WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
8 March  2022 
(22-2106) Page: 1/60 
Trade Policy Review Body  
24 and 26 November 2021  Original: English/anglais/inglés  
 
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN  
MINUTES  OF THE MEETING  
Addendum  
Chairperson: H.E. Mrs. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
This document contains the advance written questions  and additional questions by WTO 
Members , and replies provided by  the Kingdom of Bahrain .1 
 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
24 et 26 novembre 2021  
EXAMEN DES POLITIQUES COMMERCIALES  
BAHREÏN  
COMPTE RENDU DE LA RÉUNION  
Addendum  
Présidente : S.E.  Mme. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
Le présent document contient les questions écrites communiquées à l'avance par les 
Membres de l'OMC, leurs questions additionnelles, et les réponses  fournies par  Bahreïn .1 
 
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
24 y 26 de noviembre de 2021  
EXAMEN DE LAS POLÍTICAS COMERCIALES  
BAHREIN  
ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN  
Addendum  
Presidenta: Excma.  Sra. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
En el presente documento figuran las preguntas presentadas anticipad amente por escrito  y 
las preguntas adicionales de los Miembros de la OMC,  así como las respues tas facilitadas por  
Bahrein .1 
  
 
1 In English only./En anglais seulement./En inglés solamente.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  CONTENTS  
SAUDI ARABIA  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  3 
UNITED STATES  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  4 
UNITED STATES – FOLLOW -UP QUESTIONS  ................................ ................................ .. 11 
CANADA  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  14 
SINGAPORE  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  23 
BRAZIL  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  27 
EUROPEAN UNION  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  28 
EUROPEAN UNION – FOLLOW -UP QUESTIONS  ................................ ..............................  37 
CHINA  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  38 
ISRAEL  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  45 
THAILAND  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  47 
THAILAND – ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS  ................................ ................................ .........  50 
ICELAND  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  52 
INDIA  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  55 
TURKEY  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  60 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  SAUDI ARABIA  
Secretariat Report (WT/TPR/S/419)  
3 Trade Policies and Practices by Measure  
3.3 Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.5 State trading, state -owned enterprises, and pri vatization  
Paragraph 3.130 page 67  
 
"As part of its economic diversification strategy and the Vision 2030 strategy (Section 2.2), the 
Government has been seeking to foster greater private sector participation in the economy. Over 
the review period, Bahrain has implemented, or is in the process of implementing, several public -
private partnership projects, including in the areas of social housing, utilities, and transport."  
 
Question:  
Could you please provide us with the expected impact of implementing  public -private partnerships 
on the economy?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain recently announced a new national economic recovery plan. The multi -year 
plan represents one of Bahrain 's largest economic reform programs, with the aim of enhancing the 
economy 's long -term competitiveness and supporting the post -COVID 19 recovery. The plan 
includes the launch of major strategic projects worth more than USD 30 bn in partnership with the 
private sector covering several sectors, including primary infrastructure, manufacturin g, tourism, 
education, health, and transportation.  
 
The plan is based on 4 additional pillars including the development of strategic priority sectors 
including Oil & Gas, Tourism, Logistics, Financial Services, Manufacturing, & the 
Telecommunications, I.T and Digital Economy, as well as simplifying and increasing the efficiency of 
commercial procedures, creating quality jobs, and achieving fiscal sustainability. As such the 
Economic Recovery Plan provides amble opportunities for partnerships between the pub lic and 
private sectors to drive benefit for both sides.  
 
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  UNITED STATES  
Part I.  Questions based on the Secretariat Report (WT/TPR/S/419)  
 
2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES  
 
Page 28, Paragraph 2.17:  The Secretariat Report states that Bahrain "was a respondent in a case 
brought in 2017 by Qatar (DS527), which requested consultations with respect to measures relating 
to trade in goods, trade in services, and trade -related aspects of intellectual property  rights. " 
 
• Has any progress been made in regards to this consultation?  
 
With regards to the dispute DS527, the Kingdom of Bahrain reaffirms that since receiving the request 
for consultations in the above mentioned case on 31 July 2017, the Kingdom has always been and 
continues to be open for discussions on the matter, if so required. Further, the Kingdom of Bahrain 
reassures that any measures undertaken by the Kingdom at the time were completely in line with 
international agreements and Bahrain 's obligations under the WTO agreements in the pursuit of 
national security interests. In particular, the measures in question were justified under the security 
exceptions set out in Article XXI of the GATT 1994, Article XIV bis of the GATS, Article 73 of the  
TRIPS Agreement, and other relevant provisions of the WTO.  
 
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
 
Page 46 Paragraph 3.38:  The United States understands that Bahrain and the GCC Members are 
currently considering revisions to the excise tax on non -alcoholic beverages.  
 
• Regarding the excise tax on carbonated drinks, fruit juices and milk -based products, when 
and how will Bahrain switch from an ad valorem  tax to a graduated tax based on total sugar 
content (from either naturally occurring and/or added s ugars) ? 
GCC Member States are assessing an alternative approach to calculate the Excise Tax based on a 
tiered volumetric system. This is done by dividing the sweetened beverages on several categories 
according to their percentage of sugar whereby the rate of Excise Tax is applied for each category.  
 
Any potential change and the timeline in which it will take place will have to be discussed and agreed 
among the "GCC Tax Working Group ".  
 
As you are aware, different aspects and issues with respect to taxatio n (including excise tax on 
beverages) are regularly reviewed by the "GCC Tax Working Group ". 
 
• Will Bahrain  exempt beverages with no added sugar and low caloric beverages  from this 
tax? 
With regards to low calorie beverages, studies are currently being perf ormed, to determine best 
practices with respect to the option of imposing low or no tax on beverages with low calorie added 
sweeteners  
 
• Does Bahrain plan to revise this tax further to ensure there is no discrimination between 
energy drinks and other bevera ges currently covered that have similar amounts of sugar ? 
GCC member states do not consider that the GCC excise tax practices are or at any point were 
discriminatory as the tax is neutral and the same and like products are not subject to different tax 
treatments. Furthermore, the excise tax is applied to achieve the GCC common health objectives 
and is implemented on all products that fall within the definitions agreed upon by the GCC member 
States, regardless of their origin.   
 
We would like to emphasize that the excise tax regime is not and was not discriminatory in any way. 
The difference in the tax rate between some drinks is based on the inherent difference between the 
type and content of the beverages. Thus, the appropriate tax rate is appli cable to a drink depending 
on how it is categorized on the basis of the legal definition for each type of beverage.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  • What is the timeline to inform private industry, governments, and other interested parties 
about the study currently underway on a new exci se tax model and its implementation plan 
under the GCC Unified Excise Tax Agreement ? 
With regards to the GCC timeline of informing the concerned WTO Members, the GCC will do so as 
soon as the GCC member States undertake the completion of all the aspects of  the new excise tax 
model and its implementation plan. Once a decision is taken on this matter at the GCC level, there 
will be a formal communication to inform the WTO Members of the new model and its implementation 
timeline.  
 
• We understand that study may include a review by GCC Member State governments of the 
"legal definition " of different types of beverages – can Bahrain provide additional detail on 
this aspect?  
Kindly note that the GCC Tax Working Group is in the process of amending such definitions and  this 
will be harmonized across all the GCC implementing member states. This will be formally 
communicated with WTO Members upon its completion.  
 
• What is Bahrain 's formal mechanism for consulting with private industry, trading partner 
governments , and othe r interested parties regarding the selective tax, particularly in 
advance of any final decisions ? 
With regards to consultation with private industry, all GCC member States have their own public 
consultation process in place to obtain feedback and commentar y from the private sector and any 
interested party on draft legislations prior to their enactment.  In this regard, the GCC Member 
States remain committed to working closely with industry stakeholders and they welcome their 
comments and suggestions on regu latory and legislative issues that affect the industry and take 
them into consideration as they develop and improve legislative frameworks.  
 
As for the mechanism for trading partner governments consultations, the GCC Member States are 
open to all commonly  known mechanisms and use all of them at both bilateral and WTO levels.  
 
Once again, we would like to assure that all comments and suggestions from the relevant 
stakeholders, including the private sector as well as from officials from WTO Members are taken  into 
consideration. For this purpose, the GCC member States have maintained open and transparent 
dialogue with private stakeholders as well as with GCC trade partners to ensure transparency and 
effectiveness.  
 
• We note differences among the GCC Member Stat e governments in their implementation of 
the selective tax – will Bahrain work with the other GCC Member State governments to 
ensure that any amendments to the Unified Excise Tax Treaty for the GCC address the issue 
of consistent implementation?  
The implem entation of Excise Tax is based on the Common Excise Tax Agreement of the States of 
the Gulf Cooperation Council and Law No. (40) of 2017, which provides for the application of Excise 
Tax on a number of goods harmful to human health and the environment, in cluding tobacco and its 
derivatives, energy and soft drinks.  
 
On this basis, GCC member states apply standardized tax treatments across different types of goods.   
 
Any further expansion or amendments take place in a standardized manner and are rolled out based 
on the legislative process in each respective GCC member States.  
 
• What is the status of Bahrain 's consideration regarding the long -term implications of 
continued industry volume decline for: (1) sustainable streams of tax revenue; (2) 
upstream, direct and downstream employment and investments; and (3) viability of the 
beverage industry in Bahrain?  
The policy to apply excise tax is taken at GCC Secretariat level and takes into account the impact it 
brings to the industry. This impact is regularly assessed and re -evaluated. As mentioned previously, 
direct communication is ongoing with the industry and is necessary to obtain feedback.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  The GCC working group continuously assesses alternative mechanisms to enhance and re -evaluate 
the viability of its tax systems to ensure the industry concerns are carefully considered.   
 
Page 53, Paragraph 3.62:  The report notes that "businesses can apply to Export Bahrain . . .  for 
a one -off grant covering up to 20% of the initial value of their fi rst export transaction. " 
 
• Please explain how Bahrain views this measure in light of Article 3 of the Agreement on 
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.   
 
Export Bahrain is restricted to SME sector companies, the one -off grant is designed to help and 
encourage exporters to initiate their first export to new markets across the globe specifically during 
the pandemic. The initiative is currently launched as a pilot which will then be assessed and 
measured to decide if it requires to be further adjusted before  its official launch. This program is 
open to all Bahrain -based companies whether owned by foreign or local investor. In line with 
Article  3.1 (a) the grant provided by Export Bahrain does not constitute any conditions tied to export 
performance.  
 
• Has Bahr ain notified this program to the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing 
Measures (WTO SCM Committee)?  
 
As that the grant is at a pilot phase, it has not yet been notified to the WTO Committee. However, 
action will be taken to notify this program upo n launching it officially.  
 
Page 53, Paragraph 3.64 :  The report describes a program to reduce transportation costs for 
exports by 40% and that this program applies to "both small - and large -volume shipments. " Further, 
use of this program appears to be rel ated to goods ' value added in Bahrain.   
 
• Please explain how Bahrain views this measure in light of Article 3(a) and Article 3(b) of the 
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.   
 
Export Bahrain does not offer any grant or subsidies through its shipping and logistics program. 
Export Bahrain acts as facilitators with transportation & logistic partners and service providers to 
provide below market rates to SME businesses.  
 
• Has Bahrain notified this program to the WTO SCM Committee?  
 
No, as the the program does not constitute any grants or subsidies.  
 
Page 53, Paragraph 3.66:  The report states that "Export Bahrain has entered into partnerships 
with local, regional, and international e -commerce platforms to provide cost -savings for and 
incentives to businesses selling their "Made in Bahrain " products and services online. " 
 
• Please explain how Bahrain vi ews this measure in light of Article 3(b) of the Agreement on 
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures?    
 
Export Bahrain does not offer any grant or subsidies through its e -commerce support program. 
Export Bahrain acts as facilitators with service providers (e-commerce platforms) to enable 
businesses to access and list their products and services on prominent e -commerce platforms at 
discounted rates and facilitate transaction based support.  
 
• Has Bahrain notified this program to the WTO SCM Committee?  
 
No, as the said program does not constitute any grants or subsidies.  
 
Page 59 Paragraph 3.89:  The United States understands that on September 5, 2021, Bahrain 
started implementing "Article 19 of the executive regulation of the public Health law 'Energy drinks '," 
notified on April 20, 2021, to the WTO TBT Committee as G/TBT/N/BHR/599. The United States 
notes that notification G/TBT/N/BHR/599 stated a proposed date of adoption as "[t]o be determined " 
and a proposed date of entry into force as "[g]enerally six month s after publication in the Official 
Gazette. "  The United States remains concerned about the implementation of this measure as WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  companies do not start to repackage products until the measure is final given the considerable costs 
and complexities involved in  adjustment by manufacturers to new labeling requirements.   
 
• Does the proposed date of entry into force "[g]enerally six months after publication in the 
Official Gazette " refer to the proposed measure or the final measure?  
 
The mentioned date is the deadline for the new requirements and entry into force. The six months 
from a day after publishing in the official Gazette from 5th March until the 5th of September 2021 is 
the grace period for the concerned companies to modify their situation.    
 
• Please provide a copy of the final measure.  
 
The Guideline for Special Food Licensing is published on the official website of the Ministry of Health 
and can be  found at  the following link 
(https://www.moh.gov.bh/Content/Upload /File/637574496048234082 -Specaill -food-guide -
E%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9 -
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9.pdf    
 
• Please respond to the U.S. comments, dated July 14, 2021, submitted on 
G/TBT/N/BHR/599.  
 
Response has already been se nt to Jason O. Buntin EOP/USTR, on 6th October 2021 . 
 
Page 59 Paragraph 3.91 : Bahrain 's notification G/TBT/N/BHR/599 covers only Article 19 of Decree 
(13) of 2021, entitled "Issuing the Implementing Regulations for the Public Health Law. " 
Article 16 requires a five -year license for these products: foods for infants and young children (0 -36 
months); foods for use in weight control diets; support supplements, energy drinks; vitamins and 
mineral supplements; carbohydrate, protein and fats supplements; foods with health or nutrition 
claims; other supplements for nutritional and health purposes.  
 
• Will Bahrain notify Article 16 and other relevant Articles of Decree (13) of 2021 in 
accordance with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade?  
 
Notification on the article (19) of Decree (13) of 2021which is related to the measures of energy 
drinks sp ecifically has been already notified under the G/TBT/N/BHR/599. The other articles of 
Decree (13) of 2021 covers the registration and licensing requirements of the special foods.  
 
Page 65, paragraph 3.125:   The Secretariat Report states that Bahrain 's most recent notification 
to the Working Party on State Trading Enterprises was made in October 2011.  
 
• Please indicate when Bahrain intends to submit updated information.  
 
We take note of the question and will submit an updated information in this regards.  
 
Page 69, Table 3.19: The table indicates that the value of international tenders was 
BHD 118 million in 2019 and BHD 26 million in 2020.  
 
• Please explain why the value of international tenders in 2020 decreased in comparison to 
2019?  
 
In 2019, there was purchases related to aviation including purchases  of new aircrafts, in addition to 
purchases related to the exploration of oil industry. However, in 2020 the corona pandemic 
(COVID -19) has greatly and unexpectedly affected the supply lines and supplies and the provision 
of services.  
 
• Can Bahrain provide  additional data on international tenders in 2021?  
 
Additional data will be provided in 1st quarter of 2022.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  Page 70, Paragraph 3.144:  The Secretariat Report notes that "[t]here are no Collective 
Management Organizations [(CMOs)] operating yet in Bahrai n."  Footnote 135 further states that 
"Chapter 10 of Law No. 22 of 2006 on Copyright Protection and Related Rights regulates the 
collective management of the financial rights of authors and owners of attendant rights. " 
 
• Is there any progress towards having a CMO in operation?  
 
Chapter 10 of Law No. 22 of 2006 With Respect To The Protection Of Authors Rights and 
Neighbouring Rights regulates CMOs, however no real steps have been taken by authors and right 
holders towards having CMO in operation. At the  moment, the Ministry of Information Affairs is 
curretnly studying the market, and reviewing comparative jurisdictions to benefit from their 
experiences in this particular field.  
• If yes, please describe the nature of the progress and the timeline for a CMO  to be in 
operation.  
 
N/A  
 
• If no, please explain why are there no CMOs yet in operation in light of what the Copyright 
law provides for CMOs.  
 
The Copyrights Law No. 22 of 2006 does not require CMO to be of any specific nature. Authors and 
right holders of neighboring rights are permitted to allocate their pecuniary rights to any 
organization. Steps to have CMO in operation is in the hands of the right holders. Legal knowledge 
and awareness of this topic needs to be improved so that authors can ta ke the needed steps and we 
are currently shifting our focus and efforts to accomplish this goal.  
 
Page 72, Paragraph 3.147: Please provide the current timeline for implementation of Law No. 3 
of 2021.  
 
Law No. (3) of 2021 approving the amendment of the Tra demarks Law (System) of the Cooperation 
Council for the Arab States of the Gulf  was implemented since 12th of February 2021.  
 
Page 72, Paragraph 3.149: The Secretariat Report identifies treaties and conventions to which 
Bahrain has become a party.  Howeve r, the list does not include the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate 
Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled 
or the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances.  
 
• Does Bahrain plan to accept either treaty ? 
 
Bahrain is in the process of applying to access the Marrakesh Treaty and is currently coordinating 
with the relevant authorities.  
 
• If yes, what is the timeline for the acceptance of the treaty?  
 
The timeline is determined based on what is mentioned above and the due legislative process  
 
Page 74, paragraph 3.154 : The Secretariat Report states that "[t]here were no developments in 
the area of copyright and related rights over the review period. " 
 
• What are the reasons for this absence of development?  
 
The Ministry of Information Affairs continues to raise legal and cultural awareness with respect to 
copyright law. This is achieved through providing lectures to students and members of literary and 
artistic societies, and the Ministry also undertakes inspection visits on regular basis covering all 
areas of Bahrain.  
 
• Are there developments expected during the upcoming year?  
 
Yes, the Ministry of Information is in the process of developing all areas in relation to copyright 
including, but not limited to, human resources and legal procedures.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  Page 74, Paragraph 3.154 & Page 75, Paragraph 3.156:  The Secretariat Report, paragraph 
3.154 states: "[d]uring the review period, 42 cases of copyright infringement were taken to the 
public prosecutor, and 140,039 violating materials were seized and destroyed. " In addition, 
paragraph 3.156 states: "[w]hile the authorities confirm there were no seizures of suspected 
copyright -infringing goods at the border over the review period, no data were available on copyright 
infringements within Bahrain. "  
 
• Could Bahrain please provide more context for these two statements, including the source 
of the info rmation, from where the materials were seized, and an identification of the 
referenced authority?  
 
The Directorate of Media Administration at the The Ministry of Information Affairs has referred these 
cases to the Public Prosecution. The cases were concern ing violations of copyright by street vendors 
and shops selling copied CDs where these CDs were prepared locally in these shops and not imported 
from abroad, hence no reported seizures at the border over the review period.  
 
• Could Bahrain please provide add ition information as to the disposition of the 42 cases of 
copyright infringement after referral to the public prosecutor?  
 
The required procedures with respect to seizure and destruction of counterfeited goods took place 
after the issuance of final decisi on by Bahraini Courts in 42 cases.  
 
Page 75, Paragraph 3.158: The Secretariat Report states that intellectual property (IP) 
enforcement is also conducted through "receiving and accepting complaints of IP violations " and that 
"[s]ince 2014, 102 complaints were accepted, involving 52,239 goods. Additionally, 293 shops were 
referred to the Public Prosecution Office for selling such goods. "   
 
• Of those complaints and shops referred to the Public Prosecution Office, how many involved 
copyright -infringing goods?  
 
None of the complaints and shops were related to copyright infringement and all are related to 
infringement of industrial property rights.  
 
• Of those 52,239 goods, how many were copyright -infringing goods?  
 
None of the 52,239 goods were relate d to copyright infringement and all are related to infringement 
of industrial property rights.  
 
3 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
 
Page 77, Paragraph 4.6 :  The Secretariat Report states that "preferential loans are also provided 
to farmers to encourage them to continue agriculture production, launch programmes to protect 
date palms, and other farming activities " through the Bahrain Development Bank.   
 
• Please clarify if these preferential loans are accounted for in Bahrain 's Table DS:1 
notifications.  
 
Bahrain is  net food -importer, and its agricultural sector is extremely small. The government apply 
many initiatives to encourage people to engage in this sector. And in all cases, the production is 
small and will not affect in any way the competency of the imported products. And due to limited 
agricultural land in Bahrain, most of farmers are small -scale farmers  and does not affect the products 
prices or compete with the imported products . The agricultural sector sharing on the GDP is less 
than 0.4%.  
 
• Please explain if Bahrain currently notifies the Bahrain Development Bank loans to the WTO 
as domestic support.  
 
Please ref are to the above answer  
 
• Please provide references to any applicable notifications.   
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  Please refare to the above answer  
 
Page 84, Paragraph 4.44:  The Secretariat Report notes that Bahrain provides incentives for 
investment in the manufacturing sector.  
 
• Please provide further detail on the incentives provided for local manufacturing.  
 
All industrial activities receive incentives without discrimination, and the incentives are as follows:  
Duty exemption of industry inputs that covers machinery, equipment, parts, raw materials, semi – 
manufactured materials, finished materials and packagi ng materials required for immediate 
industrial production.  
 
Part II.  Questions based on the Government Report (WT/TPR/G/419)  
 
3 ECONOMIC POLICY  
 
Page 25, Paragraphs 3.125 –3.126 :  The Government Report discusses the Ministry of Industry, 
Commerce and Touri sm's efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID -19 on services for intellectual 
property (IP) rights and enforcement of these IP rights, including "shifting all IP services to an online 
portal environment in the year 2020. "   
 
• Please explain whether the Minis try of Information Affairs took similar measures in regards 
to copyrights.  
Yes 
 
• Please describe what measures, if any, were taken.  
 
Authors are entitled to submit their work online via The Ministry of Information Affairs website after 
filling specially designed form and provide soft copy of the created work in order to obtain depository 
certificate. The certificate shall be issued with in 3 working days subject to payment of BHD50/ - per 
submission.  
 
The Ministry 's website provides authors with soft copy of Law No. 22/2006 and authors can submit 
their questions and inquiries online.  
 
Page 25, 3.130 :  The Government Report states "[t]he M inistry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism 
in Bahrain established Trade Inspection Directorate specialize in the inspections of trade violations 
in the local market. Accordingly, Bahrain expands its efforts against trade violations and IP 
infringements agai nst trademarks, patents, and industrial designs in local markets. " 
• Does the Trade Inspection Directorate also inspect for copyright violations?  
No. 
 
• Is there a similar government section under the Ministry of Information Affairs?  
Employees of the Directorate of Media Administration at the Ministry of Information Affairs have the 
capacity of law enforcement officers by virtue of Ministerial Order. Sudden inspection visits are 
undertaken in different locations to identify any copyright violation.  
 
Page 35, Annex I: The Government Report states that Bahrain 's technical assistance requirements 
include "IPR institutional upgrading, and HRD. " 
 
• Please provide additional information as to which areas of IPR this statement references.  
 
This area is related to the technical assistance requirements in upgrading the IP 's appropriate policy, 
legislation, and IP systems for administering IPRs in line with international obligations; and enforcing 
and regulating IPRs. Also, Training and human resource development in Intellectual Property for 
national IP 's employees .  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  UNITED STATES – FOLLOW -UP QUESTIONS  
• Follow Up Question #1 (RD/TPR/1352, p.6):  
Original Question:  Page 53, Paragraph 3.62: The report notes that "businesses can apply to Exp ort 
Bahrain . . . for a one -off grant covering up to 20% of the initial value of their first export 
transaction."  Please explain how Bahrain views this measure in light of Article 3 of the Agreement 
on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.  
 
Answer : Expo rt Bahrain is restricted to SME sector companies, the one -off grant is designed to help 
and encourage exporters to initiate their first export to new markets across the globe specifically 
during the pandemic. The initiative is currently launched as a pilot  which will then be assessed and 
measured to decide if it requires to be further adjusted before its official launch. This program is 
open to all Bahrain -based companies whether owned by foreign or local investor. In line with 
Article  3.1 (a) the grant pro vided by Export Bahrain does not constitute any conditions tied to export 
performance.  
 
U.S. Follow Up Question:   
 
How does Bahrain define a SME company?  
 
Answer:  
To clarify, till date, the grant under this initiative has been availed by only one first timer exporter 
with export transaction amounting to BHD 3,524.400 (equivalent to approximately USD 9,346) and 
the corresponding grant amounted close to BHD 705 (equivalent to approximately USD 1,870)2. The 
grant value under this initiative ranges fr om BHD 200 (equivalent to approximately USD 532) and 
is capped at BHD 6,000 (equivalent to approximately USD 15,960)3. It is relatively a small incentive 
to achieve larger multiplier value (For e.g. - a grant of BHD 6,000 (equivalent to approximately to 
USD 15,960) will generate export worth BHD 30,000 (equivalent to approximately USD 80,000) .4 
 
The definition of an SME in Bahrain, as published on the Ministry’s website, is defined by the Minister 
of Industry, Commerce and Tourism Order No. (229) of 2017 o n the classification of micro, small 
and medium enterprises .5 
 
Article 1 of the above Ministerial Order states that the classification of micro, small and medium 
enterprises shall be according to the two criteria mentioned in the following table:  
 
Classif ication  Criteria/Number of Workers  Criteria/Annual Revenue6 
micro  up to 5 workers  from BHD  1 to BHD  50,000  
(USD 2.65 to USD  132,979.00)  
 
small  from 6 workers to 50 workers  from BHD  50,001 to BHD  1 million  
(USD 132,981 to USD  2,659,575)  
 
medium  from 51 workers to 100 workers  from BHD  1,000,001 to BHD  3 million  
(USD 2,659,577 to USD  7,978,723)  
 
• Follow Up Question #2 (RD/TPR/1352, p. 6):  
Original Question:  Page 53, Paragraph 3.64: The report describes a program to reduce 
transportation costs for exports by 40% and that this program applies to "both small - and large -
volume shipments." Further, use of this program appears to be related to goods' value added i n 
Bahrain.  Please explain how Bahrain views this measure in light of Article 3(a) and Article 3(b) of 
the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.  
 
Answer : Export Bahrain does not offer any grant or subsidies through its shipping and logistics  
program. Export Bahrain acts as facilitators with transportation & logistic partners and service 
providers to provide preferential discounted rates to SME businesses.  
 
2 As per exchange rates captured on export transaction dated 7 April 2021: USD 1 = 0.3771  
3 BHD 1 = USD 2.65 - Based on Central Bank of Bahrain Exchange Rate Policy.  
4 BHD 1 = USD 2.65 - Based on Central Bank of Bahrain Exchange Rate Policy.  
5 https://www.legalaffairs.gov.bh/PDF/RICT22917.pdf . 
6 BHD 1 = USD 2.65  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  U.S. Follow Up Question:   
 
Can Bahrain provide additional details as to what Export Bah rain does to “act as 
facilitators” and how it is able to “provide below market rates to SME businesses”?  
 
Answer:  
Export Bahrain BSC Closed is a Bahraini shareholding company closed that operates under 
commercial registration number 147617 -1. Export Bahrain acts as a facilitator through building 
partnerships with transportation and logistic partners and service provid ers to cater for SME’s the 
possibility of signing contracts at below market rates by offering the said service providers the 
possibility of a continued number of SME’s gaining what could be described as wholesale rates.  
 
• Follow Up Question #3 (RD/TPR/1352 , p. 6):  
Original Question:  Page 53, Paragraph 3.66: The report states that "Export Bahrain has entered into 
partnerships with local, regional, and international e -commerce platforms to provide cost -savings 
for and incentives to businesses selling their "M ade in Bahrain" products and services online." Please 
explain how Bahrain views this measure in light of Article 3(b) of the Agreement on Subsidies and 
Countervailing Measures?  
 
Answer : Export Bahrain does not offer any grant or subsidies through its e -commerce support 
program. Export Bahrain acts as facilitators with service providers (e -commerce platforms) to enable 
businesses to access and list their products and services on prominent e -commerce platforms at 
discounted rates and facilitate transaction b ased support.  
 
U.S. Follow Up Question:   
 
Can Bahrain provide additional details as to what Export Bahrain does to “act as 
facilitators” and how it is able to “enable businesses to access and list their products and 
services on prominent e-commerce platforms at discounted rates”?  
Answer:  
Export Bahrain acts as a facilitator through building partnerships with local and international 
ecommerce platforms to provide more visibility for Bahrain based SME products and services in 
global markets as well as to encourage a borderless marketplace. Export Bahrain has negotiated 
various deals with different ecommerce platforms which reduces cost associated with listing. Export 
Bahrain tries to onboard as many partners as possible under their social res ponsibility to support 
the startup and SME eco system and let the customer decide which one is best for them. Export 
Bahrain’s value proposition to these ecommerce platforms is to channel more Bahrain based 
businesses to list with them.  
 
• Follow Up Questio n #4 (RD/TPR/1352, p. 9):  
Original Question : Page 77, Paragraph 4.6: The Secretariat Report states that "preferential loans 
are also provided to farmers to encourage them to continue agriculture production, launch programs 
to protect date palms, and other farming activities" through the Bahrain Development Bank.  Please 
clarify if these preferential loans are accounted for in Bahrain's Table DS:1 notifications.  
 
Answer : Bahrain is net food -importer, and its agricultural sector is extremely small. The govern ment 
apply many initiatives to encourage people to engage in this sector. And in all cases, the production 
is small and will not affect in any way the competency of the imported products. And due to limited 
agricultural land in Bahrain, most of farmers are  small -scale farmers and does not affect the products 
prices or compete with the imported products. The agricultural sector sharing on the GDP is less 
than 0.4%.  
 
U.S. Follow -up Question:  
 
While Bahrain may be a small contributor to the global agricultural system, transparency 
from all Members through notification obligations is an important principle to help that 
system function properly. The United States encourages Bahrain to provide information 
on these preferential loans in its Table DS:1 n otification obligation.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 13 - 
 
  Answer:  
Bahrain asserts its commitment to the principle of transparency and the importance serving its 
notifications obligations. We take note of the point made and will coordinate in having this 
information included in our future notifications, in cooperation with the WTO Secretariat.   
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 14 - 
 
  CANADA  
1. QUESTIONS REGARDING THE SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/419)  
 
Summary  
 
Page 7, paragraph 4 – Page 29, paragraph 2.25 – Page 30, paragraph 2.27  
 
It is stated respectively that: "Based on a  decision by the GCC, all future trade agreements should 
be negotiated as a group.", that " (…) In November 2011, the GCC announced that all future 
agreements would be negotiated as a group. ", and that "The GCC has also entered into negotiations 
with severa l other countries and economic groupings, including Australia, China, the 
European  Union, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, MERCOSUR, New  Zealand, Pakistan, and 
Turkey ." 
 
Questions:  
 
1. Could Bahrain please provide further details on the status of the ong oing FTA negotiations 
listed?  
 
Negotiations status differ from one country and bloc to another depending on the stage of the 
negotiations.  The GCC FTA negotiations team is currently engaged in advanced negotiations with 
7 countries, and it is expected that  signing with one of them will take place during the first quarter 
of next year at the latest.  
 
2. What are Bahrain 's views and position on the possibility for the GCC to explore FTA 
negotiations with other partners than those listed?  
 
The GCC FTA negotiations with a number of countries and economic groupings falls under the 
auspices of the GCC Ministerial Council of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the GCC who have 
assigned at the GCC Secretariat General a newly appointed GCC General Coordinator  and Head of 
the GCC FTAs Negotiations Team with an aim to open more international markets for the GCC goods 
and services.  
 
Part 2 Trade and Investment Regimes  
 
Page 33, para 2.45  
 
The Secretariat report describes limitations on foreign individuals and for eign-owned companies ' 
ownership in certain economic activities, in which full ownership is permitted in 64% of business 
activities, but limited to 49% in 33% of business activities, and prohibited in 3% of business 
activities. Canada notes that links provi ded in the Secretariat Report do not appear to function, and 
that the information available on the webpages referenced may not be relevant to this question.  
 
Question:  
 
3. Can Bahrain make available the respective lists of economic activities open to full ownership, 
limited to partial ownership, and prohibited to foreign entities?  
 
It is noteworthy that 97% of the Business activities allow foreign investment (64% allow 100%  
foreign ownership; 30% allow foreign partnership with Bahraini partner at a percentage share to be 
determined between the partner; 3% limited to 49% foreign ownership). The remaining 3% of the 
total business activities is limited to Bahrainis only.  
 
Please find the required link https://www.legalaffairs.gov.bh/PDF/RCAB4021.pdf . Further details can 
be found  on the website for commercial registration www.sijilat.bh   
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 15 - 
 
  Part 3  Trade Policies and Practices by Measure  
Page 61 -62, paragraph 3.101 -3.111  
 
The report notes the main legislation covering SPS measures, including legislation relating to 
sanitary and phytosanitary measures and the main sanitary and phytosanitary requirements and 
procedures.   
 
Question:  
 
4. Does Bahrain have any planned upcoming sanitary and phytosanitary regulatory initiatives 
not referenced in the TPR reports that will impact Canadian exports of agriculture, forestry, 
or aquatic products?  
 
No.  
 
Page 67, paragraph 3.131    
 
It is noted that the that Bahrain has no intention to accede to the GPA for the time being.  
 
Question:  
 
5. Would Bahrain be able to share the reasoning behind its desire to not accede to the GPA?  
 
Your point is taken into consideration . 
 
Page 67, paragraph 3.132  
 
The Report indicates that Legislative Decree No.  36 of 2002, amended in 2010 through Law No.  29 
of 2010, does not cover government procurement for the purchases "required by the public interest."  
Question:  
6. Could Bahrain provide examples of situations wher e procurements would qualify as being 
made in the "public interest"?  
 
These procur ements are related to military and national security  
 
Page 68, paragraph 3.135  
"The legislation provides for several procurement methods: (i)  open (or so -called "public") ten der 
as the main method for the purchases of goods, services, or construction; (ii)  selective (or so -called 
"limited") tenders, applied if there is a limited number of suppliers, or the intended purchase is of 
small value  that does not justify a large numbe r of bids; (iii)  competitive  negotiated tenders, 
applied if no tender has been submitted at the end of public procedures, and when goods cannot be 
identified by precise specifications; (iv)  direct purchasing, if it is established that the needs can only 
be supplied by a single source; (v)  requests for proposals, as the main method for services, through 
local or international advertisement, or in a specialized publication , or applications for 
pre-qualification [emphasis added and footnotes excluded]."  
Questions :  
7. Could Bahrain provide the "small value" financial threshold for a procuring authority to 
conduct a "selective" tender?  
 
A threshold is related to Tender Board 's discretionary authority and depends on the nature of each 
project. Internal tenders  are carried out for purchases below  BD50K for the companies owned by 
the government and BD25K for the ministries and government authorities . WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 16 - 
 
  8. How does a "specialized publication" differ from other types of publications?  
 
A specialized publication differs from other types of publications where a certain business sctor needs 
to be published through media. For example, an oil and gas sector will need to be published through 
specialized publication focusing on oil and gas secto r  
 
Page 69, paragraph 3.139  
 
The Report indicates that "[t]he [Bahrain Tender Board] may also advertise in other media of wider 
circulation."  
 
Question:   
 
9. Could Bahrain provide examples of the other media platforms it uses to advertise its tenders?  
 
Any i nternational publication and online Tender Board platforms 
(https://www.tenderboard.gov.bh/ ).  
 
Page 70, paragraph 3.142  
 
"Since 2019, registered SMEs have been eligible to obtain a 10% price preference during bidding for 
government tenders for goods, construction, and service contracts. This preference also applies to 
the internal tenders of government purchasing authorities" [footnote 130 excluded].  
 
Question:  
 
10. Could a foreign -owned company that is incorporated in Bahrain be considered as a 
"registered SME"?  
 
A foreign owned SME is allowed to register in Bahrain, in order for a company to be considered as a 
registered "SME" it has to meet the requirements and criteria fo r classification as an SME and be 
registered at the Ministry o f Industry, Comm erce & Tourism ' "SMEs Registration System". More 
information can be found at the following link:  
https://www.m oic.gov.bh/en/eServices/Pages/sme.aspx  
 
Part 4  Trade Policies by Sector  
 
Page 77, paragraph 4.6  
 
The Secretariat notes that the Government gives inputs to farmers at prices below -market level.  
 
Questions:  
 
11. How does Bahrain calculate these below -market prices?  
12. Is Bahrain taking measures to minimize distortions caused by providing inputs at below -
market prices?  
13. Are these input supports for all farmers? If not, what is the process for determining if farmers 
qualify for this support?  
 
Kindly no te below answers to questions 11, 12 and 13:  
 
Bahrain is net food -importer, and its agricultural sector is extremely small. The government apply 
many initiatives to encourage people to engage in this sector. And in all cases, the production is 
small and will not affect in any way the competency of the imported products. And due to limited 
agricultural land in Bahrain, most of farmers are small -scale farmers. The agricultural sector 
sharing on the GDP is less than 0.4%  
 
The subsidy provided for plant produ ction infrastructure consist of providing materials necessary 
for the construction of green plastic houses like plastic cover sheets and irrigation networks in a 
subsidized price 60%.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  The way subsidized materials are provided does not include any direct payment for the farmers in 
full compliance with WTO Agreement on Agriculture and regular notification are sent to the WTO.  
 
The Ministry purchases the materials, and then sell them to farmers at a discounted price of 60%. 
And the farmers pay 40% of the val ue of the purchased items.  
 
Taking into consideration the small -scale farmers, the type and quantity of subsidized materials 
provided to them does not affect the products prices or compete with the imported products. The 
main reason for those subsidized se rvices is to encourage people to enter and maintain in the 
agricultural sector. And it is available for all farmers.  
 
Page 79, paragraph 4.17  
 
The Secretariat report notes that Bahrain possesses 165 million barrels of crude oil reserves, 
2.41 trillion cubi c feet of natural gas reserves, and in 2018, discovered large unconventional oil 
resources in the Khaleej Al Bahrain basin amounting to at least 80 billion barrels of tight oil and 
10-20 trillion cubic feet of deep gas reserves.  
 
Question:  
 
14. Can Bahrain p rovide information on how they plan to offset the emissions generated through 
the extraction of oil and gas from these reserves given Bahrain 's commitment to cut carbon 
emissions by 30% by 2035, and to reach net -zero by 2060?  
 
Although the specific details of the carbon emissions cut by 30% by 2035 has not yet been 
announced publicly, but the plan to reduce emission and flaring are in place. Tatweer Petroleum - 
Bahrain Field Development Company  WLL (TP) has been challenged to maintain high oi l rates and is 
in the process of installing additional associated gas compression capacity to reinject produce gas.  
The increased flaring in the last three years was a conscious decision to maintain production levels 
and represented approximately 1500 BOP D. Non the less,  TP plans to reduce flare intensity gradually 
and ultimately eliminate flaring all together in 2023.  
 
Page 85, para 4.49  
 
The Secretariat Report describes the Invest Aluminium Bahrain Programme, which seeks to attract 
foreign investment int o the aluminium industry.  
 
Question:  
 
15. Does the Invest Aluminium Bahrain Programme consider a focus on attracting investment 
towards low -carbon production methods for aluminium?  
 
The Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain announced a new national economic growth and fiscal 
balance plan.  The multi -year plan represents one of Bahrain 's largest economic reform programmes, 
with the aim of enhancing the economy 's long -term competitiveness and supporting the post -COVID 
19 recovery.  
 
The new five-pillar plan, which aligns with Bahrain 's Economic Vision 2030 and the Kingdom 's 
intention to achieve net zero by 2060, includes A Strategic Projects Plan: catalyzing over 
USD 30 billion of investments in strategic projects and creating new industrial investment areas 
across the Kingdom targeting for example the downstream aluminum industry.  
 
Page 88, paragraph 4.73  
  
"The Central Bank of Bahrain and Financial Institutions Law No. 64 of 2006 prescribes that no person 
may undertake a 'regulated service ' in Bahrain unless licensed by the CBB. Licensing procedures for 
establishing a bank are the same for Bahraini and foreign -owned banks (conventional and Islamic). 
Foreign ownership of locally incorporated banks may be up to 100% without any restriction."  
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 18 - 
 
  Question:  
  
16. Does Bahrain have plans to update its GATS commitments to reflect the ability of foreign 
banks to own up to 100% of locally incorporated banks?  
 
In response to this question, the answer is that the captured paragraph 4.73 above expresses the 
current CBB standing for foreign ownership and hence financial institutions in Bahrain are able to 
establish with 100% foreign ownership structure. There are no plans for now to update Bahrain 's 
GATS commitments.  
 
Page 99, paragraph 4.133  
 
It is noted that any ship may acquire Bahraini nationality if it is registered at any port in Bahrain, 
and if the owner or owners are Bahraini nationals; in the case of a corporation, it must have Bahraini 
nationality. It is also noted that the Ministry of Transportat ion and Telecommunications (MTT) may, 
with the consent of the Council of Ministers, award Bahraini nationality to ships owned by foreigners.  
 
Questions:  
 
17. Can Bahrain confirm what specific considerations, conditions, and time limitations, if any, 
are taken  into account when awarding Bahraini nationality to ships owned by foreigners?  
 
According to Article 2 of the Bahrain Maritime Code, for a ship to be registered under the Bahrain 
flag, the owner/s must be a Bahraini national. However, ships owned by foreig ners may be registered 
in Bahrain by the Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications after obtaining the consent of 
the council of Ministers. There are several considerations and conditions will be taken into account 
when awarding Bahraini nationalit y to ships owned by foreigners, such as the added value to the 
Bahrain Register and to Bahrain economy. For example, the name and size of owning company and 
the GT of the vessel, the size of company 's investment in Bahrain and if the ship is participation in 
an added value projects in Bahrain. Those are considered carefully before seeking the approval of 
the Council of Ministers. With regards to time limitation, There is no specific time limit.  
 
18. How many times did the MTT award Bahraini nationality to ship s owned by foreigners during 
the review period, and for what specific purposes?  
 
There were no cases where ships owned by foreigners have been awarded the Bahraini nationality 
during the review period.  
 
Page 102, paragraph 4.146  
 
It is noted that  since 20 14, the MTT's Land Transport Regulation Directorate has been responsible 
for licensing and regulating public transport vehicles and enforcing the related rules. In general, to 
be licensed to undertake land transport services in Bahrain, foreigners must par tner with a Bahraini. 
The allowed percentage of foreign ownership depends on the licence type. For taxi services, foreign 
ownership is limited to 49%.  
 
Question:  
 
19. In addition to taxi services, can Bahrain confirm which other licence types exist for land 
transport service providers, as well as the corresponding foreign ownership limits for each?  
 
There are 15 land transport activities in Bahrain including taxi with the following ownership 
breakdown:  
• 11 activities are allowed with a Bahraini ownership as a WLL company or BSC 
company,  
• 2 activities are allowed with a 100% foreign ownership   
• 2 activ ities are allowed with 100% Bahraini ownership  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 19 - 
 
  100% Bahraini ownership:  
ISIC Code  Activity Name  
771-1 Renting and leasing of motor vehicles  
771-2 Renting and leasing of motor vehicles - Luxury Vehicles Rental with Driver  
 
Foreign ownership allowed with a Bahraini ownership in a WLL company or BSC company:  
ISIC Code  Activity Name  
4911 Passenger rail transport, interurban  
4912 Freight rail transport  
49211 -1 Passenger land transport - Transport of passengers (Domestic)  
49211 -2 Passenger land transport - Transport of passengers (International)  
49211 -3 Passenger land transport - Public Transportation  
49221 -1 Taxi - Taxi 
49221 -2 Taxi - Call Taxi  
4923-1 Freight transport by road - Internal Transport of goods  
4923-2 Freight transport by road - International Transport of goods  
773021  Motorcycle Rental  
791202 -2 Operation of Land Tours - International Transport of Tourists  
 
Foreign ownership allowed 100%:  
ISIC Code  Activity Name  
52210  Other service activities incidental to land transportation - Provision of smart 
applications for public transport activities  
791202 -1 Operation of Land Tours - Internal Transport of Tourists  
 
2. QUESTIONS REGARDING THE GOVERNMENT REPORT  (WT/TPR/G/419)  
 
Part 3  Enhancing Productivity and Capacity  
 
Page 14, paragraph 3.51  
 
It is noted that  the Privatization Programme – which falls under the supervision of the Ministry of 
Finance and National Economy and the Bahrain Economic Development Board (EDB) – concentrates 
on multiple sectors, including transportation and ports and airport service . 
 
Question:  
 
20. Could Bahrain provide additional information on the measures taken during the review period 
to increase privatization in the tr ansportation sector, including in port and airport services?  
 
Kindly note the following:  
 
1. The ports industry in the Kingdom of Bahrain have been privatized since 2006.  
 
2. Bahrain Public Transport Company  
 
Bahrain Public Transport Company is a private joint venture between leading UK -based international 
transport providers National Express Group plc and Bahrain -based Ahmed Mansour Al Aali (AMA), 
the largest and longest -established contracting and construction group in the Kingdom of Bahrain.  
 
The Nation al Express Group operates in the UK, Continental Europe, North Africa, North America 
and the Middle East and at the end of the year we employed nearly 50,000 people and operated 
over 20,000 vehicles. Passengers made nearly  1 billion journeys on our service s in 2019.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  BPTC was appointed by the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications (MTT) under a 
10-year concession in 2015 agreement to operate Bahrain 's new Public Transport Network in 
accordance with international standards and practices. Under the  supervision and regulation of the 
MTT, BPTC is responsible for the operation of the entire public bus network as well as the provision 
of the upgraded buses, related equipment and passenger terminal infrastructure.  
 
The Company has made substantial investments in the new network largely driven by a three -
pronged approach geared towards Safety, Connectivity and Technology. BPTC has employed a 
combination of internationally acclaimed safety programs, intensive driver up -skilling schemes, a 
fleet of technologically advanced vehicles, to ensure the new public transport model offers the 
highest in safety and customer service standards - maximizing reach, connectivity, accessibility and 
delivering an enhanced travel experience.  
 
3. Bahrain Metro  
 
Another major big -ticket transport project expected to move forward in the short term is the Bahrain 
Urban Transit Network, or the Bahrain Metro. Officially announced in August 2018, the project is 
also expected to be developed under a PPP model, with the government announcing plans to issue 
a tender for the project in late 2019.  
 
Valued at up to $2bn, the project is slated to reach a total length of 109 km on completion. The 
urban transit project 's first phase envisions the creation of an automated, drive rless system 
connecting Manama 's main residential, business, administrative and recreational areas. This first 
28.6-km phase is expected to include 20 stations operating across two lines. The first line will 
connect BIA to Seef Mall through Airport Avenue and the King Faisal Highway, then travel onwards 
to The Avenues mall, Bab Al Bahrain and City Centre Bahrain mall, spanning nine stations in total.  
 
The second line will run from  Juffair to the educational area in Isa Town along Al Fateh Highway, the 
Diplomatic Area, Bab Al Bahrain, Al Farooq Junction, Salmaniya, Zinj, Tubli and Salmabad. 
Passengers will be able to transfer at interchange stations in Bab Al Bahrain and Al Farooq Junction. 
According to the MOFNE, the metro will eventually be expanded to  six lines, with construction on 
the first phase of the project expected to wrap up in 2030.  
 
Page 18, paragraph 3.87  
 
The Green Building Guide "constitutes a basic reference for all sectors with regard to the standards 
and special requirements that must b e adhered to when requesting new building permits," with 
10 mandatory requirements and 64 optional requirements.  
 
Question:  
  
21. Can Bahrain explain how, if applicable, any of these requirements may impact their imports 
of building materials or other goods r elated to building and infrastructure development?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain joins the international community in seeking cutting edge technologies and 
advancement in building materials and other goods related to building infrastructor development 
and is dr iven by international solidarity and commitment to the post COP26 efforts in setting new 
standards and, importantly, accountability in terms of Carbon footprint in procurement.  
 
There is an expected impact on trade arising from the publication and impleme ntation of the Green 
Building Code. There will be a change in the selection of imports from international markets. 
However, these changes should not be regarded as restrictive local codes and practices but rather 
a commitment to the above mentioned goal.  
 
Also, it should be noted that the Green Building Code will also seek to identify externalities in 
Carbon footprint assessment for materials. Again, in line with international best practice, the 
Bahrain Green Building Code will provide scores for those com pliant materials which are produced 
in Bahrain in order to eliminate that Carbon contribution from freight movement.  
 
In summary, yes there will be impacts in our opinion, however, those impacts will represent best 
practice procurement practices which are not unique to Bahrain and are in keeping with international 
best practice in sustainable procurement.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  Page 19, paragraph 3.89  
 
Market surveillance campaigns are carried out to verify the conformity of vehicle and tire labelling 
for energy efficiency with t echnical regulations.  
 
Question:  
  
22. Can Bahrain provide more details on the conduct of market surveillance campaigns and if 
similar protocols are in place for other sectors with a sustainability focus (e.g., trade affected 
by the Green Building Guide, renewable energy projects, and other ene rgy efficiency 
initiatives)?  
 
In regards to more details on the conduct of market surveillance campaigns:  
Regarding the conformity of vehicle and tire labelling for energy efficiency with technical 
regulations, in 2019 for example, Testing and Metrology D irectorate at the Ministry of 
Industry, Commerce and Tourism did two market surveillance campaigns:   
1- On Bahrain cars exhibition: 105 vehicles were checked for fuel consumption 
efficiency label. Percentage of commitment to install the label was 75%. For the  
other 25%, there situation was corrected on the first day of the exhibition by 
reprinting the removed label and fixing them with the cooperation of Testing and 
Metrology Directorate staff.  
2- On vehicles agencies and showrooms: 51 showrooms and agencies were  covered in 
this market surveillance campaign including 189 vehicles. Percentage of compliance 
was 92%. Formal procedures were made as not all violations are able to be corrected 
in place as per some were from the manufacturer of importer.  
 
In regards to o ther initiatives with a sustainability focus:  
Testing and Metrology Directorate introduced number of local Energy Efficiency initiatives in 
cooperation with Electricity and Water Authority, Supreme Council of Environment, such  as:  
• Minimum Energy Performance and Labeling for lighting Technical Regulation that 
was implemented through issuing the Ministerial Order No. (3) 2015. This Technical 
Regulation banned the sale of halogen bulbs for general household use in the 
Kingdom of Bahrain by regulating  the non -directional Household Lamps.   
• Energy Performance Technical Regulation and Labeling requirements for Air 
Conditioners, a s per the Ministerial Order No. (70) 2015. This regulation specified 
the Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) and the ener gy labelling 
requirements for air conditioning units and heat pumps used in residential and 
commercial sector.  
• Vehicles and Tires Efficiency Technical Regulation and Labeling with respect to fuel 
efficiency and other essential parameters have been entered  into force for the 
models of year 2018.   
• Electric Vehicles Technical Regulation approved and issued as per the Ministerial 
Order No (16) for 2021 regarding Electric Vehicles. Through this Technical 
Regulation, the importation of Electric Vehicles will be  allowed and their used is 
permitted if they meet the safety and efficiency requirements.  
 
Page 20, paragraph 3.90  
 
Bahrain is participating in the development of a cross border grid through GCCIA (Gulf Cooperation 
Council Interconnection Authority) that would exchange power and save cost on avoided generation 
and reduce emissions.  
 
Question:  
 
23. Does Bahrain anticipate incorporating the avoided emissions in its carbon accounting or 
other assessments of its progress on climate change targets? If so, how?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain calculated the emissions inventory from different sectors and is now in the 
process of calculating and reporting the avoided emissions also from different sectors, as the 
government has taken numerous actions towards inc lusion of sustainable development and climate WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 22 - 
 
  change in its plans and operations; all these actions affirms Bahrain support and commitments 
towards sustainable development.   
 
Part 5  Trade Policy  
 
Page 33, paragraph 5.9  
 
It is stated that "The GCC countries are evaluating the feasibility impacts of negotiating Free Trade 
Agreements (FTA) with other countries and regions in order to finalize the priorities of negotiations 
in this regard."  
 
Questions:  
 
24. Could Bahrain please provide details regarding t he process that the GCC is conducting to 
assess the priorities of negotiations of FTAs with the GCC, e.g. steps of the assessment, 
criteria used, types of impacts considered, etc.?  
 
The process that the GCC is conducting to assess the priorities of negoti ations for the potential Free 
Trade Agreements consists of visions, methodologies and thorough studies that achieve the interests 
of the six  GCC countries in accordance with the negotiating offers and requests for Free Trade 
Agreements with other countries and economic blocs.  
 
25. Is this process being conducted only on existing negotiations or does it also include potential 
future FTA negotiations with the GCC?  
 
The mentioned process above is followed for current and future FTA potentials.  
 
26. How much o f this assessment process has the GCC completed and when will the priorities 
assessment be concluded?  
Initial assessment process of the FTAs in the pipeline has been completed and it will conclude 
once the GCC member states agree to start the actual negoti ations.  
 
Page 33, paragraph 5.10  
 
It is stated that "The GCC has concluded a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Singapore, which came 
into force on 1 of September 2013. Bahrain and GCC signed the European Free Trade Association 
(EFTA), which came into force on 1 July 2015, according to Law No. (7) 2012. In active negotiations 
with 6  countries for new FTA'S."  
 
Question:  
 
27. Could Bahrain please clarify which six (6) countries have launched negotiations for new FTAs 
with the GCC?  
 
The in active negotiations of the GCC with the 6 countries for new FTAs are in fact a continuation of 
the negotiations  that were already undergoing between the GCC members states and not "new FTAs" 
per se.  
 
Page 34, paragraph 5.13  
 
It is stated that "Addi tionally, there are high -level joint committees with a number of countries which 
facilitates on -going discussions between both sides on different range of subjects including the 
encouragement and facilitation of bilateral trade and investment."  
 
Question:  
 
28. Could Bahrain please provide further details on the subjects that are covered at these 
bilateral high -level joint committees?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain holds several High -Level Joint committees meetings with a number of 
countries on bilateral level to disc uss many cooperation topics related to trade, investment, culture, 
development and varies other subjects of interest for both countries.    WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  SINGAPORE  
PART I:  QUESTIONS REGARDING THE SECRETARIAT REPORT  
 
QUESTION:  
 
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
 
Page 38 (Para 3.11)  
 
1. The WTO Secretariat Report notes that Bahrain has implemented a "white list " for importers 
and exporters since November 2019 which enables trusted companies to clear their imports and 
exports of certain products without custom s inspection. Singapore commends Bahrain 's efforts in 
implementing initiatives to facilitate trade. Could Bahrain elaborate on:  
(i) how these importers and exporters are evaluated to be eligible for the white list;  
The white list is a list established by the government supervisory authority (OGA) to exclude 
some shipments from obtaining the approval of the agency in terms of facilitating trade and 
reducing clearance periods for customs declaration. Customs introduced this initiative to 
encourage OGA to partici pate in trade facilitation that is based on the risk management 
concepts. Accordingly, customs suggest OGA to analyse their databases and select the 
companies with low probability of violation and high importation/Exportation level. However, 
the OGA is the  responsible entity of accrediting these facilitations.  
 
(ii) what is the process of accreditation under the white list; and  
The OGA is the responsible entity for accrediting the white list.  
 
(iii) is Bahrain considering to review this white list on a regular basis t o expand the list 
of companies?  
Yes, Bahrain Customs Affairs is reviewing Periodically in order to update the list, in 
coordination with the (OGA).   
 
Page 54 (Para 3.67)  
 
2. The WTO Secretariat Report notes that the Bahrain Economic Development Board (EDB) 
offers after -care services to ensure investors ' needs are met. Could Bahrain elaborate on what these 
after-care services are specifically?  
 
The EDB has a dedicated Investor Aftercare team which is responsible for developing strategic and 
effective af tercare services to investors based in the Kingdom of Bahrain in the interest of and FDI 
generation.  
 
The team's mandate is to maintain proactive and ongoing engagements with investors based in the 
Kingdom of Bahrain with the primary objective of enhancing  investment promotion, facilitating 
growth, sourcing expansions and generating FDI.  
 
The Investor Aftercare team further provides post -establishment facilitation services through 
seamless support of investors ensuring smooth and continuous operations throu gh the identification 
and resolution of legal, technical and administrative obstacles.  
The Investor Aftercare team's focus through its relationship management role seeks to encourage 
cross-sectoral collaboration and engagement of international investors wi th the wider local business 
community and strategic government stakeholders through thought leadership and business 
development opportunities.  
 
The Investor Aftercare team services further encompass retention support programmes addressing 
threats of facili ty closures or reductions.  
 
The team provides extensive services to EDB clients, which include:  
• Regular interactions with EDB clients to address any challenges and operational bottlenecks, as 
well as escalating issues and regulatory hurdles to the relevant  government stakeholder.  
• Host regular sector roundtable sessions to discuss industry -relevant developments.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  • Encourage business retention, facilitate expansion projects, and support the development of 
value chain clusters.  
• Continuously provide feedback to the relevant stakeholders with regards to Bahrain's investment 
climate.  
 
PART II:  QUESTIONS REGARDING THE GOVERNMENT REPORT  
 
3.2 Developing Industry  
 
Page 9 (Para 3.11)  
 
3. The Government Report states that the manufacturing sector is a key driver for Bahrain 's 
economic diversification strategy. Could Bahrain elaborate on the plans to develop and advance the 
manufacturing sector?  
 
The Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism (MOICT) has implemented and working on many 
initiatives to develop the manufa cturing sector as follows:  
 
• MOICT and its partnerships with the GCC countries are working to update the unified GCC 
strategy for industrial development in the GCC states. The strategy includes a general 
framework and an executive plan for regional initiati ves and projects to increase industrial 
cooperation and coordination among member states.  
 
• Industrial Development Directorate at MOICT has completed the conversion of all remaining 
manual services of to electronic services in the industrial services system  "Industry.bh".  
 
• MOICT prepared a training and induction program for the factories in the Kingdom of Bahrain 
about implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.  
 
• MOICT is working with the GCC countries on updating The Common Industrial Regularity 
Law of the GCC.  
 
• MOICT is working on the development of the new version of Industrial services system 
Industry 2.0 that will combine all the services of the industrial sector in one system. 
(https://www.industry.bh/ ) 
 
• MOICT is scheduled to launch its new Industry National Strategy on 6th December 2021.  
 
3.14 Digital Economy  
 
Page 21 (Para 3.101)  
 
4. The Government Report states that the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) launched the beta 
version of FinHub 973 in October 2020, the region 's first cross -border, digital innovation platform 
and Bahrain 's central digital lab. Could Bahrain share about:  
(i) the status and progress of this digital lab; and  
The digital lab was launched in its beta format and we were able to su ccessfully 
complete the first round of fintech challenges. We are now working on going live for 
next year.  
 
(ii) if there had been any notable domestic and/or international projects arising from 
FinHub 973?  
Bahrain Supernova Fintech Challenges:  
The challenges were hosted on FinHub 973, CBB 's Digital Lab. The challenges were 
aimed at furthering the development of fintech within CBB 's digital strategy to boost 
collaboration and integration between financial institutions and startups utilizing 
open APIs.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  The chal lenge addressed real market challenges with an aim to find   customer -
centric solutions. The following themes were tackled:  
i. Central Bank of Bahrain – RegTech Solution: Account Blocking & 
Unblocking Automation Process  
ii. Bank ABC: Autonomous Finance  
iii. The Benefi t Company: extending payment services for 
proximity/wearables devices  
iv. Ila Bank: Banking, User Experience & AI  
v. National Bank if Bahrain: Connecting Customer Account System with 
NBB for Banking Needs  
 
4.2 Financial Services  
 
Page 27 (Para 4.10)  
 
5. The Government Report states that the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) introduced a 
Regulatory Sandbox that will allow startups, FinTech firms and licensees to provide innovative 
banking and financial solutions amongst other areas. Could  Bahrain elaborate on:  
(i) the scope of this regulatory sandbox;  
the scope of this regulatory sandbox;  
a. Rolling basis – not cohort based  
b. Type of companies to enter/eligible to apply:  
i. Start-ups, companies, or any current licensed institutions  
ii. Innovative idea that is not currently licensed under CBB rulebook 
(project can be in idea stage)  
c. Duration: 9 -12 months of testing  
d. Thresholds:  
i. Volunteer customer limit: 100  
ii. Size of transactions (depending on the project being tested)  
e. Company will need to set up in Bahrain: obtain a commercial registration and a 
local bank account, but does not need to have a physical office during sandbox 
stage  
(ii) the uptake rate of the regulatory sandbox since its launch; and  
 
a. Since the sandbox launch in 2017, we have receiv ed 150 applications as of 
September 2021  
b. We currently have 23 companies testing in the regulatory sandbox  
c. Since launch, 12 companies have graduated (successfully completed tests) from 
the regulatory sandbox and 2 of which went on to obtain a license:  
i. Tarab ut Gateway (obtained an Open Banking license)  
ii. Rain Financial (crypto asset license)  
iii. Arabianchain (cryptoexchange)  
iv. Belfrics (cryptoexchange)  
v. Basket FZE (crypto ATM)  
vi. Sprinklexchange (Capital Markets Platform)  
vii. Braxtone, Tasweya (Insuretech)  
viii. Bambucorn (Tokenization)  
ix. PIE (Microfinancing)  
x. Spare (Open Banking)  
xi. Spire (Open Banking)  
xii. Pyypl (PSP and Card Processing)  
 
(iii) if there had been any notable projects that had been developed as a result of this 
sandbox?  
a. Many of our FinTech related regulatory developments w ere a direct result of 
solutions introduced and tested in the Sandbox, such as Open Banking, 
Cryptoasset and Digital Financial Advice (robo -advisory) regulations.   
b. The Sandbox plays an important role in providing regulators with insights on 
innovative fin ancial business models and solutions and a sense of whether those WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  business models and solutions meet both the risk appetite of the regulator and 
the needs of the local market.   
c. Bahrain has a mobile retention rate of over 100% which is an indication of a 
tech-savvy and innovation friendly population. Therefore, the CBB aims to 
implement regulations that support digital transformation in order to match the 
population 's eagerness to adopt technological solutions. The Sandbox 
encourages the CBB to implement such innovative regulations by studying the 
solutions that are present in the Sandbox.  
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  BRAZIL  
PART  I: QUESTIONS  REGARDING  THE SECRETARIAT  REPORT  
 
II TRADE POLICY  REGIME:  FRAMEWORK  AND OBJECTIVES  
Page  93 (Para  4.102)  
 
4.102. The TRA grants either an individual licence or a class licence for the operation of a 
telecommunications network or for the provision  of telecommunications services (Tables 4.10 and 
4.11). Under the Telecommunications Law, to be eligible for a licence, the applica nt must  be an 
entity incorporated in Bahrain, or a branch of a foreign company licensed to operate in Bahrain in 
accordance with the Commercial  Companies Law (No. 21 of 2001) and have all the infrastructure 
and personnel associated with the provision of te lecommunications services  located in Bahrain. 
Licences are granted for 15 years, renewable for a further term of 10 years. Since 2020, the TRA 
is in the process of  moving from technology -specific licences to technology -neutral licences so that 
frequencies can now be used for both wimax and mobile  services.  
 
Questions : 
 
1. Can the Kingdom  of Bahrain  give more information  regarding  licensing  framework?  Can 
either  the individual  and class licenses  incentivize the development of the supply on the 
telecom market of the Open -RAN model and the 5G standalone service  architecture?  If yes, 
how so. 
 
The Licensing framework does not serve to incentivize the development of the supply on the telecom 
market of open RAN. Telecommunication Licenses are granted to enable licensed operators to 
provide public telecommunication services and/or to operate a publ ic telecommunication Network.  
 
2. Can the Kingdom  of Bahrain  elaborate  more on the changes  in the licensing  framework  
related  to changing  the licences  to technology -neutral  ones?  
 
Historically, both frequency license and the server license distinguished between the technology 
used for the provision of the services such that the holder of a WiMax license was only authorized 
to provide fixed wir eless services which in turn only allowed for the provision of nomadic services. 
Accordingly the handover between cells was prohibited. Similarly, mobile network operators were 
only licensed to provide mobile telecommunication s ervices.  
 
In recent amendments in our licenses, this distinction has been removed so that the licensees can 
now use the allotted frequencies  for the provision of any telecommunication service regardless of 
the underlying technology.  
 
3. Infrastructure  sharing  is critical  for the deployment  of service  in certain  areas.  Given  that, 
can the Kingdom  of Bahrain  supply  additional  information regarding  spectrum sharing in  
their regulatory regime?  
 
As per the provisions of the frequency license granted to the licensees, licensees are not allowed 
except  with prior written approval of the authority, to assign, transfe r, trade, sell, lease, pool or 
otherwise dispose  of the whole or any part of the rights, privileges , duties and/ or obligations under 
the frequency license to any person(s). As such spectrum sharing is permissible only with the explicit 
approval of the Aut hority.  
 
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  EUROPEAN UNION  
WT/TPR/S/419 – Secretariat Report  
SUMMARY  
Para 5 p.7:  
"Steps were taken in 2021 to further facilitate foreign participation in some of the selected economic 
activities where foreign access remains prohibited ."  
EU Question N°1  
Could you explain the reasons why fishing is still one of the few sectors only allowed for 
citizens and businesses of Bahrain and the GCC? Do you intend to change this in the near 
future?  
 
Bahrain National fish stocks are limited, and in order  to ensure sustainability, fishing fleet needs to 
be reduced by 50% by providing alternative business opportunity. Hence, issuance of new fishing 
licenses was prohibited since 2009.  
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1.2 Rules of origin  
Para 3.21 p.40:  
"Under the non -preferential scheme, products are generally considered as originating from the 
country where they are wholly obtained or where they underwent substantial transformation, with 
at least 40% of local value -added. As mentioned above,  all imports into Bahrain, including from 
other GCC member States, must be accompanied by an original certificate of origin. This must be 
stamped by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry/Commerce Union of the country of origin and 
relevant Consulate of Bahr ain or any Arab Embassy in the country of origin before the goods may 
be exported to Bahrain. Consular fees are levied with the rates varying according to the invoice 
value; they range from USD 60 for imports with an invoice value of up to USD 2,646 to USD  1,200 
for imports with an invoice value of USD 264,553 and over. Consular fees are waived for US traders. 
Where the certificate of origin is not available, a BHD 10 deposit is payable until it is provided. 
Bahrain has not submitted any notification under the Article V of the Agreement on Rules of Origin 
on the implementation of non -preferential rules of origin. "  
EU Question N°2  
There is no legitimate trade enforcement purpose served by requiring that traders have 
certificates of origin stamped or signed by foreign ministries and consulates as part of a 
Member 's import process, the waiver for consular fees exists for US traders. There seems 
to be a discrimination in applying such fees, therefore can Bahrain consider expanding 
this waiver to all WTO members or abolish the request for a consular stamp all together?  
According to the decision No. (7) 2018, the certificate of origin is NOT among the documents to be 
required with the customs declaration except the (1) Obtaining exemption from customs dutie s 
under the Free Trade Agreement, (2) If the imported good not stand with a fixed indication of origin, 
and (3) If the Bahrain customs had doubts. However, the stampe is required issued by the authorised 
agencies and consulate embassy.   
If not, could Bahra in explain what the added value is of requiring an interaction with a 
Consulate of Bahrain or any Arab Embassy in the country of origin before export of goods. 
In particular the EU would like to learn which services are covered by the fee and how the 
fee is 'limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered '. This obligation 
does not seem to be met, since the fixed amount of the fee is higher when the invoice 
value increases, while the 'service ' rendered in the form of stamping the document see ms 
to be the same.   
Bahrain will take note of this comment.   
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  It is important that members are aware of the non -preferential rules of origin of their 
trading partners. Therefore the EU requests Bahrain to notify its non -preferential rules of 
origin scheme  to the WTO pursuant to Article V of the Agreement on Rules of Origin.   
There is currently no non -preferential rules of origin scheme to be notified to the WTO.  
3.3.2.1 Standards, technical regulations, metrology, testing and certification  
Para 3.85 p. 58: 
"Copies of standards and technical regulations may be purchased online from the MOICT's standards 
store. " 
EU Question N°3  
The paragraph seems to suggest that Bahrain requires economic operators to buy access 
to technical regulations. Could Bahrain plea se clarify whether this is the case?  
Yes, copies of technical standards and regulations can be purchased online from the Bahrain 
standards store at the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Commerce webpage through the 
following link  http://www.moic.gov.bh/en/eServices/standardstores  
3.3.2.2 Marking, labelling and packaging requiremen ts 
On 20 April 2021 Bahrain notified to WTO Article 19 of the public health law concerning "Energy 
drinks " concerning energy drinks that marketed as boosting energy and increasing physical and 
mental performance and contain high amount of caffeine, sugar o r sugar substitute as basic 
ingredients in addition to other ingredients that gives the stimulant characteristics like vitamins, 
taurine, ginseng, and guarana. It is prohibited to do any of the following actions:  
1. Not allowed to be sell for persons under  18 years. All retail shops that sell energy drinks 
directly to consumers, should put in a prominent place a clear, legible statement in both 
Arabic and English language that it is not allowed for persons under 18 years.  
2. Not allowed to be sell in restau rants, school canteens, health and educational 
establishments.  
3. Not allowed to be distributed free to all age groups.  
4. The following cautionary statement should be added on label of Energy Drinks in both 
Arabic and English language: "not suitable for p regnant or lactating women, persons under 
18 years persons with sensitivity to caffeine or any other product components, or those who 
suffer from diseases that may affect their health especially Cardio vascular Disease patients, 
diabetics, and athletes dur ing exercise".  
5. Advertisements of Energy Drinks in any way of advertising whether it is (audible, visual, 
readable) are not allowed unless permissions obtained from the concerned authority in the 
Ministry of Health.  
EU Question N°4  
The EU maintains its serious concerns voiced in the Council for Trade in Goods, the Market 
Access Committee as well in bilateral contacts with the GCC countries in relation the GCC 
"Treaty on Excise Tax " of December 2016:  
- The EU would like to request Bahra in to reconsider the implementation of Article 
19 and proposes to wait for a harmonized GSO regulation 1926 to be 
implemented in a harmonized way throughout GCC region thus eliminating any 
unnecessary market access barriers.  
The Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Bahrain would like to thank you for sharing your valuable 
comments and questions on the Article 19 of the executive regulation of the public health law 
"Energy drinks", as notified under the WTO Agreement on technical barriers to trade on 20  April 2021 
(G/TBT/N/BHR/599). We totally understand your concerns.  
 
We completely understand your request. Although, with the expiry of the six -month period on 
5 September 2021, the regulation had been entry into force and has become part of the legislative 
system of the Kingdom of Bahrain". Accordingly, all those who are addressed by the articles of the 
regulation must abide by what is stated therein"  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 30 - 
 
  However, once the GSO 1926 is updated. We in the kingdom of Bahrain will consider it locally. 
Where, any up dated legislation disregards the previous one.  
- How does Bahrain plan on addressing the concerns raised to revise the advisory 
statements provided in GSO regulation 1926 in line with international best 
practice such as "not recommended for children or pregnant or breast -feeding 
women " as prescribed by A nnex III point 4 of the Food Information Regulation 
(EU) 1169/2011?  
Extensive scientific responses and objective justifications were provided to all the comments we 
received from the concerned stakeholders during the notification period. As well, several m eetings 
were held with delegations from several companies, and representatives from many countries.  
- Does Bahrain plan on making any amendments to its implementation of excise 
tax? Would Bahrain consider exempting all zero sugar beverages from the tax 
and h armonizing the tax rate at 50 percent for energy drinks and all other 
categories of sugar -sweetened beverages subject to the tax until the ongoing 
GCC excise taxation revision takes effect?  
Any amendments to the implementation of the excise tax is done in collaboration with GCC countries 
within the framework of the GCC Agreement on Excise Tax whereat regular updates of the excise 
goods list are being con sidered.  
Also, 
- Finally we understand that the GCC is undergoing a study concerning the excise 
tax wit h the potential to move towards a sugar volume tax. We would like to ask 
Bahrain, if there is a timeline for the results of the study. If yes, does Bahrain 
plan to move towards to the new system for taxing carbonated drinks?  
The Kingdom of Bahrain does not  have the timeline for the results of the mentioned study. In 
addition, carbonated beverages are already subjected to excise tax at 50%. In addition to several 
meetings were held with delegations from several companies, and representatives from many 
countr ies. 
3.3.3 Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements  
Para  3.110 p. 62:  
"3.110. The Imported Food Group is responsible for the inspection of imported foods (including fruits 
and vegetables) and beverages to determine if they comply with the relevant standard s on raw 
materials, food additives, food labelling, and hazardous substances. Random samples are drawn 
from shipments for laboratory analysis according to a predetermined plan. All consignments that are 
imported for the first time are analysed before relea se. Results are assessed against GCC and Codex 
Alimentarius standards to ensure that imported food items are safe for human consumption. Imports 
are detained if they are found not to be in compliance with GSO standards or as a result of a negative 
laborato ry analysis. Rejected foodstuffs must be destroyed or re -exported to the country of origin 
under food control supervision. Inspection fees depend on the shipment quantities per kg (BHD 8/kg 
for quantities of 1 kg -1,000 kg, BHD 9/kg for 1,000 kg -5,000 kg, a nd BHD 10/kg for more than 
5,000 kg). " 
EU Question N°5  
Could the Kingdom of Bahrain provide information on the steps of the approval procedure 
that a country needs to follow if it wants to export agri -food products to the Kingdom of 
Bahrain, including providing a web link where this information can be found?  
The following is a link to the website of the Ministry of Works, Municipalities and Urban Planning for 
the export of agri -food procuts to the Kingdom of Bahrain and the related user manual : 
• https://www.mun.gov.bh/pwdCustomer/login?lang=en   
• http://staticbh.mun.gov.bh.s3 -website.me -south -
1.amazonaws.com/common/pwd_customer_En.pdf   
3.3.6 Government Procurement  
Para 3.131 p.67:  
Bahrain is an observer to the GPA since 2008 but signalled it has no intention to join the GPA. 
Acceding the GPA would be in the interest of Bahrain. T he adoption of internationally recognised WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 31 - 
 
  GPA rules on transparency and non -discrimination would ensure better use of public money in 
Bahrain. In addition, GPA accession would increase business opportunity on GPA members 
procurement markets for Bahraini co mpanies.  
EU Question N°6  
What are the reasons for Bahrain not to join the WTO Agreement on government 
procurement?  
your point is taken into consideration.  
 
Para 3.132 p.67:  
Contracts awarded for reason of public interest are not covered by the public procurement law. This 
is potential significant loophole in Bahrain 's legal framework on public procurement.  
EU Question N°7  
How many contracts have been awarded in the past three years for reason of public 
interest? What is the corresponding value of these  contracts?  
These procurments are related to military and national security  
Table 3.19 p.69:  
The table shows a dramatic fall in international open tenders between 2019 and 2020.  
EU Question N°8  
How Bahrain explains the significant drop in international o pen tenders between 2019 
and 2020?   
In 2019, there was purchases related to aviation including pu rchases of new aircrafts, in addition to 
purchases related to the exploration of oil industry. However, in 2020 the corona pandemic (covid 
19) has greatly and unexpectedly affected the supply lines and supplies and the provision of services.  
Para 3.142 p. 70: 
Bahrain has introduced a 10% price preference for registered SMEs.  
EU Question N°9  
Does the SME price preference apply to foreign subsidiaries incorporated in Bahrain?  
What are the criteria for SMEs to be eligible to the price preference scheme? What  is the 
registration system for SMEs?  
SME price preference applies to the registered SMEs " and order for a company to be considered as 
a "registered SME " it has to meet the r equirements  and criteria for classification  as an SME  and be 
registered at the Ministry o f Industry, Com merce & Tourism ' "SMEs Registration System ". More 
information can be found at the following link :  
https://www.moic.gov.bh/en/eServices/Pages/sme.aspx . 
3.3.7 I ntellectual Property Rights  
Para 3.144 p.70:  
"The main institutions responsible for intellectual property matters in Bahrain are the Foreign Trade 
and Industrial Property Directorate of the MOICT133, which includes the National Patents Office (also 
in char ge of Industrial Designs), the Trademark Office, and the Industrial Property Control Section; 
Customs Affairs within the Ministry of Finance, which is responsible for matters related to border 
measures; and courts of law, which are responsible for enforcem ent issues. Copyrights are under 
the Ministry of Information Affairs. " 
EU Question N°10  
As regards medicinal products and plant production products, does Bahrain legislation provide for 
an administrative marketing approval process and a link with patent duration?  
The Kingdom of Bahrain permits the registration, importation, and marketing of a generic drug only 
after the brand name drug's patent has expired . As per Decree -Law No. (18) of 1997 regarding the 
regulation of the profession of pharmacy an d pharmacy centers, as amended by Decree -Law 
No. (20) of 2015, Article (67), the National Health Regulatory Authority (NHRA) to place any WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 32 - 
 
  restrictions on exchange or marketing of any registered drug or pharmaceutical it deems necessary. 
Pharmacy centers, h ospitals and health centers, clinics and doctors, has the obligation to report to 
the authority any adverse consequences related to use of a drug or pharmaceutical post marketing.  
The NHRA Medicine Licensing Guideline, indicate the following:  
 
Generic formulation (first generic only) application must have relevant documents from Bahrain 
patent office (MOICT) and GCC patent office.  
Attached:  
• Law No. (18) of 1997 regarding the regulation of the profession of pharmacy and 
pharmacy centers  
• NHRA Medicine Licensing Guideline  
 
Para 3.146 p. 72:  
"In November 2020, the Shura Council approved the draft law on the protection of new plant 
varieties to implement the International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties; this 
draft offers pate nt protection of 25 years. As at mid -2021, this law had not entered into force. " 
EU Question N°11  
Could  Bahrain  please  indicate  when  the law is implemented?  Is there  any project  of 
notifying  this law?   
The draft law is still in the legislative  process as it after the approval of the Shura Council the draft 
law is now at the Council of Representatives (Nuwab Council) and has yet to be discussed at the 
Nuwab Council.  
 
EU Question N°12  
Bahrain  has been  in contact  with the Office  of the UPOV  for assistance  in the development  
of the law based  on the UPOV  Convention.  Does  Bahrain  plan to be member  of UPOV  1991?  
Yes, Bahrain is planning to be member of UPOV Convention.  
3.3.7.2  Industrial property  
Para 3.152 p. 74:  
"Following the GCC Supreme Council's decision in 2021, the GCC Patent Office stopped accepting 
new filings of patent applications pending agreement between the GCC member States on 
amendments to the related implementing regulations. " 
EU Question N°13  
Could  Bahrain  explain  the nature  of these  amendments  and why the GCC Patent  Office  has 
stopped  its activities?  
Based on the GCC 's Supreme Council 's decision in its 41st Session (Al -Ula - January 5, 2021) to 
approve "The law amending some provisions of the Patent Regulation of the Coopera tion Council for 
the Arab States of the Gulf ", the GCC Patent office has stopped accepting new filings of patent 
applications in accordance with the mentioned Patent Regulation of the Cooperation Council for the 
Arab States of the Gulf, until there is an agreement between the GCC member states on the 
amendment of the implementing regulations in accordance with the amendments made to the law 
of the GCC Patent Office. Accordingly, the GCC Patent office is not closing   and will resume receive 
new applications once the new implementing regulations is finalized and issued by relevant Authority 
in each of the GCC members states.  
4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1.2 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries – Policy  
Para.4.4 p. 46:  
According to the 2018 FAO report on Fisheries and Aquaculture in Bahrain, in 2016 aquaculture 
production in Bahrain was estimated at 6 tonnes. Although it appears that there were no real 
commercial fish farming operations at that time, there were opportunities and local interest.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 33 - 
 
  EU Question  N°14  
Could you describe the current situation of aquaculture in the country?  
Bahrain Hatchery was established in 1979 through collaboration with FAO and JAICA to commence 
research and development activities to select feasible local fish that can tolerate and be a successful 
nominee to endure local atmospheric conditions.  
 
The government has successful to produce up  to 5 million fingerlings annually of different local 
species including silver bream, grouper, mullet, and rabbitfish and managed to ex port it to all GCC 
countries.  
In 2021, a new five years strategy was adopted to bolster national food security by enhancing local 
protein production through aquaculture and is expected to make a conspicuous impact in near future.  
4.4.2 Telecommunications a nd postal services  
Para 4.120 p.97:  
"Postal services are regulated by the MTT. According to Law No. 49 of 2014 with Respect to Postal 
Services, the state -owned Bahrain Post has the exclusive right to carry out the following activities 
throughout the count ry: accepting, collecting, distributing, and transporting various postal items to 
all parties through various and appropriate means; issuing and printing postage stamps, money 
orders, reply coupons (IRCs), and postal orders of various categories, types, an d shapes; opening 
and closing post offices throughout Bahrain; installing and removing letter deposit boxes; and 
organizing other postal services with the approval of the Minister in charge of postal services. The 
courier and express services are operated by a number of domestic and foreign companies. 
According to the authorities, there is no other foreign investment restriction in postal services. " 
EU Question N°15  
Can the Kingdom of Bahrain specify whether there is weight limit for postal items for 
which the state -owned Bahrain Post has the exclusive right to accept, collect, distribute, 
and transport?  
• Original Resolution:  
" B) The rate charged by a licensee for a postal dispatch of less than 50 grams for Express 
transmission of documents or papers within the Kingdom (Local) should not be less than twice the 
postage charged by Bahrain Post for such services. However, the appl ication of such provision may 
be exempted by a Ministerial Order. "  
• Adjusted Resolution:  
Based on Ministerial Resolution No. (6) of 2017 exempting from the condition contained in  
Paragraph (B) of Article (70) of the Executive Regulations, Law No. (49) of 2014 Concerning  
Post  : " Those licensed to conduct postal services are exempted from th e condition contained in 
paragraph (b) of Article (70), and based on this exemption, they are allowed to determine the 
postal business tariff without being bound by this condition, provided that this tariff is not in any 
case less than the fee charged by B ahrain Post for registered mail service ".  
• Conclusion:   
The licensee tariff for post items delivery - 50 grams and less – should not be charging less than 
registered mail of Bahrain Post tariffs. Companies that prove charge less are liable to  
 prosecutio n  
4.4.3.1 Maritime transport  
Para 4.126 p. 98:  
"The authorities indicate that Bahrain has signed several memoranda of understanding to facilitate 
shipping procedures and trade with foreign countries including China, Turkey, Morocco, the United 
Arab Emira tes, Turkmenistan, and Oman. During the review period, it also changed ownership 
requirements to allow 100% foreign participation in, inter alia, re -exportation of goods and other 
logistics value -added services, stevedoring, sea and coastal passenger water  transport, ship 
management and operation services, ship chandelling agency, ship building and repair services, 
pilotage, and towage. Prices of freight, towage, and other transport services (excluding passengers) WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  are set by the operators, subject to PMA ap proval. All other prices of maritime services are set and 
regulated by the MTT. " 
EU Question N°16  
Can the Kingdom of Bahrain provide more information on the criteria used by PMA to 
approve operators ' transport prices and by the MTT to set prices of other services?  
"The criteria set towards approving port services pricing and tariffs in the Kingdom of Bahrain is 
based on several factors set by the PMA within the Ministry of Transportation and 
Telecommu nication. The first factor to be considered is the Kingdoms ' current national economic 
status/ indicators. The second is the laws and clauses stipulated in the concession agreement with 
the port operating company. The third is a costing analysis conducted by the PMA to ensure that the 
set rates are not inflated. Finally, a regional benchmark is to be conducted to ensure Bahrain Ports 
competitiveness within the region. " 
• Pls note the link below for the licensing and registration of licensing and registration for ships, 
port and private jetty users and operators:  
https://www.mtt.gov.bh/content/licenses -and-applications  
• The following is a link to the PMA tariffs:  
https://www.mtt.gov.bh/content/tariffs  
Para 4.130 p. 99 : 
It is indicated that Bahrain intends to adopt this year the new Maritime Law, which will cover issues 
related to international maritime conventions and protocols, the operation of port facilities and it will 
supersede the previous Maritime Law of 1982. Par agraph 4.134 of the report states that regarding 
cabotage (and under article 4 of Maritime Code),  "… coastal navigation, fishing, towing, and pilotage 
in territorial waters, as well as navigation between Bahraini ports, are permitted exclusively to ships 
flying the Bahraini flag ". 
EU Question N°17  
With regards to the adopting of the new Maritime Law, will there be any changes in 
international maritime transport services and in maritime cabotage? In the affirmative, 
will maritime cabotage be permitted under  some circumstances? " 
 
The new Maritime law will basically update the maritime framework in Bahrain by incorporating 
national, regional and international conventions and protocols, the operations of port facilities and 
defines the role, responsibility and functions of the MTT.  
 
The new Law will comprise three primary laws: The Merchant Shipping Act, The Port Act and The 
Maritime Commercial Law. Once passed, the new Code will update the Kingdom 's maritime 
legislation to be on the cutting edge of internation al maritime law. The maritime transport services 
will definitely be impacted in a positive manner since all legal frames, obligations and responsibilities 
will be clearly defined. This will hopefully attract more service providers to invest in the Kingdom of 
Bahrain, knowing that there is a sold legal infrastructure.  
 
As for the cabotage, it will be restricted to Bahraini flagged ships, however the Minister will have the 
authority to grant permission for foreign flagged ships to do cabotage under certain c onditions.  
Para 4.155 p.103:  
"There is a moratorium on new licences for one -, two-, and three -star hotels in Bahrain due to the 
lack of further market needs for new hotels of these categories. Licences are granted only for four - 
and five -star hotels. In 2015, Bahrain adopted Decision No. 4 of 2015 with respect of hotel 
classification, and MOICT issued a Hotel Classification Manual for any type of hotel, to help guests 
make informed choices. 51 The Monitoring and Licensing Directorate is in char ge of hotel 
classification and all hotels undergo a review of their classification every two to three years. " 
EU Question N°18  
Can the Kingdom of Bahrain inform whether there is an end date to the moratorium on 
new licenses for one -, two -, and three -star h otels?  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 35 - 
 
  Bahrain Tourism and Exhibition Authority is in process to review all existing and proposed new 
activities related to short stay accommodation such as hotels, hotel apartments, service & furnished 
apartments, guest houses as well as timeshare & Airbn b options.  
This review will include the existing moratorium on new licenses for one, two, and three -star hotels 
with the required recommendations/criteria by Mid 2022.  
Para 4.156 p. 103:  
"Foreign participation is allowed up to 100% in all tourism activities, except for travel activities, for 
which foreign ownership is allowed up to 49%. " 
Can the Kingdom of Bahrain specify which activities fall under the scope of "travel 
activities ", for which foreign ownership is allowed up to 49%?  
 
Travel activiti es fall under ISIC4 code 7911 which include four business activities as follow:  
1- Travel office activities - Travel Agencies Office -7911-1. 
2- Travel office activities - Airline General Sales Agent -7911-2 
3- Travel office activities - Direct Sales for the airline operating in Bahrain -7911-3 
4- Travel office activities - Sales of private air transport services -7911-4 
 
In accordance to the recent  Order issued by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister No. 40 for the 
year 2021, the first two activities that inclu de Travel Agencies Office & Airline General Sales Agent 
are allowed foreign ownership provided that they have a Bahraini partner at a percentage to be 
determined by the partners, other two activities including direct sales for the airline operating in 
Bahrain and sales of private air transport services allow foreign ownership up to 100%.  
 
Other Questions  
 
ILO Fundamental Conventions  
In the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work (2019), ILO members unanimously 
committed themselves to work towards  ratification of outstanding ILO fundamental conventions and 
periodically consider, in consultation with employers ' and workers ' organizations, the ratification of 
other ILO standards. We have to note that no progress regarding ratification of three fundamental 
ILO Conventions by the Kingdom of Bahrain has been recently seen (No 87  - Freedom of Association 
and Protection of the Rig ht to Organise, No . 98 - Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining, No 
100 - Equal Remuneration).  
 
EU Question N°19  
 
In this regard, can the Kingdom of Bahrain inform the Commission about latest 
developments towards ratification of the fundamental ILO Conventions mentioned above 
as well as about the recent steps on the ratification of other ILO standards?  
 
It is vital to mention that the Government of Bahrain works towards improving labour legislations of 
continuous bases. Bahrain has an  advanced freedom of association scheme which allows the 
establishment of free and independent trade unions as well as federations. The Trade Unions Law 
(No. 33 – 2002) states explicitly that the trade unions have an independent juristic entity. It also 
protects all unions activists against any discrimination or abuse from the employer due to the 
workers activities or membership in a trade union. Trade Unions Law recognize the right to strike as 
well as multi -unions establishment on the company 's level and on the national level. Moreover, it 
allows trade union activists to carry out their duties on full time bases according to some conditions. 
Bahrain has proclaimed two federations and around 160 trade unions.  
 
Labour Legislations in Bahrain give great atten tion to anti -discrimination. Labour Law and all 
regulations are applicable to all workers in the private sector, regardless their sex, origin, religion 
or creed as stated by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Labour Law (No. 36 – 2012) clearly 
prohibits any discrimination act against the workers.  
 
Recently, two major amendments in this regard were approved. The first amendment, 2018, added 
a new article that prohibits discrimination between all categories of workers in aspects of sex, origin, WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 36 - 
 
  language, religion or creed, in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of the 
Kingdom of Bahrain and related labour conventions. Under this provision, the employer is prohibited 
from discriminating between his employees in all labour righ ts stipulated in the labour law of the 
private sector, which includes labour contracts, working hours, leaves, training, wages and freedom 
of association, as well as occupational safety and health requirements. It should be noted that this 
provision covers  domestic workers as well as expatriate workers. This amendment, which was 
approved in accordance with the recommendations of the International Labour Organization, 
provides for penalties against employers.  
 
The Decree -Law added a new provision criminalizi ng sexual harassment at work. The amendment 
imposed progressive penalties including imprisonment. The penalty was also imposed on the 
perpetrator of this violation if it is practiced by an employer or his representative. This provision 
provides legal prote ction to all private sector workers, men and women, from sexual harassment at 
work, and provides a dissuasive sanction to those who exploit their position or authority as per the 
recommendations of the International Labour Organization in this regard.  
 
The second amendment, 2021, declared equality between men and women in terms of wages. It 
also expands the right of women to join any kind of jobs and work at all shift times as men.  
 
To conclude, it can be noticed that most of the labour legislations in Bah rain are incompatible with 
the ILO standards in the fields of freedom of association and countering discrimination.  
 
In reply to both enquiries, we would like to clarify that the ratification procedure in Bahrain is run 
according to a constitutional proces s. Mainly, it is the role of the legislative authority to accept the 
ratification of an international instrument before the final approval by His Majesty the King. This 
process shall be carried out in collaboration with all governmental agencies concerned in the topic 
of the international instrument. Consultations should be done with all other concerned parties as 
well, such as social partners and non -governmental organizations. The Government of Bahrain 
always evaluates the need of joining new internationa l conventions based on several requirements, 
including the importance of that instrument, existing national laws and practices associated with the 
instrument, and the ability to fulfill all provisions in a reasonable timeline. Currently, there is no 
intent ion to ratify more ILO conventions or other international instruments, however the evaluation 
will remain continuous in this regard.  
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 37 - 
 
  EUROPEAN UNION – FOLLOW -UP QUESTION S 
Follow -up question to EU question number 1 :  
 
According to the information provided, Bahrain has not issued any new fishing licenses since 2009. 
Does this apply in an equal way to all citizens and businesses, regardless of their nationality?  
 
Artisanal Fisheries is considered as a small sector with a relatively low ou tput due to limited fishing 
grounds and international decline in natural fish stocks. Consequently, in order to sustain national 
marine resources and contribute to international efforts in this regard, Order No 11 of the year 20097  
was issued to prohibit the issuance of any new fishing licenses for shrimps and fish which is in turn 
regulated in accordance to Article 3 of Law No. of 2002, regarding the regulation of fishing, 
exploitation and protection of marine wealth  which states that without prejudice to  the special 
provisions regarding citizens of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, non -citizens 
of the Kingdom of Bahrain are prohibited from practicing commercial fishing 8. 
  
 
7 https://www.legalaffairs.gov.bh/PDF/RCPMW1109.pdf  
8 https://www.legalaffairs.gov.bh/PDF/L2002.pdf  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 38 - 
 
  CHINA  
PART I: QUESTIONS REGARDING THE SECRETARIAT REPORT   
Page 1, Para. 2 of Summary  
 
The reforms contributed to maintaining positive but fluctuating levels of economic growth, largely 
supported by the expansion of the non -oil sector, while the fixed exchange rate regime contributed 
to domestic price stability. However, the subsequent onset of the COVID -19 pandemic and the 
measures adopted by Bahrain to help mitigate its impact, including the USD 12 billion economic 
stimulus package, are likely to delay the success of these macroeconomic  stabilization reforms. The 
economy contracted by about 5.1% in 2020 due to the COVID -19 pandemic and falling oil prices.  
Question:  
1. Please elaborate on  the content of the USD 12 billion economic stimulus package . 
 
I. Initiatives announced in March and April 2020  
• Paid full salaries of insured Bahrainis employed in the private sector for three months; doubled 
the Liquidity Support Fund to BHD 200 million;  
• redirected Tamkeen's programs to support affected companies; exe mpted all tourism -related 
industries from tourism levies for three months; exempted some of the fees levied by the Labour 
Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) for three months;  
• paid all Electricity and Water Authority (EWA) utility bills for all accounts fo r three months;  
• issued directives to increase banks' lending ability including deferral of loans for six months;  
• supported taxi drivers and driving instructors (BHD 300 monthly for three months);  
• postponed mortgage instalments collected by Eskan Bank for six months;  
• granted an exemption from municipal fees for all accounts for three months;  
• exempted all businesses  from government industrial land rental fees for three months;  
• supported kindergarten and nursery teachers (paid full salaries for three months);  
• suspended rent collection from the shops owned by Eskan Bank for three months; and  
• suspended rent collection from properties owned by the Supreme Council for Environment (SCE) 
for three months.  
 
II. Initiatives announced in June and July 2020  
• Paid 50% of salaries of insured Bahrainis (in adversely affected sectors) for three months;  
• paid EWA utility bills for Bahra inis' first home for three months;  
• extended support to taxi drivers, driving instructors, and nursery teachers at 50% for 
three  months; exempted Bahrainis in their first home from municipal fees for three months;  
• extended exemption of all tourism -related industries from tourism levies for three months;  
• reduced the fees levied by LMRA by 50% and exempted adversely impacted companies for three 
months;  
• exempted businesses that export at least 30% of their products from industrial land rental fees 
for three m onths;  
• extended Tamkeen's Business Continuity Support (BCS) Program for three months; and  
• waived the 2020 CR renewal and commercial activity fees.  
 
Adversely affected sectors:  
catering and restaurants, personal services, travel and aviation, training and rehabilitation, 
transport, newspapers, manufacturing, health, retail (except food), administrative services, real 
estate and construction, and any other adversely impacted secto rs, except financial services, 
telecommunications, professional services, and schools and universities.  
 
III. Initiatives announced in September 2020  
• Paid 50% of salaries of insured Bahrainis employed in most adversely impacted companies for 
three months;  
• paid EWA utility bills for Bahrainis in their first homes for three months;  
• exempted Bahrainis in their first homes from municipal fees for three mo nths;  
• exempted all tourism -related establishments from tourism levies for three months;  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 39 - 
 
  • extended support given to taxi drivers, driving instructors, and nursery teachers at 50% for 
three months; and  
• extended option for deferral of loans by banks, as agre ed with the CBB, for three months.  
 
Most adversely impacted sectors:  
restaurants, entertainment, cinemas, exhibition centres, event halls, travel and aviation, tourism, 
hotels, training and rehabilitation, transportation, and retail (except food).  
 
IV. Initiatives announced in first quarter of 2021  
• Extended Tamkeen's BCS Program for closed businesses for three months;  
• paid 50% of salaries of Bahrainis working in closed businesses as part of the BCS Program for 
three months;  
• exempted closed businesses from  municipal fees for three months;  
• exempted all tourism -related establishments from tourism levies for three months;  
• extended option for deferral of loans for six months;  
• paid BHD 300 a month to tour guides for nine months; and  
• extended Tamkeen's BCS for  gyms and exhibition halls for six months.  
 
Closed businesses:  
entertainment halls, cinemas, event and exhibition halls, and spas.  
 
Page 8, Para 12 of Summary  
In 2016, Bahrain enacted a new law on standards and meteorology to enable the adoption of 
international standards and expand the scope of work to be aligned with international and regional 
practices. A "Made in Bahrain" mark was launched to promote local p roducts. Various specific trade 
concerns were raised regarding GCC technical regulations in the WTO TBT Committee and one 
specific trade concern was raised in the SPS Committee.  
Question ： 
2. Please  provide more information on "Made in Bahrain" .  
 
"Made in Ba hrain" is one of the initiatives launched by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and 
Tourism in early 2020, which is an authorized trademark that is granted to national licensed and 
registered factories wishing to obtain it with a condition that the local c ontent of their products is 
not less than (35%), to stimulating the Bahraini industry by supporting national products and to 
enhance consumer confidence in the national product, and to limit the use of Kingdom of Bahrain 
flag and place it randomly and ille gally on products, in accordance with Article no. (8) from Law no. 
(4) for the year 2002 with respect to Kingdom of Bahrain flag.  
Page 43, Para 3.35  
The manufacturing sector is dominated by energy -intensive industries such as aluminium and 
petrochemical production. The main manufacturing companies are large and partially state -owned. 
In fact, Aluminium Bahrain Company is one of the largest aluminium companies in the world. It is a 
joint venture between the Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corp oration and Bahrain's Mumtalakat. 
Bahrain has undertaken efforts in recent years with a view to building an environmentally friendly 
manufacturing sector. Manufacturers are encouraged, through various means, to shift to cleaner 
production activities. An en vironmental impact assessment has to be made before a project is 
launched. Import tariff rates average 4.9% in the manufacturing sector (ISIC definition) and range 
from zero up to 100%.  
Question ： 
3. Please elaborate on measures to encourage cleaner production  in manufacturing enterprises .  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain has been giving importance and priority to addressing clean production, 
clean energy , green and low -carbon development in its plans since long, as an important element of 
the country sustainable devel opment. This commitment is clearly reflected in the Bahrain 2030 
National Planning Development Strategies Project, which includes a development plan concentrating 
on the possible ways of integrating environment into the development. More precisely, it ment ions 
how environment can support the development without having adverse impacts.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 40 - 
 
  Bahrain has legally managed the risks associated with the release of pollutants in the environment, 
that is declared under numerous respective ministerial orders. Several nati onal legislations are 
enforced to ensure different sectors working in the kingdom of Bahrain are complying to the 
requirements of protecting the environment and clean production; Those Ministerial Orders aims to 
control air emissions, effluents discharges to the marine environment, waste generation, chemicals 
usage. etc. ; the legislation incorporate but not limited the Legislative Decree No. 21 of 1996 
regarding the environment, Ministerial Order No. 2 of 2021 regarding environmental standards (air), 
Ministerial Order No. 3 of 2021 regarding environmental standards (water), Ministerial Order No. 7 
of 2002 regarding controlling the import and use of banned and restricted chemicals, Ministerial 
Order No. 4 of 2006 regarding the management of hazardous chemica ls, wastes, Ministerial Order 
No. 10 of 2006 regarding online monitoring of Air Pollutants Source Emissions, ... And many other 
national legislations.  
In addition, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system is mandatory before approving any 
industria l and other development projects in Bahrain, for the purpose of integrating environment 
and development matters. EIA is a tool for mainstreaming environmental and clean production 
requirements in the projects units, by enforcing the implementation of Best Available Techniques 
(BAT) to prevent and control its emissions and impacts. EIA outcomes help in achieving clean 
production through the recommendation of mitigation measures and management plans for those 
projects.  
Environmental Impact Assessment helps in identifying potential environmental impacts and 
proposing best alternatives for mitigating any adverse impacts, and then proposing Environment 
Management Plan to proper implementation of mitigation measures to reduce the impacts arising  
out of the project activities and to specify actions to be taken for improvement of the project 
operations. Main parts of the EIA are the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), that is requires 
industries to develop and to implement Pollution Prevention pla ns, reduce the waste generation, 
recovery of valuable byproducts, better units and operation efficiency, reduced energy consumption.  
Environmental Management Plan helps in formulation, implementation and monitoring of the project 
during its lifecycle. A pr oject may have identified proper mitigation measures but without a 
management plan to execute it, the desired results for clean production may not be obtained.  
With regards to Energy Sector specifically, creation of a Sustainable Energy Authority, responsible 
for developing sustainable energy policies, promoting renewable energy and enhancing energy 
efficiency practices, is a large step by the government towards promoting clean production.  
Bahrain committed to accelerate its efforts towar ds promoting clean production practices to support 
the international efforts in sustainable development. Despite only contributing 0.07% of the world 's 
carbon footprint, Bahrain has committed to reducing its emissions by 30% by 2035 as well as 
achieving ne t zero by 2060.  
Page 25, Para 2.9 
The Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism (MOICT) is responsible for the coordination and 
implementation of Bahrain's trade -related and investment policies, in coordination with other 
ministries and bodies, including the Economic Development Board (EDB), the Ministry of Finance, 
and the CBB. The EDB continues to provide strategic direction on the management of the economy. 
Private sector participation in trade policy formulation is ensured through the Bahrain Chamber o f 
Commerce and Industry (BCCI). A joint committee is in place between the MOICT and the BCCI, 
acting on behalf of the private sector. It aims to ensure that economic reforms reflect positively on 
the national economy. It held a first meeting on 10 February  2002, and since then continues to do 
so every three months or whenever the need arises and discusses relevant issues . 
Question:  
4. Please specify  Bahrain 's main measures for improving foreign investment environment during 
the review period .  
 
The Government of Bahrain has been keen on introducing initiatives that aim to further diversify 
Bahrain's economy, attract FDI, encourage domestic private sector inve stment, and boost the 
competitiveness of the national economy. In 2021, the government announced plans to create more 
than 20,000 jobs annually for citizens by 2024 and attract $2.5 billion in foreign direct investment 
by 2023  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 41 - 
 
  Some of the key initiatives t hat have been introduced over the past few years include the following:  
I. Inititive:  Enhancing the Business Environment: - 
1- Liberalization of Business Activities (2021):  
2. Edict 40 of 2021 was issued and it opens up commercial activities that foreign investors 
may operate in Bahrain.  
2- Investor Residency Program (2021):  
3. Bahrain's Nationality, Passport and Residence Affairs (NPRA) introduced self -sponsored 
residence permits for expats. The online service covers foreign retirees, investors and 
property ow ner in Bahrain.  
3- Commercial Companies Law (2020 and 2021):  
4. Bahrain introduced amendments to its Commercial Companies Law (Companies Law). In 
an effort to simplify the regulation of private companies. The Amendment introduces a 
number of key changes includin g: Employee share schemes, non -profit companies, 
Convertible notes.  
5. The revised Law combined with the issuance of various resolutions has resulted in 
reducing the minimum capital requirements for setting up a new business in Bahrain. The 
law also introduce d amendments aimed at protecting minority shareholders rights, thus 
enhancing corporate governance, offering higher flexibility for investors, decreasing the 
level of violations, disruptions and conflict within a company, while simultaneously 
increasing th e level of protection towards the interest of the company and stakeholders.  
4- Bankruptcy Regulations: (2018):  
6. Bahrain issued Law No. 22 of 2018 with respect to the Reorganization and Bankruptcy. 
The Bankruptcy Law aims to maximize the value of bankrupt estates in the country and 
encourage corporate reorganization over liquidation. The introduction of the law is intended 
to improve the process of doing business in Bahrain to local and foreign investors, as the 
law offers 'debtor -friendly' restruc turing tools that are in line with international best 
practice.  
5- Competition Regulations (2018):  
7. Bahrain Government issued Law No. 31 of 2018 with respect to the Competition 
Promotion and Protection, which is the first standalone law to address competition related 
concepts. The Law focuses on regulating the following core issues: anticompetitive 
arrangements; abuse of dominant position; and economic concentration  
6- Company Registration Portal "Sijiat"(2016):  
8. The Ministry of Industry, Commerce & Tourism ("MOICT ") introduced the 'Sijilat' 
commercial registration system in 2016. The Sijilat system comprises an online portal - 
accessed through the use of an E -Key — which streamlines the company registration 
process. The portal enables its users to initiate applicat ions to register commercial entities 
as well as the ability to complete many more commercial services electronically, eliminating 
the burden of physically attending the various ministries to complete such procedures.  
7- Real Estate Regulations (2017):  
9. Bahrain  introduced several laws and regulations to strengthen oversight and promote 
investment in the real estate sector.  
10. Law No. 27 of 2017 concerning the Promulgation of the Real Estate Sector Regulation 
Law was introduced in 2017. The law stipulates the establ ishment of a Real Estate 
Regulatory Agency (RERA) which is mandated to regulate the Real Estate sector in Bahrain.  
11. Bahrain also introduced Benayat - a new system to fast -track the process of obtaining 
building permits.  
8- Developing procedures for resolving c ommercial disputes  (2020):  
1 Increasing the effectiveness of the performance of the courts and reducing the time 
for resolving commercial disputes and enforcement courts:  
• The judicial holiday was canceled in the Commercial Court and Execution Courts to 
ensur e that the execution courts continue to operate throughout the year. This has 
led to a fundamental efficiency shift in the court system.  
• Implementing a comprehensive plan to sort the execution files and distribute them 
to the various courts.  
• Establishing a mechanism to automatically close the enforcement files and remove 
all applicable procedures after making sure that the enforcer against him has fully WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 42 - 
 
  fulfilled his obligations.  
• Increasing the number of judges in execution courts from 6 to 8, and increasing 
the number of execution courts.  
2 Launching an online system to automate the appointment of experts.  
3 The Ministry of Justice issued several resolutions in 2020 to streamline the 
procedures for commercial claims, including the introduction of an el ectronic system 
for civil and commercial cases. The system aims to reduce the procedures before 
the courts and enhancing the speedy settlement of pending cases.  
4 The Ministry of Justice has enabled electronic registration and electronic payment 
of all comme rcial courts through a dedicated portal available to the public.  
9- Enhancing the effectiveness of resolving labor disputes (2020):  
• Establishing a body for resolving individual labor disputes in the Ministry of Labor and 
Social Development, which reduces the number of cases brought before the courts and 
speeds up their decision, as it aims to conduct amicable settlement of the individual 
dispute between the worker and the employer with the consent of both parties and 
before resorting to the judiciary in order to reduce the number of cases brought before 
the courts, reflects the Ministry's keenness to finding rapid mechanisms to resolve 
individual labor disputes in a manner that guarantees the protection of the rights of 
both parties to production, the worker an d the employer, in the Kingdom of Bahrain.  
• The establishment of the aforementioned apparatus is based on the text of Article No. 
(119) of the Labor Law in the Private Sector No. (36) of 2012 and its amendments, as 
the aforementioned apparatus will consist of two units, the first of which is the 
registration unit, and the second the friendly settlement unit.  
 
II. Initiative: Improving the Digital Economy: - 
1- Data Policies and Regulations (2017, 2018, 2021):  
1- The Personal Data Protection Law, issued in 2018, which p romotes the efficient and 
secure processing of big data for commercial use and provides guidelines for the 
effective transfer of data across borders   
2- Legislative Decree No. 56 of 2018 in Respect of Providing Cloud Computing Services 
to Foreign Parties — was introduced to allow foreign parties to retain sovereignty 
over data hosted and processed in Bahrain, This law aims to build trust between 
nations by giving assurance that a nation l s local laws will be applied to data stored 
offshore in Bahrain.  
3- 8 execu tive orders and implementing regulations have been issued by the Data 
Protection Authority for public consultations. Those include: data subject's rights, 
rules and regulations for processing sensitive data, processes related to submission 
of complaints, a dequacy decisions, among other topics.  
4- In order to encourage cross -border data flows, the government amended legacy 
localization requirements that mandated government data to be stored onshore. 
This has been a key move to operationalize the CloudFirst Policy. Moreover, several 
regulatory authorities have also followed suit to encourage cross -border data flows 
in key sectors. For example, the Central Bank of Bahrain has issued regulations in 
its rulebook allowing financial institutions to host  data offshore (subject to key 
considerations).  
5- The government of Bahrain introduced a policy to encourage the adoption of cloud 
services for government agencies. This policy sets out general guiding principles for 
government ministries and agencies to con sider in adopting cloud computing 
solutions as a primary part of their information technology planning and 
procurement.  
2- Electronic Transactions (2018):  
1- Electronic Transferable Records Law, modelled on the United Nations Commission 
on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) e -commerce model laws, Bahrain has 
become the first country to enact an Electronic Transferable Records Law. This new 
piece of legislation allows for electronic transferable documents including bills of 
lading, promissory notes among others, equivalent to traditional commercial 
documentation issued on paper. This fully paperless approach allows the holder of WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 43 - 
 
  the electronic documents to claim payment of a sum of money or delivery of certain 
goods, ultimately creating unparalleled efficiency in the logistics supply chain's 
financial workflow. This modern new law further facilitates the future potential use 
of blockchain in FinTech and logistics.  
2- The Electronic Communications and Transactions Law was introduced to enable 
secure and seamless electronic interactions between businesses, citizens and public 
authorities. The law regulates electronic transactions in line with the United Nations 
Conventi on on the use of electronic communications in international contracts.  
3- FinTech (2017, 2018, 2020, 2021):  
• The Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) introduced a Regulatory Sandbox that will allow 
startups, FinTech firms and licensees to provide innovative banking and financial 
solutions.  
• The CBB also issued several regulations to enable, regulate and encourage FinTech 
activities, including: issuance of regulations for crowdfunding, crypto assets, robo -
advisory regulations, insurtech, etc.  
 
Page 70, Para 3.144  
The m ain institutions responsible for intellectual property matters in Bahrain are the Foreign Trade 
and Industrial Property Directorate of the MOICT, which includes the National Patents Office (also in 
charge of Industrial Designs), the Trademark Office, and t he Industrial Property Control Section; 
Customs Affairs within the Ministry of Finance, which is responsible for matters related to border 
measures; and courts of law, which are responsible for enforcement issues. Copyrights are under 
the Ministry of Infor mation Affairs. At the regional level, the GCC Patent Office (based in Riyadh) is 
responsible for patent protection for the patents granted by the Office. There are no Collective 
Management Organizations operating yet in Bahrain.  
Question ： 
5. Please  elaborate  on the measures Bahrain  has taken  to strengthen the IPR protection since last 
review . 
 
There are a number of measures undertaken by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism to 
strengthen the IPR protection since the last review, namely:  
 
1- At the level of the Directorate of Foreign Trade & IP:  
The Directorate of Foreign Trade & IP has taken several measures in the last years to strengthen IPR 
protection:  
- Bahrain 's national IP office play a significant unique role in enforcing the IP rights compared 
with other Countries ' IP offices, the office receives, reviews, & accept complaints of Industrial 
Property violations. For example: (since 2014, 102 complaints were accepted, involving 
52,239 goods additionally, 293 shops were referred to the Publ ic Prosecution Office for selling 
counterfeit goods). - The Directorate provide exclusive assistance channel with Bahrain 
Custom by providing details about IP rights owners for suspicion counterfeit goods hold by 
the Customs on Bahrain's borders, which fac ilities the proceeding of civil and criminal 
measures.  
- The Directorate of Foreign Trade & IP focus on the IP awareness to public, businesses, and 
universities as a key -element to increase the IP awareness thereby encouraging IPR 
protection and IP enforcem ent. From this perspective, the Directorate establish several 
initiatives of:  
(1) Providing lectures and workshops on IP protections, IP -related national seminars in 
cooperation with WIPO international Organization and GCC 's IP Center dedicated for 
Public, bus inesses and inventers.  
(2) Providing lectures and workshops on IP protections and IP consultations in cooperation 
with Bahrain Chamber dedicated for businesses and inventers.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  (3) (Providing lectures and workshops on IP protections and IP enforcement for Bahrain 
Custom 's employees.  
(4) Providing lectures and workshops on IP protections and IP awareness in cooperation 
with SME 's Directorate dedicated for start -ups, businesses, and inventers.  
(5) Providing lectures on IP protections and IP awareness in cooperation with Univ ersities 
dedicated for students.  
 
2- At the level of the Directorate of Inspection:  
- The Directorate of Inspection Directorate (ID) at MOICT was established based on the Decree 
55/2019 issued on 1/8/2019 reorganizing the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tou rism.  
- ID main function is to perform all -in-one centralized inspection serving different directorates 
across all MOICT to avoid multiplicity of inspections visits and promote compliance with 
applicable laws and regulations.  
- The centralized Inspection uti lizes a web -based system meant to ensure transparency with 
mobile and email alerts once inspection is performed to view the results.  
- Inspections related to Foreign Trade     &Industrial Property Directorate (FTIPD) concerning 
issues associated with intellect ual property enforcement are part of the ID   functions.  
- ID receives the verified complaint from FTIPD regarding an infringement of a registered 
trademarks with full details and performs inspections accordingly.   
- Infringing goods being detected by ID are  seized, and a report relating to the offence is 
prepared to FRIPD, where the matter will be transferred to the Public Prosecution for further 
action.  
- The decisions are based on the final judgement of the criminal court (disposal of good, or   
deleting the commercial registration, etc.) which will be executed by I D.  
- In addition to the legal inspection procedures, IP plays  a vital role  in 
creating  and spreading  awareness with regards to the importance of complying with the 
MOICT laws and regulations to enhance the value of the busniesses.  
 
PART II: OTHER QUESTION  
 
6. Please elaborate  on Bahrain 's expectation s for the 12th Ministerial Conference  of the WTO . 
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain looks forward to concrete and equitable outcomes at the WTO 's 
12th Ministerial Conference which would demonstrate the pivotal role played by the World Trade 
Organization for the solid maintenance and support of the multilateral trading system, the sustained 
expansion of world trade, and the economic and social development  of developing and least -
developed countries – particularly in terms of building back following the impact of the COVID -19 
pandemic.  
In this regard, the Kingdom of Bahrain takes special interest at MC12 in issues of vital interest to 
developing countries,  LDCs, Small Island Developing States and Net Food Importing Countries. Such 
areas include the WTO 's response to the pandemic, food security measures, fisheries subsidies 
disciplines, the development dimension, among other areas of vital interest. In addit ion, as an active 
participant of both the Joint Statement Initiative on E -commerce and MSMEs, the Kingdom of Bahrain 
welcomes concrete outcomes in both areas.  
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  ISRAEL  
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY  MEASURE  
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.1 Customs procedures, valuation, and requirements  
 
"3.2. In January 2017, Bahrain launched its Customs Strategy 2017 -2020. The plan sets out four 
main missions for Customs Affairs: (i) contribute to the national economy; (ii) enhance the flow of 
legitimate trade and travel; (iii) protect and safeguard Bahrain from prohibited/restricted items; and 
(iv) secure land, air, and maritime borders.3 The authorities indicate this plan has been fully 
implemented. A new Customs Affairs strategic plan for 202 1-24 was released in January 2021. It 
has three goals: (i) align plans and programmes with Vision 2030 (Section 2.2) and the policies of 
the World Customs Organization; (ii) reinforce customs work and develop acquisitions; and (iii) build 
the capacities an d capabilities of Customs Affairs to face challenges and convert them into 
opportunities. "  
 
Question  1. Can Bahrain elaborate regarding the new Customs Affairs strategic plan for 
2021 -2024:  
 
a. Does the plan include specific changes to the customs regime in place today? If 
so, to which areas of operation would they apply?  
 
With the current strategy 20201 -2024 Bahrain Customs Affaires (BCA) will implement service level 
agreements with stake holders, operating companies and relevant authorities to enhance our 
relationship with the trade community.  
BCA strategy aims to develop the corporation mechanism with the  logistics sector and to continue 
Customs Clearance Committees role to facilitate the movements of goods and develop policies.  
With the lunch of the Customer service center the BCA wants to have a continuous communication 
with all relevant parties to ensur e effective support.  
Enhancing our Risk Management system will enable more effective trade and ensuring security.  
BCA are introducing new facilitation programs to clients and aims to enlist more than 100 companies 
into these programs that we have launch wh ich include the Authorized Economic Program.  
The second phase of single window clearance system (OFOQ) once implemented, will improve the 
clearance procedures from payment procedures too paperless transaction.  
 
b. Does the plan include any short -term measures  which will be implemented in the 
near future?  
 
Yes, each implementation phase has a short -term outcome  
 
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY  MEASURE  
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.5 Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
3.1.5.1 Import prohibitions  
 
"3.40. Under the GCC Common Customs Law, each GCC member State still determines its own list 
of prohibited or restricted products. GCC member States are developing a commo n list, but this is 
a work in progress. Imports that are prohibited in some GCC member States but permitted in 
others may not transit through the member States in which they are prohibited. "  
 
Question 2. Can Bahrain elaborate on the circumstances under wh ich transit within the 
GCC will be denied?  
 
Bahrain implementing the GCC first point of entry and the duties will be transfers to the final 
destination as long as the goods are not prohibited in the final destination of the GCC members 
country.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  Bahrain C ustoms will deny if the imported goods are prohibited in the final destination of the GCC 
member country, according to their national law.  
 
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY  MEASURE  
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.1 Customs procedures, valuat ion, and requirements  
 
"3.11. In November 2019, a "white list" for importers (and exporters) was established by certain 
OGAs and issued by Customs Affairs. This enables trusted companies to clear their imports and 
exports of certain products without custom s inspection. The OGA selects and accredits trusted 
companies on the basis that they have a low probability of violation and they undertake a high 
volume of trade. As at mid -2021, there were 58 accredited companies (Table 3.2). The objective is 
to reinforc e customs operations, reduce the costs for traders, and speed up procedures."  
 
Question 3. Can Bahrain elaborate regarding the "white list" for importers:  
 
a. Which requirements must an importer meet in order to be admitted to the "white 
list"?  
 
Based on risk management concept;  
Companies with low probabilities of low violation;  
High importation and exportation level.  
 
b. what specific benefits companies under the "white list" receive?  
 
Facilitating trade;  
Reduce clearance period of customs declaration;  
Exclude some shipments from obtaining the approval of the agencies.  
 
c. What are the differences between the AEO program described under paragraph 
3.12 and the "white list"?   
 
AEO is an accredited operator that meets the conditions and standards  of the AEO 
programme.  
White list is a list of compliant traders provided by the government and control bodies to 
exclude some shipments from obtaining permits with the purpose of facilitating trade and 
reducing release time of declarations  
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  THAILAND  
WT/TPR/S/419, Page  40, Para  3.21 
Trade Policies and Practices by Measure:  
- Rules of Origin  
 
Question 1 : According to Para 3.21, all imports into Bahrain under the Non -preferential scheme 
must be accompanied by an original certificate of origin stamped by the Chamber of Commerce and 
Industry/Commerce Union of the country of origin and relevant Consulate of Bahrain or any Arab 
Embassy in the country of origin. Since some exporting countries may have the authorised 
government agency to issue a non -preferential certificate of origin, Thailand would like to ask 
whether Non -preferential CO issued by the authorise d government agency is also acceptable and 
whether such CO needs to be stamped by the relevant Consulate / Embassy mentioned above. If it 
needs to be stamped by those agencies, Thailand would like to kindly ask Bahrain to accept CO 
issued by the authorised  government agency without the requirement to be stamped by the 
Consulate or Embassy.  
 
According to the decision No. (7) 2018, the certificate of origin is NOT among the documents to be 
required with the customs declaration except the (1) Obtaining exemption from customs duties 
under the Free Trade Agreement, (2) If the imported good not stand with a fixed indication of origin, 
and (3) If the Bahrain customs had doubts.  However, the stamped is required issued by the 
authorised agencies and  consulate embassy.  
In addition, could Bahrain provide an update regarding the notification of rules of origin used by 
Bahrain in accordance with Article V of the Agreement on Rules of Origin?  
Bahrain will notify the WTO of any updates regarding the rules of origin used in Bahrain whenever 
it applies.  
WT/TPR/S/419, Page 48, Para  3.42 
Trade Policies and Practices by Measure:  
- Import Restrictions and Licensing  
 
Question 2 : Importation of several products must obtain an industrial license from Ministry of 
Industry, Commerce and Tourism (MOICT), which  MOICT has issued industrial license only to a firm 
or an individual resident in Bahrain. Could Bahrain clarify why issuing industrial license is only limited 
to a firm or an individual resident in B ahrain? Will Bahrain consider to issue industrial license to a 
firm or an individual who does not reside in Bahrain?  
 
Industrial licenses are not limited to an individual resident in Bahrain. Manufacturing activities are 
allowed 100% for foreign ownership without the need for the owners to have residency in Bahrain.  
To operate a manufacturing activity, foreign investors must first obtain a commercial registration 
with a manufacturing activity. Once the commercial registration is issued (i.e. company is 
incorporated), an Industrial License is then issued on the Commercial Registration. Below is a high 
level process:  
1- Foreign investors engages an approved professional body to assist it in incorporating in 
Bahrain  
2- A Commercial Registration is issued for the for eign investors certifying that they have 
officially incorporated a company in Bahrain  
3- The locally established company, which is 100% foreign owned, applies for an Industrial 
License to activate the manufacturing activity.  
4- Industrial License is issued on th e Commercial Registration to allow the company to start 
it's manufacturing operations.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  WT/TPR/S/419, Page  58, Para  3.86 
Trade Policies and Practices by Measure:  
- Standards and Other Technical Requirements  
 
Question 3:  Once GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) has approved GSO Standard,  GCC 
member including Bahrain must withdraw any existing national standard that conflicts with the new 
GSO standard. In case of adopting new GSO standard, will there be any notification  procedure to 
notify private sectors and stakeholders in advance? and how long for that t ransitional period before 
the new GSO standard has come into force?  
 
Kingdom of Bahrain  is an active member on GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) and 
participating on standards developing technical committee . Once the GSO has approved the Gulf 
Standards or Technical Regulation, Kingdom of Bahrain raise the for national adoption through the 
National Committee of standards and metrology The existing national standards will be withdraw if 
it is contradict the new Gulf standards.  
 
Before adopting any new Gulf standards or technical regulations, we share the private sector and 
stakeholders through B ahrain Chamber of Commerce to study projects before are being approved.  
 
The Ministry of Industry and Commerce and tourism issue the Ministerial order for the adoption and 
publishing in the Official Gazette, the Technical Regulations shall be implemented within a period of 
no less than 6 months, and for the Gulf Standards (voluntary), there is no obligation to implement 
it. 
 
WT/TPR/S/419, Page  93, Para 4.100  
Trade policies by sector  
- Telecommunication and postal services  
 
Question  4: According to the report, the government of Bahrain does not maintain any foreign 
ownership restrictions in its telecommunication sectors. However, a telecommunication operator 
must be licensed to operate its business in Bahrain. In this regard, there are limited licenses f or 
certain telecommunication services, such as a mobile telecommunication license, with only three 
operating licenses have been granted, and they are all Bahraini Companies. Could Bahrain provide 
further explanation on how the government has allocated lice nsing, particularly a mobile 
telecommunication license? Are there any restrictions on obtaining a license for foreign investors?  
 
- In general, there are no limited numbers for the licenses that are to be issued by the 
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority  of the Kingdom of Bahrain ("TRA") except for the 
mobile telecommunications licenses. The provisions of the Fifth National Telecom Plan (NTP5) 
that is issued by the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain states that "The Authority shall not 
issue new individ ual mobile telecommunications licenses durinq the period of NTP5. However, 
should there be siqnificant chanqe in the mobile market or extenuatinq circumstances, then the 
Government may direct the Authority to review the market to assess whether the existin q market 
structure remains appropriate".  
- In relation to the inquiry of how the mobile telecommunications licenses are granted by the TRA, 
most of the mobile telecommunications licenses were granted via an auction, except for the mobile 
telecommunications license which was initially granted to the national incumbent operator 
"Batelco" in 2003.  
- For a foreign company that wishes to obtain a telecom license in the Kingdom of Bahrain, such 
company is required to be either a company incorporated in the Kingdom, or should be a branch 
of a foreign company licensed to operate in the Kingdom in accordance with the Commercial 
Companies Law.  
WT/TPR/G/419, Page 20, Para 3.98  
Enhancing Productivity and Capacity  
- Digital Economy  
 
Question  5: According to the report, the government of Bahrain has launched the "cloud first policy" 
which allows both the government and the private sector to use cloud network. In this light, Thailand WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 49 - 
 
  seek further clarifications on this policy, namely (1) can the foreign companies use the data from 
such network? (2) Does Bahrain have any limitation or condition on the cross -border data free flow? 
and (3) Does the cloud network exclude sensitive information such as financial data or personal 
health data?  
 
Below is a  link that contains the document of the Cloud First Policy.  
https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/269f6ff2 -9f3d-430e-9798-8518f3 735dad/Cloud -
First+Policy.pdf?MOD=AJPERES  
 
WT/TPR/S/419, Page  53, Para 3.62  
Trade Policies and Practices by Measure:  
- Export Support and Promotion  
 
Question  6: Can Bahrain provide more information on the Exporter Solution initiative launched in 
May 2021 which covers details of eligibility criteria for providing one – off grant to the companies 
under the initiative and other future work plan to support the entrepreneurs beside the 
aforementioned grant; for example, soft loan, tax and/or non – tax ince ntives, including other forms 
of technical assistance to promote the entrepreneur's capacity enhancement.   
 
The one -off grant is designed to help and encourage exporters to initiate their first export to new 
markets across the globe specifically during the  pandemic.  
 
The initiative is currently launched as a pilot which will then be assessed and measured to decide if 
it requires to be further adjusted before its official launch.  
 
Current Eligibility Criteria include:  
 
First time exporters or existing expo rters with new service and product lines  
SME Businesses with active Bahraini CR / virtual CR  
To meet the minimum standards of local production, goods manufactured or processed.  
 
 
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  THAILAND – ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS  
WT/TPR/S/419  
Page 21, Para  3.99 (C)  
Productivity and Capacity:  
 
- Digital economy  
 
1. Regarding the investment in cloud computing services and data centres by foreign parties, is 
there any limitation or restriction on foreign business ownership?  
 
There are no restrictions on foreign ownership for cloud computing services and data centres. 100% 
foreign ownership is allowed.  
 
2. Can Bahrain provide in more details about laws for the provision of Cloud Computing Services by 
Foreign Parties?  How does the Government of Bahrain ensure the jurisdiction of the authorities in 
foreign states to control their own data as well as the security of data, when they locate computing 
facilities or data center in Bahrain?  
 
The purpose of this law is to provide a legal framework that encourages Foreign P arties use of and 
investment in Cloud Computing Services within Data Centers. Law No. (56) of 2018 regarding Supply 
of Cloud Computing Services to Foreign Entities was issued on 29 November 2018 as a 'legislative 
decree' (more on that later) and Article (3 ) of the law states that a subscriber's content is subject 
to the exclusive jurisdiction of the competent courts and authorities of the foreign country which is 
home to the subscriber. Bahrain has effectively carved out a piece of its own judiciary in orde r to 
encourage foreign subscribers to use local cloud computing data centers. The same article allows 
service providers to respond directly to competent foreign authorities and allows them to comply 
with any directive of such authorities. The only obligati on such service providers have to the local 
authorities is to notify the Bahraini public prosecutor "at the earliest convenience" of any foreign 
order and provide a copy of the same. Article (4) of the law empowers the Cabinet of Ministers to 
specify, through publication in the official gazette, which data centers are recognized as protected 
by the cloud computing law, and which foreign countries are recognized. Should a data center, or 
country, be removed from the list by the Cabinet, the law's protection  of foreign data will continue 
for 120 days from the date of removal to allow subscribers enough time to migrate  
 
3.  Are there any conditions or restrictions for conducting e -commerce or online trading business in 
Bahrain?  
 
Operating e -marketplaces/websites/web portals (ISIC code 6312) is allowed for 100% foreign 
ownership (source of revenue is not from buying and selling products, rather from commissions, 
registration, subscription, etc). As for online trading business, this  can be practiced under "Retail 
Sale Via the Internet " activity (ISIC code 4791) which requires a local shareholder, but the ownership 
percentage is up to the shareholders determine; However, 100% foreign ownership would be allowed 
if the company will inve st BD50,000 in the first year of being licensed.  
 
WT/TPR/G/419  
Page 30, Para  4.38 
Enhancing Productivity and Capacity:  
 
- Digital economy  
 
1. Given that Bahrain has implemented the initiative called "Made in Bahrain" in order to promote 
domestic manufacturers who are registered and received factory permission Bahrain with no less 
than 35% local content requirement. Meanwhile, Thailand has launch ed the similar initiative called 
"Made in Thailand (MiT)" to promote domestic manufactures or entrepreneurs who have business 
registration in Thailand and meet CRDthe local content requirement no less than 40%,  in line with 
the principle agreed by ASEAN. In this regard,  can Bahrain  provide  the rationale  or reference  behind  
the local content  requirement  for "Made  in Bahrain"?  This would  serve  as information  for the criteria  
of Qualifying  Value  Content  (QVC)  under  Rule of Origins  if Thailand  and Bahrain  are to resume  the 
negotiation  of Thailand -Bahrain  Free Trade  Agreement  in the future.  
 
WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 51 - 
 
  Local content requirement for "Made in Bahrain " is 35% to be in line with the principle agreed within 
the GCC and international region, regarding Rules of Origin if Thailand  and Bahrain are to resume 
the negotiation of Thailand -Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, this must be decided during the 
negotiation.  
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  ICELAND  
- What is the participation of women in the economy of Bahrain?  
 
̶ The participation of Bahraini women in various aspects of work and economic activities is one of 
the most important aspects of modern life in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Bahraini women proved 
their presence in the labor market and entered nearly all fields of work in the private and public 
domains and entrepreneurship. The Kingdom of Bahrain sought to ensure the full participation 
of women in the national economy in all its fields based on the prin ciple of equal opportunities 
with the aim of attaining the desired level of gender balance. This has been achieved through 
numerous national measures, mainly through:  
 
1. A well -established infrastructure that supports women 's participation in the 
economy  
▪ Many stakeholders from the public and private sectors and civil society organizations are 
keen to support the economic participation and entrepreneurship for both women and 
men within the programs and plans of their strategies and in a manner that ensures 
equal opportunity between men and women. These institutions include: the Bahrain 
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, and 
the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).  
▪ In addition, the Su preme Council for Women seeks to have a complementary role to that 
of the concerned parties to develop and complete the economic work system, and works 
to encourage the relevant institutions to provide the services required by training 
programs in the econ omic field whether through providing loans and concessional 
financing services, or through providing integrated economic incubators that provide the 
administrative, advisory, training, and technical services needed by women to enter the 
field of entreprene urship; in addition to launching initiatives and awards.  
 
2. Policies and plans that support women in the workplace and achieve equality:  
▪ The constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain  ensures women are afforded public 
rights and freedoms, including the right to  participate in public affairs, vote, and stand 
for office. It also details the state 's role in supporting women balancing their family 
duties and their contributions to society. Their equality with men in political, social, 
cultural, and economic issues i s also recognized without prejudice to the provisions of 
Islamic Sharia.  
▪ The adoption and implementation of the National Plan for the Advancement of 
Bahraini Women (2013 -2022)  which sets clear objectives for women 's advancement 
in all fields of life. The P lan's strategic implementation phases and initiatives have been 
outlined with an evidence -based and target -oriented methodology that undergoes a 
continuous monitoring and evaluation process to ensure its alignment with the National 
Economic Vision 2030 and  the Sustainable Development Agenda.  
▪ The economic participation of women is considered a fundamental pillar to attaining the 
desired level of women 's advancement according to the 5 core fields of the "National 
Plan", which takes into consideration the soci o-economic aspect of achieving family 
stability, the importance of maintaining an economy based on the principle of equal 
opportunities and increasing prospects of lifelong learning available to women to 
reinforce their competitiveness in the labor market.  Additionally, much of the progress 
achieved in the status of women is due to the implementation of a National Model for 
the governance of Gender Balance in public life. It serves as a comprehensive 
governance model which outlines a framework of pillars ai ming to ensure gender balance 
at the national level.  
 
3. Supporting the transition from informal to formal work  
▪ The Kingdom of Bahrain has been able to expand the options for women who work in 
informal jobs by creating the infrastructure and legislation that  supports their progress 
and their safe transition from informal to formal jobs. Some examples that have been 
translated to reality to encourage productive families and to support their progress, 
include the following:  
✓ The economic support provided by the Ministry of Labor & Social Development to 
families for training programs and production units of the "Khutwa" program for 
household projects in cooperation with local or civil society organizations.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 53 - 
 
  ✓ The decision of the Minister of Industry, Trade and T ourism No. (97) for the year 
2017 amending Article (4) of Decree No. (84) of 2017 on regulating the activities of 
incubators and business accelerators to encourage women's entry into the field of 
entrepreneurship and take advantage of the services of the e conomic system.  
✓ The decision of the Minister of Industry, Trade and Tourism No. (152) for the year 
2016 regarding the authorization to engage in commercial activities through a virtual 
shop for business owners who do business from multiple locations and ha ve no 
address or place of business.  
The measures taken by the Kingdom of Bahrain in the field of women's development and 
empowerment have led to significant progress for the Kingdom. Women currently make up 
53% of the total number of Bahraini employees, an d 43% of total executive positions. 
Bahraini women 's participation in the labor force increased from 26% to 43% during the 
period of 2001 -2020 by an increase rate of 17%. In addition, women in the kingdom 
constitute 41% of commercial registration owners an d 52% of virtual commercial 
registration owners.  
 
- Have specific barriers that limit women 's participation in trade been identified?  
 
̶ The Kingdom of Bahrain through the Supreme Council for Women has designed as per its 
mandate, and continues to monitor the  implementation of a National Plan for the Advancement 
of Bahraini Women (2013 -2022) whereby women 's participation in the labor market is an 
integral cornerstone of the plan and encompasses a clear method for monitoring and evaluation 
in accordance with cl ear macro and micro -level key performance indicators.  
̶ With the onset of the pandemic, the Supreme Council for Women took the initiative to revise the 
(2019 -2022) Strategic Plan for the Implementation of the National Plan for the Advancement of 
Bahraini Wom en, to take into consideration the numerous challenges and opportunities brought 
on board by the pandemic and in particular those effecting the economy, specifically the business 
ecosystem.  
̶ Considering the interest of the Kingdom of Bahrain in supporting t he economic participation of 
Bahraini women and its belief in the contribution of Bahraini women to the national economy, 
the Supreme Council for Women has also initiated the National Gender Balance Model. It is a 
leading mechanism for those responsible fo r setting policies, public strategies, legislators, 
program implementers and plans, and by setting a general framework for those parties to ensure 
proper mainstreaming and sustainability for Bahraini women. It seeks to balance the distribution 
of resources  in reducing gender gaps that affects achieving equality between men and women 
at a national level. It also defines the roles and responsibilities of the different sectors in the 
framework of national responsibility for achieving a sustainable impact for m ainstreaming 
women 's needs and equal opportunities. It consists of five pillars:  
✓ Policies:  Reviewing and amending policies, strategies, plans and programs to ensure 
mainstreaming women 's needs in development and equal opportunities  . 
✓ Budgets:  Budgets responsive to the needs of women that reflect the extent to which   women 
benefit from the allocation of resources and expenditure on labour, programs and services.  
✓ Knowledge Management:  Making use of all sources of national knowledge and expertise 
with value -added and identifying the ways to manage and include them through systems 
and practices based on collection, management and dissemination of knowledge.  
✓ Audit and monitoring:   Auditing internal policies and regulations to ensure their 
compliance with the principle of equal opportunities.  
✓ Impact Measurement:  Refers to the measurement of the impact of the national model 
regarding mainstreaming women 's needs in development by monitoring and measuring the 
state of change in the performance, direction and values of individuals, institutions and the 
community through qualitative and quantitative data on the extent to which mainstreaming 
women's needs and equal opportunities are achieved.  
The implementation of the National Gender Balance Model has resulte d in addressing 
previously noted gaps in trade including flexibility in offering virtual commercial registrations 
and expanding Bahraini exports. Additionally, the availability of funds that target SME 's have 
further contributed towards funding issues that  face these entities including funds and 
initiatives that specifically target women.  
 WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 54 - 
 
  - Has Bahrain implemented any specific measures to encourage women 's participation in trade 
and promote women 's entrepreneurship, or are such measures being developed?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain through the Supreme Council for Women has set a wide array of programs 
and initiatives based on the National Plan for the Advancement of Bahraini Women (2013 -2022) 
which is implemented through triennial Strategic Plans. Within these plans, there has been an 
significant interest in encouraging the entrepreneurial activity of women through the following:  
1. Bahraini Female Entrepreneur Honor Seal: The main goals of the award include 
honouring distinguished young Bahraini females in the fi eld of entrepreneurship, highlighting 
outstanding female competencies in the field of entrepreneurship and reinforcing the 
economic empowerment of women.  
2. Bahrain Women's Development Center "Riyadat":  The Center serves as an integrated 
business incubator with complete management, investment, training, technical and 
technological services needed by women to enter into the field of entrepreneurship. The 
Center was established in collaboration with the Ba hrain Development Bank.  
3. Bahraini Women's Development Fund for Trade "Riyadat"  is one of the funding 
initiatives launched by the Supreme Council for Women in cooperation with Tamkeen and 
the Bahrain Development Bank to enhance women 's access to interest -free business loans 
and encourage more women in the field of entrepreneurship targeting small and medium 
enterprises.  
4. The introduction of "Sijili" for virtual commercial registrations,  by the Ministry of 
Trade, Industry and Tourism which aims to support the  business activities of entrepreneurs 
with flexible conditions such as waiving the condition of having a business location for home -
based business. Today 50% of the virtual commercial registrations owners are women.  
5. The establishment of the Women 's Export  Program , which aims to provide an ideal 
environment to support and develop domestic exports of products and services. As a result, 
39% of the Bahraini companies that have received support are owned and managed by 
Bahraini female entrepreneurs and 50% of c ompanies that exported their products or 
services to regional and international markets for the first time were owned by female 
entrepreneurs.  
In cooperation with the Bahrain International Airport , the Supreme Council for Women 
within the "Souq Al Qaseerya " section at the airport offers opportunities to showcase women 
entrepreneurs' products' and giving them access to the global markets showcasing their 
innovative products.  
 
- Are the effects of trade policy on women and men measured and monitored, and if so how? 
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain through the Supreme Council for Women seeks to continuously measure 
and monitor both positive and negative trends occurring to the status of women through detailed 
KPIs included in the following tools:  
1) A National Gender Balanc e Report  approved by the State and government measures the 
contributions of men and women at the national level. It is one of the key monitoring and 
evaluation tools that measures the gender balance in the national economy prepared by the 
Supreme Council f or Women in coordination with the relevant institutions. Various key 
recommendations are issued at the end of the report based on the results to improve 
performance and bridge existing gaps.  
2) The National Observatory for Gender Balance Indicators which cont ains main 
indicators measuring the impact of the contribution of women on the national economy. The 
objective of the observatory is to continuously monitor the progress of women at a national 
level benchmarked to regional and international statistics.  
3) Through its specialization to establish a research and studies center , the Supreme Council 
for Women also regularly conducts research projects and studies based on precise scientific 
methodologies in order to better understand the status of women in various fi elds and the 
challenges they face. The aim of this research center is to produce objective oriented 
recommendations to bridge any gaps.  
Equal Opportunities Committees  which are established mandatorily through a circular 
issued by Civil service Bureau in t he public sector and voluntarily in the private sector. These 
committees play an important oversight role to monitor any challenges that face gender 
balance and women advancement and address them through recommending policy changes 
or implementing target -specific initiatives. The Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism 
has established an equal opportunities committee that ensures the coverage of the above -
mentioned objective in what concerns the specialization of the institution.   WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  INDIA  
Questions based o n Government Report (WT/TPR/G/419)  
 
Page 23 Paragraph 3.113  
 
Background:  To achieve that aim the legislative system got updated including introduction of a 
new law for the maritime sector in line with national and international requirements. Taking the 
necessary procedures to join the international and regional conventions and  treaties related to the 
maritime sector and the port sector and introducing a manual of rules and regulations related to the 
management of the Bahrain Logistics Zone.  
 
Question: 1. Against the above -mentioned background, India requests Bahrain to provide  a detailed 
insight on the legislative changes/ rules or regulations it has made in maritime sector and in 
management of Bahrain Logistics Zone.  
 
The new law will update the maritime framework in the Kingdom of Bahrain by incorporating 
national, regional and international conventions and protocols, operations of port facilities and 
defines role, responsibility and functions of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications 
(MTT). It will comprise three primary laws: the Merchant Shipping Ac t the Port Act, and the Maritime 
Commercial Law. Once passed, it will update the Kingdom 's maritime legislation to be on the cutting 
edge of international maritime law. Furthermore, it will help facilitate and simplify the movement of 
goods/cargo in and ou t of the Bahrain Logistics Zone via Khalifa bin Salman Port (KBSP).  
 
For example, the new law/regulations will make room for registration of pleasure craft and offshore 
units in Bahrain. The registration of ships, mortgages, lien and order of priority, ar rest and disposal 
of ships, limitation of liability, …, etc., have been drafted in such way to raise the confidence of ship -
owners, banks and their lawyers. Most of the major maritime conventions have been referred to in 
the law so that the requirements ar e complied with sovereign right to grant exemptions and 
determination of equivalence. There are appropriate penal provisions as deterrent for 
non-compliance. The law defines detailed standards as how ships registered in Bahrain may be 
surveyed, audited and  certified. It also defines how the same standards will be applied to visiting 
foreign ships so that the Kingdom of Bahrain does not become a den of unseaworthy ships. It has 
been drafted in such way that most of the future changes in international convent ions and protocols 
will be absorbed in our law automatically. It also paves the way for training and certification of 
Bahrainis as merchant marine officers under the provisions of the relevant international convention. 
This will be vital to attain self -sufficiency in human sector.  
 
The new law will cover and regulate in detail carriage of goods by sea, charter parties, carriage of 
passengers on ships and marine insurance.   
 
Page 32, Paragraph 4.65  
 
Background:  A new tourism strategy in 2015 was launched by  the Bahrain Tourism and Exhibition 
Authority (BTEA) aimed at developing tourist attractions, increasing the number of events and 
activities, easing access to Bahrain through all entry ports (sea, land, and air), and providing quality 
accommodation for tou rists. It was termed as the "4A's" as it was made up of four pillars: Awareness, 
Attraction, Access, Accommodations, and was launched with the slogan "BAHRAIN, OURS YOURS". 
By the end of 2019 tourism contribution to GDP rose from (3.4%) (2015) to (6.9%).  
 
Question: 2. Does Bahrain give any special financial assistance to its tourism service providers as 
a part of its Tourism strategy? If yes, kindly share details of form, quantum of assistance given 
annually. Has Bahrain given any special financial assistan ce to their tourism service providers to 
deal with adverse effects of the COVID -19 pandemic? If yes, kindly share details of form and 
quantum of assistance.  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain 's Tourism strategy was updated with the launch of the new 2022 -2026 
Tourism  strategy in November 2021 which builds on the previous strategy launched in 2015. The 
strategy 's framework is based on four main objectives : increase the contribution of tourism to GDP 
to reach 11.4% in 2026, to highlight Bahrain's position as a global to urist hub, increase the number 
of targeted countries to attract more tourists, and diversify tourism products.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  As part of the new strategy, the Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority has launched a new 
scheme for local Destination Management Companies ( DMCs) to support them in bringing in tourists 
to the Kingdom. The program awards USD 15 per night per visitor to DMCs who are enrolled in as 
part of the program, in Bahrain and abroad.  
 
The tourism sector was one of the most adversely impacted sectors duri ng the COVID -19 pandemic 
and was included in the economic stimulus packages launched by the Government of Bahrain, along 
with other sectors in the economy.  
 
In this regard, and in terms of the support provided by the Government to the tourism sector durin g 
the COVID -19 Pandemic to mitigate the economic impact to those most affected, the Government 
has exempted all hotels, hotel apartments, and tourist restaurants from paying the tourism levies 
and fees.  
 
In addition to the above, from the early days of the  pandemic in March 2020, the Government of 
Bahrain announced economic stimulus packages to support businesses, including tourism 
establishments, hardest -hit by Covid -19.   
 
Questions based on Secretariat Report (WT/TPR/G/419)  
 
Page 8 Paragraph 6  
 
Question: 3. India requests Bahrain to give an insight on its remote customs clearance service, 
authorized economic operator scheme and other schemes giving facilitated access for trusted 
operators.  
 
Remote customs clearance service: has implemented in Bahrain Customs Affairs (BCA) that enable 
the importers to complete all the customs clearance procedures remotely from their offices, without 
the need to exist in the port physically , this service is cover all the customs clearance procedures 
starting from creating the customs declaration; online duties payment through the available 
payments platforms, as well as the getting approvals from (OGA), Moreover, the importers can book 
the appointment for inspection or release their goods according to the route specified for shipment 
based on customs risk management standards  . 
 
The Bahrain Customs AEO program: is implemented since 2018, and currently, there are 12 AEOs 
in multiple scopes incl uding import, export, transportation and transportation management, 
warehousing, and Customs Clearance.  
 
Bahrain Customs provides another facilitated access for trusted operators such as the white list, 
Compliant Operator, Eligible Operator.   
 
For more in formation please check the following link:  
https://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/en/authorized -economic -operator   
 
Page 8 Paragraph 11  
 
Background: Bahrain provides various progra mmes to support domestically established industries, 
including tariff exemptions for inputs used by companies having an industrial licence and, in some 
cases, incentives to encourage exports.  
 
Question: 4. Are the incentives Bahrain provided to encourage e xports in accordance with the WTO 
ASCM Agreement?  
 
All incentives and programs provided by Export Bahrain are set to comply with the WTO ASCM 
Agreement.  
 
Page 38 Paragraph 3.11  
 
Background: In November 2019, a "white list" for importers (and exporters) was established by 
certain OGAs and issued by Customs Affairs. This enables trusted companies to clear their imports 
and exports of certain products without customs inspection. The OGA selects and accredits trusted 
companies on the basis that th ey have a low probability of violation and they undertake a high 
volume of trade. As at mid -2021, there were 58 accredited companies.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  Question: 5 .  What is the accreditation process by the OGA?  
 
The OGA is the responsible entity for accrediting the white list. 
 
What is the rationale behind considering low probability of violation and high volume of trade as 
criterion to select a trusted company?  
 
Based on risk management concept;  
Companies with low probabilities of low violation;  
High importation and exp ortation level.  
 
Is there any other criterion to select a trusted company?  
 
Facilitation Lists According to the Compliance Framework (Customs Facilitations).  
 
In addition to the white list, and in order to improve the business and investment environment, 
Customs Affairs has facilitated customs procedures for major traders and investors through 
facilitation lists in the automated risk engine, which are updated periodically.  
 
Facilitation lists:  
 
# List 
name  Main Accreditation rules or principles  
1 AEO Available in the AEO program guide:  
https://www.customs.gov.bh/sites/default/files/2019 -
04/Authorized%20Economic%20Operat or%20Programme%20Guide%20Eng.pdf   
2 Compliant 
Operator 
(new)  Available in the Post Clearance Audit guide:  
https://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/en/node/465   
3 Eligible 
Operator 
(new)  Available in the Post Clearance Audit guide:  
https://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/en/node/465   
 
For more in formation please check the following link:  
https://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/en/authorized -economic -operator   
 
Page 44 Paragraph 3.32  
 
Question:  6. Does the tariff exemptions granted to industries having an industrial license from the 
MOICT amounts to financial contribution by the government since it 's similar to revenue foregone 
or tax otherwise due not collected as per WTO ASCM Agreement?  
 
There a re no tariff exemptions granted to industry in Bahrain. All incentives and programs provided 
by Export Bahrain are set to comply with the WTO ASCM Agreement.  
 
Page 68. Paragraph 3.135  
 
Background: Government Procurement.  
 
Question: 7. Please throw some light on the "competitive negotiated tender" procedure.  
 
A contract may be entered into by way of competitive negotiation in any of the following cases:  
(a)  The goods that cannot be identified by precise specifications.   
(b)  Technical works which by their very nature require the execution thereof by technica l 
personnel, specialists, or appointed experts.  
(c) Goods, constructions, or services which by their very nature or purpose of obtaining 
them require to be purchased from their points of manufacture.   
(d) Supplies, constructions, and services for which no bids have been submitted in the 
tenders or bids were submitted at unreasonable prices and where the need therefor 
does not allow inviting tenders therefor.   
(e) In cases of disasters and urgent necessity that cause an urgent need for goods, 
constructions, or serv ices where it is not likely to allow following the public tendering 
procedures.  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  An invitation to submit bids in competitive negotiations shall be invited to the biggest number of 
operators in the type of business subject to the negotiation in the manner t o be outlined by the 
Implementing Regulations.  
  
In case of following procedures of competitive negotiation, the buyer shall, through a committee 
that the Board shall decide to form, enter into negotiations with bidders or their representatives. 
The buyer s shall notify the bidders of any requirements, directives, documents or information 
related to bidding.  
 
Upon finalizing their negotiation, the buyer shall request those who have submitted acceptable bids 
to submit within the time limit fixed for them th eir best final bids and the buyer shall select the best 
of these bids subject to the rules to be determined by the Implementing Regulations.  
  
Confidentiality shall be observed in negotiations between the buyer and bidders. It shall be 
prohibited for eith er party to reveal any technical or pricing information related to the negotiations 
without the approval of the other party subject always to complying with the provisions related to 
access to the purchasing procedures register provided for in this Law.  
 
Is the approval of Tender Board (TB), except in case of open tendering, mandatory even if the tender 
is an "internal tender"?  
 
Tender Board 's approval is not required in case the total value of the tender is within the threshold 
i.e. BD50K for the companie s owned by the government and BD25K for the ministries and 
government authorities. Such purchases are processed by a Committee in each purchasing authority 
called "Internal Purchases Committee".  
 
Please elaborate the "two -phase tender" procedure in the con text of Bahrain Government 
procurement.  
 
A contract may be entered into by a two -phase tender if it is feasible to draft detailed specifications 
for goods or constructions or to determine the characteristics of services to obtain the best solutions 
to meet the buyer 's requirements if the following conditions are fulfilled:   
(a) Availability of clear criteria for technical evaluation of offers.   
(b) If there is enough time for holding a two -phase tender.   
(c) If there is the intent to conclude a lump -sum contract.   
(d) If it is expected to receive more than one bid.   
  
The first phase of the tender provided for in the preceding Article shall take place by an invitation 
to be sent by registered letters with notes of delivery to submit preliminary bids wi thout quoting a 
price but containing technical, quality or other proposals for the goods, constructions or services 
and suggestions with respect to terms of the contract and information about the competence and 
qualifications of bidders. Negotiation may ta ke place at this stage with any bidder whose bid has 
not been rejected concerning any aspect of the bid.   
 
The second phase of the tender shall take place by inviting bidders whose bids have not been 
rejected to submit final bids inclusive of prices on th e basis of one set of the specifications. AT this 
stage, it is possible to amend any specifications contained in the original documents, provided that 
all bidders shall be notified of such amendments.  
 
Page 86, Paragraph 4.65  
 
Background:  In the same context, a Fintech and Innovation Unit was also established to promote 
Bahrain's digitalization policies and improve the services offered to customers, as well as a 
"Regulatory Sandbox" to allow start -ups and fintech firms to access innovative banking and financing 
solutions. As an example, Bahrain FinTech Bay, a local incubator since 2018, is one of the leading 
fintech hubs in the Middle East and aims to further the development, interaction, and acceleration 
of the fintech ecosystem. Bahrain Fi nTech Bay incubates various fintech initiatives through 
innovation labs, acceleration programmes, educational opportunities, and collaborative platforms. It 
serves as a framework where ideas can be tested, refined, and licensed within a controlled 
environm ent before being ready for the market. Among the recent developments in digital banking, 
Bank ABC launched Ila Bank, a mobile -only banking space; National Bank of Bahrain launched the WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
- 59 - 
 
  first open banking services in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) r egion; and Bahrain Islamic 
Bank launched Bahrain's first fully digital bank branch.  
 
Questions: 8. Could Bahrain please explain if FinTech bay is a government initiative or is there any 
private partnership also? Kindly share details of mechanism of assista nce, quantum given annually 
by Bahrain 's Government to fintech start -ups and whether it is available to foreign owned start -ups 
as  
 
Bahrain Fintech Bay (BFB) W.L.L. is a private entity; it started as an initiative from the Economic 
Development Board (EDB) but ventured out to become its own entity. It is an initiative focused on 
creating an ecosystem within the space provided. BFB is a co -working space that houses many 
regulatory sandbox companies and other fintech focused companies, as well as its par tners (ranging 
from banks and other financial institutions to venture capitalist firms and media partners). BFB also 
hosts a number of accelerator programs, educational programs (partnership with Georgetown 
University for a Fintech certificate), and publis hes ecosystem reports. The Fintech & Innovation Unit 
(FIU) works closely with BFB in reference to housing sandbox companies (both foreign and 
domestic). In addition, the FIU also would often assist BFB in specific projects when necessary.  
 
Page 87 Paragraph 4.67  
 
Background: On financial inclusion, the CBB's strategy aims to: (i) improve women's, SMEs', and 
young people's access to financial services; (ii) promote the protection of consumers of financial 
services; (iii) improve and provide financial  coverage data and statistics to support policy 
development; and (iv) promote awareness and financial education. The number of bank accounts 
within retail banks increased markedly from 1,505,233 in 2013 (with a population of 1,253,191) to 
2,108,637 in 2019  (with a population of 1,483,756).  
 
Questions: 9. What are the initiatives for improving Women 's access to financial services under 
CBB's strategy? What was the share of accounts opened in the name of a woman during 2013 -2019?  
 
The Kingdom of Bahrain take s pride in providing equal opportunities to both genders and ensuring 
they are represented in various fields. Bahraini women are key players in the Kingdom of Bahrain 's 
development process whose contributions span the full spectrum of public life, includin g politics, 
social, economic and financial developments, and more. Bahrain has managed to create an inclusive 
environment that fosters a balance between genders. Hence, Bahraini women have full access to 
financial services with no limitations.  
  WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1  
 
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  TURKEY  
THE SECRETARIAT REPORT  
 
1.2 Recent Economic Developments, 1.2.2 Monetary and exchange rate policy, pg. 15, 
1.11.  
 
It is stated in the Secretariat Report that "In June 2009, Bahrain, the State of Kuwait, Qatar, and 
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed an agreement to form a monetary union, the so -called Gulf 
Monetary Council (GMCO), which is based in Riyadh. The agreement was ratified and entered into 
force in March 2010. However, the date for adoption of a single currency is yet to be determined. 
The GMCO 's membership is open only to countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). "  
 
Question:  Although monetary union agreement was signed and ratified, why single currency has 
not been adopted yet? In addition, could Bahrain kindly provide with information about the expected 
impacts of the ratified monetary union agreement on the economy?  
 
Answer :  
 
The GCC Monetary Union Agreement was approved in June 2009 and entered into force in 
February  2010, following completion of ratifications procedures and gaining the status of an 
international treaty.  These countries have already made important progress toward economic and 
financial integration and currency unification. However, important steps lie ahead on the way to 
establish a common currency, so the GCC countri es took a different approach to create the 
Gulf Monetary Council (GMCO) that continues to work towards adopting a single currency and puts 
in place a well defined criteria to ensure economic convergence and creating an interlinkage payment 
system between t he countries of the Cooperation Council. The system is currently up and running 
and work has been commenced with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, Kuwait and the 
United Arab Emirates to commence operations before the end of the year, and Oman and Qa tar by 
mid of 2022. All these steps are significant towards moving closer to the establishment of the single 
unified currency.  
 
There's no doubt that Bahrain will benefit from the ratification of the Monetary Union agreement. In 
fact, economic and monetary  union is a crucial step in the process of economic integration. The 
economic benefits of the ratified GCC Monetary Union agreement are plentiful, and there are various 
channels through which may affect Bahrain economic growth. For instance, integration of  the GCC 
countries will improve competitiveness as barriers to competition will be reduced, and it will increase 
the efficiency of their financial markets. This in turn will improve productivity and will ensure a stable 
macroeconomic environment. In additi on, the move toward a single GCC currency will save time and 
costs to residents, merchants and investors as no exchange rates will be applied between the GCC 
Monetary Union member countries.  
 
__________