WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/N/1/HKG/2
29 February 2000
(00-0739)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
NOTIFICATION OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS
UNDER ARTICLE 63.2 OF THE AGREEMENT
HONG KONG, CHINA
By means of a communication from its Permanent Mission, dated 27 January 2000, the
following notification1 has been received from Hong Kong, China under Article 63.2 of the
Agreement.
_______________
 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong,
China), in accordance with Article 63.2 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights and documents IP/C/2, IP/C/4, IP/C/ 5, notifies its laws and regulations to the Council
for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights as follows:
- Annex I to this document sets out the main dedicated intellectual property laws and
regulations that are being notified by Hong Kong, China.
- Annex II to this document sets out the other laws and regulations as notified by Hong
Kong, China.
- All the laws and regulations are being notified in English.- Explanatory memorandum for the TRIPS Review.
2
- Answers to the Checklist of Issues on Enforcement.3
                                                     
1 A CD-Rom containing the full notification is being sent to all WTO Members.
2 See document IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1.
3 See document IP/N/6/HKG/1.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 2
ANNEX I
MAIN DEDICATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS AND REGULATIONS
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Copyright and Related Rights
Copyright Ordinance4
(Cap.528)5
(Date of entry into force:
27 June 19976;  25 July 19977 )This Ordinance states the law of copyright, with
amendments; makes provisions for the rights of
performers and others in performances; makes
provisions with respect to devices designed tocircumvent copy-protect ion of works, rights
management information and the fraudulent
reception of transmissions; and for connected
purposes.
The Ordinance was designed to be compatible
with the copyright provisions of the TRIPSAgreement.
Prevention of Copyright Piracy Ordinance8
(Cap.544)
(Date of entry into force:
29 May 19989;  29 August 199810)This Ordinance makes provisions for the
prevention of copyright piracy using the mediumof optical discs. It sets out a statutory licensing
scheme for manufacturers of optical discs in
Hong Kong, China and makes provisions for
optical discs manufactured in Hong Kong, China
to be marked with an assigned manufactureridentification code.
                                                     
4 See document IP/N/1/HKG/C/1.
5 Enactment History:  Originally 92 of 1997 – 115 of 1998, 25 of 1998, L.N. 95 of 1999.
6 The Ordinance, other than the definitions of "register", "Registrar" & "registration" in Section 141(4),
Sections 142 to 149 & paragraph 5 of Schedule 4.
7 Sections 142 to 144.
8 See document IP/N/1/HKG/C/2.
9 The Ordinance, other than Sections 21 & 22.
10 Sections 21 & 22.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 3
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Trade Marks (including Trade Descriptions)
Trade Marks Ordinance11
(Cap 43)12 (as amended by Intellectual Property
(World Trade Organisation Amendments)Ordinance
13)
(Date of entry into force:  1 January 1955)This Ordinance makes provisions for the
registration of trade marks. The amendment made
by the Intellectual Property (World TradeOrganisation Amendments) Ordinance was
designed to ensure that Hong Kong, China’s
existing trade mark law is compatible with the
TRIPS Agreement.
Trade Marks Rules14
(Date of entry into force:  2 March 199215)These Rules prescribe provisions and procedures
under the Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap.43).
Trade Descriptions Ordinance16
(Cap.362)17  (as amended by Intellectual Property
(World Trade Organisation Amendments)
Ordinance18)
(Date of entry into force:  1 April 1981)This Ordinance contains provisions prohibiting
the use of false trade descriptions and the forgeryof trade marks.
Trade Marks (Emergency) Ordinance19
(Cap.263)20
(Date of entry into force:  3 September 1939)This Ordinance contains provisions with respect
to registered trade marks to meet any emergency
which may arise as a result of war.
                                                     
11 See document IP/N/1/HKG/I/1.
12 Enactment History:  Originally 47 of 1954 — 92 of 1975, 55 of 1977, 3 of 1985, R. Ed. 1986,
L.N. 213 of 1987, 35 of 1990, L.N. 275 of 1991, 44 of 1991, L.N. 181 of 1994, L.N. 426 of 1994, L.N. 344
of 1995, 11 of 1996, L.N. 314 of 1996, L.N. (C) 174 of 1997 (Chinese authentic version), 80 of 1997, 25
of 1998, L.N. 342 of 1998.
13 Date of entry into effect : 20.12.1996.
14 See document IP/N/1/HKG/T/1.
15 Enactment History:  Originally L.N. 5 of 1992 – L.N. 379 of 1993, L.N. 541 of 1994, L.N. 299
of 1996, L.N. (C) 174 of 1997 (Chinese authentic version), 47 of 1997, L.N. 438 of 1997, L.N. 472 of 1997, 23
of 1998.
16 See document IP/N/1/HKG/T/2.
17 Enactment History:  Originally 69 of 1980 — L.N. 123 of 1982, L.N. 294 of 1982, L.N. 346 of 1982,
L.N. 65 of 1986, 10 of 1986, 2 of 1987, R. Ed. 1987, 44 of 1991, 96 of 1991, 11 of 1996, 43 of 1996,
L.N. (C) 29 of 1997 (Chinese authentic version), 25 of 1998.
18 Date of entry into effect (i) 10.5.1996 for Sections 2(1)(aa), 9(3), 16(D), 17(2A) (other than
paragraph (c) in Section 17(2A)) & 30(4)(c) & (d);  (ii) 20.12.1996 for Sections 17(2A)(c), 30A-30K.
19 See document IP/N/1/HKG/T/3.
20 Enactment History:  Originally 8 of 1940 — R. Ed. 1964, 44 of 1991, L.N. (C) 141 of 1997 (Chinese
authentic version), 25 of 1998.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 4
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Geographical Indications
Trade Marks Ordinance21
(Cap.43)22  (as amended by Intellectual Property
(World Trade Organisation Amendments)Ordinance
23)
(Date of entry into force:  1 January 1955)This Ordinance enables geographical indications
to be registered as certification trade marks.
Non-Statutory protec tion of geographical
indicationsThe common law tort of passing off may be used
to protect geographical indications from being
used without proper authorisation.
Industrial Designs
Registered Designs Ordinance24
(Cap.522)25
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)The Ordinance establishes a system for the
registration of new designs.
Registered Designs Rules26
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)The Rules prescribe provisions and procedures
under the Registered Designs Ordinance
(Cap.522).
                                                     
21 See document IP/N/1/HKG/I/1.
22 Enactment History:  Originally 47 of 1954 — 92 of 1975, 55 of 1977, 3 of 1985, R. Ed. 1986,
L.N. 213 of 1987, 35 of 1990, L.N. 275 of 1991, 44 of 1991, L.N. 181 of 1994, L.N. 426 of 1994, L.N. 344 of
1995, 11 of 1996, L.N. 314 of 1996, L.N. (C) 174 of 1997 (Chinese authentic version), 80 of 1997, 25 of 1998,L.N. 342 of 1998.
23 Date of entry into force:  20.12.1996.
24 See document IP/N/1/HKG/D/1.
25 Enactment History:  Originally 64 of 1997 — 92 of 1997, 25 of 1998, L.N. 340 of 1998.
26 See document IP/N/1/HKG/D/2.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 5
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Copyright Ordinance27
(Cap.528)28
(Date of entry into force:
27 June 199729;  25 July 199730 )This Ordinance provides protection for
commercially exploited artistic works.
Patents
Patents Ordinance31
(Cap.51432)
(Date of entry into force:
27 June 199733;  1 July 199734)This Ordinance makes provisions for the
registration of patents.
Patents (Transitional Arrangements) Rules35
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)These Rules provide transitional arrangements for
the registration of patents in the Register of HongKong, China for those patents registered under
the old Registration of Patents Ordinance, which
lapsed in 1997, and certain patents registered
under the United Kingdom Patents Acts 1949 and
1977.
Patents (General) Rules36
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)These Rules prescribe provisions and procedures
under the Patents Ordinance (Cap.514).
Patents (Designation of Patent Offices) Notice37
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)This Notice makes designations under Section 8
of the Patents Ordinance (Cap.514).
                                                     
27 See document IP/N/1/HKG/C/1.
28Enactment History:  Originally 92 of 1997 — 115 of 1997, 22 of 1998, 25 of 1998, L.N. 95 of 1999.
29 The Ordinance, other than the definitions of ‘register’, ‘Registrar’ & ‘registration’ in Section 141(4),
Section 142 to 149 & paragraph 5 of Schedule 4.
30 Sections 142 to 144.
31 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/1.
32 Enactment History:  Originally 52 of 1996 — 25 of 1998, L.N. 341 of 1998.
33 The Ordinance, other than Section 125.
34 Section 125.
35 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/2.
36 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/3.
37 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/4.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 6
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Plant Varieties
Plant Varieties Protection Ordinance38
(Cap.490)
(Date of entry into force:  24 October 1997)This Ordinance provides, inter alia , a sui generis
regime for the granting and protection of
proprietary rights to persons who breed or
discover plant varieties.
Plant Varieties Protection Regulation 199739
(Date of entry into force:  24 October 1997)This Regulation prescribes provisions and
procedures under the Plant Varieties Protection
Ordinance (Cap. 490).
Layout-designs (Topographies) of Integrated
Circuits
Layout-design (Topography) of Integrated
Circuits Ordinance40
(Cap.445)
(Date of entry into force:  31 March 1994)This provides a sui generis  intellectual property
regime for the protection of layout designs
(topographies) of integrated circuits and for legalremedies against infringement.
Layout-design (Topography) of Integrated
Circuits (Designation of Qualifying Countries,
Territories or Areas) Regulation41
(Date of entry into force:  20 December 1996)The Regulation designates countries, territories or
areas as qualifying countries, territories or areasunder Section 24 of the Layout-design
(Topography) of Integrated Circuits Ordinance
(Cap.445).
Protection of Undisclosed Information
Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance42
(Cap.486)
(Date of entry into force: 1 August 199643;
20 December 199644;  1 August 199745;
3 August 199946)This Ordinance requires data users to use
information only for the purposes it was
collected, to inform people of the purposes for
which data is collected and to protect such
information against unauthorised or accidental
disclosure.
                                                     
38 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/5.
39 See document IP/N/1/HKG/P/6.
40 See document IP/N/1/HKG/L/1.
41 See document IP/N/1/HKG/L/2.
42 See document IP/N/1/HKG/U/1.
43 Part II, Section 71 (as affects Schedule 2) & Schedule 2.
44 The other provisions excluding Sections 30 & 33.
45 Section 30.
46 Section 33.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 7
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Non-Statutory protection of undisclosed
informationA party may protect his rights regarding the
disclosure of information under the tort of breachof confidence which is based on case law.
Non-Statutory protection of goodwill The common law tort of passing-off may be used
to protect business goodwill e.g. the proprietor of
an unregistered mark may rely on passing off to
enforce the goodwill associated with the mark.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 8
ANNEX II
OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Copyright and Related Rights
Copyright (Libraries) Regulations
(Vol. 30 App. III Pg DT1, 1989 Laws of Hong
Kong Index)
(Date of entry into force:  1 June 1973)These regulate the making and supply of copies
of works kept in libraries.
Copyright Tribunal Rules
(formerly known as Copyright (Performing Right
Tribunal) Rules 1979)(Vol. 28 App. I page BF1, 1989 Laws of Hong
Kong Index)
(Date of entry into force:  26 October 1979)These contain rules for regulating proceedings
before the Tribunal; for the application of certain
provisions of the Arbitration Ordinance(Cap.341) to the Tribunal; and prescribe the
forms and fees chargeable in respect of
proceedings of the Tribunal.
Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance
(Amendment of Schedule 1) Order 1999
(Date of entry into force:  14 January 2000)This order incorporates copyright piracy and
trade mark counterfeiting among organized and
serious crime offences in Schedule 1 of the
Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance(Cap. 455).
Trade Marks(including Trade Descriptions)
Trade Marks (Emergency) Rules
(Cap. 263)
(Date of entry into force:  19 April 1940)These are the subsidiary rules of the Trade Marks
(Emergency) Ordinance (Cap.263). These rules
contain provisions on forms, fees, and how
applications to suspend the rights of an enemy,
who is a registered trade mark owner, can bemade.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 9
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Trade Descriptions (Marking) (Platinum) Order
(Cap. 362C)
(Date of entry into force:  1 April 1989)This order provides for the marking of the
fineness of the platinum content of platinum orplatinum alloy articles which are supplied in the
course of trade and the particulars of the receipt
or invoice which accompanies the supply.
Trade Descriptions (Definition of Platinum)
Regulations
(Cap. 362B)
(Date of entry into force:  1 April 1989)These regulations provide for the definition of the
expression "platinum" and its Chinese equivalent.
They also specify the fineness of the platinumcontent of an article which could be described as
"platinum" or "platinum alloy".
Trade Descriptions (Marking) (Gold & Gold
Alloy) Order
(Cap. 362A)
(Date of entry into force:  1 January 1985)This order provides for the marking of the
fineness of the gold content of gold or gold alloy
articles which are supplied in the course of tradeand the particulars of the receipt or invoice which
accompanies the supply.
Trade Descriptions (Place of Manufacture)
Notice
(Cap. 362E)
(Date of entry into force:  1 August 1991)The notice specifies that the place of manufacture
of certain classes of garments is where the panels
constituting those goods, or the panels from
which those goods are made, were knitted.
Trade Descriptions (Country of Origin)
(Watches) Order
(Cap. 362D)
(Date of entry into force:  1 January 1991)This order specifies that the country in which the
movement of a watch was manufactured is to be
regarded as the country of origin.
Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance
(Amendment of Schedule 1) Order 1999
(Date of entry into force:  14 January 2000)This Order incorporates copyright piracy and
trade mark counterfeiting among organized andserious crime offences in Schedule 1 of the
Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance
(Cap. 455).
Geographical Indications (There are no other laws and regulations other
than those set out under the same heading inAnnex I .)IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 10
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Patents (Including Plant Variety Protection) (There are no other laws and regulations other
than those set out under the same headings inAnnex I .)
Industrial Designs (There are no other laws and regulations other
than those set out under the same heading in
Annex I .)
Layout-designs (Topographies) of Integrated
Circuits(There are no other laws and regulations other
than those set out under the same heading in
Annex I .)
Protection of Undisclosed Information (There are no other laws and regulations other
than those set out under the same heading inAnnex I .)
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
District Court Ordinance
(Cap. 336)
(Date of entry into force:  18 February 1953)This ordinance provides for the establishment,
jurisdiction, constitution and practice and
procedures of the District Court of Hong Kong,
China.
District Court Civil Procedure (General) Rules
(Cap. 336A)
(Date of entry into force:  1 July 1963)These rules provide for the general rules of
practice and procedure in the District Court of
Hong Kong, China and the application of the
Rules of the High Court therein.
District Court Civil Procedure (Costs) Rules
(Cap. 336B)
(Date of entry into force:  1 December 1986)These rules govern the civil procedure in the
District Court of Hong Kong, China in relation to
cost matters.
District Court Civil Procedure (Fees) Rules
(Cap. 336C)
(Date of entry into force:  25 March 1988)These rules specify the types of fees payable in
the District Court of Hong Kong, China and the
scale and method of payment of those fees.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 11
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
District Court Civil Procedure (Forms) Rules
(Cap. 336D)
(Date of entry into force:  1 September 1963)These rules set out the prescribed forms to be
used in the District Court of Hong Kong, China.
District Court Suitors’ Funds Rules
(Cap. 336E)
(Date of entry into force:  22 June 1973)These rules prescribe the procedures of lodgment
of funds and ancillary matters such as transfer,
payment out and investment of those funds,
maintenance of ledger accounts and preparationof accounts statements by the Registrar of the
District Court of Hong Kong, China.
District Court Equal Opportunities Rules
(Cap. 336G)
(Date of entry into force:  20 September 1996)These rules provide that the Registrar of the
District Court of Hong Kong, China shall keep an
Equal Opportunities Register which containsentries in relation to all actions and proceedings
falling within the jurisdiction of the District
Court.
Rules of the High Court
(Cap. 4A)
(Date of entry into force:
1 May 198847;  24 February 198948 )These rules govern the civil procedures in the
High Court of Hong Kong, China and contain the
prescribed forms to be used.
High Court Suitors’ Funds Rules
(Cap. 4B)
(Date of entry into force:  11 May 1979)These rules prescribe the procedures of lodgment
of funds and ancillary matters such as transfer,
payment out and investment of those funds,maintenance of ledger accounts and preparation
of accounts statements by the Registrar of the
High Court of Hong Kong, China.
                                                     
47 These rules, other than Order 75.
48 Order 75.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 12
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
High Court Fees (In Prize) Order
(Cap. 4C)
(Date of entry into force:  30 April 1940)This order specifies the types of fees to be taken
in the High Court in Prize and the scale of thosefees.
High Court Fees Rules
(Cap. 4D)
(Date of entry into force:  5 February 1988)These rules specify the types of fees payable in
the High Court and the scale and method of
payment of those fees.
Enduring Powers of Attorney (Registration)
Rules
(Cap. 4E)
(Date of entry into force:  27 June 1997)These rules provide for the procedure of
application for registration of enduring power of
attorney and the responsibility of the Registrar of
the High Court to notify the donor of the power.
Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Ordinance
(Cap. 484)
(Date of entry into force:  1 July 1997)This ordinance provides for the establishment,
jurisdiction and constitution of the Court of Final
Appeal of Hong Kong, China. It also stipulatesthe appeal procedures in civil and criminal cases.
Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Rules
(Cap. 484A)
(Date of entry into force:  1 July 1997)These rules govern the procedures adopted in the
Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, China andcontain the forms to be used therein.
Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Fees Rules
(Cap. 484B)
(Date of entry into force:  1 July 1997)These rules prescribe the types of fees payable in
the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, China
and the scale and method of payment of those
fees.
Practice Direction 11.1 dated 31 December 1998
andPractice Direction 5.3 dated 25 April 1995These directions lay down the practice to be
adhered to in ex parte  applications, the roles of
solicitor and counsel in the grant, continuance or
discharge of interim or interlocutory injunctions.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 13
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Special Requirements related to Border
Measures
Copyright Ordinance
(Cap.528)
(Date of entry into force:
27 June 199749;  25 July 199750 )This provides for a detention order to be made on
suspected infringing articles.
Copyright (Border Measures) Rules
(Cap.4F)
(Date of entry into force:  20 December 1996)This provides for a detention order to be made on
suspected infringing articles.
Trade Descriptions Ordinance
(Cap.362)(as amended by the Intellectual Property (World
Trade Organisation Amendments) Ordinance)
(Date of entry into force:  1 April 1981)This provides for a detention order to be made on
suspected infringing articles.
Criminal Procedures
Criminal Procedure Ordinance
(Cap. 221)
(Date of entry into force:  7 July 1899)This ordinance consolidates and amends the laws
relating to criminal procedure, evidence and
practice.
Magistrates Ordinance
(Cap. 227)
(Date of entry into force:  1 January 1933)This ordinance provides for the jurisdiction of
magistrates and the procedure and practice before
magistrates in relation to offences punishable on
summary conviction, the transfer of charges to
the District Court and the committal of personscharged with indictable offences.
                                                     
49 The Ordinance, other than the definitions of "register", "Registrar" & "registration" in
Section 141(4), Sections 142 to 149 & paragraph 5 of Schedule 4.
50 Sections 142 to 144.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 14
TITLE
DATE OF ADOPTION AND ENTRY
INTO FORCEBRIEF DESCRIPTION
Magistrates (Administrative) Rules
(Cap. 227A)
(Date of entry into force:  (1 January 1933)These rules govern the administrative aspects in
relation to summary proceedings and appeals.
Magistrates (Fees) Regulations
(Cap. 227B)
(Date of entry into force:  29 April 1988)These regulations specify the types of fees
payable in the Magistrates’ Courts of Hong
Kong, China and the scale of those fees.
Magistrates (Forms) Rules
(Cap. 227C)
(Date of entry into force:  31 March 1967)These rules set out the prescribed forms used in
the Magistrates’ Courts of Hong Kong, China.
Costs in Criminal Cases Ordinance
(Cap. 492A)
(Date of entry into force:  17 January 1997)This ordinance lays down rules governing costs
in criminal cases.
Small Claims Tribunal Ordinance 
(Cap.338)
(Date of entry into force:  1 October 1976)This ordinance provides for the establishment,
jurisdiction, constitution, practice and procedure
of the Small Claims Tribunal of Hong Kong,China.
Small Claims Tribunal (General) Rules
(Cap.338A)
(Date of entry into force:  1 October 1976)These rules provide for the general rules of
practice and procedure in the Small ClaimsTribunal of Hong Kong, China.
Small Claims Tribunal (Fees) Rules
(Cap.338B)
(Date of entry into force:  26 February 1988)These rules specify the fees payable in the Small
Claims Tribunal and the scale and method of
payment.IP/N/1/HKG/2
Page 15
Small Claims Tribunal (Forms) Rules
(Cap.338C)
(Date of entry into force:  1 October 1976)These rules set out the prescribed forms to be
used in the Small Claims Tribunal of Hong Kong,
China.
Small Claims Tribunal (Suitors’ Funds) Rules
(Cap.338D)
(Date of entry into force:  27 October 1978)These rules prescribe the procedures of lodgment
offunds and ancillary matters such as transfer,
payment out and investment of those funds,
maintenance of accounts and preparation of
accounts statements by the Registrar.
The primary and subsidiary legislation listed
under “ Civil Judicial Procedures and
Remedies ” above is also applicable for criminal
procedures. Please refer to “ Civil Judicial
Procedures and Remedies ” in Annex I.
Other
Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance
(Cap.1)
(Date of entry into force:  31 December 1966)This ordinance lays down rules in respect of
construction and interpretation of laws, definesterms and expressions used in laws and public
documents, and makes general provisions with
regard to public officers.
Director of Intellectual Property (Establishment)
Ordinance 1990
(Cap.412)
(Date of entry into force:  2 July 1990)This ordinance provides for the establishment of
the office of Director of Intellectual Property, and
for the appointment of officers to assist the
Director in the performance of his duties.
__________