) eligible for import  17 
2.7 Removing requirement for importer declaration for pelleted Beta vulgaris  seeds  19 
3 Minor ame ndments  20 
3.1 Removing Dinoderus minutus and Liposcelis entomophilus  from the pest list for corn seeds  20 
4 References  21 
Appendix  24  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 1 1 General information  
1.1 Purpose  
(1) This document  introduces proposed changes to import requirements in the import health 
standard  Seeds for Sowing . It explains:  
• what  the proposed changes are,  
• the reason s for the changes , and 
• how the  new requirements will continue to manage risk.  
1.2 Who should read this  
(2) Read this if you are or represent : 
• a New Zealand importer of seeds for sowing , 
• an exporter of seeds for sowing to New Zealand , 
• a national plant protection organisation, or  
• anyone with an interest in seeds for sowing being imported into New Zealand.  
1.3 How the changes  will affect you  
(3) We do not expect the changes to have significant impacts on  the importing process . We 
expect the changes  to make it easier to import seeds into New  Zealand.  
(4) If you are an importer, you will have  more options for phytosanitary measures that you 
can choose from to manage biosecurity risks.  
(5) If you are a New Zealand grower, your crops will continu e to experience the same level of 
biosecurity protection that they do now.  
1.4 What is changing  
 
Table 1: Proposed  changes to the Seeds for Sowing  standard  
Change s for 
consultation  Details  See 
section  in 
this 
document  
Adding pest 
absen ce as an 
optional 
measure  We are adding an  option for seeds to be produced in an area where a 
pest is “absent”  according to  ISPM 8 for pests that already have “pest 
free area” as a measure .  2.1 
Changing 
“pest not 
known to 
occur” to “pest 
absent”  We are chang ing the wording for additional declarations  for pests from 
“not known to occur” to “the seeds are produced in an area where a 
[pest] is absent ”. We will have  a six-month implementation period during 
which we will accept either  “pest not known to occur” or “pest absent”.  2.2 2 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  Changes to 
the 
requirements 
for importing 
seeds of 
New Zealand 
origin  We are  allowing seeds of New Zealand origin that are cleared for entry 
into one or more overseas countries  and processed there, to retu rn to 
New Zealand if they meet these requirements : 
• If they have basic import requirements, they  must  comply with 
section 1.4 in the standard.  
• If they have  specific import requirements , they  must  comply with 
section 1.4 in the standard, and have a  phytosanitary certificate  
or a phytosanitary certificate  for re -export,  issued by the country 
that re -export s the seeds back to New Zealand . We do not 
require these certificates to have additional declarations for 
quarantine pests  in the standard . 2.3 
Removing 
pests  We are removing : 
• Claviceps gigantea  and Cochliobolus tuberculatus  from the Zea 
schedule  
• Cochliobolus miyabeanus  from the Phaseolu s schedule  
• High plains virus  from the  Avena , Hordeum  and Triticum  
schedule  
• Curvularia verruculosa  from the  Triticum  schedule  
• Grapevine yellow speckle  viroid 2 from the  Vitis schedule  2.4 
Changes to 
seed testing 
options  We are adding seed testing (offshore or on -arrival in New Zealand) as 
an option for a phytosanitary measure for:  
• Xanthomonas campestris  pv undulos a in the Avena , Hordeum  
and Triticum  schedule  
• Pseudomonas syringae  pv striafaciens  in the Hordeum  schedule  
• Rathayibacter tritici  in the Hordeum  and Triticum schedule  
• Xanthomonas campestris  pv sesam i in the Sesamum  schedule  
• Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens  pv flaccumfaciens  and 
Xanthomonas campestris  pv. vignicola in the Vigna  schedule  
 
We are increasing the sample size for testing Arachis hypogaea  
(peanut) seeds for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  from 400 seeds  to 
4,000 seeds.  
 
We are adding testing requirements for Tomato black ring virus  for 
Rubus  and Vitis seeds.  2.5 
Making  
Rumex 
sanguineus  
eligible for 
import  We are adding Rumex sanguineus  to the PBI with a ‘basic’ import 
specification.  2.6 
Removing the 
requirement 
for an importer 
declaration for 
Beta vulgaris  
seeds  We are removing the requirement for importers to declare t hat the  seed 
in their consignments is not a seed lot of the following varieties of Beta 
vulgaris  var. rapacea : Kyros 16UB128, Bangor 16UB126, Bangor 
15UB079, Bangor 16UB114, Feldherr 16UB131 or Troya 16UB112  (in 
clause 1.9(9)) . 2.7 
 
 
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 3 (6) We are also making another change for administrative reasons. We’ve included this 
change here  for your information only . It is not part of this consultation.  
Administrative c hange  Details  See section  
Removing pests from the 
pest list for Zea We are removing Liposcelis entomophilus  and Dinoderus 
minutus  from the pest list because they are present in 
New Zealand.   3.1 
1.5 What you can do  
(7) If you are interested in the finer details of the changes, read this entire proposal.  
(8) If you want to give us  feedback on  the changes,  email your feedback to 
plantimports@mpi.govt.nz . We are accepting feedback until 5 pm, 17 June  2024. If your 
feedback arrives after the closing date, we  will hold it on file and consider it the next time 
we review th is standard.  
(9) We base our requirements on the best scientific information available to us at the time. If 
you know of more up -to-date scientific evidence , or you have other  knowledge from your 
industry  that could change our conclusions, include this in your feedback.  
(10) This is a public consultation. We collate all feedback received into  a document (review 
of submissions) that includes our responses and details of any changes w e make based on 
the information provided by you. We then publish the review of submissions on our 
website. This means you can see what other people have said to us and find out what we 
have done about it. It also means your own feedback, along with your na me and 
organisation, will be online and may be read by anyone. See the legal notice below.  
1.6 Legal notice about your feedback and Official Information Act 1982  
(11) Your submission is public information, and it is MPI policy to publish submissions and a 
review of these submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the subject of 
requests for information under the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA). The OIA 
specifies that information is to be made available to requesters unless there are sufficient 
grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters  may wish to indicate grounds 
for withholding specific information contained in your submission, such as information 
being  commercially sensitive or personal . Any decision to withhold information requested 
under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman . 
2 Changes we want feedback on  
2.1 Option  for seeds to be sourced from  an area  where a pest is ‘absent ’ 
2.1.1 Update to  international standard  
(12) Our import health standard  currently  lists ‘pest-free area ’ as a phytosanitary measure to 
manage biosecurity risk from many quarantine pests.  Pest-free areas are areas where pests 
that could live in the area are actively excluded  using phytosanitary measures or 
procedures . However, the standard does not provide an option for  seeds to be produced in 
an area where the pest is ‘absent’.  
(13) The intern ational standard ISPM 4 : Requirements for the Establishment of Pest Free 
Areas  (FAO, 2017) was updated in 2024.1 The update says that if an exporting country 
 
1 Note that the updated ISPM 4 was adopted at the18th session of the Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (CPM -18) in 
2024 but has not been published yet.  4 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  has declared that a pest is absent in an area in accordance with ISPM 8 : Determination of 
Pest St atus in an Area (FAO, 2021) , then the importing country should not require the 
exporting country to manage  an officia l pest-free area there , unless they have a good 
technical reason to do so . As a member of the WTO , New  Zealand is obligated to follow 
the advice  in these international standards . 
2.1.2 Proposed change  
(14) We propose adding an option for seeds to come from  an area where a pest is absent , in 
situations where  there is already an option for the seeds to come from a pest-free area .  
(15) This involves changing  the requirements in 33 schedules in the standard. The schedules 
are Acrocomia , Agropyron , Arachis hypogaea , Avena , Beta, Camellia sinensis , Cannabis 
sativa , Capsicum , Cicer , Cocos , Coriandrum , Corypha , Cuminum , Elaeis , Glebionis , 
Glycine , Hordeum , Lavandula , Livistona , Medicago , Petunia , Phaseolus , Phoenix , Pisum , 
Sesamum , Solanum , Solanum lycopersicum , Sorghum , Trigonella foenum -graecum , 
Triticum , Vicia  and Zea. See table 5 in the appendix for the full list of pests and schedules.  
(16) We propose requir ing the country of origin to declare in phytosanitary certificates  that 
“the seeds were produced in an area where [pest] is absent”.  We will also require the 
country of origin to determine pest absence according to  ISPM 8. ISPM  8 outlines how a 
country can determine pest absence according to internationally accepted methods . 
2.1.3 How the change will manage biosecurity risks  
(17) An official determination in line with ISPM 8 that a pest is absent from  the area  gives 
MPI the same confidence  as an officially  maintained  pest-free area. If a pest is absent in 
the area  where the seeds are produced , there is no further risk of the seeds becoming 
infested with the pest.  
(18) The national plant protection organisation (NPPO) of the country where the se eds are 
produced will use data obtained from surveillance programmes and other pest records  to 
support their determination  of ‘absence’ . A pest can be absent because it has never been 
recorded in the area  (for example , because it cannot enter and live in t he area ), or it was 
previously recorded but is no longer present  (for example, because it failed to establish or 
was successfully eradicated ), and this was confirmed by the NPPO through specific 
surveillance to demonstrate its  absence in the area  (FAO, 2018; FAO, 2021; IPPC 
Secretariat, 2021) .   
(19) Biosecurity New Zealand has a programme for auditing  exporting countries’ 
phytosanitary export systems for seeds. In these audits , we verify that offshore measures 
are performed in line  with the ISPMs and  that the assurances provided by  trading partners 
are credible. In future audits, we will verify that countries that declare pest absence  are 
providing these declarations in line with  ISPM  8.  
2.1.4 Impacts of change  
(20) Adding  an option to source  seeds from areas where pests are absent  in accordance with  
ISPM 8 will benefit seed importers , who will now have more choice . It will also benefit  
our trading partners , will be able  to certify seeds for export to New Zealand  if pests are 
absent from  their countries.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 5 2.2 Replacing “pest not known to occur” with “pest absent”  
2.2.1 New IPPC guide  
(21) In July 2021, the I nternational Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)  published  the 
document  Pest Status Guide: Understanding the Principal Requirements for Pest Status 
Determination  (IPPC Secretariat, 2021) . Appendix 2 of this document  explains how to  
interpret  terms and common phrases. It states that ‘pest not known to occur ’ is a general 
term that indicates that the NPPO may not h ave completed surveillance or a pest status 
determination of a pest, and that additional justification may be required to declare ‘pest 
absence’. It recommends that NPPOs , such as MPI,  avoid using th e term ‘pest not known 
to occur’  and only use the pest st atus categories  listed  in ISPM 8.  
(22) In some parts of our  import health standard , we have an option for  seeds to be sourced 
from an area or country where a pest is “not known to occur ”. There are currently 18 
schedules in the standard with this option.  
2.2.2 Proposed change  
(23) We propose changing  the wording for additional declarations  in phytosanitary 
certificates  from pest “not known to occur ” to “the seeds are produced in an area where a 
[pest] is absent ”. The expor ting country must still follow ISPM 8 to declare pest absence . 
(24) The schedules where this change will be made are Capsicum, Carpinus, Carya, 
Castanea,  Citrus , Cucumis, Cucurbitaceae, Desmodium, Eriobotryia, Helianthus, 
Juglans, Lens, Lithocarpus densiflorus,  Medicago, Nicotiana tabacum, Quercus, Ulmus 
and Vigna . See entries in blue font in table 5 in the appendix  for the full list of the 
schedules and pests  affected by this change.  
(25) We propose an implementation period of six months before the change  comes into effect.  
2.2.3 Impacts of change  
(26) During the  six-month  implementation  period , we will continue to accept phytosanitary 
certificates with the wording  “not known to occur” wording, as well as certificates with 
the new wording . Six months  will give trading partners time to  determine if they can 
provide the ‘pest absent’ assurance and  update their phytosanitary certificat e declarations . 
We will add guidance about this to  the affected schedules  in our import health standard . 
This wi ll minimise potential impacts on importers, exporters , and trading partners . 
(27) This change makes  requirements more consistent  across the standard. This change also 
ensure s our import requirements are consistent with the international standards and the 
latest guidance from the IPPC.  
2.3 Changes to the  requirements for seed for sowing of New Zealand origin  
2.3.1 Issues with current requirements  
(28) The standard has requirements for importing s eeds of New Zealand  origin in section  1.7. 
This is so that seeds that are originally from New Zealand can be  exported  and then  
processed offshore (not sown) before being  returned to New Zealand.  
(29) The current requirements in section 1.7 are:  
“(1) Importers must make the seeds and its documentation available for inspection by 
an MPI inspector.  6 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries   
(2) Seed for sowing exported from New Zealand, given clearance into the importing 
country or rejected prior to clearance, may be returned to New Zealand under one of 
the following circumstances:  
 
1.7.1 Seed for sowing unopened offshore:  
(1) Product that remains in its original and unopened packaging must be 
accompanied with a re -export phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO of the 
overseas country.  
 
1.7.2 Seed  for sowing opened offshore:   
(1) Seed that has been grown in New Zealand, exported to another country, packaged 
in that same country, and returned to New Zealand, must be accompanied with:  
a) the original or a copy of the New Zealand issued phytosanitar y certificate,  
b) an export bill of lading; and  
c) a declaration from the overseas packaging company manager; stating that:  
 i) the re -exported seed is the same seed as covered by the attached 
phytosanitary certificate and bill of lading; and  
ii) the quality system used by the company ensures that the seed is not 
contaminated by any other seed lots, residues from grading or pack aging 
machines, or storage pests .” 
(30) Biosecurity New Zealand  introduced these  requirements in 2011 and ha s not reviewed 
them since. In recent years, the New Zealand seed industry  and MPI inspectors have 
found  several issues with the requirements . 
a) Although th e PBI is clear on the difference between basic and specific requirements 
for returning  seeds of New Zealand origin, the import health standard  is not .  
b) The standard  requires  the NPPO of the overseas country to issue a  re-export 
phytosanitary certificate if the seeds do not receive import clearance into the 
country and have not been opened . However, this does not align with the 
requirements of ‘ISPM 12. Phytosanitary certificates ’, because  a phytosanitary 
certificate fo r re-export applies only when a consignment has been imported  into a 
country.   In other words, ISPM 12 means that p rovision of re -export certificates 
does not apply to seeds in transit, i.e. , seeds that have not received import 
clearance.  
c) The IHS only incl udes requirements for New Zealand origin seeds which were 
exported and returned from one country. However, seed may move to more than 
one country for processing, prior to return to New Zealand. The standard does not 
permit New Zealand origin seeds that are imported into one or more countries to 
return to New Zealand .  
d) If seeds are opened and packaged in the importing country, the standard  require s an 
export bill of lading and a declaration from the manager of the overseas packaging 
company to import the seeds back into New Zealand. However, these are 
commercial documents and do not provide official assurance from the exporting 
country’s NPPO that the seeds have not been re -infested with pests, and that they 
are tra ceable to a consignment exported from New Zealand .   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 7 (31) We have reviewed the requirements in section 1.7 and propose several changes. These 
are changes to  make the  requirements  clearer, expand the options available for importers 
and manage the phytosanitary ri sks appropriately.   
2.3.2 Proposed changes  
(32) We propose removing  requirements for “seeds unopened offshore ” and “seeds opened 
offshore ”. Instead, we will specify the requirements for : seeds of New  Zealand origin with 
basic import requirements ; and for seeds with specific import requirements separately in 
section 1.7.  
(33) We propose to  allow seeds of New Zealand  origin to be imported into  multiple countries  
prior  to re-export to  New Zealand. The seeds can remain  unopened , opened and  
unprocessed,  or processed ( packaged , pelleted or chemically treated ) before they return to 
New Zealand.   
(34) We propose applying the requirements in section 1.4 to all species  with ‘basic’ import 
requirements.  
(35) We propose requiring species  with specific import requirements to also comply with 
section 1.4 . Additionally, if  the seeds were exported from New Zealand with a 
phytosanitary certificate , they must have a phytosanitary certificate for re -export, issued 
by the country that re -exports the seeds back to New Zealand, that is traceable to the New 
Zealand  phytosanitary certificate. If the seeds were exported from New Zealand without a 
phytosanitary certificate, they must  have a phytosanitary certificate or a phytosanitary 
certificate for re -export , issued by the country that re -exports the seeds to New Zealand 
which identifies New Zealand as the country of origin of the seeds . We do  not require 
these certificates  to have additional declarations for quarantine pests  required in Part 2 in 
the standard . 
(36) We are also including guidance about returning New Zealand origin seed which was not 
cleared into an overseas country and only remained in transit offshore.   
2.3.3 How the changes will manage the risks  
(37) Biosecurity New Zealand will allow seeds of New Z ealand origin that are exported from 
New Zealand and are stored or processed (packaged, pelleted, or chemically treated) in 
overseas countries to be imported to New Zealand. We do not think these activities 
change the biosecurity risk on this pathway if they are performed in a way that prevent the 
seeds becoming cross -contaminated with other seeds and storage pests offshore  (refer to 
paragraph 40) .  
(38) Quarantine pests are not associated with s eeds with basic import requirements . The only 
risk is if these seed s become cross -contaminated with other seeds or storage pests when 
they are held or processed in an overseas country. The general requirements for all seeds 
for sowing in section 1.4 of the import health standard manages the risk. When the seeds 
arrive in New Zealand, an MPI inspector will inspect the documentation accompanying 
the seeds to confirm their identity. They will also inspect a seed sample to verify the seeds 
are free from obvious symptoms of regulated pests and contaminants.  
(39) Seeds with specific  import requirements are associated with quarantine pests for New 
Zealand and part 2 in the standard has measures to manage the risk. However, seeds of 
New Zealand origin will be free from these pests because they are absent in New Zealand. 
Consequently, t here is no need for measures for these pests to be certified in additional 
declarations in a phytosanitary certificate, as required in the part 2 in the standard.   8 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  (40) A phytosanitary certificate (or a phytosanitary certificate for re -export) issued by the 
country that re -exported the seeds back to New Zealand  will identify New Zealand as the 
country of origin of the seeds. Th is certificate will provide assurance that traceability was 
maintained through the storage and processing of the seeds, and that the exp orting 
competent authority performed a phytosanitary inspection of the consignment before it 
was re -exported  to New Zealand . This provides confidence that the seeds were held in a 
way that prevented them becoming cross -contaminated with other seeds or infe sted by 
storage pests  when they were overseas . When the seeds arrive in New Zealand, an MPI 
inspector will inspect the consignment and verify the identity of the seeds and that they 
are free from obvious symptoms of regulated pests and contaminants.  
(41) We are also aware that importers may wish to return  New Zealand origin  seeds that were 
not cleared for entry into an overseas country and that only remained in transit offshore. 
This situation happens infrequently and is often unanticipated. We are includi ng guidance 
in section 1.7 about this. The guidance will explain the steps that MPI will need to take to 
verify there are no biosecurity risks associated with importing seeds of New Zealand 
origin that remained in transit overseas and the documents that im porters should provide 
to facilitate this process.  
2.3.4 Impacts of change  
(42) We hope these changes will make the requirements clearer and easier to follow. The 
proposed requirements for importing ‘basic’ seeds of New Zealand origin align with the 
requirements for  basic seeds of non -New Zealand origin.  
(43) The proposed requirements for seeds with specific requirements will enable seeds that 
were exported from New Zealand both with and without a phytosanitary certificate to be 
returned to  New Zealand. It removes unnecessary costs for importers needing to obtain a 
phytosanitary certificate from MPI where the importing country doesn’t require one.  
(44) The proposed requirements also provide flexibility for importers to import seeds in 
situations where they were  exported from New Zealand with or without a New Zealand 
phytosanitary certificate. Based on ISPM 12: Phytosanitary certific ates, it is feasible for 
an overseas country to issue a phytosanitary certificate for re -export for seeds that have a  
New Zealand phytosanitary certificat e. Where the seeds do not have a New Zealand 
phytosanitary certificate  (because the overseas  country d id not require one), it is feasible 
for them to  consider  issuing either a phytosanitary certificate or a re -export phytosanitary 
certificate that confirms the New Zealand -origin of the seeds to facilitate re -export of the 
seeds back to New Zealand.  
2.4 Removi ng pests from the standard  
2.4.1 Background  
(45) New Zealand is  obligated by international agreement to only require  phytosanitary 
measures if they are scientifically justified and if the pests  the measures manage are  
regulated.  
(46) Through reviewing scientific information as part of our regular work, we found  that there 
is no longer  a reason  for measures for several pests on particular commodities . 
(47) When deciding whether to regulate an organism, w e consider:  
a) Whether the organism is pr esent or absent in New Zealand,  
b) Whether the organism is associated with the commodity ,  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 9 c) Whether the organism can establish  a population  in New Zealand, and  
d) Whether the organism  could cause adverse economic or environmental impacts to 
New Zealand if it becom es established . 
     Table 2: Pests being  remove d from the standard  
Commodity  
(schedule in the 
standard)  Pest  Measures in the standard  
Corn ( Zea)  Claviceps gigantea  Seeds produced in a pest -free area or treated 
with an MPI-approved  fungicide combination  
Corn ( Zea) Cochliobolus 
tuberculatus  Seeds produced in a pest -free area or treated 
with an MPI -approved  fungicide combination  
Bean ( Phaseolus ) Cochliobolus 
miyabeanus  Seeds produced in a pest -free area or treated 
with an MPI -approved  fungicide combination  
Wheat ( Triticum ) Curvularia verruculosa  Seeds produced in a pest -free area or treated 
with an MPI -approved  fungicide combination  
Oat, barley, wheat 
(Avena , Hordeum, 
Triticum ) High plains virus  Seeds produced in a pest -free area or pest -free 
place of production  
Grapevine ( Vitis) Grapevine yellow 
speckle viroid - 2 Import permit  
Seeds must be grown out in a level 2 PEQ facility 
for a minimum of 3 months and screened for 
Grapevine spec kle viroid -2 by growing season 
inspection and PCR  
 
2.4.2 Proposed changes  
(48) We propose removing  measures  on these commodities  for these pests and remov ing the 
pests  from the pest lists  in the following schedules:   
a) Claviceps gigantea  and Cochliobolus  tuberculatus  in the Zea schedule  
b) Cochliobolus miyabeanus  in the Phaseolus  schedule  
c) Curvularia verruculosa  in the  Triticum  schedule  
d) High plains virus  in the Avena , Hordeum  and Triticum  schedules  
e) Grapevine yellow speckle  viroid -2 in the Vitis schedule.  
(49) C. gigantea , C. tuberculatus , C. miyabeanus , C. verruculosa  and high plains virus  are 
still regulated pests in New Zealand , but w e propos e deregulating grapevine yellow 
speckle  viroid -2.  
(50) The following section summarise s our reasons for removing measures for these pests. If 
you’d like more information, get in touch  with us at plantimports@mpi.govt.nz , and we 
can send you technical information  from  our risk assessments.  
2.4.3 Why we are removing measures  
(51) There is not enough evidence that Claviceps gigantea  can enter New Zealand through 
corn seeds for sowing , establish a population  and cause unwanted impacts .  
a) C. gigantea  is a fungus  that causes a disease called horse’s tooth of maize , but i t is 
not economically significant (CPC, 2024) .   
b) C. gigantea  is unlikely to enter New Zealand on imported corn seeds because its 
distribution is limited to Mexico  (CPC, 2024) . New Zealand does not import  corn 
seeds for sowing  from Mexico .  10 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  c) C. gigantea  is unlikely to spread to countries2 that can export corn seeds to 
New  Zealand . It occurs only in high humid mountain valleys in central Mexico 
and has not adapted to the surrounding drier areas where maize is grown  (Ullstrup, 
1973).  
d) In the unlikely event that  C. gigantea  is present on  corn seeds in exporting 
countries,  the general requirements will manage this fungus, along with the 
requirement for a phytosanitary certificate. The fungus is visually obvious and is 
likely to be detected during phytosanitary inspection  (Fuentes et al., 1964) .  
(52) There is not enough evidence that Cochliobolus tuberculatus  is associated with corn 
seeds  (Zea mays ).  
a) Corn is not a host for this fungus. Host plants include rice, coconut, potato, 
chickpea, and betel pepper (Imran et al. 2020; Majeed et al. 2016; Naim, 2007 , 
Shahzad, 2001).  
b) C. tuberculatus  has not been found on corn plants or seeds.  
(53) There is not enough evidence that C. miyabeanus  is associated with bean seeds 
(Phaseolus ). 
a) We found no robust evidence that Phaseolus  is a host of C. miyabeanus . 
Cochliobolus miyabeanus  is the synonym of the fungus Bipolaris oryzae . The only 
hosts of this fungus are grasses  (Poaceae ). Oryza sativa  (rice) is the main 
seedborne host of this fungus . Phaseolus  is not listed as being  affected by 
C. miyabeanus  (CPC, 2023 , AgResearch 2023).  
b) There is a single report of C. miyabeanus  on French bean s (Phaseolus vulgaris ) 
from India in 1992 (Gupta et al.,  1992). No subsequent verification studies have 
confirmed this result, and there are no  other reports of this fungus  on any beans .  
c) Other NPPOs, such as the Netherlands, also accept that  beans are  not a host for 
C. miyabeanus . 
(54) There is not enough evidence that Curvularia verruculosa  is associated with wheat seeds  
(Triticum ). 
a) There is one historical mention of  wheat  as a host for this fungus (Ellis 1996 in 
Sivanesan  1987 ) and one historical report of the fungus being  isolated from wheat , 
Kumar and Nema, 1969 ), but  no subsequent studies have verified this.  
(55) There is not enough evidence that High plains virus is associated with oat seeds  (Avena ), 
barley  seeds ( Hordeum ) or wheat  seeds ( Triticum ). 
a) Oats, barley and wheat are hosts for high plains virus (Seifers et al., 1997; Seifers et 
al., 1998; Seifers et al., 2009). However, we found no  data (experimental or field) 
that high plains virus i s seedborne or seed -transmitted in  any of these plants  (MPI , 
2024 a).  
b) High plains virus is transmitted by  wheat curl mite s, which are  not present in 
New  Zealand  (MPI, 2024a) .  
(56) Grapevine yellow speckle  viroid 2 (GYSVd -2) does not meet our criteria for quarantine 
pests. 
 
2 Countries approved to ex port corn seeds to New Zealand  are Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, 
Greece, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the USA.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 11 a) This viroid  is present in New Zealand  and is likely widespread . The viroid  was first 
detected in  2020 , but it has been linked to a grapevine variety that was  imported 
from Australia in the 1980s (MPI, 2021) . 
b) Grapevines can be infected without showing symptoms. The  variety imported in the 
1980s  is now commonly grown throughout New Zealand , and the viroid  is 
trans mitted by propagat ing infected material, using  infected tools and grafting . As 
such, the viroid  is likely to be  widespread in both the North and South Island (MPI, 
2021).  
c) This viroid  is not under official control in New Zealand. After  the 2020 detection , 
MPI decided a biosecurity response was not necessary. NZ Winegrowers supported 
this conclusion . This decision was based on the likely distribution, length of time 
GYSVd -2 may have been present in New Zealand, lack of economic impact and 
control options  (MPI , 2021) .  
2.4.4 Impacts of changes  
(57) Removing these pests from the standard  does not change the level of protection from 
biosecurity risks  on these pathways.  
(58) Export ers will no longer have  to apply  specific phytosanitary measures for these pests .  
2.5 Changes to seed testing options  
2.5.1 Adding seed testing as an option for some pests  
2.5.1.1  Background  
(59) In our current  standard , we offer importers  various options  for manag ing pests on 
different seeds . For some pests , the only options  are to source seeds from pest-free areas 
or pest -free places of production.  Importers have told us it is difficult  to import seeds from 
countries that are unable to operate official  pest-free areas or pest-free places of 
production. We would like to provide m ore options to manage pests so people can trade 
seeds . 
(60) Testing seeds can give  the same confidence  that a seed lot is free from a pest as sourcing 
the seeds from a pest -free area or pest -free place of producti on. Testing a seed sample of 
an appropriate size  that is representatively sampled from the lot , along with using a 
sensitive and specific diagnostic method, can provide a high level of confidence that a 
pest is not present in a lot .   
(61) We have considered wh ether we can add  seed testing as an additional measure in the 
standard for the pests listed in Table 3. These pests are regulated on oat, barley, soybean, 
wheat, sesame, and cowpea seeds which are actively imported into New Zealand. These 
seeds are eligibl e for import into New Zealand under the specific requirements for Avena , 
Hordeum , Glycine , Triticum , Sesamum  and Vigna  in Part 2 in the standard (respectively).  
(62) For some of these pests (identified in bold text in Table 3), Biosecurity New Zealand has 
previously authorised seed testing as being an equivalent measure to the measures in the 
standard, for specific seed consignments. These equivalent measures were assessed 
following requests from specific importers and were aut horised by a chief technical 
officer  under section 27 (1)(d)(iii) of the Biosecurity Act 1993. We would now like to 
publicly consult on these measures and include them in the standard, so they are available 
to all importers.  12 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Table  3 – Seeds and pests that will have testing as an option  
Schedule  Seed  species  Pest  Current measures  
Avena  Avena barbata, 
Avena byzantine, 
Avena fatua, Avena 
sativa, Avena sterilis, 
Avena strigosa  Xanthomonas campestris  pv 
undulosa  Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
Hordeum  Hordeum 
brevisubulatum,  
Hordeum bulbosum, 
Hordeum distichon, 
Hordeum glaucum, 
Hordeum hystrix, 
Hordeum jubatum, 
Hordeum marinum, 
Hordeum murinum, 
Hordeum parodii, 
Hordeum secalinum, 
Hordeum vulgare  Xanthomonas campestris  pv 
undulosa , Pseudomonas 
syringae  pv striafaciens , 
Rathayibacter tritici   Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
Glycine  Glycine max, Glycine 
clandestine, 
Neonotonia wightii  Peronospora manshurica  Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
Triticum  Aegilops searsii, 
Aegilops tauschii, 
Triticum aestivum, 
Triticum compactum, 
Triticum dicoccon, 
Triticum durum, 
Triticum 
monococcum, 
Triticum spelta, 
Triticum turgidum, 
Triticum urartu  Xanthomonas campestris  pv 
undulosa , Rathayibacter tritici Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
Sesamum  Sesamum indicum  Xanthomonas campestris  pv 
sesami  Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
Vigna  Vigna angularis, 
Vigna Caracalla, 
Vigna mungo var. 
mungo, Vigna 
radiata, Vigna 
unguiculata  Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens  pv 
flaccumfaciens , Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv vignicola  Pest-free area or 
pest-free place of 
production  
 
2.5.1.2  Proposed changes  
(63) We propose adding  seed testing as an option for the seeds and pests in table 3. Testing 
can be performed either offshore (and endorsed in  an additional declaration on the 
phytosanitary certificate  issued by the exporting competent authority ) or on -arrival in 
New Zeal and at an MPI -approved laboratory. If the seeds are tested offshore, the 
phytosanitary certificates will contain the following declarations.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 13 a) For Avena seeds : The s eeds must be  “officially tested, on a representative 
sample of a minimum of 3,000 seeds offic ially drawn according to the ISTA or 
AOSA methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free 
from Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa .”  
b) For Hordeu m seeds : The seeds  must be  “officially tested, on a representative 
sample of a minimum of 3,000 seeds officially drawn according to the ISTA or 
AOSA methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free 
from Pseudomonas syringae  pv. striafaciens , Xanthomonas campestris pv. 
undulosa  and Rathayibacter tritici .” 
c) For Glycine  seeds : The s eeds must be “officially tested, on a representative 
sample of a minimum of 400 seeds officially drawn according to the ISTA or 
AOSA methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free 
from Peronospora manshurica.”  
d) For Triticum  seeds : The seeds must  be “officially tested, on a representative 
sample of a minimum of 3,000 seeds officially drawn according to the ISTA or 
AOSA methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free 
from Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa  and Rathayibacter tri tici.” 
e) For Sesamum  seeds : The seeds must be  “officially tested, on a representative 
sample of a minimum of 4,000 seeds officially drawn according to the ISTA or 
AOSA methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free 
from Xanthomonas campestri s pv. sesami .” 
f) For Vigna  seeds : The seeds must be  “officially tested, on a representative sample 
of a minimum of 4,000 seeds officially drawn according to the ISTA or AOSA 
methodology, using an NPPO -approved methodology, and found free from 
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and Xanthomonas campestris 
pv. vignicola .” 
2.5.1.3  How the changes will manage the risks  
(64) The proposed seed testing requirements manage  the biosecurity risk of these pests 
entering New Zealand to the same extent  as producing seeds in pest free areas or pest free 
places  of production . It provides  the same level of confidence that the seeds imported into 
New Zealand are free from these pests.  
(65) Testing seeds offshore in the exporting country  or on  arrival in New Zealand  at an MPI -
approved lab are both reliable  options . In both cases, sampling and testing will be 
overseen by  the competent authority  of the country where the seeds are tested, using 
testing methodology approved by the NPPO and in an NPPO -approved lab oratory.  
(66) These  pests are seedborne so they can be detected by testing a representative sample 
from a host seed lot. To ensure the sample is representative of the whole seed lot, we 
propose sampling is performed according to ISTA or AOSA methodology. This will 
ensure that the sample drawn for testing accurately reflects the characteristics of the whole 
seed lot (International Rules for Seed Testing, 2021).  
(67) The sampling must be performed “officially ” under the supervision of the competent 
authority of the exporting country . The competent authority will endorse  that the sample 
has been officially drawn according to ISTA or AOSA methodology in an additional 
declaration in the phytosanitary certificate. This gives MPI assurance that the sampling 
was performed correctly by a competent person and according to the  requirements in the 
standard and t hat the sample was held securely until it was tested. If the seeds are tested 14 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  on-arrival in New Zealand , then an MPI Inspector who is trained in ISTA sampling 
methodology will off icially draw the seed sample and ensure it is securely transferred to 
an MPI -approved laboratory  for testing .  
(68) For testing to provide high confidence that a pest is absent in a seed lot, appropriate seed 
sample sizes  must be tested, using a diagnostic method that is sensitive and specific 
enough to accurately detect even low level presence of  the pest in the host seed.  
(69) The minimum  sample sizes  to be tested range  between 3,000 –4,000 seeds for bacterial 
and virus pests, and 400 seeds f or a fungal pest . The sample sizes are specified in Table  4. 
We consider testing th ese sample size appropriate for  detect ing even  low-level presence of 
these pests in the host seeds . The minimum sample sizes align with published sample 
sizes in literature for detecting these pests (or where specific information is not available, 
for detecting pests with very similar biological characteristics) in naturally infected host 
seeds using the same kind of assay  (Fatmi et al., 2017) . MPI  has authorised testing the  
same  sample sizes  under equivalent measures since 2017, so the same measure s are being 
used in trade  and it has maintained the existing level of protection from these pests on 
these pathways for many years .  
(70) There are different seed testing methods that di agnosticians  in NPPO -approved 
laboratories can use  to reliably test host seed samples for these pests . These methods can 
be readily implemented for phytosanitary testing because they are published in literature 
sources that are internationally available. The main methods that can be used  are 
described in table 4 but they are not exhaustive.  MPI expects that the exporting country’s 
NPPO -approved lab will validate whichever test method they use before they begin to use 
it as a measure for issuing  phytosanitary certification for export of the seeds . 
a) The bacterial pests Xanthomonas translucens  pv. undulosa , Pseudomonas syringae  pv. 
striafaciens , Rathayibacter tritici , Xanthomonas campestris  pv. sesam i, Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv. vignicola  and Curtob acterium flaccumfaciens  pv. flaccumfaciens  can 
be detected from seeds using a seed wash and dilution plating assay and/or a PCR test.  
b) The fungal pathogen Peronospora manshurica  can be detected from Glycine  seeds  by 
washing the seeds in a sterile liquid bu ffer followed by microscopically examining the 
wash liquid for the presence of oospores and identifying them based on their 
morphology.  
2.5.1.4  Impact s of changes  
(71) Exporting NPPOs can validate these methods in their approved laboratories  and then use 
them to test seeds and certify them for export to New Zealand.  
(72) If testing onshore at PHEL, t he current  total cost for testing a seed sample for a bacterial 
pest will be  $523 incl. GST  (under the new pricing , in effect from  1 July 2024). This 
includes the cost of seed washing, selective plating, nucleic acid extraction and direct 
sequencing  of the bacteria. In future, PHEL will  look to develop specific PCR tests for 
these pests. The cost of testing a seed sample with a specific PCR would be approximately 
$371 incl. GST. PHEL is also able to test soybean seeds for Peronospora manshurica  
using a seed washing and microscopic examin ation for oospores. Under their new pricing 
this testing will cost of $339.25 incl. GST  per sample . 
 
Table 4 – Seed testing methods and sample sizes  for bacterial and fungal pests   
Pest  Host  seed  Sample size  Test method   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 15 Xanthomonas translucens  
pv. undulosa  
(Xanthomonas campestris  
pv undulosa ) Avena , Hordeum , 
Triticum   A minimum of 3 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash and dilution 
plating assay  and 
sequencing of isolated 
bacteria , or seed wash and 
organism specific PCR test 
(Alvandi et al., 2023)  
Pseudomonas syringae  
pv. striafaciens  Hordeum  A minimum of 3 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash and dilution 
plating assay  and 
sequencing of isolated 
bacteria.  
Rathayibacter tritici  Hordeum, Triticum  A minimum of 3 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash and dilution 
plating assay and 
sequencing of isolated 
bacteria, or see d wash and 
organism specific PCR test 
(Baek et al., 2018)  
Xanthomonas campestris  
pv sesami  Sesamum  A minimum of 4 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash and dilution 
plating assay  and 
sequencing of isolated 
bacteria  
Curtobacterum 
flaccumfaciens  pv 
flaccumfaciens   Vigna  A minimum of 4 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash, dilution plating 
assay and sequencing of 
isolated bacteria , or seed 
wash and dilution plating 
assay and specific PCR test 
(Tegli et al. , 2002)  
Xanthomonas campestris  
pv vignicola  Vigna  A minimum of 4 ,000 
seeds  Seed wash and dilution 
plating assay  and 
sequencing of isolated 
bacteria  
Peronospora manshurica  Glycine  A minimum of 400 
seeds   Seed wash and microscopic 
examination of wash liquid 
for oospores (Pathak et al., 
1978)  
2.5.2 Amending the seed testing sample size for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  in peanuts  
2.5.2.1  Biosecurity risks of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  in peanuts  
(73) Biosecurity New Zealand urgently amended the standard in 2022 to introduce emergency 
measures to manage risk from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  on Arachis hypogaea  
(peanut) seeds. We were notified about a change in distribution of this bacteria through 
our Emerging Risks System. The distribution change  was possibly  linked  to movement of 
infected peanut seeds .  
(74) We introduced measures for this  pest for several reasons.  
a) R. pseudosolanacearum  is not present in New Zealand . All members of the Ralstonia  
solanacearum  species complex , including this one,  are regulated pests in New Zealand 
(ONZPR, 2024 ).  
b) R. pseudosolanacearum  can be seed -borne in peanuts. It can naturally infect peanut 
seeds and be transmitted in peanut seeds, although the evidence is from older studies 
(Machmud and Middleton , 1990 ; Machmud and Middleton, 1991; Zhang et al., 1993 ). 16 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  Peanut  plants are  cultivat ed by planting peanuts. Th is pest could be spreading to new 
regions through people planting  infected peanut s.   
c) We had no specific requirements  that appropriately managed  the risk from this pest on 
the peanut seeds for sowing . Previously, p eanuts could be imported under basic 
requirements , but this bacterium  is unlikely to be detected through visual inspection , 
meaning basic measures did not provide an appropriate level of protection.  
d) Imports of peanut seeds into New Zealand had begun occurring for the first time since 
2021 . This increased the likelihood of R. pseudosolanacearum  entering  New Zealand.   
e) If this bacterium  enters New Zealand on peanuts that are then planted , it is very likely 
to establish  a population  and spread in New Zealand. R. pseudosolanacearum  has a 
broad host range, and the New Zealand climate is suitable for it . It is likely to cause  
unwanted impacts on several economically important crop species  for New Zealand 
including potato, tomatoes,  and blueberries  if it establishe s a population  in 
New  Zealand  (MPI, 2019 a).  
(75) When we introduced measures  for peanuts  for planting, we required peanuts  imported 
from all countries either  to be produced in a pest -free area or a pest -free place of 
production, or  to have a representative sample tested and found free from this pest. We 
specified that 400 peanuts  must be tested. However , this was an error  as the test required a 
larger seed sample. For bacteria, a  minimum of 4,000  peanuts  needs  to be tested to 
reliably d etect the presence of R. pseudosolanacearum .  
2.5.2.2  Proposed change  
(76) We propose changing  the minimum sample size required to test Arachis hypogaea  seeds 
for the presence of R. pseudosolanacearum  from 400 seeds to 4 ,000 seeds in the standard. 
None of the other exi sting measures for this pest in the standard are changing.  
2.5.2.3  How the change will manage the risks  
(77) A minimum  sample size  of 4,000 peanuts  will ensure that even low levels of this 
bacterium infesting peanuts will be detected in a test. 4,000 peanuts  broadly align s with 
the sample sizes we already require  for other bacterial pests in the standard .  
2.5.2.4  Impacts of change  
(78) We will allow  testing to occur offshore at an NPPO -approved lab or on -arrival in 
New  Zealand . 
(79) For testing offshore,  the testing methods a re generic methods, and many labs that are 
approved by exporting NPPOs can do this testing.  
(80) Onshore  at PHEL , it will cost $523  (incl. GST)  to test  one sample of 4,000 seeds (under 
the new pricing , in effect from  1 July 2024).   
2.5.3 Adding a testing requirement for Tomato black ring virus  for Rubus  and Vitis  seeds  
2.5.3.1  Biosecurity risks of Tomato black ring virus  
(81) Tomato black ring virus  is a risk on imported Rubus  and Vitis seeds because it c ould 
enter New Zealand in these seeds, establish and cause negative impacts for commercial 
horticulture.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 17 - This virus is reported from many countries that New Zealand imports Rubus  and 
Vitis seeds from (including India, Japan, Turkey and Europe) (MPI, 2019b).  
- Planting Rubus  and Vitis seeds that are infected with this virus could lead to it 
establishing in New Zealand. Tomato black ring virus  could be transmitted from 
imported seeds to growing plants (Lister and Murant  1967; EFSA PLH Panel 2013; 
MPI 2019b).  
- It can also spread through the nematode Longidorus elongatus , which lives in the 
soil and is present in New Zealand (MPI, 2019b).  
- The virus infects economically important crops, such as grapevines, Prunus  spp., 
berri es (raspberries, currants, strawberries, blueberries) and solanaceous species 
(potatoes, tomatoes, capsicums).  
- It can cause systemic chlorotic ringspot, leaf mottle and deformation, vein yellowing 
and stunting, among other symptoms (MPI 2019b).  
(82) Economic im pacts of this virus are often difficult to quantify, as it can be mild to 
asymptomatic in some hosts (e.g. strawberries), yet it can cause significant yield losses in 
other hosts such as artichokes and grapevines (MPI, 2019b, Dewasme et al. 2019).  
2.5.3.2  Proposed  changes  
(83) We currently require imported Rubus  and Vitis seeds for sowing to be grown out for at 
least three months in Level 2 post -entry quarantine. We also require the plants to be  
inspected and tested for quarantine pests.  
(84) Tomato black ring virus  is not currently on the pest list s for these seeds, and we have no  
measures for this pest. However, we do require seeds to be tested for Tomato ringspot 
virus. The test for this virus can also detect Tomato black ring virus.  
(85) We propose add ing Tomato black ring vi rus to the pest lists in the  Rubus  and Vitis 
schedules . We will require PCR testing and visual inspection of Rubus  and Vitis plants for 
this virus during growing season in post -entry quarantine.  
2.5.3.3  How the changes will manage the risk s 
(86) PCR testing and growing season inspection will ensure the plants grown from imported 
Rubus  and Vitis seeds in PEQ are free from this virus. Growing season inspection alone 
may not be sufficient to manage the risk as this virus can be asymptomatic. Having PCR 
tests for plants grown from these seeds in Level 2 pos t-entry quarantine will reduce the 
risk to negligible.  
2.5.3.4  Impacts of change  
(87) There are no additional costs for importers  because  Biosecurity New Zealand’s PEQ 
testing lab (PHEL) uses PCR to test Rubus  and Vitis plants for Tomato ringspot virus. The 
current PCR test for Tomato ringspot virus also detects Tomato black ring virus . 
2.6 Making red-veined sorrel ( Rumex sanguineus ) eligible for import  
2.6.1 Red-veined sorrel no longer a new organism  
(88) We currently allow 14 Rumex  species to be imported as seeds. Since 2018, 26 lines of 
Rumex  seeds have been imported into New Zealand.  However, we do not yet allow 
imports of  Rumex sanguineus  (red-veined sorrel ). 18 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  (89) In 2023, the Environmental Protection Author ity (EPA) decided that Rumex sanguineus  
is not a new organism to New Zealand under section 26 of the Hazardous Substances and 
New Organisms  Act. As a result, a n importer asked  Biosecurity New Zealand to develop 
import requirements for R. sanguineus  so it can be imported  as seeds for sowing.  
2.6.2 Proposed change  
(90) We propose allowing imports of Rumex sanguineus  seeds  under “basic” requirements . 
2.6.3 How the change will manage the risks  
(91) A requirement for specific m easures is only justified if a pest can enter New Zealand 
through R. sanguineus  seeds. For that, we need evidence of both host association and its 
ability to be seedborne.  
(92) Our risk assessment identified eleven pests with  ‘potential ’ to be associated with R. 
sanguin eus seeds , that are not present in New Zealand  (MPI, 2024b). The level of 
evidence that led to the risk assessment conclusion of ‘potential’  to be associated with the 
seeds, does not meet the threshold for justifying specific measures for these pests , because 
there is no evidence they are actually associated with R.sanguineus  seeds. Therefore , we 
are not proposing any specific measures for these pests.   
(93) R. sanguineus  is a host of four of these pests: Erysiphe polygoni , Ramularia Rumicis , 
Ramularia prat ensis  and Ramularia rubella . However, there is no evidence that they are 
associated with R. sanguineus  seeds. These pests have been  isolated from a vegetative part 
of the plant, but they have never been isolated from its seeds.  
a) The potential impacts of Erysiphe polygoni  in New Zealand are likely to be 
moderate while the impacts of Ramularia Rumicis , Ramularia pratensis  and 
Ramularia rubella  are low.  
b) There is no evidence of these pests being seed -borne or seed -transmitted in R. 
sanguineus . The only way thes e pests can contaminate the surface of the seeds is if 
they were produced by infested plants as these fungi can produce airborne spores. 
We think it is very unlikely that seeds will be harvested from infested plants and 
exported to New Zealand because they  are very likely to display visible disease 
symptoms.  
(94) There is no evidence that R. sanguineus  is a host of the seven remaining pests: 
Colletotrichum higginsianum , Ditylenchus gigas , Erysiphe quercicola , Pantoea ananatis , 
Ramularia rumicis -scutati , Teratoramularia rumicis  and Tobacco rattle virus . None of 
these pests have been  isolated from any part of the R.sanguineus  plant, including its seeds.  
(95) We do not think any of these pests can viably enter New Zealand in imported R. 
sanguine us seeds, and specific measures are not justified to manage them on the seeds for 
sowing pathway.  
(96) The “basic” measures for other Rumex seeds will also manage the biosecurity risks for 
these seeds. An MPI inspector will inspect the seeds when they arrive i n New Zealand to 
verify that the seeds are correctly labelled with their scientific name , are in clean 
packaging and are free from  visually detectable  regulated pests and contaminants . 
(97) If you’d like  more information , get in touch and we can send you  the te chnical advice on 
pests associated with R. sanguineus seeds  that we used to develop these requirements , 
along  with the full references to the scie ntific papers and databases .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 19 2.6.4 Impacts of change  
(98) Other Rumex  seeds are already being imported  successfully.  Importers will now have one 
new Rumex  species to choose from.  
2.7 Removing requirement for importer declaration for pelleted Beta vulgaris  
seeds  
2.7.1 Background  
(99) The standard has requirements  to manage biosecurity risk on the pelleted seed import 
pathway in section 1.9 . Section 1.9 (9) requires  importers of Beta vulgaris  (fodder beet) 
seeds to make a declaration to MPI  that the seed in their consignments is not a seed lot of 
the following varieties of Beta vulgaris  var. rapacea : Kyros 16UB128, Bangor 16UB126, 
Bangor 15UB079, Bangor 16UB114, Feldherr 16UB131 or Troya 16UB112 .  
(100)  Biosecurity New Zealand  banned the import of these seed lots  in 2016 after we 
identified th ey were contaminated with the quarantine weed velvetleaf ( Abutil on 
theophrasti ). We required an  importer declaration as a measure to prevent these lots from 
being imported into New Zealand. The declaration provided assurance that importers were 
not knowingly importing these lots  that were contaminated with velvetleaf  seeds.  
(101)  In 2020, we reviewed the measures for  pelleted seeds in the standard  and introduced a 
requirement for  all imported pelleted Beta vulgaris  seed lots to be tested for the presence 
of weed seeds , in addition to the importer declaration .  
(102)  However, it  has now been eight years since the se seed lots were produced, and we don’t 
think they are likely to be imported into New Zealand anymore , so we have reviewed 
whether the importer declaration should be continued as a requirement in the standard.  
2.7.2 Proposed change  
(103)  We propose removing  the requirement for importers of fodder beet seed to make a 
declaration that the Beta vulgaris  seed in their consignments is not one of the specific seed 
lots of the following varieties of Beta vulgaris  var. rapacea : Kyros 16UB128, Bangor 
16UB126, Bangor 15UB079, Bangor 16UB114, Feldherr 16UB131 or Troya 16UB112.  
2.7.3 How the change will manage the risks  
(104)  We think the  importer declaration no longer offers practical risk management benefit  as 
these seed lots are unlikely to be imported into New Zealand. These seed lots  were 
produced in 2015 and 2016 in Europe. Each lot was  around  10 t in size (NZGSTA pers . 
Comm ., 2020). None of these lots are currently available in New Zealand and the overseas 
supplier of these lots has confirmed that they no longer hold any inventory of these lots 
(NZGSTA pers. comm. , 2024).  
(105)  Given the  seeds were produced over eight years ago we think they  are unlikely to be 
viably used for commercial sowing. Eight -year-old Beta vulgaris  seeds have been shown 
to have a germination rate of only around  59% under laboratory conditions, which is 
unsuitable for commercial purposes (OECD, 2006).  
2.7.4 Impacts of the change  
(106)  Removing the importer declaration requirement in section 1 .9 (9) of the import health 
standard will not affect the way risks from quarantine weed seeds are managed on the 
pelleted seed pathway. The standard requires all imported pelleted Beta vulgaris  seed lots 20 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  to be representatively sampled and tested for purity  to detect the presence of quarantine 
weed seeds. This manages the risk of any quarantine weed species, including velvetleaf, 
from entering, and establishing in New Zealand in these seeds .  
(107)  Removing this requirement will facilitate trade for importers of pelleted fodder beet 
seeds, as they will have one less regulatory requirement to comply with.  It will ensure  our 
regulations are up -to-date and risk  based.  
3 Minor amendments  
(108)  The following amendments are classed as minor, and we are not seeking feedback about 
them. We are mentioning them here to let you know what’s changing.  
3.1 Remov ing Dinoderus minutus and Liposcelis entomophilus  from the pest list 
for corn seeds   
3.1.1 Proposed changes  
(109)  We are removing Dinoderus minutus  and Liposcelis entomophilus  from  the regulated 
pest list in the Zea schedule in the standard.  
3.1.2 Rationale  and feasibility  
(110)  Dinoderus minutus  and Liposcelis entomophilus  are now known to be present in 
New  Zealand and they are no longer regulated pest s (ONZPR, 2024) . Biosecurity 
New  Zealand cannot regulate a pest on imports that is already here and not under official 
control.  
(111)  These pests do not have specific risk management measures,  but they are on the 
regulated pest list in the Zea schedule . Removing th ese pests will not change biosecurity 
risks associated with this pathway.  
(112)  We do not expect this change to affect importers or exporters. However, if exporting 
countries list New Zealand’s import requirements in their phytosanitary export 
certification database, they  will need to update their database to reflect the removal of 
these pests from our requirements.  
 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 21 4 References  
 
AgResearch (2023) Literature review of the phytosanitary treatment options against fungal 
pathogens on seeds for sowing. Produced for MPI in 20 23. Link Review 2022v6 - clean.docx 
(cohesion.net.nz)  
 
Alvandi H, Taghavi SM, Khojasteh M, Rahimi T, Dutrieux C, Taghouti G, Jacques M -A, 
Portier P, and Osdaghi E (2023) Pathovar -Specific PCR method for detection and 
identification of Xanthomonas translucens  pv. undulosa . Plant Disease. 107: 2279 -2287.  
 
Baek K-Y, Lee H -H, Son G -J, Lee P -A, Roy N, Seo Y -S, and Lee S -W (2018) Specific and 
sensitive primers developed by comparative genomics to detect bacterial pathogens in grains. 
Plant Pathol. J. 34(2): 104 -112.  
 
CPC (202 4). CABI Compendium https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/journal/cabicompendium 
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB INTERNATIONAL.  
 
Dewasme C, Mary S, Darrieutort G, Audeguin L, van Helden M and van Leeuwen C (2019) 
Impact of Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) on quant itative and qualitative features of Vitis 
vinifera L. cv. Merlot and Cabernet franc. OENO  One, 53(2): 161 -169.  
 
EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health) , 2013.  Scientific opinion on the risk to plant 
health posed by  Arabis mosaic virus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Strawberry latent ringspot 
virus  and Tomato black ring virus  to the EU territory with the identification and evaluation of 
risk reduction options . EFSA Journal  2013 ; 11 (10):3377, 83 pp.  
 
Ellis MB. (1966 ) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. VII: Curvularia, Brachy -sporium etc. 
Mycological Papers.  
 
FAO (2017) International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 4. Requirements for 
the establishment of pest free areas . Secretariat of the International Plant Prote ction 
Convention, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; Rome, Italy.  
 
FAO (201 8) International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 6. Surveillance . 
Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agricultur al 
Organization of the United Nations; Rome, Italy.  
 
FAO (20 21) International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 8. Determination of 
pest status in an area . Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and 
Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; Rome, Italy.  
 
Fatmi M, Walcott RR and Schaad NW (2017). Detection of plant -pathogenic bacteria in seed 
and other planting material (N o. Ed. 2). American Phytopathological Society (APS Press).  
 
Fuentes SF, de la Isla ML, Ullstrup AJ, Rodriguez AE (1964). Claviceps gigantea, a new 
pathogen of maize in Mexico. Phytopathology, 54:379 -381. 
 
Gupta S, Shyam K, and Dohroo N. (1992) Addition to seed mycoflora of French bean 
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Disease Research 7.  
 22 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  Imran Ul Haq, Siddra I, Anjum F,  and Nabeeha A K (2020). First report of Curvularia 
tuberculata leaf spot on Archontophoenix alexandrae in Pakistan. Journal of Plant Pathology , 
102(4) 1329 -1329.  
 
IPPC Secretariat  (2021 ) Pest Status Guide : Understanding the Principal Requirements for 
Pest Status Determination . Rome. FAO on behalf of the Secretariat of the International Plant 
Protection Convention. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6103e n 
 
Kumar SM and Nema KG (1969) S tudies on internally seed -borne fungi of wheat Curvularia 
spp., Alternatia spp. and Helminthosporiumi rostratum Drechsl. I. Morphological studies. 
JNKVV Research Journal. 3(1):24 -26 
 
Machmud , M and Middleton, K.J. (1990) Seed infection and transmission of Pseudomonas 
solanacearum on groundnut. ACIAR Proceedings, no. 31.  
 
Machmud, M and Middleton, K.J. (1991) Transmission of Pseudomonas solanacearum 
through groundnut seeds. Bacterial Wilt New sletter, no 7.  
 
Majeed R A, Shahid A A, Saleem M Z, Asif M, Zahid M A, Haider M S, (2016). First report 
of Curvularia tuberculata  causing brown leaf spot of rice in Punjab, Pakistan. Plant Disease. 
100 (8), 1791. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS -02-16-0198 -PDN  
 
MPI (2019 a) Technical advice on the risk of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  on nursery stock. 
Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ.  
 
MPI (2019b) Technical advice: Changing regulatory status of Tomato black ring virus  
(Secoviridae : Nepovirus  subgroup B). Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ.  
 
MPI (2021) Incursion Investigation Outcome Report. New to New Zealand Grapevine yellow 
speckle viroid 2 in Pinot Noir UCD6 grapevine, Gisborne.  
 
MPI (2024a) Technical advice on the risk of High plains virus (HPV), Emaravirus tritici , on 
corn seeds for sowing from the US. Ministry for Primary Indust ries, Wellington, NZ.  
 
MPI (2024 b) Technical advice on Rumex sanguineus . Ministry for Primary Industries, 
Wellington, NZ.  
 
Naim, U. (2007). Survey of airspora  in a potato field in West Bengal and their impact on the 
crop. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 45(1) 15 -22. 
 
OECD (2006), “Section 8 - Sugar Beet (BETA VULGARIS L.)”, in Safety Assessment of 
Transgenic Organisms, Volume 1: OECD Consensus Documents, OECD Publishing, Paris.  
 
ONZPR (202 4) Pests of concern to NZ | ONZPR | MPI | NZ Govt  
 
Pathak VK, Mathur SB and Neergaard P ( 1978) Detection of Peronospora manshurica 
(Naum.) Syd. In seeds of soybean, Glycine max. EPPO Bull. 8(1): 21 -28. 
 
Seifers  DL, Harvey TL, Martin TJ, and Jensen SG (1997) Identification of the wheat curl mite 
as the vector of the High Plains virus of corn and wheat. Plant Disease. 81(10): 1161 – 1166.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 23 Seifers DL, Harvey TL, Martin TJ, and Jensen SG (1998). A partial host rang e of the High 
Plains virus of corn and wheat. Plant Disease. 82(8): 875 – 879. 
 
Seifers DL, Martin TJ, Harvey TL, Haber S, Krokhin O, Spicer V, Ying S and Standing KG 
(2009) Identification of variants of the High Plains virus infecting wheat in Kansas. Pla nt 
disease. 93(12): 1265 – 1274.  
 
Shahzad S. (2001). Fungi associated with root and stem of betelvine in Pakistan. Pakistan 
Journal of Botany, 33(2) 217 -219. 
 
Tegli S, Sereni A and Surico G (2002) PCR -based assay for the detection of Curtobacterium 
flaccum faciens  pv. flaccumfaciens  in bean seeds. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 35: 331 -
337.  
 
Ullstrup, A. J. (1953). Several ear rots of corn. Plant Diseases.  
 
Zhang, Y., Jingyue, H., and Liyuan, H. (1993) Effect of infected groundnut seeds on 
transmission of  Pseudomonas solanacearum. Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, no 9.  
  24 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries   
Appendix  
 
Table 5: Summary of schedules of specific requirements in Part 2 in the standard, showing: quarantine 
pests with either a pest free area option in the standard (black text) or a ‘pest not known to occur’ option 
in the standard (blue  text): the approved countries for importing seeds under the schedule ; and 
proposed changes in the schedule . 
 
IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Acrocomia  Coconut cadang -
cadang viroid  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Agropyron  Tilletia controversa  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Arachis hypogaea  Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Avena  Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv. 
undulosa , High plains 
virus , Anguina tritici  
and Cephalosporium 
gramineum  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Czech  
Republic, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
The 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
United 
Kingdom, and 
United States 
of America.  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additi onal option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 25 IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Beta Clavibacter 
michiganensis  subsp. 
sepedonicus  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Camellia sinensis  Exobasidium vexans , 
Phloem necrosis  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
Cannabis sativa  Pseudomonas 
syringae  pv. 
cannabina , 
Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv. 
cannabis , 
Leptosphaeria 
woroninii , Septoria 
cannabis , Curvularia 
cymbopogonis  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
Capsicum  Potato spindle tuber 
viroid , Pepper chat 
fruit viroid , Tomato 
brown rugose fruit 
virus , Tomato mottle 
mosaic virus  
 All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for Potato spindle 
tuber viroid  and Pepper chat fruit viroid  
is removed and replaced with a ‘Pest 
absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
declaration.  
Carpinus  Cladosporium 
caryigenum  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for Cladosporium 
caryigenum  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
Carya  Cladosporium 
caryigenum  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for Cladosporium 
caryigenum  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
Castanea  Cryphonectria 
parasitica  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declarati on for Cryphonectria 
parasitica  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
Cicer  Ascochyta rabiei  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Citrus  Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv. citri, 
Candidatus 
Liberibacter spp.  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Denmark, The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for Xanthomonas 
campestris pv. citri and Candidatus  
Liberibacter spp. is removed and 26 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
the 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
United 
Kingdom, 
United States 
of America  replaced with a ‘Pest absent in area 
based on ISPM 8’ declaration.  
Cocos  Coconut cadang -
cadang viroid  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Coriandrum  Ramularia coriandri  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a  
measure.  
Corypha  Coconut cadang -
cadang viroid  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Cucumis  Cucumber green 
mottle mosaic virus  
(CGMMV); Kyuri 
green mottle mosaic 
virus  (KGMMV); 
Melon necrotic spot 
virus  (MNSV)  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
The option for a ‘pest absent/ not 
known to occur’ declaration for 
Cucumber green mot tle mosaic virus, 
Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus  and 
Melon necrotic spot virus  is removed 
and replaced with a ‘Pest absent in 
area based on ISPM 8’ declaration.  
Cucurbitaceae  Cucumber green 
mottle mosaic virus  
(CGMMV); Kyuri All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 27 IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
green mottle mosaic 
virus  (KGMMV)   
The option for a ‘pest absent/ not 
known to occur’ declaration for 
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus 
and Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus  is 
removed and replaced with a ‘Pest 
absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
declaration.  
Cuminum  Alternaria burnsii  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Desmodium  Desmodium mosaic 
virus  All The option for a ‘pest  not known to 
occur’ declaration for Desmodium 
mosaic virus  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Echinochloa  Sclerospora 
graminicola  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Elaeis  Coconut cadang -
cadang viroid  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Eriobotryia  Pseudomonas 
syringae pv. 
eriobotryae  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for Pseudomonas 
syringae pv. eriobotryae  is removed 
and replaced with a ‘Pest absent in 
area based on ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Glebionis  Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  All ‘Pest absent in ar ea based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Glycine  Peronospora 
manshurica  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
 
Helianthus  Alternaria helianthi, 
Neolasioptera 
helianthi, Plasmopara 
halstedii, Septoria 
helianthi  and Alternaria 
helianthi, 
Neolasioptera 
helianthi (syn. 
Lasioptera The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ d eclaration for  Alternaria 
helianthi , Neolasioptera helianthi , 
Plasmopara halstedii , Septoria 
helianthi  and Sunflower mosaic virus  28 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Sunflower mosaic 
virus  murtfeldtiana), 
Plasmopara 
halstedii, 
Septoria 
helianthi, 
Sunflower 
mosaic virus  is removed and replaced with a ‘Pest 
absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
declaration.  
 
Hordeum  Pseudomonas 
syringae pv. 
striafaciens, 
Rathayibacter tritici, 
Xanthomonas 
campestris pv. 
undulosa, 
Cephalosporium 
gramineum, 
Fusarium longipes, 
Tilletia controversia  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Czech 
Republic, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, I taly, 
Japan, 
Luxembourg, 
the 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
United 
Kingdom, and 
United States 
of America  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
Juglans  Gnomonia leptostyla, 
Cherry leaf roll virus  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Mexico, 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
Portugal, The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Gnomonia 
leptostyla and Cherry leaf roll virus  is 
removed and replaced with a ‘Pest 
absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
declaration.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 29 IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
United 
Kingdom, 
United State s 
of America  
Lavandula  Coniothyrium 
lavandulae, Phoma 
lavandulae  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
Lens  Trogoderma 
granarium  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Trogoderma 
granarium  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Lithocarpus 
densiflorus  Ceratocystis 
fagacearum  Australia, 
Canada, 
Germany, 
India, Israel, 
Japan, 
Mexico, 
Tunisia, 
United 
Kingdom, 
United States 
of America  The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Ceratocystis 
fagacearum  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Livistona  Coconut cadang -
cadang viroid  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Medicago  Pea early browning 
virus, Peanut stunt 
virus, Xanthomonas 
campestris pv. 
alfalfae  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests. The option for a  
‘pest not known to occur’ declaration 
for Trogoderma granarium  is removed 
and replaced with a ‘Pest absent in 
area based on ISPM 8’ declaration . 
 
Myrtaceae  Austropuccinia psidii  All  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an option for a measure.  
 
Nicotiana 
tabacum  Peronospora 
tabacina  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Peronospora 
tabacini  is removed and replaced with 30 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
a ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 
8’ declaration.  
 
Petunia  Potato spindle tuber 
viroid, Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
Phaseolus  Elsinoe phaseoli, 
Phoma exigua var. 
diversispora, 
Curtobacterium 
flaccumfaciens pv. 
flaccumfaciens, Bean 
common m osaic virus 
[blackeye cowpea 
mosaic strain], 
Southern bean 
mosaic virus  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
the 
Netherlands, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, the 
United 
Kingdom, and 
the United  
States of 
America  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
Phoenix  Fusarium oxysporum  
f. sp. canariensis  All countries 
except Guam, 
the 
Philippines, 
and the 
Solomon 
Islands  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
 
Pisum  Broad bean mottle 
virus, Broad bean 
stain virus, Pea early -
browning virus, 
Cladosporium 
cladosporioides  f. sp. 
Pisicola  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Czech 
Republic, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 31 IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
the 
Netherlands, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Taiwan, the 
United 
Kingdom and 
the United 
States of 
America  
Quercus  Ceratocystis 
fagacearum, 
Cryphonectria 
parasitica  Australia, 
Canada, 
Germany, 
India, Israel, 
Japan, 
Mexico, 
Spain, 
Tunisia, 
United 
Kingdom and 
United States 
of America  The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Ceratocystis 
fagacearum and Cryphonectria 
parasitica  is removed and replaced 
with a ‘Pest absent in area based on 
ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Sesamum  Alternaria sesami, 
Cercoseptoria 
sesami, 
Xanthomonas 
campestris pv. 
sesame  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
 
 
Solanum  Potato spindle tuber 
viroid  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  
Solanum 
lycopersicum  Columnea latent 
viroid, Pepino mosaic 
virus, Potato spindle 
tuber viroid, Tomato 
chlorotic dwarf viroid, 
Tomato brown 
rugose fruit virus, 
Tomato apical stunt 
viroid, Tomato planta 
macho viroid, Tomato 
mottle mosaic virus  All ‘Pest abse nt in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
Sorghum  Peronosclerospora 
sorghi, Sclerospora 
graminicola  Australia, 
USA ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests . 
Trigonella 
foenum -graecum  Cercosporidium 
traversiana  All ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure.  32 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
Triticum  Rathayibacter tritici, 
Xanthomonas 
campestris pv. 
undulosa , Indian 
peanut clump virus, 
Anguina tritici, 
Alternaria triticina, 
Cephalosporium 
gramineum, Tilletia 
controversa, Tilletia 
indica  : Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Czech 
Republic, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
The 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
United 
Kingdom and 
United States 
of America.  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
 
Ulmus  Cherry leaf roll virus, 
Elm mo ttle virus  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Cherry leaf roll 
virus and Elm mottle virus  is removed 
and replaced with a ‘Pest absent in 
area based on ISPM 8’ declaration.  
 
Vicia  Artichoke yellow 
ringspot virus, Broad 
bean mott le virus, 
Broad bean stain 
virus, Broad bean 
true mosaic virus, 
Pea early -browning 
virus  Australia, 
Austria, 
Belgium, 
Canada, 
Czech 
Republic, 
Denmark, 
Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
the 
Netherlands, 
Portugal, 
Spain, 
Sweden, ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  • 33 IHS 
section/schedule  Pest with a pest free 
area or ‘not known 
to occur’* option  Approved 
countries  Proposed change /s 
United 
Kingdom and 
United States 
of America  
Vigna  Curtobacterium 
flaccumfaciens  pv. 
flaccumfaciens, 
Xanthomonas 
campestris  pv. 
vignicola  All The option for a ‘pest not known to 
occur’ declaration for  Curtobacterium 
flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and 
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola  
is removed and replaced with a ‘Pest 
absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
declaration.  
 
 
Zea Acidovorax avenae 
subsp. avenae, 
Clavibacter 
michiganensis subsp. 
nebraskensis, 
Pantoea stewartii, 
Maize dwarf mosaic 
virus, Maize chlorotic 
mottle virus, 
Sugarcane m osaic 
virus, Botryosphaeria 
zeae, Cochliobolus 
pallescens, 
Cochliobolus 
tuberculatus, 
Claviceps gigantea, 
Gloeocercospora 
sorghi, Ustilago 
maydis, 
Peronosclerospora 
heteropogoni, 
Peronosclerospora 
maydis, 
Peronosclerospora 
philippinensis, 
Peronosclerospora  
sacchari, 
Peronosclerospora 
sorghi, Sclerophthora 
rayssiae var. zeae, 
Stenocarpella 
macrospora and 
Cephalosporium 
maydis  Australia, 
Austria, 
Canada, 
Chile, Finland, 
France, 
Germany, 
Greece, 
Hungary, 
Japan, the 
Netherlands, 
Norway, 
South Africa, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
the United 
Kingdom, and 
the United 
States of 
America.  ‘Pest absent in area based on ISPM 8’ 
added as an additional option for a 
measure for all pests.  
 
 
  34 • Proposal: Amendments to the import health standard Seeds for Sowing  Ministry for Primary Industries  Disclaimer  
 
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publicati on is accurate, the  Ministry  for 
Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or 
opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.  
 
This publi cation is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at  
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publications/   
 
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry for Primary Industries