WORLD TRADE WT/REG22/5
30October 1996
ORGANIZATION(96-4512)
Original: English Committee onRegional Trade Agreements
CUSTOMS UNION BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Communication from theParties totheCustoms Union
Turkey andtheEuropean Communities havethehonour toattach information concerning the
finalphase oftheCustoms Union inlinewiththeGuidelines prepared bytheChairman oftheCommittee
onRegional Trade Agreements, forexamination bytheCommittee on8November 1996.
Thefinal phase oftheCustoms Union entered intoforce on1January 1996, following
Decision 1/95oftheEC-Turkey Association Council of22December 1995. Itwasnotified tothe
WTO on22December 1995. ThetextoftheDecision wascirculated toWTO Members on
13February 1996 (WT/REG22/2).WT/REG22/5
Page2
I. Background Information ontheAgreement
1. Membership anddates ofsignature, ratification andentry intoforce
Decision 1/95oftheTurkey-EC Association Council (notified totheWTO on22December
1995: WT/REG22/1) (hereinafter “Decision ”)onCustoms Union wasadopted on6March 1995and
entered intoforce on31December 1995. Itsetsoutthemodalities forthefinalorimplementation stage
oftheCustoms Union, firstenvisaged inthe1963Ankara Agreement (see1965: BISD 13,pp.59-64).
2. Type ofagreement
Customs Union
Background
TheTurkey-EEC Association Agreement, namely theAnkara Agreement, wassigned on
12September 1963andfollowing itsratification bytheParties, entered intoforceon1December 1964.
Itestablished anAssociation between theEECandTurkey inaccordance withArticle 238oftheTreaty
ofRome, andenvisaged three progressive stages forTurkey toachieve Association withtheEC:
preparatory, transitional andfinal.
Thepreparatory stage offiveyears, forwhich provision wasmade intheAnkara Agreement,
wasextendedtoeightyears.Followingthis,anAdditionalProtocollayingdownthetermsandconditions
fortheimplementation ofthetransitional stage, wassigned on23November 1970 andentered into
force on1January 1973, although itscommercial provisions were being implemented asof
1September 1971 (see1972: BISD 19,pp.102-109; L/4086, adopted 21October 1974).1
Asanexecutive arrangement fortheimplementation oftheAnkara Agreement, theAdditional
ProtocolforesawtheestablishmentoftheCustomsUnionbetweenTurkeyandtheECbytheendof1995.
Inaccordance withtheprovisions ofthisProtocol, during thetransitional stage theParties
eliminated onareciprocal basis arange ofcustoms duties andcharges having equivalent effect, as
wellasquantitative restrictions applied onbilateral trade; Turkey aligned itstariffs applied toimports
from thirdcountries withtheCommon Customs Tariff oftheEC,andfortheproper functioning of
theCustoms Union, Turkey enacted legislation compatible withtheEU’sCommon Commercial and
Competition Policies.
3. Scope
TheCustoms Union established bytheseagreements, when taken together withtheFreeTrade
Agreement between Turkey andtheEuropean Coal andSteel Community (ECSC), provides the
framework forfuture trade relations between Turkey andtheCommunity inconformity with
Article XXIV oftheGATT 1994.
TheCustoms Union covers trade inallproducts withtheexception ofgoods covered by
EURATOM andtheEuropean CoalandSteelCommunity Treaties. Inrespect oftheEuropean Coal
andSteelCommunity (ECSC) products, aFreeTrade Agreement between Turkey andtheECSC entered
1TheAnkara Agreement wasdistributed totheCONTRACTING PARTIES oftheGATT 1947 indocument
L/2155/Add.1 (25February 1964); theAdditional Protocol waslikewise circulated indocument L/3554 (8
September 1971).WT/REG22/5
Page3
intoforce on1August 1996, following thesignature oftheAgreement on25July1996 (notified to
theWTO on31July1996: WT/REG22/1 /Add.1).
With theentry intoforce oftheCustoms Union, elimination ofthecustoms duties andother
restrictive regulations ofcommerce onindustrial andcertain agricultural products meets therequirement
ofArticle XXIV inrespect oftheprinciple of“covering substantially allthetrade”.
Inorder toensure theproper functioning oftheCustoms Union, theAnkara Agreement, the
Additional Protocol andtheDecision alsocontain provisions, interalia,onstateaid,statemonopolies,
competition, intellectual property rights andservices.
Decision 2/95oftheTurkey-EC Association Council ontemporary exceptions toTurkey ’s
application oftheCommon Customs Tariff onalimited number ofproducts inrespect ofthirdcountries
(WT/REG22/2), envisages thatTurkey shallalignitscustoms tariffapplied totheseproducts inregular
stages overaperiod offiveyears (bytheyear2001) withtheCommon Customs Tariff.
Relevant dataandinformation needed forArticle XXIV:6 discussion andnegotiations hasbeen
submitted (WT/REG22/3 of26July1996. Summary dataonintra- andextra-trade maybesupplied
asrequired. Insofarasthere isageneral lowering ofTurkish tariff ratesitcanbeconsidered that
theimpact istradecreating. Thiscanbederived fromthedatasubmitted forArticle XXIV:6 discussion
andnegotiations (WT/REG22/3 of26July1996).
II. Trade Provisions
1. Import restrictions
Asof1January 1996, Turkey hasbegun toapply theCommunity ’sCommon Customs Tariff
ontheproducts subject toCustoms Union except forproducts listed inDecision 2/95oftheTurkey-EC
Association Council andbasic agricultural products. Moreover, under Article 5oftheDecision,
prohibition ofallquantitative restrictions onimports andmeasures having equivalent effect between
theParties isenvisaged.
Asforprocessed agricultural products, theParties haveagreed todifferentiate between the
agricultural andindustrial components oftheduties applied onthese products, along thelinesofthe
ECmodel. Inthisrespect, theindustrial component ofthecustoms duties hasbeeneliminated in
intra-trade andthesame industrial component hasbeenapplied towards thirdcountries. TheParties
haveapplied theirownagricultural components bothintheirbilateral tradeandintheirtradewiththird
countries.
Freecirculation ofbasicagricultural products (Annex IIoftheTreaty ofRome) between Turkey
andtheCommunity willbecome possible totheextent thatTurkey approximates itsagricultural policy
totheCommon Agricultural Policy oftheCommunity.
Therelevant dataandinformation needed forArticle XXIV:6 discussion andnegotiations has
beensubmitted totheWTO (WT/REG22/3 of26July1996). However, given thegeneral decrease
inTurkish ratesdown tothelevelofthose oftheEU,itisunlikely thattherewillberequests byWTO
Members forArticle XXIV:6 negotiations. Sofarthishasproved tobethecase.WT/REG22/5
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2. Export restrictions
Export restrictions andmeasures having equivalent effect havebeenprohibited ontradebetween
theParties (Article 6).
However, WTO consistent export restrictions areapplied onanergaomnes basis.
3. Rules oforigin
Forintra-trade, theCustoms Union operates ontheprinciple offreecirculation ofgoods covered
bytheCustoms Union, obviating theneedforrules oforigin. With respect toimports from third
countries, Turkey hasbeenapplying thesame rules oforigin astheECsince January 1,1996.
4. Standards
Inaccordance withArticle 8(1)oftheDecision (WT/REG22/1), andintheinterest oftheproper
functioning oftheCustoms Union, Turkey shall incorporate intoitslegislation theCommunity
instruments relating totheremoval oftechnical barriers totrade within fiveyears fromtheentry into
force ofthatDecision. Inthisrespect, theParties willhavecommon legislation aswellascommon
standards forbothintra-trade andimports from third countries. Furthermore, theParties stress the
importance ofeffective cooperation between them inthefields ofstandardization, metrology and
calibration, quality, accreditation, testing andcertification. Article 8(1)alsocovers foodstuffs and
spirits.
Inrespect ofagricultural products, Turkey willadopt thesanitary andphytosanitary provisions
applicable under theCommon Agricultural Policy, inaccordance withArticle 25oftheDecision.
5. Safeguards
Article63oftheDecisionreferstoArticle60oftheAdditionalProtocol(AnnexI)whichpermits
theapplication ofsafeguard measures between theParties inthecaseofbalance ofpayment difficulties
andregional ordevelopment matters. There isnospecific safeguard provision related toagriculture.
Inordertoensurethecommonapplicationofcommercialpolicymeasuresagainstthirdcountries,
Turkey shallapply provisions andimplementing measures, including safeguard measures, which are
substantially similar those oftheCommunity ’sCommercial Policy.
Inlinewithitscommitments totheimplementation oftheCustoms Union, Turkey hasadopted
similar legislation tothatoftheCommunity inthetextile sector including theagreements and
arrangements ontrade inthese products.
6. Anti-dumping andcountervailing measures
Thelistofproductsonwhichanti-dumpingandcountervailingmeasuresarestillinforcebetween
theParties ispresented inAnnex II.
Article 44oftheDecision states thatthesuspension ofanti-dumping andcountervailing
instruments between theParties isconditional onTurkey ’simplementation andeffective enforcement
oftheCommunity ’slegislation oncompetition, state aidandother relevant parts ofthe
acquis communautaire which arerelated totheECinternal market.WT/REG22/5
Page5
Intheinterim, andinaccordance withArticle 47oftheAdditional Protocol (Annex III)ifthe
Council ofAssociation finds, onapplication byaParty, thatdumping isbeing practised intradebetween
theCommunity andTurkey, itshalladdress recommendations totheperson orpersons withwhom
suchpractices originate forthepurpose ofputting anendtothem.
Regarding thecommon application ofsuchmeasures against thirdcountries, theDecision has
noprovisions.
7. Subsidies andstate aid
According toArticle 34oftheDecision, anyaidgranted bytheParties through stateresources
inanyform thatwould distort orthreaten todistort competition byfavouring certain undertakings
ortheproduction ofcertain goods isincompatible withthefunctioning oftheCustoms Union.
Thefollowing arecompatible withthefunctioning oftheCustoms Union: aidhaving social
character; aidtocompensate thedamage caused bynatural disasters; foraperiod of5years fromthe
entry intoforce oftheDecision, aidtopromote economic development ofTurkey ’slessdeveloped
regions.
Inaddition, aidtopromote theeconomic development ofareas where thestandard ofliving
isabnormally low,aidsaiming ataccomplishing structural adjustment necessitated bytheestablishment
oftheCustoms Union foraperiod of5years aftertheentry intoforce oftheDecision, aidtopromote
theexecution ofanimportant project ofcommon European interest andaidtopromote culture and
heritage conservation maybeconsidered tobecompatible withthefunctioning oftheCustoms Union.
Against theimproper practices ofaParty, Article 38oftheDecision establishes therightof
theother Party totakeappropriate measures.
8. Sector-specific provisions
Intra-trade
Agriculture
TheDecisionenvisagesanadditionalperiodfortheachievementoffreemovementofagricultural
products between theParties, onaccount ofthedifferent policies andtrade regimes pursued byeach.
Theadoption oftheCommon Agricultural Policy measures oftheECbyTurkey wasdetermined as
aprerequisite condition fortheestablishment offreemovement ofsuchproducts. Intheinterim,
apreferential tariff regime hasbeenimplemented between theParties. Until thefreecirculation of
agricultural products isachieved, theimplementation ofthepreferential regime issubject toproof of
origin.
Thelistofagricultural products (including fisheries) which arenotsubject tofreecirculation
forthetimebeing ispresented inAnnex IV.
Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
Theprotection ofintellectual, industrial andcommercial property isaddressed inArticle 31
andAnnex 8ofDecision 1/95. TheParties recognize thattheCustoms Union canonlyfunction properly
ifequivalent levels ofeffective protection ofintellectual property rights areprovided inbothParties.
Inthatrespect, Turkey undertakes toimplement theTRIPs Agreement nolaterthanthree years afterWT/REG22/5
Page6
theentry intoforce oftheDecisions, andtoadopt domestic legislation equivalent tothelegislation
existing intheECoritsMember States.
Imports From Third Parties
Textiles andClothing
Inaccordance withtheprovisions ofArticle XXIV ofGATT 1994, theParties agreed toapply
thesame commercial policy measures towards thirdcountries inthetextile sector.
Inthisframework, Turkey hasintroduced quantitative restrictions andsurveillance measures
parallel withthepractices oftheECandwillsimilarly align itself withECliberalization.
9. Other
Annex 7onMutual Assistance between Administrative Authorities inCustoms Matters of
Decision 1/95makes provision forcollaboration between theadministrations oftheParties. Customs
valuation isdetermined inaccordance with theAgreement onimplementation ofArticle VIIof
GATT 1994. Therefore, theprovisions applied tovaluation areharmonized.
Finally, intra-trade treatment ofproducts from freezones established intheParties is
non-discriminatory. Theprovisions applicable togoods forrelease intofreecirculation intheParties
arealsovalid forgoods placed infreezones.
III. General Provisions oftheAgreement
1. Exceptions andReservations
Allcustomsdutiesandchargeshavingequivalenteffectaswellasquantitativerestrictionsapplied
toproducts covered bytheCustoms Union between Turkey andtheECwere eliminated with
Decision 1/95. This, however, willnotpreclude prohibitions orrestrictions onimports, exports or
goods intransit ongrounds ofpublic morality, public policy orpublic security; theprotection ofhealth
andlifeofhumans, animals orplants; theprotection ofnational treasures possessing artistic, historic
orarchaeological value; ortheprotection ofindustrial andcommercial property. Theprohibitions
orrestrictions willnotbeapplied inamanner thatwould constitute ameans ofarbitrary discrimination
oradisguised restriction ontrade between theParties (Article 7).
2. Accession
There isnoprovision intheDecision allowing othercountries toaccede totheCustoms Union.
3. Dispute Settlement Procedures
Thedispute settlement mechanism established inArticle 25oftheAnkara Agreement remains
inforce. Inaddition tothismechanism, Decision 1/95foresees thatiftheAssociation Council fails
tosettle adispute relating tothescope orduration ofprotection measures andsafeguard measures taken,
within sixmonths ofthedateonwhich thisprocedure wasinitiated, either party mayreferthedispute
toarbitration under theprocedures laiddown inArticle 60ofthisDecision. Thearbitration awards
arebinding ontheParties.WT/REG22/5
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Thedispute settlement mechanism between Parties doesnotimpinge onways ofdealing with
disputes withthird parties through other multilateral orplurilateral agreements. TheParties tothe
Customs Union consider thatdisputes arising from theimplementation oftheCustoms Union area
matter forbothTurkey andtheECjointly.
4. Relation withOther Trade Agreements
Turkey, inlinewithitsobligation toalignitselfprogressively tothepreferential customs regime
oftheECconsisting ofboththeautonomous regimes andpreferential agreements withthirdcountries,
willtakethenecessary measures andnegotiate agreements onamutually advantageous basiswiththird
countries within fiveyears from thedateofentry intoforce ofDecision 1/95.
Theautonomous regimes oftheECaretheGeneralized System ofPreferences, theregime
forgoods originating intheoccupied territories, theregime forgoods originating inCeuta orMelilla,
theregime forgoods originating intheRepublics ofBosnia-Herzogovina andCroatia, andtheterritory
offormer Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia.
Thepreferential agreements oftheECinclude theEurope Agreements withBulgaria, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, theSlovak Republic, theCzech Republic andSlovenia; theFreeTrade Agreement
withtheFaroe Islands; theAssociation Agreements withCyprus andMalta; theFreeTrade Agreements
withEstonia, Latvia andLithuania; theAgreement withIsrael; theAgreements withAlgeria, Morocco
andTunisia; theAgreements withEgypt, Jordan, Lebanon andSyria; theConvention withthe
ACP States; theFreeTrade Agreement withSwitzerland andLiechtenstein; theAgreement onthe
European Economic Area (EFTA States).
5. Institutional Framework
Inaccordance withArticle 24oftheAnkara Agreement, theEC/Turkey Customs Union Joint
Committee wasestablished withDecision 1/95inorder tocarry outexchange ofviews andinformation,
formulate recommendations totheAssociation Council anddeliver opinions withaviewtoensuring
theproper functioning oftheCustoms Union. TheParties consult within theCommittee onanypoint
relating totheimplementation oftheDecision which gives risetoadifficulty foreither ofthem.
Inareas ofdirect relevance totheoperation oftheCustoms Union, theParties willinform
andconsult eachother during thepreparation ofanewlegislation andamendment ofanexisting one.
Furthermore, Turkish experts willbeinvolved inthework ofanumber oftechnical committees
which assist theEuropean Commission inareas ofdirect relevance tothefunctioning oftheCustoms
Union.WT/REG22/5
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ANNEX I
Additional Protocol: Article 60
1. IfseriousdisturbancesoccurinasectoroftheTurkisheconomyorprejudiceitsexternalfinancial
stability, orifdifficulties arisewhich adversely affect theeconomic situation inaregion ofTurkey,
Turkey maytakethenecessary protective measures.
TheCouncil ofAssociation shallbenotified immediately ofthose measures andoftherulesfortheir
application.
2. Ifserious disturbances occur inasector oftheeconomy oftheCommunity orofoneofmore
Member States, orprejudice theexternal financial stability ofoneormore Member States, orif
difficulties arise which adversely affect theeconomic situation inaregion oftheCommunity, the
Community maytakeorauthorize theMember StateorStates concerned totakethenecessary protective
measures.
TheCouncil ofAssociation shallbenotified immediately ofsuchmeasures andoftherules fortheir
application.
3. Inthechoice ofmeasures tobetaken inpursuance ofparagraphs 1and2,preference shall
begiven tothose which willleastdisturb thefunctioning oftheAssociation. These measures shall
notexceed whatisstrictly necessary toremedy thedifficulties thathavearisen.
4. Consultations maytakeplace intheCouncil ofAssociation onthemeasures taken inpursuance
ofparagraphs 1and2.WT/REG22/5
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ANNEX II
Anti-Dumping andCountervailing Measures applied bythe
European Union onTurkish Products
Products CNCodes (EU) Measure DateofEntry into
ForceDuty Rates
1.Cotton yarn 5205, 5206 ADduty 27.03.1992 12.1%
2.Polyester fibres
(synthetic)5402.42.00,
5402.33.10.90ADduty 14.06.1996
(review)(POY)
6.8%
(PTY)15
2%
3.Polyester yarns 5509.21.10,90/
5509.22.10,90/
5509.51.00/
5509.53.00ADduty 03.04.1992 10.1%
4.Semi finished products
ofalloy steel7224.90.09, ex
7224.90.15
(7224.90.15,90)ADduty 02.07.1992 16%
5.Synthetic textile fibres ofpolyester 5503.20.00 ADduty 22.10.1992 11.4%
6.Polyester yarns andfibres 5503.20.00/
5402.42.00/
5402.33.10,90/
5402.43.10,90/
5402.52.10,90/
5402.62.10,90Undertakings
(CVD)28.09.1991
Anti-Dumping Duties applied byTurkey
Product Turkish CNCodes Country DateofEntry into
ForceDuty Rates
1.Polyester synthetic staple fibres
(notprossed)5503.20.00.00.00 Italy 08.01.1993 9%
2.Printing andwriting papers 4802.52.20.10.00
4802.52.80.10.00Finland 19.11.1993 5%
3.Benzoic acid 2916.31.00.90.11 Netherlands 01.09.1992 $0.29/kg.WT/REG22/5
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ANNEX III
Additional Protocol: Article 47
1. If,during theperiod oftwenty-two years, theCouncil ofAssociation, onapplication bya
Contracting Party, findsthatdumping isbeing practised intradebetween theCommunity andTurkey,
itshalladdress recommendations totheperson orpersons withwhom suchpractices originate forthe
purpose ofputting anendtothem.
2. Theinjured Party may, afternotifying theCouncil ofAssociation, takesuitable protective
measures where;
(a) theCouncil ofAssociation hastaken nodecision pursuant toparagraph 1within
three months from themaking oftheapplication;
(b) despitetheissueofrecommendationsunderparagraph1,thedumpingpracticescontinue.
Moreover, where theinterests oftheinjured Party callforimmediate action, thatParty may, after
informing theCouncil ofAssociation, introduce interim protective measures which mayinclude
anti-dumping duties. Suchmeasures shallnotremain inforce more thanthree months fromthedate
oftheapplication, orfrom thedateonwhich theinjured Party takes protective measures under (b)
ofthepreceding sub-paragraph.
3. Where protective measures havebeenunder (a)ofthefirstsub-paragraph ofparagraph 2,or
under thesecond sub-paragraph ofthatparagraph, theCouncil ofAssociation may,atanytime, decide
thatsuch protective measures shall besuspended pending theissue ofrecommendations under
paragraph 1.
TheCouncil ofAssociation mayrecommend theabolition oramendment ofprotective measures taken
under (b)ofthefirstsub-paragraph ofparagraph 2.
4. Products which originated inorwereinfreecirculation inoneoftheContracting Parties and
which havebeenexported totheother Contracting Party shall, onreimportation, beadmitted intothe
territory oftheformer Contracting Party freeofallcustoms duties, quantitative restrictions ormeasures
having equivalent effect.
TheCouncil ofAssociation maymake anyappropriate recommendations fortheapplication ofthis
paragraph; itshallbeguided byCommunity experience inthisfield.WT/REG22/5
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ANNEX IV
Agricultural Products
(Annex IIofRome Treaty)
HS Description ofProducts
Chapter 1 Liveanimals
Chapter 2 Meat andedible meat offal
Chapter 3 Fish, crustaceans andmolluscs
Chapter 4 Dairy produce; birds'eggs; natural honey
Chapter 5
05.04 Guts, bladders andstomachs ofanimals (other thanfish), whole andpieces thereof
05.15 Animal products notelsewhere specified orincluded; deadanimals ofChapter 1orChapter 3,unfitforhuman
consumption
Chapter 6 Livetreesandother plants; bulbs; roots andthelike; cutflowers andornamental foliage
Chapter 7 Edible vegetables andcertain roots andtubers
Chapter 8 Edible fruitandnuts; peelofmelons orcitrus fruit
Chapter 9 Coffee, teaandspices, excluding maté (Heading No.09.03)
Chapter 10 Cereals
Chapter 11 Products ofthemilling industry; maltandstarches: gluten inulin
Chapter 12 Oilseeds andoleaginous fruitmiscellaneous grains, seeds andfruit; industrial andmedical plants; straw and
fodder
Chapter 13
ex13.03 Pectin
Chapter 15
15.01 Lard andother rendered pigfat:rendered poultry fat
15.02 Unrendered fatsofbovine cattle, sheep, goats; tallow (including premier just)produced from those fats
15.03 Lard stearin, oleostearin andtallow stearin; lardoil,oleo-oil andtallow oil,notemulsified ormixed or
prepared inanyway
15.04 Fatsandoiloffishandmarine mammals, whether ornotrefined
15.07 Fixed vegetable oils,fluidorsolids, crude, refined orpurified
15.12 Animal orvegetable fatsandoils,hydrogenated, whether ornotrefined, butnotfurther prepared
15.13 Margarine, imitation lardandother prepared edible fast
15.17 Residues resulting from thetreatment offattysubstances oranimal orvegetable waxes
Chapter 16 Preparations ofmeat, offish,ofcrustaceans ormolluscs
Chapter 17
17.01 Beetsugar andcanesugar, solid
17.02 Other sugars; sugar syrups; artificial honey (whether ornotmixed withnatural honey); caramel
17.03 Molasses, whether ornotdecolourized
17.05 Flavoured orcoloured sugars, syrups andmolasses, butnotincluding fruitjuices containing added sugar inany
proportionWT/REG22/5
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HS Description ofProducts
Chapter 18
18.01 Cocoa beans, whole orbroken, raworroasted
18.02 Cocoa shells, husks, skins andwaste
Chapter 20 Preparations ofvegetables fruitorother parts ofplants
Chapter 22
22.04 Grape must, infermentation orwithfermentation arrested bytheaddition ofalcohol
22.05 Wine orfresh grapes; grape must withfermentation arrested bytheaddition ofalcohol
22.07 Other fermented beverages (forexample, cider, perry andmead)
ex22.08
ex22.09Ethyl alcohol orneutral spirits, whether ornotdenatured, ofanystrength, obtained from agricultural products
listed inAnnex IItotheTreaty, excluding liqueurs andother spirituous beverages andcompound alcoholic
preparations (known asconcentrated extracts) forthemanufacture ofbeverages
ex22.10 Vinegar andsubstitutes forvinegar
Chapter 23 Residues andwaste from thefoodindustries; prepared animal fodder
Chapter 24
24.01 Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse
Chapter 45
45.01 Natural cork, unworked, crushed, granulated orground; waste cork
Chapter 54
54.01 Flax, raworprocessed butnotspun; flaxtowandwaste (including polled orgarnetted rags)
Chapter 57
57.01 True hemp (Cannabis sativa), raworprocessed butnotspun; towandwaste oftruehemp (including pulled or
garnetted ragsorropes)