WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
 G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
4 August 2004  
 (04-3317 ) 
  Working Party on  
State Trading Enterprises  Original:   English  
 
 
 
STATE TRADING  
 
Updating Notification  Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the  
GATT 1994  and Paragraph 1 of the Under standing on  
the Interpretation of Article XVII  
 
SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN,  
PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU  
 
 
 The following communication, dated 14 July 2004 , is being circulated at the reques t of the 
Delegation of the Separate Customs Territory of Ta iwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu . 
 
_______________  
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
 
Page  
 
I. SUGAR  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 2 
II. SALT  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  2 
III. TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 2 
IV. RICE  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  4 
V. BANKNOTE PAPER  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  6 
VI. TRADE  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 6 G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 2 
 
 
I. SUGAR  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
Identification of state trading enterprises  
 Taiwan Sugar Company (hereinafter referred to as “TSC”)  
 
B. STATISTICAL  INFORMATION  
 A certain amount of tariff rate quotas, in addition to the amount committed in Schedule 
CLIII -Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, which is shared by the 
private sector, has been granted to TSC to com pensate for its support to cane farmers.  The amount of 
tariff rate quotas granted to TSC is announced every 1 January.  For 200 3, the amount is 2 87,000 tons.  
(See attached Tables I -III on Sugar .) 
 
 
II. SALT  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
Identificat ion of state trading enterprises  
 
 Taiwan Salt Industrial Corporation ( hereinafter referred to as “TSI Corp .”) 
 
B. STATISTICAL  INFORMATION  
(See attach ed Tables I -III on Salt, pg. 9 ) 
 
 
III. TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Identification  of state trading enterprises  
 Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor  Corporation  (hereinafter referred to as “TT L”) 
 
2. Description of products affected (including tariff item number(s) encompassed in 
product description)  
 Spirits (2203 , 2204 , 2205 , 2206 , 2207 , 2208)  
 Tobacco (2401 , 2402 , 2403)  
 Cooking Wine (2103)  
 
B. REASON  AND  PURPOSE  
1. Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
To comply with the commitments of our WTO accession, the Tobacco and Wine Monopoly 
System  (TWMS) was abolished on 1 January 2002 and the regulatory functions for tobacco and 
alcohol are now carried out by the Ministry of Finance, including the granting of permission to 
manufacture and the administration of sales and other related affairs.  All remaining special or 
monopoly privileges granted to the former “Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Board ” (TTWB ) were  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
 Page 3 
 
 
eliminated except for the domestic production and repackaging of tobacco. And now , the production 
of alcohol and import/export of tobacco and alcohol have all been libera lized.  TTWB became  a 
business entity without any regulatory function.  TTWB was re -structured  as Taiwan Tobacco and 
Liquor Corporation (TTL) on 1 July 2002 as a first step to be a privatised  company in the near future.  
 
2. Summary of legal basis for granting  the relevant exclusive or special rights or privileges, 
including legal provisions and summary of statutory or constitutional powers  
Since the TWMS was abolished, TT L does not have any privileges for the distribution of 
tobacco and alcohol, nor does it po ssess administrative power s over sales and the granting of import / 
export  permits . 
 
According to the Timetable for the Liberalization of Production and Repackaging of Tobacco 
and Alcohol for the Private Sector, which was published on 25 December 2001 purs uant to 
Article  10.2 and 29.4 of the Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Law, TT L may reserve  an exclusive 
privilege for the domestic production and repackaging of tobacco products until the end of 2003.  
 
C. DESCRIPTION  OF THE  FUNCTIONING  OF THE  STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise  
TTL manufacture s and s ells tobacco and alcohol products according to the Tobacco and 
Alcohol Administration Law and the Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Law.  
 
2. Specificati on of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
At present, the production and repackaging of tobacco products is the only exclusive privilege 
TTL enjoys , and this exclusive privilege will be available until the end of 2003.  For other businesses, 
TTL operates on a commercial basis subject to the same laws, regulations, rules, decrees, directives, 
administrative guidance, policies and measures applicable to other firms within the Separate Customs 
Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, without any special rights or privileges.  
 
3. How import/export levels are established by the state trading enterprise  
TTL imports and exports alcohol and tobacco products according to the demand of the 
market.  TT L does not determin e the quantities of tobacco and alcohol products imported or exported 
by any private firms.  
 
4. How export prices are determined  
The export prices of tobacco and alcohol products (including those of TTL and private firms) 
are determined by the exporters accor ding to the market mechanism . 
 
5. How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
The resale prices of imported tobacco and alcohol products are determined by importers 
(including TT L and private firms)  according to the  market mechanism . 
 G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 4 
 
 
6. Whether lo ng-term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
The manufacture and sale of tobacco and alcohol conducted by TT L and private fi rms are 
governed by the Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Law and the Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Law.  
 
D. STATISTICAL  INFORMATION   
 (See attached Tables I -III on Tobacco and Alcohol, pgs. 17, 18, 19.)  
 
 
IV. RICE  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Identificati on of state trading enterprises  
 Council of Agriculture (hereinafter referred to as “COA”)  
 
2. Description of products affected (including tariff item number(s) encompassed in 
product description)  
Rice 
 
Products  HS Number  
Rice in the husk  1006.10.00.00  
Husk ed (brown) rice  1006.20.00.00  
Glutinous rice  1006.30.00.10  
Other semi -milled or wholly milled rice, whether or 
not polished or glazed  1006.30.00.90  
 
 
B. REASON  AND  PURPOSE  
1. Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
Rice is the staple food and the most important crop in the Separate Customs Territory of 
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu.  The government regulates the production, purchasing, 
warehousing, export and import of rice for the purpose of food security, stabilizing  the market and 
securing farmers’ incomes.  
 
2. Summary of legal basis for granting the relevant exclusive or special rights or privileges, 
including legal provisions and summary of statutory or constitutional powers  
 Food Management Law  
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
 Page 5 
 
 
C. DESCRIPTION  OF THE  FUNCTIONING  OF THE  STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise  
The rice production in the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu 
is to maintain self -sufficiency.  For th e purpose of ensuring a stable food supply and maintenance of 
farmer’s incomes, the COA purchases a portion of paddy from farmers to serve as food security stock .  
Most of the rice produced ent ers the market freely . 
 
The COA imports rice to ensure the smoo th operation of the supply -demand and price 
stabilization system.   The quota o f imported rice is set according to the minimum access opportunities 
in line of TRQ notification  to the WTO of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu . 
 
 Rice import ation  is subject to global quota and is conducted through open bid ding. 
 
2. Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
The COA is in charge of the agricultur al policy  and administration, fo od security and staple 
food price stabilization.  According to the commitments the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, 
Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu  made for its accession to the WTO, in addition to importation by private 
sector traders, the COA retains the exclusive right to import certain amount s of rice.  
 
3. Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
Food dealers who are registered importers can participate in the allocation of rice quota for 
private imports.  
 
4. How import/export levels are established by the state trading enterprise  
The COA will import 65% of the rice tariff quota. Rice importation by the COA is conducted 
according to the commitments made during the course of accession to the WTO.  
 
5. How export prices are determined  
None.  
 
6. How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 The price is determined on the basis of their import prices, management cost s, domestic 
consumer price s of competing pro ducts  and other economic factors . 
 
7. Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
COA makes no long -term contracts f or rice importation .  The opportunities are provided to all  
qualified suppliers . 
 G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 6 
 
 
8. Brief description of market structure  
Farmers and traders are free to sell their products in the market.  The price of rice is 
determined by market forces.  
 
D. STATISTICAL  INFOR MATION  
 (See attached Tables I -III on Rice, pg. 13) 
 
 
V. BANKNOTE PAPER  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
Identification of state trading enterprises  
 China Engraving and Printing Works (CEPW)  
 
B. STATISTICAL  INFORMATION   
 (See attached Table I on Banknot e Paper, pg. 14) 
 
 
VI. TRADE  
A. ENUMERATION  OF STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Identification of state trading enterprises  
 Central Trust of China/Trading Department (hereinafter referred to as CTC/TD)  
 
2. Description of products affected (including tariff item number(s) encompassed in 
product description)  
- 24 items of agricultural and fishery products which are subject to TRQ (hereinafter 
referred to TRQ products): chicken meat, pork offal, poultry offal, deer velvet, fresh 
pears (excluding European pears), bananas, pork  bellies, red beans, liquid milk, 
peanuts, garlic bulbs, dried shiitake, dried day lily, young coconut, betel nuts, 
pineapples, mangoes, shaddocks, persimmons, dried longans and longan pulp, sugar 
(private sector trade), mackerel, carangid and sardines (he rrings). As for the tariff 
item numbers of specific products, see the attachment.  
- Rice and rice products , which are subject to TRQ from 2003：HS 16601000, 
10062000, 10063000, 10064000, 11023010, 11023090, 11031400, 11032910, 
11041910, 11042920, 11081910, 18069071, 19023020, 19041020, 19042011, 
19042021, 19021110, 19021910, 19022010, 18069061, 19049010, 18069092, 
19019091, 21069098.  
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
 Page 7 
 
 
B. DESCRIPTIO N OF THE  FUNCTIONING  OF THE  STATE  TRADING  ENTERPRISES  
1. Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise.  
 CTC/TD, the only specialized trade institution owned by the government, carries out foreign 
trade operations entruste d by the government and provide s trade services on a project -by-project 
basis.  
 
 CTC/TD is entrusted by the Ministry of Finance (MOF) to administer the allocation of tariff 
rate quota (TRQ) for 24 items of agricultural and fishery products as enumerated in  Section I -B of the 
Schedule of Concessions and Commitments on Goods.  
 
 Rice and rice products are subject to  TRQ from 2003. CTC/TD is also entrusted by the 
Ministry of Finance  (MOF) to administer the allocation of rice quota to the private sector.  
 
2. Speci fication of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 CTC/TD is entrusted by the MOF to administer the allocation of tariff rate quotas (TRQ) for 
24 agricultural and fishery products, and rice quotas.  This includes  the allocation of tariff quotas and 
import quotas, and the issuance of tariff quota and import quota certificates. The certificates serve as 
import licenses.  All commercial terms of trade, including product specifications, origin, pricing, 
packaging, etc . are at the sole determination of the parties engaged in the transaction.  Moreover, all 
products imported under the tariff rate quota and rice quota should be distributed freely within the 
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu wi thout further trade -based 
restrictions.  
 
3. Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
- 24 items of TRQ products: Any enterprise registered as an importer/ex porter in the 
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu is eligible to 
apply for a certificate under each the quota allocation system.  
- Rice and rice products:  Any enterprise registered as an importer/ exporter and food 
dealer in the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu is 
eligible to apply for a certificate under the quota allocation system.  
4. How import/export levels are established by the state trading enterprise  
The quantity imported is determined by the de mand of domestic market . 
 
5. Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil  contractual obligations entered into by the 
government  
 There is no long -term contract for TRQ pro ducts (including  rice quota) .   
 
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 8 TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Sugar Company  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity 
imported  
(MT) Quantity imported by 
state trading enterprise  
(MT) Average impo rt price  
(US$/MT)  Average representative 
domestic sales price  
(US$/MT)  Mark -up National production  
(MT) 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Sugar  
(1701)  2000  365,485  365,485  206.75  713.20   259,000  
2001  359,572  359,572  224.66  436.35   188,800  
2002  399,650  279,650  167.01  427.47  171,900  
 
 
TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Sugar Company  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity 
exported  
(MT) Quantity exported by 
state trading enterprise  
(MT) Average  
procurement price  
(US$/MT)  Average representative 
domestic sales price  
(US$/MT)  Averages  
export price  
(US$/MT ) National production  
(MT) 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Sugar  
(1701)  2000  14,705  14,705   712.90  317.41  259,000  
2001  12,071  12,071   436.35  400.14  188,800  
2002  12,209  12,209   427.4 7 363.76  171,900  
 
 
TABLE III  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Sugar Company  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES  
 
Description of product(s)  
(including HS number(s))  Domestic purchases by  
state trading enterprise  
(MT) National production  
(MT) Domestic sales b y 
state trading enterprise  
(MT) National consumption  
(MT) 
1 2 3 4 5 
Sugar  
1701  2000  0 259,000  587,314  587,314  
2001  0 188,800  553,868  553,868  
2002 0 171,900  498,872  548,770  
   G/STR/N/9/ TPKM  
 Page 9  
TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Salt Industrial Corporation  
STATISTICAL INFO RMATION, IMPORTS  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity 
exported  Quantity exported by 
state trading enterprise  Average  
import price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Mark -up National production  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
 
Salt 
(2501) 2000  1,729,808MT  294,000MT  US$32.86  US$66  US$9.34/MT  69,525MT  
2001  1,842,280MT  296,143MT  US$30.69  US$66 US$9.06/MT 66,148 MT 
2002  1,864,385 MT 406,908 MT US$28.81  US$66 US$9.06/MT 0MT 
 
 
TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Salt Industrial Corporation  
STAT ISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity 
exported  Quantity exported by 
state trading enterprise  Average procurement 
price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Averages export 
price  National prod uction  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Salt 
(2501)  2000  336MT 100MT  US$3 07/MT US$3 25/MT 69,525MT 
2001  338MT 100MT  US$33 9/MT US$3 41/MT 66,148MT 
2002 274MT 20MT   US$3 39/MT US$3 41/MT 0MT 
 
 
TABLE III  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Salt Industrial Corporation  
STATISTICAL INFORMA TION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Domestic purchases by  
state trading enterprise  National production  Domestic sales by  
state trading enterprise  National consumption  
1 2 3 4 5 
Salt 
(2501)  2000               69,525MT abt 450,000MT  abt 2,290,000MT  
2001   66,148MT abt 399,247MT abt 2, 241,527MT 
2002  0MT abt 40 6,908MT abt 2,2 71,293MT 
 
 
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 10  
 
TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS  
 
(1 case = 10,000 sticks)  
 
Descr iption of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity imported  Quantity imported by state 
trading enterprise  Average import 
price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Mark -up National production  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Cigarette s 2001  2,347,004 cases  2,336,156 cases     2,222,620 cases  
Beer  2001  844,059 HL  830,057 HL     3,835,872 HL  
Wine  2001 52,890 HL  33,675 HL    23,713 HL 
Whisky  2001  82,206 HL 76,792 HL    6,158 HL 
Brandy  2001  27,578 HL 22,858 HL    6,326 HL 
Tobacco  2001  72,120 MT 10,767 MT    6,349 MT 
Alcohol  2001        
 
   G/STR/N/9/ TPKM  
 Page 11  
 
TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS  
 
(1 case = 10,000 sticks)  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity exported  Quantity exported by sta te 
trading enterprise  Average procurement 
price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Averages export 
price  National production  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Cigarette s 2001  64,470 Cases  64,470 Cases     2,222,620 Cases  
Beer  2001  4,499 HL 4,499 HL    3,835,872 HL 
Wine  2001  6HL 6HL    23,713 HL 
Whisky  2001  0 0    6,158 HL 
Brandy  2001  77HL  77HL     6,326 HL 
Tobacco  2001       6,349 MT 
Alcohol  2001        
 
 
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 12  
TABLE III  
STATE TRADING: Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIE S 
 
(1 case = 10,000 sticks)  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Domestic purchases by  
state trading enterprise  National production  Domestic sales by  
state trading enterprise  National consumption  
1 2 3 4 5 
Cigarette s 2001   2,222,620 Cases    
Beer  2001   3,835,872 HL   
Wine  2001   23,713 HL   
Whisky  2001   6,158 HL   
Brandy  2001   6,326 HL   
Tobacco  2001   6,349 MT   
Alcohol  2001      
 
   G/STR/N/9/ TPKM  
 Page 13  
 
TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: Council of Agriculture  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS  
 
Description of product( s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity imported  
(1000Mt)  Quantity imported by 
state trading enterprise  
(1000Mt)  Average import price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Mark -up National production  
(brown rice)  
(1000Mt)  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Rice 2001  5.5 0    1,396 
Note:   The imported rice is only for processing into rice products and re -export totally.  
 
TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: Council of Agriculture  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity e xported  
(1000Mt)  Quantity exported by 
state trading enterprise  
(1000Mt)  Average procurement 
price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Averages export price  National production  
(brown rice)  
(1000Mt)  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Rice 2001  156 0    1,396 
 
TABLE I II 
STATE TRADING: Council of Agriculture  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES  
 
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Domestic purchases by state 
trading enterprise  
( paddy )  
(1000Mt)  National production  
(brown rice)  
(1000Mt)  Domestic s ales by state trading 
enterprise  
(brown rice)  
(1000Mt)  National supply  
(brown rice)  
(1000Mt)  
1 2 3 4 5 
Rice 2001  421 1,396 227 1,390 
  G/STR/N/9/TPKM  
Page 14  
 
TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: China Engraving and Printing Works  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS  
 
                            unit: ream  
Description of product(s) 
(including HS number(s))  Total quantity imported  Quantity imported by 
state trading enterprise  Average import price  Average representative 
domestic sales price  Mark -up National production  
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Banknote  
Paper 
(4802)  2001 73,100 73,100    0 
2002  62,091  62,091     0 
 
 G/STR/N/ 9/TPKM  
Page 15 
 
 
  
TRQ Products  Tariff Item Number  
Chicken Meat  02071100, 02071200, 02071311, 02071411, 02109012, 02071319, 
02071419, 02109019, 16023210, 16023220  
Pork Offal  02063020, 02064930, 05040021, 160 24930,  
Poultry Offal  05040022, 02071399, 02072690, 02093599, 02089030, 02071429, 
02072729, 02073699, 02089030, 02109029, 16023120, 16023290, 
16023920, 16029040  
Deer velvet  05079020  
Fresh pears (excluding 
European pears)  08082019  
Bananas  08030000  
Pork  belly  02031911, 02031991, 02032911, 02032991  
Red bean  07102910, 07133200, 11061010, 20049010, 20060011, 20055110, 
20060025, 20055910, 20060025, 21069097  
Liquid milk  04011010, 04012010, 04013010, 04011020, 04012020, 04013020, 
04029910, 04029920, 04029992 , 04039059, 04039029, 04039090, 
04039040, 18069053, 19019025, 18069055, 19019027  
Peanuts  12021000, 20081111, 20081191, 12022000, 20081112, 20081192, 
20081942, 12089011, 12089021, 15081000, 15089000  
Garlic bulbs  07032010, 07032090, 07129040  
Dried shiitak e 07123030  
Dried day lily  07129050  
Young coconut  08011900  
Betel nuts  08029030  
Pineapples  08043000  
Mangoes  08045020  
Shaddocks  08059010  
Persimmons  08109030  
Dried longans and longan 
Pulp 08134010  
Sugar  17011100, 17011200, 17019110, 17019120, 17019910 , 17019920, 
17019990  
Mackerel  03026400, 03026993, 03037400, 03037993, 03056940, 16041510, 
03042060, 03053010  
Carangid  03026992, 03037992, 16041920, 03042050  
Sardine (Herrings)  03024000, 03035000, 03042042, 03055941, 03056100, 16041210, 
03026100, 0303710 0, 03042041, 03055950, 03054950, 16041310, 
03056300, 16041600, 16041320  
Rice and Rice Products  16601000, 10062000, 10063000, 10064000, 11023010, 11023090, 
11031400, 11032910, 11041910, 11042920, 11081910, 18 069071, 
19023020, 19041020, 19042011, 19042021, 19021110, 19021910, 
19022010, 18069061, 19049010, 18069092, 19019091, 21069098  
__________