WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/MIN(99)/14
1 December 1999
(99-5256)
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
Third Session
Seattle, 30 November - 3 December 1999Original:  English
G-15 SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBALIZATION AND ITS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Cairo, 22-23 November 1999
The attached report on the above-mentioned Symposium is being circulated at the request of
the Government of Egypt.
_______________
1. The G-15 Symposium on "Globalization and its Economic and Social Impacts … a South
Perspective" was held in Cairo on 22 and 23 November 1999, and organized by the Ministry ofForeign Affairs of Egypt in cooperation with the Centre of Developing Countries Studies at Cairo
University.  The Symposium was chaired by H.E. Ambassador Dr. Mounir Zahran, Personal
Representative of Egypt.
2. Participants/scholars from Algeria, Argentina,  Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kenya,
Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela and Zimbabwe attended the
Symposium and exchanged views on the various aspects related to the world economic and socialsituation and reviewed the evolving process of globalization and its implications on developing
countries.  A contribution was sent by the Secretar y-General of UNCTAD.  The acting Director of the
ILO Regional Office in Cairo was invited and addressed the meeting.  (The list of participants is
contained in Annex I).
3. It was recalled that the VII Summit of the Group of Fifteen held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
in November 1997, the VIII Summit held in Cairo, Egypt, in May 1998 and the IX Summit held in
Montego Bay, Jamaica, in February 1999 considered the processes of globalization and liberalization
and their impact on the pattern of development and rapid economic growth.  The meeting also recalled
the "Comprehensive Employment Strategy" submitted by G-15 to the ILO in order to broaden andintensify its efforts in cooperating with those countries to design economic policies for the return to
stable growth conducive to social development.
4. Discussions focused on the following  issues related to Globalization for which documents
and papers were circulated:
- The World Economic and Social Environment and the Process of Globalization and
Liberalization:  Opportunities and Challenges;
- Globalization, Transnational Corporations and Development;
- Globalization, Capital Markets and Development;
- Globalization, Trade of Developi ng Countries and Development;
- Social Impact of Globalization;WT/MIN(99)/14
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- Measures advised for Adoption by the Developing Countries to address Economic and Social
Marginalization, to maximize the benefits that they could draw from Globalization and
Liberalization and to avert their Negative Repercussions.
I. THE WORLD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Discussions highlighted the following elements:
5. The present economic and social environment has distinctive features as compared to the past.
Shrinking space, shrinking time and disappearing borders are linking people's lives more deeply, more
intensely, more immediately than ever before.  More than US$1.5 trillion is now exchanged in the
world's currency markets each day, and nearly one-fifth of the food and services produced each year
are internationally traded.  Globalization is much more than the flow of goods, services and capital.
6. The problem of unemployment is more acute in the countries of the South combined with
problems of under-employment.  More than one billion people remain unemployed in these countries.
At a time of dwindling government revenues as a result of austerity measures and requirements of
stabilization policies, the demand for social safety nets increased due to creeping unemployment,massive poverty and income fluctuation.
7. It was recognized that globalization and interdependence have opened new opportunities,
through trade and capital flows, for the growth of the world economy.  However, concern was
expressed over the exclusion of a large number of developing countries from the globalizationprocess, including finance, technology and trade sectors, and the increasing vulnerability of those
developing countries that are integrating into the world economy and the accentuation of economic
asymmetries within and among countries.  Measures should be sought to address these challenges to
ensure sustained development with less poverty a nd marginalization and more equity and democracy
in the international relations and closer cooperation and solidarity among developing countries toascertain the realization of higher standards of living for our peoples.
8. Just as the 19
th century mechanisms of national government were inadequate for the
challenges posed by the post-war era, today's institutions of international governance should be
adapted to face the challenges of the post-cold war era and the transition to the 21st century.  Many of
the basic elements of accountability are needed in a more robust structure of global governance.  An
essential aspect of global governance is responsibility to peoples – to equity and social justice.
II. GLOBALIZATION, CAPITAL MARKETS AND DEVELOPMENT
9. The recent financial crisis in Asia has exposed weaknesses in the international financial
system.  Concern was voiced on the lack of surveillance and regulation of international currency
trading, as well as the stability of the international financial system, which have a determined impacton global financial and economic environment.  Therefore, participants emphasized the need to
strengthen the global financial architecture, incl uding the necessity to develop an "Early Warning
System" with regard to prevention, management and resolution of financial crisis in a timely and
effective manner, with a view to achieving a more stable, manageable, transparent and
development-oriented international financial system.
10. Participants reviewed the work and conclusions of the G-15 Expert Meeting on "The
Financial Crisis and the Reform of the International Financial Architecture", held in Cairo on
23/24 October 1999, and endorsed the conclusions of the Meeting in this regard.
11. The volume of foreign direct investments (FDIs) is shrinking in favour of portfolio capital.
The first is limited to a smaller number of developing countries and the second could provoke havoc
triggered by the speculation risks provoking sharp fluctuations as countries of East and South-EastWT/MIN(99)/14
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Asia have recently experienced.  Moreover, reliance on foreign direct investments as a major source
of generating growth would not guarantee that developing countries would resolve their major
problems related to deficits in their balances of payments, development financing, debt burden or
provide sufficient employment opportunities to thos e job-seekers among their population.  In fact, the
outflow of profits, interests and royalties of foreign investments might very much grow out of
proportion relative to inflows of such investments.  FDIs should not be considered as a substitute to
Official Development Assistance (ODA).  ODA should be increased to the level of internationally
agreed target, i.e. 0.7 per cent of the GDP of the donor countries.
III. GLOBALIZATION, TRADE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND
DEVELOPMENT
12. Efforts of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) were
welcomed together with the International Trade Cent re (ITC), in addressing the specific concerns of
the developing countries within the globalizing economy, in particular through technology-related
assistance in the fields of trade policy, improvement of trade efficiency and trade in services, in
particular in electronic commerce.  Participants  stressed the complementarity role of UNCTAD in
relation to the WTO, particularly in assisting developing countries in future negotiations in the WTO.
13. An emphasis was put on promoting the integration of developing countries into the world
economy in order to enable them to take the full est possible advantage of the trading opportunities
arising from globalization and liberalization.  The increased integration of developing countries in the
world trading system has posed the problem of adjustment cost.  This is reflected in the tendency ofgrowing protectionism in the developed countries as  exhibited in tariff peaks, tariff escalation and
non-tariff barriers including the misuse and abuse of the various provisions of the WTO such as
anti-dumping, countervailing and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, TBT, subsidies, rules of origin
among others.  Such practices have an unfairly direct impact on developing countries' exports to these
markets.
14. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, at its Tenth Session
(UNCTAD X), to be held in February 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand, should focus on developmental
strategies in an increasingly interdependent world, applying the lessons of the past to render
globalization an effective instrument for the development of all countries and all peoples, and to
redress the imbalances in trade, finance and development as a result of the globalization and
liberalization processes.  To this end, the role of UNCTAD should be strengthened.
15. The real cause for concern for developing countries is that in the name of a development
round, developed countries apart from the built-in agenda are trying to include, in the future
negotiations to be launched at the Third WTO Ministerial Conference in Seattle, issues like
investment, competition policies, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement, labourand environmental standards.  Issues like full and faithful implementation of the Uruguay Round
Agreements and Decisions, including Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) and the Agreement
on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) are being totally sidelined.  WTO provisions have been misused and
abused by developed countries to deny access to their markets of products of export interest to
developing countries through protectionist practices.
IV. GLOBALIZATION, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT
16. Transnational corporations (TNCs) contributed to business practices in a disproportionate
way since they control almost 80 per cent of international trade and a large portion of flows of foreign
investments.  With the recent trend of mergers and acquisition of other enterprises, it was noted thatthey have become economic empires in the new global economy.  It was recognized that this trend is
not well-fit for national and international measures for strengthening micro, small and medium-sizedWT/MIN(99)/14
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enterprises which provide the bulk of the employment in the economies of developing countries and
provide a practical vehicle to develop their informal sectors.
17. The contribution of the transnational corporat ions (TNCs) to development is determined by
their global strategies, which is characterized by their search for increased competitiveness and everhigher profits.  Such considerations fit well with the rules of the market economy.  However, as
regards the development objectives, the final outcome is the marginalization of many developing
countries which do not necessarily fit in the global strategy of TNCs' practices.
18. The projected OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) has been the most
significant attempt at providing a policy framework for the operations of TNCs.  This issue has a
larger dimension of questioning the sovereignty of nations as also the problems that can be faced bydeveloping nations on account of volatile capital flows.  Developing countries should safeguard their
development objectives, priorities and requirements.
V. GLOBALIZATION AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL GAP
19. Concern was expressed over the widening technological gap between the developed and the
developing countries, particularly in the area of information and communication technology which is
shaping the contours of globalization.  They emphasized the technology-led dimension of
globalization and the importance of providing access, including on preferential and concessional
terms, to information and communication technology in order to enable the developing countries
effectively to benefit from globalization by full and effective integration in the emerging globalinformation network.
20. To intensify policies and approaches that serve to narrow the gap between developed and
developing countries in information and communication technologies and enhance technology
transfer, UNCTAD's Code of Conduct for th e Transfer of Technology was recommended.
VI. SOCIAL IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
21. Globalization, unemployment in developing countries increases, particularly with the added
difficulties encountered with the financial crisis.  Unemployment affected the socio-economic fabrics
of the concerned societies.
22. In assisting the affected countries to cope with the negative social consequences of
marginalization on economic stability, employment and poverty, the initiative of the "Comprehensive
Employment Strategy" submitted by G-15 to the ILO was underline in order to broaden and intensify
the latter's efforts in cooperating with the developing countries to design economic policies for the
return to stable growth conducive to social development.  The ILO should also analyze the social and
economic impacts of the financial crisis on the informal sector of the economies of the concernedcountries as well as undertaking further studies on the impact of the crisis of financial markets on the
various programmes for poverty alleviation in the affected countries.
23. The ILO should not only address the social consequences of the financial crisis, but also
formulate a Comprehensive Employment Strategy for the longer term with the objective ofstimulating employment creation in all developing countries since the G-15 believes that creating
more and better jobs must be a priority issue on the international economic agenda in implementation
of the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Copenhagen Summit on Social Development.WT/MIN(99)/14
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VII. MEASURES ADVISED FOR ADOPTION BY THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
RECIPE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The deliberations and discussions led to the following recommended measures and/or actions
at the international, regional and national levels:
24. At the international level:
A Globalization should ensure:
• Development with less poverty and deprivation, and with more raising of the
standards of living;
• equity with less disparity between nations;
• inclusion with less marginalization of developing countries integrating all of them in
the international economy;
• sustainability with less environmental destruction;
• ethics with less violation of human rights;
• democracy at the level of international relations.
B Some of the key institutions of global governance needed for the 21st century include, inter
alia:
• A stronger and more coherent United Nations to provide a forum for global
leadership with equity and human face;
• a global central bank should act properly in crisis situations as a lender of last resort;
• equitable representation and participation of developing countries in the decision,
rule-making and standard-setting in the mu ltilateral institutions including in the
reform of the international financial system;
• the role of regional institutions is of utmost importance as complementary to that of
multilateral agencies;
• a World Trade Organization that ensures not only free but also fair and equitable
international trade, with a strengthened role of UNCTAD to ensure the development
perspective of free trade;
• reinvigorate parameters for the practices of transnational corporations (TNCs) and
transfer of technology;
• international cooperations should be strengthened in order to combat terrorism, drug-
trafficking and money laundering.
C Even before these long-term changes are initiated or achieved, many actions and/or measures
could be taken in the next few years, inter alia :WT/MIN(99)/14
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• Donor countries should accelerate their actions on debt relief and attain the objective
of Official Development Assistance (ODA) of 0.7 per cent of their GDP in favour ofdeveloping countries with a view to the realization of the development priorities;
• full implementation of the Copenhagen World Summit for Social Development
Declaration and Programme of Action, with special emphasis on the needs of the
developing countries with respect to employment, education, vocational and technicaltraining, and mobilization of resources for social development as a whole;
• full implementation of the consensus agreements on development that emerged from
the principal United Nations conferences of the 1990s;
• new sources of financing for the global technology revolution should be investigated,
to ensure that it is truly global and that its potential for poverty eradication is
mobilized;
• developing countries should take collective – especially regional – initiatives to
strengthen their positions in global negotiations in trade, finance, development,intellectual property rights and other areas;
• an independent legal assistance facility and ombudsman should be established to
support the developing countries in the WTO in order to enable them to benefit fromthe Dispute Settlement Mechanism;
• studies on the impact of WTO for individual developing countries providing advice to
them to face any adverse effects due to WTO is the need of the hour.  G-15 with the
assistance of UNCTAD and the South Centre can take the lead in this respect;
• a representative task force should be set up to review global economic governance.  It
should report jointly to the United Na tions General Assembly, ECOSOC, UNCTAD,
the IMF and the World Bank.
D Globalization is a process which, if properly harnessed and managed, the foundations for
enduring equitable growth at the national and international levels can be laid.  Globalization,
and the increasing interdependence that it engenders, necessitates effective governance thatfocus primarily on:  (a) the democratization of international economic decision-making;  (b)
the integrated consideration of trade, finance and developmental issues by the relevant
international institutions;  (c) the reform of th e international financial architecture; and (d) the
end of the marginalization of developing countries in the world economy.
E On the ever of the third millennium, people are unusually expectant of a more fundamental
diagnosis, more ready to receive it, more eager to act on it.  The Millennium Assembly of the
United Nations is a global forum that could provide powerful momentum for moving the
agenda forward.
F There is a need to ensure that the multilatera l trading system develops in such a way that it
preserves and advances developing countries' interests.  The growing negative protectionist
tendencies in the industrial countries manifested in the form on non-tariff barriers, anti-
dumping duties and anti-subsidy investigations need to be checked.  The continuation of
specific duties imposed by many developed countries hide the very high duties for manyitems of export interest to developing countries.  Therefore, there is a need to see that all
specific duties are converted to ad valorem  duties so that any hidden high duties become
visible.  An agreement on orderly movement of natural persons (labour) which is the largestWT/MIN(99)/14
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single source of efficiency gains for the world economy needs to be established.  An
evaluation of comparative advantages usually linked with globalization has to be done by
seeing whether it is actual, induced or acquired comparative advantage.
G Having recognized that through trade contagion of financial crisis can affect other trading
partners observing sound macroeconomic policies, it was recommended that countries must
resist the pressures for protectionism.  Markets must remain open.  WTO Agreements and
Decisions must be fulfilled and implemented.  Implementation of such provisions and the
fulfilment of the Special and Differential Treatment reserved in favour of the developing
countries should be a priority in the Third Ministerial Conference of WTO.  UNCTAD's role
should be reinforced to assist the developing countries in future trade negotiations.  New
issues proposed by developing countries such as labour standards and environment should notbe on the agenda for future multilateral trade negotiations.
H A new national, regional and international de velopment strategy must take into account the
challenges and opportunities of globalization.  The financial aspect of this strategy is a central
element of efforts geared towards sustained economic growth and comprehensive socialdevelopment.  This will contribute to reducing the volatility of the international financial
markets and to achieving more harmonious equitable economic and social development.
25. At the regional level:
• Most of the developing countries are pursuing market-orientated growth strategies
and, therefore, more intensive economic cooperations among developing countries isone means of increasing their capacity to produce, achieve economics of scale and
become internationally competitive.  Interregional cooperation could involve design
and implementation of programmes and preferential treatment to benefit exports form
developing countries;
• Regional, intra-regional cooperation and coordination should take place among
developing countries through their groups, such as the G77, G24 and G15 with the
view to strengthening their discussions  and dialogue with G7/G8 and other
industrialized countries in order to ensure the consistency and universality of
economic policy measures and the design and implementation of the newinternational financial architecture.  Regional and subregional financial institutions
should play a vital role in these endeavours with the support of international financial
institutions;
• Developing countries should strengthen the institutional framework of their
cooperation in order to ensure effective coordination of their positions and strategiesin international fora;  and
• Individual countries should set up a high-level group to coordinate their positions on
the process of globalization and manage their integration in the world economy.
26. At the national level:
• National efforts need to be strengthened by intensified regional, intra-regional and
international cooperation in order to overcome the marginalization of many
developing countries in the multilateral trading system and manage its risks, address
the challenges and seize the opportunities created by globalization;WT/MIN(99)/14
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• It is important that the country of concern does its best in building up the structure of
comprehensive development, developing its structure of production, and safeguard itscompetitive exporting capacity;
• It is important for the country of concern to deconstruct structural imbalances and
create a suitable environment for the macroeconomics, i.e. diminishing inflation,
fixing public budget deficits, stabilizing its exchange rate and solving the problem offoreign debts;
• Developing countries should not consider understanding commitments under any
international agreement that would curtail the right of the host government to directinvestments in priority areas;
• Developing countries should not continue to rely on their comparative advantage on
low-cost unskilled labour and natural resource since both factors represent adiminishing share in the value added in virt ually all products with the advances in the
new technology.  The developing countries have to acquire new basis for comparative
advantage;
• Due account should be taken of the social aspect of privatization and of those policies
and measures which are necessary in order to mitigate any adverse social
consequences of privatization;
• The adoption of national and international measures for strengthening micro, small
and medium-sized enterprises which provide the bulk of the employment on the
economies of developing countries and provide a practical vehicle to develop their
informal sectors;
• Developing countries should strive to translate the human development concept into
operationalized strategy in all sectors in order to increase the capacity of their citizensto cope well with the challenges of globalization;  and
• Individual countries should establish effective social safety-nets as integral elements
of stabilization and adjustment programmes to protect the most vulnerable elements
of populations particularly in the crisis affected countries.
27. The importance of continued and constructive dialogue and interaction with the industrialized
countries particularly G7/G8 with the view to es tablish genuine partnership conducive to further
international economic cooperation for development in the 21
st century.
28. It was recommended the consideration of this report by the Personal Representatives of the
G-15 in their preparations for the forthcoming mee tings such as:  WTO Third Ministerial Conference,
UNCTAD X, the South Summit, the Tenth Summit of the Group of Fifteen and the Millennium
Assembly of the UN, as well as in their dialogue with G8.WT/MIN(99)/14
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ANNEX 1
List of Participants
Algeria
- Prof. Mr. Mohamed Yassen Ferfera
Director Cread – Algeria
- Prof. Mme. Fatma Zahra Oufeiha
Director of Research
- Mr. Ziani Abdel Fetah
Minister Plenipotentiary
Embassy of Algeria, Cairo
Argentina
- Mrs. Blanca Azucena Sain
Embassy of Argentina, Cairo
Brazil
- Mr. Marcelo De Almeida Brito
Economist of IPEA
- Mr. Marcelo Medeiros Coelho De Souza
IPEA Government Representative
Chile
- Mr. Roberto Abu-Eid
Chargé d'Affaires
Egypt
- H.E. Dr. Mounir Zahran
Personal Representative of Egypt
- H.E. Dr. Farouk Shakweer
First Under-Secretary, Ministry of Economic Foreign Trade
- Prof. Dr. Moustafa Kamel Al-Sayed
Director, Center for the Study of Developing Countries,
Cairo University
- Prof. Dr. Ramzy Zaki
- Prof. Dr. Karima Korayem
- Prof. Dr. Mohamed Rauf Hamid- Prof. Dr. Mounir Hindy
- Prof. Dr. Alya El-Mahdy
- Dr. Gouda Abdei-Khaleq
- Dr. Laila Hafez
Director of First Under-Secretary Technical Office
- Mr. Hlsham Youssif
First Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Mr. Mohamed Abou-bakr Saleh
Second Secretary, Ministry of Foreign AffairsWT/MIN(99)/14
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India
- Dr. H.A.C. Prasad
Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India
- Mr. V.V.S. Subha Rao
Deputy Secretary
Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
- Mr. Ashok Kumar
Commercial Counsellor, Indian Embassy, Cairo
Indonesia
- Mr. Faali Jalal
Director of Religion, Education, Culture & Sport, National Development Planning,
Head of delegation Agency (BAPPENAS)
- Mr. Ahd Rzzak Abd Wahab
Second Secretary,Embassy of Indonesia, Cairo
- Mr. Irdamia Ahmed
Indonesia Embassy, Cairo
Kenya
- H.E. M.M. Maalim
Ambassador of Kenya to Cairo
- Mr. A. A. Ismail
Head Economic and Trade Division
- Mr. J.B. Makori
Economist, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ms. Jane Kahuki
Second Secretary,
Embassy of Kenya, Cairo
Malaysia
- Ms. Slew Hong Yap
Economic Planning Unit
Prime Minister's Department
- Mr. Husni Zai Yaacob
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mexico
- Dr. Maria Cardero
Director General of Coordination on Economic Affairs
- Mr. Federico Morenu Santos
Consul of Mexico
Nigeria
- Mr. J.U. Ayalogu
Chargé d'Affaires,
Embassy of Nigeria, CairoWT/MIN(99)/14
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Nigeria (cont'd)
- Mr. Mohamed S. Dole
First Secretary,
Embassy of Nigeria, Cairo
Peru
- H.E. Alberto Tamayo
Ambassador of Peru to Cairo
- Mr. Felipe Portocarero
Research Centre Director, Pacific University
Senegal
- H.E. Mamadou Sow
Ambassador of Senegal to Cairo
- Mr. Alexanne Tall
Technical Counsellor, Ministry of Finance
- Mr. Paps Ousmaneseyte
Minister-counsellor
Sri Lanka
- Mr. E.R.M. Perera
Director, Economic Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Dr. Dushni Weerakoon
Research Fellow, Institute of Policy Studies
- Mr. A. Jayawictrema
Chargé d'Affaires,
Embassy of Sri Lanka, Cairo
Venezuela
- Mr. Domingo Chacon
Chargé d'Affaires,
Embassy of Venezuela, Cairo
Zimbabwe
- Mr. Norman Ganduri
Senior Economist,
- H.E. Dr. H.V. Moyana
Ambassador of Zimbabwe to Cairo
ILO
- Ms. Loretta De Luca
Director of ILO Cairo OfficeWT/MIN(99)/14
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FCCI
- Dr. Wagluh Dakroury
G-15 Federation of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and ServicesWT/MIN(99)/14
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ANNEX II
List of Documents
• Programme of work and provisional agenda.
• Opening remarks by Ambassador Dr. Mounir Zahran, Chairman of the Personal Representatives
of the G-15.
• Opening statement by Dr. Mustapha Kamel Al-Sayyid, Director of the Center for the Study of
Developing Countries of Cairo University.
• Joint Communiqué of the Ninth Summit of the Group of Fifteen.
• G-15 Comprehensive Employment Strategy.
• Report of the G-15 expert meeting on the financial crisis and reform of the international
architecture.
• UN Report of the expert meeting on the growth of domestic capital markets, particularly in
developing countries, and its relationship with foreign portfolio investment.
• Note by the UNTAD to the expert meeting on the growth of domestic capital markets (UN).
• Globalization, competition and economic stability. (Habitat Center)
• Does globalization cause a higher concentration of international trade and investment? (WTO).
• Crisis of development or crisis of globalized markets. (Address by Secretary General of
UNCTAD).
• Remarks by Mr. Michel Camedessus, IMF Managing Directors, on strengthening the link
between economic and social policies within the framework of a globalized economy.
• ILO contribution to the debate by Lorett a De Luca – Director of ILO Cairo Office.
Contributions by Experts and Scholars from Member States
• Overview of the world economic and social environment and the process of globalization and
liberalization:  opportunities and challenges. (Egypt)
• Developing countries and economic globalization:  the need to a different course of interaction.
(Egypt)
• Foreign portfolio investment and its impact on capital markets.  (Egypt)
• Globalization and its effects on the foreign trade of the developing countries:  time to change
attitudes.  (Egypt)
• Social implications of globalization on the developing countries.  (Egypt)
• Globalization:  a general assessment, and few ideas for a rationalized world economy.  (Egypt)
• Globalization and trade of developing countries.  (India)
• Globalization of economic activities and its social impact, a south perspective.  (Kenya)
• High-level regional meeting:  towards a stable and predictable international financial system and
its linkage to social development.  (Mexico)
• Remarks by Professor Dr. Mohamed Yassen Ferera – Cread – Algeria "Social Impact of
Economic Liberalization:  Algerian Experience".
• Malaysia's experience in globalization.
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