RESTRICTED  
  
WT/TPR/W/202  
 
27 January 2022  
(22-0654) Page: 1/38 
Trade Policy Review Body    
 
*In Original language only/ En langue originale seulement /En el idioma original solamente . 
  
THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN  
DRAFT MINUTES  OF THE MEETING* HELD ON 24 AND 26 NOVEMBER 2021  
Delegations are invited to submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the 
Secretariat ( Mrs Daniela Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , or to  tprd@wto.org ) no later 
than 10 February 2022 . 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
 
BAHREÏN  
PROJET DE COMPTE RENDU DE LA RÉUNION* TENUE LES 24 ET 26 NOVEMBRE 2021  
Les délégations sont invitées à soumettre  leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles concernant leurs 
propres déclarations au Secrétariat ( Mme Daniela Salas  : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , ou 
tprd@wto.org ) le 10 février 2022  au plus tard.  
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
 
BAHREIN  
PROYECTO DE ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN* CELEBRADA LOS DÍAS 24 Y 26 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 202 1 
Las delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría (Sr a. Daniela Salas : 
danielamariana.salas@wto.org , o tprd@wto.org ) a más tardar el  10 de febrero de 2022  las 
correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir en sus propias declaraciones.  
 
 
_______________  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN  
DRAFT  MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  3 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN ........  5 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSA NT ................................ ................................ ..............  10 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  13 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF  THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN   AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  33 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the Kingdom of Bahrain are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/419/Add.1 and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARK S BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The fourth Trade Policy Review of the Kingdom of Bahrain was held on 24 and 26 November 
2021. The Chairperson, H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  welcomed the delegation of 
the Kingdom of Bahrain , headed by  H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani , Minister of Industry 
Commerce and Tourism ; H.E. Ambassador  H.E. Dr Y usuf Abdulkarim Bucheeri , Permanent 
Representative of the Kingdom of Bahrain  to the WTO; the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, 
H.E. Mr Li Chenggang  (China) . 
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participat ion of the Membership, in 
particular of officials who could not make the journey from  Manama  given the current circumstances.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The report by the Kingdom of Bahrain  is contained in document WT/TPR/G/ 419, and that 
of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 419. 
1.4.  Questions by the followi ng delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: The 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; the United States; Canada; Singapore; Brazil; the European Union; China; 
and Israel . The following delegations submitted written questions after the deadline: India;  Thailand; 
Iceland; and Turkey.  
1.5.  At the time of the previous Review in 2014, Members had praised Bahrain for its sound 
macroeconomic indicators. They had welcomed its efforts to promote the well -being of its citizens 
through investing in education, healthca re, and sustainable development. Appreciation was shown 
to the steps taken by Bahrain to promote a business -friendly environment, and to reform its customs 
regime by, inter alia, having introduced a single window system. However, Members had pointed 
out Ba hrain's narrow economic base as a source of vulnerability and thus a challenge that had 
required bold measures to diversify the economy away from hydrocarbons.  
1.6.  Members also expressed concerns about other issues, including the country's cumbersome 
customs procedures, its consularization requirements, its relatively low level of binding coverage at 
ceiling rates in general, and its restrictions to foreign investments.  
1.7.  Bahrain was also encouraged to align its SPS measures to international good practices.  
1.8.  During the period under review, economic diversification  continued being at the core of 
Bahrain's overall economic policy, guided by its Economic Vision 2030 strategy. The Secretariat and 
Government reports highlighted that, under the strategy, several progr ammes  were adopted in 
various economic sectors and the country's infrastructure had been enhanced.  
1.9.  The Economic Vision 2030 strategy, together with macroeconomic reforms,  largely contributed 
to Bahrain's recent economic success, with a booming non -oil sec tor and positive GDP growth over 
the period 2014 -19. Structural reforms also played their part. These included: the enactment of 
various laws to improve the regulatory environment; the streamlining of business registration and 
licensing requirements; the r emoval of foreign ownership restrictions on several business activities; 
reforms in customs -related matters, internal taxation, competition policy; and programmes to 
strengthen the role of the private sector.  
1.10.   However, due to the COVID -19 pandemic and falli ng oil prices, the economy contracted by an 
estimated 5.1% in 2020. The authorities announced several stimulus packages in 2020 and 2021 to 
mitigate the impact of these shocks. As indicated by the Secretariat's report, these measures were 
likely to impair the results of the ongoing fiscal reforms and further deteriorate Bahrain's fiscal 
position  
1.11.   The advance written questions submitted for this Review illustrated the wide range of topics 
of interest to Members regarding Bahrain's trade and investment regimes . Numerous questions were 
raised concerning notification of trade -related measures, SPS and TBT regulations, state -owned 
enterprises, trade facilitation measures including customs procedures, tariffs, incentives including 
subsidies, intellectual property r ights, government procurement, sectoral policies, and measures to WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  mitigate climate change.  The Chairperson was sure that these topics, as well as others, would be 
thoroughly discussed by Members during the two -day meeting.  
1.12.   Bahrain received 135 advance writ ten questions from 11 Members for this review, out of 
which 8 were sent within the established deadline.  Prior to this meeting, Bahrain had already 
provided written replies to all of these questions  and the Chairperson looked forward to hearing 
Bahrain's u pdates on these matters during the second day of the  session.  
1.13.   This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail, issues of 
interest to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system.  It was also an 
opportune m oment for Bahrain to update the Membership on the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic 
on its economy, and on its response measures. The Chairperson look ed forward to a fruitful 
exchange.  
1.14.   The Chairperson closed her introductory remarks by wishing Bahrain a ver y successful fourth 
Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN ( H.E. 
MR ZAYED BIN RASHID AL ZAYANI ) 
2.1.  I am honored to be here in person to address this esteemed audience and on behalf of the 
Kingdom of Bahrain, allow me to begin by thanking our Chair, H.E. Ambassador Athaliah Molokomme 
of Botswana, for her kind words of welcome and introduction to Bahrain' s fourth Trade Policy Review, 
as well as H.E. Ambassador Li Chenggang of China, whom we are honoured to have as our 
discussant.  
2.2.  Our sincere appreciation also goes to the Director General of the World Trade Organization, 
H.E. Dr Ngozi Okonjo -Iweala, and th e WTO Secretariat for their outstanding efforts and support in 
making this TPR a successful one. Dedicated thanks also go to Mr Willy Alfaro, Director of the WTO 
Trade Policies Review Division, and his team for their hard work in producing the report which  
provides a basis for our discussion today.  
2.3.  I would also like to extend our gratitude to WTO Member countries who have taken a close 
interest in our submissions, having received more than 150 queries and clarification from 12 
countries. That is a true test imony to the progress Bahrain achieved since our last TPR in 2014.  
2.4.  The Kingdom of Bahrain highly values the role of the trade policy review exercise as one of the 
most important instruments at the WTO for ensuring transparency and predictability in the 
multilateral trading system. Its ability in providing a platform for Members to share policy initiatives 
and measures, as well as to enhance national coordination and implementation of such initiatives 
and measures within government entities, the business com munity and private stakeholders cannot 
be underestimated.  
2.5.  Such an exercise not only affords a greater awareness and understanding of Members' trade 
policies and practices and the legitimate justifications behind them, but also contributes to 
monitoring and  containing the surge of protectionism and unilateral trade distortive measures.  
2.6.  For many centuries, Bahrain has always been a trading hub whether it being a trading post 
between the Hindus Valley and Mesopotamia, or a destination on the silk route, or th e center for the 
pearling industry prior to the discovery of oil in the Arabian Gulf. Today, however, and as a 
developing economy that thrives on free trade, Bahrain believes in the effectiveness of a strong 
rules-based multilateral system in ensuring a fa ir and predictable international trading environment 
as a prerequisite for long -term global economic growth and development.  
2.7.  Having said that, I am very pleased to introduce an overview of the Kingdom of Bahrain's 
fourth Trade Policy Review.  
2.8.  Our inclusiv e TPR exercise today, based on the comprehensive technical and institutional 
reports prepared by the WTO Secretariat and our government agencies, the valuable questions and 
comments from Members, and our answers provided to such questions, confirms that th e Kingdom 
of Bahrain's business environment is one of the most efficient, rewarding, and friendly amongst the 
developing countries.  
2.9.  As I already mentioned, Bahrain has served for millennia as a hub for investment and trade in 
the Arabian Gulf and beyond. Its unique business culture builds on a long -standing tradition of 
openness to people, ideas, and capital. This accounts for its deeply entrenched culture of freedom, 
rule of law, tolerance and innovation which has paved the way for Bahrain's unique positi on as a 
regional pioneer of economic development in a number of areas. Trade is not a newly introduced 
concept to us, it is inherited principle from our ancestors, it is simply embedded within our DNA.  
2.10.   During the period under review, the Kingdom of Bahrai n has maintained its commitment in 
implementing WTO -consistent trade policies and measures. Since our last TPR in 2014, the global 
economy has faced many challenges, not least in light of the catastrophic COVID -19 pandemic. 
Despite such challenges, the Kin gdom of Bahrain has shown resilience and ability to cope by placing 
trade policy at the center of its overall policy response and showing commitment to economic 
diversification which has delivered tangible results across key sectors.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  2.11.   In 2008, the Kingdom of Bahrain launched the Economic Vision 2030 as a roadmap for making 
Bahrain a sustainable, competitive, fair, and knowledge -based economy. The initiative, along with 
constitutional amendments made in 2012, have positively impacted the national business 
environment towards more competitiveness, sustainable development, skilled employment, 
economic growth, and social fairness. As a direct result, our GDP grew by 50% from USD 25.7 billion 
in 2008 to USD 38.5 billion in 2019.  
2.12.   In light of the Vision 2030 goals,  the Government of Bahrain focused on drafting a program 
based on the achievement of the nation and its citizens entitled "Sustainable Economic and Social 
Security within a Fiscal Balance" for the years 2019 to 2022, which aims to reach a financial balance  
between expenditures and revenues whilst continuing to achieve positive economic growth and 
monetary stability. Due to the pandemic, the program now is extended to 2024.  
2.13.   The government Program includes nine general goals that the Government aims to achieve 
during the designated three -year period, based on three main priorities including strengthening the 
basic principles of the state and society, achieving financial sustainability and economic 
development, and securing an environment that supports su stainable development.  
2.14.   Bahrain's economic diversification efforts is reflected in a diverse national labo r force where 
two thirds of economically active Bahraini nationals are considered active in the private sector. 
Following decades of economic diversifi cation and focused investment in education and training, 
including initiatives such as the labor fund "TAMKEEN", an Arabic word for "empowerment", Bahrainis 
are active in all sectors of the economy, with Bahranization rates strongly correlated with economi c 
productivity. Moreover, empowering the Bahraini Youth and Women, is one of the most effective 
factors in the diversity of the national workforce.  
2.15.   Bahrain's labo r productivity has been rated as the highest in the Arabian Gulf region, with the 
highest pres ence of bilingual youth graduates in the workforce. Bahrainis account for up to 80% of 
the workforce in key sectors such as aluminum, aviation and financial services, with unemployment 
figures in Bahrain considered relatively low – estimated at 5% in Decem ber 2020. It also enjoys a 
commendable level of female participation in both the public and private sectors.  
2.16.   The constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain ensures women are afforded public rights and 
freedoms, including the right to participate in public aff airs, vote, and stand for office. It also details 
the state's role in supporting women balancing their family duties and their contributions to society. 
Their equality with men in political, social, cultural, and economic issues is also recognized without 
prejudice to the provisions of Islamic Sharia.  
2.17.   The Supreme Council for Women has designed as per its mandate and continues to monitor 
the implementation of a National Plan for the Advancement of Bahraini Women (2013 -2022) 
whereby women's participation in t he labor market is an integral cornerstone of the plan and 
encompasses a clear method for monitoring and evaluation in accordance with clear macro and 
micro -level key performance indicators.  
2.18.   Bahraini women proved their presence in the labor market and ente red nearly all fields of 
work in the private and public domains and entrepreneurship. Bahrain sought to ensure the full 
participation of women in the national economy in all its fields based on the principle of equal 
opportunities with the aim of attaining  the desired level of gender balance.  
2.19.   The measures taken by the Kingdom of Bahrain in the field of women's development and 
empowerment have led to significant progress for the Kingdom. Women currently make up 53% of 
the total number of Bahraini employees,  and 43% of total executive positions in the public sector. 
Bahraini women's participation in the labo r force increased from 26% to 43% during the period of 
2001-2020 by an increase rate of 17%. In addition, women in the kingdom constitute 41% of 
commercia l registration owners and 52% of virtual commercial registration owners.  
2.20.   During the past few years, in a direct policy to facilitate and encourage commerce, Bahrain 
amended a number of laws such as Judicial Authority Law and Evidence Law, in addition to th at 
Bahrain have introduced a new laws like Court Execution Law, Data Protection Law and Bankruptcy 
& Reorganization Law, which all helped in developing the whole judicial system and supporting 
sectors.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  2.21.   Building on for the future, Bahrain has undertaken a n umber of initiatives to support Youth 
Empowerment which is overseen by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, including the "King Hamad 
Youth Empowerment Award to" to achieve the SDGs, as well as establishing "Hope Fund" which an 
aim to empower and invest in th e next generation of promising Bahraini entrepreneurs by identifying 
ambitious entrepreneurs and provide them with the necessary tools, resources and networks to scale 
and thrive in the regions entrepreneurship landscape, and also most recently a dedicatio n for a Youth 
Day which will fall on the 25th of March every year to support their role in Bahrain's growth and 
development.  
2.22.   Diversification of the Bahraini economy is the cornerstone of the Kingdom's Vision 2030. 
Bahrain's diversification efforts away fr om oil have gained momentum, with non -oil exports 
witnessing a 4.6% average annual growth rate between 2010 -2020, and the contribution of non -oil 
exports to total exports increasing from 27% in 2010 to 53% in 2020. Non -oil imports also 
experienced 2.4% ave rage annual growth during the past decade.  
2.23.   Although recently challenged by new sectors such as IT, Telecoms, Tourism and Logistics, 
traditionally, Financial Services Industrialization have formed the backbone of Bahrain's drive for 
economic diversificatio n for more than five decades. The Kingdom's Vision 2030 initiative confirmed 
the importance of the manufacturing sector as a key driver for the diversification process in 
establishing an innovative and knowledge -based economy.  
2.24.   Bahrain's diversification pla ns focus on reducing positively correlated volatilities amongst 
industries, avoiding fluctuation, and attracting an optimal combination of industrial investments in 
this pursuit.  
2.25.   Bahrain is concurrently focusing on developing a competitive SME sector, deli vering 
international quality products and services, and contributing to quality employment opportunities. 
In 2017, the Kingdom of Bahrain issued a Cabinet decision to allocate 20% of the value of 
government procurements and tenders for SMEs, and to obtain a preference of 10% in the biddings 
for the utilities that take place within the government's facilities. In addition, the Kingdom launched 
multiple programs to assist SMEs in accessing markets in different sectors, as well as another 21 
initiatives relate d to access to SMEs development, as part of the National SME Development Strategy 
launched in February 2018.  
2.26.   The success witnessed in the financial sector of the Kingdom can be linked to the steps taken 
by the Central Bank of Bahrain to enhance the regulat ory environment in which financial institutions 
operate. Many important regulations have been issued which are in line with internationally 
recognized standards such as the implementation of Basel II and III of the Basel Accords.  
2.27.   The 2019 -2020 state budge t clearly demonstrates that the Kingdom of Bahrain is prioritizing 
sound fiscal and economic policies whilst safeguarding the continued prosperity of its citizens. 
Cooperation of parliament is welcomed as it continues to play a valuable role in the Kingdom 's efforts 
to deliver a strong and sustainable economy. The deficit of Bahrain is down by over a third and early 
indicators show a robust growth in GDP in the first part of the year, putting the Kingdom well on 
track to deliver a balanced budget by 2024.  
2.28.   Bahrain seeks to develop its tourism industry as a key platform for sustainable future 
economic growth and diversification. In seeking to maximize the potential growth in the tourism 
industry, Bahrain continues to capitalize on the advantages of its natura l environment, cultural 
heritage, geographical location, moderate and tolerant society, and remarkable culture of hospitality.  
This was made clearly evident in the recent Tourism Strategy launched in November 2021, whereby 
the sector contribution to GDP i s forecasted to grow to 11.4% by end of 2026.  
2.29.   Bahrain has also ranked 29th in the world for Network Readiness according to the Global 
Information Technology Report issued by WEF, attesting to the Kingdom's leverage of advances in 
information and communicat ion technologies to drive economic productivity and social development.  
2.30.   During the review period, the Government has encouraged private sector investment in 
various sectors such as utilities, education, healthcare, and housing and has fully privatized its public 
transportation system.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  2.31.   In line with the Economic Vision 2030, health care is a central priority in the Kingdom's efforts, 
as the Ministry of Health commits to working as a unified governmental system to ensure 
sustainability, competitiveness, and j ustice in providing health care services. The health care system 
in Bahrain has adopted Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies that are based on the diversification 
of income sources and non -reliance on fuel as a soul source, in addition to expanding di gital 
industries and opening the way for investments in the healthcare sector.  
2.32.   National Health Information System (I -SEHA) is one of the major developments in the 
healthcare system within the Kingdom. The I -SEHA system aims to implement a National Health 
Information System that applies the latest techniques in health services to improve services for 
patients and increase the efficiency, quality, and speed of delivery of paperless health services for 
citizens and residents.  
2.33.   In terms of the Kingdom's COVID -19 response efforts, Bahrain launched its first stimulus 
package as early as March 2020 totalling around USD  11.3 billion (equivalent to 32% of the GDP) 
which focused on aiding the most affected business sectors with over 34 initiatives and 90 thousand 
Bahra ini employees benefiting from the scheme.  This package was further followed by lesser 
packages focusing on the most affected sectors and extending as late as second quarter of 2021.  
2.34.   Focused on economic recovery post COVID -19, the Government of Bahrain anno unced earlier 
in late October 2021 one of the largest economic growth plans. The new plan aims at enhancing the 
long-term economic competitiveness of Bahrain, while achieving its goals of fiscal sustainability.  
2.35.   The five -pillar plan aligned with the object ives of Bahrain's Economic Vision 2030 and 
includes:  
• Labour Market Reform Plan: To include a long -term National Labour Market Strategy and 
one to further develop and upskill the Bahraini workforce. The program aims to create 
20,000 Bahraini jobs and train  10,000 Bahraini annually until 2024.  
• Regulatory Reform Package: including simplifying the government processes and make them 
more effective with the aim of attracting FDI worth USD 2.5 billion by 2023.  
• Strategic Projects Plan: catalyzing over USD 30 bil lion of investments in strategic projects. 
This includes creating new industrial investment areas and developing partnerships with the 
private sector on large projects.  
• Priority Sectors Development Plan: six new sector strategies will be implemented acros s oil 
and gas; tourism; logistics; manufacturing; financial services; telecommunications ; IT; and 
digital economy , aiming to support annual growth of 5% in the non -oil sector by 2022.  
• Fiscal Balance Program: aiming to balance Bahrain's budget by 2024, by reducing 
government spending, streamlining subsidy programs, and diversifying the non -oil revenue 
sources of the government.  
2.36.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is working continuously in implementing its trade policies in line with 
its WTO commitments and is fully applying the Trade Facilitation Agreement two years ahead of 
planned date.  
2.37.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is committed to developing all areas of private enterprise and have 
carried out a thorough update and revision of all commercial laws with a view to eli minate obstacles 
and ease the process of setting up businesses in Bahrain. In this regard, the Government of Bahrain 
has embarked on several new reform steps to make Bahrain a truly viable candidate for foreign 
businesses and direct investment inflow throu gh expanding the private sector contribution to 
national GDP.  
2.38.   Since 2015, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism has been mandated to 
streamline its operations and licensing processes in order to further stimulate our private sector as 
well as att ract FDI to be the main driver of our economy. In this regard, in the past few years we 
have abolished almost 80% of the requirements to set up businesses in Bahrain, such as minimum 
Capital Requirements, Residency Requirements, Personal Qualifications and  Multiple Business WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  Ownership. In addition, our most evident milestone came to light in 2016 with the launch of our 
online registration portal (Sijilat) followed shortly by the launch of (Sijili), a unique CR availed to 
Bahrainis wishing to work as freelanc ers from home. This has directly resulted in a surge in new CR 
issuance as well as an expansion of the business activities added within existing CRs.  
2.39.   In closing, allow me to express our sincere appreciation for the joint technical and institutional 
contri butions of all those concerned in making this fourth  TPR of the Kingdom of Bahrain a fruitful 
and successful event. Once again, we would like to extend our gratitude to the Chair for her able 
chairmanship of the TPR Committee, our discussant for his valuab le comments, the WTO Secretariat 
for their outstanding preparatory efforts and the distinguished delegations of all WTO Members who 
have contributed greatly to this exercise with their valuable comments and questions.  
2.40.   As a founding Member of the WTO and st rong supporter of open global trade, the Kingdom of 
Bahrain is committed to maintaining and enhancing our cooperation with the World Trade 
Organization and are fully prepared to engage constructively in the work ahead. We are also very 
much looking forward  to the 12th Ministerial Conference taking place next week and are eager to 
witness concrete outcomes in issues of vital interest such as fisheries subsidies, e -commerce, 
investment facilitation and other areas of work that took place at the WTO. To this e nd, we would 
like to reaffirm our commitment and willingness to engage actively with all WTO Members in 
achieving such concrete outcomes and ensuring a successful Ministerial Conference.  
2.41.   Thank you very much for your kind attention and we look forward to r eceiving your comments 
and views in the hopes of concluding a very successful fourth  Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  It is my honor to serve as the discussant for the fourth  Trade Policy Review of the Kingdom of 
Bahrain. Let me begin by extending a very warm welcome to the delegation of the Kingdom of 
Bahrain headed by H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani. I also extend my appreciation for the 
remarkable work accomplished by H.E. Ambassador Yusuf Abdulkarim Mohammed Bucheeri and his 
capable  team here in Geneva. My appreciation also goes to the Secretariat team for their 
comprehensive and invaluable report prepared for this review.   
3.2.  The Trade Policy Review Mechanism is one of the central pillars of the multilateral trading 
system and an impo rtant tool for ensuring transparency in the global trade. The review will keep us 
abreast of evolving trading landscape and developments in trade policy of Bahrain since 2014.  
3.3.  I would like to take this opportunity to share my observations of Bahrain's rev iew on the 
following points.  
3.4.  First, despite having a relatively small population, with only 1.5 million, Bahrain enjoys notable 
and respectable positions in the world.  
3.5.  It is considered as a high -income country by the World Bank in 2020 with GDP per capit a of 
USD 23,300. Its economy was categorized in 40th place of 178 economies and as "moderately free" 
in the Heritage Foundation's 2021 Index of Economic Freedom. It was the 45 most competitive 
nation in the world out of 140 countries in the 2019 edition of  the Global Competitiveness Report 
and 43 among 190 economies in the ease of doing business according to the latest World Bank 
annual ratings in 2019. It was ranked in 42nd place of 189 economies in the 2020 UNDP Human 
Development Index, 79th among the 131  economies featured in the Global Innovation Index on 
innovation capabilities in 2020 and in 78th place out of 180 economies in Transparency International's 
2020 Corruption Perceptions Index.  
3.6.  Second, economic diversification continues to be at the core of Bahrain 's overall economic 
policy objectives.  
3.7.  Bahrain has comparatively limited hydrocarbon res erves. As such, Bahrain is more driven than 
other fellow GCC members to diversify its economy and maintain sustainable level of development. 
It would be remiss if I did not commend Bahrain's Economic Vision 2030 launched in 2008, which 
focuses on the princ iples of fairness, competitiveness, and sustainability to shape the vision of the 
Government. This vision together with government action plans (the current one covers the period 
2019-22) establishes a roadmap to raise Bahrain's level of economic diversifi cation through exploring 
new industries such as finance, tourism, and manufacturing; fostering the role of the private sector; 
and enhancing international trade and investment. It also aims at reducing carbon emissions, 
minimizing pollution, and promoting more sustainable energy. It would be of great interest to learn 
more about this Vision.  
3.8.  With its longstanding diversification efforts, the share of the hydrocarbon sector more than 
halved between 2000 and 2020. In 2020, hydrocarbon sector, although remains  the major source 
of government revenue, only accounts for 18.6% of GDP, compared to 43.6% in 2000. All the other 
sectors with the exception of real estate have shown an increasing contribution to Bahrain's GDP. 
Among them, the services sector, particularl y financial services, has become the main pillar of the 
economy, accounting for 58.3% of GDP in 2020. The services sector has continued to expand, 
supported by a substantial financial services segment. The manufacturing sector dominated by 
production of al uminum and petrochemicals accounted for 14.2% of GDP in 2020.   
3.9.  It is encouraging that Bahrain posted positive annual real GDP growth over the period 2014 -19, 
largely supported by growth in the non -oil sectors. Although the economy contracted by about 5.1%  
in 2020 due to the COVID -19 pandemic and falling oil prices, economic recovery is expected in 2021, 
with annual real GDP growth estimated at 3.1%, and at 2 % to 2.5% in the medium term, thanks to 
continued government expenditure on infrastructure and its r elated impact on the non -oil sectors.  
3.10.   Third, Bahrain has a long -standing tradition of openness, freedom, and transparency. It 
serves as one of the most attractive, friendly, and worthwhile business destinations in the region.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  3.11.   Bahrain's economy remains hig hly dependent on trade. The ratio of trade to GDP fluctuated 
over the review period, peaking at 175.9% in 2014 and was at a low of 136.2% in 2020.  
3.12.   Bahrain's MFN tariff on imports is relatively low and has continued to decrease during the 
review period. It s simple average applied MFN tariff rate was 4.7% in 2021, down from 5.1% in 
2013. The share of duty -free lines slightly increased from 11.1% in 2013 to 11.7% in 2021.  
3.13.   Bahrain has a low -tax environment. Most companies are not subject to a corporate tax, a  
46% tax is levied only on companies in the oil and gas sectors and those that generate profits from 
hydrocarbon extraction or refinement. Bahrain imposes no taxes on personal income.  
3.14.   Bahrain continued to improve its investment regime during the review pe riod. In 2016, it 
implemented an online commercial registry system (SIJILAT) to simplify business registration, 
streamline licensing requirements, and ensure coordination between relevant agencies. Since 2015, 
foreign entities have been allowed to invest i n restricted or prohibited activities, if the authorities 
determine that granting such exceptions shall have a strategic economic significance or a profitable 
return for Bahrain's economy. In 2018, foreign ownership restrictions were removed on 62 business  
activities. Steps were also taken in 2021 to further facilitate foreign participation in some of the 
selected economic activities where foreign access remains prohibited.  
3.15.   New trade facilitation initiatives were developed during the review period, includi ng Bahrain's 
implementation of the GCC unified guide on advance rulings, the launch of a remote customs 
clearance service, and the introduction of an authorized economic operator scheme and other 
schemes giving facilitated access for trusted operators. Rep ortedly, around 90% of goods are 
released without inspection, typically the same day. The cost of running a business in Bahrain is 
approximately 30% lower than other regional centers.  
3.16.   Fourth, Bahrain is a strong supporter of the rules -based multilateral t rading system.  
3.17.   Bahrain is an original Member of the WTO, a signatory to the WTO Information Technology 
Agreement (ITA) and one of the first group Members of the WTO, which ratified the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement (TFA). Furthermore, Bahrain must be commended for its ste rling efforts in implementing 
100% of its commitments under the Trade Facilitation Agreement, two years ahead of schedule. On 
9 December 2008, Bahrain became an Observer to the plurilateral WTO Agreement on Government 
Procurement. It actively participates in Joint Statement Initiatives on E-Commerce; Investment 
Facilitation for Development; and MSMES.  
3.18.   Fifth, Bahrain is strongly committed to increasing its regional integration in the GCC Customs 
Union. Its economic policies are very much influenced by gradu ally harmonization with other GCC 
members.  
3.19.   The main destinations for Bahrain's exports and sources of imports are other GCC member 
States, mainly the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  
3.20.   Since January 2003, the GCC member States have been applying a common external tariff of 
0% and 5% to most products imported from third countries, and a common law on customs 
procedures and valuation. The GCC has common trade -related legislation on customs, contingency 
measures veterinary quarantine and pla nt quarantine, and trademarks. Under the GCC Agreement, 
each member State maintains its own list of restricted and prohibited items. Launched in 2003, the 
GCC Customs Union was finalized in January 2015, and the unified guides for customs procedures 
and ad vance rulings have been released.   
3.21.   Last but not least, please allow me to touch upon some of the challenges that exist for the 
country's long -term resilience, apart from the continued diversification of its economy from 
hydrocarbons.  
3.22.   Having relatively sm all populations in the face of the large demand for workforce, Bahrain's 
workforce is characterized by a high degree of foreign labor on which the economy is heavily reliant, 
around 74.8% of the workforce. Bahrain will still need the support of foreign wor kers to sustain its 
endeavors for further development. It is positive that Bahrain continues to improve its labor market WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  conditions, including the amendments of its Labor Law and the introduction of wage protection 
scheme.  
3.23.   The narrow economic, export and fiscal base also expose Bahrain to vulnerability. Bahrain is 
facing an elevated fiscal deficit and high levels of public debt. Since the last Review, Bahrain's fiscal 
position has been consistently in deficit. In 2020, Central government debt reached 115% of GDP, 
a significant increase compared with 44% in late 2014. Mining, mainly petroleum products accounts 
for the bulk of merchandise exports, 76.1% of the value of exports in 2020. Moreover, Bahrain 
continues to rely on imports to meet its domestic demand  for most agricultural products, despite 
the Government's efforts to promote the sector.  
3.24.   As the Secretariat Report mentioned, the COVID -19 pandemic and the measures adopted by 
Bahrain to help mitigate its impact, including the USD  12 billion economic stim ulus package, are 
likely to delay the success of Bahrain's macroeconomic stabilization reforms.  
3.25.   Members have showed a high degree of interest in Bahrain's trade policies. More than 140 
questions have been submitted to date.   
3.26.   Members are interested in Bahr ain's development of a digital economy, an area that is worth 
our attention. As highlighted by the Secretariat report, the past few years have been marked as the 
most definitive chapter yet in Bahrain's journey to becoming a fully -fledged digital economy, as it 
has continued to invest in its world class ICT infrastructure and pioneers' regulations that nurture 
innovation and is seeing digital transformation of key sectors across the board.  
3.27.   Members are also concerned about Bahrain's export promotion measures , its notification on 
SOEs, non -preferential rules of origin, and its IPR protection etc. The latest development in various 
sectors, particularly energy and metal industries, financial services, transport services, 
telecommunications also attract members' attention. I encourage Bahrain to engage with Members 
on these issue during this review.   
3.28.   To conclude my statement as the discussant, allow me to express my confidence that, as 
Bahrain strides towards achieving its economic Vision 2030, Bahrain will be ab le to achieve their 
long-term visions towards a globally competitive, productive, sustainable, diversified , and 
knowledge -based economy and achieve the shared goal of building a better life for every Bahraini. 
I hope the discussions and recommendations exp ressed by Members in the course of this Review 
can contribute to this process.  
3.29.   I wish H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani and his distinguished delegation a successful Trade 
Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
KINGDOM  OF SAUDI  ARABIA  ON BEHALF  OF THE ARAB GROUP  
4.1.  On behalf of the Arab Group, I would like to extend a very warm welcome to the distinguished 
delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain headed by H.E. Mr  Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of 
Industry Commerce and Tourism.  
4.2.  The Arab Group wishes to tha nk the brothers in Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat for their 
detailed and comprehensive Trade Policy Review reports. We also thank the discussant H.E. Mr Li 
Chenggang Ambassador and Permanent Representative of China to the WTO for his insightful 
remarks.  
4.3.  The Kingdom of Bahrain, like the rest of the world economies, has been facing the challenges 
caused by the COVID -19 pandemic. These challenges are being addressed by adopted some 
measures to mitigate the pandemic 's impact on the economy, and to accelerate t he economic 
recovery which is expected to grow by 3.1% in 2021.  
4.4.  The Arab Group would like to commend Bahrain for its diversification efforts under Bahrain 's 
Vision 2030, for improved its investment regime, for introduced a law on Competition Promotion in 
2018, for taken steps to promote the fintech industry.  
4.5.  We congratulate Bahrain for implementing 100% of its commitments under the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement, for being an active member in the multilateral trading system including its 
partici pations in various discussions of the WTO.  
4.6.  Before I conclude, I would like to say a few words on behalf of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and 
Bahrain are not only neighbours enjoying brotherly outstanding relations supported by shared 
membership in the GCC, Ar ab league, and OIC, but they are prominent trading partners. Trade 
exchange between the two countries exceeded SAR 24 billion  in 2020, which ranked them amongst 
each other 's main trading partners. Moreover, Saudi -Bahraini Joint Business Council remains ver y 
active in paving the way for closer economic ties to strengthen trade cooperation and to enhance 
business opportunities in the two Kingdoms.  
4.7.  At the end, I would like to thank H.E. Dr Yusuf Bucheeri , Ambassador and Permanent 
Representative of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the WTO , and his distinguished team for their great 
efforts as a Coordinator this year for the States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which serve 
the interests of the GCC member states.  To conclude, we wish our brothers in Bahrain a ver y 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
KINGDOM  OF SAUDI  ARABIA  ON BEHALF  OF THE GULF  COOPERATION  COUNCIL  (GCC)  
4.8.  We are delighted to see all the positive transformations and economic growth mentioned in 
both reports. This of course comes after the global economy has faced many challenges during the 
review period, not least in light of the global pandemic, to which the Kingdom of Bahrain 
commendably responded through the establishment of a National Taskforce and the introduction of 
an economic stimulus package cons isting of various support initiatives.  
4.9.  We are pleased that the report shows the various efforts undertaken by the Kingdom of 
Bahrain, under its ambitious Vision 2030 development strategy, in advancing the country's economic 
development and diversification agenda , including, among other things, a notable increase of non -
oil exports at a 4.6% average annual growth rate during the last decade, with the contribution of 
non-oil exports to total exports increasing from 27% to 53% during the same p eriod.  
4.10.   Looking forward, we view great interest and opportunity in investment in the Kingdom of 
Bahrain and its potential for attracting Foreign Direct Investment to our region. As the report shows, 
the investment regime is a priority area for the Kingdom 's economic development as Bahrain 
maintains a free market economy, with no restrictions on capital movements, foreign exchange, 
foreign trade, or foreign investment. To this end, the Kingdom of Bahrain continues to enhance its WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  investment ecosystem by implem enting legislative and policy reforms to maintain the Kingdom 's 
position at the forefront of enabling a digital economy.  
4.11.   I cannot conclude this statement without highlighting the Kingdom of Bahrain 's role as both 
a founding and long -standing strong support er of the WTO and the multilateral trading system which 
it nurtures. During the period under review, the Kingdom of Bahrain deepened its active participation 
and enhanced its engagement at the WTO Councils and Committees , thereby attesting to its full 
support and belief in the effectiveness of an open and rules -based multilateral trading system in 
contributing to global economic development and prosperity.  
4.12.   Finally, we would like to thank the discussant for his remarks and active discussion and the 
WTO Secretariat for their efforts in preparing the detailed reports and we wish the Kingdom of 
Bahrain every success in its Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.13.   The United States and Bahrain enjoy a constructive bilateral relationship, with cooperation 
spanning many of the economic and security issues confronting the Middle East and the world.  On 
the commercial front, bilateral trade continues to expand, and as we implement our comprehensive 
bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA), we look forward to continued engagemen t on trade issues.  
The U S-Bahrain FTA eliminated tariffs and other barriers on substantially all goods and services 
trade, thereby promoting economic growth and additional commercial opportunities.  In 2020, the 
value of U S goods imports from Bahrain was  USD 636 million, with the top import categories in 
aluminum at USD 357 million, mineral fuels at USD 66 million, textile articles at USD 61 million, and 
plastics at USD 31 million.  
4.14.   We hope that Bahrain will find this review to be useful as the country continues to open its 
markets for global trade.  The United States has submitted a number of questions to better 
understand Bahrain 's processes and mechanisms, and we look forward to reviewing Bahrain 's 
responses to our written questions.  
4.15.   For examp le, the United States understands that Bahrain and the other Gulf Cooperation 
Council (GCC) Member State governments are currently considering revisions to the excise tax on 
beverages.  We and other WTO Members have raised concerns in several fora about th e 
implementation of this tax, and we have asked for an opportunity to consult on necessary revisions, 
including switching to a graduated tax based on total sugar content , whether from either naturally 
occurring and/or added sugars , exempting beverages with  no added sugar and low caloric beverages 
from the tax, and ensuring that there is no discrimination between energy drinks and other 
beverages currently covered that have similar amounts of sugar.  
4.16.   We remain particularly interested in the timeline to inform  private industry, governments, 
and other interested parties about the study currently underway on a new excise tax model and 
Bahrain 's formal mechanism for consulting with interested parties regarding the selective tax, 
particularly in advance of any fina l decisions.  We note differences among the GCC member state 
governments in their implementation of the selective tax, and look forward to working with Bahrain 
work with the other GCC member state governments to ensure that any amendments to the Unified 
Excise Tax Treaty for the GCC address the issue of consistent implementation.  
4.17.   In addition, we submitted questions regarding implementation of a recent regulation affecting 
energy drinks as well as a range of other products, sections of which we request that Bahrain notify 
in accordance with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.  
4.18.   The United States has also raised detailed questions regarding the status of establishing 
Collective Management Organizations and the status of notification of programs to the WTO 
Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.  
4.19.   We also call on Bahrain to no longer seek special and differential treatment in current and 
future WTO negotiations. By taking this step, Bahrain would make a significant contribution to 
ensuring that  the WTO remains a viable forum for meaningful trade negotiations.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.20.   The United States greatly appreciates the opportunity to participate in this TPR review and 
looks forward to continuing our work with Bahrain, and our trading partners, to strengthen the gl obal 
economy and the multilateral trading system embodied by the WTO, allowing trade and investment 
opportunities to expand.  
CANADA  
4.21.   Canada joins other WTO Members in welcoming H .E. Mr. Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani and the 
other members of the delegation from  Bahrain. We are pleased to participate in the fourth Trade 
Policy Review of Bahrain. We thank the Government of Bahrain and the Secretariat for their reports.  
4.22.   At the outset, I would like to congratulate Bahrain for the continued improvement of its trade 
and investment regime during the review period, and for being an active participant in the 
multilateral trading system. I note ratification by Bahrain of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 
in September 2016, and its implementation, two years ahead of sche dule.  
4.23.   Congratulations also for your continued implementation of Bahrain 's "Vision 2030 " agenda.  I 
note that within this framework, Bahrain has made progress on supporting an enabling environment 
for sustainable development. I am particularly pleased to n ote the goal of supporting creativity, 
excellence, and highlighting the role of women and SMEs in the economy in all government programs 
and initiatives.  
4.24.   On the regional front, we commend Bahrain and all Gulf Cooperation Council Members for 
efforts to rei nforce collaboration and improve trade dynamics among GCC states. Canada will follow 
with interest the further development of trade relations between the GCC and its international 
partners, and I would be grateful to learn more about Bahrain 's views on the  future steps for GCC -
level trade policy engagement.  
4.25.   We welcome Bahrain 's participation as an observer to the WTO Agreement on Government 
Procurement. Canada is a strong supporter of the WTO GPA and is committed to improve and secure 
government procuremen t market access globally. I am pleased to note improvements to Bahrain 's 
government procurement regime through the Bahrain Tender Board and would encourage Bahrain 
to consider acceding to the WTO Government Procurement Agreement.  
4.26.   We also value Bahrain 's participation in the Joint Statement Initiative on Investment 
Facilitation for Development and the informal Micro, Small and Medium -sized Enterprises working 
group. I invite Bahrain to consider joining the JSI on Services Domestic Regulation. In addition, I  
also encourage Bahrain to consider supporting the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women's 
Economic Empowerment and participating in the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured 
Discussions.  
4.27.   On the dispute settlement front, I invite Bahrain to consider joining the Multi -Party Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement that provides access to binding dispute settlement and appellate review to 
its participants. In relation to the WTO 's deliberative function, Canada appreciates the very good 
notification re cord of Bahrain over the review period.      
4.28.   We compliment Bahrain for recent improvements in its business and foreign investment 
environment, including those related to obtaining construction permits; registering property; 
obtaining credit; paying taxes; protecting minority investors; trading across borders; enforcing 
contracts; and resolving insolvency.  
4.29.   Canadian businesses see significant opportunities in Bahrain that match Canadian capabilities, 
including in the fields of energy, infrastructure, transpor tation, and clean technology. These are 
sectors where Canadian expertise can help meet Bahrain 's needs and objectives for a more efficient 
and greener economy.  
4.30.   To facilitate this, it is important for Bahrain to continue to maintain an open, fair, and 
transparent business environment to attract Canadian and other businesses and expertise to further 
grow your economy and reinforce your role as a regional economic h ub.   WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.31.   We have submitted a number of questions on the themes I have touched on, and other issues. 
We thank Bahrain for your responses, which we will carefully review. We look forward to a 
constructive exchange of views on all aspects of Bahrain 's trade poli cy. 
SINGAPORE  
4.32.   Let me begin by conveying my warm greetings and appreciation to Minister of Industry 
Commerce and Tourism , Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani  and his delegation. We thank the Kingdom 
of Bahrain for its comprehensive Government Report and Statement . We also thank the Chair 
Ambassador Athaliah Molokomme, discussant Ambassador Li Chenggang (China), as well as the 
Secretariat for their insightful reports and statements. Allow me to make three points.  
4.33.   First, Singapore and Bahrain enjoy a multifaceted relationship. Singapore and Bahrain share 
many similarities. As small island states with long trading traditions, we face common interests and 
challenges, which have promoted close cooperation in various fields including renewable energy, 
defence, entrepreneurship, banking, tourism, education, cultural and sports. This relationship has 
been nurtured by healthy exchanges of high -level visits and regular meetings between our officials 
to share experiences and best practices with each other. For e xample, Singapore has been an active 
participant of the Manama Dialogue since its inception in 2004, and Bahrain 's premier World Islamic 
Banking Conference since 2008.  
4.34.   In the economic sphere, we have also deepened our partnership through several trade 
facilitative agreements, including the Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement (DTA), Investment 
Guarantee Agreement, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) –Singapore Free Trade Agreement 
(GSFTA). Both Singapore and Bahrain also serve as gateways for our compa nies to establish their 
presence in our respective regions.  
4.35.   Despite the COVID -19 pandemic, bilateral trade in goods grew by approximately US D 25 
million to around US D 274 million in 2020. According to the Bahraini Government report, Singapore 
is among the  top three destination for its re -exports in the past two quarters of 2021, amounting to 
around US D 66 million. As of 2019, Singapore has invested in approximately US D 441 million worth 
of projects in Bahrain while Singapore receives US D 3.5 billion foreig n direct investment (FDI) from 
Bahrain.   
4.36.   Second, both Singapore and Bahrain attach great importance to economic diversification as a 
key pillar of our economic strategy. Singapore commends Bahrain 's efforts to diversify the country 's 
oil-based economy so that it could become globally competitive and productive through the Bahrain 
Economic Vision 2030. The structure of the Bahraini economy has been transformed by a rapid 
process of economic diversification since the turn of the century. Bahrain has successf ully halved 
the share of the oil sector 's contribution to its GDP between 2000 and 2020. In fact, the contribution 
of non -oil sectors has grown and currently contributed 81.4% of its GDP in 2020.   
4.37.   Singapore and Bahrain have also embraced digital transform ation of both the public and 
private sectors, including our established financial sectors. Singapore looks forward to continuing 
our collaboration with Bahrain in these emerging areas, especially as we embark on post -pandemic 
recovery. With that view, we h ave submitted questions relating to Bahrain 's FinHub  973 and 
regulatory sandbox for FinTech firms and start -ups, among other questions.  
4.38.   Third, on the multilateral front, Bahrain has been a steadfast supporter of the WTO and was 
one of its founding Members.  We are pleased to note that Bahrain was the one of the first Members 
to ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and is fully applying the TFA two years ahead 
of their notified timeline.  
4.39.   Singapore also welcome Bahrain 's participation in the vari ous Joint Statement Initiatives 
(JSIs), including the JSIs on E -Commerce and Investment Facilitation for Development. Bahrain 's 
continued support for the JSIs reflects its progressive trade policy and contribution to ensure that 
the WTO remains relevant. I n this connection, we want to encourage Bahrain to join the JSI on 
Services Domestic Regulation. Additionally, given the importance of establishing open, fair and 
transparent conditions of competition in government procurement processes, Singapore would 
encourage Bahrain to consider elevating its status as an observer to become a party to the 
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). We believe that these will spur further growth for WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  Bahrain 's small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and support the successful imp lementation of the 
Vision 2030 plan.  
4.40.   Singapore looks forward to working closely with the Bahrain Mission to the WTO, which is ably 
led by Ambassador Yusuf Abdul Karim Bucheeri. I wish Bahrain every success for its fourth  TPR.  
BRAZIL  
4.41.   Brazil would like to t hank the Kingdom of Bahrain and the Bahraini Mission to the WTO, 
represented by Permanent Representative Yusuf Abdulkarim Mohammed Bucheeri, for engaging in 
Bahrein 's fourth Trade Policy Review and providing Members with an overview of the country 's 
econom ic performance and adherence to the multilateral trading system.  
4.42.   We would like to express our appreciation to the WT O Secretariat for its thorough and 
comprehensive report, as well as to the Chair, Ambassador Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme 
(Botswana), and th e discussant, Ambassador Chenggang Li (China), for their contribution to this 
crucial exercise on transparency.  
4.43.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is an important partner of Brazil. Last week, President Jair Bolsonaro 
visited Manama to strengthen ties between our nations.  Brazil is in the process of establishing an 
embassy in the Bahraini capital and sees this as an important step for expanded bilateral relations.  
4.44.   Our two countries enjoy a growing economic relationship. Trade flows between Brazil and the 
Kingdom of Bahrain increased by over 100% between 2015 and 2020, despite the effects of the 
worldwide pandemic in the latter  year. 
4.45.   We are proud to supply Bahrain with vital products for  their economy and their food security, 
such as iron ore and poultry. Meanwhile, Bahrain is an important source of inputs for our agribusiness 
and our industry.  
4.46.   With a view to expanding and diver sifying the bilateral trade agenda, it is essential to advance 
negotiations for sanitary and phytosanitary certification. We have proposed to the Bahraini 
authorities the Brazilian model of International Health Certificate (CSI) to support the export of be ef 
and meat products and we expect progress will be achieved in this area.  
4.47.   In investments, we see a broad range of opportunities that we have yet to harness. We have 
a specific interest in deepening investments on oil, gas, tourism, housing and constructio n, which 
could be facilitated with the Brazilian model of the Cooperation and Facilitation Investment 
Agreement. Brazil is ready to engage in bilateral negotiations to achieve this goal.  
4.48.   The COVID -19 crisis had a major impact on both the  world and the Bahr aini economy. Falling 
oil prices were a substantial factor leading to a 5 .1% decline of the Bahraini GDP in 2020. We are 
pleased to see  that the economy is ready to bounce back, with a 3.1% growth estimate in the current 
year. 
4.49.   We highlight  Bahrain 's high l evel of engagement with the Trade Facilitation Agreement, 
including total implementation of their commitments two years ahead of the planned timeline. Other 
positive developments during the review period were new investment and business legislation, such 
as the 2020 Decree -Law on the fight against money laundering and the combat of terrorism 
financing; the 2018 Decree on bankruptcy, which boosts transparency and efficiency in the 
insolvency process; and the 2017 Order that provides start -ups with a supporti ve environment.  
4.50.   Let me conclude by wishing the Kingdom of Bahrain a very successful and productive Trade 
Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.51.   On behalf of the EU, I would first like to welcome the Delegation of Bahrain, led by H.E. Mr 
Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani , Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism. I would also like to thank WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  the WTO Secretariat and the Delegation of Bahrain for their reports and the Discussant H.E. Mr Li 
Chenggang , Ambassador of China , for his remarks.  
4.52.   Chair, this is the fourth  review for B ahrain and I would like start by noting that in our 
assessment the country is moving in the right direction.  
4.53.   At the multilateral level, the EU commends Bahrain on the implementation of all of its 
commitments under the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Bahrain  has submitted various notifications 
to the WTO during the review period, nevertheless, notifications on, inter alia, state trading 
enterprises and subsidies remain outstanding. Keeping in mind the timing of this TPR, the EU would 
like to stress the need t o achieve concrete results at the WTO 's 12th Ministerial Conference next 
week to show that the WTO can deliver results on the economic recovery from the pandemic, trade 
and health and sustainability in the area of fisheries.  
4.54.   While we welcome Bahrain 's participation in the Joint Statement Initiatives on E-commerce, 
Investment Facilitation for Development and MSMEs, we encourage Bahrain to join the group of 
WTO Members that are committed to bringing the Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation 
to a s uccessful conclusion at the MC12. This initiative is of great importance to the service suppliers 
across the world and will assist in their recovery from the pandemic. We also call for Bahrain 's 
cooperation in the WTO reform discussions, which are essentia l to setting the WTO on the path to 
manage effectively the challenges of the 21st century and invite Bahrain to join the MPIA.    
4.55.   The bilateral relationship between the EU and Bahrain is on a good track. The EU and Bahrain 
signed a Cooperation Arrangement to enhance dialogue in areas of common interest, including on 
trade, investment, and economic cooperation in general.  
4.56.   The EU remai ns a very important trading and investment partner for Bahrain. In 2020, the 
EU was the second trading partner for Bahrain . Also, bilateral investment relations have developed 
considerably . 
4.57.   Since the last review in 2014 , and similarly to the other GCC coun tries, Bahrain 's economy 
has been negatively impacted by the effects of the global pandemic and the steep fall in prices on 
the international energy markets, since Bahrain 's economy, industrial output and trade remain to a 
significant extent reliant on the  energy sector and hydrocarbons ' production. It is therefore 
reassuring to note that Bahrain is aware of the need to reduce this high dependence on the energy 
sector and is implementing specific steps to diversify its economy under a long -term development 
strategy.  
4.58.   In order to support this process, the EU in 2019 – alongside of our GCC partners – has initiated 
the "EU-GCC Economic Diversification Project ". This project is ongoing and aims at supporting the 
economic diversification the Gulf economies, involving stakeholders from both the private and public 
sector in areas of standards, investment promotion, and intellectual property rights ' protection as 
well as new emerging areas such as circular economy, digitalization, and connectivity.  
4.59.   As part of this project in the context of the ongoing Expo Dubai several significant events 
have been organized, including a conference on the participation of women in the technology sectors 
and a high -level EU -GCC Business Forum, focussing on economic div ersification.  We welcome 
Bahrain 's active engagement in this project. The EU is of the view that these exchanges will 
contribute to helping the country in upgrading its economy in the coming years by making it more 
sustainable and knowledge based.  
4.60.   Despite of these positive developments, the EU has some questions and concerns regarding 
the trade and investment policies in Bahrain. We would like to reiterate our concerns voiced in the 
Council for Trade in Goods, the Market Access Committee as well in bilate ral contacts with Bahrain 
in relation to the GCC "Treaty on Excise Tax " of December 2016. The EU would like to stress again 
the importance of harmonizing the implementation of the Excise Tax Law and the need for a close 
engagement with private industry sta keholders to revise the tax.  
4.61.   The EU is confident that this TPR will help Bahrain in reviewing important policy areas that 
are key in attaining the country 's economic objectives. Let me conclude by recalling that the EU is 
looking forward to Bahrain 's respo nses to the questions we have put forward today and others that WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  we have previously submitted in writing. On behalf of the EU, I wish Bahrain a very productive and 
successful review.  
ISRAEL  
4.62.   Israel would like to thank you, the Discussant, H.E. Mr  LI Chenggan g, the kingdom of Bah rain, 
and the Secretariat for the detailed reports. Israel also welcomes H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, 
Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism as the Head of Bahraini Delegation to its fourth  TPR. 
Israel warmly welcomes Bahrai n on the occasion of this TPR and congratulates it for the work 
invested in the preparations of this report.  
4.63.   We are very happy to note that the collaboration between our countries have strengthened 
significantly since the historic establishment of diplomat ic relations on  15 September  2020.  
4.64.   Following a formal visit by the Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism H.E. Zayed bin 
Rashid Al Zayani during December 2020, we witnessed the joint signature of a Memorandum of 
Understandings between our countries co ncerning innovation, small and medium enterprises, and 
standards.  This opens the way for new and promising channels of collaboration on Trade.  
4.65.   Already in this first full year after the signing of the agreement we have seen a very promising 
beginning, and t here is a great deal of interest in fostering and benefiting from these new open 
channels that run deep and across all sectors. There are immense opportunities to develop ties 
further, not only in business and trade, but also across culture, sports, techno logy, and tourism.  
4.66.   In this session, I will focus on trade. Already in this past year, total trade amounted to nearly 
USD 1 million  and we see great potential for further significant growth in the immediate future.  
4.67.   The sectors of interest for Israel in Bahrain include finance, cyber, tourism and technology as 
well as know -how in such fields as energy, food, and water security, agriculture, and health services.  
4.68.   Like Israel, Bahrain 's economy is highly dependent on trade, which is evident from Bahrain 's 
ratio of trade in goods and services to GDP fluctuating above 136% in 2020. Additionally, Bahrain 's 
services sector follows a similar path as Israel 's, with an upward direction in the export of services.  
4.69.   Regarding the economic ramifications of the COVID -19 pandemic, Bahrain 's economy 
contracted by around 5.1% during the last year, mainly due to the COVID -19 pandemic and falling 
oil prices. However, the good news is that economic recovery is expected in 2021, with annual real 
GDP growth estimated at 3.1%, and  then stabilize somewhere between 2%  to 2.5% over the next 
four years, largely due to continued government expenditure on infrastructure and its related impact 
on the non -oil sector. Israel looks forward to continuing its share of trade to this economic re covery.  
4.70.   At the WTO, Israel is looking forward to an increased engagement with Bahrain. Both our 
nations participate in initiatives, such as the JSI on E-commerce. We look forward to capitalizing on 
the work done at the Ministerial Conference and charting o ur continued efforts post MC12.  
4.71.   During this TPR, Israel submitted questions to Bahrain, and awaits Bahrain's reply. The areas 
of interest for Israel include customs and border procedures.  
4.72.   As we are nearing MC12, Israel looks forward to seeing Bahrain 's con tributions and 
constructive role towards a successful Ministerial, which is just days away.  
4.73.   Finally, Israel looks forward to strengthening our close collaboration with the Bahra ini 
delegation headed by Ambassador H.E. Dr Yusuf Abdulkarim Mohammed Bucheeri.  Israel wishes 
Bahrain a very successful TPR.  
INDIA  
4.74.   Let me begin by extending a warm welcome to the delegation of Bahrain led by H.E. Mr.Zayed 
bin Rashid Al Zayani , Minister of Industry Commerce and Tourism. India is pleased to be a part of 
the Trade Polic y Review of Bahrain today. My delegation would further, like to commend the WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  Government of Bahrain, the delegation in Geneva led by H.E. Dr Yous uf Abdulkarim Bucheeri, 
Permanent Representative  and Ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain as well as the WTO 
Secretariat for their comprehensive reports. I would also thank the discussant H.E. Mr Li Chenggang 
of China for his insightful remarks.  
4.75.   India, and Bahrain enjoy excellent bilateral relations characterized by cordial political, 
economic, cultural and civilisat ional linkages. And this year India and Bahrain are celebrating the 
golden jubilee of our diplomatic relations. These ties got further strengthened during the state visit 
of Indian Prime Minister to the kingdom of Bahrain in August 2019. This visit holds g reat significance 
as this was the first ever visit by an Indian Prime Minister to the Kingdom of Bahrain. The visit 
provided renewed energy and vigour to various facets of our bilateral relations. As a gesture of our 
collaboration India shared 100,000 vacc ine doses with Bahrain and both sides have agreed to 
continue collaboration to combat the pandemic.  
4.76.   The excellent economic and trade relations between our two countries have received a fresh 
impetus since the oil boom of the early seventies. Bahrain 's strategic location makes it the gateway 
to the Gulf Cooperation Council Market worth USD 1.5 trillion. This advantage coupled with Bahrain 's 
policy of industrial diversification played an important role in enhancing economic cooperation 
between India and Bahr ain.  
4.77.   New job opportunities have attracted many Indian expatriates to Bahrain. India is among the 
top 10 trading partners of Bahrain, and since the past couple of years, bilateral trade is in the range 
of USD  1 billion with a dip only in 2019 -2020 where i t was USD 980.59 billion. Bilateral investments 
have increased from both sides in the recent times. With a cumulative investment of USD 1.2 -1.3 
billion, India is the 6th largest investor in Bahrain.  
4.78.   Chair, we note with appreciation the report provided by the Secretariat for this TPR. India 
commends the measures taken by Bahrain to make a business and investment friendly environment 
and transform into a competitive and open economy by integrating into the multilateral trading 
system. While the hydrocarbon s ector is an important component of the economy of Bahrain, we 
appreciate the country's commitment to diversify into other sectors to reduce the dependence on oil 
sectors. We therefore appreciate the rapid strides made by Bahrain in diversifying into both s ervices 
and manufacturing sectors overcoming the constraints in terms of its limited population and 
geographical size. As a result, the services sector has become the backbone of the economy, 
accounting for nearly 60% of real GDP in 2020 making it a servic e-based economy.  
4.79.   The long -term development strategy elucidated by the Economic Vision 2030 accompanied 
by the five -year plans through liberalization, diversification and privatization have helped in the 
robust economic growth and played an important role in guiding the day -to-day policy making of 
the government. We note with interest the steps taken by Bahrain in trade facilitation where it is 
reported that Bahrain has implemented 100% of its commitments under the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement, ahead of sch edule.  
4.80.   We would like to thank Bahrain for their replies to the various questions posed by my 
delegation that will be studied carefully by my capital.  We look forward to working with Bahrain in 
further expanding and fostering our trade and investment ties for our mutual benefit. We wish the 
delegation of Bahrain a productive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
THAILAND  
4.81.   Thailand is delighted to participate in the 4th Trade Policy Review of the Kingdom of Bahrain. 
We wish to extend our warm we lcome to the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain led by H.E. Mr 
Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of Industry Commerce and Tourism.  
4.82.   We would like to thank Ambassador Dr  Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme of Botswana for your 
leadership as the Chair and Ambassador Li Chenggang of China, for his insightful comments as 
Discussant. We also thank the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat for 
their useful and comp rehensive reports.  
4.83.   Thailand and Bahrain have had a long -standing relationship since 1977 and we were delighted 
to celebrate the 44th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Thailand and Bahrain in 2021.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.84.   The bilateral economic relations and cooperation between Thailand and Bahrain have 
expanded steadily in many areas such as healthcare, trade and investment, food safety, energy and 
technology. Thailand and Bahrain have expressed an interest to work together to promote contract 
farming and also reached an  agreement to establish a distribution center of Thailand 's products in 
the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf or the GCC markets.  
4.85.   Bahrain is an important trading partner of Thailand. In terms of merchandise trade, in the 
past five years, the average total trade value between the two countries amounted to approximately 
USD 377.40 million  per year and has grown by 6.46% for the first seven  months of 2021. The top 
exported goods from Bahrain to Thailand are petroleum oils, aluminium, fertiliz er, and methyl 
alcohol, whilst Bahrain primarily imports motor cars and motor vehicles, parts of  machinery and 
laboratory equipment from Thailand. We hope that the two countries could strive for a higher 
bilateral trade exchange in the future.  
4.86.   Due to its strategic location in the Persian Gulf, Bahrain has a very high potential to become 
trade and business hub in the GCC. Thailand welcomes Bahrain 's economic vision 2030 and the 
2019-2022 Four -Year Government Plans which aim to achieve economic growth, financ ial stability, 
and sustainable development for the country by 2030. We also welcome Bahrain 's efforts to reform, 
support, and diversify her economy into wider range of manufactured goods and services, especially 
towards the tourism sector.  
4.87.   In this review, Thailand has submitted a number of questions on various areas of Bahrain's 
trade and economic policy, and we thank Bahrain for responding to our questions and look forward 
to thoroughly reviewing them.  
4.88.   Lastly, Thailand appreciates the leadership of Ambassa dor Dr Yus uf Abdul karim Bucheeri. We 
look forward to enhancing our cooperation with the Mission of the Kingdom of Bahrain to advance 
our mutual interest and strengthen our partnership at all levels. Thailand wishes Bahrain a successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
ICELAND  
4.89.   Iceland joins others in welcoming the distinguished delegation of Bahrain to their Trade Policy 
Review . We also express appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and Bahrain for the reports prepared, 
as well as to the discussant  for the excellent framin g of the issues for our discussion today.  
4.90.   First, I would like to mention the Free Trade Agreement between the GCC and the EFTA 
countries, which has served our countries well. It covers broad range of areas including trade in 
goods, trade in services, compe tition, and government procurement.  
4.91.   During the period of 2014 -19 Bahrain experienced a positive GDP growth but has since then 
being affected by low oil prices and the current health crisis.  
4.92.   Iceland welcomes to learn that action plans to implement Bahrain' s "Vision 2020" include 
actions on initiatives supporting gender equality. Further, Iceland welcomes the information provided 
on the TPR report on special measures on specific measure in assisting women launching their own 
start-ups, or developing existing  ones, as well as information on legislation on equal wages for 
women and man.  
4.93.   The impact of the health crisis has revealed new challenges relating to trade and trade -related 
activities, as it is widely recognised that the pandemic has affected women much harder than men 
and preventing them from participating in trade. Identifying barriers that women face when it comes 
to participating in trade will help the development of policies and programs that encourage women's 
participation in national and internatio nal trade, and by doing so promote sustainable social 
economic development.  
4.94.   Important tool in advancing women 's economic empowerment is sharing of best practices of 
respective experiences relating to those policies and programs, a work that the Informal Wo rking 
Group on Trade and Gender has been focusing on and is laid out in the Joint Ministerial Declaration 
on the advancement of gender equality and women 's economic empowerment within trade.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.95.   As the Trade Policy Review provides an excellent opportunity to gather information, Iceland 
has submitted in advance written questions on the participation of women in the economy of Bahrain . 
We welcome the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best practices.  
4.96.   Finally, as one of the co -chairs of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender, Iceland 
invites Bahrain to join the large group of Members supporting the Joint Ministerial Declaration on 
the advancement of gender equality and women 's economic empowerment within trade.  
4.97.   Iceland appreciates Bahrain' s active engagement in WTO and their continued support for the 
multilateral trading system. We wish the delegation of Bahrain  every success for their Trade Policy 
Review.  
TURKEY  
4.98.   Turkey welcomes the delegation of Ba hrain headed by Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister 
of Industry Commerce and Tourism.  We would like to thank the Secretariat and the Kingdom of 
Bahrain for their detailed reports as well as discussant Ambassador Li Chenggang of China for his 
insightful  comments.  
4.99.   As stated in the reports, Bahrain maintained positive annual real GDP growth before the 
pandemic. In the medium term, growth is expected to continue after the pandemic thanks to the 
measures taken by the government.  
4.100.   Turkey commends efforts of Bahrain to diversify its economy in the framework of its 
economic Vision 2030.  
4.101.   Bahrain also continued to improve its investment regime during the review period. Turkey 
considers removing foreign ownership restrictions and further facilitation foreign part icipation in 
some of the selected sectors as positive steps to increase FDI flow.  
4.102.   Bahrain is an active participant in the WTO and participates in Joint Statement Initiatives on 
E-Commerce ; Investment Facilitation for Development ; and Micro, Small, and Medium-sized 
Enterprises. It also ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in September 2016.  
4.103.   We attach importance to our relations with Bahrain.  We believe that our bilateral economic 
and trade agreements with Bahrain constitute a firm base for further a dvancing our economic and 
trade relations.  
4.104.   Although the pandemic has affected negatively our trade, we consider that there is a 
considerable potential to increase our trade volume. Furthermore, as recent examples of TAV and 
GAMA companies show, Turkish inv estors are important partners for the projects in transport, 
energy , and infrastructure in Bahrain. We think that this cooperation can be further strengthened.  
4.105.   We also thank the delegation of Bahrain in advance for their replies to our questions on 
specif ic aspects of its trade policy. We wish the Kingdom of Bahrain a very successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
OMAN  
4.106.   It is a great pleasure for the delegation of the Sultanate of Oman to participate in the fourth 
Trade Policy Review of the Kingdom of Bahrain , founding Member of the WTO.  
4.107.   At the outset, let me extend my warmest welcome to H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, 
Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism of the Kingdom of Bahrain and commend him for the 
eloquent and comprehensive opening statement. We would like also to thank you Madam 
Chairperson, as well as the Secretariat for the preparation of this mee ting. I take this opportunity 
to thank our brother H.E. Dr Y usuf Abdulkarim Bucheeri, Ambassador and Permanent Representative 
of the Kingdom of Bahrain and the other members of his distinguished delegation attending this 
meeting.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.108.   We would like also to tha nk the discussant H.E. Mr Li Chenggang, Ambassador and 
Permanent Representative of China to the WTO, for his insightful comments.  
4.109.   Oman and Bahrain enjoy deep -rooted fraternal, historical, and economic relations.  
4.110.   Oman congratulates the Kingdom of Bahrain on  its efforts regarding economic diversification 
under its economic Vision 2030 through implementation of several projects to improve the quality 
of infrastructure, promote digitalization, ensure high -quality services and move from an oil -based 
economy to a  globally competitive, productive, sustainable, and diversified economy.  
4.111.   Despite the economic shocks during the review period, the Government of the Kingdom of 
Bahrain has succeeded to stabilize the economy by the measures taken by the Government.    
4.112.   We are glad to note that Bahrain continues to improve its trade and investment environment 
by, inter alia, implementing an online commercial registry system (SIJILAT) to simplify business 
registration. Steps were also taken in 2021 to further facilitate foreig n participation in some of the 
selected economic activities under the legislation on foreign direct investment (FDI).  
4.113.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is actively participating in the various WTO negotiations and 
positively engages in discussions with the WTO Member s. 
4.114.   Oman commends the Kingdom of Bahrain on the steps taken since the last review especially 
regarding implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
4.115.    The delegation of the Sultanate of Oman wishes the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain 
a very succe ssful fourth Trade Policy Review.  
JORDAN  
4.116.   First, we fully associate ourselves with the statement delivered by the Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia on behalf of the Arab Group. Jordan would also like to start by extending a warm welcome to 
the entire delegation of Ba hrain led by H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of Industry 
Commerce and Tourism.  
4.117.   Our appreciation is also extended to the discussant H.E. Mr Li Chenggang, the ambassador 
of China for the insightful and thorough remarks.  
4.118.   At the outset, my delegat ion commends the Government of Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat 
for the comprehensive reports. Both reports demonstrated that the economy of Bahrain is heading 
towards a path of sustainability embodied by their advancement of the quality of infrastructure, their 
promotion of digitalization, and their assurance of high -quality services to recover from COVID -19 
pandemic.  
4.119.   We congratulate Bahrain for their remarkable progress made in economy and trade in 
accordance with the implementation of its economic Vision 2030. The Vision, which was launched in 
2008, provides a coherent framework to further continue their work in the development of their 
Kingdom's economy, focus on making strides towards digitizing its economy and enhance the 
Kingdom's ecosystem through eme rging technologies.  
4.120.   As a traditional free market economy, and a liberal trading country, Bahrain maintains a 
profound interest in its trade expansion and investment growth. It is a founding Member of the WTO, 
and one of its first members, which ratifies th e Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). These measures 
are pursued through a consistent maintenance and the continuous increase in Bahrain's adherence 
and engagement with their trading partners multilaterally, regionally, and bilaterally.  
4.121.   Furthermore, we com mend Bahrain's commitment towards its WTO obligations, and its 
constructive role in the efforts to strengthen the multilateral system.  
4.122.   Jordan highlights the importance of Bahrain 's efforts to improve trade facilitation. Their 
efforts have been impressive a s witnessed in the new trade facilitation initiatives, including Bahrain's WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  implementation of the GCC unified guide on advance rulings, the launch of remote customs clearance 
service, and the introduction of an authorized economic operator scheme and other schemes giving 
facilitated access for trusted operators.  
4.123.   Also, we appreciate various incentive measures provided by Bahrain to promote foreign 
investment to reduce red -tape and create an environment that makes investments and growing a 
business accessible  by a liberal business environment – that offers 100% foreign ownership, coupled 
with comparatively lower operating costs, as currently the cost of running a business in Bahrain is 
approximately comparatively 30% lower than other regional centers.  
4.124.   Jordan and Bahrain enjoy excellent bilateral and economic relations governed by several 
agreements; mainly the Pan Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA), along with the brotherly and historical 
ties which always existed between the two nations. Jordan emphasizes the impor tance of its relations 
with Bahrain and is always keen to further expand the strong bilateral economic ties on all levels, 
which have demonstrated continuously to hold promising opportunities ahead for both countries.  
4.125.   To conclude, Jordan congratulates the Bahraini Government and the business society for 
their achievements and would like to wish the brotherly Kingdom of Bahrain more prosperity and a 
fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review and congratulates the Permanent Representative of 
Bahrain in Genev a H.E. Dr Yusuf Abdulkarim Bucheer i and his whole team for their very constructive 
role in preserving and consolidating the multilateral trading system.  
ARGENTINA  
4.126.   Quisiéramos asociarnos a los Miembros que han dado la bienvenida a la delegación de 
Bahrein, encabezada por el Excmo. Sr. Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Ministro de Industria, Comercio 
y Turismo.  
4.127.   Agradecemos los informes preparados por Bahr ein y por la Secretaría, que ofrecen un 
panorama completo de las políticas comerciales de este Miembro. Dam os las gracias asimismo al 
Embajador Li Chenggang por sus observaciones y comentarios.  
4.128.   La Argentina mantiene un sólido vínculo comercial con Bahr ein. El comercio bilateral entre 
nuestros países fue de USD 53 millones  en 2020. A Bahr ein exportamos carne, fr utas y frutos, 
cítricos, melones y sandías, productos farmacéuticos y cereales. A su vez, Bahr ein nos provee 
principalmente de combustibles, aceites minerales, productos de destilación y materias bituminosas.  
4.129.   En los últimos años, el comercio entre nuestro s países ha experimentado un crecimiento 
sostenido. Sin embargo, se encuentra aún lejos de su potencial. Creemos que existen grandes 
oportunidades para el intercambio comercial en el campo agroalimentario; farmacéutico; y 
automotriz.  
4.130.   La Argentina reconoce  los desafíos a que se enfrenta Bahr ein por la crisis económica 
producto de la pandemia y la caída de los precios del petróleo. Entre ellos se mencionan la 
sostenibilidad fiscal; y la necesidad de seguir diversificando la economía para reducir la dependenc ia 
del sector petrolero. Confiamos en que las políticas estipuladas en Visión 2030 y el Plan de Acción 
del Gobierno logren hacer frente a estas cuestiones.  
4.131.   Hacemos propicia la ocasión para reiterar nuestra intención de trabajar en conjunto con 
Bahrein a fin de obtener resultados sustantivos en la próxima Conferencia Ministerial, que tengan 
por finalidad vigorizar un sistema multilateral de comercio en beneficio de todos.  
4.132.   Por último, queremos subrayar que la Argentina desea continuar expandiendo las relaci ones 
comerciales con Bahr ein, y consideramos a la cooperación Sur -Sur un pilar fundamental para 
fortalecer esos lazos teniendo como base los principios de complementariedad, igualdad y 
solidaridad. En este sentido, valoramos el esfuerzo realizado en las ne gociaciones para alcanzar 
acuerdos en materia de promoción y protección de las inversiones; eliminación de doble imposición 
tributaria; transporte aéreo; y fortalecimiento de las relaciones económicas y comerciales.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.133.   Permítame concluir agradeciendo nuevame nte a la distinguida delegación de Bahr ein, a 
usted, al Embajador Chenggang y a la Secretaría por esta nueva oportunidad para intercambiar 
consideraciones sobre las políticas comerciales de Bahr ein.  
4.134.   Reafirmamos la relevancia de este ejercicio en todos sus  aspectos; y deseamos al Sr. 
Ministro de Industria, Comercio y Turismo y a toda su delegación una exitosa conclusión del presente 
examen.  
YEMEN  
4.135.   We would like to associate to the statement of by the Arab Group and congratulate the 
Kingdom of Bahrain on the  occasion of its fourth Trade Policy Review at the WTO.  
4.136.   Bahrain is a traditional free market economy, and a notable liberal trading country. It has a 
stable and transparent business setting and maintains deep interest in trade expansion and 
investment gro wth. Yemen commends Bahrain's trade policy objectives to ensure fair and 
predictable international trading environment, for both exports and imports.  
4.137.   I still recall when Bahrain started the economic transformation in the sixties of the last 
century. The r esult is what we see now, as the region's most diversified economy.  
4.138.   Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 provides a clear direction for economic development. It also 
addresses the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs). The government Action Plan for the 
years  (2019 -22) reflects Bahrain's strategic priorities, focusing on achieving overall sustainable 
development.  
4.139.   A "Team Bahrain " approach was built around a responsive Government working together 
with the private sector. It has become a model of private -public  collaboration, including investors 
and entrepreneurs. Added to that a "Start -up Bahrain" initiative that aims to stimulate and 
encourage entrepreneurial culture.  
4.140.   Bahrain is a founding Member of the WTO. It has implemented several policies and passed 
a number of regulations to enhance the legislative framework in line with its WTO commitments. 
Yemen renews its best wishes to Bahrain for the reforms undertaken and it s economic vitality. We 
wish Bahrain success in accomplishing its objectives, as well as its fourth Trade Policy Review.  
TUNISIE  
4.141.   Ma délégation a le plaisir de participer au 4ème EPC du Royaume de Bahreïn, et souhaite la 
bienvenue à sa délégation conduite p ar H.E. M . Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Ministre de l'Industrie, 
du commerce et du tourisme, à qui nous voudrions exprimer notre considération pour l 'exposé 
exhaustif sur la situation économique et la politique commerciale du Bahreïn.  
4.142.   Nos félicitations s 'adressent également au Secrétariat pour le rapport complet qu 'il nous a 
soumis à l 'occasion de cet examen et H.E. M . Li Chenggang Ambassadeur Représentant permanent 
de la Chine pour la pertinence des remarques qu 'il a développées.  
4.143.   Ma délégation tient à soul igner les efforts considérables déployés par le Royaume de Bahreïn 
depuis le précèdent examen de sa politique commerciale, en vue de poursuivre sa politique de 
libéralisation économique et commerciale à travers des efforts soutenus de diversification 
notam ment dans le secteur des services financiers, devenu le plus gros contributeur non pétrolier 
au PIB de Bahreïn, et également les services de télécommunication, désormais ouverts à 
l'investissement étranger.  
4.144.   Nous souhaitons, à ce titre, féliciter le Royaume  de Bahreïn pour sa Vision pour l 'économie 
à l'horizon 2030 et son Programme budgétaire à moyen terme (FBP), qui ont favorisé cette politique 
de diversification et d 'ouverture, et ont contribué à la mise en œuvre de plusieurs projets visant à 
améliorer la qualité des infrastructures et à promouvoir la numérisation et à garantir des services 
de qualité.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.145.   La réforme fiscale et les mesures de contrôle et de rationalisation des dépenses publiques, 
ont contribué à maintenir des niveaux de croissance économique po sitifs.  
4.146.   Le rapport du Secrétariat note que, malgré un contexte économique mondial et régional 
difficile en raison de la baisse du prix du pétrole et la pandémie de la COVID -19, l'économie du 
Bahreïn devrait se redresser en 2021, avec un taux de croissance  estimée à 3,1%, et des 
perspectives positives sur la période (2022 -2025), grâce aux mesures adoptées par les autorités 
Bahreïnites  pour atténuer leurs effets, notamment par un plan conséquent de relance économique 
de l’ordre de 12 milliards d 'USD et le m aintien des dépenses publiques dans les infrastructures. Ce 
qui représente une performance notable en temps de crise sanitaire.  
4.147.   Le Royaume de Bahreïn reste, depuis son adhésion à l 'OMC, un acteur actif à l 'Organisation. 
Sa participation à diverses initiati ves liées aux Déclarations conjointes sur le commerce électronique, 
la facilitation de l 'investissement pour le développement et le micro, petites et moyennes 
entreprises, son respect des notifications à l 'OMC et son engagement dans plusieurs accords 
régionaux en matière de commerce et d 'investissement, réaffirment son attachement au système 
commercial multilatéral basé sur les règles.  
4.148.   Par ailleurs, la Tunisie et le Bahreïn entretiennent des relations privilégiées d 'amitié et de 
coopération soutenus par un cadre juridique étoffé de plus de 30 instruments légaux couvrant les 
différents aspects de la coopération bilatérale entre les deux pays.  
4.149.   Le suivi du développement de la coopération est assuré par le Conseil des hommes d 'affaires 
des deux pays et la Commission mixtes créé en octobre 1975 dont la dernière session de haut niveau 
a été tenue, à Manama en 2016.  
4.150.   Les échanges commerciaux entre les deux pays ont avoisiné les 15 millions d 'USD en 2020 
et les pays sont déterminés à renforcer et à consolider ce tte coopération dans tous les domaines 
d'intérêt commun, tels que le tourisme, l 'artisanat, l 'agriculture et la pêche.  
4.151.   Enfin, je tiens à féliciter S.E. l'Ambassadeur H.E. Dr. Yusuf Abdulkarim Mohammed Bucheeri, 
Représentant Permanent du Royaume de Bahreïn auprès de l 'OMC, ainsi que son équipe pour leur 
engagement actif aux travaux de l 'OMC, ainsi qu’aux travaux du cycle des négociations commerciales 
menées à Genève.  
4.152.   Nous souhaitons à nos frères du Bahreïn un examen très fructueux de sa politique 
commercial e. 
HONDURAS  
4.153.   Honduras le da la más cordial bienvenida a toda la delegación del Reino de Bahrein 
encabezada por su jefe de delegación, Sr. Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Ministro de Industria, 
Comercio y Turismo, al mismo tiempo que les agradecemos por su Decla ración y por su informe.  
4.154.   Extendemos nuestro agradecimiento a usted Presidenta, a la Secretaría y al ponente por sus 
valiosos aportes a este examen.  
4.155.   En lo que concierne a los informes examinados, nos complace observar que durante el 
período 2014 -2019, el Reino de Bahrein, registró un crecimiento anual positivo del PIB Real, apoyado 
en gran medida por el crecimiento del sector no petrolero.  
4.156.   En 2020, la economía sufrió una contra cción del 5,1% debido a la pandemia de COVID -19 y 
a la caída de los precios del petróleo. Se espera que, en 2021 puedan alcanzar un crecimiento del 
PIB real del 3,1%, con una perspectiva de crecimiento a mediano plazo entre el 2% y el 2,5%.  
4.157.   Los informes in dican que, desde el cambio de siglo, la estructura de la economía de Bahrein 
se ha visto transformada por un rápido proceso de diversificación económica y entre 2000 y 2020, 
la participación del sector de los hidrocarburos se redujo más de la mitad en térm inos relativos, 
mientras que la contribución al PIB de Bahrein de todos los demás sectores, ha sido cada vez mayor.   WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.158.   Observamos que el sector de los servicios ha pasado a ser la espina dorsal de la economía, 
y en 2020 representó cerca del 60% del PIB real , lo cual les ha permitido consolidarse como un 
exportador neto de servicios.  
4.159.   Nos complace identificar que en el marco de su Visión Económica para 2030, Bahrein puso 
en marcha varios proyectos para mejorar la calidad de la infraestructura, promover la digi talización 
y asegurar servicios de alta calidad.  
4.160.   Durante el periodo de examen, Bahrein promulgó una nueva ley de normalización y 
metrología para poder adoptar normas internacionales y ampliar el alcance de la labor en esta esfera 
a fin de armonizarla con l as prácticas internacionales y regionales. Así mismo, promulgó un marco 
jurídico sobre la Promoción y Defensa de la Competencia Económica con el propósito de regular las 
prácticas anticompetitivas, el abuso de posición dominante y la concentración económic a entre otras.  
4.161.   En los últimos años, Bahrein ha adoptado enfoques innovadores en el sector de los servicios 
financieros, la mayoría de ellos centrados en la tecnología financiera y ha puesto en marcha diversas 
iniciativas para promover la tecnología financi era, las soluciones digitales, las plataformas de 
servicios de intercambio de criptoactivos, la banca abierta y el asesoramiento financiero digital a fin 
de fomentar el crecimiento de la economía del país.  
4.162.   Nos llama la atención que, en el año 2020, el Gobi erno presentó la marca Made in Bahrain, 
como una de las iniciativas más importantes para promover los productos locales y facilitar su 
exportación y aspiran a que esta iniciativa, contribuya aumentar la dependencia de las industrias 
locales, ayudar a logra r la autosuficiencia y la seguridad alimentaria.  
4.163.   Bahrein fue designado como el mejor país del mundo para invertir, en la categoría de 
inversión per cápita, en las ediciones de 2016, 2017 y 2018 de los premios Mac Conway y ocupa el 
primer lugar en la regió n de Oriente Medio y África del Norte en cuanto a preparación para las 
tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones.  
4.164.   Coincidimos con Bahr ein que es importante que los miembros orientemos las inversiones 
hacia tecnologías que reduzcan las emisiones de  carbono, disminuyan la contaminación y promuevan 
el uso de fuentes de energía más sostenibles y que en el seno de esta casa respaldemos la aplicación 
efectiva del trato especial y diferenciado para los países en desarrollo y las pequeñas economías.  
4.165.   Finalmente, Honduras reconoce los aportes y la activa participación del Reino de Bahr ein en 
los distintos Órganos de la OMC, y les deseamos el mayor de los éxitos en la presentación de su 
examen de políticas comerciales.  
UNITED  ARAB  EMIRATES  
4.166.   I would like f irst to warmly welcome the distinguished delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain, 
led by H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of Industry Commerce and Tourism.  We also 
thank the discussant and the WTO Secretariat, and the TPR Division in particular.   
4.167.   The UAE enjoys close and privileged trade relations with the Kingdom of Bahrain. We both 
share common views on most of the trade -related matters, both on bilateral basis and within the 
GCC Group. I am saying this not only because in a very few months, lik e Bahrain, the UAE too will 
have its fourth TPR.  
4.168.   It is not a surprise that in 2020, according to the Government 's report, the UAE was one of 
the top six exporters to the Kingdom of Bahrain (6%) and ranks second among importing partners 
(9%).  
4.169.   We thank the K ingdom of Bahrain for the commendable efforts made to fulfil its 
commitments as a WTO Member and to remain, since its accession to the global institution, a firm 
believer and advocate of the multilateral system.  
4.170.   Finally, we wish the Bahraini team a success ful TPR review and, above all, a pleasant stay 
in Geneva despite these exceptional circumstances.   WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  BANGLADESH  
4.171.   At the outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes H.E. Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani , Minister 
of Industry Commerce and Tourism and Head of Delegati on for his introductory presentation at the 
fourth  Trade Policy Review of Bahrain. Bangladesh delegation also thanks H.E. M r Li Chenggang , 
Permanent Representative  and Ambassador of China for his insightful discussions. Our sincere 
appreciations also go to  the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat for the 
comprehensive reports.  
4.172.   The relations between our two countries have been friendly since inception of diplomatic 
relationship. Our bilateral ties have been further bolstered with the  high-level visits from both sides.  
As one of the friendly country, Bangladesh is delighted to note the great strides and significant 
progress that Bahrain has made during review period. We see that the prudent macro -economic 
measures adopted by the count ry have resulted in impressive economic growth and remarkable 
improvement in almost all indices.  
4.173.   With a population of about 1.5 million and a GDP per capita of USD  23,300, according to the 
World Bank, the Kingdom of Bahrain is a high -income country. With t he long -standing diversification 
efforts, including under Bahrain's Economic Vision 2030, the services sector has become the 
backbone of the economy, accounting for nearly 60% of real GDP in 2020. Petroleum products alone 
still account for some 18.3% of GD P, with significant contributions to government revenue, exports, 
and other economic activities. The manufacturing sector, which contributes 14.2% of GDP is energy -
intensive and the second largest contributor to non -oil GDP. Bahrain has implemented several  
projects to improve the quality of infrastructure, promote digitalization, and ensure high -quality 
services, under its economic vision 2030. Bahrain introduced a medium -term Fiscal Balance Program 
in 2018 in response to falling foreign exchange reserves, and high fiscal deficit and central 
government debt. The program includes voluntary retirements of public sector employees, tax 
reforms, and spending controls.  
4.174.   The Bahrain economy still remains highly dependent on trade, with its ratio of trade in goods 
and services to GDP fluctuating between about 176% in 2014 and 136% in 2020. Petroleum products 
continue to account for the bulk of merchandise exports followed by non -ferrous metals, while 
imports are dominated by crude oil destined for the national refiner y, agricultural products, and 
various manufactured goods. Bahrain is an active participant in the multilateral trading system. 
Bahrain ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in September 2016, and the Government 
indicates that it has implemented 100 % of its commitments under the Agreement, ahead of 
schedule.  
4.175.   Bangladesh and Bahrain enjoy excellent relations based on identical values, shared 
perceptions and common traditions. We have an unfailing record of mutual support and cooperation 
at all internat ional forums including the United Nations. The political commitment to the close 
relationship has been translated into action through bilateral agreements covering economic, 
technical, and cultural cooperation. Conclusion of further agreements in the areas  of trade  and 
investment ; customs and taxation ; and air services etc. strengthening and expanding the relations 
between our two countries further.  
4.176.   Relations between the two friendly countries have continued to grow since establishment of 
diplomatic relatio ns following Bahrain 's recognition of Bangladesh in 1974. Bangladesh and Bahrain 
have maintained an excellent record of mutual support and cooperation at the United Nations and 
other multilateral forums both on substantive and electoral matters. Bangladesh  established a 
resident Mission at the Ambassador level in Bahrain on 28 February 1983. Bilateral trade between 
Bahrain and Bangladesh USD 50 million in 2020. Exports from Bangladesh were mostly consumer 
items such as ready -made garments, fresh vegetables while Bahrain exports included aluminium, 
heavy pure woven cotton, vehicle parts, engine parts and petroleum products.  
4.177.   To conclude, Madam Chair, we wish the delegation of Oman a productive and successful 
TPR. My delegation will continue to work closely with the Bahrain delegation, led by Ambassador 
H.E. Dr Yus uf Abdulkarim Bucheeri to strengthen multilateral trading system, as we assist our 
countries to enhance our bilateral trade ties.  
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  EGYPT  
4.178.   Egypt associates itself with the statement delivered by Saudi Arabia on behalf of the Arab 
Group and wishes to join others in extending a very warm welcome to H .E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al -
Zayani, Honourable Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism of Bahrain, and the esteemed 
delegation from Manama and in Geneva.  
4.179.   We thank the Government of Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat for their detailed reports, as 
well as H .E. Ambassador Li Chenggang (of China) for his insightful comments as discussant.  
4.180.   Bahrain 's economy was deeply hit by both the C OVID -19 pandemic and falling global oil 
prices, recording a 5.1% contraction last year, it was able to effectively respond with a se ries of 
commendable measures, which resulted in growth projections of 3.1% in 2021.  
4.181.   We applaud Bahrain for its Economic Vision 2030, which aims to foster development, 
including through several projects aiming to improve infrastructure, promote services se ctors and 
digitalization, all of which place Bahrain towards further economic diversification and 
competitiveness.  
4.182.   We commend Bahrain 's commitment to the multilateral trading system, including its positive 
record in submitting notifications and constructi ve participation in various discussions at the WTO. 
In addition, Bahrain has implemented its obligations under the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
took further initiatives that expedited customs clearance system, where around 90% of goods are 
swiftly rele ased without inspection.  
4.183.   Bahrain also implemented several economic reforms conducive to an open trade and 
investment environment. The Secretariat report enlists some reforms that facilitate foreign 
participation in the economy, such as streamlining busines s registration and licensing requirements 
as well as removing many foreign ownership restrictions. Such sound measures coupled with 
regulatory improvements in telecommunication, transport and intellectual property hold great 
potential to boost Bahrain 's economy.   
4.184.   Egypt and Bahrain share brotherly, historical and well -established ties, and our economic 
relations continue to flourish. According to the ITC Trade Map, bilateral trade more than doubled 
during the review period, and other sources show increasing  trends in 2021. Bahraini investments 
in Egypt surpassed USD 3.2 billion by 2021 spread over 200 projects in many fields, including 
infrastructure and tourism. We invite Bahrain to continue expanding its investment flows to Egypt 
and make good use of incre asing opportunities in various economic sectors.  
4.185.   Finally, I conclude by wishing Bahrain a successful and productive Trade Policy Review.  
NEPAL  
4.186.   At the outset, allow me chair to extend my warm welcome to the delegation of The Kingdom 
of Bahrain led by H.E. M r Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani , Minister of Industry Commerce and Tourism, 
and extend sincere appreciation for his comprehensive remarks summarizing the Trade Policy Review 
of Bahrain.  
4.187.   My delegation wishes to thank H.E. Mr Li Chenggang, Ambassador of Republ ic of China for 
his insightful remarks as discussant.   
4.188.   I would like to commend the efforts of the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Kingdom 
of Bahrain for producing the comprehensive reports and providing opportunity to all WTO 
Membership to discuss t he various issues of trade policy of Bahrain.  
4.189.   I commend the Kingdom of Bahrain for its continued commitment to predictable, 
transparent, just and rule -based multilateral trading system.  
4.190.   The facts incorporated in the reports showed that country is aspiring to achieve its goals 
envisioned in economic vision 2030 document.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.191.   The visions and actions of the Kingdom to move from an oil -based economy to a globally 
competitive, productive, sustainable, and diversified economy with solid regulatory framework to 
create attractive domestic and foreign investment environment and govern ment working together 
with the privet sector towards a sustainable future are encouraging.  
4.192.   Through the same reports chair, the leadership of the country also seemed aligning the 
country’s policies with principles of fairness, competitiveness, and sustaina bility across the 
Government, society, and the economy.  
4.193.   As highlighted in the reports, growth of non-oil exports and imports are supportive to achieve 
the country’s goal of moving to non -oil economy and diversifying trade.  
4.194.   The endeavours made by the kingd om of Bahrain to improve overall business environment 
through numbers of legislation and instrument in areas of trade investment, e -commerce, 
digitalization of economy are also appreciated.  
4.195.   Let me turn to the bilateral front. Nepal and the Kingdom of Bahra in have been enjoying 
cordial and friendly relations since the establishment of their diplomatic relations in 1977. Mutual 
trust, respect, understanding, and cooperation has formed the strong basis of our bilateral relations.  
4.196.   Nepal and Bahrain share simila r views on several international forums and issues including 
in the WTO.  
4.197.   In terms of economic relations, trade, investment, tourism and migrant workers have remain 
the main potential areas of cooperation. However, the potentials are yet to be leveraged fur ther. 
4.198.   The trade between Nepal and Bahrain remains quite insignificant. In 2020, total amount of 
Nepali exports to Bahrain stood at slightly above NPR 1.5 million  while total import from Bahrain 
above NPR 161 million. The terms of trade is obviously in the favor of the Kingdom of Bahrain though 
very minimal.  
4.199.   Another area of cooperation is tourism, Nepal could be a tourist destination for Bahraini 
nationals. Nepal could provide best alternative ambience for Bahraini tourists to spend their holidays.  
4.200.   Nepal als o could become a destination of choice for Bahrain for investment opportunity. 
However, it is not realized. The Government of Nepal has introduced numbers of reforms in 
investment regulations and processes to ease the doing business in recent years to attr act the FDI.  
4.201.   In addition, Bahrain has become one of the preferred destinations for employment 
opportunities for Nepali workers. The flow of Nepali people to Bahrain is increasing year by year. 
They have been important source of human resource contributing to socio -economic development 
of the Kingdom of Bahrain.  
4.202.   Both the countries have huge potentials of exploring and harnessing possible areas especially 
in trade, investment, tourism, employment , and people -to-people contact level in the days ahead.  
4.203.   Having said this, I would like to extend my best wishes to the delegation of the Kingdom of 
Bahrain for the successful conclusion of this Trade Policy Review.  
JAPAN  
4.204.   Japan welcomes the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain led by H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid 
Al Zayani . We sincerely appreciate the reports prepared by the WTO Secretariat and the Government 
of the Kingdom of Bahrain, which form the basis for our discussion today. We are also grateful to 
the discussant, H.E. Mr Li Chenggang, Ambassador to the WTO of  China, for his insightful remarks.   
4.205.   Japan welcomes Bahrain 's efforts to advance economic reforms, such as the expansion of 
trade in services and promotion of digitalization based on the "Bahrain Economic Vision 2030". 
Although the COVID -19 pandemic has h ad adverse impacts on the economy of the Kingdom of 
Bahrain, Japan expects that it will continue to grow under the multilateral trading system.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.206.   Japan acknowledges that Bahrain has been contributing to the multilateral trading system, 
including through its participation in the Joint Statement Initiatives. Bahrain is also an observer to 
the Agreement on Government Procurement, and we expect that it will start taking actions towards 
becoming a member. On the subject of multilateral cooperation, Bahrain is also  the last country to 
undergo a TPR before MC12. We look forward to the country 's contributions to the success of MC12.  
4.207.   According to the Secretariat 's report, increased investment is one of the important pillars of 
the "Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 ". Japan has been negotiating an investment agreement with 
Bahrain. We look forward to continuing our joint efforts in order to conclude the negotiations soon.  
4.208.   Regarding Bahrain 's business environment, Japan values Bahrain 's efforts to provide 
generous support to f oreign companies operating in the market. Japan particularly appreciates 
Bahrain 's taxation system, which includes elements such as a corporate tax exemption, and the 
cooperative attitude of the Bahrain Economic Development Board, which has an office in To kyo. 
4.209.   To conclude, Japan expresses its appreciation for Bahrain 's participation in this Trade Policy 
Review despite the ongoing COVID -19 pandemic, as well as Bahrain 's efforts to improve its trading 
environment since the last review.  We wish the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain every success 
in this Trade Policy Review.  
MAROC   
4.210.   La délégation du Royaume du Maroc souhaite une très chaleureuse bienvenue à son 
excellence Monsieur Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani, Ministre de l'industrie, du commerce et d u tourisme 
du Royaume du Bahreïn.  
4.211.   Nos remerciements s'adressent également au gouvernement du Royaume du Bahreïn et au 
Secrétariat de l'Organisation pour leur rapports détaillés ainsi que à son excellence Monsieur Li 
Chenggang, Ambassadeur/Représentant Perm anent de la Chine pour ses commentaires et 
éclairages.  
4.212.   Le Maroc félicite le gouvernement du Bahreïn pour son engagement dans le système 
commercial multilatéral et pour la conduite de son quatrième examen de la politique commercial, 
témoignant de son plein respect des règles de l'OMC notamment le principe de la transparence. Nous 
saluons aussi l'engagement actif de ce pays frère dans les négociations de certains accords 
commerciaux bilatéraux et régionaux, compte tenu de leur contribution à un system commerc ial 
libre, ouvert et transparent.  
4.213.   Ma délégation note avec satisfaction les efforts de ces diversifications menés depuis 
longtemps par le gouvernement du Bahreïn y compris, dans le cadre de la vision pour l'économie à 
l'horizon 2030 qui porte, en autre, sur  les objectifs du Développement Durable.  
4.214.   Cette vision qui vise à construire une vie meilleure pour chaque citoyen bahreïnien, se force 
de passer d'une économie reposant sur le pétrole à une économie compétitive, productive, durable 
et diversifiée et que s' appuie sur un cadre réglementaire solide permettant de créer un 
environnement attractif pour l'investissement national et étranger.  
4.215.   À cet égard et en référence à cette stratégie de diversification économique initiée par le 
Bahreïn, le Maroc encourage forte ment le gouvernement bahreïnien à persévérer dans la mise en 
œuvre de cette stratégie de la diversification que conforterai ses politiques commerciales que le 
gouvernement met en œuvre conformément aux engagements pris dans le cadre de l'OMC et 
appliqués p leinement notamment l'accord sur la facilitation des échanges.  
4.216.   Le rapport d'examen de politique commercial révèle des avancées du Bahreïn durant les 
dernières années notamment l'enregistrement d'une croissance annuelle moyenne de 2,61% entre 
2010 et 2020 d es importations hors pétrole. Des avancées ont également été enregistrées au niveau 
législatif avec l'adoption de plusieurs lois favorisant l'investissement dans notamment la mise en 
place en 2016 d'un système de registre commercial en ligne SIJILAT pour s implifier l'enregistrement 
des entreprises, rationaliser les prescriptions en matière de licence et assurer la coordination entre 
les organismes pertinents.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  4.217.   Avant de conclure, mon propos que me soit permis de réenterrer la volonté de mon pays de 
promouvoir  davantage le niveau de coopération avec ce pays frère à la lumière de l'excellence de 
relation bilatérale que nous entretenons et du partenariat stratégique que nous lie via le conseil de 
la coopération du Golf.  
4.218.   Tous les domaines d'intérêts communs, en p articulier, ceux de nature économique et 
commercial sont à renforcer en vue de raffermir les niveaux des échanges commerciaux et 
d'améliorer les opportunités d'investissement. Enfin, le Royaume du Maroc souhait au Royaume du 
Bahreïn un fructueux examen de la politique commercial.  
 
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KING DOM OF BAHRAIN  AND ADDITIONAL 
COMMENTS  
5.1.  On behalf of the Kingdom of Bahrain, allow me to begin by expressing our thanks to our Chair, 
H.E. Ambassador Athaliah Molokomme of Botswana, for he r remarkable and cordial conduct of our 
fourth  Trade Policy Review meeting. Dedicated thanks are also due to H.E. Ambassador Li Chenggang 
of China, for his valuable and insightful remarks.  We also reiterate our sincere appreciation to the 
WTO Trade Policy Review Division for the quality of their report and their technical and functional 
coordination and support throughout the entire review process.  
5.2.  As a small, open, developing economy that thrives on free trade, the Kingdom of Bahrain firmly 
believes in the effectiveness of a strong rules -based multilateral system in ensuring a fair and 
predictable international trading environment and contributing to global economic development and 
prosperi ty. 
5.3.  To this end, the Kingdom of Bahrain attaches great importance to the trade policy review 
exercise as one of the most important instruments at the WTO for ensuring transparency and 
predictability in the multilateral trading system.  
5.4.  In this respect, we are deeply encouraged to see the high level of interest displayed in Bahrain's 
review through the valuable statements and comments made by the distinguished Membership 
during the opening session of this meeting for which we thank you all.  
5.5.  We ar e also pleased to note that a number of issues that were raised by Members during our 
third review in 2014 have been resolved, which serves as a testament to the commitment of the 
Kingdom of Bahrain to its obligations under the WTO Agreements and to our fe llow WTO Members.  
5.6.  As for our current review, I am happy to report that the Kingdom of Bahrain has provided 
written answers to all 141 advance questions received by Members within and after the deadline, 
and we trust that the responses were to your satisfa ction. Follow up questions received after the 
opening session will be fully attended to in due course.  
5.7.  I would also like to express our sincere appreciation for the opportunity to interact with 
Members and the valuable remarks made during the opening sessi on on Wednesday, which we have 
engaged with intensively over the past 48 hours. In this regard, and in reaction to those remarks, 
we are pleased to make the following announcements:  
• Our formal support of the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women's Ec onomic 
Empowerment.  
• Participation in the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions, in line 
with the Kingdom's commitment to reach net zero by 2060.  
• Serious consideration to our accession to the GPA subject to conformity with national 
legislation and practices.  
• The intention to join as a participant of the JSI on Services Domestic Regulation.  
5.8.  Furthermore, as a founding Member of the WTO and having invested more than 25 years in 
this organization, we are fully committed to the WTO reform  process and stand ready to engage and 
cooperate with Members in relevant discussions which are essential for the continued strength of 
the Organization.  
5.9.  In the area of notifications, the Kingdom of Bahrain works closely with the WTO and is 
committed to me eting all its notification obligations. In this regard, we do not believe that we have 
any outstanding notifications but welcome any specific suggestions which we guarantee to act upon 
in due course.  
5.10.   COVID -19 has undoubtedly taken a toll on the global econ omy, and we highly recognize the 
efforts undertaken by the WTO to minimize such adverse impacts and facilitate access to essential 
medical goods and services.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  5.11.   On a national front, our economy has shown positive sign towards recovering to 2019 levels, 
and w hile not reaching that goal in aggregate, several sectors have already surpassed 2019 levels. 
These positive indicators reinforce our belief that we are on the right track to surpass aggregate 
2019 levels by 2022.  
5.12.   The Kingdom of Bahrain takes great pride t hat under its presidency, the GCC has relaunched 
and initiated several FTA negotiations. With a dedicated negotiations team in place, the GGC is 
simultaneously engaged with seven countries, and expects a signing of at least one to take place 
during the fir st half of next year.  At this point it prudent to thank my GCC counterparts as well as 
the GCC General Secretariat and the GCC negotiations team for their exemplary efforts in 
resurrecting this initiative.   
5.13.   In the same vein, we were pleased to the hear t he positive feedback and calls in Members' 
interventions for deeper bilateral economic, trade and investment engagement with the Kingdom of 
Bahrain which we have always welcomed and shall continue to do so.  
5.14.   As a historic trading nation, we greatly apprecia te the remarks made by Members in 
considering Bahrain as a gateway to the GCC Market and look forward to reinforcing such a tradition 
with the launch of our recent logistics strategy guaranteeing air to sea shipments in less than 2 
hours.  
5.15.   With regards to the Investment Regime in Bahrain, it is noteworthy that 97% of business 
activities allow foreign investment (64% allow 100% foreign ownership; 30% allow foreign 
partnership with a Bahraini partner leaving the share split entirely open to the partners and o nly 3% 
limited to 49% foreign ownership).  
5.16.   In the area of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures, we reassure Members that concerns 
raised in this regard are currently being addressed in coordination with the Ministry of Health and 
we shall revert in due cour se on the outcomes.  
5.17.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is a party of the GCC Unified Excise Tax Agreement, and we continue 
to work with our fellow GCC Members States to establish a unified position in this regard.  
5.18.   As part of the National SME Development Strategy launc hed in 2018, "Export Bahrain" was 
established to act as a catalyst to SMEs exports. The outfit provides guidance, mentoring, 
networking, capacity building and non -financial assistance to all Bahrain based companies, owned 
by both foreign and local investor s.  
5.19.   Women in Bahrain are fully empowered and are considered completely equal to their male 
counterparts in all facets of life which is why the Kingdom views no need in treating women any 
differently as evident by women's strong and noteworthy presence in a ll fields of work in both private 
and public domains, as well as their active participation in entrepreneurship and CR ownership.  
5.20.   As for the upcoming WTO Ministerial Conference next week, the Kingdom of Bahrain takes 
special interest in issues of vital in terest to developing countries, LDCs, Small Island Developing 
States and Net Food Importing Countries. Such areas include the WTO's response to the pandemic, 
food security measures, fisheries subsidies disciplines, the development dimension, among other 
areas of vital interest. In addition, as an active participant of both the Joint Statement Initiative on 
E-commerce and MSMEs, the Kingdom of Bahrain welcomes concrete outcomes in both areas.  
5.21.   In closing, allow me to reiterate our sincere appreciation to all  those concerned in ensuring a 
successful conclusion to the fourth  Trade Policy Review meeting of the Kingdom of Bahrain.  
5.22.   The review has presented an excellent opportunity for the Kingdom of Bahrain to showcase 
its progress as well as hear insightful view s and recommendations from Members on how to continue 
to build on our strong legacy of openness and commitment to the multilateral trading system.  
5.23.   In this regard, we would like to assure the Membership that the views and recommendations 
expressed will be dealt with diligently and effectively for the benefit of both the Bahraini economy 
and the shared interests of the entire WTO membership.  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  5.24.   Thank you all once again for the time and effort put into this successful process, and we look 
forward to concluding a  successful 12th Ministerial Conference next week.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.25.   I would like to congratulate the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain led by H .E. Mr Zayed 
bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of Industry Commerce and Tourism, and also H .E. Ambassador Yusuf 
Abdulkarim Mohammed BUCHEERI and his team here in Geneva for their outstanding work 
undertaken in the course of the 4th Trade Policy Review of Bahrain . 
5.26.   This review has been a constructive and fruitful exercise, which allowed us to deepen our 
understanding of Bahrain 's trade and investment policies, as well as significant developments since 
the last Review in 2014.  
5.27.   This morning, I would like to share my  observations on this Review from three aspects.  
5.28.   First, on Bahrain's achievements during the review period. Members were delighted to see 
that Bahrain effectively responded to the pandemic with a series of measures, which resulted in 
growth projections of  3.1% in 2021.  
5.29.   Members highly commended the role of the ambitious Economic Vision 2030 in advancing the 
country's economic development and diversification agenda, as well as in guiding the Government's 
policy making.  
5.30.   Importantly, Members acknowledged Bahr ain's decades of economic diversification efforts 
and the positive achievements till now. It is recognized that non -oil exports witnessed a 4.6% 
average annual growth rate between 2010 -2020, and the contribution of non -oil exports to total 
exports increase d from 27% in 2010 to 53% in 2020. Non -oil imports also experienced 2.4% average 
annual growth during the past decade.  
5.31.   Members congratulated Bahrain for the continued improvement of its trade and investment 
regime to further facilitate foreign participati on in Bahrain's economy, particularly simplifying 
business registration, streamlining licensing requirements, removing many foreign ownership 
restrictions.  
5.32.   Members highlighted Bahrain's role both as a founding and strong supporter of the multilateral 
trading system, notably, its ratification of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and its 
implementation two years ahead of the schedule. Members also value Bahrain's participation in 
various Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs), including investment facilitatio n for development, MSME s 
etc.  
5.33.   Second, on concerns raised by Members. Like in any other review, there are some concerns 
that were raised by Members and areas for improvement.  Some members raised concerned about 
the outstanding notifications of Bahrain on s ubsidies and state trading enterprises and encouraged 
Bahrain's improvement of its transparency obligation.  
5.34.   Several Members were interested in the potential revisions of the Excise Tax Treaty for the 
GCC and emphasized the importance of harmonizing its im plementation and the need for further 
engagement with private stakeholders. Members also raised questions on Bahrain's investment 
policies, IPR protection digitalization etc.  
5.35.   Third, on Members' expectations on Bahrain. It impressed me that members have hi gh 
expectations on Bahrain's active and constructive participation in the multilateral trading system. 
While welcoming Bahrain's participation in some JSIs, a few members encouraged Bahrain to 
consider acceding to the WTO Government Procurement Agreement, supporting the Ministerial 
declaration on trade and women's economic empowerment, participating in the Trade and 
Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussion (TESSD) and joining the JSI on Services 
Domestic Regulation. One Member also call for Bahrai n's cooperation in the WTO reform discussions 
and invite Bahrain to join the MPIA.   WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  5.36.   Members also reiterated the importance for Bahrain to continue to maintain an open, fair , and 
transparent business environment, with the aim to further grow its economy an d reinforce the role 
as a regional economic pole.  
5.37.   It is important to emphasize that, all in all, Members considered Bahrain as a reliable and 
important trading partner in the region and looked forward to strengthening bilateral economic and 
trade relation s.  
5.38.   Finally, as also mentioned in H.E. Mr Zayed bin Rashid Al Zayani's opening statement on 
Wednesday, we altogether look forward to the WTO's 12th Ministerial Conference next week.  
5.39.   It has been a pleasure and an honor to be the discussant for Bahrain's fourth Trade Policy 
Review. I want to thank you, Madam Chair, as well as the WTO Secretariat for the efforts. And 
finally, I would like to , once more , congratulate the Bahraini delegation for a successful and fruitful 
review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.40.   On behalf of the EU, let me first thank the delegation of Bahrain for the comprehensive 
overview regarding the main trade and economic developments during the review period on 
Wednesday and this morning.  
5.41.   The EU appreciates the opportunity to receive in -depth information a bout the modernisation 
and diversification strategy by Bahrain, despite of the challenges caused by the global pandemic. 
The EU stands ready to continue supporting these efforts.  
5.42.   In spite of these efforts, the economy of Bahrain has been affected by the pa ndemic during 
the past two years, with significant impact on government revenues.  
5.43.   The EU considers it important that Bahrain continues and steps up its engagement towards 
the efficient functioning and modernization of the multilateral trading system.  
5.44.   The exchanges during this review also underlined the need for Bahrain to address certain 
concerns by the WTO Members in some areas that are important to ensure predictable and 
transparent trading conditions with Bahrain.  
5.45.   The EU appreciates the timely respons es provided by Bahrain to our advance written 
questions. We have posed one follow -up question regarding fishing licenses and look forward to 
receiving the reply in due course.  
5.46.   In conclusion, the EU would like to once again thank Bahrain for its constructi ve engagement 
in this important transparency exercise, demonstrating its commitment to the WTO. We are 
confident that our good cooperation will continue.  
  WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This fourth Trade Policy Review of the Kingdom of Bahrain has given us an excellent opportunity 
to examine the evolution of its trade and related policies over the past seven years. The success of 
this review has been ensured by the active participation of  WTO Members who submitted around 
150 advance written questions, as well as by the comprehensive reports prepared by the 
Government of Bahrain and the WTO Secretariat.  
6.2.  I would like to express here my great appreciation to the high -level delegation of Bahr ain, led 
by H.E. Mr Zayed Bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism. In the 
delegation, I recognize my colleague Ambassador, H.E. Dr Yusuf Abdulkarim Mohammed Bucheeri, 
Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the WTO. My gratitude als o goes to our discussant 
Ambassador, H.E. Mr Li Chenggang, Permanent Representative of China to the WTO, for highlighting 
the main developments in Bahrain's trade policies and practices since its previous review, as well as 
the challenges the economy is fa cing. I would also like to thank the 23 Members who have taken 
the floor.  
6.3.  In his introductory remarks, Minister Al Zayani updated Members on measures being taken for 
the diversification and inclusive development of Bahrain's economy. These include empowerm ent of 
women and the young; support to SMEs; improvement of the regulatory environment; and 
development of economic sectors such as tourism and healthcare. The Minister also indicated the 
measures being taken by Bahrain to weather a turbulent period of fal ling oil prices and COVID -19 
pandemic which contributed to a 5.1% drop in GDP in 2020.  
6.4.  Members took note of the updates and commended Bahrain on its socio -political stability and 
its openness to trade. They stressed that the strategy to diversify the econ omy away from 
hydrocarbons was showing signs of success with the services sector now accounting for around 60% 
of GDP. Members acknowledged the important role of trade in Bahrain's economic development, 
with a trade to GDP ratio of invariably over 130%. Th ey urged Bahrain to pursue its reforms which, 
together with the recent measures, would contribute to its economic recovery projected for 2021.  
6.5.  Bahrain was praised for its participation in, and support for, the multilateral trading system. 
The country is a ctively engaged in various WTO discussions and initiatives; it ratified the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement and implemented the related obligations ahead of time. Bahrain was invited 
to consider joining the JSI on Services Domestic Regulation, the Buenos Aire s Declaration on Trade 
and Women's Economic Empowerment, the Trade and Environment Sustainability Structured 
Discussions, and the Multi -Party Appeal Arbitration Arrangement. Some Members also urged Bahrain 
to join the Government Procurement Agreement. In t his regard, I warmly welcome the Minister's 
announcement today that Bahrain will formally support the Buenos Aires Declaration of Trade and 
Women's Economic Empowerment; will participate in the Trade and Environmental Sustainability 
Structured Discussions;  will seriously consider its access to the GPA, subject to conformity with 
national legislation and practices; and that, Bahrain intends to join as a participant in the JSI on 
Services Domestic Regulation.  
6.6.  While acknowledging Bahrain's good record of fulf illing its WTO notification obligations, 
Members urged it to ensure that all its notifications are fully submitted in a timely manner. Several 
Members welcomed Bahrain's steps to improve the environment for trade and investment by 
removing restrictions to foreign direct investment, streamlining business licensing and registration 
requirements, introducing reforms to expedite customs clearance, improving its government 
procurement regime, and enacting legislation on competition, anti -money laundering and 
bankruptcy. Some Members also noted that the absence of corporation taxes and the low costs of 
running a business made Bahrain attractive for investors. Some concerns were expressed about 
excise taxes, on beverages in particular, and about their revisions und er consideration at the GCC 
level.  
6.7.  Other areas of interest to Members included future steps in regional integration; the "made in 
Bahrain" initiative; digital transformation of both the public and private sectors; measures to 
promote the fintech industry;  and efforts to mitigate climate change.   
6.8.  In conclusion, I would say that this has been a very positive review, with Members 
overwhelmingly highlighting the positive trends since 2014 in terms of the liberalization and WT/TPR/W/202  
 
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  transformation of Bahrain's economy.  Moreover, on the eve of the WTO's Twelfth Ministerial 
Conference, we have heard Members express their appreciation for Bahrain's engagement in the 
WTO and their hopes that it will be deepened even further. Members have appreciated the oral and 
written res ponses provided by the Bahraini delegation to their questions and look forward to 
receiving further written responses to any outstanding and follow up questions within one month. 
This successfully concludes this TPR of the Kingdom of Bahrain.  
 
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