DEAS 951 : 201 9 
ICS 67.160.10  
© EA C 2019                First Edition 2019 
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Transport of dangerous goods — Packaging for road and rail 
transport   
  
 
 
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  
 
 
 
 DEAS 951 : 201 9  
ii © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
This EAC document is copyright -protected by EAC. While the reproduction of this document by 
participants in th e EAC standards development process is permitted without prior permission 
from EAC, neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or 
transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written permission from EAC.  
Requests  for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be 
addressed as shown below or to EAC’s member body in the country of the requester:  
© East African Community  2013  — All rights reserved  
East African Community  
P.O. Box 1096  
Arusha  
Tanzania  
Tel: 255 27 2504253/8  
Fax: 255 27 2504481/2504255  
E-mail: eac@eachq.org  
       Web: www.eac -quality.net  
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.  
Violators may be persecuted    DEAS 951 : 201 9 
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  iii 
 Foreword  
Developm ent of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing 
requirements governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is 
envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are enco untered when goods 
and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed.  
In order to achieve this objective, the Community established an East African Standards Committee 
mandated to develop and issue East African Standards.   
The Committee is c omposed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, 
together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East 
African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards  Bodies in the Partner 
States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in 
accordance with the procedures of the Community.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances . Users of the 
East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of 
the standards they are implementing .  
EAS           was prepared by Technical Committee EASC/TC                                               
 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 951 : 201 9 
 
© EAC 2015 – All rights reserved  1 
 Transport of dangerous goods — Packaging for road and rail 
transport  
1 Scope  
1.1 This draft East African  Standard identifies  various methods of packaging that are suitable for 
prescribed maximum quantities of dangerous goods that may be offered for tra nsport by road or by 
rail. 
 
1.2 It specifies minimum performance requirements for the packaging,  
 
1.3 It prescribes procedures  to be followed to obtain packaging approval  
 
1.4  it specifies marks, labels and placards to be displayed on the packaging  
 
 
 
 
2  Normative references  
 
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated 
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced 
document (including any am endments) applies..  
 
2.1  Standards  
 
ASTM D 4359, Standard test method for determining whether a material is a liquid or a solid  
 
ISO 535, Paper and board – Determination of water absorptiveness – Cobb method  
 
ISO 2919, Radiation protection – Sealed radioa ctive sources – General requirements and 
classification  
 
ISO 3573, Hot-rolled carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities  
 
ISO 3574, Cold-reduced carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities  
 
ISO 3807 -1, Cylinders for acetylene – Basic  requirements – Part 1: Cylinders without fusible plugs  
 
ISO 3807 -2, Cylinders for acetylene – Basic requirements – Part 2: Cylinders with fusible plugs  
 
ISO 6406, Periodic inspection and testing of seamless steel gas cylinders  
 
ISO 7195, Packaging of uran ium hexafluoride (UF 6) for transport  
.  
2 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 ISO 7866, Gas cylinders – Refillable seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders – Design, construction 
and testing  
 
ISO 9978, Radiation protection – Sealed radioactive sources – Leakage test methods  
 
ISO 10297, Gas cylind ers – Refillable gas cylinder valves – Specification and type testing  
 
ISO 10461, Seamless aluminium -alloy gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing  
 
ISO 10462, Cylinders for dissolved acetylene – Periodic inspection and maintenance  
 
ISO 11114 -1, Transportable gas cylinders – Compatibility of cylinder and valve material with gas 
contents – Part 1: Metallic materials  
 
ISO 11114 -2, Transportable gas cylinders – Compatibility of cylinder and valve material with gas 
contents – Part 2: Non -metallic materia ls 
 
ISO 11621, Gas cylinders – Procedures for change of gas service  
 
ISO 11623, Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of composite gas cylinders  
 
ISO 11949, Cold-reduced electrolytic tinplate  
 
ISO 11950, Cold-reduced electrolytic ch romium/chromium oxide -coated steel  
 
ISO 11951, Cold-reduced blackplate in coil form for the production of tinplate or electrolytic 
chromium/chromium oxide -coated steel  
DEAS 949:2019 , The identification and classification of dangerous goods for transport  
 
DEAS 952 -1:2019 , Transport of dangerous goods – Emergency information systems – Part 1: 
Emergency information system for road transport  
 
 
Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards ; General 
Safety Requirements  Part 3 ; No. GSR Part 3  
 
 
 
NOTE  Explanatory material on the 2005 edition of TS -R-1 can be found in the Advisory material for the IAEA Regulations 
for the safe transport of radioactive material, Safety standards series No. TS -G-1.1 (ST -2) IAEA. Vienna, 200 7 
 
Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materia L, Specific Safety Requirements ; No. SSR -6 
, 2018 Edition  
 
Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods , Manual of Tests and Criteria , Sixth revised 
edition  
 
International Programme on Chem ical Safety (IPCS). WHO recommended classification of pesticides 
by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2005. World Health Organization, Geneva  
 
,  
 
 
3  Terms and d efinitions  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  3 
 For the purposes of this document , the following definitions and abbreviat ions apply.  
3.1  Definitions  
3.1.1  
accredited laboratory  
laboratory accredited by the national laboratory accreditation authority  
3.1.2  
activity  
amount of a radionuclide in a particular energy state at a given time  
NOTE Activity is quantified as the except ed number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from that energy state in a unit time.  
3.1.3  
ambient temperature  
air temperature of an environment or object  
3.1.4  
bag 
flexible packaging made of paper, plastics film, textiles, woven material or other similar m aterial  
3.1.5  
box 
packaging that has complete rectangular or polygonal faces made of metal, wood, plywood, 
reconstituted wood, fibreboard, plastics or other similar material  
 
3.1.6  
bulk container  
containment system (including any liner or coating) intended  for the transport of solid substances  
which is in direct contact with the containment system and is  
 
a)  of a permanent character and strong enough to be suitable for repeated use,  
 
b)  specially designed to facilitate the transport of goods by one or mor e means of transport 
without intermediate reloading,  
 
c)  fitted with devices permitting its ready handling, and  
 
d)  of capacity of not less than 1 .0 m3 
 
NOTE 1  Packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), large packagings and portable tanks are not included.  
 
NOTE 2  Examples of bulk containers are freight containers, off -shore bulk containers, skips, bulk bins, swap bodies, trough -
shaped containers, roller containers and load compartments of vehicles.  
 
3.1.7  
bundle of cylinders  
assembly of cylinders  that are fastened together and which are interconnected by a manifold and 
transported as one unit  
 
NOTE 1   The total water capacity of a bundle of cylinders intended for the transport of toxic gases of division 2.3 should 
not exceed 1 000 L.  
 
NOTE 2   The total water capacity of a bundle of cylinders intended for the transport of flammable gases of division 2.1 
and of non -flammable, non -toxic gases of division 2.2 should not exceed 3 000 L.  
 
3.1.8  
closure  
device that closes an opening in a receptacle  
 
3.1.9 
combination packaging   
4 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 packaging that consists of one or more inner packaging  secured in an outer packaging  
 
3.1.10  
competent authority  
national body or authority designated or otherwise recognized for the control or regulation of a 
particular aspect of the transport of dangerous goods  
 
3.1.11  
composite packaging  
packaging that consists of outer packaging and at least one inner receptacle and that is so 
constructed that the component parts form an integral unit  
 
NOTE Once assembled, composite packaging re mains as a single unit and is filled, stored, transported and  
emptied as such.  
 
3.1.12  
consignee  
any person, organization or government that accepts dangerous goods that have been transported in 
a vehicle in accordance with the relevant national legislatio n, provisions and requirements, or any 
other regulatory requirements of the relevant regional governments  
 
3.1.13  
consignment  
any package or packages, or load of dangerous goods, presented by a consignor for transport  
 
3.1.14  
consignor  
any person, organiza tion or government that prepares or offers dangerous goods for transport in a 
vehicle in accordance with the relevant national legislation, or any other regulatory requirements of the 
relevant provincial and local governments  
 
3.1.15  
crate  
outer packaging with incomplete sides  
 
3.1.16  
cryogenic receptacle  
thermally insulated receptacle for refrigerated liquefied gas of a water capacity not exceeding 1 000 L  
 
3.1.17  
cylinder  
pressure receptacle of a water capacity not exceeding 150 L  
 
3.1.18  
dangerous goods  
goods that are capable of posing a significant risk to health and safety or to property and the 
environment and that are listed in B.2 and annex C DEAS 949:2019  
 
NOTE  For the purposes of this standard, "dangerous commodities", "dangerous goods" and "dange rous substances" are 
synonymous.  
 
3.1.19  
design type packaging  
packaging design type (samples of which are presented for testing) as defined by its design, size, 
material(s), thickness, mass and surface treatment(s), and the method(s) by which it is produc ed  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  5 
  
3.1.20  
drum  
flat-ended or convex -ended cylindrical packaging made of metal, fibreboard, plastics, plywood or  other 
similar material  
 
NOTE The term "drum" also includes packaging of other shapes, for example round, taper -necked packaging or round, pail -
shaped packaging. Wooden barrels or jerricans are not covered by this term.  
 
3.1.21  
exclusive use   (radioactive material)  
transport of radioactive material in respect of which all initial, intermediate, and final loading and 
unloading is carried out in acc ordance with the directions of the consignor or consignee  
 
3.1.22  
filling ratio  
ratio of the mass of gas to the mass of water at 15 °C that would completely fill a pressure receptacle 
fitted ready for use  
 
3.1.23  
gas 
state of matter that is characterized b y very low density and viscosity (relative to liquids and solids), 
comparatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability 
to diffuse readily into other gases, and the ability to occupy with almost com plete unifo rmity  the whole 
of any container  
 
3.1.24  
hermetically sealed  
closed with a gas -tight and vapour -tight closure  
 
3.1.25  
inner packaging  
packaging that requires outer packaging for transport purposes  
 
NOTE The term applies to packaging intended for use in com bination packaging.  
 
3.1.26  
inner receptacle  
receptacle that requires an outer packaging in order to perform its containment function  
 
NOTE  The term applies to packaging intended for use in composite packaging.  
 
3.1.27  
jerrican  
metal or plastics packaging  of rectangular or polygonal cross -section  
 
3.1.28  
liquid  
substance that has a vapour pressure of not more than 300 kPa at 50 °C and which is not completely 
gaseous at 20 °C or less at a pressure of 101 .3 kPa  
 
 
3.1.29  
maximum capacity  
maximum inner volume of a receptacle or a packaging, expressed in litres   
6 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
3.1.30  
maximum net mass  
maximum net mass of contents in a single packaging or the combined mass of inner packaging and 
the contents thereof, expressed in kilograms  
 
3.1.31  
multiple -element gas containers  (MEGCs)  
multimodal assemblies of cylinders, tubes and bundles of cylinders which are interconnected by a 
manifold and which are assembled within a framework. The MEGC includes service equipment and 
structural equipment necessary for the transport of gases  
 
3.1.32  
outer packaging  
outer protection of composite or combination packaging, together with any absorbent material, 
cushioning and other components necessary to contain and protect inner receptacles or inner 
packaging  
 
3.1.33  
over pack  
enclosure used by  a single consignor to contain one or more packages to form one unit for 
convenience of handling and stowage during transport  
 
NOTE 1  Examples of over packs are a number of packages that are  
 
a)  placed or stacked on to a pallet and secured by strapping, shrink wrapping, stretch wrapping, 
or other suitable means, or  
 
b)  placed in a protective outer packaging such as a box or crate  
 
NOTE 2  See 15.3.5 and 15.9.3.2 for the over packs for radioactive material.  
 
 
3.1.34  
package  
complete product of the packing  operation, consisting of the packaging and its contents prepared for 
transport  
 
3.1.35  
packaging  
receptacles and any other components or material necessary for a receptacle to perform its 
containment and other safety functions  
 
3.1.36  
packing group  
group symbol that indicates the degree of danger or hazard presented by the primary property of a 
specific substance in accordance with internationally recognized classifications  
 
NOTE  The packing groups referred to in this standard are synonymous with the dang er groups given in previous editions of 
 DEAS 949:2019  
 
3.1.37  
paste  
soft, viscous mass of solids dispersed in a liquid  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  7 
 NOTE  A paste can be classified either as a liquid or as a solid, depending on the results obtained when it is tested in 
accordance wit h ASTM D 4359.  
 
3.1.38  
phlegmatizer  
substance added to an explosive to enhance its safety in handling and transport and renders the 
explosive insensitive, or less sensitive to heat, shock, impact, percussion or friction  
 
NOTE  Typical phlegmatizers include , but are not limited to, wax, paper, water, polymers (such as chlorofluoro polymers), 
alcohol and oils (such as petroleum jelly and paraffin).  
 
3.1.39  
pressure drum  
welded pressure receptacle of a water capacity of more than 150 L but not more than 1 000 L, for 
example, a cylindrical receptacle equipped with rolling hoops or spheres on skids  
 
3.1.40  
pressure receptacle  
collective term that includes cylinders, tubes, pressure drums, closed cryogenic receptacles and 
bundles of cylinders  
 
3.1.41  
primary recep tacle  
component part of composite packaging that is in contact with an infectious substance  
 
3.1.42  
proper shipping name  
that part of an entry that most accurately describes the dangerous goods listed in DEAS 949:2019 and 
that appears in capital letters  
 
NOTE 1  If more than one distinct entry is given under a UN number (see 3.1.53), as indicated by the conjunction "or" or by 
punctuation, the more appropriate of the names should be used.  
 
NOTE 2  If several names are in use for the same substance, one or mor e of these names can be used as proper shipping 
names; the rest, being synonyms, are given in lower case for reference purposes only DEAS 949:2019  
 
NOTE 3  Technical names and trade names can be used on documents and packages in addition to the proper ship ping 
name.  
 
3.1.43  
receptacle  
container that is used to receive and hold dangerous goods, and that can be fitted with a means of 
closure  
 
3.1.44  
reprocessed packaging  
packaging that is  
 
a)  converted from one UN type to another UN type or to a non -UN type,  
 
b)  cleaned to the original material of construction, with all former contents, internal and external 
corrosion, and external coatings and labels removed,  
 
c)  restored to its original shape and contour, with chimes (if any) straightened and sealed, and all 
integral structural components and all non -integral gaskets replaced, and  
 
d)  inspected after cleaning but before painting   
8 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
NOTE 1  The term “reprocessed packaging” includes re -conditioned packaging and remanufactured packaging.  
 
NOTE 2  A steel drum that shows visible pitting, significant reduction in material thickness, metal fatigue, damaged threads or 
closures or any other significant defect upon inspection, should be rejected.  
 
NOTE 3  A plastics drum and jerrican that show visible damage such as tears, creases or cracks, or damaged threads, or 
closures, or any other defects should be rejected.  
 
3.1.45  
recycled plastics material  
plastics material recovered from used industrial packaging that has been cleaned and prepared for 
processing into new pac kaging (see also 10.6)  
 
3.1.46  
re-used packaging  
packaging that is refilled and that has been examined and found to be free of defects that would affect 
its ability to withstand performance tests (see 12.3)  
 
NOTE  The term includes packaging that is refill ed with the same or similar compatible contents and that is transported 
within various distribution chains that are controlled by the consignor of the product.  
 
3.1.47  
salvage packaging  
special packaging into which damaged, defective, leaking or non -confor ming dangerous goods 
packages or dangerous goods that have spilled or leaked, are placed for purposes of transport for 
recovery or disposal  
 
3.1.48  
secondary packaging  
intermediate form of packaging that encloses a primary receptacle that contains an infec tious 
substance, together with any absorbent material necessary to contain and protect the primary 
receptacle  
 
 
3.1.49  
sift-proof packaging  
packaging that is impermeable to dry contents, including the fine, solid material that is produced 
during transport  
 
3.1.50  
solid  
powders, flakes, granules and kibbles, and also pastes and viscous substances that conform to the 
test for solids in accordance with ASTM D 4359  
 
3.1.51  
test pressure  
required pressure applied during a pressure test for certification qualific ation or re -certification (see 
10.1.3)  
 
3.1.52  
ullage  
difference between the brimful capacity and the net volume of contents of a container  
 
3.1.53  
United Nations (UN) number   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  9 
 Serial number assigned to dangerous goods by the United Nations' Committee of Exp erts on the 
Transport of Dangerous Goods  
 
3.1.54  
unit load  
number of packages secured to form a unit that is suitable for mechanical handling and is stacked on 
a pallet or slip sheet and secured by, for example, strapping, shrink wrapping or stretch wrappi ng, 
placed in a pallet box, or secured together by means of a sling or a net  
 
3.1.55  
working pressure  
settled pressure of a compressed gas at a reference temperature of 15 °C  in a full pressure receptacle  
 
3.2  Abbreviations  
 
ADR   European Agreement Conce rning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by 
Road  
CSC   Convention for Safe Containers (ISO freight containers)  
IATA   International Air Transport Association  
IBC   Intermediate Bulk Container  
ICAO  International Civil Aviation Organization  
IMDG  International Maritime Dangerous Goods  
IMO  International Maritime Organization  
ISO   International Organization for Standardization  
NACE   National Association of Corrosion Engineers  
NOS   Not Otherwise Specified  
OECD   Organization for Economic Cooperat ion and Development  
RID   Regulations concerning the International carriage of Dangerous goods by rail  
SADT   Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature  
SAE   Society for Automotive Engineering  
UN   United Nations  
 
4  Test laboratories and certification a uthorities  
 
4.1  Test laboratories  
 
For the purposes of this standard, the authorities responsible for the testing of the packaging of 
specific classes and divisions of dangerous goods that can be offered for transport are designated  or  
10 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 accredited test lab oratories approved by the national  authorities. Information regarding these facilities 
can be obtained from the relevant national  authority and the national/international laboratory 
accreditation authority.  
 
4.2  Certification authorities  
 
A certification authority, approved by statutory regulations, shall be  responsible for the certification of 
the packaging of specific classes and divisions of dangerous goods that can be offered for transport 
by road and rail.  
 
5  Dangerous goods identification  for packag ing  
 
The official identification and classification of dangerous goods are as specified in  DEAS 949:2019 , 
Annex B  and Annex C .  
 
6  Classification system  and packing group allocation  
 
 
6.1  General  
Classification system, packing group allocation and subs idiary risk  shall be as stipulated in 
DEAS 949:2019 . 
6.2  Packing group allocation  
 
6.2.1 General  
 
For packing purposes, certain substances listed in DEAS 949:2019  are assigned to three packing 
groups in accordance with their degree of danger.  
 
NOTE  Dange rous goods of classes 1, 2 and 7, and divisions 5.2 and 6.2 are excluded from the packing group allocation.  
 
6.2.2  Packing groups  
 
The packing groups have the following meaning:  
 
a)  Packing group I: High-strength packaging, that offers a high degree of p rotection for a 
substance that presents a high danger;  
 
b)  Packing group II: Medium -strength packaging, that offers adequate protection for a 
substance that presents a medium danger; and  
 
c)  Packing group III: Low-strength packaging, that offers adequate  protection for a substance 
that presents a low danger.  
 
7  Packaging not covered by this standard  
 
7.1  Dangerous goods in bulk  
 
Dangerous goods in bulk (see 3.1.6), with the exception of low specific activity (LSA) radioactive 
material and radioactive su rface contaminated objects (SCO), which, in most countries, are subject to 
special regulations.  
 
7.2  Specialized equipment  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  11 
 Dangerous goods required for the propulsion of means of transport, or the operation of its specialized 
equipment during transport, for example, refrigeration units, or equipment that are required in 
accordance with the operating regulations, for example, fire extinguishers.  
 
7.3  Goods sold in the retail trade  
 
Subject to the statutory regulations that apply to certain classes and div isions of dangerous goods,the 
requirements of this standard do not apply to dangerous goods that are transported, as packed for 
retail sale, by private individuals who purchased such goods for their private use.  
 
8  General packaging requirements  
 
8.1  General 
 
8.1.1  All new, re -used (see 3.1.47) or reconditioned (reprocessed) (see 3.1.44) or remanufactured 
(see 3. 1.46) packaging shall be well manufactured and shall be so constructed and so closed as to 
prevent deformation, leakage or sifti ng of the conten ts as a result of vibration, stacking, impact or 
changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure or humidity that might be 
encountered during transport. This includes trans -shipment between transport units and between 
transport units and warehouses, as well as any removal from a pallet or an overpack for subsequent 
manual or mechanical handling.  
 
8.1.2  Dangerous goods presented for transport shall be packed in packaging that has successfully 
passed the performance tests ca rried out by an designated or accredited test laboratory (see 12.3 and 
3.1.1 respectively), and that has been approved by the designated certification authority and marked 
as set out in clause 10.  
 
8.1.3  The packing instructions given in clause 13 have be en used successf ully for the packaging of 
dangerous goods. However, there is no objection to the use of packaging manufactured to 
requirements that differ from those in clause 13, provided that the packaging is equally effective, 
acceptable to the relevant  competent autho rity and can successfully withstand the tests described in 
clause 12.3.  
 
8.1.4  Variations in the maximum quantities specified are permitted, provided that the overall 
limitations for each type of packaging, given in 13.4 are observed.  
 
8.1.5  New, remanuf actured, re -used or reconditioned packaging shall be capable of passing the 
tests given in clause 12 ). Before being filled and  handed over for transport, all packaging shall be 
inspected by the manufacturers or users to ensure that it is free from corrosi on, contamination or other 
damage. Packaging that shows signs of reduced strength when compared with the approved design 
type shall either not be used or shall be so reconditioned that it is able to withstand the design type 
testing (see 12.1).  
 
8.1.6  No dangerous residue shall adhere to the outside of a dangerous goods packaging during  
transport.  
 
8.1.7  The packaging shall be manufactured and tested under a quality assurance programme that 
satisfies the relevant competent authority in order to ensure tha t each manufactured item of packaging 
meets the requirements of this standard.  
 
8.1.8  Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packaging shall provide information regarding 
procedures to be followed and a description of the types and dimensions of clo sures (including 
required gaskets) and any other components needed to ensure that the packages as presented for 
transport are capable of passing the applicable performance tests given in 12.3.   
12 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
8.2  Compatibility  
 
8.2.1  Packaging and parts of packaging th at are in direct contact with dangerous substances shall 
be resistant to the contents. Packaging shall not incorporate materials that can react dangerously with 
its contents, form hazardous compounds or lead to softening, weakening or failure of the packag ing or 
its closure. If necessary, packaging shall be provided with a suitable inner coating or treatment to 
make it resistant to its contents.  
 
8.2.2  Dangerous goods shall not be packed in the same outer packaging as another type of 
dangerous or non -dange rous goods if they react dangerously with one another and give rise to any (or 
a combination) of the following:  
 
a)  the combustion or evolution (or both) of considerable heat;  
 
b)  the evolution of flammable, toxic or asphyxiant gases;  
 
c)  the formation of corrosive substances; and  
 
d)  the formation of unstable substances.  
 
8.3  Packaging for liquids  
 
8.3.1  Packaging for liquid substances shall have provision for adequate ullage and shall not 
completely fill a packaging at a temperature of 55 °C. This i s to ensure that neither leakage nor 
permanent distortion of the package will occur as a result of an expansion of the liquid caused by 
temperatures likely to occur under normal conditions of transport.  
 
8.3.2  Packaging intended for liquids shall have an adequate resistance  to the internal pressure that 
can develop under normal conditions of transport. Packaging marked with the hydraulic test pressure 
as prescribed in 10.2.4.1(d) shall be filled only with a liquid that has a vapour pressure that is  
 
a)  such that the total gauge pressure in the packaging (namely the vapour pressure of the liquid 
substance plus the partial pressure of air or other inert gases, minus 100 kPa) at 55 °C 
(determined on the basis of a maximum degree of filling in accordance with 8.3.1 and an 
assumed filling temperature of 15 °C) does not exceed two -thirds of the marked test pressure, 
or 
 
b)  less than four -sevenths of the sum of the marked test pressure plus 100 kPa at 50 °C, or  
 
c)  less than two -thirds of the sum of the marked t est pressure plus 100 kPa at 55 °C.  
 
8.3.3  All packaging intended to contain liquids shall comply with the requirements of the 
leakproofness test for liquids (see 12.3.2)  
 
a)  before it is first used for transport, and  
 
b)  after remanufacturing or recond itioning and before it is re -used for transport.  
 
For the leakproofness test the packaging need not have its closures fitted. The inner receptacle of a 
composite packaging can be tested without the outer packaging, provided the test results are not 
affecte d. The leakproofness test is not necessary for inner packaging of combination packaging.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  13 
 8.3.4  Packaging that is used for solids that can become liquid at temperatures likely to be 
encountered during transport, shall be capable of containing the substance  in the liquid state (see also 
13.1.4).  
 
8.3.5  Packaging that contains liquids and intended to be transported by air, shall be capable of 
withstanding a pressure differential without leakage in accordance with the international regulations for 
air transpo rt. 
 
8.4  Packaging for solids  
 
Packaging used for powdery or granular substances shall be sift -proof or shall be provided with a liner.  
 
8.5  Inner packaging  
 
8.5.1  Inner packaging shall be packed in an outer packaging in such a way that, under normal 
conditions of transport, it is protected from breakage, puncture or leakage. Inner packaging that is 
liable to break or to be punctured easily, such as that made of glass, porcelain, stoneware or certain 
plastics materials, shall be secured in the outer pack aging by means of suitable cushioning material. 
Any leakage of the contents shall not substantially impair the protective properties of the cushioning 
material or of the outer packaging.  
 
8.5.2  Inner packaging that contains different substances that can r eact dangerously with one 
another, shall not be packed together in an outer packaging without the approval of the competent 
authority.  
 
8.5.3  Liquids shall only be filled into inner packaging which has appropriate resistance to internal 
pressure that migh t develop under normal conditions of transport.  
 
8.5.4  Packaging that contains liquids shall be packed with their closures upward and placed within 
an outer packaging consistent with the orientation marking described in 16.2.4.  
 
8.6  Packaging for wetted or diluted substances  
 
Packaging intended for the transport of wetted or diluted substances shall be such that the percentage 
of wetting agent or diluting agent, for example water or solvent or phlegmatizer, is prevented from 
falling below the prescribed l imits during transport.  
 
8.7  Packaging fitted with vented closures  
 
Where pressure can develop in a package as a result of the emission of gas from the contents, the 
packaging can be fitted with a vent, provided that the gas emitted will not cause danger on account of 
its toxicity, flammability or the quantity released. The vent shall be so designed that, when the 
package is put in the position in which it is intended to be transported, leakage of liquid from the vent 
and the entry of foreign substances th rough the vent does not occur under normal conditions of 
transport.  
 
8.8  Empty packaging  
 
8.8.1  Empty packaging that has contained a dangerous substance shall, for transport purposes, be 
treated as if it were filled with the dangerous substance until suc h time that it has been purged of the 
residue of that dangerous substance.  
  
14 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 8.8.2  Where the nature of the former contents of a container permits, the competent authority may 
grant authorization for the transport, without restriction, of empty packaging th at previously contained 
dangerous goods.  
 
8.9  Combination packaging  
 
8.9.1  It is permissible to subdivide the contents of combination packaging for secondary distribution 
by public road, provided that the requirements given in 8.9.2 and 8.9.3 , the requir ements applicable to 
the relevant class of the goods and the quantity limitations as prescribed in P001,P002 and P403 of 
13.4 for inner packages, as appropriate, are observed.  
 
8.9.2  Repacked inner packaging shall be placed in, and rendered safe by, adequ ate outer 
packaging that satisfies the performance requirements for packing group III commodities. The gross 
mass of the reconstituted combination packaging shall not exceed 30 kg.  
 
8.9.3  Reconstituted combination packaging shall be clearly marked with th e name and class or 
division of the commodity that it contains.  
 
NOTE  Reconstituted combination packaging is exempted from the labelling and performance test requirements of this 
standard.  
 
8.10  Packaging for explosives, self -reactive substances and orga nic 
peroxides  
 
Packaging used for explosives of class 1, self -reactive substances of division 4.1 and organic 
peroxides of division 5.2 shall comply with the performance testing for packing group II (see 12.3).  
 
8.11  Salvage packaging  
 
Damaged, defective,  leaking or non -conforming, or dangerous goods that have spilled or leaked can 
be transported in salvage packaging (see 3.1.47). This does not prevent the use of a bigger size 
packaging of appropriate type and performance level, provided that measures  shall be taken to 
prevent excessive movement of the damaged or leaking packaging within the salvage packaging.  
 
Sufficient inert absorbent material shall be added to absorb all free liquid when liquid salvage 
packaging is transported (see also 12.1.2).  
 
8.12  Overpacks  
 
8.12.1  An overpack (see 3.1.33) shall be marked with the word “OVERPACK”, the proper shipping 
name (see clause 17) and the UN number of the contents. It shall be marked and labelled in 
accordance with clause 16 for each item of dangerous goods contained in the overpack, unless 
markings and labels representative of all dangerous goods in the overpack are visible.  
 
8.12.2  Each package of dangerous goods contained in an overpack shall comply with all applicable 
provisions of this standard. The “ov erpack” marking is an indication of compliance with this 
requirement. The intended function of each package shall not be impaired by the overpack.  
 
8.12.3  An overpack shall not contain dangerous goods that can interact dangerously in the event of 
leakage.  
 
Each package bearing package orientation markings as prescribed in 16.2.4.4 and which is in an “over 
packed” or placed in a large packaging shall be oriented in accordance with such markings.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  15 
 9  Packaging type codes  
 
9.1  General  
 
9.1.1  A packaging ty pe code consists of a sequence of letters and digits that serves the purpose of 
identifying the type of packaging, the nature of the material(s) from which the packaging has been 
manufactured and special features of the packaging. (See table 1 for a list o f packaging and the 
assigned type codes.)  
 
The code consists of:  
 
a)  an Arabic numeral indicating the type of packaging, for example drum, a fibreboard box, followed 
by; 
 
b)  a capital letter(s) indicating the type of material from which the packaging has  been 
manufactured, for example steel and wood, followed, where necessary, by;  
 
c)  an Arabic numeral indicating the category of packaging within the type to which the packaging 
belongs.  
 
9.1.2  In the case of composite packaging (see 3.1.11),  two capital letters are used in sequence in 
the second position of the code to identify the material of construction. The first letter indicates the 
Inner material that is in contact with the contents, and the second letter indicates the outer material.  
 
9.1.3  In the  case of combination packaging, only one capital letter is used and it identifies the 
material of the outer packaging.  
 
9.2  Codes for types of packaging  
 
The first element of the type code is an Arabic numeral (digit) and it indicates the type of packagin g: 
 
Type code  Package  
1 Drum 
2  (reserved)  
3  Jerrican  
4  Box 
5  Bag 
6  composite packaging  
 
9.3  Codes for types of material  
 
9.3.1  The second element of the type code is a capital letter and indicates the material from which 
the packaging has bee n manufactured:  
 
type code  Material  
A steel (all types and surface treatments)  
B  Aluminium  
C  natural wood  
D  plywood, wickerwork  
F  reconstituted wood  
G  fibreboard  
H  plastics material  
L  textile   
16 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 M  paper, multiwall  
N  metal (other than steel  and aluminium)  
P  glass, porcelain or stoneware.  
 
NOTE   Plastics materials is taken to include other polymeric materials such as rubber.  
 
9.4  Special types of packaging  
 
9.4.1  The letters "T" or "V" or "W" can follow the packaging type code. The lette r "T" signifies a 
salvage packaging (see 3.1.47 and 8.11). The letter "V" signifies a special type of packaging (see 
12.1.1.9(h)). The letter "W" signifies that the packaging, although of the same type as that indicated by 
the packaging type code, has been  manufactured to a standard different from that given in clause 11, 
but is considered to meet the requirements of 8.1.3.  
 
9.4.2  If the use of a particular type of outer packaging, for example 4G, is authorized in a 
combination packaging, packaging bearing  the same packaging type code followed by the letter "V" 
can also be used under the conditions and limitations applicable to the use of this particular type of 
Outer packaging, in accordance with the relevant packing requirements. For example, combination 
packaging that bears the code 4GV can be used whenever combination packaging of code 4G is 
authorized, provided that the relevant packing provisions in regard to the types of inner packaging that 
is allowed, for example glass or metal, and quantity limitat ions, are respected.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  17 
 Table 1 — Packaging and assigned type codes   
18 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  19 
  
 
 
10  Marking of packaging for compliance  
 
10.1  General  
 
10.1.1  Design type packaging can be marked in accordance with this clause only after it has passed 
the required performance typ e tests carried out by an accredited tests laboratory.  
 
10.1.2  The marking is intended to be of assistance to manufacturers, reconditioners, users and 
transporters of packaging and also to competent authorities in that it indicates the packaging type and 
that the performance test requirements have been met.  
 
10.1.3  The certification authority issues a certificate of compliance that shall be valid for a period of 
time as determined by the certification authority. During this time, the manufacturer may not in any 
way alter manufacturing procedures or the design criteria recorded on the manufacturer's design 
drawings and specifications.  
 
The certification authority shall maintain a register of approved packaging, that indicates the following:  
 
a)  the marking , in accordance with the requirements of this standard, that is to be displayed on 
approved packaging (see 10.2 to 10.7);  
 
b)  the name of the certificate holder or of the manufacturer;  
 
c)  the date of approval;  
 
d)  a description of the packaging; and  
 
e)  the test report reference number.  
 
10.2  Marking requirements  
 
10.2.1  General  
 
10.2.1.1 On satisfactory completion of design type testing (see 12.1) and issue of a certificate of 
compliance (see 10.1.3), each outer or sole packaging for dangerous goods  shall bear marking that is 
durable, legible and of such a size relative to the packaging that it is readily visible.  
 
10.2.1.2 In the case of a package with a gross mass exceeding 30 kg, the marking, or a duplicate 
thereof, shall appear on the top or on a  side of the packaging. Letters, digits and symbols shall be of 
height at least 12 mm, except for a package of capacity equal to or less than 30 L or 30 kg, when the 
marking shall be of height at least 6 mm. For a package of capacity equal to or less than 5 L or 5 kg, 
the marking shall be of an appropriate size that is readily visible and legible.  
 
10.2.2 Inner packaging  
 
Inner packaging shall be marked in a satisfactory manner that will permit its origin to be traced. The 
relevant marking shall be recorded  on the test report or design drawings and specifications.  
 
NOTE  The UN packaging symbol (see 10.2.4.1(a)) is not required for inner packaging.  
 
10.2.3 Portable gas containers   
20 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
Portable gas containers shall be marked in accordance with applicable regulati ons. 
 
10.2.4 Outer packaging  
 
10.2.4.1 Each outer packaging approved in terms of this standard shall bear the following compliance 
markings:  
 
a)  The United Nations packaging symbol:  
 
NOTE  For marking embossed on metal, this symbol may be replaced by the capital letters UN. The symbol shall not be 
used for any other purpose than to certify that a packaging complies with the relevant requirements of clause 12.  
 
b)  The relevant packaging type codes given in clause 9.  
 
c)  A two -part code that consists of  
 
1) a letter code that indicates the packaging group, namely  
X: packing groups I, II and III,  
Y: packing group II and III, and  
Z: packing group III only,  
 
2) in the case of self -supporting outer packaging intended for liquids, the relative density of the 
liquid, rounded off to the first decimal place; this may be omitted if the relative density does not 
exceed 1,2, and  
 
3) in the case of outer packaging intended for solids or for inner packaging, the maximum 
gross mass, in kilograms.  
 
d)  Either a capital S t o denote that the packaging is intended for the transport of solids or inner 
packaging, or, for outer packaging (other than combination packaging) that is intended for a 
liquid commodity, the hydraulic test pressure in kilopascals, rounded off to the neare st 10 
kPa,that was applied at the time of design type testing.  
 
e)  The date of manufacture, indicated by the last two digits of the year, for example 08. Plastics 
drums (1H1 and 1H2) and plastics jerricans (3H1) shall also show the month of 
manufacture;th is may be displayed on the packaging at a different location from the rest of the 
marking. An appropriate method is the familiar clock face symbol that indicates the month of 
manufacture as used on plastics containers.  
 
f)  A code to identify the country t hat authorized the use of the UN packaging symbol.  
 
g)  The approval reference number issued by the certification authority, for example CT298.  
 
10.2.4.2 The marking shall be applied in the sequence as given in (a) to (g) above, and each element 
of the mar king shall be clearly separated, for example, by a slash or a space, so as to be easily 
identifiable. The layout of the marking shall follow the examples given in table 2, table 3 or 10.7, as 
applicable. The marking may be applied in a single line or in mu ltiple lines.  
 
 
Table 2 — Examples of markings for new packaging  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  21 
 
 
 
 
 
10.3  Marking for new metal drums of capacity exceeding 100 L  
 
10.3.1  Supplementary to the marking prescribed in 10.2, every new metal drum of capacity 
exceeding 100 L shall bear the m arks described in 10.2.4.1(a) to (e) on the bottom of the drum. In 
addition, the nominal thickness of the metal used for the body shall be indicated to the nearest 0,1 mm 
in permanent marking, for example embossing.  
 
10.3.2  If the nominal thickness of eit her head of a metal drum is thinner than that of the body, the 
nominal thicknesses of the top head, body and bottom head shall be permanently marked on the 
bottom of the drum, for example 1,0 -1,2-1,0 or 0,9 -1,0-1,0. 
 
NOTE  The nominal thickness of metal ca n be determined in accordance with an appropriate standard, for example ISO 
3574 for steel drums.  
 
10.3.3  Metal drums manufactured from, for example, stainless steel and designed to be re -used 
repeatedly may bear the marking indicated in 10.2.4.1(f) and ( g) in permanent form.  
 
10.4  Marking for remanufactured metal drums  
 
10.4.1  If there is no change to the packaging type and no replacement or removal of integral 
structural components, the required marking on remanufactured metal drums need not be permane nt. 
 
10.4.2  Remanufactured metal drums other than those described in 10.4.1 shall bear marking in 
accordance with 10.2.4.1(a) to (e) in permanent form, for example embossing, on the top head or on 
the side of the drum.  
 
10.5  Marking for reconditioned pac kaging  
 
10.5.1  Certain packaging, for example metal drums and plastics drums, can be reconditioned, in 
which case the appropriate marking shall identify them as having been reconditioned.  
 
 
10.5.2  The following durable marking (see also 10.5.5) shall be applied by the reconditioner on each 
item of dangerous goods packaging after it has been reconditioned:  
 
a)  the code of the country in which the reconditioning was carried out,  
  
22 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 b)  the name of the reconditioner or other identification of the packaging a s specified by the 
competent authority;  
 
c)  the year of reconditioning;  
 
d)  a capital letter R, to indicate that the packaging has been reconditioned; and  
 
e)  a capital letter L, to indicate that the reconditioned packaging was subjected to and passed t he 
leakproofness test (see 12.3.2).  
 
10.5.3  Marking required for reconditioned packaging shall be applied near the original compliance 
marking and shall follow the layout given in table 3.  
 
10.5.4  The original compliance marking shall not be removed and care shall be taken not to damage 
it during the reconditioning process. However, if the original markings required by 10.2.4.1(a) to (d) no 
longer appear on the head or the side of a metal drum after reconditioning, the reconditioner shall 
apply them in a durable form followed by 10.5.2(a) to (e). These markings shall not identify a greater 
performance capability than for which the original design type had been tested and marked.  
 
10.5.5  Additional marking shall be stencilled on reconditioned packaging int ended for export. 
Packaging reconditioned in Kenya and intended for national distribution can be marked with a 
waterproof, non -removable, pressure -sensitive adhesive label.  
 
10.5.6  Every packaging liable to undergo a reconditioning process shall bear the marks indicated in 
10.2.4.1(a) to (e) in a permanent form. Marks are permanent if they are able to withstand the 
reconditioning process, for example, embossed. For packaging other than metal drums of capacity 
greater than 100 L, these permanent marks may r eplace the corresponding durable markings 
prescribed in 10.2.4.  
 
 
Table 3 — Examples of marking after reconditioning  
 
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  23 
 10.6  Marking for packaging manufactured with recycled plastics material  
 
Packaging manufactured with recycled plastics material (see 3 .1.45) shall be marked "REC". This 
mark shall be placed near the mark prescribed in 10.2.4.1.  
 
10.7  Marking for salvage packaging  
 
The marking for salvage packaging shall have the following layout:  
 
 
 
 
11  Specific types of packaging  
 
11.1  Steel drums ( 1A1 and 1A2)  
 
11.1.1  The body and heads of a steel drum shall be constructed of steel sheet of a type and 
thickness appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the drum.  
 
Carbon steel drums shall comply with ISO 3573 or ISO 3574. Carbon steel shee ts in compliance with 
ISO 11949, ISO 11950 or ISO 11951 can also be used for the manufacture of carbon steel drums of 
capacity less than 100 L.  
 
11.1.2  A drum of capacity exceeding 40 L, that is intended for liquids, shall have its body seams 
welded. A dr um that is intended for solids and a drum of capacity 40 L and less that is intended for 
liquids shall have welded or mechanically rolled body seams.  
 
11.1.3  Chimes shall be mechanically seamed or welded. Separate reinforcing rings may be applied.  
 
11.1.4   The body of a drum of a capacity exceeding 60 L shall have at least two expanded rolling 
hoops or, alternatively, at least two separate rolling hoops. Separate rolling hoops shall be fitted tightly 
onto the body and so secured that they cannot shift. Rol ling hoops shall not be spot welded.  
 
11.1.5 The diameter of openings that are used for filling, emptying and venting and that are situated in 
the body or head of a non -removable -head (1A1) drum shall not exceed 70 mm. A drum that has 
larger openings shall  be considered to be of the removable -head type (1A2). Closures for openings in 
the bodies and heads of drums shall be so designed and so applied that they will remain secure and 
leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Closure flanges shall be mech anically seamed or 
welded in place. Gaskets or other sealing elements shall be used in conjunction with closures, unless 
the closure is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.1.6  A closure for a removable -head drum shall be so designed and so applied that the closure 
will remain secure and the drum will remain leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Gaskets or 
other sealing elements shall be used in the case of all removable -head drums.  
 
11.1.7  If the materials used for bodies, heads, closures and fittings are  not in themselves compatible 
with the contents to be transported, suitable internal protective coatings or treatments shall be applied.  
24 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 These coatings or treatments shall retain their protective properties under normal conditions of 
transport.  
 
11.1.8  The maximum capacity of a steel drum shall not exceed 450 L.  
 
11.1.9  The maximum net mass of the contents of a steel drum shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.1.10 A steel drum of capacity greater than 100 L that was manufactured and marked in accordance 
with the r equirements of this standard, can be reconditioned (see 3.1.44 ) and re -used for the 
transport of dangerous goods of packaging group II and packaging group III, provided that  
 
a)  the drum has been cleaned down to its original metal surface, and that all f ormer contents, 
internal and external corrosion, coatings and labels were removed chemically or mechanically 
or thermally or by abrasive blasting,  
 
b)  the drum has been restored to its original shape and contour, that chimes were straightened 
and sealed a nd all integral gaskets replaced,  
 
c)  the drum has been inspected after cleaning but before repainting, and that any drum with 
defects such as visible pitting, a significant reduction in wall thickness, metal fatigue, damaged 
closure threads or other sign ificant defects was rejected,  
 
d)  each drum was tested for leakage (see 12.3.2),  
 
e)  the mass of each drum was determined and recorded, and  
 
f)  each drum is durably marked in accordance with 10.5.  
 
11.2  Aluminium drums (1B1 and 1B2)  
 
11.2.1  The body a nd heads of an aluminium drum shall be constructed either of aluminium of at 
least 99 % purity or of an aluminium base alloy. The material shall be of a type and thickness 
appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the drum.  
 
11.2.2  All seams sha ll be welded. Chime seams, if any, shall be reinforced by the application of 
separate reinforcing rings.  
11.2.3  The body of an aluminium drum of a capacity exceeding 60 L shall have at least two 
expanded rolling hoops or, alternatively, at least two separ ate rolling hoops. Separate rolling hoops 
shall be fitted tightly onto the body and so secured that they cannot shift. Rolling hoops shall not be 
spot welded.  
 
11.2.4  The diameter of openings that are used for filling, emptying and venting and that are si tuated 
in the body or head of a non -removable -head drum (1B1) shall not exceed 70 mm. A drum that has 
larger openings is considered to be of the removable -head type (1B2). Closures for openings in the 
bodies and heads of drums shall be so designed and so a pplied that they will remain secure and 
leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Closure flanges shall be so welded in place that the 
weld provides a leakproof seam. Gaskets or other sealing elements shall be used in conjunction with 
closures, unles s the closure is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.2.5  A closure for a removable -head drum shall be so designed and so applied that the closure 
will remain secure and the drum remain leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Gaskets or 
other sealing element s shall be used in the case of any removable head drum.  
 
11.2.6  The maximum capacity of an aluminium drum shall not exceed 450 L.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  25 
  
11.2.7  The maximum net mass of an aluminium drum shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.3  Drums of metal other than steel or alumini um (1N1 and 1N2)  
 
11.3.1  The body and heads of a metal drum, other than steel or aluminium, shall be constructed of 
metal sheet of a type and thickness appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the drum.  
 
11.3.2  Chime seams, if any, shall be re inforced by the application of separate reinforcing rings. All 
seams shall be welded or soldered in accordance with the technical state of the art for the metal or 
metal alloy used.  
 
11.3.3  The body of a metal drum of a capacity exceeding 60 L shall have at least two expanded 
rolling hoops or, alternatively, at least two separate rolling hoops. Separate rolling hoops shall be fitted 
tightly onto the body and so secured that they cannot shift. Rolling hoops shall not be spot welded.  
 
11.3.4  The diameter of  openings that are used for filling, emptying and venting and that are situated 
in the body or head of a non -removable -head drum (1N1) shall not exceed 70 mm. A drum that has 
larger openings shall be considered to be of the removable -head type (1N2).  
 
Closures for openings in the bodies and heads shall be so designed and so applied that they will 
remain secure and leakproof under normal conditions of transport.  
 
Closure flanges shall be welded or soldered in place in accordance with the technical state of  the art 
for the metal or metal alloy used. Gaskets or other sealing elements shall be used in conjunction with 
closures, unless the closure is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.3.5  A closure for a removable -head drum shall be so designed and so applied that the closure 
will remain secure and the drum will remain leakproof under normal conditions of transport.  
 
11.3.6  The maximum capacity of a metal drum, other than steel or aluminium, shall not exceed 450 
L. 
 
11.3.7  The maximum net mass of a metal drum, other t han steel or aluminium, shall not exceed 400 
kg. 
 
11.4  Steel jerricans (3A1 and 3A2) or aluminium jerricans (3B1 and 3B2)  
 
11.4.1  The body and heads of a jerrican shall be constructed of steel sheet or of aluminium of at 
least 99 % purity or of an alumin ium base alloy. The metal shall be of a type and thickness appropriate 
to the capacity and the intended use of the jerrican.  
 
11.4.2  The chimes of a jerrican shall be mechanically seamed or welded. The body seams of a 
jerrican intended to contain more tha n 40 L of liquid shall be welded. The body seams of a jerrican 
intended to carry 40 L or less shall be mechanically seamed or welded.  
11.4.3   In a non -removable -head jerrican (3A1 and 3B1), the diameter of openings that are used for 
filling, emptying and v enting shall not exceed 70 mm. A jerrican that has larger openings is considered 
to be of the removable -head type (3A2 and 3B2). Any closure shall be so designed that the closure 
will remain secure and leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Gasket s or other sealing 
elements shall be used in conjunction with closures, unless the closure is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.4.4  If materials used for the body, heads, closures and fittings of a jerrican are not in themselves 
compatible with the contents to be  transported, suitable internal protective coatings or treatments shall  
26 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 be applied. These coatings or treatments shall retain their protective properties under normal 
conditions of transport.  
 
11.4.5  The maximum capacity of a jerrican is 60 L.  
 
11.4.6  The maximum net mass of a jerrican is 120 kg.  
 
11.5  Plywood drums (1D)  
 
11.5.1  The plywood used for a plywood drum shall be well seasoned, commercially dry and free 
from any defect likely to lessen the effectiveness of the drum for its intended purpose. If  a material 
other than plywood is used for the heads, it shall be suitable for the intended purpose of the drum.  
 
11.5.2  At least two -ply plywood shall be used for the body and at least three -ply plywood for the 
heads. The plies shall be firmly glued toge ther by a water resistant adhesive, with their grains 
crosswise. The body and heads of a plywood drum and the method of joining them together shall be 
appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the drum.  
 
11.5.3  In order to prevent sifting of the  contents, the lid shall be lined with kraft paper or an 
equivalent material that is securely fastened to the lid and extends beyond its circumference.  
 
11.5.4  The maximum capacity of a plywood drum shall not exceed 250 L.  
 
11.5.5  The maximum net mass of  a plywood drum shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.6  Fibre drums (1G)  
 
11.6.1  The body of a fibre drum shall consist of multiple plies of heavy paper or fibreboard (without 
corrugations), firmly glued or laminated together, and may include one or more protecti ve layers of 
bitumen, waxed kraft paper, metal foil, plastics material, etc.  
 
11.6.2  The heads of a fibre drum shall be of natural wood, fibreboard, metal, plywood, plastics or 
other suitable material and may include one or more protective layers of bitum en, waxed Kraft paper, 
metal foil, plastics material, etc.  
 
11.6.3  The body and heads of a fibre drum and the method of joining them shall be appropriate to 
the capacity and the intended use of the drum.  
 
11.6.4  The assembled components shall be sufficie ntly water resistant to prevent delamination 
under normal conditions of transport.  
 
11.6.5  The maximum capacity of a fibre drum shall not exceed 450 L.  
 
11.6.6  The maximum net mass of a fibre drum shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.7  Plastics drums (1H1 and 1 H2) and plastics jerricans (3H1 and 3H2)  
 
11.7.1  A plastics drum and a plastics jerrican shall be manufactured from plastics material of 
adequate strength in relation to the capacity of the drum or jerrican and the intended use of 
each.Except for recycled  plastics material as defined in 3.1.44, no used material other than production 
residues or regrind from the same manufacturing process shall be used.  
11.7.2  A plastics drum and a plastics jerrican shall be resistant to ageing and degradation caused 
eithe r by their contents or by ultraviolet radiation. Any permeation of the plastics drum or plastics 
jerrican by their contents shall not constitute a danger under normal conditions of transport.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  27 
  
11.7.3  Depending on the nature of the substance intended for t ransport, the competent authority 
may authorize the re -use of a plastics drum or a plastics jerrican, provided that the consignor can 
provide a report that states that a representative sample taken from a lot of plastics drums or  jerricans 
has been reteste d and found to comply with the requirements for similar new drums and jerricans.  
 
11.7.4  Notwithstanding the requirements of 11.7.3, plastics drums and plastics jerricans are 
permitted to be used for the transport of dangerous goods for a period of five y ears from the date of 
manufacture , except where the competent authority prescribes a shorter period because of the nature 
of the substance to be transported.  
 
11.7.5  Protection against ultraviolet radiation shall be provided by the addition of carbon blac k or 
other similar pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the intended contents of 
the plastics drum or jerrican and shall remain effective throughout the life of the packaging. If carbon 
black, pigments or inhibitors, other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, are 
added, retesting may be waived if  
 
a)  the carbon black content does not exceed 2 % by mass, or  
 
b)  the pigment content does not exceed 3 % by mass.  
 
NOTE  The content of inhibitors of ultraviol et radiation is not limited.  
 
11.7.6  Additives for purposes other than protection against ultraviolet radiation may be included in 
the composition of the plastics material, provided that they do not adversely affect the chemical and 
physical properties of  the material used in the manufacture of the packaging. Under these 
circumstances, the need for retesting the packaging may be waived.  
 
11.7.7  The wall thickness of a plastics drum or a plastics jerrican at every point of the packaging 
shall be appropriat e to its capacity and intended use, taking into account the stresses to which each 
point in the walls is liable to be exposed.  
. 
 
11.7.8  The diameter of openings that are used for filling, emptying and venting and that are situated 
in the heads of a non -removable -head plastics drum (1H1) or jerrican (3H1) shall not exceed 70 mm. 
A plastics drum or jerrican that has larger openings is considered to be of the removable -head type 
(1H2 and 3H2). Closures for openings in the bodies and heads of non  removable - head plastics drums 
(1H1) and jerricans (3H1) shall be so designed and so applied that the closures will remain secure and 
leakproof under normal conditions of transport. Gaskets or other sealing elements shall be used in 
conjunction with closures, unless t he closure is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.7.9  Closures for openings in the bodies and heads of removable -head plastics drums (1H2) and 
plastics jerricans (3H2) shall be so designed and so applied that the closures will remain secure and 
leakproof under norm al conditions of transport. Gaskets shall be used with all removable heads unless 
the design of the plastics drum or plastics jerrican is such that, where the removable head is properly 
secured, the drum or jerrican is inherently leakproof.  
 
11.7.10 Steps shall be taken to ensure that the plastics material used in the manufacture of plastics 
drums and plastics jerricans complies with the requirements of 8.2. This can be done, for example by 
subjecting samples of the packaging to a preliminary test over a lo ng period, such as six months, 
during which the samples are filled with the substances they are intended to contain, and after which 
the samples are submitted to the applicable tests given in clause 12. For substances that can cause 
stress cracking or weak ening in a plastics drum or a plastics jerrican, the sample, filled with the 
substance or with another substance that is known to have at least as severe a stress -cracking 
influence on the plastics material in question, shall be subjected to a Superimposed  load equivalent to  
28 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 the total mass of identical packages that might be stacked on it during transport. The minimum height 
of the stack, including the test sample, shall be 3 m.  
11.7.11 The maximum capacity of a plastics drum shall not exceed 450 L and that  of a plastics jerrican 
shall not exceed 60 L.  
 
11.7.12 The maximum net mass of a plastics drum shall not exceed 400 kg and that of plastics 
jerrican shall not exceed 120 kg.  
 
11.8  Natural -wood boxes (4C1 and 4C2)  
 
11.8.1 The wood used in the manufacture  of natural -wood boxes shall be well seasoned, commercially 
dry and free from any defects that could reduce the strength of any part of the box.  
 
The strength of the material used and the method of construction shall be appropriate to the capacity 
and the intended use of the box. The tops and bottoms can be made of water resistant reconstituted 
wood such as hardboard, particle board or another similar material.  
 
11.8.2 Fastenings shall be resistant to the vibration experienced under normal conditions of tra nsport. 
Nailing into the end grains shall be avoided whenever practicable. Clenched or annular ring nails or 
equivalent fastenings shall be used for joints that are likely to be subjected to high stress.  
 
11.8.3 Each part of a sift -proof walled box (4C2) s hall consist of one piece or be equivalent thereto. 
Parts are considered equivalent to one piece when one of the following methods of glue assembly is 
used: Linderman joint, tongue -and-groove joint, ship lap, rabbet joint or butt joint, with at least two 
corrugated metal fasteners at each joint.  
 
11.8.4 The maximum net mass of a natural -wood box shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.9  Plywood boxes (4D)  
 
11.9.1 The plywood used in the manufacture of a plywood box shall be at least three ply. It shall be  
made from w ell-seasoned, rotary cut, either sliced or sawn veneer, commercially dry and free from 
defects that could reduce the strength of any part of the box. The strength of the material used and the 
method of construction shall be appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the box.  
 
All adjacent plies shall be glued with water -resistant adhesive. Other suitable materials may be used in 
combination with plywood in the construction of a plywood box. A plywood box shall be firmly nailed, 
or shall be secured by corner posts or ends, or shall be assembled by means of equally suitable 
devices.  
 
11.9.2  The maximum net mass of a plywood box shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.10  Reconstituted -wood boxes (4F)  
 
11.10.1 The walls of a reconstituted -wood box shall be made of water -resistant reconstituted wood 
such as hardboard, particle board or other similar board. The strength of the material used and the 
method of construction shall be appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the box.  
 
11.10.2 Other parts of a  reconstituted -wood box can be made of other suitable material.  
 
11.10.3 A reconstituted -wood box shall be securely assembled by means of suitable devices.  
 
11.10.4 The maximum net mass of a reconstituted -wood box shall not exceed 400 kg.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  29 
 11.11  Fibreboar d boxes (4G)  
 
11.11.1 Strong, good quality solid or double -faced corrugated fibreboard (single or multiwall) shall be 
used in the manufacture of a fibreboard box. The material used shall be appropriate to the capacity 
and the intended use of the box. The w ater resistance of the outer surface of the outer facing of the 
combined board shall be such that the increase in mass over a period of 30 min, does not exceed 155 
g/m2 in accordance with ISO 535. Fibreboard shall be cut, creased without scoring,and so slo tted as 
to permit assembly without cracking, surface breaks or undue bending. The fluting of corrugated 
fibreboard shall be firmly glued to the facings.  
11.11.2 The ends of a fibreboard box may have wooden frames or be entirely of wood or other 
suitable ma terial. Reinforcements of wooden battens or other suitable material may be used.  
 
11.11.3 Manufacturing joins in the body of a fibreboard box shall be taped, lapped and glued, or 
lapped and stitched with metal staples. Lapped joins shall have an appropriat e overlap. Where closing 
is effected by gluing or taping, a water -resistant adhesive shall be used.  
 
11.11.4 A fibreboard box shall be so designed as to provide a good fit to the contents.  
 
11.11.5 The maximum net mass of a fibreboard box shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.12 Plastics boxes (4H1 and 4H2)  
 
11.12.1 A plastics box shall be manufactured from a plastics material of adequate strength in relation 
to the capacity and the intended use of the box. A plastics box shall be resistant to ageing and to 
degradat ion that is caused either by the contents or by ultraviolet radiation.  
 
11.12.2 An expanded -plastics box shall comprise two parts made of a moulded, expanded -plastics 
material, namely a bottom section that contains cavities for the inner packaging and a to p section that 
covers and interlocks with the bottom section. The top and bottom sections shall be so designed that 
the inner packaging fits snugly. The closure of any inner packaging shall not be in contact with the 
inside of the top section of the box.  
 
11.12.3 An expanded -plastics box shall be closed with a self -adhesive tape that has sufficient tensile 
strength to prevent the box from opening under normal conditions of transport. The adhesive tape 
shall be weather resistant and its adhesive shall be com patible with the expanded -plastics material of 
the box. Other closing devices may be used, provided that they are at least equally effective.  
 
11.12.4 For a solid -plastics box, protection against ultraviolet radiation shall be provided by the 
addition of c arbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible 
with the intended contents of the box and shall remain effective throughout the life of the box. If carbon 
black, pigments or inhibitors, other than those used in the  manufacture of the tested design type, are 
added, retesting may be waived if  
 
a)  the carbon black content does not exceed 2 % by mass, or  
 
b)  the pigment content does not exceed 3 % by mass.  
 
NOTE  The content of inhibitors of ultraviolet radiation is n ot limited.  
 
11.12.5 Additives for purposes other than protection against ultraviolet radiation may be included in 
the composition of the plastics material, provided that they do not adversely affect the chemical and  
physical properties of the material use d in the manufacture of the box. Under these Circumstances, 
the need for retesting the packaging may be waived.  
  
30 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 11.12.6 A solid -plastics box shall have closures made of material of a suitable strength and the 
closures shall be so designed that the box is prevented from opening under normal conditions of 
transport.  
 
11.12.7 The maximum net mass of an expanded -plastics box (4H1) shall not exceed 60 kg, and that of 
a solid - plastics box (4H2) shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.13  Steel (4A) and aluminium (4B) boxe s 
 
11.13.1 The strength of the metal and the construction of a steel or an aluminium box shall be 
appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the box.  
 
11.13.2 A box shall be lined with fibreboard or felt packing pieces, or shall have an inner line r or 
Coating of suitable material. If a double -seam metal liner is used, steps shall be taken to prevent the 
ingress of any substance, particularly of an explosive substance, into the recesses of the seams.  
 
11.13.3 Closures may be of any suitable type and  shall remain secured under normal conditions of  
transport.  
 
11.13.4 The maximum net mass of a steel or an aluminium box shall not exceed 400 kg.  
 
11.14  Textile bags (5L1, 5L2 and 5L3)  
 
11.14.1 The textiles used in the manufacture of a bag without a liner  or coating (5L1), or a siftproof 
bag (5L2), or a water resistant bag (5L3), shall be of good quality. The strength of the fabric and the 
construction of the bag shall be appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the bag.  
 
11.14.2 A sift -proof ba g (5L2) shall be lined with  
 
a)  paper bonded to the inner surface of the bag by means of a water resistant adhesive such as 
bitumen, or  
 
b)  plastics film bonded to the inner surface of the bag, or  
 
c)  one or more inner liners made of paper or a plastics  material.  
 
11.14.3 Water resistant textile bags (5L3) shall be made waterproof by the use of  
 
a)  separate inner liners of water -resistant paper, for example waxed Kraft paper, double -tarred 
Kraft paper or plastics -coated Kraft paper,  
 
b)  plastics film b onded to the inner surface of the bag, or  
 
c)  one or more inner liners made of a plastics material.  
 
11.14.4 The maximum net mass of a textile bag shall not exceed 50 kg.  
 
11.15  Woven plastics bags (5H1, 5H2 and 5H3)  
 
11.15.1 The woven plastics used in t he manufacture of a bag without a liner (5H1), or a sift -proof bag 
(5H2), or a water -resistant bag (5H3), shall be made from stretched tapes or monofilaments of a 
suitable plastics material. The strength of the material used and the construction of the bag  shall be 
appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the bag.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  31 
 11.15.2 If the fabric is woven flat, the bag shall be made by sewing or by some other method that 
ensures closure of the bottom and one side. If the fabric is tubular, the bag shall be  closed by sewing 
or weaving or another equally strong method of closure.  
 
11.15.3 Sift-proof bags (5H2) shall be lined with  
 
a) paper or a plastics film bonded to the inner surface of the bag, or  
 
b) one or more separate inner liners made of paper or a pl astics material.  
 
11.15.4 Water resistant bags (5H3) shall be made waterproof by means of  
 
a)  separate inner liners of water -resistant paper, for example waxed Kraft paper, double -tarred 
Kraft paper or plastics -coated Kraft paper,  
 
b)  plastics film bonde d to the inner or outer surface of the bag, or  
 
c)  one or more inner liners made of a plastics material.  
 
11.15.5 The maximum net mass of a woven plastics bag shall not exceed 50 kg.  
 
11.16  Plastics film bags (5H4)  
 
11.16.1 A plastics film bag shall be m ade of a suitable plastics material. The strength of the material 
and the construction of the bag shall be appropriate to the capacity and intended use of the bag. 
Joints and closures shall withstand any pressure and impact liable to occur under normal con ditions of 
transport.  
 
11.17  Paper bags (5M1 and 5M2)  
 
11.17.1 The paper used in the manufacture of a multiwall bag (5M1), or a water -resistant multiwall bag  
(5M2), shall be of a suitable kraft paper or of an equivalent paper that has at least three plie s. 
 
The middle ply may be net -cloth with adhesive bonding to the outer ply. The strength of the paper and 
the construction of the bag shall be appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the bag.Joints 
and closures shall be sift -proof.  
 
11.17.2 A water-resistant paper bag (5M2), that consists of four or more plies, shall have either a 
Water -resistant ply as one of the two outermost plies, or a water - resistant barrier made of a suitable 
protective material between the two outermost plies. A 5M2 bag of three plies shall be made 
waterproof by the use of a water -resistant ply as the outermost ply. Where there is danger of the 
contents reacting with moisture, or where the contents are packed damp, a water -resistant ply or 
barrier, such as double -tarred k raft paper, or plastics -coated kraft paper, plastics film bonded to then 
inner surface of the bag, or one or more inner liners made of a plastics material, shall in addition be 
placed next to the contents of the bag. Joins and closures shall be waterproof.  
 
11.17.3 The maximum net mass of a paper bag shall not exceed 50 kg.  
 
11.18  Composite packaging with plastics inner receptacles  
 
11.18.1 For the purposes of this standard, composite packaging that has a plastics inner receptacle 
comprises the following:  
 
a)  6HA1 plastics receptacle with outer steel drum;   
32 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
b)  6HA2 plastics receptacle with outer steel crate or box;  
 
c)  6HB1 plastics receptacle with outer aluminium drum;  
 
d)  6HB2 plastics receptacle with outer aluminium crate or box;  
 
e)  6HC plastics re ceptacle with outer natural -wood box;  
 
f)  6HD1 plastics receptacle with outer plywood drum;  
 
g)  6HD2 plastics receptacle with outer plywood box;  
 
h)  6HG1 plastics receptacle with outer fibre drum;  
 
i)  6HG2 plastics receptacle with outer fibreboard box;  
 
j)  6HH1 plastics receptacle with outer plastics drum; and  
 
k)  6HH2 plastics receptacle with outer solid -plastics box.  
 
11.18.2 A plastics inner receptacle shall comply with the relevant requirements given in 11.7.1, 11.7.2 
and 11.7.5 to 11.7.8 (inclusi ve). 
 
11.18.3 A plastics inner receptacle shall fit snugly inside the outer packaging, which shall be free from 
any projection that might abrade or pierce the plastics material.  
 
11.18.4 The nominal capacity of a plastics inner receptacle shall not exceed  
 
a)  250 L for 6HA1, 6HB1, 6HD1, 6HG1 and 6HH1, and  
 
b)  60 L for 6HA2, 6HB2, 6HC, 6HD2, 6HG2 and 6HH2.  
 
11.18.5 The maximum net mass of a plastics inner receptacle shall not exceed  
 
a)  400 kg for 6HA1, 6HB1, 6HD1, 6HG1 and 6HH1, and  
 
b)  75 kg for 6HA2, 6HB2, 6HC, 6HD2, 6HG2 and 6HH2.  
 
11.18.6 The following subclauses are applicable to the construction of outer packaging for plastics 
inner receptacles:  
 
a)  outer steel or aluminum drum (6HA1 or 6HB1) – See 11.1 or 11.2;  
 
b)  outer steel or aluminum crate or box (6HA2 or 6HB2) – See 11.13;  
 
c)  outer natural -wooden box (6HC) – See 11.8;  
 
d)  outer plywood drum (6HD1) – See 11.5;  
 
e)  outer plywood box (6HD2) – See 11.9;  
 
f)  outer fibre drum (6HG1) – See 11.6;  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  33 
 g)  outer fibreboard box (6HG2) – See 11.11;  
 
h)  outer plastics drum (6HH1) – See 11.7; and  
 
i)  outer solid -plastics box, including corrugated plastics material (6HH2) – See 11.12.  
 
11.19  Composite packaging with glass, porcelain or stoneware inner receptacles  
 
11.19.1 For the purposes of this stan dard, composite packaging that has glass, porcelain or 
stoneware inner receptacles comprises the following:  
 
a)  6PA1 receptacle with outer steel drum;  
 
b) 6PA2 receptacle with outer steel crate or box;  
 
c)  6PB1 receptacle with outer aluminium drum;  
 
d)  6PB2 receptacle with outer aluminium crate or box;  
 
e)  6PC receptacle with outer natural -wood box;  
 
f)  6PD1 receptacle with outer plywood drum;  
 
g)  6PD2 receptacle with outer wickerwork hamper;  
 
h) 6PG1 receptacle with outer fibre drum;  
 
i)  6PG2 recept acle with outer fibreboard box;  
 
j)  6PH1 receptacle with outer expanded -plastics packaging; and  
 
k)  6PH2 receptacle with outer solid -plastics packaging.  
11.19.2 An inner receptacle shall be of a suitable shape (cylindrical or pear -shaped) and shall be 
made of good quality material that is free from any defect that could impair its strength. The walls shall 
be of thickness appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the inner receptacle.  
 
11.19.3 A screw -threaded plastics closure, a ground -glass st opper or a closure that is at least equally 
effective shall be used as a closure for an inner receptacle. Any part of the closure that is likely to 
come into contact with the contents of the inner receptacle shall be resistant to the contents. Care 
shall b e taken to ensure that the closure is so fitted that it is leakproof and suitably secured to prevent 
any loosening during transport. If a vented closure is necessary, it shall comply with 8.7.  
 
11.19.4 The inner receptacle shall be firmly secured in the ou ter packaging by means of cushioning or 
absorbent materials, or both.  
 
11.19.5 The maximum capacity of an inner receptacle shall not exceed 60 L.  
 
11.19.6 The maximum net mass of an inner receptacle shall not exceed 75 kg.  
 
11.19.7 The following sub clause s are applicable to the outer packaging for glass, porcelain or 
stoneware inner receptacles:  
 
a)  outer steel drum (6PA1) – See 11.1 and a removable lid that may be in the form of a cap;  
  
34 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 b)  outer steel crate or box (6PA2) – See 11.13. For a cylindrical i nner receptacle, the outer 
packaging shall, when upright, extend above the inner receptacle and its closure. If the outer 
packaging surrounds a pear -shaped inner receptacle and is of matching shape, it shall be 
fitted with a protective cover (cap);  
 
c)  outer aluminium drum (6PB1) – See 11.2;  
 
d)  outer steel or aluminium crate or box (6PB2) – See 11.13;  
 
e)  outer natural -wood box (6PC) – See 11.8;  
 
f)  outer plywood drum (6PD1) – See 11.5;  
 
g)  outer wickerwork hamper (6PD2) – The wickerwork hamper shall be made of material of good 
quality and shall be so fitted with a protective cover or cap to prevent damage to the inner 
receptacle;  
 
h)  outer fibre drum (6PG1) – See 11.6;  
 
i)  outer fibreboard box (6PG2) – See 11.11; and  
 
j)  outer expanded -plastics pac kaging (6PH1) or solid -plastics packaging (6PH2) (see 11.12).  
 
Solid -plastics packaging shall be manufactured from high -density polyethylene or some other 
comparable plastics material. The removable lid for this type of packaging may be in the form of a ca p. 
 
11.20  Pressure receptacles (cylinders)  
 
11.20.1 General  
 
11.20.1.1 A pressure receptacle (cylinder) used for the transport of a compressed gas shall be 
manufactured, stamped, colour -coded, inspected, tested, maintained and filled   in accordance with 
the requirements of the competent authority.  
 
11.20.1.2 A non -refillable pressure receptacle used for the transport of compressed gases shall be 
manufactured, stamped, colour -coded, inspected, tested, maintained and filled in accordance with the 
requiremen ts of the competent authority (see also 13.6.11).  
 
11.20.2 Cryogenic receptacles  
 
11.20.2.1 In addition to the requirements of 11.20.1, the mechanical properties of the metal used for 
the construction of cryogenic receptacles for refrigerated liquefied gas es shall be established for each 
pressure receptacle, including the impact strength and the bending coefficient.  
 
11.20.2.2 The pressure receptacles shall be thermally insulated. The thermal insulation shall be 
protected against impact by means of a jacket . If the space between the pressure receptacle and the 
jacket is evacuated of air (vacuum -insulation), the jacket shall be designed to withstand, without 
permanent deformation, an external pressure of at least 100 kPa, calculated in accordance with a 
recog nized technical code or a calculated critical collapsing pressure of not less than 200 kPa gauge 
pressure. If the jacket is so closed as to be gas -tight, for example by vacuum insulation, a device shall 
be provided to prevent dangerous pressure build -up in  the insulating layer in the event of inadequate 
gas-tightness of the pressure receptacle and its fittings. Such a device shall prevent moisture from 
penetrating into the insulation.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  35 
 11.20.2.3 Closed cryogenic receptacles intended for the transport of ref rigerated liquefied gases with a 
boiling point below −182 °C at atmospheric pressure shall not include materials that might react with 
oxygen or oxygen enriched atmospheres in a dangerous manner when located in parts of the thermal 
insulation and where the re is a risk of contact with oxygen or with oxygen enriched liquid.  
 
11.20.2.4 Closed cryogenic receptacles shall be designed and constructed with a suitable lifting and 
securing arrangement.  
 
11.21 Aerosol dispensers  
 
11.21.1 An aerosol dispenser is a non -refillable receptacle made of metal, glass or a plastics material, 
or of a combination of these materials. The capacity of an aerosol dispenser made of metal shall not 
exceed 1 000 mL and the capacity of an aerosol dispenser made of glass or of a plastics  material shall 
not exceed 500 mL. Aerosol dispensers of volume less than 60 mL are exempt from the requirements 
of this standard.  
 
11.21.2 An aerosol dispenser shall have a means of valve protection that will prevent accidental 
discharge during transport.  A fully charged aerosol dispenser shall be able to withstand, without loss 
of contents, to being dropped (on the valve protector or any body seam) from a height of 1m onto a 
hardwood surface.  
 
11.21.3 A full aerosol dispenser shall show no sign of distort ion or leakage when heated to a uniform 
temperature of 55 °C (see 12.3.3).  
 
11.21.4 The pressure in an aerosol dispenser shall comply with the values given in table 4, 
appropriate to the class of the dispenser.  
 
Table 4 — Pressure in aerosol dispensers  
. 
  
 
11.22  Inner packaging  
 
11.22.1 General  
 
The inner packaging covered by this sub clause shall also comply with the relevant provisions of 
clause 8.  
 
11.22.2 Tin -plate cans with friction or threaded closures   
36 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
A tin -plate can with a friction or threaded cl osure that is used as inner packaging shall be of wall 
thickness appropriate to the capacity and the intended use of the tin -plate can. When tested as part of 
a combination packaging, the closure shall not become detached and shall not leak.  
 
11.22.3 Glass  containers  
 
11.22.3.1 A glass container that is used as inner packaging shall be free from faults of a nature liable 
to impair its strength. In particular, internal strains shall have been relieved.  
 
11.22.3.2 The walls of a glass container shall be of th ickness at least  
 
a)  3 mm for a gross mass exceeding 35 kg, and  
 
b)  2 mm for a gross mass equal to or less than 35 kg.  
 
11.22.4 Plastics bottles for liquids  
 
A plastics bottle for liquids that is used as inner packaging shall be of wall thickness appropr iate to the 
capacity and the intended use of the plastics container. When tested as part of a combination 
packaging, the closure shall not become detached or leak.  
 
11.23  Unit loads  
 
11.23.1 Packaging that comprises a unit load (see 3.1.55) shall comply w ith the relevant requirements 
of this standard and shall be suitable for safe handling and transport.  
 
11.23.2 A unit load shall be secured in a way that is unlikely to damage the individual packages that 
comprise the unit load. A unit load that is intende d to support over stowage shall be suitably shaped 
for the purpose.  
 
11.23.3 A unit load shall be sufficiently strong to withstand repeated handling. A unit load intended to 
support over stowage shall be sufficiently strong to support unit loads of similar  mass stacked to the 
height usually used during transport.  
 
11.23.4 The materials used to bond the unit load together shall retain their efficiency when exposed to 
moisture, temperature extremes, sunlight and minor leakages of substances.  
 
11.23.5 A unit l oad shall be suitable for lifting by fork lift truck or other similar apparatus. Where they 
are not apparent, the safe lifting points shall be marked on the unit load.  
 
11.23.6 Unless otherwise approved by the competent authority, a unit load shall not con tain packages 
of substances that can react dangerously with one another.  
 
12  Test requirements for packaging  
 
12.1  Design type testing  
 
12.1.1 General  
 
NOTE 1  The test requirements for the packaging of infectious substances of division 6.2 are given in 14.3.  
 
NOTE 2  The test requirements for the packaging of radioactive material of class 7 are given in 15.8.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  37 
 12.1.1.1 Tests shall be successfully performed on each packaging design type and a compliance 
certificate issued (see 4.2) before such packaging c an be used for the transport of dangerous goods.  
 
A packaging design type is defined by the design, size, material and thickness of the packaging and 
the manner of construction and packing. Packaging subjected to various surface treatments, for 
example pai nting and galvanization, and also packaging of a height less than that of the design type, 
are included in the definition of design type.  
 
12.1.1.2 The test design type of each packaging shall be tested by an accredited test laboratory 
approved by the comp etent authority in order to establish whether or not it complies with the 
performance requirements of this standard.  
 
12.1.1.3 Tests shall be repeated on production specimens at intervals established by the competent 
authority (see 4.1). For such tests on paper or fiberboard packaging, preparation at ambient conditions 
may be deemed equivalent to the requirements of 12.2.6.  
 
12.1.1.4 Tests shall be repeated after each modification that alters the design, material or manner of 
construction of the packaging.  
 
12.1.1.5 The competent authority may permit the selective testing of packaging that differs only in 
minor respects from a tested type, for example:  
 
a)  smaller sizes of inner packaging;  
 
b)  inner packaging of lower net mass; and  
 
c)  packaging such as d rums, bags and boxes that are produced with small reductions in one or 
more of the external dimensions.  
 
12.1.1.6 Where an outer packaging of combination packaging has been successfully tested with 
different types of inner packaging, a variety of such diff erent inner packaging may be assembled in 
this outer packaging. In addition, where an equivalent level of performance is maintained, variations in 
inner packaging is allowed without further testing of the package (see 12.1.1.7 to 12.1.1.9).  
 
12.1.1.7 Inner  packaging of equivalent or smaller size than that tested may be used, provided that:  
 
a)  the inner packaging is of similar design to the tested inner packaging, for example of round or 
rectangular shape;  
b)  the material of construction of the inner pack aging, for example glass, plastics or metal, offers 
resistance to impact and stacking forces equal to or exceeding that of the originally tested 
inner packaging;  
 
c)  the inner packaging has openings of the same size or smaller size, and the closures are o f 
similar design, for example a screw cap or friction lid;  
 
d)  sufficient additional cushioning material is used to fill void spaces and to prevent significant 
movement of the inner packaging; and  
 
e)  inner packaging is oriented within the outer packagin g in the same way as in the tested package.  
 
12.1.1.8 A lesser number of inner packages than that used for the performance tests, or the 
alternative inner packaging given in 12.1.1.7, may be used, provided that sufficient cushioning material 
is added to fi ll any void spaces and to prevent significant movement of the inner packaging.  
  
38 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 12.1.1.9 An article or inner packaging of any type intended for a solid or a liquid may be assembled 
and transported in an outer packaging without testing, provided that:  
 
a)  the outer packaging has been successfully tested in accordance with 12.3.1, using fragile 
inner packaging, for example glass, that contains a liquid, and a drop height suitable to 
packing group I;  
 
b)  the total combined gross mass of the inner packaging d oes not exceed one -half of the gross 
mass of the inner packaging used for the drop test as described in (a) above;  
 
c)  the thickness of the cushioning material between the inner packaging’s and between the inner 
packaging and the outer packaging is not re duced to less than that of the corresponding 
thicknesses in the originally tested packaging. If a single inner packaging was used in the 
original test, the thickness of the cushioning material shall not be less than the thickness of 
cushioning material bet ween the outer packaging and the inner packaging in the original test.  
 
When the number of inner packages is fewer, or the size of the inner packaging is smaller 
than that used in the original drop test, sufficient additional cushioning material shall be u sed 
to fill any void space(s);  
 
d)  the outer packaging has successfully passed the stacking test (see 12.3.5) while empty. The 
total mass of identical packages shall be based on the combined mass of the inner packaging 
for the drop test as described in (a ) above;  
 
e)  the inner packaging that contains liquids is completely surrounded with a sufficient quantity of 
absorbent material to absorb the entire liquid contents of the inner packaging;  
 
f)  if the outer packaging is not leak -proof and is intended to contain inner packaging for a liquid, 
or if the outer packaging is not sift -proof and is intended to contain inner packaging for a solid, 
an efficient means of containment for the liquid or the solid in the event of leakage has been 
provided, for example a  leak-proof liner or a plastics bag;  
 
g)  in the case of air transport, packaging intended to contain a liquid is able to withstand a 
pressure differential without leakage, as specified in the international regulations for air 
transport; and  
 
h)  packaging  is marked in accordance with clause 10 as having been tested to packing group I 
performance for combination packaging. The marked gross mass in kilograms shall be the 
sum of the mass of the outer packaging plus one -half of the mass of the inner packaging as 
used for the drop test referred to in (a) above. A package so marked shall also display the 
letter V (see 9.4).  
 
12.1.1.10 Performance tests for all combination packaging shall be carried out on a combination 
package in accordance with tests prescribed for the outer packaging. Inner packaging need not be 
tested separately, but shall be incorporated in the combination packaging and tested in conjunction 
with the outer packaging.  
 
12.1.1.11 The competent authority may at any time require proof, by tests in  accordance with this 
clause, that serially produced packaging satisfies the requirements of the design type tests.  
 
 
12.1.1.12 If an inner treatment or coating is required for safety reasons, it shall retain its protective 
properties even after completion  of the tests.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  39 
 12.1.1.13 Several tests may be carried out on one sample, provided that the validity of the tests 
results is not affected and that the competent authority has granted approval.  
 
12.1.2 Design type testing for salvage packaging  
 
12.1.2.1 Salvage packaging (see 3.1.47) shall be tested and marked in accordance with the 
requirements applicable to packing group II intended for the transport of solids or inner packaging. 
When  water is used as the test substance:  
 
a)  the packaging shall be filled to at least 98 % of its maximum capacity. Bags of lead shot may 
be used to achieve the requisite total package mass, provided that these are positioned in 
such away that the test results are not affected. In performing the drop test (see 12.3.1), the 
drop height may be varied in accordance with 12.3.1.4.5; and  
 
b)  the packaging shall comply with the requirements of the leakproofness test at 30 kPa (see 
12.3.2). The results of this test shall be reflected in the test report (see 12.3.7).  
 
12.1.2.2 Salvage p ackaging shall be marked with the letter "T" (see also 8.11).  
 
12.2  Preparation of packaging for testing  
 
12.2.1 Performance tests shall be carried out on packaging prepared as for transport. Combination 
packaging shall be fitted with its inner packaging.  
 
12.2.2 Receptacles or packaging shall be filled to at least 98 % of their maximum capacity for liquids 
or 95 % for solids. Bags shall be filled to the maximum mass at which they are intended to be used.  
 
12.2.3 Combination packaging that contains inner p ackaging designed for the containment of liquids 
or of solids, shall be tested separately for both liquids and solids.  
 
12.2.4 For testing purposes, the substances or articles to be transported in the packaging may be 
replaced by other substances or articl es, provided that this would not invalidate the test results. If 
another substance is used in place of a solid, it shall have the same physical characteristics, for 
example mass and grain size, as the substance offered for transport. Additives, such as bag s of lead 
shot, may be used to achieve the requisite total package mass, provided that these are positioned in 
such a way that the results are not affected.  
 
12.2.5 An alternative substance may be used in the drop test for liquids, provided that the substa nce is 
of similar relative density and viscosity as the liquid offered for transport. Water may be used for the 
liquid drop test, under certain conditions (see 12.3.1.4.4 and 12.3.1.4.5).  
 
12.2.6 Paper or fiberboard packaging shall be conditioned for at le ast 24 h at a controlled temperature 
and relative humidity. One of the following three options shall be chosen:  
 
a)  a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 2) % (preferred);  
 
b)  a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C and a relative humidity  of (65 ± 2) %; or  
 
c)  a temperature of 27 °C ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of (65 ± 2) %.  
 
NOTE 1  Average values should fall within these limits. Short -term fluctuations and measurement limitations can cause 
individual measurements of the relative humi dity to vary up to approximately 5 % without significant impairment of test 
reproducibility.  
 
NOTE 2  See 12.1.1.3 for the preparation of paper and fiberboard packaging on production specimens.   
40 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
12.2.7 The following steps shall be taken to ascertain that t he plastics material used in the 
manufacture of plastics drums, plastics jerricans and composite packaging complies with the 
requirements of 8.2 and 11.18:  
 
 
a)  submit the specimen receptacles or packaging to a preliminary test extending over a long 
perio d, for example six months, during which time the specimens shall remain filled with the 
substances intended for transport. For the first and last 24 h of storage, the specimen 
receptacles shall be placed with the closure downwards. However, packaging with a vent shall 
be so placed only for 5 min on each occasion. After this time has elapsed, submit the 
specimens to the appropriate tests given in 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.4 to 12.3.6; or  
 
b)  fill the specimens with substances that are known to cause stress crack ing or weakening in 
the plastics material in question. Subject the specimens to a superimposed load equivalent to 
the total mass of identical packages that might be stacked on top of the packaging during 
transport. The minimum height of the stack, includin g the test specimen, shall be 3 m.  
 
12.3  Performance testing  
 
12.3.1  Drop test  
 
12.3.1.1 Applicability  
 
The drop test is applicable to all types of packaging.  
 
12.3.1.2 Apparatus  
 
Target , shall be non -resilient and horizontal surface and shall be:  
 
a)  integral and massive enough to be immovable;  
 
b)  flat with a surface kept free from local defects capable of influencing the test results;  
 
c)  rigid enough to be non -deformable under test conditions and not liable to become damaged by 
the tests; and  
 
d)  sufficiently large to ensure that the test package falls entirely upon the surface.  
 
12.3.1.3 Preparation  
 
12.3.1.3.1 In addition to the preparation of packaging for testing as given in 12.2, the temperature of 
the test specimen and its contents when teste d shall not be below  −18 °C for the following types of 
packaging:  
 
a)  plastics drums and plastics jerricans (see 11.7);  
 
b)  plastics boxes other than expanded -plastics boxes (see 11.12);  
 
c)  composite packaging with plastics inner receptacles (see 11.18 ); and  
 
d)  combination packaging with plastics inner packaging, other than plastics bags intended to contain 
solids or articles.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  41 
 12.3.1.3.2 Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state by the addition of anti -freeze if necessary.  
 
12.3.1.3.3 Test speci mens that have been prepared as described in 12.3.1.3.1 and 12.3.1.3.2 need 
not be conditioned as described in 12.2.6.  
 
12.3.1.3.4 A removable -head type packaging intended for the transport of liquid shall be allowed to 
stand for at least 24 h after fillin g and closing. This is to allow for any possible gasket relaxation before 
the drop test is carried out.  
 
12.3.1.4 Procedure  
 
12.3.1.4.1 See table 5 for the number of test specimens (per design type and manufacturer) and the 
points of impact.  
 
  
42 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 Table 5 — Number of test specimens (per design type and manufacturer) and points of 
impact for the drop test  
 
 
 
12.3.1.4.2 Drop the packaging in such a way that the centre of gravity is vertically above the point or 
the area of impact.  
 
12.3.1.4.3 Drop the packaging  that contains the solid or the liquid to be transported, or another 
substance that has essentially the same characteristics, from the following heights:  
 
– Packing group I : 1.8 m;  
 
– Packing group II : 1.2 m; and  
 
– Packing group III : 0.8 m.  
 
12.3.1.4.4 Perform the test using water if the liquid substances to be transported have a relative 
density d equal to or less than 1,2. Drop the packaging from the appropriate height given in 12.3.1.4.3.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  43 
 12.3.1.4.5 Perform the test using water if the liquid substances  to be transported have a relative 
density d exceeding 1,2. Increase the drop height on the basis of the relative density of the substance 
to be transported, rounded off to the first decimal place as follows:  
 
– Packing group I : d × 1.5 m;  
 
– Packing group  II: d × 1.0 m; and  
 
– Packing group III : d × 0.67 m.  
 
12.3.1.5 Acceptance criteria  
 
12.3.1.5.1 Packaging for liquids  
 
Packaging for liquids shall be leak proof when equilibrium is reached between the internal and 
external pressures. However, in the case o f the inner packaging of combination packaging, it is 
unnecessary for the pressures to be equalized.  
 
12.3.1.5.2 Packaging for solids  
 
The entire contents of the packaging shall be retained by the inner packaging or the inner receptacle, 
for example a plas tics bag, even if the closure while retaining its containment function, is no longer 
sift-proof.  
 
12.3.1.5.3 Outer packaging of composite or combination packaging  
 
The outer packaging of composite or combination packaging shall not exhibit any damage liabl e to 
affect safety during subsequent handling or transport. There shall be no leakage of the filling 
substance from the inner receptacle or the inner packaging, and all inner packaging shall be so 
retained within the outer packaging that it is not possible  to remove the inner packaging by hand 
without further damage to the outer packaging.  
 
12.3.1.5.4 Bags  
 
In the case of a bag, neither the outermost ply of the bag, nor an outer packaging, shall exhibit any 
damage liable to affect safety during subsequent h andling or transport.  
 
12.3.1.5.5 Leakage from closures  
 
A slight discharge from the closure(s) upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the 
packaging, provided that no further leakage occurs when the packaging is subsequently handled.  
 
12.3. 1.5.6 Packaging for goods of class 1  
 
There shall be no rupture of packaging for goods of class 1, which would permit the spillage of loose 
explosive substances or articles from the outer packaging.  
 
12.3.2 Leakproofness test for packaging intended for liq uids 
 
12.3.2.1 Applicability  
 
The leakproofness test shall be performed on all design types of packaging intended to contain liquids 
(see also 8.3.3).  
 
NOTE  This test is not required for the inner packaging of combination packaging.   
44 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
12.3.2.2 Procedure  
 
12.3.2.2.1 Use three test specimens per design type and manufacturer.  
 
12.3.2.2.2 Replace vented closures with similar, non -vented closures, or seal the vent.  
 
12.3.2.2.3 Keep the entire packaging under water for 5 min while an internal air pressure (see Ta ble 6) 
is applied. The method of restraint shall not affect the results of the test.  
 
NOTE  Other equally effective methods may be used to check for leaks, for example a soap solution may be applied 
externally to all surfaces, seams and closures.  
 
Table 6 — Air pressure (gauge) applied for leakproofness test  
 
 
 
 
12.3.2.3 Acceptance criteria  
 
There shall be no leakage of air from the packaging.  
 
12.3.3 Leakproofness test for aerosol dispensers and small receptacles for gas  
 
12.3.3.1 Applicability  
 
Each aero sol dispenser and small receptacle for gas shall be subjected to a hot waterbath test.  
 
12.3.3.1.1 Test conditions  
 
The temperature of the water bath and the duration of the immersion of a receptacle shall be such that 
the internal pressure reaches 90 % of  what the internal pressure would be at 55 °C (95 % of the 
capacity of the receptacle at 50 °C).  
 
12.3.3.2 Procedure  
 
12.3.3.2.1 Keep each receptacle under water in a hot water bath.  
 
12.3.3.2.2 If the contents of the receptacle are sensitive to heat, or i f the receptacle is made of plastics 
that softens at the temperature given in 12.3.3.2.3 or 12.3.3.2.4, maintain the water bath at a  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  45 
 temperature of between 20 °C and 30 °C. In addition, test one receptacle in 2000 in accordance with 
12.3.3.2.3 or 12.3.3.2. 4, as applicable.  
 
12.3.3.2.3 In the case of tinplate or aluminum receptacles, maintain the water bath at a temperature of 
50 °C.  
 
12.3.3.2.4 In the case of glass receptacles, maintain the water bath at a temperature of between 38 °C 
and 43 °C.  
 
12.3.3.3 A cceptance criteria  
 
No leakage or permanent deformation of the receptacle shall occur, except that a plastics receptacle 
may be deformed through softening, provided that it does not leak.  
 
12.3.4 Internal pressure (hydraulic) test  
 
12.3.4.1 Applicability  
 
This test is applicable to all design types of metal, plastics and composite packaging intended to 
contain liquids.  
NOTE  With the exception of aerosol dispensers, this test is not required for the inner packaging of combination packaging.  
 
12.3.4.2 Proced ure 
 
NOTE  Ensure that the packaging that is filled with the relevant liquid commodity is not liquid -full (brimful) when heated to 55 
°C (see 8.3.1).  
 
12.3.4.2.1 Use three test specimens per design type and manufacturer.  
 
12.3.4.2.2 Replace vented closures  with similar, non -vented closures, or seal the vent.  
 
12.3.4.2.3 Subject metal packaging and composite packaging (glass, porcelain or stoneware), 
including the closures, to the appropriate hydraulic test pressure (see 12.3.4.3 and 12.3.4.4) for 5 min.  
 
12.3.4.2.4 Subject plastics packaging and composite packaging manufactured of plastics material, 
including the closures, to the appropriate hydraulic test pressure (see 12.3.4.3 and 12.3.4.4) for 30 
min. NOTE This pressure has to be included in the marking r equired by 10.2.4.  
 
12.3.4.2.5 Support the packaging as not to invalidate the test.  
 
12.3.4.2.6 Apply the test pressure continuously and evenly, and keep it constant throughout the test 
period.  
 
12.3.4.2.7 Apply the appropriate test pressure to the packagi ng (see 12.3.4.3 and 12.3.4.4).  
 
12.3.4.3 Hydraulic test pressure of packaging for packing group I liquids  
 
12.3.4.3.1 Determine the appropriate pressure (gauge) to be applied to the packaging at 55 °C in 
accordance with 12.3.4.3.2(a) or (b), whichever giv es the higher pressure.  
 
12.3.4.3.2 The hydraulic pressure (gauge) applied shall not be less than  
 
a)  the total gauge pressure measured in the packaging, namely the vapour pressure of the liquid 
substance plus the partial pressure of air or other inert ga ses, minus 100 kPa at 55 °C and 
multiplied by a safety factor of 1,5, as represented by the following formula:   
46 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
Ph = (Vg (55) –100) × 1,5  
 
where  
 
Ph is the hydraulic test pressure (gauge), in kilopascals; and  
 
Vg (55) is the vapour pressure of the filling substance and the partial pressure of air or other 
inert gases, in kilopascals;  
 
b)  1.75 times the vapour pressure at 50 °C of the liquid to be transported, minus 100 kPa but 
with a minimum test pressure of 100 kPa, as represented by the following formula : 
 
Ph = (Va (50) –100) × 1,75  
 
where  
 
Ph is the hydraulic test pressure (gauge), in kilopascals; and  
 
Va (50) is the vapour pressure of the liquid substance at a temperature of 50 °C, in 
kilopascals.  
 
c)  1.5 times the vapour pressure of the liquid substan ce intended for transport at a temperature 
of 55 °C, minus 100 kPa, as represented by the following formula:  
 
Ph = (Va (55) × 1,5) –100 
 
where  
 
Ph is the hydraulic test pressure (gauge), in kilopascals; and  
 
Va (55) is the vapour pressure of the liquid sub stance at a temperature of 55 °C, in 
kilopascals.  
 
12.3.4.3.3 In addition, subject the packaging to a test pressure of at least 250 kPa (gauge) for a period 
of 5 min or 30 min, depending upon the material of construction of the packaging (see 12.3.4.2.3 an d 
1.2.3.4.2.4).  
 
12.3.4.4 Hydraulic test pressure of packaging for packing group II and packaging group III 
liquids  
 
The test pressure shall be equal to an internal pressure that produces a pressure differential of 100 
kPa, or a pressure that is related to  the vapour pressure of the liquid to be transported, whichever is 
the greater. The pressure related to the vapour pressure shall be determined in accordance with 
12.3.4.3.2(a) or (b).  
 
12.3.4.5 Acceptance criteria  
 
No leakage shall occur.  
 
12.3.5 Stacking  test 
 
12.3.5.1 Applicability  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  47 
 This test is applicable to all design types of packaging other than bags.  
 
12.3.5.2 Procedure  
 
12.3.5.2.1 Use three test specimens per design type and manufacturer.  
 
12.3.5.2.2 Subject the top surface of the test specimen to a force equivalent to the total mass of 
identical packages that are likely to be stacked on top of the packaging during transport.  
 
12.3.5.2.3 If the contents of the test specimen are non -dangerous liquids of a relative density that 
differs from that of th e liquid to be transported, calculate the appropriate stack force to be applied.  
 
12.3.5.2.4 Stack the specimens, including the test specimen, to a height of at least 3 m.  
 
12.3.5.2.5 Subject the test specimen to the stack force for at least 24 h, but subj ect plastics drums, 
plastics jerricans, and composite packaging 6HH1 and 6HH2 intended for liquids, to the stacking test 
for a period of 28 d at a temperature of at least 40 °C.  
 
12.3.5.2.6 After completion of this test, carry out the stacking stability te st (see 12.3.6).  
 
12.3.5.3 Acceptance criteria  
 
12.3.5.3.1 No leakage of a test specimen shall occur.  
 
12.3.5.3.2 No leakage of the contents of an inner receptacle or inner packaging of composite 
packaging or combination packaging shall occur.  
 
12.3.5.3.3 No test specimen shall show any distortion that  
 
a)  could adversely affect safety during subsequent handling or transport, or  
 
b)  is liable to reduce the test specimen's strength or cause instability in stacks of packages.  
 
 
12.3.6 Stacking stability tes t 
 
12.3.6.1 Applicability  
 
This test is applicable to all design types of packaging, other than bags, that have been subjected to 
the stacking test (see 12.3.5).  
 
12.3.6.2 Procedure  
 
12.3.6.2.1 Allow the three tested specimens (see 12.3.5.2.1) to cool down  to ambient temperature.  
 
12.3.6.2.2 On top of each test specimen, stack two packages of the same type as the test specimen.  
 
12.3.6.3 Acceptance criteria  
 
The two packages stacked on top of the test specimen shall maintain their position for at least 1 h.  
 
12.3.7 Test report  
  
48 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 12.3.7.1 A test report shall be drawn up by the test laboratory (see 4.1). The test report is the property 
of the applicant who commissioned the test. Users of the packaging can obtain the test report only 
from the applicant who commi ssioned the test.  
 
12.3.7.2 A test report shall contain at least the following information:  
 
a)  name and address of the test laboratory;  
 
b)  name and address of the applicant;  
 
c)  a unique test report identification;  
 
d)  date of the test report;  
 
e)  manufacturer of the packaging;  
 
f)  description of the packaging, for example dimensions, materials, closures, wall thickness, etc., 
including the method of manufacture, for example blow moulding, and which can include 
drawings or photographs, or both;  
 
g)  maximum capacity;  
 
h)  characteristics of test contents, for example viscosity, and relative density for liquids and 
particle size for solids;  
 
i)  test description and results; and  
 
j)  the signature, name and status of the signatory.  
 
12.3.7.3 The test report shall contain a statement that the packaging, as prepared for transport, was 
tested in accordance with the appropriate requirements of this standard and that the use of other 
packaging methods or components can render it invalid (see also 10.1.3).  
 
12.3.7.4 A copy of the test report shall be available to the competent authority.  
 
13  Provisions concerning packing instructions  
 
13.1 General  
 
13.1.1 Packing instructions applicable to the packaging for dangerous goods of classes 1 to 9 are 
given in B.2 of k and are designated by the alphanumerical code comprising the letter "P".  
 
13.1.2 A packing instruction may specify a special packing provision for an individual substance or 
article. Such a special provision is designated by an alphanumerical code com prising the letters "PP".  
 
13.1.3 Generally, a packing instruction does not provide guidance on compatibility and the user shall 
check that the substance is compatible with the packaging selected, for example, most fluorides are 
unsuitable to be packed in glass receptacles.  
 
 
NOTE  Where glass receptacles are permitted in the packing instructions porcelain, earthenware and stoneware are also 
allowed.  
 
13.1.4 The following packaging shall not be used when the substance to be transported is liable to 
become l iquid during transport:   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  49 
  
Drums:    1D and 1G  
 
Boxes:    4C1, 4C2, 4D, 4F, 4G and 4H1  
 
Bags:    5L1, 5L2, 5L3, 5H1, 5H2, 5H3, 5H4, 5M1 and 5M2  
 
Composite packaging:  6HC, 6HD2, 6HG1, 6HG2, 6HD1, 6PC, 6PD1, 6PD2, 6PG1, 6PG2 and 
6PH1.  
 
13.1.5 All cylinders, t ubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders conforming to the construction 
requirements of packing instruction P200 are authorized for the transport of any liquid or solid 
substance assigned to packing instruction P001 or P002, unless otherwise indicated  in the packing 
instruction, or by the special provision given against that specific item in B.2 of DEAS 949 :2019  The 
capacity of bundles of cylinders and tubes shall not exceed 1 000 L.  
 
13.1.6 Packaging not specifically authorized in the applicable pack ing instruction shall not be used for 
transport of a substance or article unless specifically approved by the competent authority and 
provided:  
 
a)  the alternative packaging complies with the requirements of clause 8;  
 
b)  the relevant performance tests i n accordance with clause 12 have been passed;  
 
c)  the alternative packaging provides at least the same level of safety as if the substance were 
packed in accordance with a method specified in the particular packing instruction indicated 
against the entry of the substance in  DEAS 949 :2019 ; and  
 
d)  a copy of the competent authority approval accompanies each consignment, or the transport 
document includes an indication that alternative packaging was approved by the competent 
authority.  
 
13.2  Packing provis ions for unpackaged articles other than articles of class 1  
 
13.2.1 A large and robust article, for example a flexible fuel containment system, military equipment, 
machinery or equipment that contains dangerous goods above the limited quantity thresholds ( see 
clause 19) and that cannot be packaged in accordance with the requirements of clause 12 and the 
requirements of other international standards, can be transported empty, uncleaned and unpackaged, 
when so approved by the competent authority. The competen t authority shall take into account that:  
 
a)  the article shall be strong enough to withstand the shocks and loadings normally encountered 
during transport, including trans -shipment between transport units and between transport units 
and warehouses, as we ll as removal from a pallet for subsequent manual or mechanical 
handling;  
 
b)  all closures and openings shall be sealed so as to prevent leakage or sifting of contents as a 
result of vibration and environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure or humidity 
that might be encountered during transport. No dangerous residue shall adhere to the outside 
of the article;  
c)  parts of the article that are in direct contact with the dangerous goods shall not  
 
1)  be affected or significantly weakened by such dangerous goods, and  
  
50 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 2)  cause a dangerous effect, for example catalyzing a reaction or reacting with the 
dangerous goods;  
 
d)  an article that contains liquids shall be transported and secured in such a way that neither 
leakage nor permanent distortion o f the article occurs during transport; and  
 
 
e)  the article shall be fixed in a cradle or a crate or another handling device in such a way that it 
will not become loose during normal conditions of transport.  
 
13.2.2 The transport of an unpackaged article shall be approved by the competent authority in 
accordance with clause 8. In addition, the consignor of such an article shall ensure that a copy of such 
an approval be transported with the article.  
 
13.3  Pressure receptacles for liquids and solids  
 
13.3.1  Pressure receptacles intended for the transport of liquids and solids shall conforms to national 
or international standards on the design, construction, testing, manufacturing and inspection, as 
applied by the country in which the pressure receptacle is m anufactured and provided that  
 
a)  the requirements of this clause are met, and  
 
b)  the construction of metallic cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders is such 
that the minimum burst ratio (burst pressure divided by test pressure) is  
 
i)  1.50 for refillable pressure receptacles, and  
 
ii)  2.00 for non -refillable pressure receptacles  
 
13.3.2 Explosives, thermally unstable substances, organic peroxides, self -reactive substances, 
substances where significant pressure can develop by evoluti on of chemical reaction, and radioactive 
material (unless permitted by clause 15) are not permitted to be transported in pressure receptacles.  
 
13.3.3 The requirements of this clause are not applicable to the substances mentioned in table 3 of 
packing inst ruction P200 (see 13.4).  
 
13.3.4 Every design type of pressure receptacle intended for the transport of liquids and solids shall 
be approved by the competent authority of the country of manufacture.  
 
13.3.5 Unless otherwise indicated, a pressure receptacle  
 
a)  shall have a minimum test pressure of 0,6 MPa, and  
 
b)  an emergency pressure relief device can be provided to avoid bursting in case of overfill or fire 
accidents.  
 
13.3.6 The valves of a pressure receptacle shall be so designed and constructed that  they are 
inherently able to withstand damage without release of the contents, or they shall be protected from 
damage that could cause inadvertent release of contents by one of the following methods:  
 
a)  the valves are placed inside the neck of the pressu re receptacle and protected by a threaded 
plug or a cap. The cap shall be provided with vent -holes of sufficient cross -sectional area to 
release gas if leakage occurs at the valves;  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  51 
 b)  the valves are protected by shrouds or guards;  
 
c)  the pressure rece ptacles are transported in frames, for example bundles; or  
 
d)  the pressure receptacles are transported in outer packaging. The packaging as prepared for 
transport shall be capable of meeting the requirements of the drop test (see 12.3.1) at the 
packing g roup I performance level.  
 
13.3.7 The level of filling shall not exceed 95 % of the capacity of the pressure receptacle at 50 
°C.Sufficient ullage (outage) shall be left to ensure that the pressure receptacle will not be liquid full at 
a temperature of 55 °C. 
 
13.3.8 Unless otherwise indicated, pressure receptacles shall be subjected to periodic inspection and 
testing every five years. The periodic inspection shall include  
 
a)  an external examination,  
 
b)  an internal examination,  
 
c)  a pressure test or e quivalent non -destructive test with agreement of the competent authority, and  
 
d)  inspection of all accessories such as tightness of valves, emergency relief valves or fusible 
elements  
 
Pressure receptacles shall not be filled after they become due for pe riodic inspection and testing. 
However, they can be transported after the expiry of the time limit.  
 
13.3.9 Repair of a pressure receptacle shall be consistent with the fabrication and testing 
requirements of the applicable design and construction standard s and are only permitted as indicated 
in ISO 64061 or ISO 1046, as applicable. Pressure receptacles shall not be subjected to repairs of any 
of the following:  
 
a)  weld cracks or other weld defects;  
 
b)  cracks in walls; and  
 
c)  leaks or defects in the ma terial of the wall, head or bottom.  
 
13.3.10 Prior to filling, the filler shall perform an inspection of the pressure receptacle and ensure that 
the pressure receptacle is authorized for the substance to be transported and that the requirements of 
this sta ndard have been met. Shut -off valves shall be closed after filling and remain closed during 
transport. The consignor shall verify that the closures and equipment are not leaking.  
 
13.3.11 Refillable pressure receptacles shall not be filled with a substance  different from that 
previously contained, unless the necessary operations for change of service have been performed.  
 
13.3.12 Marking of pressure receptacles for liquids and solids shall be in accordance with the 
requirements of the competent authority of  the country of manufacturing.  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions  
  
52 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  53 
  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
 
 
  
54 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  55 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions  (continued )  
56 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  57 
 
 
13.4 List of packing instructions (continued )  
58 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 .  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  59 
 
  
60 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  61 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (contin ued)  
62 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  63 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
64 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  65 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
66 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  67 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued   
68 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 ) 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  69 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
70 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  71 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
  
72 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  73 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
74 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  75 
 . 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
76 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  77 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
78 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  79 
  
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
80 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  81 
 
  
82 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued ) 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  83 
 
  
84 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  85 
 . 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
86 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  87 
 
 
  
88 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
 
13.4  List of pa cking instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  89 
 
  
90 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  91 
 
  
92 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  93 
 
  
94 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  95 
 13.4 List of packing instructions (continued)  
L. 
   
96 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
13.4  List of packing in structions (continued)  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  97 
 
  
98 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  99 
 
  
100 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  101 
 
 
P403  PACKING INSTRUCTION (concluded) P403  
  
102 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 Special packing provision:  
 
PP83 UN 2813 – In order to prevent heat formation during transport, waterproof bags that contain not 
more than 20 g of substance per bag are permitted. Each waterproof bag shall be sealed in a plastics 
bag and p laced in an intermediate packaging. No outer packaging shall contain more than 400 g of 
substance. Water or liquid which might react with the water reactive substance shall not be included in 
the packaging.  
 
P404 PACKING INSTRUCTION P404  
 
This instruction applies to pyrophoric solid: UN 1383, UN 1854, UN 1855, UN 2005, UN 2008, UN 
2441, UN 2545, UN 2546, UN 2846, UN 2881, UN 3200, UN 3391, UN 3393 and UN 3461.  
 
The packaging given in this instruction is authorized, provided the general provisions of clauses  8, 
13.1 and 13.2 are met.  
 
1)  Combination packaging  
 
Outer packaging: (1A2, 1B2, 1N2, 1H2, 1D, 4A, 4B, 4C1, 4C2, 4D, 4F or 4H2).  
 
Inner packaging: Metal packaging with a maximum net mass of 15 kg each. Inner packaging shall be 
hermetically sealed and hav e threaded closures.  
 
2)  Metal packaging : (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 1N1, 1N2, 3A1, 3A2, 3B1 and 3B2). Maximum gross mass 
: 150 kg.  
 
3)  Composite packaging : Plastics receptacle in a steel or aluminum drum (6HA1 or 6HB1) 
Maximum gross mass: 150 kg.  
 
Pressure recepta cles, provided that the general provisions of 13.5 are met.  
 
Special packing provision  
 
PP86 UN 3391 and UN 3393 – Air shall be eliminated from the vapour space by nitrogen or by other 
means.  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  103 
 
 
 
13.4  List o f packing instructions (continued)   
104 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  105 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
106 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  107 
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
108 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packi ng instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  109 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
110 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  111 
 
 
13.4 List of packing instructions (continued)   
112 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
13.4 List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  113 
 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instr uctions (continued)   
114 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  115 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
116 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  117 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
118 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instruction s (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  119 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
120 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  121 
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
122 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  123 
 
  
124 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (conti nued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  125 
 
  
126 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  127 
 
  
128 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  129 
 
  
130 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)  
 
 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  131 
 
 
. 
13.4  List of packing instructions (continued)   
132 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  133 
  
13.4 List of packing instructions (concluded)   
134 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  135 
 
 
 
  
136 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
13.5  Special packing provisions for explosives of class 1  
 
13.5.1  Explosives of class 1 shall meet the general provisions of clause 8.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  137 
  
13.5.2 Packa ging for explosives of class 1 shall be so designed and constructed to  
 
a)  protect the explosives against the risk of unintended ignition or initiation when subjected to 
normal conditions of transport, including environmental changes such as temperature, 
humidity and pressure,  
 
b)  ensure that the package can be handled safely during normal conditions of transport, and  
 
c)  withstand any loading imposed by foreseeable stacking to which the packaging will be 
subjected during normal conditions of transport. Such stacking shall not add to the risk 
presented by the explosives, in that the containment function of the packaging shall stay intact 
and the packaging shall not be deformed in any way that could reduce their strength and thus 
cause instability of the s tack.  
 
13.5.3  Packaging for explosives shall comply with the requirements of clause 8 and clause 9 and 
shall meet the test requirements of clause 12. Packaging other than metal packaging meeting the test 
criteria of packing group I can be used. However, t o avoid unnecessary confinement, metal packaging 
of packaging group I shall not be used.  
 
13.5.4  Packaging that contains liquid explosives shall be fitted with a closure device that ensures 
double protection against leakage.  
 
13.5.5  The closure device of  a metal drum shall include a suitable gasket. If the closure includes a 
screw thread, the ingress of explosive substances into the screw -thread shall not be possible.  
 
13.5.6  Packaging for water soluble explosive substances shall be water -resistant. Pack aging for 
desensitized or phlegmatized explosive substances shall be closed in such a manner as to prevent 
changes in concentration during transport.  
 
13.5.7  In cases where the packaging includes a double envelope filled with water that can freeze 
during transport, a sufficient quantity of anti -freeze agent shall be added to the water to prevent 
freezing. However, anti -freeze that could create a fire hazard because of its inherent flammability shall 
not be used.  
 
13.5.8  Nails, staples and other closure de vices made of metal, and that do not have protective 
covering, shall not penetrate the inside of the outer packaging unless the inner packaging adequately 
protects the explosives against contact with the metal.  
 
13.5.9  Inner packaging, fittings and cushio ning materials, and the placing of explosive substances or 
articles in packages shall be such that minimal movement can occur within packages during transport.  
 
Metallic components of an article shall be prevented from making contact with metal packaging.  
Articles that contain explosive substances not enclosed in an outer casing shall be separated from 
each other in order to prevent friction and impact. Padding, trays, partitioning in the inner or outer 
packaging, mouldings or receptacles can be used for t his purpose.  
 
13.5.10 In principle, explosives shall not be packed together with explosives of a different nature. 
However, in cases where such mixed packing is allowed, it shall be so packaged that an accidental 
explosion of any part of the contents of th e package cannot be communicated to the rest of the 
contents.  
 
13.5.11 Packaging shall be made of material compatible with, and impermeable to, the explosives 
contained in the package. Neither interaction between the explosive and the packaging material, n or  
138 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 leakage of the explosive, shall cause the explosive to become unsafe during transport, or change the 
hazard division or compatibility group of the explosive DEAS 949:2019   
 
13.5.12 Steps shall be taken to prevent the ingress of explosive substances into  the recesses of 
seamed metal packaging.  
 
13.5.13 Plastics packaging shall not be liable to generate or accumulate sufficient static electricity  
for the discharge to cause the packaged explosive to ignite, initiate or function.  
 
13.5.14 Each outer package shall be marked, on the outside, with the name of its contents, the 
appropriate class I label (see table 19), the relevant UN number  the net mass of the explosives and 
other marking required by the relevant national legislations and regulations (see forew ord). 
 
13.5.15 Explosive substances shall not be packed in inner or outer packaging where the differences in 
internal and external pressures, because of thermal or other effects, could cause an explosion or 
rupture of the package.  
13.5.16 Large and robust explosives articles, normally intended for military use, without their means of 
initiation or with their means of initiation and containing at least two effective protective features, can 
be transported unpackaged. When such articles have propelling charge s or are self -propelled, their 
ignition systems shall be protected against stimuli encountered during normal conditions of transport.  
 
NOTE  A negative result obtained on an unpackaged article when tested in accordance with test series 4 of Part I of the 
United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria indicates that the said article can be considered for transport unpackaged. Such an 
unpackaged article shall be fixed to a cradle, contained in a crate, or other suitable handling, storage or launching device in 
such a way that it will not become loose during normal conditions of transport.  
 
13.5.17 Whenever loose explosive substances or the explosive substance of an uncased or a partly 
cased article can come into contact with the inner surface of metal packaging (1A2, 1B2, 4A, 4B and 
metal receptacles) the metal packaging shall be provided with an inner liner or coating (see 8.2).  
 
13.5.18 Packing instruction P101 can be used for any explosive, provided the package has been 
approved by the competent authority and regardless of whether the packaging complies with the 
packing instruction assignment as given in B.2 of  DEAS 949:2019 . 
 
13.6  Special packing provisions for dangerous goods of class 2  
 
13.6.1 This clause provides requirements applicable to the use of press ure receptacles intended for 
the transport of gases of class 2 and other goods in pressure receptacles, for example hydrogen 
cyanide, stabilized (UN 1051).  
 
13.6.2 Pressure receptacles shall be constructed and closed so as to prevent any loss of contents 
which might be caused during normal conditions of transport, such as vibration and changes in 
temperature, humidity or pressure.  
 
13.6.3 A pressure receptacle and its parts, including closures, that are in direct contact with dangerous 
goods shall not be af fected or weakened by those dangerous goods and shall not cause a dangerous 
effect, such as catalysing a reaction or reacting dangerously with the goods. The provisions of ISO 
11114 -1 and ISO 11114 -2, as applicable, shall be met.  
 
13.6.4 Pressure receptacl es intended for the transport of UN 1001 (acetylene, dissolved) and UN 
3374 (acetylene, solvent free) shall be filled with a porous mass that is uniformly distributed and is of a 
type that:  
 
a)  is compatible with the pressure receptacle and does not form harmful or dangerous 
compounds, either with the acetylene or with the solvent (in the case of UN 1001); and   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  139 
  
b)  is capable of preventing the spread of decomposition of the acetylene in the porous mass.  
 
13.6.5  The solvent used for acetylene (UN 1001) sha ll be compatible with the pressure receptacle.  
 
13.6.6 A refillable pressure receptacle shall not be filled with a gas or a gas mixture different from that 
previously contained, unless the necessary operations for change of gas service has been performed. 
The change of service for compressed and liquefied gases shall be in accordance with ISO 11621, as 
applicable. In addition, a pressure receptacle that previously contained a corrosive substance of class 
8 or a substance of another class with a corrosive su bsidiary risk shall not be authorized to be 
transported as a class 2 substance, unless the necessary inspection and testing as specified in 
relevant international standards have been performed.  
 
13.6.7 Prior to filling the filler shall perform an inspectio n of the pressure receptacle in accordance with 
relevant international standards and ensure that the pressure receptacle is authorized for the transport 
of the gas and that all the relevant provisions of this standard are met. Shut -off valves shall be clos ed 
after filling and remain closed during transport. The consignor shall verify that the closures and 
equipment are not leaking.  
 
13.6.8 A pressure receptacle shall be filled in accordance with the working pressure, filling ratio and 
provisions specified i n the appropriate packing instruction for the specific substance being filled. 
Reactive gases and gas mixtures shall be filled to a pressure such that if complete decomposition of 
the gas occurs, the working pressure of the pressure receptacle shall not be  exceeded. Bundles of 
cylinders shall not be filled in excess of the lowest working pressure of any given cylinder in the 
bundle.  
13.6.9 When an outer packaging is prescribed, the pressure receptacle shall be firmly secured therein. 
Unless otherwise specif ied in the detailed packing instruction, one or more inner receptacle can be 
enclosed in an outer packaging.  
 
13.6.10 Valves shall be designed and constructed in such a way that they are inherently able to 
withstand damage without release of the contents. Alternatively, they shall be protected from damage 
which could cause inadvertent release of the contents of the pressure receptacle, by one of the 
following means:  
 
a)  valves shall be placed inside the neck of the pressure receptacle and shall be protecte d by a 
threaded plug or a cap;  
 
b)  valves shall be protected by caps which shall possess vent -holes of sufficient cross -sectional 
area to evacuate the gas if leakage occurs at the valves;  
 
c)  valves shall be protected by shrouds or guards;  
 
d)  pressure receptacles shall be transported in frames, for example bundles; or  
 
e)  pressure receptacles shall be transported in an outer packaging which, as prepared for 
transport shall comply with the drop test as described in 12.3.1 at packing group I 
performance level. Pressure  receptacles with valves as described in (b) and (c) above, shall 
comply with the requirements of ISO 11117. Valves with inherent protection shall comply with 
the requirements of Annex B of ISO 10297.  
 
13.6.11 Non-refillable receptacles shal l: 
 
a)  be transported in an outer packaging, such as a box, a crate, a shrink -wrapped tray or a 
stretch  wrapped tray;   
140 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
b)  be of water capacity less than or equal to 1,25 L when filled with flammable gas or toxic gas;  
 
c)  not be used for toxic gases with  an inhalation toxicity ( LC50) less than or equal to 200 mL/m3; 
and 
 
d)  not be repaired after being put into service.  
 
13.6.12 Refillable pressure receptacles, other than cryogenic receptacles, shall be periodically 
inspected at intervals as given in prov isions "u" and "v" of packing instruction P200.  
 
13.6.13 A pressure receptacle shall not be filled after becoming due for periodic inspection but can be 
transported after the time limit has expired.  
 
13.6.14 Repairs shall be consistent with the manufacture  and testing requirements of the applicable 
design and construction standards and are only permitted as indicated in ISO 6404, ISO 10461, ISO 
10462 and ISO 11623, as applicable. A pressure receptacle, other than the jacket of a closed 
cryogenic receptacle,  shall not be subjected to repair of any of the following:  
 
a)  weld cracks or other weld defects;  
 
b)  cracks in the walls; and  
 
c)  leaks or defects in the material of the wall, head or bottom.  
 
13.6.15 A pressure receptacle shall not be offered for fill ing: 
 
a)  when damaged to such an extent that the integrity of the pressure receptacle or its service 
equipment can be affected;  
 
b)  unless the pressure receptacle and its service equipment has been examined and found to be 
in good working order; or  
 
c)  unless the required certification, retest, and filling markings are legible.  
 
13.6.16 A filled pressure receptacle shall not be offered for transport:  
 
a)  when leaking;  
 
b)  when damaged to such an extent that the integrity of the pressure receptacle or i ts service 
equipment may be affected;  
 
c)  unless the pressure receptacle and its service equipment has been examined and found to be 
in goods working order; or  
 
d)  unless the required certification, retest and filling markings are legible.  
 
13.7  Special  packing provisions for self -reactive substances of division 4.1 and 
organic peroxides of division 5.2  
 
13.7.1  General  
 
A receptacle used for the transport of an organic peroxide shall be "effectively closed". Where 
significant internal pressure could dev elop in a package by the evolution of a gas, a vent shall be  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  141 
 fitted, provided the gas emitted will not cause danger. Alternatively, the degree of filling could be 
limited. Any venting device shall be so constructed that liquid will not escape when the pack age is in 
an upright position and the entry of foreign substances through the vent does not occur under normal 
conditions of transport. The outer packaging, if any, shall be so designed as not to interfere with the 
operation of the venting device.  
 
13.7.2  Use of packaging  
 
13.7.2.1 Packaging for an organic peroxide and a self -reactive substance shall comply with the 
requirements of clause 8 and clause 11 and shall meet the test requirements of clause 12 at packing 
group II performance level. To avoid unnec essary confinement, metal packaging meeting the test 
criteria of packing group I shall not be used.  
 
13.7.2.2 The packing methods for organic peroxides and self -reactive substances are listed in packing 
instruction P520 and are designated OP1 to OP8. The q uantities specified for each packing method 
are the maximum quantities authorized per package.  
 
13.7.2.3 The packing methods appropriate for the individual currently assigned organic peroxide and 
self-reactive substance are listed in DEAS 949:2019 . 
 
13.7.2 .4 For new organic peroxides, new self -reactive substances or new formulations of currently 
assigned organic peroxides or self -reactive substances the following procedures shall be used to 
assign the appropriate packing method:  
 
a)  ORGANIC PEROXIDE, TYPE B or SELF -REACTIVE SUBSTANCE, TYPE B  
Packing method OP5 shall be assigned, provided that the organic peroxide or the self -reactive 
substance, as packaged for transport, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but is liable to 
undergo a thermal explosion  in the package. In such a case, the packaging shall bear an 
"Explosive" subsidiary risk label. If an organic peroxide or a self -reactive substance can only 
satisfy these criteria in a smaller packaging than those authorized by packing method OP5, 
one of t he packaging listed for OP1 to OP4 can be used;  
 
b)  ORGANIC PEROXIDE, TYPE C or SELF -REACTIVE SUBSTANCE, TYPE C  
Packing method OP6 shall be assigned, provided that the organic peroxide or the self -reactive 
substances, as packaged for transport, cannot det onate or deflagrate rapidly or undergo a thermal 
explosion in the package. In such a case, the packaging need not bear an "Explosive" subsidiary risk 
label. If an organic peroxide or a self -reactive substance can only satisfy these criteria in a smaller 
packaging than those authorized by packing method OP6, one of the packaging listed for OP1 to OP5 
can be used;  
 
c)  ORGANIC PEROXIDE, TYPE D or SELF -REACTIVE SUBSTANCE, TYPE D  
Packing method OP7 shall be assigned to this type of organic peroxide or self -reactive 
substance;  
 
d)  ORGANIC PEROXIDE, TYPE E or SELF -REACTIVE SUBSTANCE, TYPE E  
Packing method OP8 shall be assigned to this type of organic peroxide or self -reactive 
substance; and  
 
e)  ORGANIC PEROXIDE, TYPE F or SELF -REACTIVE SUBSTANCE, TYPE F  
Packing method OP8 shall be assigned to this type of organic peroxide or self -reactive 
substance  
 
14  Special provisions for infectious substances, category A of division 6.2  
  
142 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 14.1  General  
 
14.1.1  A consignor of infectious substances shall ensure that packages a re prepared in such a 
manner that they arrive at their destination in good condition and present no hazard to persons or 
animals during transport.  
 
14.1.2  The requirements of clause 8 apply to the packaging of infectious substances. However, 
liquids shall  be filled into packaging which have an appropriate resistance to the internal pressure that 
may develop under normal conditions of transport. See 14.3 for the testing requirements of  packaging 
for infectious substances.  
 
14.1.3  An itemized list of the co ntents shall be enclosed between the secondary packaging and the 
outer packaging of infectious substances assigned to UN 2814 and UN 2900. When an infectious 
substance intended for transport is unknown, but is suspected of meeting the criteria for inclusio n in 
category A (KS   2324) and assignment to UN 2814 or UN 2900, the words "suspected category A 
infectious substance" shall be shown, in parenthesis, after the proper shipping name on the document 
inside the outer packaging.  
 
14.1.4  Before an empty pack aging is returned to the consignor, or sent elsewhere, it shall be  
disinfected or sterilized to nullify any hazard and any label or marking indication that it had  
contained an infectious substance shall be removed or obliterated.  
 
14.1.5 Provided an equiva lent level of performance is maintained, the following variations in the 
primary receptacles within a secondary packaging are allowed without further testing of the complete 
package:  
 
a)  the primary receptacle is of similar design as the tested primary re ceptacle, for example round 
shape, or rectangular shape;  
 
b)  the material of construction of the primary receptacle, for example glass, plastics or metal 
offers resistance to impact and stacking forces equal to or greater than that of the originally 
teste d primary receptacle;  
 
c)  the primary receptacle has the same or smaller openings and the closure is of similar design, 
for example screw cap or friction lid;  
 
d)  sufficient additional cushioning material is used to take up void spaces and to prevent 
significant movement of the primary receptacle(s); and  
 
e)  the primary receptacle(s) are oriented within the secondary packaging in the same manner as 
in the tested package.  
 
14.1.6  A lesser number of the tested primary receptacles, or of the alternative ty pes of primary 
receptacles can be used, provided that sufficient cushioning material is added to fill the void space(s) 
and to prevent significant movement of the primary receptacle(s).  
 
14.1.7  The provisions of this section do not apply to infectious sub stances, category B of division 6.2 
(UN 3373). See packing instruction P650.  
 
14.2  Marking requirements  
 
14.2.1  On satisfactory completion of the design type testing (see 14.3) and the issue of a certificate 
of compliance (see 10.1.3), each outer packagi ng shall bear marking that is durable, legible and of 
such a size relative to the packaging as to be readily visible (see also 10.2.1.2 and 10.2.1.3).   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  143 
  
 
14.2.2  The manufacturer shall mark all packaging produced under authority of the certificate of 
compli ance issued by the certification authority.  
 
14.2.3  Each outer packaging approved in terms of this standard shall bear the following marking:  
 
a)  the United Nations’ packaging symbol  
 
b)  the code designating the type of packaging according to the requir ements of clause 9;  
 
c)  the text "CLASS 6.2";  
 
d)  the date of manufacture, indicated by the last two digits of the year, for example 03;  
 
e)  the country that authorized the use of the UN packaging symbol, indicated by the 
distinguishing sign for motor v ehicles in international traffic;  
 
NOTE  The code "ZA" is used for South Africa.  
 
f)  the approval reference number issued by an accredited test laboratory, for example CT02; and  
 
g)  the letter “U” shall be inserted immediately following the marking requi red in (b) above for 
packagings that meet the requirements of 14.4.5 (see also 14.2.4); and  
 
h) the name of the manufacturer and any other identification of the packaging as specified by the 
competent authority.  
 
14.2.4  The codes for designating types of packaging are given in 9.1 to 9.3 (inclusive) and table 1. 
The letters "U" and “W” can follow the packaging code. The letter “U” signifies a special packaging that 
meets the requirements of 14.3.4.5. The letter “W” signifies that the packaging, although of  the same 
type indicated by the code is manufactured to a specification different from that in clause 11, but is 
considered to meet the requirements of 8.1.3.  
 
14.2.5  The markings shall be applied in the sequence given in 14.2.3 and the following layout s hall 
be followed:  
 
4G/CLASS 6.2/08  
 
ZA – CT325 – ERIKSSONS  
 
14.2.6 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packaging shall provide information regarding the 
procedures to be followed to ensure that packages as presented for transport are capable of pa ssing 
the applicable performance tests of this clause. The procedures shall include a description of the types 
and dimensions of closures and if applicable, gaskets and any other components that might be 
needed.  
14.3  Performance testing and frequency of t est 
 
14.3.1  The design type of each packaging, except packaging used for live animals and organisms, 
shall be prepared for testing as described in 14.4 before subjected to the tests in 14.5.  
 
14.3.2  Equivalent preparation and tests are permitted for safe ty reasons, provided that the 
preparation and tests are as effective as those given in 14.4 and 14.5 respectively.  
  
144 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 14.3.3  Each packaging design type shall successfully pass the performance tests before being  
used. A packaging design type is defined by t he design, size, material and thickness, manner of 
construction and packing, but can include various surface treatments. It also includes packaging of a 
height less than that of the design type.  
 
14.3.4  Tests shall be repeated on production samples at int ervals established by the competent 
authority.  
 
14.3.5  Tests shall also be repeated after each modification that alters the design, material or 
manner of construction of the packaging.  
14.3.6  The competent authority can permit the selective testing of pa ckaging that differ only in the 
following minor respects from the tested type, for example:  
 
a)  smaller sizes or lower net mass of primary receptacles; and  
 
b)  packaging such as drums, bags and boxes that are manufactured with small reductions in 
externa l dimension(s).  
 
14.3.7  Primary receptacles of any type can be placed within a secondary packaging and transported 
without testing of the rigid outer packaging, provided that  
 
a)  the rigid outer packaging shall have been successfully passed the performan ce tests given 
14.5 with fragile, i.e. glass primary receptacles;  
 
b)  the combined gross mass of primary receptacle shall not exceed one half of the gross mass of 
primary receptacles used for the drop test prescribed in 14.5.1;  
 
c)  the thickness of cushi oning material between the primary receptacles and the outside of the 
secondary packaging shall not be reduced below the corresponding thickness in the originally 
tested packaging. If a single primary receptacle was used in the original test, the thickness  of 
cushioning material between the primary receptacles shall not be less than the thickness of 
cushioning material between the outside of the secondary packaging and the primary 
receptacle in the original test. When either fewer, or smaller, primary recep tacles are used, 
compared to the primary receptacles used in the drop test, sufficient additional cushioning 
material shall be used to take up the void spaces;  
 
d)  the rigid outer packaging shall pass the stacking test given in 12.3.5 while empty. The tot al 
mass of identical packages shall be based on the combined mass of the packagings used in 
the drop test in c) above;  
 
e)  where the primary receptacles contain liquids, an adequate quantity of absorbent material 
shall be used to absorb the entire liquid content of the primary receptacles;  
 
f)  where rigid outer packaging is intended to contain primary receptacles for liquids and is not 
leakproof, or where the rigid outer packaging is intended to contain solids and is not sift -proof, 
a means of containment  of the liquid or the solid contents shall be provided in the form of a 
leak proof liner, plastics bag, or other equally effective means of containment; and  
 
g)  in addition to the markings prescribed in 14.2.3 a) to f), packaging’s shall be marked in 
acco rdance with 14.2.3 g).  
 
14.3.8  The competent authority can at any time require proof, by tests in accordance with this 
section, that serially -manufactured packagings meet the requirements of the design type tests.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  145 
 14.3.9  With the approval of the compete nt authority, several tests can be performed on one 
specimen, provided that the validity of the test results is not affected.  
 
14.4  Preparation of packaging for testing  
 
14.4.1  General  
 
14.4.1.1 Specimens of each packaging shall be prepared as for transp ort except that a liquid or a solid 
infectious substance shall be replaced with water or, where conditioning at a temperature of -18 °C is 
specified, with a mixture of water and antifreeze. Each primary receptacle shall be filled to 98 % of its 
capacity.  
 
14.4.1.2 Packaging prepared as for transport shall be subjected to the tests given in table 7. For test 
purposes, packaging is categorized according to the properties of the material of construction, for 
example outer packaging of:  
 
a)  fibre  board or sim ilar material whose performance can be rapidly affected by moisture;  
 
b)  plastics that becomes brittle at low temperature; or  
 
c)  other material, such as metal, that is not affected by moisture or temperature.  
 
14.4.1.3 The material of construction of th e secondary packaging are not taken into account when 
selecting the test or the conditioning for the test.  
 
14.4.1.4 In cases where a primary receptacle is manufactured from two or more different materials, the 
material most liable to undergo damage shall determine the appropriate test.  
 
14.4.2  Explanation for the use of Table 7  
 
For fibre  board outer packaging with primary plastics receptacles, Table 7 indicates that  
 
a)  five specimens shall undergo the water spray test before the drop test.  
 
b)  a furth er five specimens shall be conditioned to –18 ° before the drop test, and  
 
c)  if the packaging is intended to contain dry ice, another single specimen shall be dropped five 
times (see 14.5.1).  
 
 
 
  
146 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
Table 7 — Performance tests required  
 
 
14.5  Performanc e testing  
 
14.5.1  Drop test  
 
14.5.1.1 Special preparation  
 
14.5.1.1.1 Subject a fibre board outer packaging to a water spray that simulates exposure to rainfall of 
approximately 5 cm/h for at least 1 h.  
 
14.5.1.1.2 Cool a plastics primary receptacle or a plastics outer packaging and its contents to −18 °C 
or lower for a period of at least 24 h. Subject the specimen to the drop test within 15 min after removal 
from the conditioning atmosphere. The conditioning period may be reduced to 4 h if the specimen is  
packed in dry ice.  
 
14.5.1.1.3 Subject an outer packaging intended to contain dry ice to an additional drop test. When 
appropriate, subject the packaging to water spray or cold conditioning. Store one specimen so that all 
the dry ice dissipates and then d rop the specimen in one of the orientations as described in Table 8 
which shall be the most likely to result in failure of the packaging.  
 
14.5.1.2 Procedure  
 
14.5.1.2.1 Fill the primary receptacles as prescribed in 14.4.1.1.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  147 
 14.5.1.2.2 Drop the specimen in a free -fall from a height of 9 m onto a target as prescribed in 12.3.1.2.  
 
14.5.1.2.3 See Table 8 for the number of test specimens (per design type and manufacturer) and the 
points of impact.  
 
Table 8 – Number of test specimens and points of impact for the drop test of 
packaging for infectious substances  
. 
 
 
14.5.1.2.4 Acceptance criteria  
 
There shall be no leakage from the primary receptacle(s), which shall remain protected by the 
cushioning material, or the absorbent material, in the secondary packagi ng. 
 
14.5.2 Puncture test  
 
14.5.2.1 Apparatus  
 
Target , see 12.3.1.2.  
 
Cylindrical steel rod , of mass not exceeding 7 kg, of diameter not exceeding 38 mm, and the impact 
end tapered to a diameter not exceeding 6 mm.  
 
14.5.2.2 Procedure for packaging of gros s mass not exceeding 7 kg  
 
14.5.2.2.1 Position two specimen packages on the target as follows:  
  
148 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 a)  one specimen on its base; and  
 
b)  a second specimen in an orientation perpendicular to that of the first specimen.  
 
14.5.2.2.2 Aim the tapered impact end o f the steel rod at the package in such a way that it will 
penetrate the primary receptacle.  
 
14.5.2.2.3 Drop the rod in a vertical free fall from a height of 1 m, measured from the impact end to the 
impact surface of the specimen.  
 
14.5.2.3 Procedure for p ackages of gross mass exceeding 7 kg  
 
14.5.2.3.1 Position the steel rod vertically on a level hard surface in such a way that the tapered 
impact end protrudes a distance from the surface at least equal to the primary receptacle(s) and the 
outer surface of the outer packaging, and that is not less than 200 mm.  
 
14.5.2.3.2 Drop two specimen packages in a vertical free fall from a height of 1 m, measured from the 
top of the steel rod, as follows:  
 
a)  one specimen with its base aimed at the rod; and  
 
b)  the s econd specimen in an orientation perpendicular to that of the first specimen.  
 
14.5.2.3.3 Acceptance criteria  
 
After each impact, there shall be no leakage from the primary receptacle(s).  
 
14.6  Test report  
 
See 12.3.7.  
 
14.7  Clinical and medical waste  
 
14.7.1  Waste of infectious substances is derived from the medical treatment of animals or humans 
or from bio -research and shall be classified in accordance with DEAS 949:2019 . 
 
14.7.2  Clinical and medical waste shall be transported in rigid, leak proof pa ckaging or in 
intermediate bulk containers that satisfy the performance tests for solids, packaging group II, of clause 
12 of this standard, or the test methods specified in, as relevant.  
 
14.7.3  The packaging shall contain sufficient absorbent material t o completely absorb the entire 
amount of liquid present.  
 
14.7.4  Packaging or intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) intended to contain sharp objects, such as 
broken glass and needles, shall be resistant to puncture and shall retain liquids under the perfor mance 
test conditions given in 14.5.  
 
14.8  Action to be taken in the event of damage or leakage  
 
In the event of damage or leakage of the packaging,  
 
a)  avoid handling the package or keep handling to a minimum,  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  149 
 b)  inspect adjacent packages for contamin ation and put aside those that might have been 
contaminated,  
 
c)  inform the local public health authority or the local veterinary authority, whichever is 
appropriate, and provide them with information on any other city or country of transit where 
people m ight have been exposed to danger, and  
 
d)  notify the consignor or consignee (or both).  
 
15  Provisions for radioactive material of class 7  
 
15.1  General  
 
The provisions of this clause establish standards of safety that provide an acceptable level of cont rol 
of radiation, criticality and thermal hazards to persons, property and the environment that are 
associated with the transport of radioactive material. The provisions are based on the IAEA  
Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (2005 edition), Safety standards series No. 
TS-R-1, published by the IAEA, Vienna (2005).  
 
NOTE  Explanatory material on the 2005 edition of TS -R-1 can be found in Advisory material for the IAEA regulations for the 
safe transport of radioactive material , Safet y standards Series No. TS -G-1.1 (ST -2), Vienna  (2007).  
 
15.2  Authorities responsible for the control of radioactive material  
 
Respective Regulatory authorities in the Partne r States shall be responsible for the control of 
radioactive materials  and shall b e consulted for information regarding th ese material s and matters 
pertaining to them . 
15.3 Special packing provisions  
 
15.3.1 The relevant competent authority shall ensure that the consignment, acceptance for transport 
and the transport of radioactive mate rial are subject to a radiation protection programme.  
 
The competent authority shall arrange for periodic assessments of the radiation doses to persons 
owing to the transport of radioactive material to ensure that the system of protection and safety 
compli es with the International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and  for 
the safety of radiation sources, Safety series No. 115, IAEA, Vienna (1996).  
 
15.3.2 Radioactive material, packaging and packages shall meet the design requi rements and testing 
requirements of 15.8. DEAS 949:2019  for the classification of radioactive material for transport.  
 
15.3.3 Non-fixed radioactive contamination on the external surfaces of a package shall be kept as low 
as practicable and, under routine t ransport, shall not exceed the following limits:  
 
a)  4 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low toxicity alpha emitters; and  
 
b)  0.4 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters.  
 
NOTE  These limits are applicable when averaged over any area of 300 cm2 of any p art of the surface.  
 
15.3.4  A package shall not contain any other items except such articles and documents as are 
necessary for the use of the radioactive material. The interaction between these items and the 
package shall not reduce the safety of the pac kage under normal conditions of transport.  
  
150 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.3.5  Except as provided in 15.3.6, the level of non -fixed contamination on the external and the 
internal surfaces of over packs , freight containers, tanks , intermediate bulk containers) and 
conveyance shall no t exceed the limits specified in 15.3.3.  
 
15.3.6  A freight container, a tank, an intermediate bulk container or a conveyance dedicated to the 
transport of unpackaged radioactive material under exclusive use shall be excepted from the 
requirements of 15.3. 5 and 15.3.7 solely with regard to its internal surfaces and only as long as it 
remains under that specific exclusive use.  
 
15.3.7  Any conveyance, or equipment, or part thereof that became contaminated with radioactive 
material above the limits specified in 15.3.3 during nor mal conditions of transport, or show a radiation 
level in excess of 5 μS/h shall be decontaminated as soon as possible by a qualified person. Such 
conveyance or equipment, or part thereof can only be re -used when the non -fixed contamination does 
not exceed  the limits specified in 15.3.3 and the radiation level resulting from the fixed contamination 
on surfaces after decontamination is less than 5 μS/h at the surface.  
 
15.3.8  Before the first shipment of any package, the following requirements shall be fulf illed: 
 
a)  where the design pressure of the containment system exceeds 35 kPa (gauge), the 
containment system of each package shall conform to the approved design requirements 
relating to the capability of that system to maintain its integrity under that pressure;  
 
b)  the effectiveness of the shielding, containment, heat transfer characteristics and confinement 
system (as applicable) of Type B(U), Type B(M) and Type C package (see 15.4), and 
packages containing fissile material, shall be within the limits  applicable to, or specified for, the 
approved design; and  
 
c)  checks shall be performed on packages containing fissile material to confirm the presence and 
distribution of neutron poisons where, in order to comply with 15.5.6, neutron poisons are 
specifi cally included as components of the package.  
 
15.3.9  Before each shipment of any package, the following requirements shall be met:  
 
a)  all the requirements specified for a package in the relevant clauses of this standard;  
 
b)  lifting attachments that do  not meet the requirements of 15.7.1.2 shall be removed or otherwise 
 rendered incapable of being used for lifting of the package (see 15.7.1.3);  
 
c)  a package that requires competent authority approval shall meet all the requirements as 
specified in the approval certificate;  
 
d)  each Type B(U), Type B(M) and Type C package shall be  
 
1)  held until equilibrium conditions have been approached closely enough to 
demonstrate compliance with temperature and pressure requirements, unless an 
exemption from thes e requirements has received unilateral approval, and  
2)  inspected or tested (or both) to ensure that all closures, valves and other openings of 
the containment system through which radioactive contents might escape, are 
properly closed and sealed;  
 
e)  special form radioactive material shall meet all the requirements as specified in the approval 
certificate and the relevant clauses of this standard;  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  151 
 f)  each package that contains fissile material, shall meet the measurement requirements 
specified in 15.7. 9.2 and the tests to demonstrate closure of a package (see 15.15) shall be 
performed where applicable; and  
 
g)  low dispersible material shall meet the requirements as specified in the approval certificate 
and the relevant clauses of this standard.  
 
15.3.1 0 The consignor shall have a copy of any instructions with regard to the proper closing of the 
package and any preparation for shipment before making any shipment under the terms of the 
certificates.  
 
15.3.11 In addition to the radioactive and fissile prop erties, any subsidiary risk of the contents of a 
package, such as explosiveness, flammability, pyrophoric properties, chemical toxicity and 
corrosiveness, shall also be taken into account in the documentation, packing, labelling and marking in 
order to be compliant with all relevant provisions of this standard.  
 
15.4  Types of packaging  
 
15.4.1 In the case of radioactive material, a package is the packaging with its radioactive contents as 
presented for transport. The types of package are as follows:  
 
a)  excepted package;  
 
b)  industrial package type 1 (type IP -1 package);  
 
c) industrial package type 2 (type IP -2 package);  
 
d)  industrial package type 3 (type IP -3 package);  
 
e)  type A package;  
 
f)  type B(U) package;  
 
g)  type B(M) package; and  
 
h)  type C  package.  
 
NOTE  Packages that contain fissile material or uranium hexafluoride are subject to additional requirements.  
 
15.4.2  In the case of radioactive material a packaging is the assembly of components necessary to 
enclose the radioactive contents com pletely and can consist of:  
 
a)  one or more receptacles, absorbent material, spacing structures, radiation shielding and 
service equipment for filling, emptying, venting and pressure relief;  
 
b)  devices for cooling, absorbing mechanical shocks, handling and tie -down, thermal insulation; and  
 
c)  service devices that are integral to the package.  
 
15.4.3  The packaging for radioactive material can be a box, a drum or a similar receptacle, or it can 
also be a freight container, a tank or an intermediate bulk  container  
 
15.5  Activity limits and material restrictions  
  
152 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.5.1  Excepted packages  
 
15.5.1.1 For radioactive material other than articles manufactured of natural uranium, depleted 
uranium or natural thorium, an excepted package shall not contain activi ties greater than:  
 
a)  the limits for each individual item and each individual package as given in columns 2 and 3, 
respectively, of table 9. These limits pertain to radioactive material enclosed in, or included as, 
a component part of an instrument or ot her manufactured article, such as a clock or electronic 
apparatus; and  
 
b)  the package limits as specified in column 4 of table 9. These limits pertain to radioactive 
material not enclosed in, or not included as, a component of an instrument or other 
manu factured article.  
 
Table 9 — Activity limits for excepted packages  
 
 
a See the relevant annex in DEAS 949 :2019  for the basic radionuclide values ( A1 and A2) for individual 
radionuclides and for mixtures of radionuclides.  
 
15.5.1.2 An excepted package, in tended for the transport of articles manufactured of natural uranium 
or natural thorium, can contain any quantity of such material provided that the outer surface of the 
uranium or thorium is enclosed in an inactive sheath made of metal or some other subst antial material.  
 
15.5.2 Industrial packages  
 
The radioactive contents in a single package of LSA material or in a single package of SCO shall be 
so restricted that the radiation level specified in 15.6.1 shall not be exceeded. The activity in a single 
package shall be so restricted that the activity limits for a conveyance given in table 10 shall not be 
exceeded.  
 
A single package of non -combustible solid LSA -II or LSA -III material, if transported by air, shall not 
contain an activity greater than 3 000 A2. 
 
Table 10 — Conveyance activity limits for LSA material and SCO in industrial 
packages or unpackaged  
 
 
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  153 
 1 2 
Nature of material  Activity limits for conveyance by road or rail  
LSA-I No limit  
LSA-II and LSA -III non -combustible solids  No limit  
LSA-II an d LSA -III combustible solids, and  all 
liquids and gases  100 
SCO  100 
See DEAS 949:2019 for the descriptions of LSA material and SCO  
 
 
15.5.3 Type A packages  
 
15.5.3.1 Type A packages shall not contain activities greater than ; 
 
a)  A1 for special radioact ive material, and  
 
b)  A2 for all other radioactive material.  
 
NOTE  DEAS 949:2019  for the basic radionuclide values ( A1 and A2). 
 
15.5.3.2 For mixtures of radionuclides whose identities and respective activities are known, the 
following formula applies to  the radioactive contents of a type A package:  
Σ +Σ ≤  
i j 
1 2 
1 
 
where  
B(i) is the activity of radionuclide i as special form radioactive material;  
 
A1(i) is the A1 value for radionuclide i; 
 
C(j) is the activity of radionuclide j as other than special for m radioactive material;  
 
A2(j) is the A2 value of radionuclide j; 
 
N is the number of different radionuclides.  
 
15.5.4 Type B(U) and type B(M) packages  
 
As specified in the approval certificates (see 15.22), type B(U) and type B(M) packages shall not 
conta in 
 
a)  activities greater than those authorized for the package design,  
 
b)  radionuclides different from those authorized for the package design, or  
 
c)  contents in a form, or physical or chemical state different from those authorized for the 
package de sign. 
 
NOTE 1  See 15.6.6 for the package design of type B(U) packages.  
 
NOTE 2  See 15.6.7 for the package design of type B(M) packages.  
 
15.5.5 Type C packages   
154 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
As specified in the approval certificates (see 15.22), type C packages shall not contain  
 
a)  activities greater than those authorized for the package design,  
 
b)  radionuclide’s different from those authorized for the package design, or  
 
c)  contents in a form, or physical or chemical state different from those authorized for the 
package design.  
 
NOTE  See 15.6.8 for the package design of type C packages.  
 
15.5.6 Packages containing fissile material  
 
As specified in the approval certificates (see 15.22), packages containing fissile material (uranium -
233, uranium -235, plutonium -241, or any combinat ion of these radionuclides), shall not contain  
 
a)  a mass of fissile material different from that authorized for the package design,  
 
b)  any radionuclide of fissile material different from those authorized for the package design, or  
 
c)  contents in a fo rm, or in a physical or a chemical state, or in a spatial arrangement, different 
from those authorized for the package design.  
 
NOTE  See 15.7.9 for the package design of packages containing fissile material.  
 
15.5.7 Packages containing uranium hexafluorid e 
 
The mass of uranium hexafluoride in a package shall not exceed a value that would lead to an ullage 
smaller than 5 % at the maximum temperature of the package as specified for the plant systems 
where the package shall be used. The uranium hexafluoride s hall be in solid form and the internal 
pressure of the package shall be below atmospheric pressure when presented for transport.  
 
15.6  Requirements and controls for the transport of LSA material and SCO  
 
15.6.1  The quantity of LSA material or SCO in a si ngle type IP -1 package, type IP -2 package, type 
IP-3 package, or object or collection of objects, whichever is appropriate, shall be so restricted that the 
external radiation level at 3 m from the unshielded material or object or collection of objects does  not 
exceed 10 mSv/h.  
 
15.6.2  LSA material and SCO which are, or which contain, fissile material shall be segregated 
during transport and storage in transit as follows:  
 
a)  any group of packages, over packs , and freight containers containing fissile mate rial stored in 
transit in any storage area shall be so limited that the total sum of criticality safety indexes 
(CSIs) (see 15.9) in the group does not exceed 50. Each group of packaging shall be 
segregated at least 6 m from other such groups; and  
 
b)  where the total sum of the CSI on a vehicle or in a freight container exceeds 50, a segregation 
distance of at least 6 m from other groups of packages, over packs  or freight containers 
containing fissile material or other radioactive material shall be maintai ned. 
 
15.6.3  LSA material and SCO in groups, LSA -I and SCO -I can be transported unpackaged, provided 
that: 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  155 
 a)  all unpackaged material, other than ores containing only naturally occurring radionuclide’s, 
shall be transported in such a manner that, under normal conditions of transport, no escape of 
radioactive contents shall occur from the means of transport, nor will there be any loss of 
shielding;  
 
b)  each conveyance shall be under exclusive use, except when only SCO -I is transported, in 
which case the contamination on the accessible and the inaccessible surfaces shall not be 
greater than ten times the applicable level . 
 
c)  radioactive material is not released into the conveyance in the case of SCO -I, where it is 
suspected that non -fixed contamination e xists on inaccessible surfaces in excess of the 
nonfixed contamination on the accessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the 
surface if less than 300 cm2), and does not exceed 4 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters 
and low toxicity alpha emitte rs, or 0,4 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters.  
 
15.6.4  LSA material and SCO, except as otherwise specified in 15.6.3, shall be packaged in 
accordance with Table 11.  
 
  
156 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
Table 11 — Industrial package requirements for LSA material and SCO  
 
 
a See 15.6.3 f or the transport of LSA -I material and SCO -I unpackaged.  
 
 
15.7  Design requirements  
 
15.7.1  General  
 
15.7.1.1 A package shall be so designed in relation to its mass, volume and shape that it can be easily 
and safely transported. In addition, the package shall be so designed that it can be properl y secured 
during transport.  
 
15.7.1.2 The design of a package shall be such that any lifting attachments will not fail when used in 
the intended manner. In the event of failure of the lifting attachments, the abil ity of the package to 
meet other requirements of this standard shall not be impaired. The design shall take account of 
appropriate safety factors to cover snatch lifting.  
 
15.7.1.3 Attachments and any other features on the outer surface of a package, which  could be used 
to lift the package, shall be designed either to support its mass in accordance with the requirements of 
15.7.1.2 or shall be removable, or otherwise rendered incapable of being used during transport.  
 
15.7.1.4 The design and finish of a pac kaging shall be such that the external surfaces are free from 
protruding features to ensure that packaging can be easily decontaminated.  
 
15.7.1.5 The outer layer of a package shall be so designed as to prevent the collection and retention 
of water.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  157 
  
15.7. 1.6 Any features added to a package at the time of transport and that are not part of the package 
shall not reduce its safety.  
 
15.7.1.7 A package shall be capable of withstanding the effects of acceleration, vibration, or vibration 
resonance, which can ar ise under normal conditions of transport without any deterioration in the 
effectiveness of the closing devices on the various receptacles, or any deterioration in the integrity of 
the package as a whole. In particular, nuts, bolts and other securing device s shall be so designed as 
to prevent them from becoming loose or being released unintentionally, even after repeated use.  
 
15.7.1.8 The materials of the packaging and any components or structures shall be physically and 
chemically compatible with each othe r and with the radioactive contents. Account shall be taken of the 
behaviour of the packing material, components and structures under irradiation.  
 
15.7.1.9 All valves through which the radioactive contents could escape shall be protected against 
unauthori zed operation.  
 
15.7.1.10 The design of a package shall take into account ambient temperatures and pressures that 
are likely to be encountered under normal conditions of transport.  
 
15.7.1.11 The package design for radioactive material that also exhibits o ther dangerous properties 
(subsidiary risks), shall take those properties into account (see also 15.3.11). Such packaging shall 
fully comply with the relevant requirements of this clause, as appropriate, as well as other applicable 
requirements of this sta ndard.  
 
15.7.1.12 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packaging containing radioactive material 
shall provide information regarding procedures to be followed to ensure that packages as presented 
for transport are capable of passing the applicable performance tests of this clause. The procedures 
shall include a description of the types and dimensions of closures and, if applicable, of gaskets, and  
any other components that might be needed.  
 
15.7.2  Design for excepted packages  
 
An excepted package s hall be designed to meet the requirements specified in 15.5.1.  
 
15.7.3  Design for industrial packages  
 
15.7.3.1 Type IP -1, type IP -2 and type IP -3 packages shall meet the design requirements specified in 
15.5.2.  
 
15.7.3.2 A type IP -2 package shall, if sub jected to the free drop test (see 15.11.3) and the stacking 
test (see 15.11.4), be capable of preventing  
 
a)  loss or dispersal of radioactive contents, and  
 
b)  loss of shielding integrity which could result in more than a 20 % increase in the radiation l evel 
at any external surface of the package.  
 
15.7.3.3 A type IP -3 package shall meet the design requirements specified in 15.7.5.1.2 to 15.7.5.1.15 
(inclusive).  
 
15.7.3.4 Packages can be used as a type IP -2 package provided that:  
 
a)  the requirements of 15 7.3.1 are satisfied;   
158 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
b)  the design conforms to the requirements of clause 8 to clause 12 (inclusive), or other 
 requirements at least equivalent to them; and  
 
c)  when subjected to the tests required for packing groups I and II (see clause 12), the pa ckage 
prevents  
 
1)  loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents, and  
 
2)  loss of shielding integrity which would result in more than a 20 % increase in the 
radiation level at any external surface of the package.  
 
15.7.3.5 The smallest overall external d imension of an industrial package shall not be less than 100 
mm. 
 
15.7.4 Design for packages containing uranium hexafluoride  
 
15.7.4.1 A package designed to contain uranium hexafluoride shall comply with the requirements 
pertaining to the radioactive and f issile properties of the material (see DEAS 949:2019 ). 
 
 
15.7.4.2 A package designed to contain uranium hexafluoride in quantities of 0,1 kg or more shall be 
capable to withstand:  
 
a)  the structural test given in ISO 7195 without leakage and without unacc eptable stress (see  also 
15.17);  
 
b)  the free drop test (see 15.11.3) without loss or dispersal of the uranium hexafluoride; and  
 
c)  the thermal test (see 15.13.3) without rupture of the containment system.  
 
15.7.4.3 A package designed to contain uraniu m hexafluoride in quantities of 0.1 kg or more shall not 
be provided with a pressure relief device.  
 
15.7.4.4 Subject to approval by the competent authority, a package designed to contain uranium 
hexafluoride in quantities of 0.1 kg or more can be transpor ted if the package is designed  
 
a)  in accordance with international or national standards other than ISO 7195, and provided that 
an equivalent level of safety is maintained, and  
 
b)  to withstand a test pressure of less than 2,76 MPa without leakage and w ithout unacceptable 
stress.  
 
15.7.5  Design for type A packages  
 
15.7.5.1 General  
 
15.7.5.1.1 A type A package shall be designed to comply with the general requirements of 15.7.1.  
 
15.7.5.1.2 The smallest overall external dimension of a type A package shal l not be less than 100 mm.  
 
15.7.5.1.3 The outside of the package shall incorporate a feature such as a seal which is not readily 
breakable and which, while intact, will prove that it has not been opened.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  159 
 15.7.5.1.4 Any tie -down attachments on the package  shall be so designed that, under normal and 
accident conditions of transport, the forces in those attachments shall not impair the ability of the 
package to meet the requirements of this standard.  
 
15.7.5.1.5 The components of a type A package shall be ab le to withstand temperatures ranging from 
– 40 °C to +70 °C. Attention shall be given to freezing temperatures for liquids and to the potential 
degradation of packaging materials within this temperature range.  
 
15.7.5.1.6 The design and manufacturing techn iques shall be in accordance with national or 
international standards, or other requirements, acceptable to the competent authority.  
 
15.7.5.1.7 The design shall include a containment system securely closed by a positive fastening 
device which cannot be op ened unintentionally or by pressure which might arise within the package.  
 
15.7.5.1.8 Special form radioactive material can be considered as a component of the containment 
system.  
 
15.7.5.1.9 If the containment system forms a separate unit of the package, it shall be capable of being 
securely closed by a positive fastening device which is independent of any other part of the packaging.  
 
15.7.5.1.10 The design of any component of the containment system shall take into account, where 
applicable, the radiolyti c decomposition of liquids and other vulnerable materials, and the generation 
of gas by chemical reaction and radiolysis.  
 
15.7.5.1.11 The containment system shall retain its radioactive contents under a reduction of ambient 
pressure to 60 kPa.  
 
15.7.5.1.1 2 All valves, other than pressure relief valves, shall be provided with an enclosure to retain 
any leakage from the valve.  
 
15.7.5.1.13 A radiation shield which encloses a component of the package, specified as a part of the 
containment system, shall be so  designed as to prevent the unintentional release of that component 
from the shield. Where the radiation shield and such component within it form a separate unit, the 
radiation shield shall be capable of being securely closed by a positive fastening device  that is 
independent of any other packaging structure.  
 
15.7.5.1.14 A package shall be so designed that, if subjected to the tests specified for the ability to 
withstand normal conditions of transport (see 15.12), it would prevent:  
 
a)  loss or dispersal o f the radioactive contents; and  
 
b)  loss of shielding integrity which could result in more than a 20 % increase in the radiation level 
at any external surface of the package.  
 
15.7.5.1.15 The design of a package intended for the transport of liquid radioa ctive material shall 
make provision for ullage to accommodate variations in the temperature of the contents, dynamic 
effects and filling dynamics.  
 
15.7.5.2 Design for type A packages containing liquids  
 
A type A package, designed for the containment of li quid radioactive material, shall comply with the 
requirements of 15.7.5.1.14(a) if subjected to the tests specified in 15.12, and shall either be provided 
with 
  
160 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 a)  sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the volume of the liquid contents. Such absor bent 
material shall be suitably positioned so as to contact the liquid in the event of leakage, or  
 
b)  a containment system composed of primary inner and secondary outer containment 
components designed to ensure retention of the liquid contents, within th e secondary outer 
containment components, even if the primary inner components leak.  
 
15.7.5.3 Design for type A packages containing gas  
 
A type A package, designed for the containment of radioactive gas, shall prevent loss or dispersal of 
the radioactive contents when tested in accordance with 15.12. However, no testing is required for a 
type A package designed to contain tritium gas or noble gases.  
 
15.7.6 Design for type B(U) packages  
 
15.7.6.1 The design of a type B(U) package shall meet the requirement s of 15.7.1.  
 
15.6.7.2 A type B(U) package shall be so designed that, under an assumed ambient temperature of 38 
°C and assumed solar conditions as specified in table 12, the heat generated within the package by 
the radioactive contents shall not, under no rmal conditions of transport (see 15.11), adversely affect 
the package in such a way that it would fail to meet the applicable requirements for containment and 
shielding if left unattended for a period of one week. Particular attention shall be paid to the  effects of 
heat, which might  
 
a)  alter the arrangement, the geometrical form or the physical state of the radioactive contents 
or, if the radioactive material (for example clad fuel elements), is enclosed in a can or a 
receptacle, cause the can, receptac le or radioactive material to deform or melt,  
 
b)  lessen the efficiency of the packaging through differential thermal expansion or cracking or 
melting of the radiation shielding material, or  
 
c)  accelerate corrosion in combination with moisture.  
 
Table 1 2 — Solar insolation conditions  
 
 
 
a Alternatively, a sine function may be used, with an adopted absorption coefficient and neglecting the effects of 
possible reflection from neighbouring objects.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  161 
  
15.7.6.3 With the exception of packages transported under  exclusive use, a type B(U) package shall 
be so designed that, at an ambient temperature of 38 °C, the temperature of the accessible surfaces 
of the package does not exceed 50 °C.  
 
15.7.6.4 A type B(U) package provided with thermal protection for the purpo se of satisfying the 
requirements of the thermal test (see 15.13.3), shall be so designed that such protection will remain 
effective if the package is subjected to the tests specified in 15.10 for the ability of a package to 
withstand normal conditions of transport. In addition, the package shall be subjected to the drop tests 
specified in 15.13.2(a) and (b), or the drop tests specified in 15.13.2(b) and (c), as appropriate, to 
ascertain the ability of the package to withstand accident conditions during tra nsport. The thermal 
protection on the exterior of the package shall not be rendered ineffective by ripping, cutting, skidding, 
abrasion or rough handling.  
 
15.7.6.5 The loss of radioactive contents from a type B(U) package shall not exceed 10 -6 A2/h when 
tested in accordance with 15.11.  
 
15.7.6.6 A type B(U) package (see 15.7.6.7 and 15.7.6.8) shall  
 
a)  retain sufficient shielding to ensure that the radiation level at a distance of 1 m from the 
surface of the package does not exceed 10 mSv/h of the maximum  radioactive contents for 
which the package is designed to contain, and  
 
b)  restrict the accumulated loss of radioactive contents over a period of one week to not more 
than 10 A2 for krypton -85 and not more than A2 for all other radionuclides.  
 
15.7.6.7 A type B(U) package of mass not greater than 500 kg, an overall density not greater than 1 
000 kg/m3 (based on the external dimensions), and radioactive contents greater than 1 000 A2 shall 
comply with the requirements of 15.7.6.6 when subjected to the drop  tests as described in 15.13.2 b) 
and c), the thermal test as given in 15.13.3 and the water immersion test as given in 15.13.4.  
NOTE  Special form radioactive material is excluded from this provision.  
 
15.7.6.8 A type B(U) package, other than that specifi ed in 15.7.6.7, shall comply with the requirements 
of 15.7.6.6 when subjected to the drop tests described in 15.13.2 a) and b), the thermal test as given 
in 15.13.3 and the water immersion test as given in 15.13.4.  
 
15.7.6.9 Where mixtures of different rad ionuclides are present, the basic values for individual 
radionuclides, as given in KS2324, shall apply. However, in the case of krypton -85, an effective A2(i) 
value equal to 10 A2 may be used. The external contamination limits given in 15.3.3 shall be take n 
into account for the assessment of the loss of radioactive contents (see 15.7.6.5).  
 
NOTE  The A2(i) value is the A2 value of radionuclide “i”.  
 
15.7.6.10 A package intended for radioactive contents of activity greater than 105 A2 shall be so 
designed th at no rupture of the containment system shall occur when tested in accordance with 15.14.  
 
15.7.6.11 Compliance with the permitted activity release limits shall not depend upon filters or upon a 
mechanical cooling system.  
 
15.7.6.12 A package shall not inc lude a pressure relief system from the containment system which 
would allow the release of radioactive material to the environment under the test conditions specified 
in 15.11 and 15.13.  
 
15.7.6.13 A package shall be so designed that, when at the maximum n ormal operating pressure and 
when tested in accordance with 15.11 and 15.13, the level of strains in the containment system would  
162 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 not attain values that can adversely affect the package in such a way that it fails to meet the applicable 
requirements.  
 
15.7.6.14 The maximum normal operating pressure of a package shall not exceed a gauge pressure 
of 700 kPa.  
 
15.7.6.15 The maximum temperature of any surface of a type B(U) package readily accessible during 
transport shall not exceed 85 °C in the absence of ins olation and at an ambient temperature of 38 °C 
(see also 15.7.6.17). The package shall be transported under exclusive use (see 15.7.6.3) if the 
maximum temperature exceeds 50 °C. Barriers or screens intended to give protection to persons can 
be considered.  Such barriers or screens need not be subjected to any tests.  
 
15.7.6.16 A type B(U) package that contains low dispersible radioactive material shall be so designed 
that any features added to the low dispersible radioactive material that are not part of it , or any internal 
components of the packaging, shall not adversely affect the performance of the low dispersible 
radioactive material.  
 
15.7.6.17 A package shall be designed for an ambient temperature range from −40 °C to +38 °C.  
 
15.7.7 Design for type B( M) packages  
 
15.7.7.1 A type B(M) package shall meet the requirements of 15.7.1, with the exception of packages 
intended to be transported solely within a specified country or solely between specified countries. In 
the latter case, conditions other than th ose given in 15.7.5.1.5, 15.7.6.2, and 15.7.6.9 to 15.7.6.15 
(inclusive) can be assumed with the approval of the competent authorities of these countries. 
Notwithstanding, the requirements for type B(U) packages given in 15.7.6.9 to 15.7.6.15 (inclusive) 
shall be met as far as practicable.  
 
15.7.7.2 Intermittent venting of a type B(M) package may be permitted during transport, provided that 
the operational controls for venting are acceptable to the relevant competent authority.  
 
15.7.8 Design for type C pac kages  
 
15.7.8.1 A type C package shall be designed to comply with the following:  
 
a)  15.7.5.1.1 to 15.7.5.1.13 (inclusive), 15.7.5.1.14(b) and 15.7.5.1.15 as for type A packages; and  
b)  15.7.6.2, 15.7.6.10 and 15.7.6.16 as for type B(U) packages.  
 
15.7.8 .2 A type C package shall be capable of meeting the assessment criteria prescribed in 15.7.6.7 
and 15.7.6.12 after burial in an environment defined by a thermal conductivity of 0,33 W/(m.K) and a 
temperature of 38 °C in the steady state. Initial conditions  for the assessment shall assume that any 
thermal insulation of the package remains intact, the package is at the maximum normal operating 
pressure and the ambient temperature is 38 °C.  
 
15.7.8.3 A type C package shall be so designed that, when at the maxi mum normal operating 
pressure and subjected to  
 
a)  the tests specified in 15.11, the loss of radioactive contents is restricted to not more than 10 6 
A2 /h, and  
 
b)  the test sequence specified in 15.16.1, it shall  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  163 
 1)  retain sufficient shielding to ensu re that the radiation level at 1 m from the surface of 
the package does not exceed 10 mSv/h with the maximum radioactive contents which 
the package is designed to contain, and  
 
2)  restrict the accumulated loss of radioactive contents in a period of one we ek to not 
more than 10 A2 for krypton -85 and not more than A2 for all other radionuclides.  
 
Where mixtures of different radionuclides are present, the requirements of DEAS 949:2019  regarding 
the basic values, A1 and A2, shall apply with the exception of kr ypton -85 where an effective value 
equal to 10 A2 may be used.  
 
In the case of 15.7.8.3(a), the assessment shall take into account the non -fixed radioactive 
contamination limits given in 15.3.3.  
 
15.7.8.4 A type C package shall be so designed that no ruptur e of the containment system shall  
occur when tested in accordance with 15.14.  
 
15.7.9 Design for packages containing fissile material  
 
15.7.9.1 Fissile material shall be transported so as to:  
 
a)  Maintain subcriticality during normal and accident conditio ns of transport. In particular, the 
following contingencies shall be considered:  
 
1)  water leaking into, or out of, packages;  
 
2)  the loss of efficiency of built -in neutron absorbers or moderators;  
 
3)  rearrangement of the contents either within the pac kage or as a result of loss from the 
package;  
 
4)  reduction of spaces within, or between, packages;  
 
5)  packages becoming immersed in water or buried in snow; and  
 
6)  temperature changes.  
 
b)  Ensure that the smallest overall dimension of the package sh all not be less than 100 mm and 
that any other requirement of this standard pertaining to the radioactive properties of the 
material be adhered to. Additionally, the requirements of 15.7.9.3 to 15.7.9.11 (inclusive) shall 
be met, unless excepted by 15.7.9. 2. 
 
15.7.9.2 Fissile material that meets one of the requirements given in a) to d) (inclusive) below is 
exempted from being transported in packages that comply with 15.7.9.3 to 15.7.9.11 (inclusive), as 
well as other requirements of this standard that appl y to fissile material. However, only one type of  
exception is allowed per consignment:  
 
a)  A mass limit per consignment such that:  
+ < 1  
Y 
F 
X 
M 
where   
164 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
M is the mass of uranium -235 (U -235), in grams (g);  
 
F is the mass of other fissile material, in grams (g); 
 
X and Y are the mass limits defined in table 13,  
 
and provided that  
 
1)  each individual package contains not more than 15 g of fissile material. For 
unpackaged material, this quantity limitation shall apply to the consignment being 
carried in or on the conveyance,  
 
2)  the fissile material is a homogeneous hydrogenous solution or mixture where the ratio 
of fissile nuclides to hydrogen is less than 5 % by mass, or  
 
3)  there is not more than 5 g of fissile material in any 10 L volume of material.  
 
Neither beryllium nor deuterium in hydrogenous material enriched in deuterium shall be present in 
quantities exceeding 1 % of the applicable consignment mass limits given in Table 13.  
 
b)  Uranium enriched in uranium -235 to a maximum of 1 % by mass, and with a total plutonium 
and uranium -233 content not exceeding 1 % of the mass of uranium -235, provided that the 
fissile material is distributed essentially homogeneously throughout the material. In addition, if 
uranium -235 is present in metallic, oxide or carbid e forms, it shall not form a lattice 
arrangement.  
 
c)  A liquid solution of uranyl nitrate enriched in uranium -235 to a maximum of 2 % by mass, with 
atotal plutonium and uranium -233 content not exceeding 0,002 % of the mass of uranium, and 
with a minimum n itrogen to uranium atomic ratio (N/U) of 2.  
 
d)  An individual package contains a total plutonium mass of not more than 1 kg, of which not 
more than 20 %, by mass, can consist of plutonium -239, plutonium -241 or any combination of 
these radionuclides.  
 
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  165 
 Table 13 — Consignment mass limits for exemptions from the requirements  
 
 
 
15.7.9.3 Where the chemical or physical form, the isotopic composition, the mass or concentration, the 
moderation ratio or density, or the geometric configuration is not known, the assessments given in 
15.7.9.7 to 15.7.9.11 (inclusive) shall be performed. Each parameter that is not known shall be 
assumed to have the value which gives the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with the known 
conditions and parameters in these asses sments.  
 
15.7.9.4 The assessments given in 15.7.9.7 to 15.7.9.11 (inclusive) for irradiated nuclear fuel shall be 
based on an isotopic composition demonstrated to provide  
 
a)  the maximum neutron multiplication during the irradiation history, or  
 
b)  a con servative estimate of the neutron multiplication for the package assessments. After 
irradiation but prior to shipment, a measurement shall be performed to confirm the 
conservatism of the isotopic composition.  
 
15.7.9.5 The package, after being subjected to  the tests specified in 15.11, shall prevent the entry of a 
cube with sides of 100 mm.  
 
15.7.9.6 The package shall be designed for an ambient temperature range of –40 °C to +38 °C unless 
otherwise specified by the competent authority in the certificate of approval for the package design.  
 
15.7.9.7 For a package in isolation, it shall be assumed that water can leak into, or out of, all void 
spaces of the package, including those void spaces within the containment system. However, if the 
design incorporates s pecial features to prevent such leakage of water into or out of certain void 
spaces, even as a result of error, absence of leakage can be assumed in respect of those void 
spaces. Special features shall include the following:  
 
a)  multiple high standard wat er barriers, each of which shall remain watertight when the package 
is tested in accordance with 15.6.9.11(b), a high degree of quality control in the manufacture, 
maintenance and repair of packaging, and tests to demonstrate the closure of each package 
before each shipment; or  
 
b)  for packages containing uranium hexafluoride only and a maximum enrichment of 5 %, by 
mass, of uranium -235 
 
1)  no physical contact between the valve and any other component of the packaging, 
other than at its original point of attachment, shall occur after the package has been 
tested in accordance with 15.7.9.11(b). In addition, the valves shall remain leaktight 
when tested in accordance with the thermal test (see 15.13.3); and   
166 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
2)  a high degree of quality control in the manufa cture, maintenance and repair of 
packaging coupled with tests to demonstrate closure of each package before each 
shipment.  
 
15.7.9.8 It can be assumed that the confinement system would be closely reflected by at least 200 mm 
of water. Alternatively, a grea ter reflection as may additionally be provided by the surrounding material 
of the packaging can be assumed. However, when it can be demonstrated that the confinement 
system remains within the packaging when tested in accordance with 15.6.9.11(b), close ref lection of 
the package by at least 200 mm of water can be assumed in 15.7.9.9(c).  
 
15.7.9.9 The package shall be subcritical under the conditions of 15.7.9.7 and 15.7.9.8. The package 
conditions shall result in the maximum neutron multiplication consistent  with 
 
a)  routine conditions of transport (incident free),  
 
b)  the tests specified in 15.7.9.11(b), or  
 
c)  the tests specified in 15.7.9.11(b).  
 
15.7.9.10 A number "N" shall be derived, such that five times "N" shall be subcritical for the 
arrangement a nd package conditions that provide the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with 
the following:  
 
a)  there shall not be anything between the packages, and the package arrangement shall be 
reflected on all sides by at least 200 mm of water; and  
 
b)  the state of the packages shall be their assessed or demonstrated condition when tested in 
accordance with 15.11.  
 
15.7.9.11 A number "N" shall be derived, such that two times "N" shall be subcritical for the 
arrangement and package conditions that provide t he maximum neutron multiplication consistent with 
the following:  
 
a)  hydrogenous moderation between packages, and the package arrangement reflected on all 
sides by at least 200 mm of water;  
 
b)  the tests specified in 15.11 followed by whichever of the fo llowing is the more limiting:  
 
1)  the mechanical (drop) tests specified in 15.13.2(b) and, either 15.13.2(c) for packages 
of mass not greater than 500 kg and an overall density not greater than 1 000 kg/m3, 
based on the external dimensions, or 15.13.2(a) for all other packages. Subsequently, 
the package shall be subjected to the thermal test (see 15.13.3) and the water 
leakage test (see 15.15) in this sequence; or  
 
2)  the water immersion test (see 15.13.4); and  
 
c)  where any part of the fissile material escapes from the containment system following the tests 
given 15.7.9.11(b), it shall be assumed that fissile material escapes from each package in the 
array. All of the fissile material shall be arranged in the configuration and moderation that 
result in t he maximum neutron multiplication with close reflection by at least 200 mm of water.  
 
15.8  Test procedures and demonstration of compliance  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  167 
 15.8.1  General  
 
15.8.1.1 The tests shall be performed with specimens representing LSA -III material, or special for m 
radioactive material, or low dispersible radioactive material, or with prototypes or samples of the 
packaging. The contents of the specimen or the packaging used for the tests shall:  
 
a)  simulate as closely as practicable the expected range of radioacti ve contents; and  
 
b)  be prepared as presented for transport.  
 
NOTE  See DEAS 949:2019  for the descriptions of LSA material, special form radioactive material and low dispersible 
radioactive material.  
 
15.8.1.2 Reference to previous satisfactory demonstrat ions of a sufficiently similar nature is 
acceptable.  
 
15.8.1.3 Tests can be performed with models of appropriate scale, incorporating those features that 
are significant with respect to the item under investigation, and provided that engineering experience  
has shown the results of such tests are suitable for design purposes.  
 
15.8.1.4 Calculation, or reasoned argument is acceptable, provided that the calculation procedures 
and the parameters are generally agreed to be reliable and conservative.  
 
15.8.1.5 After completion of the test(s), appropriate methods of assessment shall be used to assure 
that the requirements for the test procedure(s) have been fulfilled regarding  
 
a)  the performance and acceptance standards for LSA -III material, special form radioact ive 
material and low dispersible radioactive material (see 15.8.2.3), and  
 
b)  the design requirements (see 15.7).  
 
15.8.1.6 All the specimens shall be inspected before testing in order to identify and record faults or 
damage, including:  
 
a)  divergence fr om the design;  
 
b)  defects in manufacture;  
 
c)  corrosion or other deterioration; and  
 
d)  distortion of features.  
 
15.8.1.7 The containment system of the package shall be clearly specified. The external features of 
the specimen shall be clearly identifie d so that reference can be made simply and clearly to any part of 
such a specimen.  
 
15.8.2 Test method for LSA -III material  
 
Immerse a specimen of solid LSA -III material, representative of the entire contents of a package, for 7 
d in water at ambient tempe rature. The water shall have an initial pH value between 6 and 8 and a 
maximum conductivity of 1 mS/m at 20 °C. The volume of water shall be efficient to ensure that, at the 
end of the 7 d period, the free volume of water that has not been absorbed or reac ted shall be at least 
10 % of the volume of the solid test specimen.  
  
168 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 Measure the total activity of the free volume of water after 7 d. The activity in the water shall not 
exceed 0.1 A2. 
 
15.8.3 Test methods for special form radioactive material  
 
15.8.3.1 General  
 
15.8.3.1.1 Subject specimens to the impact test (see 15.8.2.2.2), the percussion test (see 15.8.2.2.3), 
the bending test (see 15.8.2.2.4) and the heat test (see 15.8.2.2.5), or the alternative tests (see 
15.8.2.2.6). A different specimen can be us ed for each of the tests.  
 
15.8.3.1.2 Perform a leaching assessment or a volumetric leakage assessment on the specimen after 
the completion of each test by means of a method not less sensitive than the methods given for 
indispersible solid material (see 15 .8.2.2.7.1) or encapsulated material (see 15.8.2.2.7.2) respectively.  
 
15.8.3.2 Impact test  
 
Drop the specimen from a height of 9 m onto a rigid, flat, horizontal surface (target). The target shall 
be of such a nature that any increase in its resistance to  displacement or deformation upon impact of 
the specimen shall not significantly increase damage to the specimen. The specimen shall not break 
or shatter on impact.  
15.8.3.3 Percussion test  
 
15.8.3.3.1 Place the specimen on a lead sheet that is supported b y a smooth solid surface. The lead 
shall be of hardness number 3,5 to 4,5 on the Vickers scale and shall not be more than 25 mm thick. 
The lead sheet shall cover an area greater than that covered by the specimen to be tested. Use a 
fresh surface of lead fo r each impact.  
 
15.8.3.3.2 Strike the specimen with the flat face of a mild steel bar so as to cause an impact 
equivalent to that resulting from a free drop of 1.4 kg through 1 m. The lower part of the mild steel bar 
shall be 25 mm in diameter with the edg es rounded off to a radius of (3.0 ± 0.3) mm. The specimen 
shall not break or shatter on impact.  
 
15.8.3.4 Bending test  
 
15.8.3.4.1 This test applies to specimens of long slender form with both a minimum length of 10 mm 
and a length -to-minimum -width ratio of not less than 10.  
 
15.8.3.4.1.2 Clamp the specimen rigidly in a horizontal position so that half its length protrudes from 
the face of the clamp. Orientate the specimen in such a way that it will suffer maximum damage when 
the free end is struck with th e flat surface of a mild steel bar (see 15.8.2.2.3.2). The specimen shall not 
break or shatter on impact.  
 
15.8.3.5 Heat test  
 
Heat the specimen in an air -ventilated oven to a temperature of 800 °C and keep at this temperature 
for 10 min. Leave the specime n to cool. The specimen shall not melt or disperse.  
 
15.8.3.6 Alternative tests  
 
A specimen that comprises or simulates radioactive material enclosed in a sealed capsule can be 
excepted from:  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  169 
 a)  the impact test (see 15.8.2.2.2) and the percussion test (s ee 15.8.2.2.3), provided that the 
mass of the specimen is less than 200 g and the specimen is subjected to the class 4 impact 
test as prescribed in ISO 2919; and  
 
b)  the heat test (see 15.8.2.2.5), provided that the specimen is subjected to the class 6 
temperature test specified in ISO 2919.  
 
When tested in accordance with the class 4 impact test of ISO 2919, the specimen shall not break or 
shatter on impact.  
 
When tested in accordance with the class 6 temperature test of ISO 2919, the specimen shall not m elt 
or disperse.  
 
15.8.3.7 Leaching assessment and volumetric leakage assessment  
 
15.8.3.7.1 Subject a specimen that comprises or simulates indispersible solid material to a leaching 
assessment as follows:  
 
a)  immerse the specimen for 7 d in water at ambi ent temperature. The water shall have an initial 
pH value between 6 and 8 and a maximum conductivity of 1 mS/m at 20 °C. The volume of 
water shall be sufficient to ensure that, at the end of the 7 d period, the free volume of water 
that has not been absorb ed or reacted is at least 10 % of the volume of the solid test 
specimen;  
 
b)  at the end of the 7 d period, heat the water with the specimen to a temperature of 50 °C ± 5 °C 
and maintain at this temperature for 4 h;  
 
c)  determine the activity of the water ; 
 
d)  keep the specimen for at least 7 d in still air at a temperature of not less then 30 °C and a 
relative humidity of not less then 90 %;  
 
e)  immerse the specimen in water of the same specification as in a) above and heat the water 
and the specimen to  a temperature of 50 °C ± 5 °C and maintain at this temperature for 4 h; 
and 
 
f)  determine the activity of the water.  
 
15.8.3.7.2 Subject a specimen that comprises or simulates radioactive material enclosed in a sealed 
capsule to:  
 
a)  the leaching assess ment as described in 15.8.2.2.7.1(a) to 15.8.2.2.7.1(d) (inclusive). 
 Subsequently, repeat the steps as given in 15.8.2.2.7.1(a) to 15.8.2.2.7.1(c) (inclusive); or  
 
b)  the volumetric leakage assessment as given in any of the tests described in ISO 9978 an d 
which are acceptable to the competent authority.  
 
The activity in the water from the leaching assessment shall not exceed 2 kBq. The leakage rate for 
the volumetric leakage assessment in accordance with ISO 9978 shall not exceed the applicable 
threshold acceptable to the competent authority.  
 
15.8.4 Test methods for low dispersible material  
 
Subject a specimen that comprises or simulates low dispersible material to the enhanced thermal test   
170 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 (see 15.16.3) and the impact test (see 15.16.4). A different spec imen can be used for each of the 
tests. After the completion of each test, subject the specimen to the leach test as for LSA -III material 
(see 15.8.2).  
 
The following requirements shall be met:  
 
a)  the radiation level at a distance of 3 m from the unshiel ded radioactive material shall not 
exceed 10 mS/h;  
 
b)  diameter shall not exceed 100 A2 on completion of the enhanced thermal test and the impact test;  
 
c)  the activity in the water shall not exceed 100 A2 on completion of the leach test; and  
 
d)  the re quirements for the integrity of the containment system and shielding, and the evaluation 
of criticality safety.  
 
15.9  Transport index (TI) and criticality safety index (CSI)  
 
15.9.1  Determination of TI  
 
15.9.1.1 Determine b) the airborne release in gaseo us and particulate forms of up to 100 μm 
aerodynamic equivalent the maximum radiation level in millisieverts per hour (mSv/h) at a distance of 
one metre from the external surfaces of the package, overpack, unpackaged LSA -I, or unpackaged 
SCO -I (KS 2324 -1,2011). Multiply the value determined by 100 and round off to the first decimal place 
to find the transport index. For uranium and thorium ores and their concentrates, the maximum 
radiation level at any point from the external surfaces of the load can be tak en as:  
 
 0.4 mSv/h for ores and physical concentrates of uranium and thorium;  
 0.3 mSv/h for chemical concentrates of thorium; and  
 0.2 mSv/h for chemical concentrates of uranium, other than uranium hexafluoride  
 
NOTE  A transport index value of 0,05 or less can be considered as zero.  
 
15.9.1.2 Multiply the value obtained in 15.9.1.1 for unpackaged LSA -I and unpackaged SCO -I (KS 
2324 -1) by the appropriate factor as given in Table 14.  
Table 14 — Multiplication factors for unpackaged  
 
a Largest cross -sectional area of the load being measured.  
b The multiplication factors can also be used for tanks and freight containers.  
 
15.9.1.3 The transport index for each overpack, freight container or conveyance shall be determined 
as the sum of the TIs of all the packages contained, or by direct measurement of the radiation level.  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  171 
 However, in the case of non -rigid overpacks the transport index shall be determined only as the sum 
of the TIs of all the packages.  
 
15.9.2 Determination of CSI  
 
15.9.2.1 The CSI for packages cont aining fissile material shall be obtained by dividing the number 50 
by the smaller of the two values of "N" derived in 15.7.9.10 and 15.7.9.11 (i.e. CSI = 50/ N). The value 
of the CSI can be zero, provided that an unlimited number of packages are subcritica l. In such a case 
"N" is effectively equal to infinity in both cases.  
 
15.9.2.2 The CSI for each overpack shall be determined as the sum of the CSIs of all the packages 
contained. The same procedure shall be followed for the determination of the total sum of the CSIs in 
a consignment or aboard a conveyance.  
 
15.9.3  Limits on TI, CSI and radiation levels for packages and overpacks  
 
15.9.3.1 With the exception of consignments under exclusive use, the transport index of any package 
or overpack shall not excee d 10, nor shall the CSI of any package exceed 50.  
 
15.9.3.2 Except for packages or overpacks transported under exclusive use (see 3.1.21) by road or by 
rail, the maximum radiation level at any point on any external surface of a package or an overpack 
shall not exceed 2 mSv/h.  
 
15.9.3.3 The maximum radiation level at any point on any external surface of a package or an 
overpack under exclusive use shall not exceed 10 mSv/h.  
 
15.9.3.4 Packages and overpacks shall be assigned to category I -WHITE, II -YELLOW or III-YELLOW 
in accordance with the conditions specified in table 15 and the following requirements:  
 
a)  both the transport index and the surface radiation level conditions shall be taken into account 
in determining the appropriate category. Where the trans port index satisfies the condition of 
one category but the surface radiation level satisfies the conditions for a different category, the 
package or overpack shall be assigned to the higher category. For this purpose, category I -
WHITE shall be regarded as the lowest category;  
 
b)  if the surface radiation level is greater than 2 mS/h, the package or overpack shall be 
transported under exclusive use. Furthermore, no persons other than the driver and assistants 
shall be permitted in road vehicles transporting  packages, overpacks or freight containers 
bearing category II -YELLOW or III -YELLOW labels;  
 
c)  a package transported under special arrangement shall be assigned to category III -YELLOW, 
except when otherwise specified in the competent authority approval c ertificate of the country 
of origin of the design (see 15.22); and  
 
d)  an overpack which contains packages transported under special arrangement shall be 
assigned to category III -YELLOW except when otherwise specified in the competent authority 
approval c ertificate of the country of origin of the design.  
 
Table 15 ― Categories of packages and overpacks  
  
172 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
a A transport index of not greater than 0.05, can be quoted as zero (see also 15.8.1.1).  
b Shall be transported under exclusive use (see 15.9.3.4 b).  
 
15.10  Tests for the integrity of the containment syst em and shielding, and the 
evaluation of criticality safety  
 
After each of the applicable tests specified in 15.11 to 15.17 (inclusive)  
 
a)  identify and record the faults and damage,  
 
b)  determine whether the integrity of the containment system and shield ing has been retained to 
the extent required in 15.7 for the package under test, and  
 
c)  determine whether the assumptions and conditions used in the assessments required by 
15.7.9 for one or more packages containing fissile material are valid.  
 
15.11  Tests for ability to withstand normal conditions of transport  
 
15.11.1 General  
 
Subject a specimen of the package to the free drop test (see 15.11.3), the stacking test (see 15.11.4) 
and the penetration test (see 15.11.5). Each of these tests shall be preced ed by the water spray test. 
One specimen can be used for all the tests, provided that the time interval between tests as specified 
in 15.11.2.2 is adhered to.  
 
15.11.2 Water spray test  
 
15.11.2.1 Subject the specimen to a water spray that simulates exposur e to rainfall of approximately 5 
cm/h for at least 1 h.  
 
15.11.2.2 The time interval between the conclusion of the water spray test and the succeeding test 
(see 15.11.1) shall be such that the water has soaked in to the maximum extent, without appreciable 
drying of the exterior of the specimen. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, this interval 
shall be taken to be 2 h if the water spray is applied from four directions simultaneously. No time 
interval shall elapse, however, if the water spray is applied from each of the four directions 
consecutively.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  173 
 15.11.3 Free drop test  
 
15.11.3.1 Drop the specimen onto a rigid, flat, horizontal surface (target) so as to suffer maximum 
damage in respect of the safety features to be tested. The target shall be of such nature that any 
increase in its resistance to displacement or deformation upon impact by a specimen shall not 
significantly increase damage to the specimen.  
 
15.11.3.2 Measure the height of the drop from the lowest point of the specimen to the uppe r surface of 
the target. Drop the specimen from the distance specified in table 16 for the applicable mass. Drop the 
specimen onto the target in such a way that maximum damage is caused.  
 
15.11.3.3 For a rectangular fibreboard or wooden package of mass not  exceeding 50 kg, subject a 
separate specimen to a free drop onto each corner from a height of 0.3 m.  
 
15.11.3.4 For a cylindrical fibreboard package of mass not exceeding 100 kg, subject a separate 
specimen to a free drop test onto each of the quarters of  each rim from a height of 0.3 m.  
 
Table 16 — Free drop distance  
 
 
 
15.11.4 Stacking test  
 
15.11.4.1 Unless the shape of the packaging effectively prevents stacking, subject it for a period of 24 
h to a compressive load equal to the greater of the followi ng: 
 
a)  the equivalent of 5 times the mass of the actual package; and  
 
b)  the equivalent of 13 kPa multiplied by the vertically projected area of the package.  
 
15.11.4.2 Apply the load uniformly to two opposite sides of the specimen, one of which shall b e the  
base on which the package would typically rest.  
 
15.11.5 Penetration test  
 
15.10.5.1 Place the specimen on a rigid, flat, horizontal surface that will not move significantly while 
the test is being carried out.  
 
15.11.5.2 Drop a bar of 32 mm in diam eter with a hemispherical end and of mass 6 kg onto the 
weakest part of the specimen. The drop height shall be 1 m from the lower end of the bar to the 
intended point of impact on the upper surface of the specimen.  
  
174 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.11.5.3 Direct the bar to fall vertica lly with its longitudinal axis onto the specimen so that, if it 
penetrates sufficiently far, it will hit the containment system. The bar shall not be significantly deformed 
by the test performance.  
 
15.12  Additional tests for type A packages designed for liquids and gases  
 
15.12.1 General  
 
In addition to the requirements of in 15.7.5.2 and 15.7.5.3, a specimen, or separate specimens, of type 
A packages designed for liquids and gases shall be subjected to each of the tests given in 15.12.2 and 
15.12.3. Wher e it can be demonstrated that one test is more severe for the specimen in question than 
the other, one specimen shall be subjected to the more severe test.  
 
15.12.2 Free drop test  
 
Follow the procedure given in 15.11.3 but increase the drop height to 9 m.  
 
15.12.3 Penetration test  
 
Follow the procedure given in 15.11.5 but increase the height of drop to 1.7 m.  
 
15.13  Tests for ability to withstand accident conditions during transport  
 
15.13.1 General  
 
Subject a specimen to the cumulative effects of the mec hanical test (see 15.13.2) and the thermal test 
(see 15.13.3), in this order. Following these tests, subject the same specimen, or a separate 
specimen, to the effects of the water immersion test(s) as specified in 15.13.4 and, if applicable, to the 
enhance d water immersion test (see 15.14).  
 
15.13.2 Mechanical test  
 
Subject a specimen to the drop tests specified in 15.7.6.7, 15.7.6.8 or 15.7.9.11(b), as applicable. 
Subsequently, subject the specimen to the following drop tests in such an order that, on comp letion of 
the mechanical test, the specimen has suffered such damage as will lead to maximum damage in the 
thermal test:  
 
a)  Drop I  
 
Follow the procedure given in 15.11.3 but increase the drop height to 9 m.  
 
b)  Drop II  
 
1)  Mount a solid mild steel bar of circular section, 15,0 cm ± 0,5 cm cm in diameter and 
of length 20 cm, perpendicularly on a target (see 15.11.3.1). The upper end of the bar 
shall be flat and horizontal with its edge rounded off to a radius of not more than 6 
mm. If a longer bar would cause greater damage to the specimen, such a bar with 
sufficient length to cause maximum damage shall be used.  
 
2)  Drop the specimen from a height of 1 m measured from the intended point of impact 
of the specimen to the upper surface of the bar. Drop the specimen in such a way that 
maximum damage is caused.  
 
c)  Drop III   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  175 
  
Position the specimen on a target (see 15.11.3.1). Drop a solid mild steel plate of dimensions 1 m × 1 
m and of mass 500 kg horizontally from a height of 9 m onto the specimen. Measure th e height of the 
drop from the underside of the plate to the highest point of the specimen. Drop the plate in such a way 
that maximum damage is caused to the specimen.  
15.13.3 Thermal test  
 
15.13.3.1 The specimen shall be in thermal equilibrium under condit ions of an ambient temperature of 
38 °C, subject to the solar insulation conditions specified in table 12 and to the design maximum rate 
of internal heat generation within the package from the radioactive contents. Alternatively, any of these 
parameters ar e allowed to have different values before and during the test, provided that due account 
is taken of such values in the subsequent assessment of package response.  
 
15.13.3.2 Expose a specimen  
 
a)  for a period of 30 min to a thermal environment, which prov ides a heat flux at least equivalent 
to that of a hydrocarbon fuel/air fire in sufficiently quiescent (motionless) ambient conditions to 
give a minimum average flame emissivity coefficient of 0,9 and an average temperature of at 
least 800 °C. The specimen shall be fully engulfed, with a surface absorptivity coefficient of 
0,8 or that value which the package has demonstrated to possess if exposed to the fire, and 
subsequently  
 
b)  to an ambient temperature of 38 °C for a sufficient period of time to ensure t hat temperatures 
in the specimen are decreasing or approaching (or both) initial steady state conditions. This is 
subject to the solar insolation conditions specified in table 12 and the design maximum rate of 
internal heat generation within the package by  the radioactive contents. Alternatively, any of 
these parameters are allowed to have different values following cessation of heating, provided 
that due account is taken of such values in the subsequent assessment of package response.  
 
15.13.3.3 During, an d following the test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any 
combustion of materials of the specimen shall be permitted to proceed naturally.  
 
15.13.4 Water immersion test  
 
Immerse the specimen under a head of water of at least 15 m for a pe riod of not less than 8 h. Place 
the specimen in such a position that will lead to maximum damage. An external gauge pressure of at 
least 150 kPa shall be considered to meet these conditions.  
 
15.14  Enhanced water immersion test for type B(U) and type B(M ) packages 
containing more than 105 A2, and type C packages  
 
Immerse the specimen under a head of water of at least 200 m for a period of not less than 1 h.  
Place the specimen in such a position that will lead to maximum damage. An external gauge  
pressure of at least 2 MPa could be considered to meet these conditions.  
 
15.15  Water leakage test for packages designed to contain fissile material  
 
15.15.1 Applicability  
 
The water leakage test is not applicable to packages containing fissile material for which water in 
leakage or out -leakage to the extent which results in greatest reactivity has been assumed for 
purposes of assessment when tested in accordance with 15.7.9.7 to 15.7.9.11 (inclusive).  
 
15.15.2 Procedure   
176 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
15.15.2.1 Subject a specimen to the drop te st given in 15.13.2 b), and either the drop test given in 
15.12.2 a) or 15.12.2 c), and the thermal test specified in 15.13.3 before carrying out the water 
leakage test.  
 
15.14.2.2 Subsequently, immerse the specimen under a head of water of at least 0,9 m for a period of 
not less than eight hours. Place the specimen in such a position that will lead to maximum leakage.  
 
15.16  Tests for type C packages  
 
15.16.1 Sequence of testing  
 
Subject a specimen to each of the following tests in the order specified:  
 
a)  the drop tests given in 15.13.2(a) and 15.13.2(c), the puncture/tearing test given in 15.16.2, 
the enhanced thermal test given in 15.16.3; and  
 
b)  the impact test given in 15.16.4.  
 
NOTE  Separate specimens are allowed to be used for each of the sequen ces a) and b).  
 
15.16.2 Puncture/tearing test  
 
15.16.2.1 General  
 
Subject a specimen to the damaging effects of a solid mild steel probe in accordance with the 
procedures given in 15.16.2.2 or 15.16.2.3, as applicable. Orientate the probe to the surface of  the 
specimen in such a way that maximum damage is caused to the specimen at the conclusion of the 
test sequence specified in 15.16.1 a).  
 
15.16.2.2 Packages of mass less than 250 kg  
 
15.16.2.2.1 Place a specimen, representing a package of mass less than 2 50 kg, on a rigid, flat, 
horizontal surface (target).  
 
15.16.2.2.2 Orientate and drop a solid mild steel probe on the specimen from a height of 3 m above 
the intended point of impact in such a way that maximum damage be caused at the end of the test 
sequen ce given in 15.16.1. The probe shall be a cylindrical bar of mass 250 kg and a diameter of 200 
mm. The striking end of the probe shall form a frustum of a right circular cone of height 300 mm and 
diameter of 25 mm at the top. The edge shall be rounded off to a radius of not more than 6 mm.  
 
15.16.2.3 Packages of mass 250 kg or more  
 
15.16.2.3.1 Place the base of a probe on a rigid, flat, horizontal surface (target). The probe shall have 
the properties and dimensions as specified in 15.16.2.2.2, except that the length and mass of the 
probe shall be such as to incur maximum damage to the specimen.  
 
15.16.2.3.2 Drop the specimen, representing a package of mass 250 kg or more, on the probe from a 
height of 3 m, measured from the point of impact with the specimen  to the upper surface of the probe.  
 
15.16.3 Enhanced thermal test  
 
Follow the procedure given in 15.13.3 but change the time of exposure to the thermal environment to 
a period of 60 min.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  177 
 15.16.4 Impact test  
 
Subject a specimen to an impact on a rigid, fl at surface (target) at a velocity of not less than 90 m/s, 
and at such an orientation as to suffer maximum damage. The target surface can be at any orientation 
as long as the surface is normal to the specimen path.  
 
15.17  Tests for packaging designed to c ontain uranium hexafluoride  
 
Apply an internal hydraulic pressure of at least 1.4 MPa to a specimen that comprises, or simulates, 
packaging designed to contain at least 0.1 kg of uranium hexafluoride. When the test pressure is less 
than 2.8 MPa, the design  of the packaging shall require multilateral approval. Any other equivalent 
non-destructive test method can be applied for retesting subject to multilateral approval.  
 
15.18  Application for approval of package design and package material  
 
15.18.1 Packages  containing 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride  
15.18.1.1 Each design for packages containing 0,1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride and that meets  
 
a)  the requirements of 15.7.4.4 shall require multilateral approval after 31 December 2000, and  
 
b)  the requirements of 15.7.4.1 to 15.7.4.3 shall require unilateral approval by the competent 
authority of the country of origin of the design after 31 December 2003.  
 
15.18.1.2 An application for approval of the design for a package containing 0.1 kg or more of uranium 
hexafluoride shall include  
 
a)  all information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the design meets the 
applicable requirements of 15.7.4.1; and  
 
b)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programmes implemented for t he design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package.  
 
15.18.2 Type B(U) and type C packages  
 
15.18.2.1 Each type B(U) and type C package design shall require unilateral approval by the 
competent authority of the origin of the design, except  that: 
 
a)  a package design for fissile material, which has also subject to 15.18.4, shall require 
multilateral approval; and  
 
b)  a type B(U) package design for low dispersible radioactive material shall require multilateral 
approval.  
 
15.18.2.2 An appli cation for approval of a type B(U) and a type C package design shall include the 
following:  
 
a)  a detailed description of the proposed radioactive contents with reference to their physical 
and chemical states and the nature of the radiation emitted;  
 
b)  a detailed statement of the design, including complete engineering drawings and schedules of 
materials and methods of manufacture;  
 
c)  a statement of the tests which have been done and their results, or evidence based on 
calculation methods, or other evid ence that the design meets the applicable requirements;   
178 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
d)  the proposed operating and maintenance instructions for the use of the packaging;  
 
e)  a specification of the materials of manufacture of the containment system, the samples to be 
taken, and the tests to be made if the package is designed to have a maximum normal 
operating pressure in excess of 100 kPa gauge;  
 
f)  a statement and a justification of any assumption in the safety analysis relating to the 
characteristics of the fuel where the proposed  radioactive contents are irradiated fuel, and a 
description of any pre -shipment measurement as required by 15.7.9.4(b);  
 
g)  any special transport provisions necessary to ensure the safe dissipation of heat from the 
package considering the various modes o f transport to be used, and type of conveyance or 
freight container;  
 
h)  a reproducible illustration, not larger than 210 mm x 300 mm, showing the make -up of the 
package; and  
 
i)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programmes implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package.  
 
15.18.3 Type B(M) packages  
15.18.3.1 Each type B(M) package design, including those for fissile material which are also subject to 
15.18.4 and those for low dispersible radioactive material, shall require multilateral approval.  
 
15.18.3.2 In addition to the general information required for approval of a type B(U) package (see 
15.18.2.2), an application for approval of a type B(M) package design, shall include the following:  
 
a)  a list of the requirements specified in 15.7.5.1.5, 15.7.6.2 and 15.7.6.10 to 15.7.6.17 
(inclusive) with which the package does not conform;  
 
b)  any proposed supplementary operational controls to be applied during transport not regularly 
provided for in this standard, but which are necessary to ensure the safety of the package or 
to compensate for the deficiencies listed in a) above;  
 
c)  a statement relative to any restrictions on the mode of transport and to any special loading, 
carriage, unloading or handli ng procedures; and  
 
d)  the range of ambient conditions (temperature, solar radiation) which are expected to be 
encountered during transport and which have been taken into account in the design.  
 
15.18.4 Fissile material  
 
15.18.4.1 Each package design for fissile material that is not excepted from the requirements 
specifically applicable to packages containing fissile material (see 15.7.9.2), shall require multilateral 
approval.  
 
15.18.4.2 An application for approval of the design of a package for fissile m aterial shall include the 
following:  
 
a)  all information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the design meets the 
applicable requirements of 15.7.9.1; and  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  179 
 b)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programmes implemented for th e design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package.  
 
15.18.5 Special form radioactive material  
 
15.18.5.1 The package design for special form radioactive material shall require unilateral approval.  
 
15.18.5.2 An application for approval of design for special form radioactive material shall include the 
following:  
 
a)  a detailed description of the radioactive material. If the material is a capsule, a detailed 
description of the contents shall be given. Particular reference to both the physica l and 
chemical states of the radioactive material shall be given;  
 
b)  a detailed statement of the design of any capsule to be used;  
 
c)  a test report, or evidence based on calculations to show that the radioactive material is 
capable of meeting the perfo rmance standards, or other evidence that the special form 
radioactive material meets the applicable requirements of this standard;  
 
d)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programmes implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, use and  maintenance of the package; and  
 
e)  any proposed pre -shipment actions for use in the consignment of special form radioactive 
material.  
 
15.18.6 Low dispersible radioactive material  
 
15.18.6.1 The package design for low dispersible radioactive material sh all require multilateral 
approval.  
 
15.18.6.2 An application for package design approval for low dispersible radioactive material shall 
comply with the requirements of 15.18.5.2 a) to d) (inclusive).  
 
15.19  Application and approval for the transport of ra dioactive material  
 
15.19.1 An application for the transport of radioactive shall include the following:  
 
a)  the period of time, related to the shipment, for which the approval is required;  
 
b)  the actual radioactive contents, the expected modes of trans port, the type of conveyance, and 
the probable or proposed route; and  
 
c)  the details of how the precautions and administrative or operational controls, referred to in the 
package design approval certificates by the competent authority (see 15.22), are to  be put into 
effect.  
 
15.19.2 An application for approval of a shipment under special arrangement shall include all the 
information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the overall level of safety in transport is 
at least equivalent to that wh ich would be provided if all the applicable requirements of this standard 
had been met. The application shall also include a statement of:  
 
a)  the respects in which, and the reasons why, the consignment cannot comply fully with the 
applicable requirements  of this standard; and   
180 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
b)  any special precautions, or special administrative or operational controls which are to be 
employed during transport to compensate for the failure of meeting the applicable 
requirements of this standard.  
 
15.20  Shipment approva l identification marking for radioactive material  
 
15.20.1 General  
 
15.20.1.1 Each approval certificate (see 15.22) issued by a competent authority shall be assigned an 
identification mark. The mark shall consist of:  
 
a)  the international vehicle registra tion identification (VRI) code of the country issuing the certificate;  
 
b)  a design number, for example "132", that is unique and specific with regard to the particular 
design or shipment. The shipment approval identification mark shall be clearly related  to the 
design approval identification mark; and  
 
c)  the applicable type code (see 15.20.1.2).  
 
15.20.1.2 The following type codes indicate the type of approval certificate issued:  
 
AF Type A package design for fissile material  
B(U) Type B(U) package desi gn (B(U)F if for fissile material)  
B(M) Type B(M) package design (B(M)F if for fissile material)  
C Type C package design (CF if for fissile material)  
IF Industrial package design for fissile material  
S Special form radioactive material  
LD Low dispersible r adioactive material  
T Shipment  
X Special arrangement  
 
15.20.1.3 In the case of package designs for non -fissile or fissile excepted uranium hexafluoride, 
where none of the codes given in 15.20.1.2 apply, the following type codes shall be used:  
 
H(U) Unilate ral approval  
 
H(M) Multilateral approval  
 
15.20.1.4 The symbol " –96" shall be added to the type code for package design and special form 
radioactive material approval certificates and for low dispersible radioactive material approval 
certificates, with the  exception of those certificates issued under the transitional packaging provisions 
given in 15.23.2 and 15.23.3.  
 
15.20.2 Marking  
 
15.20.2.1 Each approval certificate and each package for radioactive material of class 7 shall bear the 
appropriate identifi cation mark as prescribed in 15.20.1. However, the type codes "T" or "X" shall not 
appear in the identification marking on the package. Where the design approval and shipment 
approval are combined, the applicable type codes need not to be repeated.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  181 
  
15.20. 2.2 Where multilateral approval is effected by validation according to 15.22.6.2, only the 
identification mark issued by the country of origin of the design or shipment shall be used. For 
multilateral approval where certificates by successive countries are  issued, each certificate shall bear 
the appropriate identification mark. A package so approved shall bear all the appropriate identification 
marks, for example, a package originally approved by Kenya and subsequently approved, by separate 
certificate, by Kenya shall bear the marks  
 
 
a)  KE/132/B(M)F -96, and  
 
b)  CH/28/B(M)F -97. 
 
NOTE  Additional marks should be tabulated in a similar manner on the package.  
 
15.20.2.3 The revision of a certificate shall be indicated in brackets after the identification mark  on the 
certificate. For example, KE/132/B(M)F (Rev. 2) indicates revision 2 of the Kenya package design 
approval certificate. The words "(Rev. 0)" for an original issue of an approval certificate are optional 
and words such as "original issue" can also be  used. Only the country that issued the original approval 
certificate can issue a revision number.  
 
15.20.2.4 The identification mark on packaging need not be altered each time that the design 
certificate is revised. Re -marking of a package is required onl y in those cases where revision to the 
package design certificate involves a change in the letter type code for the package design after the 
second stroke.  
 
15.20.3 Special marking provisions for radioactive material  
 
15.20.3.1 Each package shall be legibl y and durably marked on the outside of the packaging with an 
identification of either the consignor or the consignee, or both.  
 
15.20.3.2 Each package, other than excepted packages, shall be legibly and durably marked on the 
outside with the United Nations  number preceded by the letters “UN” and the proper shipping name. In 
the case of excepted packages only the United Nations number, preceded by the letters “UN”, is 
required.  
 
15.20.3.3 Each package of gross mass exceeding 50 kg shall have its permissible gross mass legibly 
and durably marked on the outside of the packaging.  
 
15.20.3.4 Each package that conforms to a type IP -1 package, a type IP -2 package, a type IP -3 
package or a type A package design shall be legibly and durably marked on the outside of t he 
packaging with:  
 
a)  “TYPE IP -1”, “TYPE IP -2”, “TYPE IP -3” or “TYPE A”, as appropriate;  
 
b)  the international vehicle registration code (VRI code) of the country of origin of the design;  
c)  the name of the manufacturer(s); and  
 
d)  other identificatio n of the packaging specified by the competent authority.  
 
15.20.3.5 Where LSA -I or SCO -I material is contained in receptacles or wrapping materials and is 
transported under exclusive use, the outer surface of these receptacles or wrapping material may bear  
the marking “RADIOACTIVE LSA -I” or “RADIOACTIVE SCO -I”, as appropriate.  
  
182 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.20.3.6 The outermost receptacle of the packaging that is resistant to the effects of fire and water 
and that conforms to a type B(U), a type B(M) or a type C package design shall be marked with the 
trefoil symbol (see Figure 1) by embossing, stamping or other means resistant to the effects of fire and 
water. The proportions of the basic trefoil symbol shall be based on a central circle of radius  “X”. The 
minimum allowable size of “X” is 4 mm.  
 
 
 
 
15.21  Special provisions for the labelling of radioactive material of class 7  
 
15.21.1 In addition to the labelling provisions given in 16.3, each package, overpack and freight 
container that contain radioactive material of category I, I I or III shall bear the applicable label on two 
opposite sides on the outside of the package or on all four sides of the freight container. Each 
overpack shall bear at least two labels on opposite outside sides.  
 
15.21.2 Each package, overpack and freight container that contain fissile material, other than fissile 
material excepted under 15.7.9.2, shall bear the class 7 fissile material label (see table 19). Such a 
label, where applicable, shall be displayed adjacent to other radioactive labels.  
 
15.21.3 The marking specified in 16.2.1 is not applicable to the labels of radioactive material. Labels 
that do not relate to the contents shall be removed or covered.  
 
15.21.4 A label for radioactive material of category I, II or III shall be completed with the fol lowing 
formation:  
 
a)  contents : the name of the radionuclide, except for LSA -I material, as listed in KS 2324 
together with the applicable  chemical symbol. For mixtures of radionuclides, the most 
restrictive nuclides shall be given to the extent that the space on the label permits. The group  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  183 
 of LSA or SCO shall be shown following the name(s) of the radionuclide(s). The terms LSA -II, 
LSA-III, SCO -I and SCO -II shall be used for this purpose. In the case of LSA -I material, the 
name of the radionuclide is not necessary; only the term “LSA -I” shall be used;  
 
b)  activity : the maximum activity of the radioactive contents during transport, expressed in units 
of becquerels (Bq). For fissile material, the mass of the fissile material in units of grams (g), or 
multip les thereof can be used instead of activity; and  
 
c)  transport index : see 15.9.1. No TI is required for radioactive material of category I -WHITE.  
 
15.21.5 For an overpack or a freight container the “contents” and “activity” entries on the label shall 
bear the information required in 15.21.4 a) and b) respectively, totalled together for the entire contents. 
However, such entries on the label of an overpack or a freight container can read “See Transport 
Documents” in the case of a mixed load comprising diffe rent radionuclides.  
 
15.21.6 A label for fissile material shall show the CSI (see 15.9.2) as stated in the certificate of 
approval for special arrangement, or in the certificate of approval for the package design issued by the 
competent authority.  
 
15.21.7  The CSI shown on the label of an overpack or a freight container shall bear the information 
required in 15.21.6 totalled together for the fissile contents.  
 
15.22  Approval certificates issued by the competent authority  
 
15.22.1 General  
 
15.22.1.1 Approva l certificates issued by the competent authority are required for:  
 
a)  the package designs for  
 
1)  special form radioactive material,  
 
2)  low dispersible radioactive material,  
 
3)  packages containing 0,1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride,  
 
4)  all pac kages containing fissile material unless excepted by 15.7.9.2,  
 
5)  type B(U) packages and type B(M) packages, and  
 
6)  type C packages;  
 
b)  special arrangements; and  
 
c)  certain shipments (see 15.23.2.1).  
 
15.22.1.2 The package design and shipment appro val certificates can be combined into a single 
certificate.  
 
15.22.1.3 The consignor shall be in possession of a copy of each applicable certificate. The consignor 
shall also have a copy of any instructions with regard to the proper closing of the package and any 
preparation for shipment before making any shipment under the terms of the certificates.  
  
184 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.22.1.4 In cases where a certificate by the competent authority is not required for package design, 
the consignor shall, on request, make available for insp ection by the relevant competent authority, 
documentary evidence of compliance of the package design with all the applicable requirements.  
 
15.22.2 Approval certificates for special form radioactive material and low dispersible 
radioactive material  
 
Each a pproval certificate issued by a competent authority for special form radioactive material and low 
dispersible radioactive material shall include the following information:  
 
a)  type of certificate;  
 
b)  the competent authority identification mark;  
 
c)  the date of issue and the expiry date;  
 
d)  list of the applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA's 
Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material under which the special arrangement 
is approved;  
 
e)  the identification of the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material;  
 
f)  a description of the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material;  
 
g)  packaging design specifications for the special form  radioactive material or low dispersible 
radioactive material which may include references to drawings;  
 
h)  a specification of the radioactive contents which may include the activities involved and the 
physical and chemical form;  
 
i)  a specification of t he applicable quality assurance programmes implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package;  
 
j)  reference to information provided by the applicant relating to specific actions to be taken 
before transport;  
 
k)  referen ce to the identity of the applicant if deemed appropriate by the competent authority; and  
 
l)  the signature and identification of the certifying official.  
 
15.22.3 Approval certificates for a special arrangement  
 
Each approval certificate issued by a comp etent authority for a special arrangement shall include the 
following information:  
 
a)  the type of certificate;  
 
b)  the competent authority identification mark;  
 
c)  the date of issue and the expiry date;  
 
d)  the mode(s) of transport;  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  185 
 e)  any restricti ons on the mode of transport, type of conveyance, freight container, and any 
necessary routeing instructions;  
 
f)  a list of the applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA's 
Regulations for the safe transport of ra dioactive material under which the special arrangement 
is approved;  
 
g)  the following statement: "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from compliance with 
any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package will be 
transported";  
 
h)  reference to certificates for alternative radioactive contents, other competent authority 
validation, or additional technical data or information, as deemed appropriate by the 
competent authority;  
 
i)  the specification of the design and an illustration of the make -up of the packaging shall be 
provided. The illustration shall be of dimensions not larger than 21 cm x 30 cm and shall be 
accompanied by a brief description of the packaging, including materials of manufacture, 
gross mass, g eneral outside dimensions and appearance;  
 
j)  a specification of the authorized radioactive contents, indicating any restrictions which might 
not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. The specification shall include the physical 
and chemical form o f the radioactive material intended to be transported in the package, the 
activities involved (including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in gram 
(for fissile material), and whether the contents are special form radioactive material or low 
dispersible radioactive material, if applicable;  
 
k)  additionally, for packages containing fissile material  
 
1)  a detailed description of the authorized radioactive contents,  
 
2)  the value of the CSI,  
 
3)  reference to the documentation that demo nstrates the criticality safety of the contents,  
 
4)  any special features, on the basis of which the absence of water from certain void 
spaces has been assumed in the criticality assessment,  
 
5)  any allowance (based on 15.7.9.4(b)) for a change in neutro n multiplication assumed 
in the criticality assessment as a result of actual irradiation experience, and  
 
6)  the ambient temperature range for which the special arrangement has been approved;  
 
l)  a detailed listing of any supplementary operational contro ls required for preparation, loading, 
carriage, unloading and handling of the consignment, including any special stowage 
provisions for the safe dissipation of heat;  
 
m)  reasons for the special arrangement if so required by the competent authority;  
 
n)  a description of the compensatory measures to be applied as a result of the shipment being 
under special arrangement;  
 
o)  reference to information provided by the applicant relating to the use of the packaging or 
specific actions to be taken before shipmen t;  
186 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
p)  a statement regarding the ambient conditions assumed for purposes of design if these are not 
in accordance with those specified in 15.7.6.3 and 15.7.6.15, as applicable;  
 
q)  any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority;  
 
r)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programme implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package;  
 
s)  the identity of the applicant and the transport company if required by the competent authority; and  
 
t)  the signature and identification of the certifying official.  
 
15.22.4 Approval certificates for a shipment  
 
Each approval certificate for a shipment issued by a competent authority shall include the following 
information:  
a) the type of certificate;  
 
b)  the competent authority identification mark(s);  
 
c)  the date of issue and the expiry date;  
 
d)  a list of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA's 
Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive materia l under which the shipment is 
approved;  
 
e)  any restrictions on the modes of transport, type of conveyance, freight container, and any 
 necessary routeing instructions;  
 
f)  the following statement: "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from co mpliance with 
any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package will be 
transported";  
 
g)  a detailed listing of any supplementary operational controls required for preparation, loading, 
transport, unloading and handling of  the consignment, including any special stowage 
provisions for the safe dissipation of heat or maintenance of criticality safety;  
 
h)  reference to information provided by the applicant relating to specific actions to be taken prior 
to shipment;  
 
i)  reference to the applicable design approval certificate(s);  
 
j)  a specification of the actual radioactive contents, indicating any restrictions on the radioactive 
contents which might not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. The specification shall 
include the physical and chemical form of the radioactive material, the total activities involved 
(including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in gram (for fissile 
material),and whether the contents are a special form radioactive materia l or a low dispersible 
radioactive material, if applicable;  
 
k)  any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority;  
 
l)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programme implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, us e and maintenance of the package;   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  187 
  
m)  the identity of the applicant and the transport company if required by the competent authority;and  
 
n)  the signature and identification of the certifying official.  
 
15.22.5 Approval certificates for package design  
 
Each approval certificate for the design of a package issued by a competent authority shall include the 
following information:  
 
a)  the type of certificate;  
 
b)  the competent authority identification mark(s);  
 
c)  the date of issue and the expiry date;  
 
d)  a list of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA's 
Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material under which the shipment is 
approved;  
 
e)  any restrictions on the modes of transport, type of con veyance, freight container, and any 
 necessary routeing instructions;  
 
f)  the following statement: "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from compliance with 
any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package wil l be 
transported";  
 
g)  references to certificates for alternative radioactive contents, other competent authority 
validation, or additional technical data or information, as deemed appropriate by the 
competent authority;  
 
h)  a statement authorizing shipm ent where shipment approval is required (see 15.25.2);  
 
i)  identification of the packaging;  
 
j)  a description of the design of the packaging or a drawing of the make -up of the packaging 
shall be provided. The drawing shall be of dimensions not larger tha n 21 cm x 30 cm and shall 
be accompanied by a brief description of the packaging, including materials of manufacture, 
gross mass, general outside dimensions and appearance;  
 
k)  a specification of the authorized radioactive contents, indicating any restric tions on the 
radioactive contents which might not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. The 
specification shall include the physical and chemical form of the radioactive material, the 
activities involved (including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in gram 
(for fissile material), and whether the contents are special form radioactive material or low 
dispersible radioactive material, if applicable;  
 
l)  additionally, for packages containing fissile material  
 
1)  a detailed descrip tion of the authorized radioactive contents,  
 
2)  the value of the CSI,  
 
3)  reference to the documentation that demonstrates the criticality safety of the contents,   
188 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
4)  any special features, on the basis of which the absence of water from certain void 
spaces has been assumed in the criticality assessment,  
 
5)  any allowance (based on 15.7.9.4(b)) for a change in neutron multiplication assumed 
in the criticality assessment as a result of actual irradiation experience, and  
 
6)  the ambient temperature range  for which the special arrangement has been approved; 
m) for type B(M) packages, a statement specifying the requirements of 15.7.5.1.5, 
15.7.6.2 and 15.7.6.10 to 15.7.6.17 (inclusive) with which the package does not 
conform and any other information that c an be useful to other competent authorities;  
 
n)  a detailed list of any supplementary operational controls required for preparation, 
loading,transport, unloading and handling of the consignment, including any special stowage 
provisions for the safe dissip ation of heat;  
 
o)  reference to information provided by the applicant relating to the use of the packaging or 
specific actions to be taken before shipment;  
 
p)  a statement regarding the ambient conditions assumed for purposes of design if the conditions 
 are not in accordance with those specified in 15.7.6.2 and 15.7.6.17;  
 
q)  a specification of the applicable quality assurance programme implemented for the design, 
manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the package;  
 
r)  any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority;  
 
s)  the identity of the applicant if so required by the competent authority; and  
 
t)  the signature and identification of the certifying official.  
 
15.22.6 Register of design approvals  
 
15.22.6.1 The competent authority shall be informed of the serial number of each packaging 
manufactured to a design approved by them. The competent authority shall maintain a register of such 
serial numbers.  
 
15.22.6.2 Multilateral approval can be obtained by means of validation of the original certificate issued 
by the competent authority of the country of origin of the design or shipment. Such validation can take 
the form of an endorsement on the original certificate or the issue of a separate endorsement, annex, 
supplement, etc ., by the competent authority of the country through, or into which the shipment is 
made.  
 
15.23  Transitional measures for the packaging of radioactive material  
 
15.23.1 Packages not requiring competent authority approval of design under the 1985 (as 
amen ded 1990) editions of the IAEA's Safety series No. 6  
 
15.23.1.1 An excepted package of type IP -1, type IP -2 and type IP -3, and a type A package not 
requiring competent authority approval of design under the 1985 (as amended 1990) editions of the 
IAEA's Safety series No. 6 can continue to be used subject to:  
 
a)  compliance with mandatory quality assurance programmes for the design, manufacture, 
testing, use and maintenance of the package; and   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  189 
  
b)  the activity limits and material restriction as required in 15.5.  
 
15.23.1.2 Modified packaging, unless to improve safety, or manufactured after 31 December 2003, 
shall meet the requirements of this standard. Packages prepared for transport not later than 31 
December 2003 under the 1985 (as amended 1990) editions o f the IAEA's Safety series No. 6  can 
continue in transport. Packages prepared for transport after this date shall meet the requirements of 
this standard.  
 
15.23.2 Packages approved under the 1973 (as amended), 1985 (as amended 1990) editions of 
the IAEA's Safety series No. 6  
 
15.23.2.1 Packaging manufactured to a package design approved by the competent authority under 
the provisions of the 1973 (as amended) editions of the IAEA's Safety series No. 6 , can continue to be 
used, subject to:  
 
a)  multilateral a pproval of the package design;  
 
b)  compliance with mandatory quality assurance programmes for the design, manufacture, 
testing, use and maintenance of a package; and  
 
c)  the activity limits and material restriction as required by 15.5.  
 
15.23.2.2 Changes  to the design of packaging or in the nature or quantity of the authorized radioactive 
contents which, as determined by the competent authority, would significantly affect safety, shall 
require re -compliance with the requirements of this standard. A serial  number shall be assigned and 
the outside of each packaging marked in accordance with 15.20.3.4.  
 
15.23.2.3 Packaging manufactured to a package design approved by the competent authority under 
the provisions of the 1985 or 1985 (as amended 1990) Editions o f the IAEA's Safety series  No. 6 can 
continue to be used until 31 December 2003, subject to:  
 
a)  compliance with mandatory quality assurance programmes for the design, manufacture, 
testing, use and maintenance of a package; and  
 
b)  the activity limits an d material restriction as required by 15.4. Such packaging can continue to 
be used after 31 December 2003 subject to multilateral competent approval of the package 
design. Changes to the design of packaging or in the nature or quantity of the authorized 
radioactive contents, which, as determined by the competent authority, would significantly 
affect safety, shall require that the provisions of this standard be met in full.  
 
15.23.2.4 Packaging for which manufacture begins after 31 December 2006 shall meet t he 
requirements of this standard.  
 
15.23.3 Special form radioactive material approved under the 1973 (as amended) and 1985 (as 
amended 1990) editions of the IAEA's Safety series No. 6  
 
15.23.3.1 Special form radioactive material manufactured to a design wh ich had received unilateral 
approval by the competent authority under the 1973 (as amended) and the 1985 (as amended 1990) 
editions of the IAEA's Safety series No. 6 can continue to be used when in compliance with mandatory 
quality assurance programmes for  the design, manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of a 
package.  
  
190 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 15.23.3.2 A special form radioactive material manufactured after 31 December 2003 shall meet the 
requirements of this standard.  
 
15.24  Consignment procedures  
 
15.24.1 Procedures before shipment  
 
15.24.1.1 Before the first shipment of any package, the following requirements shall be fulfilled:  
 
a)  if the design pressure of the containment system exceeds 35 kPa (gauge), it shall be ensured 
that the containment system of each package confo rms to the approved design requirements 
relating to the capability of that system to maintain its integrity under that pressure;  
 
b)  for each type B(U), type B(M) and type C package and for each package containing fissile 
material, it shall be ensured tha t the effectiveness of its shielding and containment and, where 
necessary, the heat transfer characteristics and the effectiveness of the confinement system, 
are within the limits applicable to, or specified for the approved design; and  
 
c)  for packages t hat contain fissile material, where, in order to comply with the requirements of 
15.7.9.1, neutron poisons are specifically included as components of the package, checks 
shall be performed to confirm the presence and distribution of those neutron poisons.  
 
15.24.1.2 Before the shipment of any package it shall be ensured that:  
 
a)  all the requirements specified in the relevant provisions of this standard have been satisfied;  
 
b)  the lifting attachments that do not meet the requirements of 15.7.1.2 have bee n removed or 
otherwise rendered incapable of being used for lifting the package in accordance with 
15.7.1.3;  
 
c)  each type B(U), type B(M) and type C package, and each package containing fissile material 
have met all the requirements specified in the appr oval certificates (see 15.22);  
 
d)  each type B(U), type B(M) and type C package has approached equilibrium conditions closely 
enough to demonstrate compliance with the requirements for temperature and pressure, 
unless an exemption from these requirements has received unilateral approval;  
 
e)  for each type B(U), type B(M) and type C package, all closures, valves and other openings of 
the containment system through which the radioactive contents might escape, are properly 
closed and, where appropriate, seal ed in accordance with the requirements of 15.7.6.5 to 
15.7.6.9 and 15.7.6.12;  
 
NOTE  The above can be ascertained by inspection or testing (or both).  
 
f)  each special form radioactive material has satisfied all the requirements specified in the 
approval c ertificate (see 15.22.2) and the relevant provisions of this standard;  
 
g)  for each package containing fissile material, the measurement specified in 15.7.9.4(b) and the 
tests to demonstrate closure of a package as specified in 15.7.9.7 have been performe d 
where applicable; and  
 
h)  each low dispersible radioactive material, has satisfied all the requirements specified in the 
approval certificate (see 15.22.2) and the relevant provisions of this standard.  
 
15.24.2 Shipment approval and notification   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  191 
  
15.24. 2.1 Shipment approval  
 
15.24.2.1.1 In addition to the approval for package design (see 15.7), multilateral shipment approval is 
also required for:  
 
a)  type B(M) packages not complying with the requirements of 15.7.5.1.5 or designed to allow 
intermittent v enting;  
 
b)  type B(M) packages containing radioactive material with an activity greater than 3 000 A1 or 3 
000 A2 , as appropriate, or 1 000 TBq, whichever is the lower; and  
 
c)  packages containing fissile material if the sum of the CSIs of the packages exceeds 50.  
 
NOTE  A competent authority can authorize transport into, or through, its country without shipment approval by making 
specific provision in its design approval.  
 
15.24.2.1.2 The competent authority can approve the shipment of a single or a pla nned series of 
multiple consignment(s) of radioactive material under special arrangement if the radioactive material 
does not satisfy all of the applicable requirements of this standard and provided that:  
 
a)  the competent authority is satisfied that conf ormity with the class 7 provisions of this standard 
is impracticable;  
 
b)  the requisite standard of safety established by this standard has been demonstrated through 
alternative means;  
 
c)  the overall level of safety in transport is at least equivalent t o that which would be provided if 
all the applicable requirements had been met; and  
 
d)  multilateral approval has been obtained for the international transport of a consignment.  
 
15.24.2.2 Notification  
 
15.24.2.2.1 Before the first shipment of any package  requiring competent authority approval, the 
consignor shall ensure that copies of each applicable competent authority certificate applying to that 
package design have been submitted to the competent authority of each country through, or into 
which, the co nsignment is to be transported. The notification shall reach each competent authority 
before commencement of the shipment, and preferably at least 7 d in advance. It is not required that 
the consignor await an acknowledgment from the competent authority, n or is the competent authority 
required to make such acknowledgment of receipt of the certificate.  
 
15.24.2.2.2 Notification is required for each of the following types of shipment:  
 
a)  type B(U) and type C packages containing radioactive material with an activity greater than 3 
000 A1 or 3 000 A2, as appropriate, or 1 000 TBq, whichever is the lower;  
 
b)  type B(M) packages; and  
 
c)  shipments under special arrangement.  
 
15.24.2.2.3 The consignor is not required to send a separate notification if the requi red information 
has been included in the application for shipment approval.  
 
15.24.2.2.4 The consignment notification shall include the following:   
192 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
a)  sufficient information to enable the identification of the package or packages, including all 
applicable  certificate numbers and identification marks;  
 
b)  the date of shipment, the expected date of arrival and the proposed routeing;  
 
c)  the name(s) of the radioactive material or nuclides;  
 
d)  descriptions of the physical and chemical forms of the radioact ive material, whether it is a 
special form radioactive material or a low dispersible radioactive material; and  
 
e)  the maximum activity of the radioactive contents during transport, expressed in units of 
becquerel (Bq). For fissile material, the mass of f issile material in units of gram (g), or 
multiples thereof, may be used in place of activity.  
 
16  Marking and labelling for transport  
 
16.1  General  
 
16.1.1 Hazard labels shall be in the form of a square, set at an angle of 45° (diamond -shaped), and 
with minimum dimensions as given in table 19. Labels shall have a line 5 mm inside the edge of the 
label and running parallel with it in the case of a label of dimensions of 100 mm2. For labels of other 
sizes, the distance of the line from the edge shall be red uced or increased in proportion to the size of 
the label. In the upper half the line shall be the same colour as the symbol and in the lower half it shall 
be the same colour as the class or division number in the bottom corner.  
 
Table 17 — Sizes of hazard labels and subsidiary risk labels  
 
 
. 
16.1.2 The hazard labels are divided into halves. With the exception of labels for radioactive material 
of class 7, divisions 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6, the upper half of the label is reserved for the pictorial symbol and 
the lower half for the text and for the class or division number and the compatibility group, as 
appropriate.  
 
16.1.3 The colours of the hazard labels shall visually match colour reference numbers Pantone 151 or 
NCS S 0570 -Y50 (orange), Pantone 192 or NCS S 05 80-Y90R (red), Pantone 361 or NCS S 1565 -G 
(green), Pantone 300 or NCSS 2065 -B (blue) and Pantone 109 or NCS S 0570 -G90Y (yellow). In case 
of a dispute the NCS colours shall take precedence.  
 
16.1.4 A package containing a substance of class 8 need not bear  a subsidiary risk label of division 
6.1 (see table 19) if the toxicity arises solely from the destructive effect on tissue.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  193 
 16.1.5 A package containing a substance of division 4.2 need not bear a subsidiary risk label of 
division 4.1.  
 
16.1.6 Marking and  labels applied to dangerous goods packaging shall, on contact with the contents, 
remain legible and shall be capable of being immersed in water at ambient temperature for 4 h 
continuously. If, after immersion and subsequent drying, all printing is still c learly legible, no significant 
colour change has taken place and the marking or label remains affixed to the packaging, the marking 
and label shall be deemed to have passed the test.  
16.1.7 Indelible marking (see 16.2.1.4) and hazard labels (see table 19) can be printed directly on 
packaging.  
 
16.2  Marking  
 
16.2.1  General  
 
16.2.1.1 Each packaging of dangerous goods presented for transport shall display the following 
information marked on its external surfaces:  
 
a)  the proper shipping name of the dangerou s goods in the packaging (see 3.1.42 and B.2 and 
Annex C of KS 2324 ; 
 
NOTE  In the case of radioactive material in excepted packages, marking of the proper shipping name is not required (see 
also 17.2.2).  
 
b)  the applicable United Nations number preceded by the letters “UN”, for example UN 2791 (see 
3.1.54, and B.2 and Annex C of KS 2324);  
 
c)  the applicable hazard label and subsidiary risk label (if any) as indicated in B.2 of DEAS 
949:2019 ); 
 
NOTE  For the purposes of this standard, the hazard label and  the subsidiary risk label are the same.  
 
d)  in the case of goods for delivery within Kenya , the name and address in Kenya of  the packer, 
agent or consignor of the dangerous commodity; and  
 
e)  in the case of aerosol dispensers, marking and labeling in ac cordance with special provision 
63 (see B.1 of DEAS 949:2019 ). 
 
NOTE  Provisions concerning compliance markings on packaging are given in clause 10.  
 
16.2.1.2 In the case of unpackaged articles, the marking shall be displayed on the article, on its cradle 
or on its handling, storage or launching device.  
 
16.2.1.3 For explosives of division 1.4, compatibility group S, the division and compatibility group letter 
shall also be marked, unless the hazard label for 1.4S is displayed.  
 
16.2.1.4 All package marking s shall:  
 
a)  be readily visible and legible;  
 
b)  be able to withstand open weather exposure without a substantial reduction in effectiveness 
(see also 16.1.7);  
 
c)  be displayed on a background of contrasting colour to the external surface of the package ; and  
  
194 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 d)  not be located with other package markings that could substantially reduce their effectiveness.  
 
16.2.1.5 In addition to the requirements of 16.2.1.1, salvage packaging shall be marked with the word 
“SALVAGE’”.  
 
16.2.1.6 Inner packaging of combi nation packaging need not be marked or labelled for purposes of 
transport, but shall bear the label and information leaflet required by legislation, relevant to the 
contents.  
 
16.2.2  Special marking provisions for class 7  
 
See 15.20.3.  
 
16.2.3 Special mar king provisions for environmentally hazardous substances  
 
16.2.3.1 Packages that contain environmentally hazardous substances of UN 3077 and UN 3082 shall 
be durably marked with the environmentally hazardous substance mark. However, the mark need not 
be di splayed on single packagings and combination packagings that contain inner packagings with  
 
a)  liquid contents of 5 L or less, or  
 
b)  solids contents of 5 kg or less.  
 
16.2.3.2 The environmentally hazardous mark shall be located adjacent to the markings required by 
16.2.1.  
 
16.2.3.3 The environmentally hazardous mark shall be as depicted in figure 2. The symbol (fish and 
tree) shall be in black on a white or other suitable contrasting background. The mark shall have 
dimensions of at least 100 mm x 100 mm,  except in the case of packaging that, because of its size, 
can only bear smaller marks. For transport units (see 11.23), the dimensions shall be at least 250 mm 
x 250 mm.  
 
 
Figure 2 ― Environmentally hazardous mark  
 
 
16.2.4  Orientation arrows  
 
16.2.4.1 Except as provided in 16.2.4.3,  
 
a)  combination packagings with inner packagings that contain liquid dangerous goods,  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  195 
 b)  single packagings fitted with vents, and  
 
c)  cryogeni c receptacles intended for the transport of refrigerated liquefied gases shall be legibly 
marked with package orientation arrows as depicted in figure 3. The orientation arrows shall 
appear on two opposite vertical sides of the package with the arrows poin ting in the correct 
upright direction. They shall be rectangular and of a size that is clearly visible, and 
commensurate with the size of the package. Depiction of the border around the arrows is 
optional.  
 
16.2.4.2 The orientation label shall depict two b lack or two red arrows on white, or suitable contrasting, 
background.  
 
16.2.4.3 Orientation arrows are not required on packages that contain  
 
a)  pressure receptacles, with the exception of cryogenic receptacles (see 16.2.4.1(c)),  
 
b)  dangerous goods in i nner packagings of capacity not more than 120 mL, provided that the 
packaging contains sufficient absorbent material between the inner and the outer packagings 
to completely absorb the liquid contents,  
 
c)  infectious substances of division 6.2 in primary receptacles of not more than 50 mL,  
 
d)  radioactive material of class 7 in type IP -2, type IP -3, type A, type B(U), type B(M) or type C 
packages, and  
 
e)  articles that are leak -tight in all orientations, for example, alcohol or mercury in thermometers 
and aerosol dispensers.  
 
16.2.4.4 Arrows for purposes other than the indication of package orientation, shall not be displayed 
on a package marked in accordance with the requirements of this standard.  
 
 
 
Figure 3 — Orientation arrows  
 
 
16.3  Labelling  
 
16.3.1  General   
196 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
16.3.1.1 Hazard labels identifying primary and subsidiary risks shall conform to the depictions in table 
19 and shall be of size not less than that specified in table 17, relative to the size of packaging to 
which they are applied. The label f or divisions 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 shall be used as the “EXPLOSIVE” 
subsidiary risk label.  
 
16.3.1.2 Were a package is of such an irregular shape or small size that a label cannot be 
satisfactorily affixed, the label can be attached to the package by a securely  affixed tag or other 
suitable means.  
 
16.3.2 Location of labels  
 
Labels shall be  
 
a)  located on the same surface of the package near the proper shipping name marking, if the 
package dimensions are adequate,  
 
b)  so placed on the packaging that they are n ot covered or obscured by any part or attachment 
to the packaging or any other label or marking, and  
 
c)  displayed next to each other when more than one label is required.  
 
16.3.3 Special labelling provisions  
 
16.3.3.1 Gases with subsidiary risk(s)  
 
16.3. 3.1.1 Three separate labels have been provided for class 2, namely one for flammable gases of 
division 2.1, one for non -flammable, non -toxic gases of division 2.2 and one for toxic gases of division 
2.3. The label of a gas of class 2 that possesses single or multiple subsidiary risks shall be in 
accordance with Table 18.  
Table 18 ― Labels for class 2 gases with subsidiary risk(s)  
 
 
 
16.3.3.1.2 On account of their shape, orientation and securing mechanisms for transport, cylinders for 
gases of class 2 can bear labels which have been reduced in size according to ISO 7225, f or display 
on the non -cylindrical part (shoulder) of such cylinders.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  197 
 16.3.3.1.3 Labels can overlap to the extent provided for in ISO 7225. However, in all cases, the labels 
representing the primary risk and the numbers appearing on any label shall remain fully visible and the 
symbols recognizable.  
 
16.3.3.2 Self -reactive substances  
 
A package containing a self -reactive substance of type B shall display an “EXPLOSIVE” subsidiary 
risk label. However, the competent authority can permit the label to be dispens ed with for a specific 
packaging when test data have proved that the self -reactive substance in such a packaging does not 
exhibit explosive behaviour.  
 
16.3.3.3 Organic peroxides  
 
16.3.3.3.1 A package containing organic peroxides of types B, C, D or F ( DEAS 949:2019 ), shall 
display a division 5.2 label. This label implies that the product might be flammable and therefore 
no“FLAMMABLE RISK” label is required.  
 
16.3.3.3.2 The following subsidiary risk labels apply to organic peroxides:  
 
a)  an “EXPLOSIVE” sub sidiary risk label for organic peroxides of type B. However, the 
competent authority can grant permission for the label to be dispensed with for a specific 
packaging when test data have proved that the organic peroxide in such a packaging does not 
exhibit explosive behaviour; and  
 
b)  a “CORROSIVE” subsidiary risk label when packing group II or III criteria of class 8 are met.  
 
16.3.3.4 Infectious substances  
 
In addition to the primary risk label, packaging containing infectious substances shall bear any ot her 
label required by the nature of the contents.  
 
16.3.3.5 Radioactive material  
 
See 15.20.  
 
Table 19 ― International hazard labels  
  
198 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
 
 
Table 19 (continued )  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  199 
 
  
200 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
 
Table 19 (concluded ) 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  201 
 
 
 
 
  
202 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
  
17  Proper shipping name  
 
17.1  General  
 
17.1.1 The proper shipp ing name is considered to be that portion of the entry that most accurately 
describes the dangerous goods listed in B.2 of DEAS 949:2019 . It is shown in capital letters plus any 
numbers, Greek letters, "sec -", "tert -", m-, n-, o-, and p -, that form an inte gral part of the name. An 
alternative proper shipping name may be shown in brackets following the main proper shipping name, 
for example ETHANOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL).  
 
NOTE  See 19.8 for the proper shipping names to be used for dangerous goods in limited quanti ties. 
 
17.1.2  Portions of an entry in B.2 DEAS 949:2019  of that appear in lower case need not be 
considered part of the proper shipping name. When conjunctions such as "and" or "or" are in lower 
case or when segments of the name are punctuated by commas, the entry need not necessarily be 
shown in its entirety in the transport documentation or package marking. This is particularly applicable 
when a combination of several distinct entries are listed under a single substance UN number. 
Examples of the proper shipping name for such entries are:  
 
a)  UN 1057 LIGHTERS or LIGHTER REFILLS ― The proper shipping name is the most appropriate 
of the following possible combinations:  
 
LIGHTERS  
LIGHTERS REFILLS  
 
b)  UN 2793 FERROUS METAL BORINGS, SHAVINGS, TURNINGS OR CUT TINGS in a form 
liable to self -heating ― The proper shipping is the most appropriate of the following 
combinations:  
 
FERROUS METAL BORINGS  
FERROUS METAL SHAVINGS  
FERROUS METAL TURNINGS  
FERROUS METAL CUTTINGS  
 
17.1.3  A proper shipping name is given in the transport documentation and package marking to 
ensure that the substance, material or article is readily identified during transport. This is particularly 
important in the case of spillage or leakage in order to determine the response actions, the emergenc y 
equipment or the antidotes for toxic substances that are required to deal with the incident.  
 
17.1.4  A proper shipping name can be used in the singular or plural, as appropriate. When  
qualifying words are used as part of the proper shipping name, their sequence on documentation or 
package marking is optional, for example "DIMETHYLAMINE AQUEOUS SOLUTION" can also be 
shown as "AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DIMETHYLAMINE". For explosives of class 1, the dangerous 
goods description may be supplemented by additional de scriptive text to indicate commercial or 
military names.  
 
17.1.5  Many substances have an entry for both the liquid and the solid state (see the definitions for 
liquid and solid in 3.1.28 and 3.1.50 respectively), or for the solid and solution, for example : 
 
NITROXYLENES, LIQUID 6.1 UN 1665  
NITROXYLENES, SOLID 6.1 UN 3447  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  203 
 17.1.6 If a substance that is a solid in accordance with 3.1.50, is presented for transport in the molten 
state, the qualifying word "molten" shall be added as part of the proper shipping  name, for example 
ALKYLPHENOL, SOLID, N.O.S., MOLTEN.  
 
17.1.7 With the exception of proper shipping names for self -reactive substances and organic 
peroxides, and unless it is already included in capital letters, the word “STABILIZED” shall be added 
as par t of the proper shipping of a substance which, without stabilization, would be forbidden from 
transport due to it reacting dangerously under conditions normally encountered in transport, for 
example “TOXIC LIQUID, ORGANIC, N.O.S., STABILIZED”.  
If the prope r shipping name of a substance presented for transport in a liquid state at a temperature 
equal to or exceeding 100 °C, or in a solid state at a temperature equal to or exceeding 240 °C, does 
not indicate the elevated temperature condition with words such as "molten" or "elevated 
temperature", the word "hot" shall immediately precede the proper shipping name on the transport 
documentation and package marking.  
 
17.1.9  Hydrates can be transported under the proper shipping name for the anhydrous substance.  
 
17.2  Generic or “not otherwise specified” (N.O.S.) names  
 
17.2.1  Practical considerations prohibit the listing of all dangerous goods by name. Therefore, many 
dangerous goods have to be transported under a generic or N.O.S. entry. However, it is required that 
these generic or N.O.S. descriptions be supplemented with the technical name or the chemical group 
name of the substance in parentheses, (unless a national law or an international convention prohibits 
its disclosure in the case of a controlled substan ce). 
 
17.2.2  The proper shipping name of an explosive of class 1 can be supplemented by additional 
descriptive text to indicate commercial or military names.  
 
17.2.3  An appropriate modifier, such as “contains” or “containing”, or other qualifying words s uch as 
"solution" or "mixture", and the percentage of the technical constituent can be used as part of the 
proper shipping name, for example “UN 1993 FLAMMABLE LIQUID, N.O.S. (contains xylene and 
benzene), 3, PG II”.  
 
17.2.4  The technical name shall be a recognized chemical, or other, name currently used in 
scientific and technical handbooks, journals and texts. Trade names shall not be used for this purpose. 
In the case of pesticides, only ISO common name(s), other name(s) in the WHO Recommended 
classific ation of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification , or the chemical name of the 
active ingredient(s) shall be used.  
 
17.2.5 When a mixture of dangerous goods is described by one of the “N.O.S.” or “generic entries” 
listed in DEAS 949:2019  not m ore than the two constituents which most predominantly contribute to 
the hazard or hazards of the mixture need to be shown (unless a national law or an international 
convention prohibits its disclosure in the case of a controlled substance). If the mixture  contains a 
substance which compels the use of a subsidiary risk label, one of the two technical names shown in 
brackets shall be the name of that substance.  
 
17.2.6 Examples illustrating the selection of the proper shipping name supplemented with the 
technical name are:  
 
UN 2909 PESTICIDE, LIQUID, TOXIC, N.O.S. (draxolon)  
UN 3394 ORGANOMETALLIC SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, PYROHORIC, WATER -REACTIVE 
(trimethylgallium)  
  
204 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 18  Transport of samples  
 
18.1  When the hazard class of a substance is uncertain and it is being t ransported for further 
testing, a tentative hazard class, proper shipping name and UN number shall be assigned on the basis 
of the consignor’s knowledge of the substance and application and the classification criteria in 
accordance with DEAS 949:2019 . The most severe packing group possible for the proper shipping 
name chosen shall be used.  
 
18.2  The proper shipping name shall be supplemented with the word “SAMPLE”, for example 
“FLAMMABLE LIQUID, N.O.S. SAMPLE”. When an “N.O.S. entry is used to transport a sample, the 
proper shipping name need not be supplemented with the technical name (see 17.2.1).  
 
18.3  In cases where a specific proper shipping name is provided for a sample of a substance 
considered to meet certain classification criteria, that proper sh ipping name shall be used, for example 
“UN 3167 GAS SAMPLE, NON -PRESSURIZED, FLAMMABLE”.  
 
18.4  Samples of substances shall be transported in accordance with the requirements applicable 
to the tentative assigned proper shipping name, provided that:  
 
a)  the substance is not considered to be a substance prohibited for transport (see clause 20);  
b)  the substance is not considered to meet the criteria for explosives of class 1, infectious 
substances of division 6.2 or a radioactive material of class 7;  
 
c)  the substance is in compliance with the requirements of this standard if it is considered to be a 
self reactive substance or an organic peroxide;  
 
d)  the substance is transported in a combination packaging with a net mass per package not  
exceeding 2,5 kg;  and 
 
e)  the sample is not packed together with other goods.  
 
19  Dangerous goods packed in limited quantities  
 
19.1  This clause provides provisions applicable to the transport of dangerous goods of certain 
classes packed in limited quantities (see B.2 o f DEAS 949:2019 ). All the requirements of this standard 
apply to the transport of limited quantities except as specifically provided in this clause.  
 
19.2  Dangerous goods in limited quantities shall be packed only in inner packaging placed in 
suitable out er packaging. However, aerosol dispensers and small receptacles containing gas are 
exempt from the requirements of inner packaging. The packaging shall be of good quality that is not 
affected, or significantly weakened, by its contents and shall be so desi gned that the construction 
requirements of clause 11 are met. The total gross mass of a package shall not exceed 30 kg.  
 
19.3  Shrink -wrapped or stretch -wrapped trays that are of goods quality and are not affected or 
significantly weakened by the contents,  are acceptable as outer packaging for articles or inner 
packaging containing dangerous goods transported in accordance with this clause. However, inner 
packaging that are liable to break or be easily punctured such as those made of glass, porcelain, 
stone ware or certain plastics, etc., shall not be transported in shrink -wrapped or stretch -wrapped trays. 
The total gross mass of such a package shall not exceed 20 kg.  
 
19.4  Corrosive liquids of class 8, packing group II in glass, porcelain or stoneware inner  packaging 
shall be enclosed in compatible and rigid intermediate packaging.  
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  205 
 19.5  Different dangerous goods packed in limited quantities may be placed in the same outer 
packaging provided they will not interact dangerously in the event of leakage.  
 
19.6  Packages of dangerous goods transported in accordance with this clause need not be 
labelled. Any segregation provisions for dangerous goods need not apply within a vehicle or freight 
container.  
 
19.7  In addition to the provisions for documentation () wor ds “limited quantity” or “LTD QTY” shall 
be included with the description of the consignment.  
. 
19.8  Packages containing dangerous goods in limited quantities need not be marked with the 
proper shipping name of the contents. However, the package shall be marked with the UN number of 
the contents, preceded by the letters “UN”, placed in a diamond. The width of the line forming the 
diamond shall be at least 2 mm and the height of the number shall be at least 6 mm. Where more than 
one substance is included in  the package and the substances are assigned to different UN numbers, 
the diamond shall be large enough to include each relevant UN number.  
 
19.9  Limited quantities of dangerous goods for personal or household use, that are packaged and 
distributed in a f orm intended, or suitable, for sale through retail agencies, may furthermore be 
exempted from marking of the UN number on the packaging and from the requirements for a 
dangerous goods transport document.  
 
20  Dangerous goods packed in excepted quantities  
 
20.1  General  
 
20.1.1  Excepted quantities of dangerous goods of certain classes, other than articles, meeting the 
provisions of this clause are not subject to any other provisions of this standard except for:  
 
a)  the classification procedures and packing  group criteria (see DEAS 949:2019 ; and 
 
b)  the packaging requirements of clause 8.  
 
NOTE  In the case of radioactive material, the requirements for radioactive material in excepted packages in clause 15.4.1 
apply.  
 
20.1.2  Dangerous goods that can be tra nsported as excepted quantities in accordance with the 
requirements of this clause are identified by means of alphanumeric codes as given in Table 20.  
 
 
Table 20 ― Codes for excepted quantities  
  
206 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 
 
 
a For gases, the volume indicated for inner packaging refe rs to the water capacity of the inner receptacle.  
b For gases, the volume indicated for outer packaging refers to the combined water capacity of all inner packaging 
within a single outer package.  
 
20.1.3  Where dangerous goods in excepted quantities for wh ich different codes are assigned and 
that are packed together, the total quantity per outer packaging shall be limited to that corresponding 
to the most restrictive code.  
 
20.2  Packaging  
 
20.2.1  Each inner packaging intended for the transport of dangerou s goods in excepted quantities 
shall be constructed of  
 
a)  plastics material with a wall thickness of not less than 0,2 mm when used for liquids, or  
 
b)  glass, porcelain, stoneware, earthenware or metal.  
 
20.2.2  The closure of each inner packaging shall  be held securely in place with wire, tape or other 
positive means. Any receptacle having a neck with moulded screw threads shall have a leakproof 
headed type cap. The closure shall be resistant to the contents.  
 
20.2.3  Each inner packaging shall be secur ely packed in an intermediate packaging with cushioning 
material in such a way that the contents cannot break, puncture or leak under normal conditions of 
transport. In case of breakage or leakage the intermediate packaging shall be able to completely 
contain the contents, regardless of package orientation. For liquid dangerous goods, the intermediate 
packaging shall contain sufficient absorbent material to absorb the entire contents of the inner 
packaging. In such cases, the absorbent material can be the c ushioning material. Dangerous goods 
shall not react dangerously with the cushioning material, the absorbent material and the packaging 
material, or reduce the integrity or function of the materials.   
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  207 
  
20.2.4  The intermediate packaging shall be securely pac ked in a strong, rigid outer packaging, for 
example wooden, fibreboard or other equally strong material.  
 
20.2.5  Each type of packaging intended for the transport of dangerous goods in excepted quantities 
shall comply with the requirements of the tests gi ven in 20.3.  
 
20.2.6  Each package shall be of such a size that there is adequate space to apply all necessary 
markings.  
 
20.2.7 Overpacks can be used for dangerous goods in excepted quantities. Overpacks can also be 
used for goods not covered by this stan dard 
 
20.3  Performance testing of excepted quantity packages  
 
20.3.1  Preparation  
 
For testing purposes, the subs tances to be transported in the packaging may be replaced by other 
substances except where this would invalidate the test results. When another substance is used to 
replace a solid, such substance shall have the same physical characteristics, for example m ass and 
grain size, as the substance intended to be transported. It is permitted to use another substance for 
the drop test of packaging intended to contain liquids, provided that its relative density and viscosity 
are similar to those of the substance to be transported.  
 
20.3.2  Drop test  
 
20.3.2.1 Procedure  
 
20.3.2.1.1 Fill the inner packaging to a capacity of at least 95 % for solids and to at least 98 % for 
liquids.  
 
20.3.2.1.2 Drop the excepted quantity package onto a rigid, non -resilient, flat and hor izontal surface 
from a height of 1,8 m as prescribed in 20.3.2.1.3 and 20.3.2.1.4, as applicable.  
 
20.3.2.1.3 Where the specimen is in the shape of a box, drop it in each of the following orientations:  
 
a)  flat on the base;  
 
b)  flat on the top;  
 
c)  flat on the longest side;  
 
d)  flat on the shortest side; and  
 
e)  on a corner.  
 
20.3.2.1.4 Where the sample is in the shape of a drum, drop it in each of the following orientations:  
 
a)  diagonally on the top chime, with the centre of gravity directly above t he point of impact;  
b)  diagonally on the base chime; and  
 
c)  flat on the side.  
 
NOTE  Each of the above drops can be performed on different but identical packages.  
  
208 © EAC  2019– All rights reserved  
 20.3.2.2 Acceptance criteria  
 
The complete excepted quantity package, as prepared for tra nsport, shall be capable of withstanding 
the drop test without breakage or leakage of any inner packaging and without significant reduction in 
effectiveness.  
 
20.3.3 Stack test  
 
20.3.3.1 Procedure  
 
20.3.3.1.1 Subject the top surface of the excepted quantit y specimen equivalent to the total mass of 
identical packages if stacked to a height of 3 m (including the drop sample).  
 
20.3.3.1.2 Apply the stack force for at least 24 h.  
 
20.3.3.2 Acceptance criteria  
 
The test specimen shall show no deformation or leak age. 
 
20.4  Marking of packages  
 
20.4.1  Packages containing excepted quantities of dangerous goods shall be durably and legibly 
marked as depicted in figure 4. The primary hazard class or division of each of the dangerous goods 
contained in the package sh all be shown in the excepted quantity mark. Where the name of the 
consignor or consignee is not shown elsewhere on the package this information shall be.  
 
20.4.2  The dimensions of the mark shall be a minimum of 100 mm × 100 mm. The hatching and 
symbol of the mark shall be of the same colour, black or red, on a white background or on a suitable 
contrasting background.  
 
20.4.3  An overpack containing dangerous goods in excepted quantities shall display the markings 
required by 20.4.1, unless such markings on  packages within the overpack are clearly visible.  
 
 
  
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved  209 
  
Figure 4 ― Excepted quantity mark  
 
 
20.4.4  The primary hazard class number or division number(s) shall be shown in the location where 
“*” appears in the excepted quantity mark.  
 
20.4.5  The name of the consignor or of the consignee shall be shown in the l ocation where “**” 
appears in the excepted quantity mark if it is not shown elsewhere on the package . 
 
20.5  Maximum number of packages to be transported  
 
A maximum number of 1 000 packages of excepted quantities shall be transported in any freight 
vehicle , railway freight wagon or multimodal freight container.  
 
20.6  Documentation  
 
A transport document that accompanies dangerous goods in excepted quantities shall include the 
statement “Dangerous Goods in Excepted Quantities” and indicate the number of pack ages.  
 
21  Dangerous goods forbidden from transport  
 
Unless otherwise provided by this standard, any substance or article is forbidden from transport if, as 
presented for transport and under normal conditions of transport it  
 
a)  is liable to explode,  
 
b)  reacts dangerously,  
 
c)  produces a flame or dangerous evolution of heat, and  
 
d)  emits toxic, corrosive or flammable gases or vapours.  
 
 
 EAS          : 2019   
 
© EAC 2019 – All rights reserved