APPENDIX TABLESTurkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 153
Table AI.1
Public sector position, 1990-97
(Per cent of GNP)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Estimate
Public sector borrowing
requirement-7.6 -10.4 -11.0 -12.3 -7.7 -4.8 -9.1 -8.1
    General government -3.4 -6.6 -6.6 -8.9 -5.8 -5.5 -9.0 -8.1
         Consolidated budget -3.0 -5.3 -4.3 -6.7 -3.9 -4.0 -8.3 -7.5
           Consolidated primary
budget0.5 -1.5 -0.6 -0.9 3.8 3.3 1.7 0.3
         Revolving  funds 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
         Social security institutions 0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.2 -0.1
         Extra budgetary funds -0.6 -0.9 -1.3 -0.9 -0.9 -0.6 -0.1 -0.2
         Local administrations 0.0 -0.3 -0.8 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3
   State economic enterprises a-4.2 -3.7 -4.5 -3.5 -1.9 0.7 -0.1 0.0
         Non-financial SEEs -4.0 -3.3 -3.8 -2.8 -1.2 0.6 0.4 -0.6
         SEEs under privatization -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 0.1 -0.5 -0.4
Financing of PSBR: b7.6 10.4 11.0 12.3 7.7 4.8 9.1 8.1
     Central Bank 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.7 1.3 1.2 1.5 0.0
     Foreign borrowing (net) 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.3 -1.6 -1.0 -1.1 -0.8
     Domestic borrowing (net) 6.8 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.0 4.6 8.6 8.9
Consolidated budget:
Revenues 13.9 15.3 15.8 17.6 19.2 17.7 18.0 19.2
     Privatization and other assets 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0
        Tax revenues 11.4 12.4 12.8 13.2 15.1 13.8 15.0 16.0
           Direct taxes 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.4 7.3 5.9 5.9 6.4
           Taxes on international trade 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.8
              Customs duties .. .. 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
              VAT on imports .. .. 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.4
              Other duties and levies .. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Expenditures 16.9 20.5 20.1 24.3 23.1 21.8 26.3 36.7
      Interest payments 3.5 3.8 3.7 5.8 7.7 7.3 10.0 7.7
      Personnel 7.2 8.6 9.5 9.3 7.6 6.4 6.5 7.0
      Transfers to SEEs 0.3 1.9 0.7 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4
      Social security 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.2 2.6
      Other transfer 2.1 2.3 2.3 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.6 4.7
      Other current 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.3
      Investment 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.6 2.0
Memo:
     Consolidated budget before
transferc-2.4 -3.1 -3.2 -4.7 -2.4 -2.1 -5.7 -4.0
     SEE before transfer c-4.5 -5.6 -5.2 -4.8 -2.4 0.2 -0.4 -0.4
     Social security before transfer c0.0 -0.4 -0.6 -1.3 -1.6 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7
     GNP (TL billion) 397,178 634,393 1,103,605 1,997,323 3,887,903 7,854,887 14,978,067 29,694,889
.. Not available.
a Non-financial.
b PSBR = Public sector borrowing requirement.
c Before transfer to budget.
Source: Government of Turkey.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 154
Table AI.2
Balance of payments, 1990-97
(US$ million, unless otherwise indicated)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Current account balance -2,625 258 -974 -6,433 2,631 -2,339 -5,380 -4,739
   Trade balance -9,555 -7,340 -8,190 -14,160 -4,216 -13,212 -19,424 -21,315
      Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 13,026 13,667 14,891 15,611 18,390 21,975 23,604 26,782
      Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 22,581 21,007 23,081 29,771 22,606 35,187 43,028 48,097
   Net other goods, services & income 2,437 2,499 3,157 3,959 3,755 6,377 9,597 11,710
      Credit 8,933 9,315 10,419 11,788 11,691 16,094 20,527 25,133
         Travel 3,225 2,654 3,639 3,959 4,321 4,957 5,650 7,002
         Interest 917 935 1,012 1,135 890 1,488 1,577 1,900
      Debit 6,496 6,816 7,262 7,829 7,936 9,717 10,930 13,423
         Travel 520 592 776 934 866 911 1,265 1,716
         Interest 3,264 3,430 3,439 3,574 3,923 4,303 4,200 4,588
   Net private unrequited transfers 3,349 2,854 3,147 3,035 2,709 3,425 3,892 4,552
      Credit 3,374 2,879 3,147 3,035 2,709 3,425 3,892 3,892
         Workers remittances 3,246 2,819 3,008 2,919 2,627 3,327 3,542 4,197
   Official unrequited transfers 1,144 2,245 912 733 383 1,071 555 314
Capital account balancea4,037 -2,397 3,648 8,963 -4,194 4,643 9,763 9,292
   Direct investment, net 700 783 779 622 559 772 612 554
   Portfolio investment, net 547 623 2,411 3,917 1,158 237 570 1,634
   Other long-term capital, net -210 -783 -938 1,370 -784 -79 1,636 4,667
   Other short-term capital, net 3,000 -3,020 1,396 3,054 -5,127 3,713 6,945 2,437
Net errors and omissions -468 940 -1,190 -2,222 1,769 2,354 162 -1,209
Overall balance 944 -1,199 1,484 308 206 4,658 4,545 3,344
Counterpart items (valuation changes) 364 170 0 0 0 0 0 0
Change in reserves (inflow - ) -1,308 1,029 -1,484 -308 -206 -4,658 -4,545 -3,344
Memo:
   Services: credit 8,016 8,372 9,407 10,652 10,801 14,606 13,051 ..
   Services: debit 3,071 3,218 3,625 3,948 3,782 5,024 6,396 ..
   Total external debt 49,035 50,489 55,592 67,356 65,601 73,278 79,767b84,512c
   International reserves (billion US$)d65 667 1 2 1 6 1 9
.. Not available.
a Excluding reserves.
b Provisional.
c Provisional estimate.
d Total reserves, excluding gold.
Source: State Planning Organization (various issues), Main Economic Indicators ;  and IMF (1997), Balance of Payments Statistics
Yearbook, Part I: Country Tables (data on services), Washington D.C., September.Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 155
Table AI.3
Balance of payments adjusted for "shuttle trade", 1996-97
(US$ million)
1996 1997
Excluding
shuttle
tradeIncluding
shuttle
tradeDifference Excluding
shuttle
tradeIncluding
shuttle
tradeDifference
Current account balance -5,380 -2,437 2,943 -4,739 -2,750 1,989
Trade balance -19,424 -10,582 8,842 -21,315 -15,466 5,849
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 23,604 32,446 8,842 26,782 32,631 5,849
Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 43,028 43,028 0 48,097 48,097 0
Net other goods, services and income 9,597 3,698 5,899 11,710 7,850 3,860
Credit 20,527 14,628 5,899 25,133 21,273 3,860
Travel 5,650 5,650 0 7,002 7,002 0
Interest 1,577 1,577 0 1,900 1,900 0
Debit 10,930 10,930 0 13,423 13,423 0
Travel 1,265 1,265 0 1,716 1,716 0
Interest 4,200 4,200 0 4,588 4,588 0
Net private unrequited transfers 3,892 3,892 0 4,522 4,522 0
Credit3,892 3,892 0 3,892 3,892 0
Workers remittances3,542 3,542 0 4,197 4,197 0
Official unrequited transfers 555 555 0 314 314 0
Capital account balancea9,763 8,763 1,000 9,292 8,616 676
Direct investment, net 612 612 0 554 554 0
Portfolio investment, net 570 570 0 1,634 1,634 0
Other long-term capital, net 1,636 1,636 0 4,667 4,667 0
Short-term capital, net 6,945 5,945 1,000 2,437 1,761 676
Net errors and omissions 162 -1,781 -1,943 -1,209 -2,522 -1,313
Counterpart items (valuation
changes)00 0 0 0 0
Total change in reserves (inflow -) -4,545 -4,545 0 -3,334 -3,334 0
a Excluding reserves.
Source: State Planning Organization (1998), Main Economic Indicators , March.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 156
Table AI.4
Exports by groups of products, 1980-97(US$ million and per cent)
Commodity 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 2,910 12,959 13,593 14,715 15,349 18,105 21,597 23,045 26,245
(per cent of total)
Total primary products 73.1 32.1 34.2 28.6 28.1 27.4 25.6 25.0 24.1
   Agriculture 64.7 25.5 28.7 24.2 24.4 23.5 21.0 21.4 20.8
      Food 51.1 22.4 26.0 22.7 22.6 21.9 19.6 19.7 19.6
         0517 nuts edible fresh or dry 14.2 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.0 2.5
         1210 tobacco unmfd 8.0 3.2 4.1 2.1 2.6 2.2 1.1 2.3 2.2
         0520 dried fruit 6.7 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
         0460 wheat etc meal or fllour 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0
         0542 leguminous vegtbls dry 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0
         0539 Fruit nuts mes preserved 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9
      Agricultural raw material 13.6 3.0 2.8 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.3
   Mining 8.5 6.6 5.5 4.4 3.7 3.9 4.6 3.6 3.2
      Ores and other minerals 6.5 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.1 1.2
      Non-ferrous metals 0.6 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.3
      Fuels 1.4 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.7
Manufactures 26.9 67.9 65.8 71.3 71.9 72.6 74.4 73.8 74.9
   Iron & steel 0.9 11.5 9.7 9.4 11.9 11.9 9.2 8.5 8.6
         6732 iron, steel bars, etc. 0.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 5.6 5.7 3.8 4.0 3.6
         6725 iron, steel blooms, slabs, etc. 0.0 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.1 1.3
   Chemicals 2.6 5.9 4.5 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.0
   Other semi-manufactures 3.6 5.2 6.0 6.8 6.0 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.1
   Machinery and transport equipment 2.9 6.6 7.5 8.8 8.4 9.4 11.0 12.5 12.7
      Power generating machines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
      Other non-electrical machinery 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.4
         Agricultural machinery and tractors 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
         7241 television receivers 0.0 1.5 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.9
      Office machines & telecom. equipment 0.1 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5
      Other electrical machines 0.5 1.7 2.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.5 4.3 3.8
         7231 insulated wire, cable 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.3
         7250 domestic electric equip. 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1
      Automotive products 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.9 2.3 3.5 3.8 3.0
         7328 motor vehicle parts nes 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.0
      Other transport equipment 0.0 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.5
   Textiles 11.8 10.8 10.1 10.5 10.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 12.1
         6569 other textile products 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.7
         6516 yarn of synthetic fibres 0.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5
         6522 woven cotton bleached, etc. 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3
         6535 woven synthetic fabrics 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2
         6536 woven regenerated fabrics 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0
   Clothing 4.5 26.0 26.0 28.9 28.7 25.8 28.9 26.9 26.2
         8414 clothing, accessories knit 0.5 11.5 13.5 16.9 16.5 14.7 16.5 16.0 15.7
         8411 textile clothes not knit 2.3 9.1 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.1 9.9 9.0 8.5
Table AI.4 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 157
Commodity 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
         8413 leather clothes, accessories 1.0 4.9 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.1
   Other consumer goods 0.6 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.9 4.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 1.0
         9310 special transactions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 158
Table AI.5
Imports by groups of products, 1980-97(US$ million and per cent)
Commodity 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 7,573 22,300 21,047 22,871 29,429 23,268 35,707 42,733 48,585
(per cent of total)
Total primary products 56.9 38.8 33.3 31.9 28.7 32.6 31.4 29.9 25.3
   Agriculture 5.1 12.6 9.9 10.7 10.5 10.2 12.6 11.2 10.1
      Food 3.5 8.3 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.0 7.0 6.5 5.5
      Agricultural raw material 1.6 4.3 3.8 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.6 4.7 4.7
         2631 raw cotton, excl. linters 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.3
   Mining 51.7 26.2 23.4 21.2 18.2 22.4 18.8 18.6 15.1
      Ores and other minerals 2.3 3.1 3.7 3.2 3.3 4.2 3.7 3.0 2.8
         2820 iron and steel scrap 0.9 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.0 2.3 2.0
      Non-ferrous metals 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.8 2.0
      Fuels 48.4 20.7 17.8 16.4 13.5 16.4 12.9 13.8 10.3
         3310 crude petroleum, etc. 36.0 15.7 11.7 11.5 8.7 10.5 8.2 8.0 6.6
         3411 gas natural 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.7 2.8 3.0 1.2
         3214 coal, excl. briquettes 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.7 1.2 1.1
Manufactures 43.1 61.1 66.1 67.8 70.8 67.0 68.4 69.2 71.9
   Iron & steel 4.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.8 5.7 5.9 4.5 4.8
   Chemicals 16.2 12.6 13.5 13.5 11.9 13.7 14.8 13.3 13.2
         5812 prod of polymerizing etc. 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.4
   Other semi-manufactures 2.6 4.6 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.9 5.2
   Machinery and transport equipment 18.1 31.7 34.2 35.3 38.2 33.0 32.2 35.6 38.4
      Power generating machines 2.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.4
      Other non-electrical machinery 7.9 12.6 13.6 13.7 13.7 12.9 12.6 15.6 14.1
         7171 textile machinery 0.8 3.4 2.6 3.3 3.4 2.6 3.8 5.1 3.7
         7198 other machines nonelectric 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4
         7192 pumps, centrifuges 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
         7199 machine parts, accesr nes 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2
         7191 heating, cooling equipment 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0
         Agricultural machinery and tractors 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
         Office machines &
telecommunications equipment0.8 5.4 6.5 5.5 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.8 5.6
         7249 telecomm equipment nes 0.5 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.9
         7293 transistors, valves, etc. 0.2 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4
         7143 statistical machines 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3
      Other electrical machines 3.2 4.3 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.7 3.5 4.2 4.6
         7222 switchgear etc. 0.6 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0
      Automotive products 3.2 6.1 5.5 6.7 8.0 4.7 5.3 7.2 9.5
         7321 pass motor veh. exc. buses 0.0 2.5 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.0 0.9 2.4 3.4
         7328 motor vehicle parts nes 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.3
         7323 lorries, trucks 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.2
         7115 piston engines non-air 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
      Other transport equipment 0.5 2.3 2.6 4.2 6.7 5.2 5.8 3.3 3.3
         7341 aircraft heavier than air 0.0 1.1 1.3 2.7 4.6 3.1 3.5 1.6 1.3
   Textiles 1.1 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.8 5.1 4.5 4.8
Table AI.5 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 159
Commodity 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
   Clothing 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5
   Other consumer goods 0.7 4.0 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.1
Other 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.0 2.8
         9310 special transactions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.4
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 160
Table AI.6
Exports by destinations, 1980-97(US$ million and per cent)
1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 2,910 12,959 13,593 14,715 15,349 18,105 21,597 23,045 26,245
(per cent of total)
America 4.8 8.3 7.6 6.7 7.3 9.6 8.1 8.1 9.0
   United States 4.4 7.5 6.7 5.9 6.4 8.4 7.0 7.0 7.7
   Canada 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
   Other America 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9
Europe 69.5 65.7 64.6 65.0 62.9 62.0 68.2 67.9 67.0
   EU15a48.1 55.5 54.0 53.9 49.5 47.7 51.3 49.8 46.7
      Germanyb21.5 23.7 25.1 24.9 23.8 21.7 23.3 22.4 20.0
      United Kingdom 3.6 5.7 5.0 5.4 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.8
      Italy 7.5 8.5 7.1 6.4 4.9 5.7 6.7 6.2 5.3
      France 5.6 5.7 5.1 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.4
      Netherlands 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.0
      Belgium-Luxembourg 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1
      Spain 1.0 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.7
      Austria 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
      Greece 0.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1
   EFTAa4.4 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6
      Switzerland 4.3 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2
   East Europe 16.1 6.4 7.7 8.3 10.9 12.0 14.6 15.9 17.7
      Former USSR 5.8 4.1 4.5 4.0 6.4 7.1 9.0 10.5 12.4
         Russian Federation 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.3 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.8
         Ukraine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.3
         Azerbaijan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.2
      Romania 2.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4
   Other Europe 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.1
Asia 21.8 19.8 21.4 22.2 24.0 21.4 16.5 16.7 15.1
   Middle East 18.8 13.8 14.6 14.4 14.0 12.4 10.7 10.6 9.9
      Saudi Arabia 1.5 2.6 3.6 3.3 4.3 3.4 2.2 1.9 2.0
      Israel 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.5
      Iran Islamic Rep. 2.9 3.8 3.6 3.1 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2
      Syrian Arab Republic 3.5 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0
   East Asia 2.6 5.0 5.9 7.1 9.5 8.1 5.1 5.4 4.6
      Singapore 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.4
   South Asia 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.5
Oceania 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Africa 3.7 5.8 6.0 5.3 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.7
   Sub-Saharan Africa 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7
   Other Africa 3.6 5.4 5.5 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.0
      Algeria 0.3 1.6 1.5 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2
      Egypt 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2
Other 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 3.8
a Austria, Finland and Sweden are included in the EU15 for the whole period.
b Unified Germany.
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 161
Table AI.7
Imports by origins, 1980-97(US$ million and per cent)
1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 7,573 22,300 21,047 22,871 29,429 23,268 35,707 42,733 48,585
(per cent of total)
America 7.9 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.7 12.6 13.2 10.2 11.2
   United States 5.7 10.2 10.7 11.4 11.4 10.4 10.4 7.7 8.9
   Canada 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6
   Other America 1.4 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.7
Europe 48.7 57.1 59.2 59.8 61.0 60.4 62.4 65.7 64.0
   EU15a33.1 44.5 47.0 46.6 47.1 46.9 47.2 53.1 51.2
      Germanyb10.8 15.8 15.4 16.4 15.4 15.7 15.5 17.7 16.5
      Italy 3.9 7.7 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.6 8.9 9.9 9.2
      France 4.9 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.6 6.3 5.6 6.4 6.1
      United Kingdom 4.0 4.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.8 5.7
      Netherlands 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.1
      Spain 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.6
      Belgium-Luxembourg 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.5
      Sweden 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8
      Austria 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.0
   EFTAa4.9 2.7 2.6 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6
      Switzerland 4.6 2.4 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3
   East Europe 9.7 8.7 8.9 9.2 11.1 10.8 12.4 9.8 9.9
      Former USSR 2.4 5.6 5.2 5.3 7.6 7.8 9.4 7.1 7.5
         Russian Federation 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 5.2 4.5 5.8 4.4 4.5
         Ukraine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.3 2.4 1.7 1.9
   Other Europe 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Asia 31.5 22.7 23.1 22.3 21.7 20.6 18.6 17.8 17.3
   Middle East 29.0 12.2 11.9 11.6 9.6 10.9 7.6 7.6 5.6
      Saudi Arabia 1.0 3.2 8.7 7.3 5.1 5.3 3.9 4.0 2.1
      Iran Islamic Rep. 10.2 2.2 0.4 1.6 2.3 3.0 1.9 1.9 1.3
      Syrian Arab Republic 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.9
   East Asia 2.2 9.7 10.3 9.9 11.2 9.0 9.9 9.3 10.9
      Japan 1.5 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.5 4.2 3.9 3.3 4.2
      Korea, Rep. of 0.2 1.4 1.7 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 2.2
      China 0.0 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.6
      Chinese Taipei 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1
   South Asia 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.8
Oceania 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1
Africa 10.8 6.0 3.6 3.5 2.4 3.7 3.9 4.6 4.5
   Sub-Saharan Africa 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
   Other Africa 10.1 5.6 3.3 3.3 2.0 3.4 3.6 4.3 4.1
      Algeria 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 1.6
      Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 9.5 2.2 1.3 1.9 0.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1
Other 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.9 0.7 1.8
a Austria, Finland and Sweden are included in the EU15 for the whole period.
b Unified Germany.
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 162
Table AII.1
Legislation enacted by Turkey as a result of the CUD, July 1998
Area EU legislation Corresponding legislation  enacted by Turkey
Common rules for imports Council reg. (EC)
No. 3285/94Decree No. 95/6814 on Safeguard Measures and Surveillance for Imports
and the Administration of Quotas and Tariff Quotas (Official Gazette
No. 22300 of 1 June 1995) and Implementing Regulation on Safeguard
Measures and Surveillance for Imports (Official Gazette No. 22300 of
1 Jun. 1995)
Decree No. 95/7432 of 24 October 1995 Amending Decree No. 95/6814
(Official Gazette No. 22450 of 1 November 1995);  and Implementing
Regulation Amending Regulation on Safeguard Measures and Surveillance
for Imports (Official Gazette No. 22450 of 1 November 1995)
Common rules for imports
from certain third countriesCouncil reg. (EC)
No. 519/94Decree No. 95/7348 on Safeguard Measures and Surveillance for Imports of
Products Originating in Certain Countries (Official Gazette No. 22438 of 19
Oct. 1995) and Implementing Regulation on Safeguard Measures andSurveillance for Imports of Products Originating in Certain Countries
(Official Gazette No. 22450 of 1 Nov. 1995)
Decree No. 95/7433 of 24 Oct. 1995 Amending Decree No. 95/7348
(Official Gazette No. 22450 of 1 Nov. 1995)
Administration of quotas Council reg. (EC)
No. 520/94 and
Commission reg. (EC)
No. 738/94Decree No. 95/6814 on Safeguard Measures and Surveillance for Imports
and the Administration of Quotas and Tariff Quotas (Official Gazette
No. 22300 of 1 June 1995), and Implementing Regulation on Quotas and
Tariff Quotas (Official Gazette No. 22300 of 1 Jun. 1995)
Decree No. 95/7432 of Oct. 1995 Amending Decree No. 95/6814 (Official
Gazette No. 22450 of 1 Nov. 1995), and Implementing Regulation
Amending Regulation on Quotas and Tariff Quotas (Official GazetteNo. 22450 of 1 Nov. 1995)
Protection against dumped
and subsidized importsCouncil reg. (EC)
No. 384/96 and
Council reg. (EC)
No. 3284/94]Law No. 3577 on Prevention of Unfair Competition in Importation will be
amended in accordance with new EU legislation and the Uruguay Round
Final Act
Draft legislation has been presented to the Parliament
New commercial policy
instrumentCouncil reg. (EC)
No. 3286/94
(amended by Council reg.
No. 356/95 (EC))Decree No. 95/7608 on the Protection of Turkey's Commercial Rights
(Official Gazette No. 22510 of 31 Dec. 1995) and Implementing Regulation
on Protection of Turkey's Commercial Rights (Official Gazette No. 22510
of 31 Dec. 1995)
Common rules for exports Council reg. (EEC)
No. 2603/69Export Regime Decree and Regulation (Official Gazette No. 22515 of
6 Jan. 1996)
Officially supported exportcreditsCouncil dec. (EEC)
No. 112/93Communication (Export 96/12) (Official Gazette No. 22532 of 23
Jan. 1996)
Common rules on textiles
importsCouncil reg. (EEC)
No. 3030/93Decree No. 95/6815 on Surveillance and Safeguard Measures on Imports of
Certain Textile Products, and Implementing Regulation on Surveillance and
Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Textile Products (OfficialGazette No. 22300 of 1 Jun. 1995) repealed by Official Gazette No. 23212
of 26 Dec. 1997
Textile imports from
TaiwanCouncil reg. (EC) No.
3951/92Although Council reg. (EC) No. 3957/92 has not been adopted, textile
imports from Taiwan are subject to safeguard measures according to Decree
No. 95/6815 which also includes relevant provisions of Council reg. (EC)
No. 3951/92
Autonomous arrangementson textile importsCouncil reg. (EC)
No. 517/94Decree No. 95/6816 Regulation on Surveillance and Safeguard Measures
for the Imports of Textile Products Originating in Certain Countries Not
Covered by Bilateral Agreements, Protocols or Other Arrangements, and
Other Arrangements (Official Gazette No. 22300 of 1 Jun. 1995) repealedby Official Gazette No. 23212 of 26 Dec. 1997
Standardization on foreign
tradeThe Standardization Regime was renewed by Decree No. 96/7794 on the
Regime for Technical Regulations and Standardization for Foreign Trade
(Official Gazette No. 22451 of 1 Feb. 1996)
Preferential regime of thecommunityFTAs have been signed with EFTA States (1991), Israel (1996), Hungary
(1997), Romania (1997), Czech and Slovak Republics (1997), Lithuania
(1997), Estonia (1997), Latvia (1998), Slovenia (1998) and Bulgaria
(1998);  negotiations are continuing with Poland;  preliminary talkscontinue with Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt
In order to adopt the autonomous preferential regimes (Lomé Convention,
GSP) of the EU, Turkey has started the preparatory works
Table AII.1 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 163
Area EU legislation Corresponding legislation  enacted by Turkey
Inward processing regime Council reg. (EEC)
No. 2913/92 and
Commission reg. (EEC)
No. 2454/93Decree No. 95/7615 on Inward Processing Regime (Official Gazette
No. 22510 of 31 Dec. 1995)
Communication (Official Gazette No. 22514 of 5 Jan. 1996)
Outward processing regime Council reg. (EEC)
No. 2913/92 and
Commission reg. (EEC)
No. 2454/93Decree No. 95/7617 on Outward Processing Regime (Official Gazette
No. 22510 of 31 Dec. 1995)
Communication (Official Gazette No. 22533 of 24 Jan. 1996)
Outward processing regime
for textile and clothing
products
(economic OPT regime)Council reg. (EC)
No. 3036/94 and
Commission reg. (EC)No. 3017/95Decree No. 96/8703 on Economic Outward Processing Arrangements
Applicable to Certain Textiles and Clothing Products Reimported into
Turkey After Processing in Certain Third Countries (Official Gazette of29 Dec. 1996)
Implementation Regulation (Official Gazette of 3 Jan. 1997)
Prohibition of release for
free circulation of
counterfeit goodsCouncil reg. (EC) No.
3842/86 and Commission
reg. (EC) No. 3077/87Decree Law 564 on the Amendment of Customs Code (Official Gazette
No. 2355, 26.7.1995, Article 21)
Implementing Regulation (Official Gazette No. 22508 of 29 Dec. 1995,
Articles 36;  36a), b), c);  37;  37a)) in the Implementing Regulation Turkeyhas taken into consideration the Council Regulations (EC) No. 3298/94 and
No. 1367/95, since the reference Regulations No. 3842/86 and No. 3077/87
had been repealed by the recent ones.
Competition
(the prevention of unfair
competition)Rome Treaty
Articles 85-91Law No. 4054 on Protection of Competition
Law No. 97/9090 on Appointment of the Competition Board
The Communiqué No. 97/1 on the Mergers and Acquisitions which are
subject to permission of the Competition Board
The Communiqué No. 97/2 on the Procedures and Principles of the
Agreements, Concerted Practices, Decisions of Associations of Undertaking
according to Article 10 of the Competition Law
The Communiqué No. 97/3 on Group Exemption for Exclusive Distribution
AgreementsThe Communiqué No. 97/4 on Group Exemption for Exclusive Purchasing
AgreementsThe Communiqué No. 97/5 on the Establishment of the Organization of the
Competition AuthorityThe Communiqué No. 97/6 on the Rights and Obligations of Undertakings
and Associations of Undertakings which arise from the Law No. 4054 after
the establishment of the organization of the Competition Authority
The Communiqué No. 98/3 on Group Exemption Concerning Motor
Vehicle Distribution and Servicing Agreements
State aid Rome Treaty
Articles 92-94Turkey has two years in order to adopt the related provisions.  Decree
No. 94/6401 concerning State Aid on Exports was issued in 1995
Protection of intellectual,industrial and commercial
property rightsSeveral agreements and
Council regulations and
directivesDecree No. 95/544 on the Establishment of the Turkish Patent Institute
Law No. 4117 on adoption to Paris Act (1971)
Law No. 4116 on adoption to Rome Convention (1961)
Decree No. 95/7094 on adoption to Nice Agreement
Law No. 4115 on adoption to Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970)
Decree No. 95/7094 on adoption to Vienna Agreement on Trade
Decree No. 5903 on adoption of Stockholm Text of the Paris Convention
for the Protection of Industrial Property Law No. 4128 on the Arrangement
of the Penalty Provisions (Accepted on November 7, 1995 and amended bythe Decrees No. 551, 556, 564 and 565 on the Patents, Trademarks,
Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications respectively, regarding to
penal sanctions).
Law No. 4110 amending Several Provisions of the Law No. 5846 on the
Intellectual and Artistic Works Act (1995)Decree No. 95/551 on the Protection of Patent Rights
Decree No. 556 on the Protection of Trademarks
Decree No. 554 on the Protection of Industrial Designs
Decree No. 555 on the Protection of Geographical Indicators
Protection of consumers Law No. 4077 on the Protection of Consumers
Implementation Regulations
Source: Government of Turkey.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 164
Table AIII.1
Effective tariff and bindings, by HS chapter
(Per cent)
Simple MFN 1998
(second half)a              Bound rates
               (by year 2005)
HS
(2-digit)No. of
linesDescription 1996 imports
(share of total)Simple
average RangeStandard
deviationSimple
average Range
Total 19,506 100.0 12.7 0-365 24.0 30.4 0-225
01-24 3,357 6.7 47.9 0-365 42.0 66.5 0-92
25-97 16,149 93.3 5.4 0-44 4.6 16.3 0-92
01 103 Live animals. 0.4 52.4 0-115 49.3 31.5 4-135
02 238 Meat and edible meat offal. 0.1 130.3 27-240 70.8 150.8 23-225
03 460 Fish & crustacean, mollusc &
other aquatic invertebrate.0.1 48.3 0-65 8.9 25.0 25-25
04 224 Dairy prod; birds eggs; natural
honey; edible prod nes.0.1 77.6 0-140 40.5 157.7 13-180
05 48Products of animal origin, nes
or included.0.0 3.7 0-20 5.9 11.0 0-31
06 57Live tree & other plant; bulb,
root; cut flowers etc.0.0 22.8 4-49 21.2 18.4 4-47
07 183 Edible vegetables and certain
roots and tubers.0.1 22.3 0-51 10.6 23.0 10-75
08 213 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of
citrus fruit or melons.0.1 45.2 18-119 18.2 44.3 15-146
09 61Coffee, tea, matû and spices. 0.1 35.5 0-145 30.1 70.1 16-168
10 63Cereals. 1.8 26.4 0-45 14.6 107.1 45-180
11 59Prod mill indust; malt; starches;
inulin; wheat gluten.0.0 32.9 23-48 9.0 42.9 19-103
12 125 Oil seed, oleagi fruits; miscell
grain, seed, fruit etc.0.7 18.9 0-35 10.2 23.3 4-75
13 47Lac; gums, resins & other
vegetable saps & extracts.0.0 2.3 0-25 6.0 30.7 7-50
14 31Vegetable plaiting materials;
vegetable products nes.0.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 13.2 5-20
15 225 Animal/veg fats & oils & their
cleavage products; etc.1.1 20.2 0-55 11.9 30.3 6-68
16 147 Prep of meat, fish or
crustaceans, molluscs etc.0.0 90.1 58-100 14.4 102.0 54-122
17 66Sugars and sugar confectionery. 0.7 37.0 0-144 44.0 123.1 19-135
18 29Cocoa and cocoa preparations. 0.1 12.9 0-52 11.6 78.0 25-90
19 76Prep of cereal, flour,
starch/milk; pastrycooks
products.0.1 21.4 9-69 13.0 57.9 39-90
20 374 Prep of vegetable, fruit, nuts or
other parts of plants.0.0 61.7 9-145 17.7 55.5 20-136
21 72Miscellaneous edible
preparations.0.2 15.4 0-50 12.1 50.1 4-75
22 170 Beverages, spirits and vinegar. 0.1 49.5 0-365 37.6 85.2 15-102
23 82Residues & waste from the
food indust; prepr ani fodder.0.4 8.9 0-14 4.4 10.1 4-14
24 204 Tobacco and manufactured
tobacco substitutes.0.6 27.7 20-89 12.1 66.7 45-167
25 210 Salt; sulphur; earth & ston;
plastering mat; lime & cem.0.3 0.3 0-2 0.7 12.4 3-18
26 93Ores, slag and ash. 0.3 0.2 0-13 1.3 (not bound)
27 171 Mineral fuels, oils & product of
their distillation;etc.13.7 1.4 0-10 2.0 17.3 13-20
28 560 Inorgn chem; compds of prec
met, radioact elements etc.1.1 5.1 0-11 2.3 12.5 0-50
29 1,659 Organic chemicals. 3.6 5.2 0-15 3.0 12.3 0-27
30 239 Pharmaceutical products. 1.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 1.8 0-16
31 62Fertilisers. 0.8 4.7 0-9 3.0 11.2 9-13
32 111 Tanning/dyeing extract; tannins
& derivs; pigm etc.1.5 5.9 0-7 2.0 15.0 8-22
Table AIII.1 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 165
Simple MFN 1998
(second half)a              Bound rates
               (by year 2005)
HS
(2-digit)No. of
linesDescription 1996 imports
(share of total)Simple
average RangeStandard
deviationSimple
average Range
33 84Essential oils & resinoids; perf,
cosmetic/toilet prep.0.5 3.2 0-21 3.6 67.0 20-75
34 71Soap, organic surface-active
agents, washing prep, etc.0.4 2.9 0-7 1.7 19.7 14-24
35 49Albuminoidal subs; modified
starches; glues; enzymes.0.2 11.7 0-18 5.4 26.4 11-39
36 25Explosives; pyrotechnic prod;
matches; pyrop alloy; etc.0.0 6.5 6-7 0.4 (not bound)
37 87Photographic or
cinematographic goods.0.3 5.0 0-7 2.5 20.9 0-35
38 198 Miscellaneous chemical
products.1.2 5.5 0-14 2.1 16.1 0-50
39 361 Plastics and articles thereof. 3.8 7.2 0-12 3.1 34.1 28-36
40 209 Rubber and articles thereof. 1.2 2.5 0-7 2.0 20.4 4-40
41 114 Raw hides and skins (other than
furskins) and leather.2.1 1.7 0-7 2.3 24.3 3-36
42 74Articles of leather;
saddlery/harness; travel goods
etc.0.1 14.3 2-20 6.2 17.5 15-22
43 54Furskins and artificial fur;
manufactures thereof.0.1 1.9 0-4 1.5 45.0 45-45
44 345 Wood and articles of wood;
wood charcoal.0.6 2.1 0-10 2.9 23.3 3-38
45 16Cork and articles of cork. 0.0 3.9 0-5 2.3 8.1 8-8
46 19Manufactures of straw,
esparto/other plaiting mat; etc.0.0 3.2 0-5 1.3 31.0 24-33
47 39Pulp of wood/of other fibrous
cellulosic mat; waste etc.0.3 0.0 0-0 0.0 9.3 9-15
48 314 Paper & paperboard; art of
paper pulp, paper/paperboard.1.7 5.1 0-22 1.9 28.1 6-34
49 87Printed books, newspapers,
pictures & other product etc.0.2 1.0 0-5 1.6 1.6 0-27
50 56Silk. 0.0 4.7 0-8 2.8 18.2 18-20
51 238 Wool, fine/coarse animal hair,
horsehair yarn & fabric.0.6 4.2 0-13 5.2 12.7 2-24
52 981 Cotton. 1.6 8.1 0-9 2.2 7.7 6-13
53 83Other vegetable textile fibres;
paper yarn & woven fabric.0.2 5.1 0-12 4.6 15.5 2-32
54 337 Man-made filaments. 1.3 8.3 0-10 2.0 33.4 5-41
55 279 Man-made staple fibres. 1.5 8.9 6-10 1.4 21.5 18-25
56 122 Wadding, felt & nonwoven;
yarns; twine, cordage, etc.0.2 7.6 3-12 2.7 28.3 10-47
57 85Carpets and other textile floor
coverings.0.1 8.4 4-12 1.8 59.7 50-66
58 137 Special woven fab; tufted tex
fab; lace; tapestries etc.0.2 9.4 5-12 2.4 38.9 18-80
59 93Impregnated, coated,
cover/laminated textile fabric
etc.0.2 7.1 4-12 2.3 16.1 5-92
60 64Knitted or crocheted fabrics. 0.2 10.3 7-10 0.7 (not bound)
61 451 Art of apparel & clothing
access, knitted or crocheted.0.1 12.7 8-13 1.1 25.0 20-30
62 543 Art of apparel & clothing
access, not knitted/crocheted.0.2 12.6 6-13 1.7 52.0 16-70
63 198 Other made up textile articles;
sets; worn clothing etc.0.1 10.5 0-13 3.2 25.0 25-25
64 159 Footwear, gaiters and the like;
parts of such articles.0.2 21.9 18-29 3.1 (not bound)
65 27Headgear and parts thereof. 0.0 3.2 0-7 1.4 33.0 23-47
66 11Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-
sticks, whips, etc.0.0 7.3 3-31 7.9 14.4 14-15
Table AIII.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 166
Simple MFN 1998
(second half)a              Bound rates
               (by year 2005)
HS
(2-digit)No. of
linesDescription 1996 imports
(share of total)Simple
average RangeStandard
deviationSimple
average Range
67 17Prepr feathers & down; arti
flower; articles human hair.0.0 3.7 2-5 1.3 (not bound)
68 117 Art of stone, plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica/sim mat.0.2 1.8 0-5 1.2 23.6 12-38
69 137 Ceramic products. 0.4 6.8 1-32 8.1 21.5 4-34
70 222 Glass and glassware. 0.4 4.9 0-11 2.5 23.2 0-50
71 108 Natural/cultured pearls, prec
stones & metals, coin etc.0.6 1.2 0-5 1.7 9.1 6-39
72 765 Iron and steel. 6.3 6.5 0-18 4.7 26.6 0-30
73 370 Articles of iron or steel. 1.4 4.3 0-15 2.5 14.6 4-20
74 134 Copper and articles thereof. 0.8 3.9 0-6 1.9 8.6 9-9
75 35Nickel and articles thereof. 0.1 1.3 0-4 1.3 (not bound)
76 111 Aluminium and articles thereof. 0.9 6.8 0-10 2.0 15.7 14-18
78 16Lead and articles thereof. 0.1 3.5 0-6 2.3 (not bound)
79 25Zinc and articles thereof. 0.1 3.7 0-6 1.7 11.6 10-14
80 23Tin and articles thereof. 0.0 0.6 0-1 0.3 7.3 7-7
81 135 Other base metals; cermets;
articles thereof.0.0 3.1 0-9 2.6 4.8 3-7
82 181 Tool, implement, cutlery, spoon
& fork, of base met etc.0.3 3.6 2-10 1.9 10.3 5-32
83 80Miscellaneous articles of base
metal.0.4 2.5 0-4 1.4 (not bound)
84 1608 Nuclear reactors, boilers, mchy
& mech appliance; parts.19.3 2.2 0-10 1.4 12.0 0-42
85 1234 Electrical mchy equip parts
thereof; sound recorder etc.6.8 3.2 0-14 2.9 12.7 0-50
86 64Railw/tramw locom, rolling-
stock & parts thereof; etc.0.4 2.5 1-5 0.7 5.2 4-14
87 331 Vehicles o/t railw/tramw roll-
stock, pts & accessories.6.3 8.8 0-28 7.3 19.2 5-40
88 66Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts
thereof.2.2 1.6 0-9 2.1 3.4 3-5
89 66Ships, boats and floating
structures.1.1 0.8 0-3 1.1 40.0 40-40
90 618 Optical, photo, cine, meas,
checking, precision, etc.2.3 2.4 0-7 1.7 10.3 0-32
91 83Clocks and watches and parts
thereof.0.2 8.3 0-44 9.9 25.6 22-31
92 52Musical instruments; parts and
access of such articles.0.0 3.7 2-5 0.5 13.8 14-14
93 34Arms and ammunition; parts
and accessories thereof.0.3 3.0 0-4 0.9 (not bound)
94 184 Furniture; bedding, mattress,
matt support, cushion etc.0.4 5.9 0-18 5.5 44.9 23-62
95 81Toys, games & sports
requisites; parts & access
thereof.0.2 4.0 0-6 1.2 31.6 6-34
96 124 Miscellaneous manufactured
articles.0.3 3.7 0-9 1.8 26.7 14-40
97 13Works of art, collectors pieces
and antiques.0.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 (not bound)
a MFN rate includes the Mass Housing Fund surcharge.
Note: Tariff averages considering tariff lines with ad valorem rates.  When comparing MFN rates with bound rates, it should be noted
that not all tariff lines are bound.
Source: WTO Secretariat.Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 167
Table AIII.2
Imports restricted to government agencies and pre-approved organizations, 1992-96
(U.S. dollar and per cent)
Product 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Common wheata0 1,745,647 0 .. n.a.
Barely, not seeda1,534,707 3,088,599 2,422,791 .. n.a.
Beer 0 11,098 1,457 2,291 38,409
Sparkling winea625,048 388,547 562,073 .. n.a.
Wine of fresh grapes 0 54,387 0 0 176,032
Vermouth & other wine of fresh grape 62,594 119,020 114,051 79,362 87,523
   containers < 2 liters
Undenatured ethyl alcohol 1,184,319 1,466,454 11,394 1,012,660 24,303,078
Ethyl alcohol & other spirits 0 17,378 0 15,418 1,258,125
Spirits obtained by distilling grape 119,929 6,189 29,164 571,337 740,544
   wine or grape mark
Whiskiesa8,250,792 5,833,878 7,358,309 .. n.a.
Rum and taffia 168,256 337,503 363,208 540,449 830,125
Gin and genvea 341,185 348,293 546,075 798,560 520,468
Other compound alcohol preparations 1,034,020 904,197 2,892,367 2,371,258 2,788,927
Potassium iodide 295,098 492,650 195,208 514,127 213,229
Quinine and its salt 228,215 160,152 216,416 258,205 253,651
   Total 13,844,163 14,973,992 14,712,513 .. 31,210,117
Memo:
Share of total merchandise imports
(%)0.06 0.05 0.07 .. 0.07
.. Not available.
n.a. Not applicable.
a Currently, these products are not restricted to government agencies.
Source: WTO Secretariat based on information provided by the Government;  and WTO document G/STR/N/1/TUR, 20 July 1995.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 168
Table AIII.3
Anti-dumping and countervailing actions against Turkish exporters, February 1998
Product concerned HS no. Investigating
countryPresent status
 1. All stock deformed steel concrete
reinforcing bars sold in straight lengthsand coils (rebar)7213.10.00
7214.20.00Unites States AD between 9.84% and 41.80% since
17 April 1998
 2. Certain welded carbon steel pipes and
tubes and welded carbon steel line pipes7306.30.10
7306.30.50United States AD up to 3.97% since 25 November 1997.
CVD between 3.10% and 7.26% since
10 April 1998
 3. Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy
steel, not further worked than forged,
hot-rolled, hot-drawn, or hot-extruded,but including those twisted after rolling,
containing indentations, ribs, grooves or
other deformations produced during therolling process of twisted after rolling7214.20  Singapore AD between US$18.40 per tonne and
US$22.70 per  tonne since 23 January 1998
 4. Other bars and rods of iron or non-alloy
steel, nor further worked than forged,
hot-rolled, hot-drawn, or hot extruded,
but including those twisted after rolling;
other containing by weight 0.25% or
more but less than 0.6% of carbon7214.40 Singapore AD between US$18.40 per tonne and
US$22.70 per  tonne since 23 January 1998
 5. Wire rods 7213.10
7213.917213.31Indonesia AD between 10 and 14% since
18 November 1997
 6. Glass fibres 7019.39
7019.90Israel Preliminary result of AD is US$450 per tonne
since 23 January 1995
 7. Sanitary pads 4818.40.12
4818.40.19South Africa No injury by 10 May 1996
 8. Acetyl salicylic acid 2918.22.10 United States Preliminary result of AD Administrative
Review is 0% since 30 April 1998
 9. Polyester fibre fabrics (POY-PTY) 5503.20.00 EU AD of 6.8% (POY) and 15.2% (PTY) since
14 June 1996
 10. Unbleached grey cotton fabrics 5208.11-19
(excluded
5208.11.10)
5209.11-19EU AD of 14.2% since 9 April 1998
11. Pasta (containing eggs) 1902.11.00 United States The following AD and CVD since
17 July 1996:-  Turkish brand Filiz   AD of 63.29% and CVD
of 3.87%
-  Turkish brand Maktas  AD of 48.26% andCVD of 12.61%
-  Turkish brand Oba  AD of 0% and CVD of
15.82%-  Other  AD of 51.49% and CVD of 9.38%
AD: Anti-dumping dutyCVD: Countervailing duty.
Source: Government of Turkey.Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 169
Table AIV.1
Turkey's MFN tariff by ISIC category, 1993 and 1998
(Number and per cent)
ISIC No. of
tariff lines1993 1998 (second half)
Code Description (1998) Simple average Range Simple average Range
Total 19,506 26.7 0-133 12.7 0-365
1 Agriculture, hunting, forestry & fishing 1,226 28.4 0-65 28.1 0-145
111 Agricultural and livestock production 905 26.3 0-59 30.5 0-145
12 Forestry and logging 161 21.8 0-31 0.2 0-4
121 Forestry 62 25.8 0-31 0.4 0-4
122 Logging 99 19.1 3-20 0.1 0-1
13 Fishing 160 45.7 3-65 42.9 0-65
1301 Ocean and coastal fishing 137 45.9 24-65 42.7 0-65
1302 Fishing, n.e.s. 23 44.7 3-55 44.3 0-55
2 Mining & quarrying 288 21.4 0-41 0.2 0-10
21 Coal mining 6 3.0 3-3 0.0 0-0
22 Crude petroleum and natural gas
production11 26.1 0-41 1.0 0-10
23 Metal ore mining 63 4.0 2-12 0.2 0-2
2301 Iron ore mining 5 3.0 3-3 1.0 1-1
2302 Non-ferrous ore mining 58 4.1 2-12 0.1 0-2
29 Other mining 208 27.0 0-37 0.1 0-2
2901 Stone quarrying, clay and sand pits 104 29.6 0-37 0.1 0-2
2902 Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining 39 22.9 0-37 0.2 0-2
2903 Salt mining 10 29.7 18-31 1.0 0-2
2909 Mining and quarrying, n.e.s. 55 24.9 3-37 0.0 0-1
3 Manufacturing 17,991 26.7 0-133 11.8 0-365
31 Manuf. of food, beverages and tobacco 2,350 38.1 0-117 53.7 0-365
311 Food products 1,938 36.7 0-86 57.8 0-240
3111 Slaughtering, preparing, preserving meat 408 31.9 0-60 99.6 0-240
3112 Manufacture of dairy products 196 35.6 22-49 76 10-140
3113 Canning, preserving fruit and vegetables 526 34.6 3-75 49.7 0-145
3114 Canning, preserving fish, crustacea, etc. 373 46.8 7-86 51.5 0-86
3115 Manuf. of vegetable and animal oils and
fats221 31.2 14-75 21.1 0-55
3116 Grain mill products 99 45.7 27-60 30.3 10-69
3117 Manufacture of bakery products 43 30.9 27-37 21.4 10-44
3118 Sugar factories and refineries 15 24.8 20-35 91.6 0-144
3119 Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and
sugar
confectionery 57 36.2 12-49 19.7 9-68
312 Other food products and animal feeds 220 35.4 0-71 21.9 0-145
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 170
ISIC No. of
tariff lines1993 1998 (second half)
Code Description (1998) Simple average Range Simple average Range
3121 Food products, n.e.s. 172 37.1 22-71 25.9 0-145
3122 Manufacture of prepared animal feeds 48 24.2 0-35 7.3 0-20
313 Beverages 178 65.6 3-115 47.8 0-365
3131 Distilling, rectifying, blending spirits 40 65.7 3-90 23.1 1-365
3132 Wine industries 112 66.0 35-70 63.7 4-70
3133 Malt liquors and malt 12 43.7 37-74 23.3 12-27
3134 Soft drinks, carbonated water industries 14 81.6 37-115 12.6 0-48
314 Tobacco manufacturing 14 83.8 43-117 64.2 20-89
32 Textile, wearing apparel & leather
industry3,922 31.8 0-49 9.7 0-29
321 Textiles 3,046 30.3 0-42 8.8 0-13
3211 Spinning, weaving, finalizing textiles 2,019 28.7 0-42 7.9 0-13
3212 Manuf. of textile goods excl. weaving
apparel232 33.6 6-37 10.2 2-13
3213 Knitting mills 515 34.9 8-37 12.4 7-13
3214 Manufacture of carpets and rugs 85 31.2 31-31 8.4 4-12
3215 Cordage, rope and twine industries 56 29.7 17-36 10.2 6-12
3219 Manufacture of textiles n.e.s. 139 23.9 5-37 6.4 3-12
322 Manufacture of wearing apparel 581 35.3 26-42 12.0 0-13
323 Leather products 160 35.0 0-49 8.0 0-20
3231 Tanneries and leather finishing 58 15.2 0-31 3.4 0-7
3232 Fur dressing and dyeing industries 40 40.2 27-49 2.5 0-4
3233 Manufacture of leather excl. footwear 62 41.6 32-42 15.7 2-20
324 Manufacture of footwear 135 41.1 20-42 22.5 18-29
33 Wood and wood products, incl. furniture 313 35.3 3-52 4.0 0-18
331 Wood and wood products, excl.
furniture264 35.0 3-52 2.8 0-10
3311 Sawmills and woodmills 192 30.4 3-47 2.9 0-10
3312 Wooden and cane containers, etc. 24 40.0 37-52 3.4 0-5
3319 Wood and cork products 48 44.1 15-52 2.1 0-5
332 Manuf. of furniture & fixtures except of
metal49 36.7 23-40 10.6 0-18
34 Paper, paper products, printing and
publishing442 21.9 0-49 3.9 0-22
341 Paper products 339 23.8 0-36 4.5 0-22
3411 Manufacture of pulp, paper, paperboard 247 22.2 0-36 4.1 0-8
3412 Manuf. of containers & boxes of paper
& board15 28.9 28-29 7.5 5-22
3419 Manuf. of pulp, paper, paperboard, n.e.s. 77 27.3 12-31 5.4 0-8
342 Printing, publishing & allied industries 103 15.2 0-49 1.9 0-9
35 Chemicals, petroleum, coal, rubber,
plastics3,931 23.9 0-133 4.8 0-23
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 171
ISIC No. of
tariff lines1993 1998 (second half)
Code Description (1998) Simple average Range Simple average Range
351 Industrial chemicals 2,479 23.8 0-133 5.7 0-21
3511 Manuf. of basic indus. chemicals excl.
fertilizer2,024 22.2 0-37 5.6 0-21
3512 Manufacture of fertilizer & pesticides 88 15 0-31 5.0 0-9
3513 Manuf. of resins, plastics & man-made
fibre367 30.9 0-133 6.6 0-12
352 Other chemicals, incl. pharmaceuticals 1,079 21.6 0-55 3.1 0-23
3521 Manufacture of paints, varnishes,
lacquers54 32.1 10-36 6.1 0-7
3522 Manufacture of drugs and medicines 579 13.7 2-33 1.7 0-13
3523 Manuf. of soap, cleaning agents,
perfums, etc.72 39.2 7-55 3.3 0-7
3529 Manufacture of chemical products, n.e.s. 374 27.6 0-55 4.9 0-23
353 Petroleum refineries 103 33.2 0-60 2.0 0-7
354 Manuf. of miscell. petroleum & coal
products27 21.5 0-37 0.3 0-7
355 Rubber products 192 30.7 0-42 4.5 0-18
3551 Tyre and tube industries 52 27.8 0-42 3.9 0-5
3559 Manufacture of rubber products, n.e.s. 140 31.7 0-42 4.7 0-18
356 Manfuacture of plastic products, n.e.s. 51 40.9 23-42 6.5 0-7
36 Non-metallic mineral products except of
petrol and coal 535 31.2 3-49 4.6 0-32
361 Pottery and china 49 32.4 27-47 12.1 3-32
362 Manufacture of glass and glass products 226 28.9 5-49 4.8 0-11
369 Other non-metallic mineral products 260 33.0 3-49 3.0 0-8
3691 Manufacture of structural clay products 109 31.2 3-41 4.1 1-7
3692 Manufacture of cement, lime & plaster 16 23.5 20-37 2.0 2-2
3699 Manuf. of non-metallic mineral
products, n.e.s.135 35.3 3-49 2.3 0-8
37 Basic metal industries 1,332 18.0 0-36 5.3 0-17
371 Iron and steel basic industries 874 17.9 0-30 6.3 0-17
372 Non-ferrous metal basic industries 458 18.2 0-36 3.4 0-10
38 Fabricated metal products, mach. &
equipment4,714 22.1 0-106 3.3 0-44
381 Fabricated metal products 553 31.4 3-40 4.0 0-17
3811 Manuf. of cutlery, hand tools, general
hardware154 30.2 3-37 3.7 0-10
3812 Manufacture of metal furniture and
fixture33 32.9 30-40 6.5 0-17
3813 Manufacture of structural metal
products67 29.6 20-40 3.4 3-7
3819 Manufacture of fabricated metal
products, n.e.s.299 32.4 4-40 4.1 0-15
382 Non-electrical machinery incl.
computers1,593 18.1 0-70 2.3 0-23
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 172
ISIC No. of
tariff lines1993 1998 (second half)
Code Description (1998) Simple average Range Simple average Range
3821 Manufacture of engines and turbines 55 15.9 2-27 4.7 0-6
3822 Manuf. of agricultural machinery and
equipment40 21.8 7-47 5.4 1-23
3823 Manuf. of metal & wood working
machinery325 16.2 8-33 2.7 0-5
3824 Manuf. of special industrial mach. &
equipment404 11.6 4-28 1.8 0-7
3825 Manuf. of office, computing, accounting
mach.120 13.6 4-50 1.1 0-4
3829 Machinery & equip. exl. electrical, n.e.s. 649 23.8 0-70 2.2 0-10
383 Electrical machinery 1,240 23.9 3-41 3.2 0-14
3831 Manuf. of electrical indus. machi. &
apparatus271 21.3 5-32 2.6 0-6
3832 Manuf. of radio, T.V. &
communications equip.582 21.6 3-41 3.4 0-14
3833 Manuf. of electrical appliances &
housewares62 30.8 5-35 3.2 0-12
3839 Manuf. of electrical apparatus &
supplies, n.e.s.325 28.2 5-39 3.4 0-6
384 Transport equipment 602 26.6 0-106 5.5 0-28
3841 Shipbuilding & repairing 89 31.2 0-50 1.3 0-7
3842 Manufacture of railroad equipment 64 4.9 4-9 2.5 1-5
3843 Manufacture of motor vehicles 324 35.3 4-106 7.9 0-28
3844 Manufacture of motorcycles and
bicycles35 30.5 25-40 9.1 2-23
3845 Manufacture of aircraft 80 3.8 0-11 1.4 0-9
3849 Manufacture of transport equipment,
n.e.s.10 20.1 4-35 2.1 1-3
385 Professional and scientific equipment 726 16.4 2-42 3.1 0-44
3851 Professional scientific & measuring
equip., n.e.s.507 12.7 2-42 2.0 0-7
3852 Manufacture of photographic & optical
goods136 25.0 3-40 3.8 0-7
3853 Manufacture of watches and clocks 83 22.5 6-30 8.3 0-44
39 Other manufacturing industries 452 29.6 0-52 3.9 0-49
3901 Manufacture of jewellery and related
articles36 20.0 0-41 1.6 0-5
3902 Manufacture of musical instruments 52 21.5 13-25 3.7 2-5
3903 Manufacture of sporting and athletic
goods40 16.2 10-42 5.4 0-25
3909 Manufacturing industries, n.e.s. 324 33.7 0-52 4.0 0-49
Note: Tariff averages (including Mass Housing Fund levy) include ad valorem equivalents of specific, alternate and formula duties as
available.
Source: WTO Secretariat.Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 173
Table AIV.2
Selected agricultural support prices, 1992-97(Turkish lira per kg. and percentage change)
(Turkish lira/kg.) (Percentage change)
1997 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Cereals
   Whea t 33,000 55.8 58.3 89.5 94.4 157.1 83.3
   Barley 24,750 70.0 61.8 63.6 94.4 174.3 71.9
   Maize 29,700 67.7 53.5 64.6 118.8 171.4 73.7
   Rye 24,750 55.2 58.3 76.8 94.4 175.5 83.3
   Oats 24,750 55.2 58.3 76.8 94.4 175.5 83.3
Industrial crops
  Sugar beets 11,000 63.4 51.5 100.0 150.0 76.0 150.0
  Tobacco 900,000 31.1 54.4 100.0 76.1 100.0 ..
Memo:
  Wholesale price index inflation 62.1 58.4 106.3 93.6 80.4 85.7
.. Not available.
Source: Government of Turkey.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 174
Table AIV.3
Turkey's utilization rates of export quotas under the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, 1994-97
Description of
product under quotaUnit
value1994 1995 1996 1997
Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)
United States:
Cotton and man-made fibre duckfabric (219)m
230,211 51 32,314 8 38,365 18 41,035 38
Cotton sheeting (313) m236,925 16 39,494 7 46,890 0 50,154 1
Cotton poplin & broadcloth (314) m221,483 0 22,979 0 27,282 0 29,180 0
Cotton printcloth (315) m228,868 5 30,878 8 36.660 2 39,211 2
Cotton twills (317) m230,211 32 32,314 1 38,365 1 41,035 15
Cotton sateens (326) m23,357 77 3,590 10 4,263 0 4,559 5
Man-made fibre twills & sateens
(617)m220,141 1 21,542 0 25,576 1 27,357 1
Man-made fibre poplin & broadcloth
(625)m25,440 57 5,819 101 7,033 41 7,855 65
Man-made fibre printcloth (626) m25,440 35 5,819 35 6,908 17 7,389 21
Man-made fibre sheeting (627) m25,440 5 5,819 2 6,908 1 7,389 2
Man-made fibre twills & sateens
(628)m25,440 2 5,819 40 6,908 6 7,389 5
Man-made fibre other fabrics (629) m25,440 2 5,819 2 6,908 1 7,389 5
Cotton and man-made fibre yarns put
up for retail sale & sewing thread(200)kg. 1,275 13 1,363 29 1,619 12 1,731 20
Cotton and man-made fibre
carded/combed yarns (300/301)kg. 6,206 68 6,638 12 7,882 20 8,430 25
Cotton W&G coats (335) dz. 268 11 287 13 284 15 304 16
Cotton and man-made fibre dresses
(336/636)dz. 631 7 675 25 802 22 857  30
Cotton M&B knit shirts/W&G knit
shirts & blouses (338/339)dz. 3,930 94 4,204 103 5,081  82 5,435 89
Cotton and man-made fibre M&B
shirts, not knit (340/640)dz. 1,294 32 1,354 38 1,572 8 1,645 9
Cotton and man-made fibre W&G
shirts & blouses, not knit (341/641)dz. 1,277 35 1,337 27 1,553 17 1,625 15
Cotton and man-made fibre skirts
(342/642)dz. 703 11 752 17 892 19 954 19
Cotton M&B trousers, slacks &
shorts/W&G trousers, slacks & shorts
(347/348)dz. 3,823 56 4,089 49 5,161 31 5,520 42
Cotton dressing gowns, etc. (350) dz. 399 128 426 131  535 88 600 84
Cotton and man-made fibre nightwear
& pyjamas (351/651)dz. 637 118 682 115 783 98 837 99
Cotton man-made fibre underwear
(352/652)dz. .. .. 1,682 69 2,589 26 2,744 59
Cotton sheets (361) nos. 1,340 95 1,433 71 1,809 61 1,935 87
Cotton manufactures, not specified
(369-S)kg. 1,385 52 1,482 50 1,870 34 2,000 41
Table AIV.3 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 175
Description of
product under quotaUnit
value1994 1995 1996 1997
Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)Quota
('000)Util.
(%)
Wool woven fabric and woven man-made fibre fabric of 15 to 36% wool
(410/624)m
21,051 38 1,063 70 1,269 53 1,284 59
Wool W&G trousers, slacks, shorts
(448)d z . 3 62 33 62 64 11 44 14 9
Man-made fibre yarns of 85% or more
by weight synthetic staple fibre (604)kg. 1,599 27 1,710 2 2,030 0 2,172 15
Man-made fibre woven fabric of  85%
or more by weight artificial staple
(611)m220,000 79 42,784 87 53,999 64 57,757 36
Canada:
Trousers, shorts & overalls nos. 1,705 8 1,824 11 1,951 9 2,068 7
Trousers nos. 527 16 564 15 603 11 640 14
Underwear nos. 5,096 79 4,911 55 5,253 37 5,568 36
Bed sheets nos. 4,294 0 4,593 0 4,913 0 5,208 0
Pillow cases nos. 4,032 0 4,312 0 4,612 0 4,889 1
.. Not applicable.
Note: B = boys; dz. = dozen; G = girls; kg. = kilogram; M = men; m2 = square metres;  nos = numbers; util. = utilization; W = women.
Numbers within parenthesis indicate category group according to classification used in the WTO Agreement on Textiles andClothing.
Source: WTO Secretariat based on information provided by the Government of Turkey.WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 176
Table AIV.4
Summary of Turkey's specific commitments in services(Explanation of symbols at end of table)
Modes of supply
Sector or subsector Cross-border
supplyConsumption
abroadCommercial
presencePresence of
natural persons
Market Access/National Treatment
1.  BUSINESS SERVICES
A.  Professionals services
Legal services (advisory services on foreign andinternational law only)NL/NL NL/NL NL/OP NL/NL
Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services U/U NL/NL OP/OP U/OP
Engineering and architectural services NLsp/NL NLsp/NL NLsp/NL NLsp/NL
B.  Computer and related services
Consultancy services related to the installation of computer
hardwareNLsp/NL NL/NL NLsp/NL NLsp/NL
Software implementation services NLsp/NL NL/NL NLsp/NL NLsp/NL
Data processing services NLsp/NL NL/NL NLsp/NL NLsp/NL
F.  Other business services
Advertising services NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Market research services NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Management consulting NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Packaging services NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Services incidental to hunting OP/NL NL/OP OP/NL NL/NL
Services incidental to mining OP/OP NL/NL NLsp/NL NL/NL
2.  COMMUNICATION SERVICES
A.  Postal services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP U/U
B.  Courier services NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
C.  Telecommunication services
Voice telephone services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Packet-switched data transmission services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Circuit-switched data transmission services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Telegraph services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Facsimile services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Private leased circuit services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Telegraph services OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
Electronic mail OP/OP NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Voice mail OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP U/U
On-line information and data-base retrieval OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP U/U
Electronic data interchange OP/NL NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Enhanced/value-added facsimile services, incl. store and
forward, store and retrieveOP/NL NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Code and protocol OP/NL NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
On-line information and/or data processing OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP U/U
Mobile analog/digital cellular; paging; cable TV OP/OP NL/NL OP/OP Uex/Uex
3.  CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING
SERVICESNLsp/OP NL/NL OP/NL NLsp/NL
5.  EDUCATION SERVICES
A., B., E. Primary, secondary and other educational
servicesOP/NL NL/NL OP/OP OP/NL
Table AIV.4 (cont'd)Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 177
Modes of supply
Sector or subsector Cross-border
supplyConsumption
abroadCommercial
presencePresence of
natural persons
Market Access/National Treatment
C.  Higher education services NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
6.  ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
A.  Sewage services U/U NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
B.  Refuse disposal services U/U NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
C.  Sanitation and similar services U/U NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
7.  FINANCIAL SERVICES
A.  Insurance and insurance related services
Direct insurance: non-life OP/NL OP/NL NL/OP NL/NL
Direct insurance: life NL/NL NL/NL NL/OP NL/NL
Reinsurance and retrocession OP/NL OP/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Insurance intermediation OP/NL OP/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Services auxiliary to insurance NLsp/OP NLsp/OP NL/NL NLsp/OP
B.  Banking and other financial services
Acceptance of deposits NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Lending of all types: consumer credit NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Lending of all types: factoring NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
 Lending of all types: mortage credit and financing ofcommercial transactionsNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Financial leasing OP/OP OP/OP OP/NL NL/NL
All payment and money transmission services NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Guarantees and commitments NLsp/NL NLsp/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer:
money market instruments.NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer:
foreign exchangeNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer:
derivitative productsNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer:
exchange rate and interest rate instrumentsNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer:
transferable securitiesNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Trading for own account or for account of customer: other
negotiable instruments including bullionNL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Underwriting and placement NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Money broking OP/OP OP/OP OP/OP OP/OP
Asset management portfolio management NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Collective investment management NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Pension fund managment OP/OP OP/OP OP/OP OP/OP
Custodial, depository and trust services NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Settlement and clearing services NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Provision and transfer of financial information NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Advisory, intermediation and other auxiliary services NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
8.  HEALTH RELATED AND SOCIAL SERVICES
A.  Hospital services Utf/NL NL/NL OP/NL U/U
9.  TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES
Table AIV.4 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/44 Trade Policy Review
Page 178
Modes of supply
Sector or subsector Cross-border
supplyConsumption
abroadCommercial
presencePresence of
natural persons
Market Access/National Treatment
A.  Hotels and restaurants Utf/NL NLsp/NL NL/NL OP/NL
B.  Travel agencies and tour operators services OP/OP NL/NL NL/OP NL/NL
11.  TRANSPORT SERVICES
A.  Maritime transport services
Passenger transportation OP/OP NL/NL OP/NL OP/OP
Freight transportation OP/OP NL/NL OP/NL OP/NL
Rental of vessels with crew NL/OP NL/OP NL/NL NL/NL
Maintenance of repair of vessels NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
C.  Air transport services
Selling of air transport services OP/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Computer reservation systems NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL NL/NL
Maintenance and repair of aircraft NL/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
E.  Rail transport services OP/NL NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
F.  Road transport services
Passenger transportation U/U NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Freight transportation U/U NL/NL OP/NL NL/NL
Note: The table does not include offers made by Turkey under the 1997 Financial Services Agreement.
NL: No limitations, i.e. Turkey agreed to place no constraints on the item in question.
NLsp No limitations, but special provisions applied.U Unbound, i.e Turkey made no engagements with respect to the item in question.Uex Unbound, except as provided by Turkey's horizontal commitments.Utf Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility.OP Other provisions apply.
Source: WTO documents GATS/SC/88, 15 April 1994, GATS/SC/88/Suppl.1, 28 July 1995, and GATS/SC/88/Suppl.2,
11 April 1997.Turkey WT/TPR/S/44
Page 179
Table AIV.5
Summary of Article II (MFN) exemptions listed by Turkey
This summary of Turkey's Article II (most-favoured-nation) exemptions does not contain the same level of details as the Schedul e and is
not a substitute for it.  All measures are intended to have an indefinite duration.
I.  All sectors
Turkey extends full national treatment to investments made by 44 countriesa ; executes the transfers of Belgium-Luxembourg and Kuwait
investments in Turkey; grants foreign exchange risk guarantees for 44 countriesa  defaulting as a result of balance-of-payments difficulties;
covers "trade risks" in Japan; and extends the MFN Articles to five countries (Bangladesh, Germany, Japan, Korea and Poland) re lating to
the privileges which are accorded to the investors of the third countries resulting from its membership in or associated with a  free-trade
zone, an economic cooperation, a customs union, or a common market.
Libya is granted a waiver (but it is not applied) on the restriction to transfer premiums for long-term insurance schemes and e mployment of
Libyan workers by Libyan companies.
On the basis of reciprocity, foreigners may own real estate in Turkey by acquisition or by inheritance.
If the amount of consulate duties collected from Turkey is higher than the amount written in the tariff lists, similar duties c ollected from
that country will be increased reciprocally.
II.  Sector-specific commitments (by major service area)b
1.  BUSINESS SERVICES
A.  Professional services If any country restricts Turkish citizens for performing arts and supplying services, similar activities of that
country could be prohibited in Turkey.
Accounting, auditing and
book-keeping servicesUnder reciprocal conditions, countries which have codified the principles for the profession of financial
advisory services may be authorized to perform the service in Turkey.
2.  COMMUNICATION SERVICES
A. Postal services On the basis of reciprocity, Turkey may reduce the price of mail to Iraq, Greece, Iran and Pakistan.
C. Telecommunications
servicesOn the basis of reciprocity, Turkey may reduce fees for Iran and Syria for the transit of land connections andthe usage of satellite ground stations.
Turkey may apply different accounting rates for different operators/countries covered by InternationalTelecommunication Services Agreements between the Government of Turkey or TelecommunicationsCompany and other Governments or various foreign operators.
7.  FINANCIAL SERVICES
B. Banking If Turkish national banks wishing to open branches abroad are faced with stricter conditions than those in the
Turkish Banks Act, foreign banks will be faced with the same strict conditions.
11.  TRANSPORT SERVICES
On the basis of reciprocity, Turkey may lower income and corporate tax rates for foreign road, maritime and
air transport companies.  Transit and bilateral services can also be exempted from VAT.
Turkey may, on the basis of reciprocity, apply restrictions, prohibitions, different treatment and different
tariffs to the goods and transportation vehicles of the countries which apply the aforementioned measures to
theTurkish road, air and maritime transportation vehicles.
F. Road transport services In accordance with the Road Transport Agreement, 35 member countriesc grant, on the basis of reciprocity,
privileges concerning quotas and fees.
E. Rail transport services Turkey may bilaterally reduce the rental fees for railway wagons for Syria, Iran, Iraq and Lebanon, and thetransportation tariff rates for goods for members of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the BalticRepublics.
a Countries are:  Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uzbekistan.
b Sectors numbered according to the WTO Secretariat classification.
c Members are: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, theNetherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and
former Yugoslavia.
Source: WTO documents GATS EL/88, 15 April 1994; GATS/EL88/Suppl.1, 28 July 1995; and GATS/EL/88/Suppl.2, 11 April 1997.
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