WT/REG302/1  
WT/REG408/1  
WT/REG409/1  
20 December  2023 
(23-7729) Page: 1/32 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements    
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION  
AND THE PACIFIC STATES  (PAPUA NEW GUINEA, FIJI, SAMOA AND   
THE SOLOMON  ISLANDS ) 
(GOODS)  
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of  the Economic Partnership Agreement 
between the European Union and the Pacific States ( Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa and 
the Solomon Islands ), has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own 
responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual presentation 
reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the 
comments provided and does not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the 
Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been dra wn up in accordance with the 
rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for 
Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgement 
by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
 
Any t echnical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Rohini Acharya  
(tel: +41 22 739 5874). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to Rowena Cabos  (tel: +41 22 739 5185). 
 
 
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Table o f Contents  
 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ .............................  4 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMEN T ................................ ....................  7 
2.1   Background information  ................................ ................................ .............................  7 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ..........  8 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................  8 
3.1.1   General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 8 
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ........  9 
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ..........................  11 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 16 
3.2   Rules of origin ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  17 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ ................  18 
3.4   Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................ ..... 18 
3.4.1   Standards ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  18 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade  .........................  18 
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ .........................  19 
3.4.2.1    Global safeguards  ................................ ................................ .............................  19 
3.4.2.2    Bilateral safeguards  ................................ ................................ ...........................  19 
3.4.2.3    Special safeguards  ................................ ................................ ............................  20 
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ..............................  20 
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ........................  20 
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures and trade facilitation  ................................ .....................  20 
3.4.6   Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 21 
3.5   Sector -specific provisions on trade in goods  ................................ ................................  21 
3.5.1   Agriculture ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  21 
4   GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ............................ 21 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  21 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .. 21 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  22 
4.3.1   General exceptions  ................................ ................................ ..............................  22 
4.3.2   Security exceptions  ................................ ................................ ..............................  22 
4.3.3   Taxation  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  22 
4.3.4   Balance of payments  ................................ ................................ ............................  22 
4.4   Accession and withdrawal  ................................ ................................ ........................  22 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ...........................  23 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 23 
4.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the parties  ................................ .........  24 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ........................  26 
4.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .......................  26 
4.10   Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  26 WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  4.11   Environment and labour (sustainable development)  ................................ ....................  26 
4.12   Electronic commerce  ................................ ................................ .............................  26 
4.13   Small and medium -sized enterprises  ................................ ................................ ........  26 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 27 
 
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Key facts  
Parties  Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa and the Solomon Islands; and the European 
Union  
Signature  Papua New Guinea and the European Union: 30 July 2009  
 Fiji: 11 December 2009  
 Accession of Samoa: 21 December 2018  
 Accession of the Solomon Islands: 7 May 2020  
Entry into force  Papua New Guinea and the E uropean Union: 20 December 2009  
 Fiji and the European Union: 28 July 2014  
 Accession of Samo a: 31 December 2018  
 Accession of the Solomon Islands: 17 May 2020  
Notification  18 October 2011; 16 September 2014  
 Accession of Samoa and Solomon Islands: 26 October 2020  
Full 
implementation  2039 (immediate by the EU and Papua New Guinea; 2038 for the Solomon 
Islands and 2039 for Samoa).  
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT1 
1.1.  The Interim Partnership Agreement between the EU and the Pacific States (hereinafter the 
Agreement) is one of the EU's 45 RTAs notified to the WTO while it is one of five agreements in force 
notified by Fiji  and Samoa and one of six for Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.2 
1.2.  The structure of the Parties merchandise trade in 2021 shows that while EU trade is dominated 
by manufactures, manufactured products tend to dominate imports by the Pacific States, while their 
exports are concen trated in agriculture (90% for the Solomon Islands, 57.4% for Fiji, 47.1% for 
Samoa and 23.8% for Papua New Guinea) and fuels and mining products which account for 41% of 
Papua New Guinea's exports. Bilateral trade between the EU and the Pacific States is especially 
important for the latter. In 2021 the EU ranked first as a source of imports for the Solomon Islands, 
sixth for Fiji, ninth for Papua New Guinea and 13th for Samoa. The EU was the largest export market 
for Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Island s, and the 11th and 20th largest market respectively 
for Fiji and Samoa.   
1.3.  Chart s 1.1-1.3 show the overall and bilateral merchandise trade relations of the Parties during 
2011-2021. Globally, except for the EU and Papua New Guinea the trade balance for the other Parties 
has been in deficit for much of the period . Bilateral trade shows while Papua New Guinea and the 
Solomon Islands have had a trade surplus with the EU, the opposite is true for trade between Samoa 
and Fiji.  
 
1 Unless otherwise indicated, data in this section is based on WTO Trade Profiles (viewed on 
6 October  2023), and UNSD Comtrade.  
2 Information from the WTO RTA Database. Accessions to agreements are not counted separately.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Chart 1.1 EU28 and Pacific States: G lobal merchandise trade, 2011 -2021  
 
Note:  Exchange rates EUR /USD: 0.72 (2011), 0.78 (2012), 0.75 (2013), 0.75 (2014), 0.90 (2015), 0.90 
(2016), 0.89 (2017), 0.85 (2018), 0.89 (2019), 0.88 (2020), and 0.85 (2021).  
Source:  Eurostat, UNSD, Comtrade database and WTO Statistics database.   
Chart 1.2 EU28:  Bilateral merchandise trade with the Pacific States, 2011 -2021  
 
Source:  Eurostat . 
-50005001,0001,5002,0002,500
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Import Export Trade balance-2.0-1.00.01.02.03.0
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Fiji
(Euro billion)EU28
(Euro billion)
0.02.04.06.08.010.0
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Papua New Guinea
(Euro billion)
-400-300-200-1000100200300400
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Samoa
(Euro million)
-2000200400600
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Solomon Islands
(Euro million)
-50050100150200250300350400
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Import Export Trade balance-1,000-50005001,0001,500
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021EU-Papua New Guinea
(Euro million)EU-Fiji
(Euro million)
-100-50050100
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021EU-Solomon Islands
(Euro million)
0510152025
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021EU-Samoa
(Euro million)WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Chart 1.3 Pacific States:  Bilateral merchandise trade with EU28, 2011 -2021  
 
Note:  Exchange rates EUR /USD: 0.72 (2011), 0.78 (2012), 0.75 (2013), 0.75 (2014), 0.90 (2015), 0.90 
(2016), 0.89 (2017), 0.85 (2018), 0.89 (2019), 0.88 (2020), and 0.85 (2021).  Mirror data for 
Papua  New Guinea (2011 -2021), Samoa (2020), Solomon Islands (2019 -2021) . 
Source:  Eurostat (mirror data) an d UNSD, Comtrade database.  
1.4.  Chart 1.4 shows the Parties' average global and bilateral trade during 2018 -21 by broad HS 
Sections. Of the EU's largest global export categories of machinery, chemicals and motor vehicles 
(which together accounted for 58% of its  global exports during this period), the Pacific States mainly 
imported machinery and chemicals ( 53% of imports from the EU by the Solomon Islands, 44% for 
Papua New Guinea, 37% for Samoa and 11% for Fiji ). Chemical products are also key imports 
especially  for the Solomon Islands (27% of imports from the EU) and Samoa (22% of imports from 
the EU).   
1.5.  While the  main exports of the Pacific States were mineral products  (account ing for 54% of 
Papua New Guinea's  global exports , 18% of Samoa's exports, 16% of Fiji' s exports, and 6% of 
exports by the Solomon Islands ), the EU mainly imported prepared foodstuffs (73% of imports from 
the Solomon Islands, 64% of imports from Fiji, 23% from Papua New Guinea and 20% of imports 
from Samoa), and animal or vegetable fats (45%  of imports from Papua New Guinea, 26% of imports 
from the Solomon Islands, and 7% from Samoa); machinery accounted for 34% of EU imports from 
Samoa, while mineral products only accounted for 16% of its imports from Papua New Guinea.  
-500-400-300-200-1000100200300400500
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Import Export Trade balance02004006008001,0001,200
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Papua New Guinea
(Euro million)Fiji
(Euro million)
020406080100
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Solomon Islands
(Euro million)
-10-50510
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021Samoa
(Euro million)WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Chart 1.4 EU -Pacific S tates: Merchandise Global and Bilateral Trade by HS Section, 
annual average 2019 -2021  
 
Note:  Solomon Islands and Samoa: mirror data for imports from EU (Eurostat). EU imports from Samoa in 
Euro and from other Pacific States in '000 Euros. Pacific States import s in Euro. Global trade in billion 
Euros (EU) and million Euros (Pacific States) . 
Source:  Eurostat, ITC, Trademap and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background information  
2.1.  The Agreement was signed b y the Parties between 30 July 2009 and 7 May 2020 and entered 
into force between the EU and Papua New Guinea on  20 December 2009 and between the EU and 
Fiji on 28 July 2014. The accessions of Samoa and the Solomon Islands entered into force for the m 
respectively on 31 December 2018 and 17 May 2020. Prior to entry into force of the Agreement, the 
EU already provided duty free and quota free access under its "Market Access Regulation" to ACP 
I Live animals
II Vegetables
III Vegetable fats, oils
IV Prepared foods
V Minerals
VI Chemicals
VII Plastics
VIII Raw hides
IX Articles of wood
X Wood pulp
XI Textiles
XII Footwear
XIII Articles of stone
XIV Precious stones
XV Base metals
XVI Machinery
XVII Vehicles
XVIII Optical
XIX Ammunitions
XX Miscellaneous
XXI Works of art
Others0% 10% 20% 30%
 0% 10% 20% 30%EUGlobal imports EU Global exports
I Live animals
II Vegetables
III Vegetable fats, oils
IV Prepared foods
V Minerals
VI Chemicals
VII Plastics
VIII Raw hides
IX Articles of wood
X Wood pulp
XI Textiles
XII Footwear
XIII Articles of stone
XIV Precious stones
XV Base metals
XVI Machinery
XVII Vehicles
XVIII Optical
XIX Ammunitions
XX Miscellaneous
XXI Works of art
Others0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
0% 10% 20% 30%Pacific States G lobal imports Pacific States G lobal exports
EU bilateral imports from Pacific States
I Live animals
II Vegetables
III Veg fats, oils
IV Prep foods
V Minerals
VI Chemicals
VII Plastics
VIII Raw hides
IX Articles of wood
X Wood pulp
XI Textiles
XII Footwear
XIII Articles of stone
XIV Precious stones
XV Base metals
XVI Machinery
XVII Vehicles
XVIII Optical
XIX Ammunitions
XX Miscellaneous
XXI Works of art
Others0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%Pacific States bilateral imports from EUWT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  countries that had signed interim Economic Partnership Agree ments.3 The Agreement was notified  
by Papua New Guinea and the EU on 18 October 20114, followed by a notification by Papua New 
Guinea, Fiji and the EU on 16 September .5 The accessions of Samoa and the Solomon Islands were 
notified on 26 October 2020.6 The text of the Agreement is available on the RTA database .7 
2.2.  The aim of the Agreement includes enabling the Pacific States to benefit from preferential access 
to the EU market under the EPA negotiations, following the expiry on 31 December 2007 of 
prefere nces under the Cotonou Agreement and pending the completion of a comprehensive EPA; 
promote sustainable development and the gradual integration of the Pacific States in the global 
economy in conformity with their political choices and development prioritie s; and establish a free 
trade area between the Parties and appropriate dispute settlement and institutional arrangements 
(Article 1).  
2.3.  Negotiating modalities for a comprehensive EPA in Article 69 recognize the importance of 
development cooperation so as to  maximize its expected benefits. The provisions on development 
cooperation will be finalized in the wider context of the Pacific ACP States as soon as possible.  
According to the Parties they now favour widening the existing EPA (accessions) and later, in t he 
long run, its deepening beyond goods.  
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  Part II of the Agreement covers trade in goods and applies to products originating in the Parties 
and falling under HS Chapters 1 -97. Tariff elimination is to be implemented immediately for all 
products except those in HS 93 (arms and ammunition) by the EU and between 15 and 25 years by 
the Pacific States  as scheduled in Annex I for the Pacific States and Annex II for the EU .8 Customs 
duties are to be levied only once at the point of entry into the Parties; duties paid for products 
imported by a Pacific State whose import tariff has not been eliminated in all of the Pacific States, 
shall be refunded upon r e-export (Article 15).  
3.2.  There is a standstill commitment in Article 14 under which no tariffs may be introduced or 
increased by the Parties for all products subject to liberalization commitments. However, i n the event 
of serious difficulties with imports of  a particular product, the affected Pacific State may request the 
Trade Committee to review the schedule of duty elimination and modify it, as necessary, by common 
accord and in compatibility with the requirements of Article XXIV of the GATT (Article 13).  
3.3.  The Parties  commit to providing any more favourable treatment to each other as a result of 
becoming party to an FTA with third parties in the case of the EU, and any major trading economy 
in the case of the Pacific States, after the signature of the Agreement ; they are not obliged to provide 
each other any preferential treatment provided to third parties at the time of signature of the 
Agreement .9 Where a Pacific State or the Pacific States can demonstrate that they have been offered 
substantially more favourable treatment in goods, including rules of origin, by a third party than that 
offered by the EU, the Parties will consult and joint ly decide how best to implement the more 
favourable treatment  (Article 1 6). 
 
3 EU Council Regulation (EC) No 15 28/2007, of 20 December 2007, replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/1076 
of 8 June 2016.  
4 WT/REG302/N/1, dated 19 October 2011.  
5 WT/REG302/N/1.Add.1, dated 19 September 2014.  
6 WT/REG408/N/1 and WT/REG409/N/1, dated 30 October 2019.  
7 WTO | Regional trade agreements  
8 EU customs duties on rice (HS 1006) were eliminated on 1 January 2010 (except for 10061010 which 
was eliminated upon entry into force of the Agreement); following the end of the Sugar Protocol under the 
Cotonou Agreement, EU duties on sugar were eliminated on 1  October 2009, with transitional measures in plac e 
until 30 September 2015.  
9 A major trading economy is any developed country or any country with a share of world merchandise 
exports above 1% in the year before the entry into force of the free trade agreement or any group of countries 
acting individuall y, collectively or through a free trade agreement accounting collectively for a share of world 
merchandise exports above 1.5% in the year before the free trade agreement entered into force (Article 16).  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  3.4.  Article 22 prohibits new quantitative restrictions on  imports  and requires  that existing 
restrictions be  removed .10  
3.5.  Under Article 23 the Parties commit to provide national treatme nt for imported products for all 
laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, 
transportation, distribution or use. Imported products shall not be subject to direct or indirect internal 
taxes in excess of th ose applied directly or indirectly to like national products. The Parties shall also 
not otherwise apply internal taxes or other charges in order to protect national production.  
3.6.  Customs valuation follows Article VII of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on i mplementation 
of Article VII  with a five-year transition for non -WTO members (Article 30).  
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.7.  The EU eliminated all tariffs on imports from the Pacific States upon entry into force of the 
Agreement except for arms and ammunition  under  HS Chapter 93, while tariffs on rice (HS1006) and 
sugar (HS1701) were eliminated respectively on 1 January 2010 and  1 October 2009 ( Annex I ). 
Papua New Guinea implemented its tariff commitments upon application of the Agreement in 
2009. Tariff liberalization  was completed by 1 January 2023 by Fiji  and is to be completed within 
20 years by Samoa in 2039, and 18 years by the Solomon Islands in 2038.11  
3.8.  Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement by the EU and 
the Pacific States . In 2009, around 24.5% of the EU's tariff was duty free on an MFN basis.12 The 
share of imports entering the EU unde r these tariff lines ranged from 0.6% in 2017 -2018 from the 
Solomon Islands, 7.1% from Fiji during 2011 -2013, 23.5% from Samoa in 2015 -2017 and 39.3% 
from Papua New Guinea during  2006-2008. Following entry into force of the Agreement with 
Papua  New Guinea in 2009, the EU liberalized a further 74.9% of the tariff, under which around 
60.7% of its imports from Papua New Guinea entered.  With the liberalization of tariffs on sugar and 
rice in 201 0, all EU tariffs for imports from Papua New Guinea were removed. The EU liberalized 
74.2% of its tariffs for imports from Fiji in 2014, under which 92.9% of its imports entered in 
2011-2013. Twenty -two lines remain dutiable. With regard to imports from Sa moa 74% of the EU 
tariff was liberalized in 2018 under which 76.5% of EU imports from Samoa entered during 
2015-2017; 73.2% of the tariff was liberalized for imports from the Solomon Islands, under which 
99.4% of imports entered the EU market; 18 lines wil l remain dutiable for imports by the EU  from 
both economies.  All lines remaining dutiable fall under Chapter 93 (arms and ammunition)  with the 
difference in lines due to different HS nomenclatures . 
 
10 Without prejudice to Chapter 2 of Part II of the Ag reement on safeguards.  
11 Tariff liberalization completed on 31 December of 2038 for Samoa and 31 December 2039 for the 
Solomon Islands.  
12 In 2009 when the Agreement entered into force between the EU and Papua New Guinea, the EU's MFN 
applied tariff contain ed 9,720 lines at the eight -digit level. Of these lines 89.79% had ad valorem  rates, while 
637 lines carried specific rates of duty while 200 lines and 70 lines respectively had mixed and compound rates; 
other rates applied to 85 lines. By 2014, the number  of lines with specific duties had fallen to 634, while lines 
with compound and mixed rates were 195 and 77 respectively and 85 lines had other duties. In 2018 when the 
Agreement entered into force between the EU and Samoa, the EU MFN tariff contained 9,53 3 lines at the 
eight-digit level. 89.23% of lines had ad valorem  rates, while 680  lines had specific rates and 215 and 64 
respectively had compound and mixed rates; 68  lines had other duties. In 2020 on entry into force of the 
Agreement between the EU and the Solomon Islands, the total number of lines had fallen to 9,483 . 674 lines had 
specific rates, while 216 and 64 lines respectively had compound and mixed rates; 68 lines had other rates.   WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Table 3.1 European Union: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Pacific 
Partners  Duty phase -out period  Tariff lines in EU 
schedule  Imports  from Pacific partners  
Number  % Value  (mil Euros)  %  
Papua New 
Guinea     Average 2006 -2008  
MFN duty free (200 9) 2,379  24.5 193,217.4  39.3 
2009 7,279  74.9 298,849.9  60.7 
2010* 40 0.4 0.0 0.0 
Remain dutiable  22 0.2 0.0 0.0 
Total  9,720  100.0  492,067.4  100.0  
    Average 20 11-2013 
Fiji MFN duty free (201 4) 2,482  25.5 4.6 7.1 
2014 7,216  74.2 60.4 92.9 
Remain dutiable  22 0.2 0.0 0.0 
Total  9,720  100.0  65.0 100.0  
    Average 20 15-2017 
Samoa  MFN duty free (201 8) 2,459  25.8 0.8 23.5 
2018 7,056  74.0 2.5 76.5 
Remain dutiable  18 0.2 0.0 0.0 
Total  9,533  100.0  3.2 100.0  
    Average 20 17-2019 
Solomon 
Islands  MFN duty free (20 20) 2,524  26.6 0.4 0.6 
2020 6,941  73.2 70.4 99.4 
Remain dutiable  18 0.2 0.0 0.0 
Total  9,483  100.0  70.8 100.0  
* Rice (33 tariff lines)  and Sugar (7 tariff lines).  
Note:   HS 2007 for EU -Papua New Guinea, EU -Fiji; HS 20 17 for EU -Samoa and EU -Solomon Islands .  
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data from the EU authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
 
3.9.  At entry into force of the Agreement the following share of Pacific State tariff line s were duty 
free on an MFN basis: 77% for Papua New Guinea under which 93.5% of its imports from the EU 
entered during 2006 -2008; 4.9% for Fiji under which 4.8% of imports entered from the EU during 
2011-2013; 3.4% for Samoa under which 4.8% of imports ent ered from the EU during 2015 -2017; 
and 0.6% for the Solomon Islands under which 0.3% of imports entered from the EU during 
2017-2019.13 Papua New Guinea liberalized a further 5.4% of its tariff for imports from the EU under 
which 1.4% of imports entered from the EU during 2006 -2008; the remaining 17.6% of its tariff 
under which 5.1% of imports from the EU entered remain dutiable. Fiji liberalized 17.8% of its tariff 
in 2014 for imports from the EU under which 3.5% of imports from the EU entered in 2011 -2013. 
Following further liberalization of 36.4% and 18.8% of its tariff in 2018 and 2023, under which 
respectively 85.6% and 1.2% of imports from the EU entered, 22.1% of the tariff will remain subject 
to duty for imports from the EU ; 4.9% of imports from the EU entered under these tariff lines.  
3.10.  Samoa is expected to liberalize 55.4% of its tariff for imports from the EU in 2028; 44.4% of 
imports from the EU entered under these lines during 2015 -2017. A further 22.9% and 0.9% of the 
tariff is to be liberalized i n 2033 and 2038 under which respectively 23.3% and 14.1% of imports 
from the EU entered. At the end of implementation 17.3% of the tariff will remain subject to duty 
under which 13.5% of imports from the EU entered Samoa. The Solomon Islands will liberaliz e 12.9% 
of the tariff for imports from the EU in 2025; 10.1% of its imports from the EU entered under these 
lines during 2017 -2019. It will liberalize a further 41.8% and 35.5% of the tariff in respectively 2034 
and 2037. At the end of implementation 9.3% of its tariff will remain subject to duty for the EU, 
under which 8.4% of EU imports entered.  
 
13 In 2009 Papua New Guinea's applied MFN tariff contained 5,662 l ines at the eight -digit level; of these 
98.96% had ad valorem  rates, while 59 lines had specific duties. Fiji's MFN tariff in 2014 contained 5,963 lines 
at the eight -digit level; of these 95.51% had ad valorem  rates, while 94 and 174 lines respectively wer e subject 
to specific and mixed duties. Samoa's MFN tariff in 2018 had 5,481 lines at the eight -digit level; of these 99.03% 
had ad valorem rates while 7 and 46 lines respectively had specific and mixed rates of duty. In 2020 the Solomon 
Islands' MFN tarif f had 5,505 lines at the eight -digit level of which 98.37% had ad valorem  rates of duty and 90 
lines had specific duties.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Table 3.2 Pacific States: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  Tariff lines in Pacific States' schedule  Imports from EU 
(Euro  million)  
Number  % Value  %  
 Papua New Guinea  Average 2006 -2008  
MFN duty free (2009)  4,361  77.0 63.6 93.5 
2009  307 5.4 0.9 1.4 
Remain dutiable   994 17.6 3.5 5.1 
Total  5,662  100.0  68.1 100.0  
 Fiji Average 2011 -2013  
MFN duty free (2014)  294 4.9 6.7 4.8 
2014 1,061  17.8 4.9 3.5 
2018 2,169  36.4 121.1  85.6 
2023 1,119  18.8 1.7 1.2 
Remain dutiable  1,320  22.1 7.0 4.9 
Total  5,963  100.0  141.4  100.0  
 Samoa  Average 2015 -2017  
MFN duty free (2018)  189 3.4 0.2 4.8 
2028 3,036  55.4 1.9 44.4 
2033 1,257  22.9 1.0 23.3 
2038 50 0.9 0.6 14.1 
Remain dutiable  949 17.3 0.6 13.5 
Total  5,481  100.0  4.2 100.0  
 Solomon Islands  Average 2017 -2019  
MFN duty free (2020)  35 0.6 0.0 0.3 
2025 708 12.9 1.0 10.1 
2034 2,299  41.8 3.7 37.1 
2037 1,953  35.5 4.4 44.0 
Remain dutiable  510 9.3 0.8 8.4 
Total  5,505  100.0  10.0 100.0  
Note:  Based on HS 2002 for Papua New Guinea and HS 2012 for other Pacific States.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, the Agreement and 
the WTO -IDB. Tariff liberalization is based on fiscal year.  
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.11.  Tables 3.3 -3.5 show liberalization by the Parties under the Agreement according to broad HS 
Section. As per the  Secretariat's methodology, for  the calculation of averages for non -ad valorem  
tariffs, specific rates are excluded  and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included  in the 
calculation . Following the liberalization of rice and sugar tariffs in 2010,  the EU liberalized all its MFN 
applied  tariffs immediately  except those  in HS Section XIX (arms and ammunition)  (Table  3.3). The 
Pacific States at the end of implementation will maintain tariffs in  several  HS Sections especially I -IV 
(agricultural product s), XI (textiles and clothing) in Papua New Guinea, and to some extent Fiji, 
and XV (base metals) in Samoa.  
3.12.  Chart 3.1 show HS Chapters in which tariff lines remain dutiable for imports by the Pacific 
Parties from the EU, at the end of liberalization. Tarif f lines excluded from liberalization under the 
Agreement are assumed to be subject to the applied MFN rate. For all the Parties the average 
preferential and MFN duties are the same suggesting no additional liberalization for imports from the 
EU in these Ch apters. Current applied MFN tariffs for lines remaining subject to duties under the 
Agreement range up to 50% ( sugars and sugar confectionary ) for Papua New Guinea,  32% ( sugars, 
tobacco, footwear, iron and steel, and ships and boats ) for Fiji, and to 56.3% and 25% ( for tobacco ) 
in Samoa and the Solomon Islands .   
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 12 – 
 Table 3.3 European Union: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  HS Section  EU-Papua New Guinea  EU-Fiji 
Remain dutiable  EU-Samoa  EU-Solomon Islands  
Remain dutiable  
 
MFN 2009  Duty  
free in  
Agreement  MFN 2014  Duty 
free in 
Agree -
ment  MFN 2018  Duty 
free in 
Agree -
ment  MFN 2020  Duty free 
in 
Agreement  
Avg. Dutiable 
Tariff (%)  
 Total  Duty free  
2009  
2010   
Total  Duty 
free  2020   
Total  Duty 
free  2018   
Total  Duty 
free  2020  
I 10.2 803 78 725  8.8 803 113 690  9.6 956 106 850 9.6 955 106 849   
II 5.8 531 125 373 33 a 5.7 531 132 399  5.6 554 144 410 5.5 554 150 404   
III 6.0 124 21 103  6.0 124 21 103  5.9 129 23 106 5.9 129 24 105   
IV 14.5 834 93 734 7 b 14.4 834 95 739  14.9 867 95 772 14.9 869 96 773   
V 0.9 244 158 86  0.8 244 179 65  0.8 234 170 64 0.8 231 169 62   
VI 4.2 1,272  341 931  4.2 1,272  356 916  4.3 1,225  314 911 4.3 1,224  318 906   
VII 4.7 351 67 284  4.7 351 69 282  4.6 301 64 237 4.6 300 65 235   
VIII 3.0 150 43 107  3.0 150 46 104  3.1 130 45 85 3.1 130 45 85   
IX 2.3 213 99 114  2.3 213 99 114  2.2 234 118 116 2.2 234 118 116   
X 0.0 220 220   0.0 220 220   0.0 195 195  0.0 195 195    
XI 7.9 1,190  45 1,145   7.9 1,190  45 1,145   8.0 1,147  40 1,107  8.0 1,147  40 1,107    
XII 8.0 113 2 111  8.0 113 2 111  8.2 106 2 104 8.2 106 2 104   
XIII 4.0 258 34 224  3.9 258 35 223  4.0 234 33 201 4.0 234 32 202   
XIV 0.7 63 48 15  0.7 63 48 15  0.6 56 45 11 0.6 58 47 11   
XV 1.9 999 511 488  1.9 999 513 486  1.8 953 499 454 1.8 955 499 456   
XVI 2.5 1,477  305 1,172   2.4 1,477  318 1,159   2.0 1,370  347 1,023  1.9 1,337  386 951   
XVII 4.7 287 32 255  4.7 287 32 255  5.2 286 31 255 5.2 286 32 254   
XVIII  2.5 339 90 249  2.5 339 92 247  2.0 313 120 193 1.9 296 132 164   
XIX 2.2 27 5   2.2 27 5  22 2.2 22 4  2.2 22 4  18 2.7 
XX 2.6 218 55 163  2.6 218 55 163  2.6 214 57 157 2.6 214 57 157   
XXI 0.0 7 7   0.0 7 7   0.0 7 7  0.0 7 7    
Total 5.0 9,720  2,379  7,279  40 4.9 9,720  2,482  7,216  22 5.1 9,533  2,459  7,056  5.0 9,483  2,524  6,941  18 2.7 
a  Products under HS 1006 (Rice);  
b Tariff lines under the Sugar Protocol (Cotonou Agreement) .  
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 13 - 
 
 
- 13 - Table 3.4 Papua New Guinea and Fiji: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS Section  Papua New Guinea  Fiji 
MFN 2009  
Duty free in Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  MFN 2014  
Duty free in Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  
Avg.(%)  Number of lines  
Avg.(%)  Number of 
lines  
Total  Duty free  2009  Total  Duty 
free 2014  2018  2023  
I 14.4 269 95 81 93 22.8 16.7 355 8  24 83 240 18.3 
II 16.6 282 115 35 132 29.1 5.9 311 18  19 85 189 6.8 
III 6.3 79 46  33 15.0 8.7 55 15  8 18 14 7.9 
IV 15.7 278 84 22 172 24.7 22.2 265 1  12 9 243 23.2 
V 0.4 169 165 1 3 15.0 5.4 183  107  42 34 5.0 
VI 0.9 843 799 12 32 19.2 7.1 825 68 483 152 62 60 15.4 
VII 2.1 248 216 1 31 16.0 12.4 249   104 93 52 18.7 
VIII 9.7 78 44 26 8 22.5 9.4 77  35 28 14   
IX 19.0 105 10 28 67 22.7 12.2 125  1 8 49 67 14.1 
X 4.3 168 121 3 44 15.2 13.2 163 9  56 62 36 24.9 
XI 8.2 877 565 84 228 23.9 14.2 840 3  495 211 131 28.7 
XII 8.0 61 30 8 23 15.9 23.6 48   17 17 14 32.0 
XIII 1.3 146 137  9 21.7 7.1 160  1 159    
XIV 10.2 55 41  14 40.0 13.6 57 9  41 2 5 25.2 
XV 1.8 605 543 6 56 17.6 8.9 644 9 32 370 118 115 17.2 
XVI 0.2 824 817  7 17.9 7.1 866 55 272 460 54 25 15.0 
XVII 0.5 164 159  5 15.0 19.9 334 6 23 77 139 89 23.9 
XVIII  0.0 243 243    5.5 242 68 36 135 3   
XIX 0.0 23 23    29.3 20    14 6 27.5 
XX 6.6 138 101  37 24.6 12.5 136 25 63 4 44   
XXI 0.0 7 7    6.3 8  8     
Total  5.0 5,662  4,361  307 994 23.0 10.9 5,963  294 1,061  2,169  1,119  1,320  18.4  
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 14 – 
 Table 3.5 Samoa and Solomon Islands: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS Section  Samoa  Solomon Islands  
MFN 2018  Duty free in Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  MFN 2020  
Duty free in Agreement  Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
Dutiable 
Tariff  Avg. 
(%) Number  of 
lines  2028  2033  2038  Avg. (%)  Number of lines  
Total  Duty 
free Total  Duty free  2025  2034  2037  
I 15.3 372 41 63 100 11 157 20.5 9.4 406  20 25 309 52 10.0 
II 15.0 321 7 111 94 18 91 19.9 9.3 305 4   209 92 10.0 
III 12.2 57  20 10 2 25 12.2 9.8 48    46 2 5.0 
IV 19.3 277 16 30 56 2 173 23.1 9.6 289    130 159 10.5 
V 8.2 159 5 132  1 21 11.3 10.0 159  38 62 1 58 10.0 
VI 8.5 800 55 607 67 1 70 9.4 7.5 792  385 332 71 4 10.0 
VII 9.8 217  162 33 1 21 17.7 10.0 212   125 48 39 10.0 
VIII 20.0 69   69    10.0 71  13 46 12   
IX 9.6 98  59 22  17 8.0 10.0 181   18 106 57 10.0 
X 10.8 151 2 99 37 2 11 13.5 9.5 142   114 28   
XI 11.5 802  564 238    9.9 798 1 1 758 37 1 10.0 
XII 19.5 50  2 46  2 20.0 9.7 47   31 16   
XIII 9.1 147  100 14  33 8.0 10.0 142   141 1   
XIV 18.9 54  4 50    10.0 53  35 18    
XV 8.2 577  303 32  242 8.0 7.9 564  159 190 210 5 10.0 
XVI 10.5 788 1 548 191 12 36 10.0 9.4 781 7 11 142 600 21 8.8 
XVII 8.4 183 62 58 44  19 9.9 9.0 161 19 37  97 8 7.5 
XVIII  12.9 212  112 99  1 8.0 9.6 211 4 2 205    
XIX 20.0 19     19 20.0 10.0 18   18    
XX 13.0 121  62 48  11 13.5 9.8 118   74 32 12 10.0 
XXI 20.0 7   7    10.0 7  7     
Total  11.4 5,481  189 3,036  1,257  50 949 14.9 9.2 5,505  35 708 2,299  1,953  510 10.0 
Source:  WTO estimates based on the data provided by the EU, Samoa and the Solomon Islands, the WTO-IDB and the Agreements.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 15 - 
 
  Chart 3.1 a: Papua New Guinea: Average of dutiable rates by HS Chapter  
 
 
Chart 3. 1b: Fiji: Average of dutiable rates by HS Chapter  
 
 
0102030405060
2345678911121314151617181920212223*24Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 01 -24
051015202530354045
25
28
32
33
34
35
*36
38
39
41
42
43
44
46
48
49
56
58
61
62
63
64
65
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
78
79
80
82
83
84
87
94
96Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 25 -97
Preferential MFN
05101520253035
12346789101112131415161718192021222324Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 01 -24
05101520253035
2729323436383940444851536162636471727384878993Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 25 -97
Preferential MFNWT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 16 - 
 
  Chart 3. 1c: Samoa: Average of dutiable rates by HS Chapter  
 
Chart 3. 1d: Solomon Islands: Average of dutiable rates by HS Chapter  
 
* Lines subject to specific duties.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by the authorities . 
 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.13.  There are no tariff rate quotas (TRQs) under the Agreement. The EU maintains  MFN TRQs for 
a number of agricultural products.  
0102030405060
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 911 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 01 -24
0510152025
25 28 33 36 39 44 64 69 72 74 76 79 81 85 87 93 96Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterHS Chapters 25 -97
Preferential MFN
051015202530
0204070809151617192021222425273439404463738485878994Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterPreferential MFNWT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 17 - 
 
  3.2  Rules of origin  
3.14.  Rules of origin and methods of administrative cooperation are in Protocol II to the Agreement.  
Products considered originating are those wholly obtained in the EU and the Pacific States within the 
meaning of Article 514; and products obtained in the EU and the Pacific Sta tes incorporating materials 
that have not been wholly obtained there provided that the materials have undergone sufficient 
processing in their territories as in Article 6.  Products not wholly obtained in the Parties' territories 
must meet the conditions in  Annex II to the Protocol  includ ing either that the value of non -originating 
materials do not exceed  a certain share of the ex -works price of the product; a change in tariff 
classification usually at the heading level; or a process rule. In some cases , exporters may choose 
to fulfil either one or other conditions.  
3.15.  For wholly originating and processed fish products paragraph 6 of Article 6 recognizes the 
limited fishing capacities of the Pacific States and therefore the need to include non -originating fish 
in fish processing in these States. Paragraph 6(b) requires prior notification to the EU indicating the 
reasons why the application of the paragraph will stimulate the fisheries sector in that State.  A report 
on the implementation of this paragraph shall be  completed within three years of the notification, on 
which basis consultations will be held between the EU and the requesting Pacific States.  The Parties 
indicate that n otification was made upon accession of the Solomon Islands and a report is due on 
the implementation of provision  accordingly . 
3.16.  An absorption principle  ensures that no account shall be taken of non -originating materials 
used in the manufacture of a product that  has already acquired originating sta tus. A de minimis  
provision permits the use o f non -originating materials provided their total value does not exceed 
15% of the ex -works price of the product and percentages in the List for the maximum value of 
non-originating materials are not exceeded (Article 6) ; specific tolerance levels for texti les and 
clothing are listed in Notes 5 and 6 of Annex I to the Protocol . 
3.17.  Under Articles 3 and 4 full cumulation is provided for p roducts obtained in the Parties  if they 
use materials originating in the EU, a Pacific State, other African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States  
(Annex X to Prot ocol II) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) provided the working or 
processing goes beyond that in Article 7.  Cumulation with ACP and OCT States will only apply upon 
the conclusion of an agreement on admi nistrative cooperation.15 
3.18.  Cumulation for rice and for products listed in Annex IX was to apply respectively from 
1 January 2010 and 1 October  201516; for the Pacific States, cumulation for these products will only 
apply with a Pacific State, or another ACP State that is a member of an Economic Partnership 
Agreement  with the EU  Furthermore, cumulation with South Africa for the Pacific States does not 
apply for the products in Annex IX but instead to  products in Annex XII after 31 December  2009 
(Article 4) .17 Cumulation can be requested by a Pacific State with "a neighbouring developing country 
belonging to a coherent geographical entity" which is not a n ACP State  (as listed in Annex VIII  bis) 
provided the working or processing carried out in the Pacific State exceeds the operations in Article  7 
and the Pacific States, the EU and the neighbouring developing country have concluded an 
agreement on administr ative cooperation (Article 4 bis).  
3.19.  The principles of territoriality and direct transport apply (Articles 12 and 13). Returning goods, 
once they are exported are considered originating only if they are the same as when they were 
 
14 The te rms EU (European Community in the text) and "products originating in the European Community" 
do not include the territories of Ceuta and Melilla (Title VI of the Protocol). Products wholly obtained in these 
territories or the EU that undergo working or pro cessing in a Pacific State, shall be considered as having been 
wholly obtained in a Pacific State. Working or processing in Ceuta, Melilla or the EU shall be considered as having 
been carried out in a Pacific State when materials undergo further processing  in the latter . 
15 The current status of cumulation in the EU in EPAs with ACP countries is in :  
v1.pdf (europa.eu) . 
16 Annex IX lists cane or beet sugar and other sugars, sugar c onfectionary not containing cocoa, cocoa 
powder and food preparations contained cocoa, food preparations not containing cocoa, preparations based on  
coffee and tea, flavoured or coloured sugar syrups, food preparations not elsewhere specified , and preparat ions 
based on odoriferous substances.  
17 Annex XII includes live animals and poultry, meat, fats, dairy products, vegetables, nuts, fruit, pepper, 
cereals, malt, pig fat, soya, edible oils, sugars, pasta, food preparations, and fermented beverages.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 18 - 
 
  exported and have not under gone any operation beyond that necessary to preserve them in good 
condition while outside the territory.  
3.20.  Under Article 8 of the Agreement the operation  of provisions on rules of origin are to be 
reviewed within five years of entry into force of the Agreement to further simplify the concepts and 
methods used for determining origin in the light of the development needs of the Pacific States. 
Negotiations to modify or replace the Protocol shall be started not later than one year before the end 
of the fi ve-year period . Technical amendments to Protocol II on Rules of Orig in were proposed by  
the EU at the 1st meeting of the Special Committee on Customs Cooperation and Rules of Origin  in 
October 2019, to be endorsed by the Parties . 
3.21.  Title IV of the Protocol d eals with  procedures relating to rules of origin including  general 
requirements to prove origin, procedures for the issuance of rules of origin certificates  and 
authorization for exporters of frequent shipments. Title V on arrangements for administrative 
cooperation includes undertakings to put in place necessary national and regional arrangements for 
implementing and enforcing the Protocol's rules and procedures and to provide mutual assistance to 
ensure its proper application. Verification of proof of ori gin is to be random and based on risk analysis  
while disputes on the verification of origin which cannot be settled by the customs authorities or 
where there is a question on the interpretation of the Protocol, shall be settled by the Special 
Committee on Customs Cooperation and Rules of Origin.   
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.22.  The Parties may not maintain or institute any duties, taxes or fees imposed on or in connection 
with exports to the other Party or any internal taxes, fees a nd charges on exports that are in excess 
of charges on like products destined for the internal market except (a) when the measures are 
necessary, in conjunction with domestic measures for fiscal solvency of a Pacific State or for 
environmental protection; and (b) exceptionally specific protection by a Pacific State to develop  
infant industries , on a limited number of exports destined for the EU after mutual agreement with 
the EU ; the tax must be applied on an MFN basis  (Article 10) . The Solomon Islands is u sing the 
exception for round logs  and certain  unprocessed fish and other sea resources, for a temporary 
period of 5 years . 
3.23.  Article 22 prohibits new quantitative restrictions on exports and requires  existing restrictions 
to be removed .18  
3.4  Regulatory provisions on trade in goods  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  and technical barriers to trade  
3.24.  The objectives of p rovisions on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical 
barriers to trade (TBT) are cooperation between th e Parties to facilitate and increase bilateral trade 
by identifying, preventing and eliminating obstacles to trade for TBT and SPS measures; 
strengthen ing regional trade in Pacific regional integration and cooperation on TBT and SPS matters; 
facilitat ing compliance with SPS measures for exports while safeguarding human, animal  and plant 
safety and health, in particular through private and public sector capacity building in the Pacific 
States and assisting the Pacific States to improve their regulatory frame works and related 
institutions; and reinforc ing regional integration and promot ing the capacity of private and public 
sectors to comply with TBT and SPS measures.  They define priority products for exports from the 
Pacific States to the EU (Annex III.A)19 and for trade between the Pacific States (Annex III.B)  which 
 
18 Withou t prejudice to Chapter 2 of Part II of the Agreement on safeguards.  
19 Priority exports from the Pacific States to the EU in Annex III.A are: palm oil; coffee; tea; cocoa; copra; 
fish and processed products; other marine processed products; sugar; seaweed; noni products; spices; kava; 
soaps; nuts; pearls; textiles; jewellery; handicrafts and artifacts; alcohol; jams; biscuits ; timber products ; 
pottery ; movies, postcards, calendars; crocodile meat; crocodile skins; rubber saps and intermediary products; 
ornamental fish; flowers; petroleum related products and its by products; and gas and hydrocarbon products.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 19 - 
 
  shall be reviewed and may be modified by a decision of the Trade Committee as and when 
appropriate .20 The Parties indicate that the provisions have not been modified.  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.4.2.1   Global s afeguards  
3.25.  Safeguards in accordance with Article XIX of the GATT 1994, the Agreement on Safeguards 
and Article 5 of the Agreement on Agriculture  are permitted . During five years from the date of entry 
into force of the Agreement, t he EU may, however, in lig ht of the overall development objectives of 
the Agreement and the small size of the Pacific State economies, exclude imports from any Pacific 
State from any measures taken under these provisions  (Article 20) . This provision was to be reviewed 
not later tha n 120 days before the end of the five years, to determine if it was to be extended. The 
Parties indicate that the provision has not been reviewed nor extended.  
3.26.  Measures taken under the WTO provisions are not subject to dispute settlement under the 
Agreeme nt. 
3.4.2.2   Bilateral safeguards  
3.27.  Notwithstanding Article 20 and after having examined alternative solutions, the Parties may 
apply safeguard measures of limited duration . They may be taken where a product originating in the 
EU or Pacific States is being imported into the territory of the EU or Pacific States in such increased 
quantities and under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause: (a) serious injury to the 
domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products in the territory of  the importing 
Parties or the Pacific States; (b) economic or social disturbances in a sector or industry of the 
economy or difficulties which could bring about serious deterioration in the economic situation of the 
importing Parties or Pacific States; or (c) disturbances in the markets of agricultural like or directly 
competitive products or mechanisms regulating those markets  (Article 21:2) .21 A Pacific State may 
also take measures during  20 years if imported products cause or threaten to cause disturbanc es to 
an infant industry producing like or directly competitive products  under certain conditions 
(Article  21:5(b)) . 
3.28.  The measures, which shall not exceed that necessary to remedy or prevent the serious injury 
or disturbance, may only be , for the product concerned: (i) a suspension of the further reduction of 
import duty under the Agreement; (ii) increase in the customs duty up to a level not exceeding that 
applied for imports from other WTO Members; and (iii) introduction of tariff quotas  (Article 21 :3). 
They shall only be in place for the time necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury or disturbances 
as described above. They shall not be applied for longer than 2 years and in exceptional 
circumstances may be extended for a further 2 y ears; the initial period may be four years where the 
measure is applied by a Pacific State or the EU limited to its Outermost Regions, extendable by a 
further four years in exceptional circumstances.22 They shall not be applied on imports of a product 
that has previously been subject to a safeguard for at least one year from the expiry of the measure. 
Measures applied for longer than one year shall contain clear elements progressively leading to their 
elimination at the end of the set period  (Article 21:6) . 
3.29.  If any Party believes that one of the circumstances above exists, it shall immediately refer it 
to the Trade Committee which may make any remedial recommendation. Appropriate measures may 
be adopted if no recommendation has been made by the Committee or n o other satisfactory solution 
has been reached within 30 days of the matter being referred to the Committee. Before this, all 
relevant information shall be supplied to the Committee as soon as possible for a thorough 
 
20 Priority products for trade between the Pacific States in Annex III.B are: textiles and clothing; food 
items; precious metals; jewellery -pearls; artifacts and handicrafts; music -CDs, tapes and related products; 
chemicals -bleaches and other cleaning products; toiletries -toilet paper and soaps; palm oil; cement; fabricated 
steel products; and timber.  
21 Measures taken may be restricted geogr aphically to the EU's Outermost Regions or individual Pacific 
States if products are being imported in such increased quantities in those regions  and territories (Articles 21:4 
and 21:5(a)).  
22 The period is seven years for LDCs (12 years for Small Island S tates and Pacific LDC States), with a  
possible  extension of up to three years following a joint review . No Pacific State, shall, at any time, raise tariffs 
on goods originating in the EU on more than 3% of the tariff or on more than 15% of the total averag e value of 
imports originating in the EU over the previous three years (Article 21:5(b)) . WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 20 - 
 
  examination with a view to seeking an a cceptable solution for the Parties concerned. Priority must 
be given to safeguards which least disturb the operation of the Agreement. Any safeguards taken 
must be notified immediately to the Committee which will hold periodic consultations particularly to  
establish a timetable for their abolition as soon as circumstances permit (Article 21:7). Provisional 
measures  may be taken without complying with these procedures in exceptional circumstances 
requiring immediate action, with the measure put in place for a maximum of 180 days for the EU 
and 200 days for a Pacific State or EU action limited to one of its Outermost Regions ; the duration 
of such provisional measures shall count as part of the initial period and any extension as under 
Article 21:6 above . If the measure is taken the importing Party or the Pacific State shall inform the 
other Party and immediately notify the Trade Committee for examination  (Article 21:8) . Bilateral 
safeguard provisions are not subject to the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism.  
3.4.2.3   Spec ial safeguards  
3.30.  There are no special safeguard provisions in the Agreement.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.31.  The Parties may take anti -dumping and countervailing measures under Article 19 in 
accordance with the relevant WTO Agreements. The EU may no t impose definitive anti -dumping or 
countervailing measures on products imported from the Pacific States before considering the 
possibility of constructive remedies foreseen in relevant WTO Agreements, in accordance with EU 
law. The EU shall provide approp riate assistance to exporters from the Pacific States that are 
proposing such remedies.   
3.32.  Regarding  anti-dumping measures imposed by regional or sub -regional authorities the Parties 
shall ensure they are not applied simultaneously for the same product by regional and sub -regional 
authorities and by national authorities as well. In addition , there shall be one single form of judicial 
review, including for appeals.  
3.33.  The provisions on a nti-dumping and countervailing measures are not subject to the dispute 
settlement mechanism under the Agreement.  
3.4.4   Subsidies and State-aid 
3.34.  EU subsidies on agricultural exports23 for which the Pacific States have committed to eliminate 
customs duties , are to be phased out under Article 24 of the Agreement  with the Parties to consult 
no later than 18 December 2007 to discuss modalities for their elimination . The Parties indicate th at 
subsidies were eliminated in 2014.  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  and trade facilitation  
3.35.  Chapter 4 deals with customs and trade facilitation whose goal is to assist in the integration 
of the Pacific States into the international economy, facilitate trade b etween the Parties and reinforce 
cooperation on customs issues. The Chapter envisages the integration of cooperation between the 
Parties on trade facilitation and trade promotion  with the work of other actors to avoid unnecessary 
duplication of existing pr ogrammes  (Article 26) ; and customs and administrative cooperation  
(Article  27). The Parties also agree that their customs legislation, provisions and procedures shall 
draw upon international instruments and standards . They will apply a single administrativ e document 
or electronic equivalent and provide a system of binding rules on customs matters , in particular on 
tariff classification and rules of origin,  in accordance with rules in their respective legislations. The 
right to appeal any administrative deci sions by customs and other agencies shall be provided and be 
easily accessible including to small and medium sized enterprises at commensurate costs  (Article  28). 
Facilitation measures for the business community include making all legislation, procedures, and fees 
and charges and justifications for them publicly available electronically, where appropriate and 
possible; establishing mechanisms for timely and regular consultations with the business community 
on legislative proposals and procedures on customs and trade issues; ensuring that new or amended 
legislation and procedures and their entry into force are introduced in a way that provides traders 
with sufficient information to ensure compliance; and ensuring that customs and related 
 
23 Agriculture as defined by the WTO Agreement on Agriculture.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 21 - 
 
  requirements and proc edures continue to meet the needs of the trading community (Article 29). The 
implementation of Chapter 4 is to be reviewed no later than three years from entry into force of the 
Agreement (Article 32).  The Parties indicate that no formal review has  taken place pending a general 
review of the implementation of the EPA.   
3.36.  Special provisions on administrative cooperation on customs matters allow the Parties to 
temporarily suspend preferential treatment if a finding is made on the basis of objective infor mation, 
of a failure to provide administrative cooperation24 and/or irregularities or fraud.25 The Party or Pacific 
State making such a finding must notify the Trade Committee of its findings and the objective 
information  as well as to importers through it s official gazette or journal , and enter into consultations 
with the Committee with a view to reaching a solution that is acceptable to the EU, and the Pacific 
State or States. Temporary suspension may take place if no solution is found following three mon ths 
of consultations and must be notified to the Committee. It shall be limited to that necessary to protect 
the financial interests of the Party or Pacific State concerned and shall not exceed a period of six 
months, which may be renewed. The suspension s hall be notified to the Trade Committee and be 
subject to periodic consultations in the Committee with a view to its termination as soon as conditions 
for its application are no longer applicable  (Article 17) . Protocol 1 on mutual administrative assistance  
envisages assistance by the Parties in areas within their competence upon request or spontaneously.  
3.4.6   Other regulations  
3.37.  There are no other specific regulations.  
3.5  Sector -specific provisions on trade in goods  
3.5.1    Agriculture  
3.38.  Acknowledging that the removal of trad e barriers envisaged by the Agreement may pose 
significant challenges to the producers in agricultural and food sectors of a Party or Pacific State, the 
Parties agree to consult with each other on these issues. Article 46 furthermore allows the Parties to 
take bilateral safeguards under Article 21:2(c) where compliance with the Agreement leads to 
problems with the availability of, or access to, foodstuffs or other products essential to ensure food 
security of a Party or Pacific State and where this gives ri se, or is likely to give rise, to major 
difficulties for it.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  There is no specific section on transparency per se but there are provisions in various sections 
of the Agreement (such as SPS , TBT and customs procedures).  
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  There are no  specific  provisio ns on current payments and capital movements in the Agreement, 
although Article 45 permits the use of safeguards in case of balance of payments difficulties (section 
4.3.4 below).  
  
 
24 Failure to provide administrative cooperation includes a repeated failure to respect the obligation to  
verify the originating status of the products concerned; and a repeated refusal or undue delay: (i) in carrying out 
and/or communicating the results of subsequent verifications of the proof of origin; and (ii) in obtaining 
authorization to conduct adminis trative cooperation missions to verify the authenticity of documents or accuracy 
of documents related to the verification.  
25 A finding of irregularities and/or fraud includes where there is a rapid increase, without satisfactory 
explanation, in imports of goods exceeding the usual level of production and the export capacity of the other 
Party or Pacific State, which is linked to objective information concerning irregularities or fraud.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  4.3  Exceptions  
4.3.1   General exceptions  
4.3.  General exceptions follow closely the provisions of Article XX of GATT 1994; in addition , nothing 
shall prevent the adopt ion of  measures that are inconsistent with Article 23 (national treatment on 
taxation) provided that the difference in treatment aims to ensure effective or equitable imposition 
or collection of direct taxes from economic activities, investors or service supplie rs of the Parties 
(Article 42).  
4.3.2   Security exceptions  
4.4.  Security exceptions are mainly as in  Article XXI of GATT 1994  (Article 43) . 
4.3.3   Taxation  
4.5.  The Agreement does not prevent the Parties from distinguishing for fiscal reasons  between 
taxpayers who are not in the  same situation, especially on their place of residence or where their 
capital is invested. The Agreement also does not prevent the Parties from adopting or enforcing 
measures to prevent the avoidance or evasion of taxes under agreements to avoid double ta xation  
or other tax arrangements or domestic fiscal legislation. The rights and obligations of the Parties 
under any tax convention  are unaffected by the Agreement , with the convention prevailing in case 
of inconsistency (Article 44).  
4.3.4   Balance of payments  
4.6.  Article 45 permits the Parties to i mpose or increase tariffs for the minimum period and extent 
necessary to arrest or prevent the serious decline in reserves or to enable reserves to increase at a 
reasonable rate or to arrest or prevent a serious decline in  the fiscal position in case, or threat, of 
serious balance of payments  (BOP)  problems or external financial difficulties. They may give priority 
to imports of products which are more essential in determining the incidence of restrictions on 
imports of dif ferent products or classes of products. Any measures taken shall be consistent with any 
WTO or IMF obligations of the Part y or Pacific State adopting the measure and all reasonable steps 
shall be taken to ensure that the measure does not disproportionately  impact imports covered by the 
Agreement from another Party.  
4.7.  Any measure taken shall be non -discriminatory, of limited duration, shall not go beyond that 
necessary to remedy the BOP and external financial situation and shall (a) avoid unnecessary damage 
to the commercial and economic interests of any other Party or Pacific States; (b) not preventing 
unreasonably the importing of any goods in minimum commercial quantities, the exclusion of which 
would impair regular channels of trade; and (c) not preventing the importing of commercial samples 
or prevent compliance with intellectual property rights procedures.  
4.8.  Any Party maintaining or adopting restrictive measures,  or any changes thereto shall promptly 
notify them to the Party where the affected imports origin ate and present a schedule , as soon as 
possible, for their removal. Consultations to assess the BOP situation in the affected Party and the 
restrictions adopted or maintained under Article 45 shall be held promptly between the affected Party 
and the Party from which the imports originate.26 If there is a persistent and widespread application 
of restrictions under this Article the Parties shall review the Agreement to consider whether other 
measures may be taken to remove the underlying causes of the disequi librium.  
4.4  Accession and withdrawal  
4.9.  Under Article 80 of the Agreement, it remains open for accession by Pacific Island States party 
to the Cotonou Agreement and Pacific Islands not Party to the Cotonou Agreement but with similar 
structural characteristics and economic and social situation on  the basis of the submission of a GATT 
 
26 They shall take into account factors such as the nature and extent of the BOP and external financial 
difficulties; the external economic and trading environment; and alternative measures.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
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  Article XXIV compliant market access offer. Any accession shall be decided upon by the Parties to the 
Agreement.  
4.10.  Any Party may give written notice to the others of its intention to denounce the Agreement , 
with denunci ation taking effect 12 months following notification to the other Parties  (Article 76).  
Article 69 confirms that once a full EPA is negotiated between the EU and the Pacific States, it will 
replace the Agreement.  
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.11.  Implementation of t he Agreement is overseen by the Trade Committee established by 
Article  68. It may set up and oversee any special committee s or bodies necessary for the 
implementation of the Agreement; meet at any time agreed by the Parties; consider any issues under 
the A greement and take appropriate action in the exercise of its functions; and take decisions or 
make recommendations in case provided for by the Agreement. The Committee will delegate specific 
implementing decision -making power to the special committees, in p articular the Special Committee 
on Customs Cooperation and Rules of Origin, which has been formed . 
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.12.  Dispute avoidance and settlement under Part III of the Agreement includes consultations and 
mediation, followed by arbitration and review of compliance.27 The Parties shall first attempt to 
resolve any differences through consultations in good faith  follow ing a written request to the Party 
with which consultations are requested, with a copy to the Trade Committee . The consultations are 
to be held within 40 days of the request (15 days for urgent matters ) and deemed concluded within 
60 days of the submission  of the request (30 days for urgent matters)  unless both Parties wish to 
continue consulting . If agreement is not reached or these timelines not respected, the complaining 
Party may request arbitration, or the Parties may request mediation under Article 50 . There is a 
forum selection clause under Article 66 whereby if a Party has instituted a dispute under the 
Agreement or under the WTO Agreement, it may not institute a dispute regarding the same measure 
in the other forum until the first proceeding has end ed. 
4.13.  The arbitration panel shall notify an interim report to the Parties no later than 120 days from 
its establishment. Any Party to the dispute may submit comments to the panel within 15 days of the 
notification of the interim report  (Article 53) . The ruli ng by the panel shall be notified to the Parties 
within 150 days (and at the latest within 180 days) from its establishment.  In urgent cases, it shall 
make every effort to notify its ruling within 75 days of its establishment and at the latest within 
90 days (Article 54) . 
4.14.  The reasonable period of time to implement the panel ruling shall be notified within 30 days 
of the ruling to the complaining Party and the Trade Committee. If there is disagreement between 
the Parties on the reasonable period of time, the  complaining Party shall within 20 days of the 
notification of reasonable period of time to comply with the ruling, request the panel to determine 
the reasonable amount of time . The panel shall notify its ruling to the Parties to the dispute and the 
Trade Committee within 30 days of the request  (Article 56). Temporary including financial or other 
measures may be taken in case of non -compliance, with the EU exercising due restraint in particular 
where the failure to comply arises from capacity constraints (A rticle 58).  Measures to comply with 
the ruling of the arbitration panel should be notified to the other Party to the dispute and the Trade 
Committee.  The arbitration panel may be asked to rule on the matter if there is f ailure to agree on 
the compatibility  of the notified measure with the provisions of the Agreement within 30 days of the 
notification . The ruling by the panel shall be notified to the Parties to the dispute within 45 days of 
the submission of the request. If the panel rules that the measures are not compatible with the 
provisions of the Agreement it will determine whether the complaining Party or the relevant Pacific 
State can continue to apply appropriate measures; if it determines they are compatible, the measures 
shall be terminated  (Articl e 59).   
 
27 Article 98 of the Cotonou Agreement shall apply for disputes concerning development finance 
cooperation  (Article 48) .  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 24 - 
 
  4.15.  Arbitration Panels set up under these procedures shall not arbitrate disputes on rights and 
obligations under the Agreement establishing the WTO  (Article 66) . 
4.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the parties  
4.16.  The Agreement builds upon and  aims to deepen regional integration and the Parties will 
cooperate to further it (Article 4). It is based on the Fundamental Principles and the Essential and 
Fundamental Elements of Articles 2 and 4 of the Cotonou Agreement and will continue to build on 
the Cotonou Agreement and the previous ACP -EC Partnership Agreements in the area of cooperation, 
integration and economic and trade cooperation. Furthermore, the Parties agree that the Agreement 
and the Cotonou Agreement will be implemented in a complementa ry and mutually reinforcing 
manner (Article 2).  The provisions of the Agreement shall however prevail in the event of any 
inconsistency between its provisions and those  of Title II of Part 3 of the Cotonou Agreement (except 
its development cooperation prov isions)  (Article 73) .28 The Agreement does not oblige the Parties to 
extend to any other Party of the Agreement any more favourable treatment applied by the EU or a 
Pacific State as part of its respective integration process (Article 72). Nothing in the Agreement will 
require th e Parties to act inconsistently with their obligations under the WTO Agreement (Article 74) 
and obligations under other international agreements (Article  75). Nothing in the Agreement shall 
prevent the EU from applying existing measures to address the stru ctural, social and economic 
situation of the outermost regions.29 
4.17.  Table 4.1 below shows other RTAs that the Parties are party to (both notified and not notified 
to the WTO).  
Table 4.1 European Union, Fiji, Pap ua New Guinea, Samoa and the Solomon Islands: 
Participation in other RTAs (notified and non -notified in force), as of 1 2 December  2023  
RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverageb GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EUROPEAN UNION  
EU - United Kingdom  01-Jan-21 G & S  2021 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Viet Nam  01-Aug-20 G & S  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Singapore  21-Nov-19 G & S  2020 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Japan  01-Feb-19 G & S  2019 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Armenia  01-Jun-18 S 2019 GATS Art. V  
EU - Canada  21-Sep-17 G & S  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Ghana  15-Dec-16 G 2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - SADC  10-Oct-16 G 2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Côte d'Ivoire  03-Sep-16 G 2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Georgia  01-Sep-14 G & S  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Moldova, Republic of  01-Sep-14 G & S  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Cameroon  04-Aug-14 G 2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Ukraine  23-Apr-14 G & S  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Central America  01-Aug-13 G & S  2013 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Colombia, Ecuador and Peru  01-Mar-13 G & S  2013 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
• EU - Colombia and Peru - 
Accession of Ecuador  01-Jan-17 G & S  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Eastern and Southern Africa 
States  14-May-12 G 2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
• EU - Eastern and Southern 
Africa States - Accession of 
Comoros  07-Feb-19 G 2021 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Korea, Republic of  01-Jul-11 G & S  2011 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Serbia  01-Feb-10 
01-Sep-13 G 
S 2010 
2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - CARIFORUM States  29-Dec-08 G & S  2008 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina  01-Jul-08 
01-Jun-15 G 
S 2008 
2016 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
 
28 Title II of Par t 3 of the Cotonou Agreement covers Economic and Trade Cooperation between the EU 
and ACP countries.  
29 Pursuant to Article 299(2) of the Treaty establishing the European Union.  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 25 - 
 
  RTA Name  Entry into 
forcea Coverageb GATT/WTO Notification  
Year  WTO Provision  
EU - Montenegro  01-Jan-08 
01-May-10 G 
S 2008 
2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - Albania  01-Dec-06 
01-Apr-09 G 
S 2007 
2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - Algeria  01-Sep-05 G 2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Egypt  01-Jun-04 G 2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Lebanon  01-Mar-03 G 2003 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Chile 01-Feb-03 
01-Mar-05 G 
S 2004 
2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - Jordan  01-May-02 G 2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - San Marino  01-Apr-02 G 2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - North Macedonia  01-Jun-01 
01-Apr-04 G 
S 2001 
2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - Mexico  01-Jul-00 
01-Oct-00 G 
S 2000 
2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
GATS Art. V  
EU - Israel  01-Jun-00 G 2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Morocco  01-Mar-00 G 2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - South Africa  01-Jan-00 G 2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Tunisia  01-Mar-98 G 1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Palestine  01-Jul-97 G 1997 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Faeroe Islands  01-Jan-97 G 1997 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Türkiye  01-Jan-96 G 1995 GATT Art. XXIV  
European Economic Area (EEA)  01-Jan-94 S 1996 GATS Art. V  
EU - Andorra  01-Jul-91 G 1998 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Syria 01-Jul-77 G 1977 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Norway  01-Jul-73 G 1973 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Iceland  01-Apr-73 G 1972 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Switzerland - Liechtenstein  01-Jan-73 G 1972 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU – Overseas Countries and 
Territories (OCT)  01-Jan-71 G 1970 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Kosovoc 01-Apr-16 G  Not notified  
Agreements to which FIJI, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, SAMOA AND the SOLOMON ISLANDS are parties  
United Kingdom - Pacific States  01-Jan-21 G 2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States 
- Accession of Samoa  01-Jan-21 G 2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
• United Kingdom - Pacific States 
- Accession of Solomon Islands  01-Jan-21 G 2020 GATT Art. XXIV  
Pacific Island Countries Trade 
Agreement (PICTA)  13-Apr-03 G 2008 Enabling Clause  
• PICTA - Accession of Palau  Not provided  G  Not notified  
• PICTA - Accession of the 
Marshall Islands  Not provided  G  Not notified  
Melanesian Spearhead Group 
(MSG)d 01-Jan-94 G 1999 Enabling Clause  
South Pacific Regional Trade and 
Economic Cooperation 
Agreement (SPARTECA)  01-Jan-81 G 1981 Enabling Clause  
Australia – Papua New Guinea 
(PATCRA)  01-Feb-77 G 1976 GATT Art. XXIV  
a Dates of the first entry into force/provisional application for at least one of the Parties.  
b G stands for trade in goods and S for trade in services.  
c Reference to Kosovo in this table shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations 
Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). 
d Samoa is not a party to the MSG.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information on these Agreements and on specific dates of entry into 
force/provisional applications may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: http://rtais.wto.org . WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 26 - 
 
  4.8  Government procurement  
4.18.  There are no provisions on Government procurement in the Agreement. Among the Parties 
only the EU is a party to the WTO plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement.  
4.9  Intellectual property rights  
4.19.  There are no specific p rovisions in the Agreement on intellectual property rights.   
4.10  Competition  
4.20.  There are no specific provisions in the Agreement on competition.   
4.11  Environment  and labour  (sustainable development)  
4.21.  Under Part I the Agreement aims to promote sustainable development and the gradual 
integration of the Pacific States into the world economy in conformity with their political choices and 
development priorities.  The Parties reaffirm that the objective of sustainable development shall be 
an integral part of the provisions of the Agreement, consistent with the principles and objectives of 
the Cotonou Agreement, and especially to reduce and eventually eradicate poverty in a manner 
consistent with the objectives of sustainable development. Thus, the application of t he Agreement 
shall take into account the human, cultural, economic, social health and environmental interests of 
their respective populations and future generations. They agree to work cooperatively towards the 
realization of sustainable development centre d on the ir respective  populatio ns. 
4.12  Electronic commerce  
4.22.  There are no specific provisions in the Agreement on electronic commerce.  
4.13  Small and medium -sized enterprises  
4.23.  There are no specific provisions in the Agreement on small and medium -sized enterprises.   WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 27 - 
 
  ANNEX 1  
INDICATORS OF TARIFF LIBERALIZATION AND MARKET ACCESS UNDER THE AGREEMENT  
1. Table A1.1 shows EU liberalization under the Agreement by total, agricultural and industrial 
products  compared to a pplied MFN average duties when the Agreement entered into force. For 
non-ad valorem  tariffs, specific rates are excluded, and the ad valorem  parts of alternate r ates are 
included. The EU's overall average applied MFN duties was 4.99% in 2009 when the Agreement 
entered into force with Papua New Guinea and had risen to 5.04% by 2020 when it entered into force 
for the Solomon Islands. Average applied rates for agricu lture (10.55% in 2009 and 10.26% by 
2020) were considerably higher than for industrial products (13.83% in 2009 and 15% by 2020) 
while around a quarter of tariffs were duty free on an MFN basis overall. Following entry into force 
of the Agreement 99.36% of  the tariff became duty free for imports from Papua New Guinea, overall, 
with 98.25% and 99.7% of agricultural and industrial tariffs becoming duty free. By 2014, 99.77% 
of imports from Fiji entered the EU duty free overall, with 100% of agricultural and 9 9.7% of 
industrial tariffs becoming duty free. In 2018 and 2020 99.81% of tariffs for imports from Samoa 
and the Solomon Islands became duty free; 100% and 99.74% of agricultural and industrial tariffs 
became duty free.  
Table A1. 1 European Union: Indicators of MFN and preferential rates for imports from 
Pacific States  
Origin  Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Avg applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Avg applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Avg applied 
tariff  
Share of 
duty-free 
tariff lines 
(%) Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
Overall (%)  
On dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2009 4.99 6.77 24.48  10.55  13.09  13.83  3.77 5.22 27.76  
 2014 4.87 6.72 25.53  10.02  12.86  15.75  3.74 5.24 28.55  
 2018 5.05 7.00 25.79  10.30  12.95  14.68  3.70 5.27 29.76  
 2020 5.04 7.08 26.62  10.26  12.95  15.00  3.69 5.33 30.79  
Papua New 
Guinea  2009 0.01 2.72 99.36  0.00 0.00 98.25  0.01 2.72 99.70  
2010 0.01 2.72 99.77  0.00 0.00 100.00  0.01 2.72 99.70  
Fiji 2014 0.01 2.72 99.77  0.00 0.00 100.00  0.01 2.72 99.70  
Samoa  2018 0.01 2.73 99.81  0.00 0.00 100.00  0.01 2.73 99.74  
Solomon 
Islands  2020 0.01 2.73 99.81  0.00 0.00 100.00  0.01 2.73 99.74  
Note:  HS 2007 for EU -Papua New Guinea, EU -Fiji; and HS 2017 for EU -Samoa and EU -Solomon Islands.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the EU authorities and the WTO -IDB. 
2. Table A1.2 shows  Pacific States'  liberalization under the Agreemen t by total, agricultural and 
industrial products  compared to a pplied average MFN duties when the Agreement entered into force. 
In 2009 Papua New Guinea's average applied MFN rate was 5% overall, 3.2% for industrial product s 
and considerably higher at 14.7% for agricultural products. 77% of the tariff was duty free, 84.6% 
for industrial products and 37.4% for agricultural products. As a result of the Agreement's entry into 
force the average tariff for imports from the EU fel l to 3.8% giving EU exporters a relative margin of 
preference of 24%; the average tariff on industrial products fell to 2.6% and agricultural products to 
10.9% giving exporters from the EU a relative margin of preference of 18.75% for industrial products 
and 25.9% for agricultural products. The share of duty-free lines for imports from the EU rose to 
82.4% overall and 88.1% and 52.6% respectively for industrial and agricultural products.  
3. In 2014 Fiji's average applied MFN rate was 10.9% overall, 10.4% for i ndustrial products and 
13.9% for agricultural products. Less than 5% of the tariff was duty free, 5.1% for industrial products 
and 4.3% for agricultural products. As a result of the Agreement's entry into force the average tariff 
for imports from the EU fe ll to 9.4% giving EU exporters a relative margin of preference of 13.76% 
overall; the average tariff on industrial products fell to 8.6% and agricultural products to 13.5% 
giving exporters from the EU a relative margin of preference of 17.3% for industrial  products and WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 28 - 
 
  2.9% for agricultural products. The share of duty -free lines for imports from the EU rose to 22.7% 
overall and 26.4% and remained unchanged at 4.3 % respectively for industrial and agricultural 
products.  At the end of implementation in 2023 77 .9% of the tariff became duty free for imports 
from the EU, of which 87.3% for industrial products and 30.4% for agricultural products.  
4. In 2018 Samoa's average applied MFN rate was 11.4% overall, 10.3% for industrial products 
and 16.1% for agricultural pro ducts. 3.4% of the tariff was duty free, 2.8% for industrial products 
and 6.2% for agricultural products. No further liberalization is expected under the Agreement until 
2028 when the average applied rate for imports from the EU will fall to 7% overall and  respectively 
5.3% and 14.5% for industrial and agricultural products. The share of duty -free lines for imports 
from the EU will rise to 58.8% overall and  65.9% and 28% respectively for industrial and agricultural 
products. At the end of implementation in 2038 82.7% of the tariff is expected to be  duty free for 
imports from the EU, of which 88.7% for industrial products and 56.6% for agricultural products.  
5. In 2020 the Solomon Islands' average applied MFN rate was 9.2% overall, 9.1% for industrial 
products a nd 9.5% for agricultural products. Around 0.6% of the tariff was duty free, 0.7% for 
industrial products and 0.4% for agricultural products. No further liberalization is expected under the 
Agreement until 2025 when the average applied rate for imports from  the EU fall s to 6% overall and 
respectively 5.6% and 8% for industrial and agricultural products. The share of duty -free lines for 
imports from the EU is to rise to 13.5% overall and 16.1% and 2.3% respectively for industrial and 
agricultural products. At  the end of implementation 90.7% of the tariff will be duty free for imports 
from the EU, of which 95.4% for industrial products and 70.9% for agricultural products.  
Table A1. 2 Pacific States (Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands): Indicators 
of MFN and preferential rates for imports from the EU 
 
Origin  
Year  ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 01 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Papua 
New 
Guinea  MFN 2009 5.0 22.5 77.0 14.7 24.5 37.4 3.2 21.1 84.6 
EU 2009 3.8 23.0 82.4 10.9 25.0 52.6 2.6 21.6 88.1 Fiji MFN 2014 10.9 11.5 4.9 13.9 14.5 4.3 10.4 10.9 5.1 
EU 2014 9.4 12.2 22.7 13.5 14.1 4.3 8.6 11.7 26.4 
 2015 9.4 12.2 22.7 13.5 14.1 4.3 8.6 11.7 26.4 
 2016 9.4 12.2 22.7 13.5 14.1 4.3 8.6 11.7 26.4 
 2017 9.4 12.2 22.7 13.5 14.1 4.3 8.6 11.7 26.4 
 2018-2022 6.8 17.1 59.1 13.0 14.6 10.6 5.7 18.4 68.7 
 2023 3.9 18.4 77.9 11.0 16.2 30.4 2.6 20.7 87.3 Samoa  MFN 2018 11.4 11.8 3.4 16.1 17.2 6.2 10.3 10.6 2.8 
EU 2018-2027 11.4 11.8 3.4 16.1 17.2 6.2 10.3 10.6 2.8 
 2028-2032 7.0 17.1 58.8 14.5 20.2 28.0 5.3 15.6 65.9 
 2033-2037 2.7 14.8 81.8 9.4 20.4 53.4 1.1 9.7 88.3 
 2038 2.6 14.9 82.7 9.0 20.9 56.6 1.1 9.7 88.7 Solomon 
Islands  MFN 2020 9.2 9.2 0.6 9.5 9.5 0.4 9.1 9.2 0.7 
EU 2020-2024 9.1 9.2 0.6 9.5 9.5 0.4 9.1 9.1 0.7 
 2025-2028 6.0 7.0 13.5 8.0 8.2 2.3 5.6 6.7 16.1 
 2029-2033 4.5 5.2 13.5 6.6 6.8 2.3 4.0 4.8 16.1 
 2034-2036 2.2 4.9 55.3 5.2 5.5 4.7 1.5 4.6 67.2 
 2037 0.8 10.0 90.7 2.4 10.1 70.9 0.4 9.8 95.4 
Note:  HS 2002 for Papua New Guinea and HS 2012 for other  Pacific States.  
Source:  WTO based on  data from Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon  Islands, the Agreement and 
WTO-IDB. 
6. Tables A1.3 a and b  shows market access opportunities in the EU for the Pacific States' top 
25 global exports . For Papua New Guinea these accounted for 96.1% of exports in 2019-21 and fell 
under 77 tariff lines in the EU of which 22 were MFN duty free in 2009. The EU liberal ized a ll remining 
57 dutiable lines in 2009. The top 25 exports from Samoa and the Solomon Islands accounted for 
92.1% and 32% of their exports in 2015 -2017 and 2017 -2019 respectively. They were covered by WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 29 - 
 
  84 lines for  imports from  Samoa and 83 lines for the Solomon Islands. Of these 16 and 45 lines 
respectively were duty free in 2018 and 2020. The EU liberalized all  remaining lines.  
Table A1. 3a European Union: Market access opportunities under the agreem ent for 
Pacific States' (Papua New Guinea and Fiji) top 25 exports to the world  
Papua New Guinea  Fiji 
Top export s  
2019 - 21* Access conditions to EU  Top export s  
2011  - 13 Access Conditions to EU  HS 
Subheading  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2009  Agreement  
HS 
Subheading  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2014  Agreement  
 
Avg. 
(%) Number of lines  Avg. 
(%) Number of lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able duty-free 2009  duty-
free  duti-
able duty-
free 
2014  
271111  34.8 0.7  1 1 271011  27.9 4.7  12 12 
711100  20.5 0.0 1   220110  7.2 0.0 3   
270900  6.1 0.0 2   170111  6.9 0.0  2 2 
261690  5.6 0.0 1   710812  5.9 0.0 1   
260300  5.3 0.0 1   030349  2.7 5.5 3 1 1 
151110  4.7 1.9 1 1 1 030341  2.3 5.5 3 1 1 
160414  3.3 24.3  4 4 190531  1.8 24.2  5 5 
750120  3.1 0.0 1   030342  1.5 3.1 6 1 1 
440399  1.4 0.0 5   440721  1.4 1.5 1 2 2 
440349  1.4 0.0 4   731100  1.3 2.7  3 3 
270740  1.2 0.0 1   880240  1.3 2.7  1 1 
090111  1.2 0.0 1   110100  1.2 0.0  3 3 
030233  1.2 22.0  2 2 190219  1.2 7.7  2 2 
271011  0.9 4.7  12 12 071490  1.2 3.0  3 3 
710813  0.8 0.0 2   030229  1.2 15.0  2 2 
180100  0.7 0.0 1   170310  1.1 0.0 1   
030342  0.7 21.4  7 7 440122  1.0 0.0 1   
030343  0.6 22.0  4 4 190590  1.0 14.9  7 7 
151190  0.5 9.5  4 4 030231  0.7 11.0 1 1 1 
030232  0.4 22.0  2 2 621040  0.7 12.0  1 1 
440722  0.3 1.5 1 2 2 030799  0.7 7.6 1 4 4 
151311  0.3 7.2  3 3 620342  0.6 12.0  7 7 
151329  0.3 10.2  5 5 854449  0.6 3.0 1 4 4 
151321  0.3 7.5  3 3 610719  0.6 12.0  1 1 
160420  0.3 17.2  7 7 271490  0.6 0.0 1   
Total  96.1  22 57 57  72.7  23 63 63 
Note:  HS 2007 (Papua New Guinea consecutive year global exports available only for 2019-2021).  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the EU, WTO -IDB and ITC, Trademap . WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 30 - 
 
  Table A1.3 b European Union: Market access opportunities under the agreement for 
Samoa's (Samoa and Solomon Islands) top 25 exports to the world  
Samoa  Solomon Islands  
Top exports 2015 -
2017  Access conditions to EU  Top exports 
2017 -2019  Access conditions to 
EU HS 
Subheading  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2018  Agreement  
HS 
Subheading  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2020  Agreement  
 
Avg. 
(%) Number of lines  Avg. 
(%) Number of lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able duty-free in 
2018  duty-
free  duti-
able duty-
free 
in 
2020  
271012  24.9 3.9 2 10 10 270900  6.4 0.0 2   
854430  20.6 3.7  1 1 271019  2.6 2.0 12 13 13 
030399  12.5 10.0  1 1 854231  2.1 0.0 3   
030342  6.2 11.0 1 1 1 300490  1.9 0.0 1   
030341  5.2 11.0 1 1 1 870323  1.7 10.0  3 3 
220300  3.7 0.0 3   851712  1.7 0.0 1   
071440  3.5 -  1 1 854239  1.6 0.0 3   
200989  2.5 19.9  20 20 271012  1.5 3.8 2 9 9 
200981  2.4 21.3  7 7 710812  1.4 0.0 1   
071490  2.1 3.0  2 2 854232  1.2 0.0 10   
151311  1.8 7.2  3 3 851762  1.0 0.0 1   
853690  1.1 0.9 2 3 3 847130  0.9 0.0 1   
120300  0.9 0.0 1   271111  0.9 0.0 1   
080119  0.8 0.0 1   851770  0.8 0.0 1   
030299  0.7 10.0  1 1 870322  0.8 10.0  2 2 
030353  0.6 17.0  3 3 847330  0.7 0.0 2   
711299  0.4 0.0 1   271121  0.7 0.0 1   
240220  0.4 33.8  2 2 870332  0.6 10.0  3 3 
230650  0.4 0.0 1   300215  0.6 0.0 1   
030232  0.4 11.0 1 1 1 710813  0.6 0.0 2   
030349  0.3 11.0 1 1 1 870324  0.5 10.0  2 2 
850239  0.3 2.7  2 2 880330  0.5 2.7  1 1 
180100  0.2 0.0 1   870899  0.5 3.7  3 3 
190590  0.2 14.9  7 7 711319  0.5 2.5  1 1 
030439  0.2 9.0  1 1 841191  0.5 2.7  1 1 
Total  92.1  16 68 68  32.0  45 38 38 
-  contains specific duties only.  
Note:  HS 2017.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the EU and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
7. Table A1. 4 shows market access opportunities in Papua New Guinea and Fiji for the EU's top 
25 global exports which accounted for 25.3% of its global exports in 2006 -2008 and  27.6% in  
20112013 . They were covered by 47 lines in Papua New Guinea's tariff in 2009 of whi ch 46 were 
duty free and 94 lines in Fiji's tariff in 2014 of which 6 were duty free.  At the end of implementation 
1 line remains dutiable in Papua New Guinea (jewellery which faced an applied MFN tariff of 40% in 
2009) . Out of Fiji's 88 dutiable lines, on e was liberalized in 2014, with 19 and 20 lines respectively 
becoming duty free for imports from the EU in 2018 and 2023 respectively. 48 lines remain dutiable 
for imports from the EU; they relate to passenger motor vehicles (MFN  average  ranging from  5% to 
32%), petroleum oils (MFN average  5%), and wine (MFN average 32%).  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 31 - 
 
  Table A1. 4 Pacific States (Papua New Guinea and Fiji): Market access opportunities 
under the Agreement for EU top 25 exports to the world  
Papua New Guinea  Fiji 
EU top exports 
2006 - 2008  Access conditions to 
Papua New Guinea  EU top export s 
2011 - 2013  Access conditions to Fiji  HS Subheading  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2009  
Remain dutiable  
HS Subheading  
Share in global 
exports (%)  MFN 2014  Number of 
duty-free lines 
under the 
Agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Avg. 
(%) Number of 
lines  Avg. 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able duty-
free  duti-
able 
2014  
2018  
2023  
300490  3.4 0.0 1   300490  3.4 0.0 1      
870323  2.5 0.0 2   271019  3.2 5.0  3    3 
271019  2.4 0.0 4   870323  3.0 29.6  14   5 9 
870324  2.1 0.0 7   271012  2.2 5.0  12   2 10 
271011  2.1 0.0 9   880240  2.0 5.0  1  1   
880240  1.6 0.0 1   710813  1.9 15.0  1  1   
852520  1.2 0.0 5   870324  1.6 32.0  7   6 1 
870899  0.9 0.0 1   870332  0.9 27.1  7   1 6 
710231  0.8 0.0 1   710231  0.8 15.0  1  1   
847330  0.8 0.0 1   841191  0.7 5.0  1  1   
841191  0.7 0.0 1   300210  0.7 0.0 1      
870332  0.6 0.0 1   870899  0.7 23.5  2  2   
880330  0.6 0.0 1   880330  0.7 5.0  1  1   
848180  0.6 0.0 1   841112  0.6 5.0  1  1   
293499  0.5 0.0 1   710812  0.6 15.0  1  1   
854221  0.5 0.0 1   851712  0.6 32.0  1   1  
847989  0.5 0.0 1   848180  0.6 5.0  3  3   
270900  0.5 0.0 1   711319  0.5 0.0 2      
711319  0.5 40.0  1 1 870840  0.5 15.0  1  1   
293399  0.5 0.0 1   847989  0.4 13.0  5 1 4   
852990  0.4 0.0 1   901890  0.4 0.0 1      
901890  0.4 0.0 1   851762  0.4 3.3 1 2  2   
300210  0.4 0.0 1   271020  0.4 5.0  15   4 11 
841112  0.4 0.0 1   870322  0.4 27.1  7   1 6 
840999  0.4 0.0 1   220421  0.4 32.0  2    2 
Total  25.3  46 1 1 Total  27.6  6 88 1 19 20 48 
Note:  HS 2002 for Papua New Guinea and HS 2012 for Fiji.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the WTO -IDB, the Agreement and Eurostat.  
 
8. The EU's top 25 exports to Samoa and the Solomon Islands accounted respectively for 28.2% 
of its global exports in 2015 -17 and 28.8% in 2017 -18 (Table A1. 5). They were covered by 44 lines 
of which 18 were duty free on an MFN basis in 2018 in Samoa and 94 lines of which 6 were duty free 
on an MFN basis in 2020 in the Solomon Islands. In Samoa 7, 6 and 2 lines are to be duty free 
respectively in 2028, 2033 and 2038, leaving 11 lines dutiable covering petroleum oils (MFN average 
duty in 2018 of 13%), turbojets (MFN rate of 8%), motor vehicle parts (M FN rate of 20%) and wine 
(MFN rate of 30%).  The Solomon Islands is expected to liberalize 7, 3 and 16 lines respectively in 
2025, 2034 and 2037 respectively, leaving 16 lines dutiable, covering petroleum oils (with an average 
MFN rate of 10% in 2020) and w ine (specific duty in 2020 ranging from SBD 8.86 per litre to SBD 
108 per litre).   
  WT/REG302/1 • WT/REG408/1 • WT/REG40 9/1 
 
- 32 - Table A1. 5 Pacific States (Samoa and Solomon Islands): Market access opportunities under the agreement for EU's top 25 global exports  
Samoa  Solomon Islands  
EU export s  
2015 - 17 Access conditions to Samoa market  EU export s 2017 - 19 Access conditions to Solomon Islands market  
HS Sub -heading  
Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2018  Duty -free lines in the 
Agreement  
Remain ing 
dutiable  
HS Sub -
heading  
Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2020  Duty -free lines in the 
Agreement  
Remaining 
dutiable  
Avg. 
(%) Number of 
lines  Avg. 
(%) Number of 
lines  
duty-
free  duti-
able 2028  2033  2038  duty-
free  duti-
able 2025  2034  2037  
870323  4.0 0.0 4      300490  4.0 5.0  1 1    
300490  4.0 0.0 1      870323  3.9 15.0  2   2  
880240  2.8 8.0  2 2    880240  2.6 10.0  1 1    
271019  1.9 8.0  1   1  271019  2.1 10.0  3    3 
271012  1.7 13.0 3 6    6 300210  1.9 5.0  1 1    
710813  1.3 20.0  1  1   271012  1.9 10.0  9    9 
870324  1.2 0.0 3      710813  1.2 10.0  1  1   
870332  1.0 0.0 3      841191  1.0 5.0  1   1  
841191  0.8 8.0  1    1 870324  0.9 15.0  2   2  
300210  0.8 0.0 1      841112  0.9 5.0  1 1    
880330  0.8 8.0  1 1    870332  0.8 15.0  2   2  
841112  0.8 8.0  1    1 880330  0.7 10.0  1 1    
711319  0.6 20.0  1  1   711319  0.6 10.0  1  1   
854231  0.6 20.0  1  1   300220  0.6 5.0  1 1    
870899  0.6 20.0  1    1 851762  0.6 10.0  1   1  
710231  0.6 20.0  1  1   853710  0.6 10.0  1   1  
851762  0.6 8.0  1   1  870322  0.6 15.0  2   2  
870840  0.6 20.0  1  1   870840  0.5 10.0  1   1  
848180  0.6 8.0  2 2    870899  0.5 10.0  1   1  
300220  0.6 0.0 1      848180  0.5 10.0  1   1  
870322  0.6 0.0 2      901890  0.5 10.0  1  1   
853710  0.5 8.0  1 1    848620  0.5 10.0  1   1  
901890  0.5 8.0  1  1   847989  0.5 10.0  1   1  
847989  0.5 8.0  1 1    710231  0.5 10.0  1 1    
220421  0.4 30.0  2    2 220421  0.4 -  4    4 
Total  28.2  18 26 7 6 2 11 Total  28.8   42 7 3 16 16 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Samoa and the Solomon Islands; the WTO -IDB and Eurosta t. 
 
__________