KENYA STANDARD  KS 2925:2020   
ICS ##.### 
First E dition  
  
©KEBS 20 20                                                        First Edition 20 20 
 Kidney trays  — Specification  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT, SEPTEMBER 2020  
 
 KS 2925:2020  
ii © KEBS 2020 – All rights reserved  
 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION  
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:  
Alpha Medical Manufacturers Limited  
Association o f Medical Engineers of Kenya(AMEK)  
Christian Health Association of Kenya(CHAK)  
Diverse Management Consultancy Ltd . 
Equra Health Kenya  
Gertrude's Children's Hospital  
Jads Diagnostics EA Ltd . 
Kenya Accreditation Service (KENAS)  
Kenya Medical Supplies Agency (KEMSA)  
Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KNCCI)  
Medtronics Kenya  
Ministry of Health  
Physicist Society of Kenya  
Nairobi County — Sub county Health Services, Kamukunji  
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat  
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS  
In ord er to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya Standards shall be regularly reviewed.  Suggestions for 
improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards, are 
welcome.  
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2020  
Copyright. Users are reminded that by virtue of Section 25 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of 2001 of  the Laws of Kenya, copyright subsists 
in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under Section 25 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya Bureau o f Standards 
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing f rom the 
Managing Director.   KENYA STANDARD  KS 2925:2020  
ICS ##.###  
First Edition  
 
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  iii 
  Kidney trays  — Specification  
 
 
Kenya Bureau of Standards,  Popo Road, Off Mombasa Road,  
P.O. Box 54974 - 00200,  Nairobi, Kenya  
 +254 020 6948000, + 254 722202137, + 254 734600471  
 info@kebs.org  
 @KEBS_ke  
 kenya bureau of standards (kebs)  
  
KS 2925:2020  
iv © KEBS 2020 – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
This Kenya Standard was prepared by the Hospital Devices, Tools and Equipment Technical Committee under 
the guidance of the Standards Projects Committee, and it is in accordance with the procedures of the Kenya 
Bureau of Standards  
A kidney dish  (British English ) or emesis basin  (American English ) is a shallow  basin  with a  kidney -shaped 
base and sloping walls used in medical and  surgical  wards to receive soiled dressings and other  medical 
waste . Reusable kidney dishes are usually made of  stainless steel , while disposable ones may be made 
of paper  pulp or plastic. The shape of the dish allows it to be held against the patient's body to catch any 
falling fluids or debris. Various sizes of emesis basin are a common sight in healthcare settings,  including 
facilities such as  nursing homes  that may have bedridden patients. The disposable version of the kidney 
dish was invented by  Bessie Virginia Blount . 
The disposable  molded pulp  kidney dish is replacing reusable kidney dish because single -use products 
can decrease cross -communication of diseases.  
Generally, the volume of a pulp kidney dish (or "vomit dish") is 700 ml. Its length is 25  cm to 26 cm, its 
width 11  cm. Each year more than 100 million pulp kidney dishes are used in hospital or family care.  
Cont rary to its name, emesis basins are not usually used for  vomiting , as the depth, size, and sloping walls 
all contribute to spilling or splashing the vomit rather than catching it. For thi s purpose, a plastic bag or 
wash basin is often preferred, especially by ambulance crews who may need to receive the vomit while 
driving rapidly, and then hand it over for analysis.  
Emesis basins are suited for more controlled situations. When washing out a small wound, for example, 
sometimes the wash water is applied from above with an emesis basin held underneath to catch the runoff.  
The concave  inner rim helps to conform to t he curve of the body.  
 
During the development of this standard, reference was  made to the following document : 
 
IS 3992: 1982 , Trays, Kidney . 
 
Acknowledgement is made for the assistance received from this source . 
 KS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  v 
  Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  1 
4 Shape and dimensions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  1 
4.1 Shape  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  1 
4.2 Dimensions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 
5 Workmanship and finish  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  3 
6 Tests  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  3 
6.1 Enameled iron trays  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  3 
6.1.1  Citric acid spot test  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  3 
7 Marking  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  3 
7.1 Certification markin g................................ ................................ ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.  
8 Packing  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  3 
Annex  A (normative)  Test methods for vitreous enamelware - Preparation of specimen for 
testing – enamelled cast iron  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 4 
A.1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  4 
A.2 Terminology  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 4 
A.3 Shape and dimensions of specimens  ................................ ................................ ........................  4 
A.4 Production of specially prepared specimens  ................................ ................................ ............  4 
A.4.1  Material  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  4 
A.4.2  Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 4 
A.4.2.2  Wet process enamels  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  5 
A.4.3  Quality of surface and finish  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 5 
A.5 Specimens from production articles  ................................ ................................ ..........................  5 
A.5.1  General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  5 
A.5.2  Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 5 
Annex  B (normative)  Tests  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  7 
B.1 Test specimen  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  7 
B.2 Requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  7 
B.2.1  Materials  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  7 
B.3 Enamel  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  7 
B.3.3  Thickness  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 8 
B.3.4  Coverage  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 
B.3.5  Edges and fittings  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  8 
B.4 Storage capacity  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  8 
B.5 Hydrostatic test  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  9 
B.6 Enamel coverage test ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  9 
Annex  C (normative)  Determination of resistance to thermal shock  ................................ ................  10 
C.1 Outline of the method  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  10 
C.2 Apparatus  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 10 
C.3 Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 10 
 KENYA STANDARD  KS 2925:2020  
 
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  1 
 Kidney trays — Specification  
1 Scope  
This Kenya Standard prescribes requirements and test methods for  stainless steel and enamelled  iron kidney 
trays.  
2 Normative references  
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes 
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition c ited applies. For undated references, the 
latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
ISO 19496 -1:2017,  Vitreous porcelain enamels – Terminology, Part 1: Terms and definitions  
 
ISO 19496 -2:2017,  Vitreous porcelain enamels – Terminology, Part 2: Visual representation and determination  
 
Kenya Bureau of Standards, Quality Manual  
 
World Trade Organization, Technical Barriers to Trade (WTO/TBT) Agreement Annex 3: Code of Good Practice 
for the preparat ion, adoption and application of standards  
 
ISO 28764:2015, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Production of specimens for testing enamels on sheet 
steel, sheet aluminium and cast iron  
ISO 8289 -1:2020, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Low-voltage test for d etecting and locating defects — Part 
1: Swab test for non -profiled surfaces  
ISO 8289 -2:2019, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Low-voltage test for detecting and locating defects — Part 
2: Slurry test for profiled surfaces  
 
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purpose of this document , the definitions given in KS ISO 19496 Parts 1 and 2  and the following apply.  
3.1 
material  
shall be  Stainless Steel -  conforming  to Designation XC 4Cr18Ni11 or X0 7Cr18Ni9.  
3.2 
enamelled i ron 
the base metal free from defect with the coating compris ing inorganic vitreous enamel fused t o the surface of 
the base metal  
4 Shape and d imensions  
4.1 Shape  
The shape of kidney trays shall generally conform to Figure  1. The contour shall be such that the trays of the 
same size when nest ed together shall not become jammed. The contour of sides shal l bulge outside as shown 
in Figure  1. The base shall be flat.   
2 © KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  
  
 
 
4.1.1  The kidney trays shall have the rim as shown in Figure  1. 
4.2 Dimensions  
The dimensions of kidney trays shall be as  given in Table 1 read with Figure  1 for all the trays ( stainless steel 
and enamelled  iron) subject to the following tolerances:  
SL Dimensions  
mm Tolerance  
mm 
1 Up to 50  ± 1 
2 51 to 100  ± 2 
3 101 to 200  ± 3 
4 201 and above  ± 5 
 
DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  3 
  
 
4.2.1  The enamelled  iron trays may have two or three coats of enamel and the final thickness of enamel 
shall be between 0.12 mm and 0.38 mm.  
4.3 A deviation of maximum 15 % shall be permitted for negative tolerance on sheet thickness and the reduction 
in the drawing due to forming process.  
5 Workmanship and finish  
5.1 In general, the kidney trays shall be so constructed that these shall not rock when placed on a level surfac e. 
5.2 Stainless steel trays  - The trays shall be polished bright. These shall also be free from sharp or open edges, 
distortion, dents, wrinkles, wavy surface, burrs, scratches and pittings.  
5.3 Enamelled  iron trays  - Vitreous enamel shall be applied in such a way that ground and cover coats shall be  
fairly uniform in thickness. Unless otherwise specified, the enamel shall have white colour  with blue rim. The  
finished enamelware shall have a glossy finish and shall be free from blisters, crazing, cracks, chipping, pin -
holes, discoloration, and other imperfections which affect the appearance or may impair the serviceability.  
6 Tests  
6.1 Citric acid spot test  
When subjected to test in accordance with Annex B, it shall pass test. 
6.2 Enamelled  iron trays  
Thes e shall satisfy the test requirements covered in Annex B.  
7 Marking  
Each kidney tray shall be suitably marked at the bottom with the manufacturer's name, registered trade -mark , 
if any,  or identification mark and its size.  
 
8 Packing  
The kidney trays shall be appropriately wrapped to avoid scratches  during stacking . 
 
4 © KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  A 
(normative)  
 
Test m ethods for vitreous enamelw are - Preparation of specimen for 
testing – enamelled cast iron  
A.1 Scope  
This Annex specifies methods for the product ion of specimens suitable for testing vitreous enamels for cast iron 
and enamelled cast iron articles.  
A.2 Terminology  
For the purpose of this document,  the definitions given in KS ISO 19496 Parts 1, 2 and KS ISO 28764 apply.  
A.3 Shape and dimensions of sp ecimens  
A.3.1 The specimens shall be flat, circular, square or rectangular enamelled plates of cast iron with a 
diameter or side length of any suit able size not exceeding 110 mm.  
NOTE 1  Shape and dimensions depend upon the dimensions of the testing apparatus and the kind of balance, if loss in 
mass is to be determined; the required weighing accuracy being 0.2 mg. 3.2 The specimens may be specially cast plates or 
plates cut from a cast iro n bar, with a minimum thickness of 2.5 mm, or they may be cut from enamelled cast iron articles.  
NOTE 2  If the mass of the cast specimens exceeds the carrying rapacity of the balance, it is permissible to reduce the 
thickness by machining. For a balance w ith a carrying capacity of 200 g, specimens of the following dimensions are suitable:  
a) specially cast plates of cast iron with a diameter of 95 mm and a thickness of 30 mm ± 0.2 mm; or  
b) plates with a diameter of 105 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm cut from a ca st iron bar or cut from 
enamelled articles.  
 
A.4 Production of specially prepared specimens  
A.4.1 Material  
A.4.1.1  The cast iron upon which enamel is applied shall be enamelling  quality cast iron.  
A.4.1.2  The approximate composition of minor constituents of cast iron shall be according to cast iron meeting 
the following specification: Carbon: 2.3 – 2.7 wt%, Si: 1.0 – 1.75 % . 
A.4.2 Procedure  
A.4.2.1  Dry process enamels  
Anneal the cast plates at a temperature between 750 °C to 800°C. Prepare the plates for e namelling by any 
one of the recognized procedures, but use the same procedure and materials for prep aring specimens for 
comparison.  DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  5 
 A.4.2.1.1  Apply ground coat by pouring or spraying one or both sides of the specimen so that agreed 
thickness of coating is obtained.  
A.4.2.1.2  After drying and fusing of the specimen, apply the cover coat on one side only and fuse again, 
ensuring that there is a minimum of build -up around the edge of the specimen.  
NOTE  For most purposes two cover coats are standard procedure, but in cases where more cover coats are considered 
to be usual practice, the add itional coats shall be applied.  
A.4.2.1.3  Coating thickness may vary but specimens for comparison shall be of the same thickness.  
A.4.2.2  Wet process enamels  
Anneal and prepare  the cas t plates as specified in 4.2.1.  
A.4.2.2.1  Apply ground coat as in A.4.2.1.1.  
A.4.2.2.2  After drying, fusing and cooling of the specimen, apply the cover coat on one side only. For 
ensuring that there is minimum of build -up around the edge of the sp ecimen, suitably wipe the applied enamel 
from the edges to a width of 2  mm after drying and then fuse.  
NOTE  For most purposes one cover coat is standard procedure, but in cases where two or three cover coats are 
considered to be usual practice, the add itional coats shall be applied.  
A.4.2.2.3  Coating thickness may vary but specimens for comparison shall be of the same thickness.  
A.4.2.3  Direct -on enamels for cast i ron — Anneal and prepa re the cast plates as in 4.2.1.  
A.4.2.3.1  Apply the enamel to one or both sides of the specimen according to accepted practice.  
NOTE  When in practice the usual application consists of one coat only, one coat shall be applied. In cases where 
additional coatings are a necessary part of the finish, t hese coating s shall be applied accordingly.  
A.4.2.3.2  Coating thickness may vary but comparative specimens shall be of the same thickness.  
A.4.3 Quality of surface and finish  
The surface of the enamelled  specimens shall  be flat and free from defects.  
A.4.3.1  The specimens shall be checked by visual inspection for freedom from defects. However, the 
specimens for enamels for containers and apparatus for the chemical industry shall be checked with high voltage 
for freedom from weak places and pin holes in a ccordance with KS ISO 8289.  
A.5 Specimens from production articles  
A.5.1 General  
Specimens shall be taken only from flat a reas of the enamelled articles.  
A.5.2 Procedure  
Before cutting off the specimens, remove the enamel along the cutting surface by grind ing, the width of the zone 
from which the enamel is to be removed being determined by the width of the cutting tool and an extra margin 
of 2 mm for safety. If the loss in mass per unit area of the enamel coating is to be determined, specimens shall 
be take n from those flat areas where the reverse side is protected by at least a ground or direct -on enamel coat 
as the case may be.   
6 © KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  
 NOTE  Grinding machines are suitable for grinding off the enamel, where silicon carbide, corundum or diamond grinding 
wheels are us ed. DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  7 
 Annex  B 
(normative)  
 
Tests  
B.1 Test specimen  
The test specimen shall be prepa red in accordance with Annex A.  
B.2 Requirements  
B.2.1  Materials  
B.2.1 .1 Base m etal 
The base metal and the component used for the fabrication of enamelled inner tank shall be made of steel 
sheet. The nominal thickness of the steel sheet used shall be 2 mm and the same shall not vary by more than 
8 % on the high side and 16 % on the lower side of the nominal value when determined in accordance wi th the 
method prescribed below.  
B.2.1.1 .1 Remove the enamel layer of the sample by immersing it, at least up to a depth of 1 cm, in molten 
caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) at 530 °C to 550°C in a stainless steel or nickel dish, for a period of 15 to 30 
min, depending on the thickness of the  enamel layer. After the enamel layer has been dissolved from a minimum 
area of 0.5 cm width and 3 cm length along the edge, wash the sample with water sufficiently to remove the last 
adhering oxide layer below the enamel. Wipe the exposed metal with clean  cloth and quickly dry in an air -oven 
to avoid resting.  
B.2.1. 1.2 Measure the thickness of the exposed metal by means of a micrometer at three points, each point 
at a distance of at least 1 cm from the preceding one. The average of the three measurements shall be taken 
as the thickness of the metal.  
NOTE  1 For the purpose of this test, it is presumed that the thickness of the whole ware i s the same.  
NOTE 2  In case an enamelware comprises two or more components of different thicknesses welded together, each  such 
component shall be treated as a separate enamelware.  
B.3 Enamel  
B.3.1 All surfaces of the tank that are exposed to hot water shall have a continuous coating of vitreous 
enamel. The outside of the tank shall also be pro jected with a thin enamel coat.  
B.3.2 The composition of the enamel shall be such as to meet the requireme nts given in B.3.2.1 to B3.2.5.  
B.3.2.1  Release of toxic material  
The enamel shall pass the permissible release limits of 0.5 mg/dm2 for lead (as Pb) and 0.05 mg/dm2 for 
cadmium (as Cd) when tested by the methods given in Annex C.  
 
  
8 © KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  
 B.3.2.2  Resistance to citric acid  
The enamel shall pass the resistance to citric acid test at room temperature for 'AA' or 'A' class when tested by 
the method prescribed in Annex D.  
B.3.2.3 Solubility test  
The enamel when tested by the procedure given in Annex A shall not suffer a weight loss of more than 4 mg/cm2. 
5.3.2.4  Resistance to thermal shock  
The enamel shall pass the resistance to thermal shock test when tested by the procedure gi ven in Annex B.  
B.3.2.5  Impact resistance test  
The enamel coating shall not show any instantaneous chipping at the impact point when subjected to an impact 
force of 3.4 kg/cm2. This impact force is achieved by making a steel ball weighing 43  g ± 1 g to fal l freely from 
a height of 80 cm at a plain segment of the inner part of the tank having a flat area larger than the cross sectional 
area of the ball.  
NOTE  For the purpose of this testing, chipping shall be considered as those fractures of enamel coating, w hich result 
in spontaneous removal/breaking away of the damaged enamelled flake. Any delayed chipping or chipping on the opposite 
side of the impact face shall not be taken into account for evaluating the test result of the sample.  
B.3.3 Thickness  
The thic kness of the enamel coating sha ll be between 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm.  
B.3.4 Coverage  
In order to be considered a continuous coating, the enamel shall have the minimum defects or di scontinuities.  
NOTE  Any break in the coating that is sufficient to expose the surfa ce of the steel base shall be a cause of rejection 
(see 5.6).  
B.3.4.1  Cathodic protection If there is any discontinuity in the enamel coating more than the maximum limit 
prescribed in 5.6 then cathodic protection shall be provided. Each enamelled tank shall be furnished with a 
cored magnesium anode having a surface density of magnesium not less than 275 g/m2 of the inner tank area. 
The anode shall be ele ctrically grounded to the tank.  
B.3.4.2  Exceptions to cathodic protection  
 For use in areas where experience has shown that cathodic protection shall not be used, the enamelled tanks 
may b e furnished without anodes, if a) the tanks are so labelled, and b) the enamel is applied in such a way so 
as to ensure the complete coverage of the steel.  
B.3.5 Edges and f ittings  
All edges and fittings, welded or otherwise, shall be coated with enamel except sharp edges, threadings and 
small areas immediately adjacent to various fittings. A slight burn -off of enamel, that does not extend more than 
6.25 mm back from the sharp edges,  shall be permitted.  
B.4 Storage capacity  
The storage capacity of each tank shall be within ± 5 % of the rated capacity marked on the tank.  DKS 2925:2020  
© KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  9 
 B.4.1 The tray shall be fixed in its working position. The drain plug and all  outlets except the top most outlet 
shall be plugged. The container is filled with water through its inlet until water starts flowing at the top most 
outlet. The inlet is closed and when the overflow ceases completely, the water is drained out through the drain 
plug and the volume of water determined either by measuring or weighing. The capacity so measured is called 
the storage capacity.  
B.5 Hydrostatic test  
B.5.1 The enamelled tray shall withstand the water pr essure occurring in normal use.  
B.5.2 The inn er containers are subjected to water pressure which is raised to a specific value (see B .5.3) at 
a rate of 0.13 Mpa/s1) and is mainta ined at that value for 5 min . 
B.5.3 The water pressure is twice the rated pressure for cont ainers of closed water heaters.  
B.5.4 After the test, the container shall show no leakage  nor any permanent deformation.  
B.6 Enamel coverage test  
B.6.1  After comple ting the hydrostatic test (see B .5), the tanks shall be cut into four or more segments using 
a saw. Each segment shall be visually inspected for the presence of exposed metal areas except the cracked 
areas of the enamel caused by the cutting operation. If any exposed area of the metal shows a diameter of 
more than 3.5 mm, the tank shall be regarded as failing to me et the requ irement of the test.  
B.6.2 If a large number of exposed metal areas of smaller diameter are observed, the average diameter of 
such exposed metal areas shall be computed and from that the total exposed metal area shall be calculated. If 
this area exceeds 7 cm2/m2 of the inner tank surface, the sample shall be regarded as failing to meet the 
requirement of the test.   
10 © KEBS 2020  – All rights reserved  
 Annex  C 
(normative)  
 
Determination of resistance to thermal shock  
C.1 Outline of the method  
The test for thermal shock resistance consists of hea ting the specimen to 140 °C ± 3°C and then chilling with 
water at room temperature.  
C.2 Apparatus  
Hot air oven , capable of maintaining temperature of at least 150°C.  
C.3 Procedure  
Heat the specimen in the oven to 140°C ± 3°C at the rate of 5°C –10°C per min ute. As the required test 
temperature is attained, maintain the sample at  this temperature for 30 min.  Switch off the oven and remove the 
sample and quench it in water at room temperature. At least two samples shall be tested. Examine the samples 
for any c racking, flaking or blistering. The samples which show occurrence of any chipping of the enamel shall 
be considered as not being in conformity with the standard.  
 
 
 
 DKS  2925:2020    
 
© KEBS 2020 – All rights reserved