CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Denatured Ethanol for Use as Cooking and Appliance Fuel – 
Specification  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
   CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
© TBS 2021                 First Edition 2021 
  
 
Foreword  
  
This Draft Tanzania Standard is being developed by the Bioenergy Technical Committee under supervision 
of the Chemicals Division Standards Committee and it is in accordance with the procedures of the Tanzania 
Bureau of Standards. 
This Tanzania Standard has been prepared with assistance drawn from: 
ASTM E3050 – 16  Standard Specification for Denatured Ethanol for Use as Cooking and Appliance Fuel 
Standards, published by ASTM International. 
In reporting the test results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if final value, 
calculated or observed is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with TZS 4 Rounding off 
numerical values.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD                             CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
 
Denatured Ethanol for Use as Cooking and Appliance Fuel –– Specification 
 
1 Scope   
This Draft Tanzania Standard specifies requirements, sampling and tests method for denatured ethanol for 
use as cooking or heating appliance fuel, or both.  
 
2   Normative references   
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. The latest 
edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies; 
TZS 644 / ISO 3170  Petroleum liquids – Manual sampling. 
TZS 1445/ISO 3165  Sampling of chemical product for industrial use – Safety in sampling. 
TZS 2273-2/ISO 10101-2  Natural gas - Determination of water by the Karl Fischer method - Part 
2: Titration procedure. 
 
TZS 2273-3 / ISO 10101-3: Natural gas — Determination of water by the Karl Fischer  
method — Part 3: Coulometric procedure . 
 
FTZS 2522/ISO 1388-2 Ethanol for industrial use – Methods of test – Part 2: Detection of alkalinity 
or acidity to phenolphthalein.  
 
ASTM D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol  
and C1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography published by ASTM International . 
 
ASTM D6045 – 20 Standard Test Method for Colour of Petroleum Products by the Automatic 
Tristimulus Method, published by ASTM International . 
 
ISO 22854 Liquid petroleum products — Determination of hydrocarbon types and oxygenates in 
automotive, motor gasoline and in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel — Multidimensional gas 
chromatography method, published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  
 
3 Terms and definitions 
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definition shall apply; 
3.1 denatured ethanol,   
n - ethanol made unfit for beverage use by the addition of toxic or noxious materials 
3.2 higher alcohols ,  
n - aliphatic alcohols of general formula C nH2n+1OH with n being 3 to 8 
3.3 hydrocarbon,   
n - components in an ethanol-hydrocarbon blend containing only hydrogen and carbon 
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 4    Requirements   
4.1 General requirements 
4.1.1 The product shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. 
4.1.2 The product shall be free of any adulterant or contaminant that can render the material unacceptable 
for its commonly used applications. 
4.1.3 The product shall be colored to visually indicate that it is not potable. 
4.2 Specific requirements 
The product, when tested according to the methods prescribed, shall comply with the specific requirements 
given in Table 1.  
 
Table 1 Specific requirements for Denatured Ethanol. 
S/N Characteristic  Requirement  Method of test  
i. Ethanolic strength , % volume, Min 90 Annex A  
ii. Water, volume %,Max 10 TZS 2273-2  or 
TZS 2273-3 
iii. Higher Alcohols (C 3–C8), volume %, Max 2  ASTM D4815  
iv. HydrocarbonA , % volume, Max 1 ISO 22854  
v. Acidity (as acetic acid), mg/kg, Max 40 FTZS 2522/ISO 1388-2 
vi. Denatonium Benzoate, mg/Kg, (Min–Max) 10-20 Annex B 
vii. Colored Dye, mg/Kg, Max 10 ASTM D6045  
A The hydrocarbons approved for use under this specification are as follows: gasoline, unleaded gasoline, natural 
gasoline, heptane, or rubber hydrocarbon solvent. 
 
5 Packing and labelling  
  
5.1  Packing     
The product shall be supplied and stored in clean, dry and tight containers, without faults, made of material 
which does not react with alcohol. The method of closing the containers shall prevent the contents from 
contamination and evaporation.   
 
5.2  labelling  
Each container shall bear the following information given in prominent, legible and durable labelling: 
a) manufacturer’s name.  
b) recognized trade mark, if any. 
c) name of the product as  “Denatured ethanol”  
d) intended use.  
e) name of denaturant 
f) nominal content 
g) nominal strength. 
h) batch number. 
i) manufacturing date  
j) Pictorial symbols to show flammability and toxicity nature. 
k) Instruction of use 
l) storage instructions CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
© TBS 2021                 First Edition 2021 
  
6 Sampling   
The product shall be sampled according to the method specified in TZS 1445 / ISO 3165 (see clause 2).   
7 Testing   
Tests shall be carried out according to the methods prescribed in Table 1 of this standard (see clause 4.2) . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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 Annex A  
(normative) 
Relationship between density in air and alcoholic strength 
 
Table 2 gives the relation between density in air and alcoholic strength, expressed in either percentage by 
volume, or as a percentage by mass, at a 20 ⁰C. 
 
Table 2: Relationship between density in air and alcoholic strength 
 
         Density in air (g/mL)                Alcoholic strength at 20 ⁰C 
                    20 0C               % ( m/m)            % ( v/v) 
                   0.8281                 85.7              90.0 
                   0.8264                 86.3              90.5 
                   0.8248                 87.0              91.0  
                   0.8231                 87.6              91.5 
                   0.8213                 88.3              92.0 
                   0.8196                 89.0              92.5 
                   0.8178                 89.6              93.0 
                   0.8160                 90.3              93.5 
                   0.8141                 91.0              94.0 
                   0.8122                 91.7              94.5 
                   0.8103                 92.4              95.0 
                   0.8083                 93.1              95.5 
                   0.8063                 93.8              96.0 
                   0.8043                 94.6              96.5 
                   0.8022                 95.3              97.0 
                   0.8000                 96.1              97.5 
                   0.7978                 96.8              98.0 
                   0.7955                 97.6              98.5 
                   0.7932                 98.4              99.0 
                   0.7907                 99.2              99.5 
                   0.7882               100.0            100.0 
 
Note: For comprehensive ethanolic strength table refer Annex C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex B  
(normative) 
Determination of Denatonium Benzoate in Alcoholic Products by HPLC-UV 
B.1 Principles  
This document describes a standard method for the determination of denatonium benzoate (DB) in CDA 
(completely denatured alcohol) formulations using HPLC with UV detection at 210 nm. The samples are 
directly injected into the HPLC system after membrane filtration. The working range for quantitative 
determination of DB is 0.5 to 20.0 mg / L.  
 
B.2 Instrumentation and materials  
 B.2.1. HPLC system equipped with. 
• Pumping system suitable for isocratic elution.  
• Solvent degassing system (on-line/off-line). 
• Injection system with 20 µl loop. 
• Analytical column, for example: LiChrospher 100 CN (5 µm) in LiChroCART  250-4 guard column  
• Thermostated column compartment (oven).  
• Diode array detector (DAD) or UV detector.  
• Integrator or computer with data acquisition software and printer.   
B.2.2. Analytical balance with a precision of 0.1 mg.   
 
B.2.3. 0.5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml pipettes. 
  
B.2.4. 100 and 1000 ml volumetric flasks.  
  
B.2.5. Weighing bottle.  
  
B.2.6. Syringes.  
  
B.2.7.  0.45 µm cellulose membrane filters.  
  
B.2.8 250 ml beaker.  
  
B.2.12 1000 ml graduated cylinder.  
With regard to the HPLC column, the recommended analytical column in this method is  
LiChrospher 100 CN (5 µm) as described above. However, alternative HPLC columns 
(C18 / C8), buffers and chromatographic parameters may be used provided that good peak shape is 
obtained for denatonium benzoate and good separation of denatonium benzoate from potential 
interferences can be achieved. 
 
 
 
B.3 Reagents and solutions.  
  
B.3.1 Denatonium benzoate, purity ≥ 99 %. Handle it with gloves.  
  
 B.3.2 Ethanol 96 % vol.  
  
 B.3.3 Sodium chloride, extrapure.  
  CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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  B.3.4 Acetonitrile, HPLC grade.  
  
 B.3.5 Water, HPLC grade.  
  
 B.3.6 0.2 % sodium chloride solution.  
Weigh 0.4 g of sodium chloride in a weighing bottle and dissolve it in a beaker with 200 ml of water HPLC 
grade.  
  
B.3.7 Mobile phase  
Add in a 1000 ml volumetric flask, 200 ml of 0.2 % sodium chloride solution and 800 ml of acetonitrile HPLC 
grade. 
 
B.4 Standard solutions  
B.4.1 Preparation of the stock solution (100 mg DB / L).  
Weigh, recording the exact weight, 0.1 g of denatonium benzoate in a weighing bottle and dissolve it in 
a 1000 ml volumetric flask with ethanol 96 % vol. Mix gently.  
Measure the mass of this solution with a top loading balance and the density at 20ºC with an electronic 
densimeter.  
B.4.2 Preparation of the working calibration solutions.  
Add, in 100 ml volumetric flasks, 20 ml of ethanol 96 % vol. (to minimize weighing errors), then 0.5, 2, 5, 
10 or 20 ml (weighing) of the stock solution and top up to the filling mark with ethanol 96 % vol. Mix 
gently.  
B.5 Chromatographic and calibration parameters.   
When using LiChrospher 100 CN (5 µm) column, chromatographic and calibration parameters 
recommended are:  
 Column flow: 1.2 ml / min. 
 Stoptime: 14 min.  
 Detector: signal 210 nm (bandwidth 8 nm), reference 360 nm (bandwidth 100 nm).  
 Mobile phase: acetonitrile 80:20 0.2 % sodium chloride solution.  
 Injection volume: 20 µl.  
 Column oven temperature: 27ºC. 
 Calibration: external standard.  
 Signal: peak area.  
 Curve type: linear.  
 Origin: included.  
 Weight: equal.  
 CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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 B.6 Calibration.  
Working solutions containing the following concentrations of denatonium benzoate 0.5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 
mg / l are analysed by injecting one replicate of each working solution. Peak areas corresponding to 
denatonium benzoate are plotted according to the respective concentrations in order to obtain a linear 
regression line expressed by the formula y = ax + b. The correlation coefficient must be > 0.99. 
Otherwise, the system must be checked to improve the linear regression if possible, or the working 
solutions must be discarded and a new set of calibration solutions should be prepared.  
B.7 Analysis of samples  
No specific sample preparation is required. The samples are directly injected into the HPLC system after 
0.45 µm cellulose membrane filtration. 
B.8 Instrument Results: 
The instrument denatonium benzoate results are calculated by comparing the sample denatonium peak 
area response to the calibration curve for the denatonium benzoate. This calibration curve is part of the 
instrument method. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CDC 19 (720) DTZS 
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 Annex C 
(Informative) 
Comprehensive alcoholimetric table 
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
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