DGS 180: 2022  
1 ___________________________________________________________________  
 
DRAFT GHANA STANDARD        DGS  180:2022  
___________________________________________________________________  
 
Paints and Varnishes – Specification for oil paint   
1. Scope  
This Ghana Standard  specifies the requirements, methods of sampling and test for ready 
mixed decorative oil paint for interior and exterior use . 
2. Normative references  
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute 
provisio ns of this Ghana standard.  
All documents are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on this Ghana 
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of 
the documents indicated below.  
2.1 ASTM D3335  Standard  Test Method for Low Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium and 
Cobalt in Paint by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy   
2.2 ASTM D3618 Standard Test Method for Detection of Lead in Paint and Dried Paint 
Films   
2.3 ASTM D3624  Standard Test Method for Low Concentrations of Mercury in Paint by 
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy   
2.4 ASTM D3717  Standard Test Method for Low Concentrations of Antimony in Paint by 
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy   
2.5 ASTM D3718 Standard Test Method for Low Concentrations of Chromium in Paint  by 
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy   
2.6 ASTM D4303  Standard test methods for lightfastness of colourants used in artists’ 
materials   
2.7 ASTM F2853  Standard Test Method for Determinat ion of Lead in Paint Layers and 
Similar Coatings or in Substrates and  Homogenous Materials by Energy Dispersive 
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry using Multiple Monochromatic Excitation Beams  
2.8 BS EN 71 -3 Safety of Toys Part 3: Migration of certain elements   
2.9 CPSC CH E1003 -09.1 Standard Operating Procedure for determining Lead (Pb) in 
Paint and other similar surface coatings.   
2.10 EN 71 -3 Revised chemical migration limits for toys  DGS 180: 2022  
2 2.11 EN 12472  Method for the simulation of accelerated wear and corrosion for the  
detection of nickel releas e from coated items   
2.12 GS ISO 1519  Paints and varnishes — Bend test (cylindrical mandrel)   
2.13 GS ISO 1524  Paints, varnishes and printing inks — Determination of fineness of 
grind   
2.14 GS ISO 2812 -2 Paints and varnishes — Determination of resistance to liquids — Part 
2: Water immersion method   
2.15 GS ISO 2813  Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20 degrees, 60 
degrees and 85 degrees   
2.16 GS ISO 3668  Paints and varnishes — Visual comparison of the colour of paints   
2.17 GS ISO 9117 -3 Paints and varnishes – Drying tests – Part 3: Surface -drying test 
using ballotini   
2.18 GS ISO 15528  Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes – 
Sampling   
2.19 ISO 15 13 Paints and varnishes — Examination and preparation of test samples   
2.20 ISO 1514  Paints and varnishes — Standard panels for testing   
2.21 ISO 2431 Paints and varnishes — Determination of flow time by use of flow cups   
2.22 ISO 4618 Paints and varnishes – Terms and de finitions   
2.23 ISO 4628 -2 Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — 
Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in 
appearance — Part 2: Assessment of degree of blistering   
2.24 ISO 4628 -4 Paints and varnishe s – Evaluation of degradation of coatings –
Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in 
appearance – Part 4: Assessment of degree of cracking   
2.25 ISO 4628 -5 Paints and varnishes – Evaluation of degradation of coatings – 
Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in 
appearance – Part 5: Assessment of degree of flaking   
2.26 ISO 4628 -6 Paints and varnishes – Evaluation of degradation of coatings – 
Designation of quantity and size of defects,  and of intensity of uniform changes in 
appearance – Part 6: Assessment of degree of chalking by tape method   
2.27 ISO 6503  Paints and Varnishes – Determination of total lead – Flame atomic 
absorption spectrometric method   
2.28 ISO 6504 -3 Paints and varnishes – Determination of hiding power – Part 3: 
Determination of contrast ratio of light – coloured paints at a fixed spreading rate   DGS 180: 2022  
3 2.29 ISO 7724 -1 Paints and varnishes – Colorimetry – Part 1: Principles   
2.30 ISO 7724 -2 Paints and varnishes – Colorimetry – Part 2: Colour measurement   
2.31 ISO 7724 -3 Paints and varnishes – Colorimetry – Part 3: Calculation of colour 
differences   
2.32 ISO 8124 -3 Safety of toys - Part 3: Migration of certain elements  
2.33 ISO 8124 -5 Safety of toys - Part 5: Determination of total co ncentration of certain 
elements in toys  
2.34 ISO 9117 -1 Paints and varnishes – Drying tests – Part 1: Determination of through -
dry state and through -dry time   
2.35 ISO 13803 Paints and varnishes – Determination of haze on paint films at 20 
degrees   
2.36 ISO 15110 Paints and varnishes – Artificial weathering including acidic deposition   
2.37 ISO 16474 -1 Paints and varnishes – Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources 
– Part 1: General guidance   
2.38 ISO 16474 -3 Paints and varnishes – Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources 
– Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps  
2.39 ISO 16927  Paints and varnishes – Determination of the overcoatability and 
recoatability of a coating  
 
3. Definitions  
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply:  
3.1 
acceptable  
approved by the purchaser but in relation to this standard  
3.2 
batch  
final blend of paint in one large vessel from which smaller containers are filled for distribution 
and marketing  
3.3 
chalking  
phenomenon manifested in paint film by the presence of loose removable powder  
3.4 
cracking  DGS 180: 2022  
4 phenomenon manifested in paint films by a break extending through to the surface painted  
3.5  
defective  
test sample or a container of oil paint that fails in one or more aspect (s) with respect to  the 
requirements of this standard  
3.6  
livering  
condition when a paint in bulk becomes jelly -like or tough  
3.7  
lot 
quantity of oil paint for interior and exterior use of t he same grade and colour, bearing the 
same batch identification, from one manufacturer, submitted at any one time for inspection 
and testing  
3.8  
oil paint    
paint made from synthetic resins  
3.9 
paint  
pigmented coating material which when applied to a substrat e, forms an opaque  dried film 
having protective, decorative or specific technical properties. It includes  coatings, glazes, rust 
and corrosion resistant paints, industrial paints, artist’s paints, ready  mixed decorative oil paint  
3.10 
reflectivity  
reflectance of a paint film of such a thickness that a further increase of film thickness gives no 
change in reflectance  
3.11 
standard test condition  
temperature of 28 C ± 2 C and relative humidity of 60% ± 5%  
3.12 
streakiness  
the uneven app earance of the coloured paint when applied to an even surface  
3.13 
total lead content  
weight percentage of the lead in the total non -volatile portion of the paint or percentage of the 
weight of the dried paint film  
NOTE:  For some tests the limits for cont rol of temperature are stricter.  For example when determining viscosity or consistency, 
control limits of at most ± 5 oC are recommended.  
 DGS 180: 2022  
5 4 Requirements  
4.1 Condition in the container  
When examined in accordance with ISO 1513, the paint from a freshly opened container shall 
show no instability, livering, caking, or dry sediment and shall be free from lumps and loose 
skins. It shall be capable of being readily redispersed to a smooth, homogenous state by using 
a paddle.  
4.2 Toxicity  
The paint sha ll be free from hazardous chemicals. When tested in accordance with  ASTM 
D3335 or ASTM F2853,  CPSC CH E1003 -09.1, ISO 6503, the total lead (Pb) content shall not  
be more than 0,009% ie 90 ppm.  
Table 1 L imits of other heavy metals (with the exception of Lea d) 
 
No Heavy Metals  Limit % 
(max.)  Test method  
1 Antimony  0,005 ASTM D3717  
2 Arsenic  0,005  ASTM D3335  
3 Cadmium  0,005  ASTM D3335  
4 Cobalt  0,05 ASTM D3335  
5 Hexavalent Chromium  0,005 ASTM D3718  
6 Mercury  0,001  ASTM D3624  
7 Nickel  0,005  ASTM D3335, EN 12472  
8 Total Chromium  0,01 ASTM D3718  
 
4.3 Storage stability  
If stored in accordance with A -3 and then examined in accordance with ISO 1513 the paint 
shall not contain any skin that is not continuous and easily removable. It shall show no 
instability, livering, hard or dry sediment or caking or coagulation and shall be in such a 
condition that it can be easily and rapidly redispersed to a smooth homogenous state with a 
paddle. At the end of each storage period (see A -3) the paint shall still co mply with the 
requirements given in 4.6, 4.11 and 4.15.  
4.4 Resistance to skinning  
When tested in accordance with A -4, the paint shall not skin.  
4.5 Skins and coarse particles  
When tested in accordance with A -5 the paint shall not leave a residue of more t han 0.5% 
(m/m) on a sieve of normal aperture size of 45 μm.  
4.6 Consistency  DGS 180: 2022  
6 When tested in accordance with ISO 2431 the paint, as received, shall have a minimum 
consistency of 116 Krebs -Stormer grams.  
The equivalent values expressed in Kreb units and seconds are approximately as follows in 
Table 2: 
Table 2 – Equivalent Krebs -Stormer grams in Krebs unit and Seconds  
Krebs -Stormer grams  Krebs Unit  Seconds  
116 65 105 
 
4.7 Fineness of grind  
The fineness of grind reading of the paint, determined in accordance with GS ISO 1524 shall 
not exceed 15 µm.  
4.8 Odour  
The odour of the paint shall be characteristic of the  standard  ingredients used in the 
manufacture of paints.  
4.9 Application properties  
4.9.1 Brush application  
When applied to a steel panel, of size at least 300 mm × 300 mm and tested in accordance 
with A -6, the paint shall flow and spread well  upon following product recommendation  and 
show no excessive pull under the brush. When dry, the pai nt film shall be free from sags and 
runs and shall show no brush marks, flo cculation  of the pigment, streakiness, joint lapping, 
flashing, or any other undesirable film characteristics.  
4.9.2  Roller application  
When the paint is applied with a mohair rolle r (mohair) to a steel panel of size at least 500 mm 
× 500 mm and is tested in accordance with A-6 the paint shall flow without perceptible drag. 
The paint shall flow well, shall spread without foaming and ribbing, and shall join without 
lapmarks after dryi ng for 5 minutes. The paint film shall have an even, level surface, free from 
floatation or pinholes, sag or ciss marks or any other film defect.  
4.9.3  Reducibility with recommended thinners  
When tested in accordance with A -7.1, the paint shall readily mix  with thinners recommended 
by the manufacturer, to a smooth homogenous state and shall show no incompatibility after 
the standing period or film defects on panel with flowed -out paint.  
4.9.4 Spray application  
A paint that is recommended for spraying shall  when tested in accordance with A -7.2, spray 
without spattering and show no floating, sag or creep. The paint shall not produce an ‘’orange 
peel’’ effect and the second coat shall join well with the first coat after application  for 5 minutes. DGS 180: 2022  
7 The dry paint  film shall be an even, level film free from floatation or pinholes, sags or ciss 
marks, orange peel or any other film defect.  
4.10 Recoatability  
When the paint is overcoated in accordance with ISO 16927 after the first coat has been 
allowed to dry for 16 hours there shall be no ciss marks or, lifting of the first coat or other 
defects. The hard -dry time of the second coat shall not exceed 24 hours, and its gloss 
measured 7 days after application shall be at least 70% at 60  gloss when tested in 
accordance with GS ISO 2813.  
4.11 Drying time  
4.11.1  Surface dry time  
When the paint is applied with an adjustable film applicator (see A -2) to a glass panel (see A -
1) and is then tested in accordance with GS ISO 9117 -3, the surface dry time shall not exceed 
4 hours.  
4.11.2  Hard dry time  
When the paint is applied with an adjustable film applicator (see A -2) to a glass panel (see A -
1.2) and is then tested in accordance with ISO 9117 -1 the hard dry time shall not exceed 24 
hours.  
4.12 Flexibility  
The paint film pr epared, aged and tested in accordance with GS ISO 1519, shall not crack or 
flake or show loss of adhesion when bent through 180  over a 4 mm -diameter mandrel.  
4.13 Resistance to cold water  
When tested in accordance with A –8, the paint shall exhibit no blistering or wrinkling 
immediately after removal from the water. After 24 -hour recovery, the paint shall show no 
perceptible film defects.  
4.14 Reflectance of white oil paint  
When tested in accordance with A –9 the reflectance, Rw, of white oil paint shall  be at least 
85. 
4.15 Hiding power  
When the paint is applied at a wet film thickness of 50 μm and the dried film is tested in 
accordance with A -10, the contrast ratio shall be at least 95%  
4.16 Colour  DGS 180: 2022  
8 When the colour of the dry paint film is compared visu ally in accordance with GS ISO 3668 to 
a standard agreed upon by the interested parties (see Annex B) the colour difference rating 
shall not exceed 1 unit.  
4.17 Yellowing of white paint  
When tested in accordance with A –11, white paint shall show no yellowi ng after:  
a) Exposure to continuous artificial weathering for a period of 7 days (see A -11.1) and  
b) kept in total darkness for a period of 14 days and expose d for a period of 7 days  to 
daylight  (see A -11.2)  
4.18 Resistance to bleeding of red and maroon paints.  
When tested in accordance with A –12, red and maroon oil paints shall show no evidence of 
bleeding.  
4.19 60 gloss  
When tested in accordance with A –13 
a) Initial gloss: The dry paint film shall be at least 75% at 60  when measured 24 hours after 
drying.  
b) Gloss  retention: The gloss of the paint film shall be at least 70% at 60  after ageing for 7 
days under standard air -drying conditions.  
4.20 Resistance to colour change  
After 168 hours of continuous artificial weathering in accordance with A –14, the paint film shall 
not show a colour change equivalent to a lightness difference, ∆ L, of more than four units, 
except for yellow, red and orange paints, which may show a colour change equivalent to a 
lightness difference, ∆ L, of not more than eight units.  
4.21 Resistance to artificial weathering  
(a) When tested for 400 hours in accordance with A-15, the paint film shall show no 
chalking or cracking. The 60  gloss shall be not lower than 50%.  
(b) When the colour of the paint film is compared visually with the une xposed panel in 
accordance with GS ISO 3668, the colour difference rating shall not be more than the units 
specified in Table 3.  
Table 3 – Colour difference rating permissible after artificial weathering  
Colour  Visual colour change rating1 (maximum)  
All colours except yellow , red and 
orange  6 
Yellow , red and orange  4 DGS 180: 2022  
9 1Based on a figure of 10 no defects.  
 
5. Packaging and Labelling  
5.1 Packaging  
The paint shall be packaged in clean, dry containers. The containers shall be strong enough 
to withstand normal usage and shall be adequately sealed to prevent leakage and 
contamination of the contents during normal transportation, storage and handling.  
5.2 Labelling  
The following information shall be legibly and indelibly marked on each container or on a label 
securely fixed to it:  
a) The manufacturer’s name and address or registered trade mark (if any)  
b) The brand name of the product  
c) Type of paint and its application , e.g. “synthetic based oil paint for interior and exterior use”  
d) The batch identification number  
e) Date of manufacture  
f) Country of manufacture  
g) Storage condition  
h) Manufacturer’s instructions for use (e.g. thinning instructions, etc.)  
i) Area of coverage  
j) Colour  
k) Safety precaution  
l) Volume in  litres  
 
 
6. Sampling and Testing  
6.1 Sampling  
6.1.1  Unless otherwise agreed upon, the following sampling procedure shall be followed:  
Samples shall be randomly selected in accordance with GS ISO 15528 to determine whether 
a sample or lot complies with the requirements of this specification.  
6.1.2  Remove any surface skin that may be present, thoroughly stir or mix the contents of 
the container(s) so drawn until a completely homogeneous product is obtained, and take from 
the container(s) a test sample of volume at least 1000 c m3. If the containers in the lot have a 
capacity of less than 1000 cm3, take at random enough containers to provide a 1000 cm3 test 
sample. Use this sample for the remainder of the tests.  
6.2 Testing  DGS 180: 2022  
10 One of the samples selected according to 6.1.1 shall be used for the storage stability test 
given in 4.3. The remaini ng samples selected according to 6.1.2 shall be tested for the other 
characteristics given in 4.4 to 4.21 using the methods specified in Annex A.  
 
7. Compliance criteria  
The lot shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this standard if, on inspectio n of 
the containers in the lot and on testing of the samples taken in accordance with 6.1 no defect 
is found.  DGS 180: 2022  
11 ANNEX A  
(Normative)  
 
Methods of Test  
A-1 Panels  
A-1.1 Steel panels  
Steel panels which have been solvent cleaned in accordance with ISO 1514 and of size 70  mm  
× 150 mm and thickness of (0,60 - 0,90) mm thick except in the case of the flexibility test, where 
panels of thickness 0,40 mm shall be used.  
A-1.2 Glass panels  
Glass panels of size (70 x 150 x 3 ) mm3 that have been solvent cleaned in accord ance with 
ISO 1514  
 
A-2 Application of paints   
Unless otherwise specified, apply the enamel at a wet film thickness per coat of 60  µm - 65 µm. 
When two coats are specified apply the second coat 24 hours after application of the first coat, 
unless otherwise specified.  
 
A-3 Storage stability  
Store two full closed containers (preferably 500 cm3) undisturbed in an upright position, at a 
temperature of 28 C ± 2 C.  Examine (see 4.3) one container after a period of 12 months but 
the other after a period of 30 days only.  
 
A-4  Determination of the resistance of paints to skin formation  
A-4.1 Scope  
This clause specifies a method for determinin g the resistance of paints and varnishes to skin 
formation.  
A-4.2 Apparatus  
125 m L metal container of approximately 60 mm diameter, with tight fitting lid  
A-4.3 Test conditions  
The test shall be performed at 28 C ± 2 C. DGS 180: 2022  
12 A-4.4 Test procedure  
A-4.4.1  Half-fill the container with the paint under test, close tightly and momentarily 
invert to seal the lid.  
A-4.4.2  Let the container stand in an upright position for 7 days or as specified in 
product standard.  
A-4.4.3 Examine the material with a spatula for skin formation and if a skin is present, 
observe whether it is objectionable.  
A-4.5 Interpretation  
A-4.5.1  A slight amount of gel or skin formation where the surface of the material meets 
the side of the container is not regarded as skin formation.  
A-4.5.2  An objectionable skin is one which is difficult to remove completely or is 
excessively thick.  
 
A-5 Determination of skins and coarse particles in synthetic oil paints  
A-5.1 Scope  
This clause specifies a method for determining the resistance of paints to skin formation.  
A-5.2 Apparatus  
A-5.2.1 Sieve of diameter 75 mm and of nominal aperture size 45 µm unless otherwise 
specified  
A-5.2.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 C – 110 C 
A-5.2.3 Desiccator   
A-5.2.4 Soft Ca mel-Hair brush  
A-5.2.5 Analytical balance capable of weighing to an accuracy of 0,01 g  
A-5.3  Reagents  
A-5.3.1 Toluene  - Analytical Grade  
A-5.3.2 Petroleum Ether  – (40 C – 60 C) 
A-5.4  Procedure  
A-5.4.1 Dry the clean sieve at 105 C – 110 C, cool it in the desiccator and weigh it to 
the nearest 0,1 g. Weigh out about 50 g of the well mixed paint into a suitable beaker. Add 
100 cm3 of the toluene and mix thoroughly, breaking up all lumps without grinding.   Transfer DGS 180: 2022  
13 the contents of the beaker to the sieve by washing with the toluene. Wash the residue on the 
sieve with the toluene while brushing it gently with the camel hairbrush, until the residue 
consists only of the particles too coarse to pass through th e sieve.  Carefully rinse the brush 
over the sieve with toluene, then wash all the toluene from the sieve with the petroleum ether. 
Allow the ether  to evaporate, then dry the sieve for about 15 minutes at 105 C – 110 C, cool 
it in the desiccator and weig h it to the nearest 0,1 g.  
A-5.5 Calculations  
Calculate the percentage of coarse particles and skins to the nearest 0,1 % (w/w).  
 
A-6 Determination of brush and roller application properties  
A-6.1 Scope  
This clause  specifies a method of assessing the brush and roller application properties and 
the flow characteristics of paints when the paints are applied over relatively large areas. It can 
also be used to assess other properties such as recoating, lapping and retra ction from sharp 
edges. Weld seams, moldings or rivets may be attached to the test panel to observe particular 
characteristics. Because of the subjective nature of the test, assessments cannot be made in 
an absolute or precise sense. Nevertheless, when the  tests are carried out by a skilled 
operator and when they are used for the comparison of two products or of one product with 
an agreed standard, samples prepared in accordance with this standard have been found to 
give very useful information that is not obtainable in any other way.  
A-6.2  Definitions  
For the purpose of this clause, the following definitions apply:  
A-6.2.1  
dry brush or dry -roller  
a brush or roller with all paint discharged, and unable to transfer more paint onto the surface 
being painted  
A-6.2.2  
laying -off 
the final steps in the application whereby the paint film is smoothed out by stroking lightly with 
a dry -brush or dry -roller in one direction  
A-6.3 Preparation of Panels  
Test panels shall conform to the requirements of ISO 1514,  unless otherwise specified. 
Sealing or priming is considered to form part of the coating system and shall be specified for 
the product being tested.  
A-6.3.1  Steel panels  DGS 180: 2022  
14 A-6.3.2  Material  
Steel sheet, of size at least 500 mm x 500 mm x 1,25 mm, with edges cut smoothly and 
deburred. Attachments such as weld seams, moldings or rivets may be added as agreed upon 
between the parties concerned  
A-6.3.2 .1 Reagents  
A-6.3.2.1 .1 Mineral Turpentine  
A.6.3.2. 1.2 Xylene  
A.6.3.2. 1.3      Petroleum Ether (60  C – 80 C)  
A-6.3.3  Initial preparation for painting  
Degrease the panels by swabbing with a rag soaked in mineral turpentine or xylene until the 
rag shows no contamination. Carry out a final swabbing operation with a clean piece of linen 
or cotton cloth soa ked in clean mineral turpentine, xylene, or petroleum ether  (boiling range 
60 C to 80 C) lightly dry the panel with a clean rag, and paint as soon as possible.  Take 
care that the prepared surfaces are not touched by hand or otherwise contaminated at any  
time between degreasing and painting.  
Other methods of preparation such as sanding, acid cleaning, phosphating or grit blasting may 
be carried out by agreement between the parties concerned.  
A-6.3.4  Recovery of plain steel panels  
If recovery of panels is required, use a suitable paint remover to remove the entire paint 
coating and prepare the panel in accordance with A -6.3.3.  
A-6.4  Paper -faced plasterboard  
A-6.4.1  Material  
Paper -faced plasterboard, that complies with the requirements of National  Standards, and 
is of size at least 1 m x 1 m x 9, 5 mm  
A-6.4.2  Initial preparation for painting  
No special preparation is required  
A-6.5  Hardboard  
A-6.5.1  Material  
Hardboard, that complies with the requirement of National Standards of medium density and  
of size at least 1 m x 1 m x 6,4 mm; the smooth side is used as the test surface.  
A-6.5.2  Initial preparation for painting  DGS 180: 2022  
15 Clean the surface by swabbing with a cloth soaked in xylene. Follow by wiping the surface 
lightly with a clean, dry cloth.  
NOTE :  The above cleaning operation is carried out to ensure that the surface for painting is essentially free from mould -release 
agents. It is recommended that a small area of the surface be painted and examined before the application test is carried out . If 
any fish-eyes are observed, the cleaning operation should be repeated.  
A-6.6  Fibre -cement panels  
A-6.6.1  Material  
Double -pressed fibre -cement, that complies with the requirement of National Standards, and 
is of size at least 1 m x 1 m x 6 mm.  
A-6.6.2  Initial preparation for painting  
Remove surface dust by rinsing the panels with running water. Leave it to dry.  
A-6.7   Wood Panel  
A-6.7.1  Material  
Faced pine, that complies with the requirements of National Standards, and is of size at least 
500 mm x 500 mm x 5 mm  
A-6.7.2  Initial preparation for painting  
Rub down the face of the panel, using 200  - 220 grit silicon -carbide waterproof paper and 
working in the direction of the grain until a smooth surface is obtained.  
A-6.8   Cardboard Panels  
A-6.8.1  Mate rial 
Cardboard, single -wall C -flute (4 mm) , with a corrugated support in the centre that forms a 
board combination of 230×160×230 g/m2 with lines and fluting that conform to National 
Standards and of size 1 m x 1 m  
A-6.8.2  Initial preparation for painting  
No special preparation is required  
A-6.9  Procedure for Painting  
A-6.9.1  Standard paint  
Whenever possible, a standard reference paint of a similar type to the paint under test shall 
be selected by agreement between the parties concerned.  
A-6.9.2  General  DGS 180: 2022  
16 Take a representative sample of the paint to be tested, as described in GS ISO 15528, and 
examine and prepare the test sample as described in ISO 1513.  
A-6.9.3  Single paints  
When only one paint is to be tested, coat the test panel before applying the paint under test, 
allowing for the specified recoating drying time and sanding, where relevant.  
A-6.9.4  Paint Systems  
Apply each coat of the paint system in accordance with A -6.10.1 or A -6.10.2, as applicable, 
allowing for the specified surface preparation and r ecoating times. Evaluate each coat on its 
own during application and before any subsequent coat is applied, and also evaluate the 
system as a whole. For comparison purposes, individual coats may be masked before 
subsequent coats are applied.  
A-6.10  Applic ation method  
A-6.10.1  Brush application  
A-6.10.1.1  Brushes  
Selected brushes of width 50 mm, of nylon and that comply with the requirements of National 
Standards.  
A-6.10.1.2  Procedure for brush application  
Perform the brush application in the three steps given in A -6.10.1.3 to A -6.10.1.5.  
A-6.10.1.3   Application  
Fill the brush with paint and apply the paint to the centre of the area to be covered. Carry out 
parallel up and down brush strokes working from the centre outwards. Work most of the paint 
out of the brush and recharge the brush as necessary. If lapping is to be evaluated, initially 
cover only half of the panel.  
A-6.10.1.4  First lay -off  
Using the dry brush technique, distribute the paint evenly carrying out the brush strokes in a 
crisscross fashion.  
A-6.10.1.5  Second lay -off 
Using the dry -brush technique, distribute the paint in a uniform continuous film, carrying out 
long sweeping brush strokes length -ways, softly along the surface.  
A-6.10.2  Roller application  
A-6.10.2.1  Rollers  DGS 180: 2022  
17 Select rollers of woolskin, of size 6, and that comply with the requirements of National 
Standards.  
A-6.10.2.2  Procedure for roller application  
Perform the roller application in the three steps given in A-6.10.2.3 to A-6.10.2.4 . 
A-6.10.2.3  Application  
Fill the roller with paint and apply the paint to the centre of the area to be covered. Carry out 
all roller strokes in the same direction working from the centre outwards. Work most of the 
paint out of the roller and recharge the roller as necessary. If lapp ing is to be evaluated, initially 
cover only half of the panel.  
A-6.10.2.4  First lay -off 
Using the dry -roller technique, distribute the paint into a random continuous film, carrying out 
the roller strokes down.  
A-6.10.2.5  Lapping  
For the evaluation of lap ping in both the brush and the roller applications, allow the paint 
applied to one half of the panel to dry for the specified time. Then coat the other half of the 
panel, using the same procedure as described in A -6.10.1 or A -6.10.2 and extending the brush  
strokes (roller strokes) into the paint that covers the first half, noting any tendency of the brush 
(roller) to drag, or any brush (roller) marks at the join t after the paint has dried.  
A-6.11  Expression of Results  
Report the results as the performance of the paint under test, compared with standard 
reference paint. The properties to be assessed shall be as agreed upon between the parties 
concerned  
Properties that can be assessed are given in Clause 4.  
A-6.12  Test report  
The test report shou ld include the following information:  
a) a reference to this test method;  
b) type and identification of the paint under test;  
c) the type and size of brush or roller used;  
d) a reference to any standard reference paints(s) used;  
e) any deviation, by agreem ent or otherwise from the method;  
f) the results of the test and  
g) the date of the test.  DGS 180: 2022  
18 A-6.13 A list of defects with respect to which the paint can be assessed by means of this 
method is given below:  
- blisters, size  
- blisters, frequency  
- brush drag  
- brush marks  
- cissing, “fish eyes”, size  
- cissing, “fish eyes” frequency  
- cratering size  
- cratering, frequency  
- floating  
- flow 
- flowing away from edges  
- lap-joint marks  
- lifting  
- pinholes, frequency  
- lap-joint marks  
- roller marks (ribbing)  
- sagging  
- spattering  
- wrinkling  
NOTE:   Definitions of some of these terms can be found in ISO 4618 -2, not in references Paints and varnishes – Vocabulary - 
Part 2: Terminology relating to initial defects and to undesirable change in films durin g ageing.  
A numerical rating system from 0 to 5 can be used, where 0 represent the best result that 
could be expected or the absence of the specified defect and 5 represents the poorest result 
possible or a predominance of the specified defect over the ent ire surface of the applied paint.  
Other test or tests with more specifically defined rating may be used, as agreed upon between 
parties concerned.  
 
A-7 Application properties  
A-7.1 Recommended thinner reducibility  
A-7.1.1 Use recommended thinner containin g between 12 % and 18 % (by volume) of aromatic 
solvent with a boiling range of 145 C – 200 C. 
A-7.1.2 Dilute four volumes of oil paint at a temperature of ( 28 ± 2) C with one volume of 
recommended thinner, at the same temperature. Observe whether the paint mixes readily and 
easily with the thinner (see 4.9.3). Almost fill a glass container with the diluted paint, stopper it 
well. Leave the reduced paint to stand for 4 hours at ( 28 ± 2) C.  Examine the condition of the 
paint in the containe r. Flow the paint out on a glass, and inspect for defects in the film.  
A-7.2 Spray application  DGS 180: 2022  
19 A-7.2.1  Thin the paint in accordance with the manufacturers printed instructions. If no thinning 
instructions are given, thin the paint to spraying viscosity (15  s to 30 s when determined with a 
Ford No. 4 viscosity cup in accordance with ISO 2431).  Apply the paint to one half of a vertically 
placed glass panel of size 100 mm × 300 mm, using a conventional spray gun with an external 
mix nozzle and air cup, and us ing an atomizing pressure of 350 kPa.  Maintain a nozzle tip -to 
panel distance of approximately 250 mm and a fan setting of approximately 45 .   Regulate the 
transverse speed of the spray gun to obtain a wet film thickness of 100 μm ± 10 μm after two 
compl ete passes.  
A-7.2.2  Spray the second half of the panel 5 minutes after spraying the first half.  
A-7.2.3  During spraying, examine the spray pattern for freedom from spattering. Leave the panel 
to dry in a vertical position. Examine the wet film and the dry  film for compliance with 4.9.4.  
 
A-8 Resistance to cold water  
A-8.1 Apply one coat of paint with an adjustable film applicator (see A -2) to two steel panels 
(see A -1.1).  Dry the panels horizontally and age the panels for 7 days in standard atmosphere, 
before testing. Seal the backs and edges of the panels as described in ISO 1514.  
A-8.2 Carry out the test as described in ISO 2812 -2, immersing the panels for 16 hours. Inspect 
the panels immediately after removal from the water and again 24 ho urs after removal, for 
compliance with the requirements of 4.13.  
 
A-9    Reflectance  
Apply two or more coats of the paint (to obtain complete obliteration) with an adjustable film 
applicator (see A -2) to a glass panel, allowing 24 hours between coats.  Age  for 48 hours after 
application of the coat.  Determine the reflectance, R W in accordance with ISO 13803 (See 4.14).  
 
A-10 Hiding power  
A-10.1 Materials and apparatus  
A-10.1.1  Glass panels of size 150 mm x 400 mm and of such colour and thickness that 
the reflectance of an uncoated panel measured over a white or black test area shall be between 
(80 – 85) % and not more than 5  % respectively.  
A-10.1.2  Adjustable applicator  
A-10.2 Procedure  
Using the applicator, apply the paint to the glass panel (A -10.1.1) to the required film thickness  
not exceeding three (3) coats .  After drying for 24 hours take the reflectance readings over the DGS 180: 2022  
20 white and over the black test areas with a reflect ometer, using illuminant C. Determine the 
contrast ratio in accordance with ISO 6504 -3. 
 
A-11 Yellowing of white paint  
A-11.1 Yellowing upon exposure to artificial weathering  
Prepare and expose the panels as described in A -13.  At the end of the exposure p eriod, 
compare the panel with a 24 -hour old panel prepared from the same batch of paint in a similar 
manner. Describe any colour difference in accordance with GS ISO 3668 (see 4.17a).  
A-11.2 Yellowing upon exposure in the dark  
A-11.2.1  Apply two or more c oats of paint (A -2) by brushing (to obtain complete 
obliteration) to a steel panel (see A -1.1). Allow 24 hours between coats.  Allow the panel to age 
for 24 hours in a standard atmosphere after application of the final coat.  
A-11.2.2  Store the panel in the  dark for a period of 14 days at a temperature of ( 28 ± 2) 
C and then allow the panel to recover in diffused daylight for a period of 7 days.  At the end of 
the exposure compare the exposed panel with a 24 -hours old panel prepared in a similar manner 
from the same batch of paint and describe any colour differences in accordance with GS ISO 
3668 (see 4.17b).  
 
A-12 Resistance to bleeding of red and maroon paints  
A-12.1 Materials  
A-12.1.1  White test paint, complying with this specification and containing only mineral 
turpentine, with an aromatic content of between 12 % and 18 % and a boiling range of (145 – 
200) C, as solvent.  
A-12.1.2  Shellac solution consisting of 35  % bleached shellac in ethyl alcohol.  
A-12.2 Procedure  
A-12.2.1  Apply (A -2) one coat of the paint under test to steel panel of superficial size (100 
x 150 ) mm and allow it to dry for 24 hours.  
A-12.2.2  Apply a coat of the shellac solution to half the panel and allow it to dry  for 30 
minutes. Finally, apply (A -2) the white test paint to the whole panel and allow it to dry for 24 
hours.  Inspect the panel for bleeding by comparing the colour of the white test paint applied 
directly over the paint under test with that applied ove r the shellac film.  
 
 DGS 180: 2022  
21 A-13     gloss at 60o 
Apply one coat of paint (see A -2) with an adjustable film applicator to a glass panel (A -1.2) and 
determine the gloss in accordance with ISO 2813, 24 hours after application and again after 7 
days of aging (see 4.19).  
 
A-14 Resistance to colour change  
A-14.1   Panel preparation  
Apply two coats  (of 60 µm to 65 µm wet film thickness)  to obtain complete obliteration of the 
enamel  to three steel panels (see A -1.1) allowing 24 hours between coats. Age for 7 days  in 
standard atmosphere before exposing.  
A-14.2    Procedure  
A-14.2.1  Determine the resistance to artificial weathering of two of the panels in 
accordance with ISO 15110. Maintain the exposure for 168 hours and inspect after this period.  
A-14.2.2  Determine  the lightness difference, between the exposed and the unexposed 
panels, in accordance with ASTM D4303  (see 4.20).  
 
A-15 Resistance to artificial weathering  
A-15.1   Panel preparation  
Apply by brushing two coats or more (to obtain complete obliteration) p aint (see A -2) to two steel 
panels (see A -1.1). Allow 24 hours between coats. Age the panels in a standard atmosphere for 
7 days.  
A-15.2    Procedure  
A-15.2.1  Keep one test panel unexposed, in a standard atmosphere for the duration of the 
exposure.  
A-15.2.2  Determine the resistance to artificial weathering in accordance with ISO 15110, 
using method 1 (relative spectral distribution similar to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation) and 
cycle A (continuous run with a wetting time of 18 minu tes and drying period of 102 minutes).  
A-15.2.3  Maintain the cyclic exposure for 400 hours and inspect periodically.  
A-15.2.4  Remove the test specimen from the artificial weathering apparatus and condition 
for 2 hours in standard atmosphere.  
A-15.3  Assess ment  
A-15.3.1  Cracking, flaking and chalking  DGS 180: 2022  
22 Examine the panels for any defects and report their presence, if any, in accordance with the 
ratings as described in ISO 4628 -4, ISO 4628 -5 and ISO 4628 -6 (see 4.21a).  
A.15.3.2   Gloss  
Determine the 60o gloss in  accordance with ISO 2813 (see 4.21a).  
A-15.3.3 Colour  
Compare the paint film with the similarly prepared unexposed panel, using the colour ratings 
given in GS ISO 3668 to assess the colour difference. (see 4.21b).  
 DGS 180: 2022  
23 ANNEX B  
(Normative)  
Notes to Purchasers  
Colour requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and for each consignment . 
NOTE 1:  Colour differences may be specified in one or more of the following formats:  
(a)   as an agreement between parties prior to delivery or  
(b)   in categories outlined in GS ISO 3668  
c)   as measurable colour differences in accordance with ISO 7724 series.  
NOTE 2 :  Apart from the colour, it is recommended that tender invitation and orders also include reference to acceptable colour 
differenc es. DGS 180: 2022  
24 ANNEX C  
(Informative)  
Quality Verification of Oil Paints  
When the purchaser requires ongoing quality verification of oil paints produced to this 
standard, it is suggested that, instead of concentrating solely on evaluation of the final product, 
the attention  of the manufacturer should be drawn  to the manufacturer’s quality system. In this 
connection it should be noted that GS ISO 9001 covers the provisions of a quality 
management system.  
 DGS 180: 2022  
25 ANNEX D  
(Informative)  
Bibliography  
The following standards conta in useful information about parts of this standard:  
D-1 ASTM E1645 Standard Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or 
Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis  
D-2 ASTM E1979 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust, Soil and Air 
Samples for Subsequent Determination of Lead   
D-4 ECOSTAND 092 Paints and Varnishes – Lead in Paints – Specification  
D-6 GS ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements  
D-7 ISO 1513, Paints and Varnishes – Examination and p reparation of test samples  
D-8 ISO 1514 Paints and Varnishes – Standard panels for testing  
D-9 ISO 2810, Paints and varnishes – Natural weathering of coatings – Exposure and 
assessment  
D-10 ISO 2812 -1, Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to liquids – Part 1: 
Immersion in liquids other than water.  
D-11 ISO 4628 -1, Paints and varnishes – Evaluation of degradation of coatings – 
Designation of quantity and size of defects and of intensity of uniform changes in 
appearance – Part 1: G eneral introduction and designation system  
D-12 “Brief guide to analytical methods of measuring lead in paints” World Health 
Organisation  
D-14 Model Law and Guidance for Regulating Lead Paint, United Nations Environment 
Programme, Revised July 2018  
 
D-16 Regulation - Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1513 of 10 October 2018 amending 
Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of European Parliament and of the 
Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of 
Chemicals (REACH) as  regards certain substances classified as carcinogenic, 
mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR), category 1A or 1B