RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/C/W/38
8 June 1998
(98-2325)
Council for Trade in Services
CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES
Background Note by the Secretariat
I. Introduction
1. The Secretariat has prepared this Note at the request of the Council for Trade in Services. The
Note is intended to provide background information for sectoral discussions to be conducted by the
Council as part of the information exchange programme, as outlined in the Report of the Council for
Trade in Services to the General Council (S/C/3), wh ich aims to "facilitate the access of all Members,
in particular developing country Members, to information regarding laws, regulations, administrative
guidelines and policies affecting trade in services in order to contribute to the assessment of trade in
services which would assist future negotiations in the services sector."  In  keeping with the Council's
request, the following is intended to provide basic and general information on the sector concerned,
and does not elaborate on country-specific issues or commitments.
2. In the course of the Uruguay Round negotiations, the Secretariat had produced a note
"Construction and Engineering Services" in document MTN.GNS/W/53 of 23 May 1989.  This note
avoids duplicating the information contained in the earlier note which describes at some length the
activities of the construction and related engineering sector, and the relevant forms of trade for this
sector.  Therefore, delegations are invited to refer to the earlier note, as necessary.1
3. Due to the limited time available, the info rmation contained in the present note cannot be
considered  complete or exhaustive.  Detailed country-specific information on regulatory regimes and
trade restrictions could only be provided by Members.  The Secretariat would greatly appreciate any
comments or additional information from Members on the subject or on any related matters.  The
section on the  sources of information would need to be expanded much further, in particular.
4. It is well understood that i) construction and related engineering services and ii) architectural
and engineering services are distinct but closely interrelated service sectors.  For purely technicalreasons, this note describes only the first sector;  the latter is treated as a group of professional
services in the Services Sectoral Classification List in document MTN.GNS/W/120 of 10 July 1991,
and therefore is discussed in a separate note.  It is recognized, however, that the supply of
construction-related engineering services involves services provided by professional engineers, and
that the two categories of services overlap each other.  Construction firms very often provide bothservice categories.  Therefore, there may be a need to review this note when architectural and
engineering services are discussed, if necessary.
                                                     
1 Other Uruguay Round documents of interest would include, "Report by the Chairman of the Sectoral
Ad Hoc Working Group to the GNS", MTN.GNS/W/110 of 6 November 1990, and "Sectoral ad hoc WorkingGroup, Note on the Meeting of 22 October to 5 November 1990", MTN.GNS/W/111 of 12 November 1990.S/C/W/38
Page 2
II. Description of the Sector
5. This sector is classified in the document "Services Sectoral Classification List" in
MTN.GNS/W/120 as "3. Construction and Related Engineering Services (CPC 511 - 518)".  In
general terms, and in accordance with the UN provisional CPC2 classification of services, the
activities covered under this heading are the following3:
Construction and Related Engineering Services- General construction work for buildings (CPC 512)
This item includes construction work (including new work, additions, alterations and
renovation work
4) for all types of buildings, residential or non-residential, whether privately
or publicly owned.
- General construction work for civil engineering (CPC 513)
This item covers construction work for structures other than buildings such as highways and
streets, railways and airfield runways, bridges and tunnels, waterways and harbours, dams,pipelines, communication and power lines, mining  and manufacturing plants, and stadia and
sports grounds.
- Installation and assembly work (CPC 514, 516)
This item includes such activities as the assembly and erection of prefabricated constructions,
installation work for heating and air conditioning, water plumbing, gas fitting, electricalwiring, fire alarm construction, insulation, fencing and lift construction.
- Building completion and finishing work (CPC 517)
This item covers special trade construction work for the completion and finishing of buildings
such as glazing, plastering, painting, floor and wall tiling, carpeting, carpentry, interior fitting
and decoration, ornamentation fitting.
- Other (CPC 511, 515, 518)
This item includes pre-erection work at construction sites, as well as special trade
construction work such as foundation work, water well drilling, roofing, concrete work, steel
                                                     
2 The description below is based on the UN provisional CPC of 1991.  Further detail on the description
of subsectors is found in the United Nations, "Provisional Central Product Classification", U.N. Statistical
Papers, Series M No.771991.  An analysis of the recently developed CPC Rev. 1 can be found in the document"A Qualitative Assessment of the Relevance of the Changes Resulting from CPC Rev.1 for Trade NegotiatingPurposes", S/CSC/W/9 of 9 October 1997.
3 It needs to be pointed out that not all countries have adopted the CPC classification in making
commitments in this sector.  However, compared to other sectors such as financial services, the number of
countries adopting national definitions is very small for construction services.  See document S/CSC/W/9 for
details.
4 Although repair and maintenance work are not explicitly mentioned in the UN CPC description, it
may be assumed that they would normally be included, unless involving services which belong elsewhere in theclassification.S/C/W/38
Page 3
bending and erection, and masonry work.  It also covers renting services related to equipment
for construction or demolition of buildings or civil engineering works, with operator.
III. Economic Importance of the Sector and its Main Economic Features
6. Construction is one of the oldest of all industries, retaining its role as a core economic activity
from the early days of human civilization to this day.  It not only provides the infrastructure for all
other industries, but also constitutes one of the la rgest single sectors in the economy on its own.  With
its close link to public works and hence the implementation of fiscal policy, it has always been
considered as a strategically important industry for creating employment and sustaining growth.  For
the developing economies, the construction sector carries particular importance because of its link to
the development of basic infrastructure, training of local personnel, transfers of technologies, and
improved access to information channels.
7. In most industrialized economies, the share of construction in total GDP is in the range of
around 5 to 7 per cent.5  It is slightly lower in the United States (3.8 per cent) and Mexico (3.7), and
higher in Japan (10.3).  For Korea, the share in GDP is 13.9 per cent.6  Although disaggregated data
are not always available for developing economies, the share of construction in GDP does not differ
very much from the industrialized countries in such countries as India (5.7 per cent), Philippines (5.6),
Malaysia (4.5), Thailand (7.0) and Singapore (7.1).7  The sector is also important as a major employer.
The share of the sector in total employment is somewhat higher than in terms of value-added, but therange is still between 5 to 7 per cent for most OECD countries, except for Germany (8.7 per cent),
Japan (10.5) and Mexico (9.7).  In the United States alone, 7.5 million people are employed by the
construction industry.  The corresponding figure for the European Union is around 9 million.
8
8. Construction services are primarily supplied through the establishment of service suppliers ator near the site of the work by local or regional operators.  On-site establishment is normally confinedto the duration of the particular project, while regional or local presence may be ensured on a
permanent basis to service or promote several projects at one time.  Joint ventures between foreign
and domestic firms are quite common, often out of necessity for the financing of projects, transfers of
technology and know-how, and assistance to the foreign firms in clearing local laws, regulations and
practices.
9. By contrast, cross-border trade in this sector appears to be negligible, except in the
engineering design phase.  A large number of Members have inscribed "Unbound*" meaning "not
technically feasible" in mode 1 of their schedules of commitments (see V. below).
9  However, with
                                                     
5 In terms of gross output (not value-added), these shares would be twice as high.
6 OECD, National Accounts 1960-1995, Volume 2.  These shares are calculated using GDP data in
current prices.  The data are in principle for 1995, but in some cases for 1992-94.  Definitional differences existwith regard to the scope of "construction" in the na tional accounts statistics across countries, but are not taken
up in this note due to the general nature of the discussion.
7 Statistical Database System of the Asian Development Bank.  Constant price data for 1992 are
provided for the Latin American countries in the Economic and Social Database of the Inter-American
development Bank.  The shares of construction in GDP are also very much alike, with 5.4 per cent forArgentina, 5.9 for Brazil, 5.2 for Chile, 5.0 for Colombia, and 6.7 for Venezuela.
8 OECD,  op. cit.  and European Commission, Panorama of EU Industry 1997.
9 Some countries have indicated "Unbound*" in mode 2 (consumption abroad).S/C/W/38
Page 4
advanced communications systems, blueprints and designs can be transmitted electronically, and
possibly certain pre-erection work such as site investigation may be conducted cross-border.
Although such developments would affect the supply  of architectural and engineering services more
than the construction sector, they could alter the technical feasibility of certain services belonging tothis sector.
10
10. Disaggregated sectoral trade data could not be  readily found for cross-border trade and supply
through commercial presence for construction services, with the exception of those for the United
States which publishes data on i) cross-border trade in architectural, engineering and construction
services and ii) sales of majority-owned affiliates of U.S. firms and purchases from majority-ownedaffiliates of foreign firms.
11  They indicate that cross-border expo rts of U.S. suppliers amount to less
than forty percent of sales by affiliates of U.S. firms abroad.  In the case of cross-border imports, they
are only about 5 per cent of the amount of purchases from affiliates of foreign firms.  It can probablybe assumed that most of the cross-border transactions are for architectural and engineering services.
11. Given the cyclical nature of construction services, the trade flows and supply through
commercial presence do not show an unequivocal ly rising trend.  Recent figures show, however,
further rises in cross-border exports and imports of "construction, engineering, architectural and
mining services" in the period 1995-6, as well as sales of "construction services" by U.S. affiliates of
foreign companies in 1994-5.  By contrast, sales of construction services by foreign affiliates of U.S.companies were stagnant in the period 1994-5.
12
12. Construction services may be carried out by general contractors who complete the entire workfor the proprietor of the project, or by specialized subcontractors who undertake parts of the work.  It
is common to observe in each country a small number of large firms, a relatively less significant
group of medium-sized firms, and a large mass of small firms who are either specialists in certainfields or who operate in small geographical areas.  Construction services supplied internationally
typically relate to large-scale projects such as airports, harbours and petrochemical plants, and are
often undertaken by specialized contractors with local sub-contracting.  Internationally active
companies constitute still only a handful of the total, but recently, particularly with the development
of the Single Market in Europe, international activity is reportedly rising, along with a certainconcentration of the industry.
13  It is also reported that the ratio of construction revenue from foreign
markets to total construction revenue has steadily increased in Japan, as the overseas operations of
major Japanese construction firms have expanded worldwide.14  The annexed Table 1 shows available
data for the revenues of the top 225 international contractors in construction services.
                                                     
10 It is noted that the Committee on Specific Commitments has been discussing this issue on a cross-
sectoral basis.
11 Analysis of such data are provided in a number  of publications of the U.S. International Trade
Commission, the most recent of which is "General Ag reement on Trade in Services: Examination of the
Schedules of Commitments Submitted by Asia/Pacific Trading Partners, Investigation No. 332-374, August
1997.
12 U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, October 1997.  It need to be noted,
however, that the two sets of data on cross-border trade and sales of affiliates employ slightly different sectoraldefinitions, and therefore are not directly comparable.  Th ere is also a certain duplication in the figures, due to
such cases as in which the parent company and its affiliate abroad jointly deliver a service, and the sale is
recorded first as a receipt of the affiliate (the entire amount) and then as intra-firm trade between the affiliate
and the parent (for the share of the parent).
13 European Commission,  op. cit.
14 Industrial Structure Council, Japan, 1998 Report on the WTO Consistency of Trade Policies by
Major Trading Partners.S/C/W/38
Page 5
13. The international supply of construction services involves large movements of workers at all
levels of skill.  Although it has not been possible to obtain detailed figures for the movement of
workers related to the industry, a large portion of the movement of workers into the industrialized
countries and the Middle East, from Asia, Latin America and other regions are believed to be
construction-related.
14. Public-sector financing and public procurement play an important role in the consumption of
construction services, generating as much as half of the total demand for the services, but with a
global trend towards privatization of state-owned enterprises and activities, the importance of the
public sector would appear to be declining.15  It may be added that public procurement of construction
services has sometimes given rise to trade disputes or bilateral discussions between industrialized
countries.16  However, no case specifically addressing the construction sector has been raised for
consultation or otherwise under the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the WTO so far.17
IV. Regulatory Structure and Relevant Trade Restrictions
15. The construction sector is subject to many different aspects of domestic regulation.  Theyinclude controls on land use, building regulations and technical requirements, building permits and
inspection, registration of proprietors, contractors and professionals, regulation of fees and
remunerations, environmental regulations, etc.  Such measures are applied not only at the national
level, but also very frequently at the sub-federal or local government level.  Standards may be fixedby the governments or by standard-setting bodies or private-sector associations.
16. A large part of such measures is intended to maintain the safety of the objects constructed and
the construction work involved, to implement urban and land use planning, or to protect the health
and safety of workers and users, as well as environmental quality, all in the interest of the public.
They would normally be applied on a non-discriminatory basis, although some technical standardsand specifications may be applied only to foreign suppliers.  Even if the same measures are applied to
all suppliers, domestic or foreign, they may be found to be more onerous to foreign suppliers.
18
Measures which affect the mobility of labour at all le vels of skill affect suppliers, but restrictions on
the movement of experts or specialists may have a particularly strong impact on foreign construction
firms, as high-level skills are not easily replaceable.  Measures which affect the mobility ofconstruction equipment and those which affect the supply of related services such as insurance and
transport would also have a bearing on the sector.  Capital and exchange controls are also relevant.
                                                     
15 European Commission,  op. cit.   No systematic effort was made in preparing this note to collect data
on government procurement, but references can be made to data to be supplied by Members which are
signatories to the Agreement on Government Procurement under its Article XIX:5.
16 See, for example, USTR, the 1997 National Trade Estimate 1997 and, Industrial Structure Council,
Japan, op.cit.
17 A case involving government procurement of services in general under the GPA  is "United States -
Measures Affecting Government Procurement" complaint by the European Communities and that by Japan indocuments WT/DS88/1 and WT/DS95/1.
18 It should be noted that many of the regulations and standards are applied to the specification of
construction material or supplies which are traded as goods.  The Sectoral and Trade Barriers Database of theEuropean Commission states, "The extensive licensing requirements and the number of licenses needed forcontractors to be qualified to do business in Japan represent a barrier to market penetration for foreign firms todo business in Japan".  Such requirements are, however, usually imposed on a non-discriminatory basis.S/C/W/38
Page 6
17. Difficulties for foreign service suppliers may be created not only by the nature of the
restriction but also by the fact that the required permits and licenses are granted by a large number of
national and local authorities or industry associations.  They may not always welcome foreign
competition in the markets or may not be sensitive to the trade effects of regulation.  Registration fees
and other charges could place a burden on the operators.  The lack of transparency concerning the
rules that apply, as well as the informal nature of business practices could cause frustration.Competition policy is relevant, as the sector has often given rise to anti-competitive behaviour and
practices in the past;  informal guidelines, business practices and pressures from industry associations
and sometimes collusion among suppliers have played  a role in limiting competition in the sector.
18. Restrictions on the establishment and operation of a commercial presence by foreign firms,
such as limitations on foreign investment includ ing those on foreign ownership (for example, only
minority ownership allowed for foreigners) or on the types of legal entity allowed (such as a local
incorporation requirement, or a prohibition on establishing branches) can constitute obstacles tomarket access.  As mentioned above, the formation of a joint operation or a joint venture company
with local suppliers or subcontractors is often an  economic necessity, but requirements to do so would
create a burden on the foreign suppliers' ability to make its own decisions based on business
conditions.  Other market access limitations would include economic needs tests for commercial
presence and limits on the contract amount accessible to foreign firms.  Sometimes, market access isallowed to foreign suppliers only when resources and materials are not available locally.
19. With its extensive use of skilled and unskilled labour, the construction sector is strongly
affected by limitations on the movement of natural persons.  Nationality and residency requirements
or other staffing requirements for persons employed by foreign firms could constitute limitations on
market access and national treatment.
19  Requirements to employ and train local staff may place a
burden on the supplier.  Such requirements, even if imposed on an equal basis to all domestic as well
as foreign firms, could still constitute de facto  national treatment limitations.20  Although in principle
outside the scope of the GATS, immigration policy, labour market regulations, and levies and charges
for social security would also impact the sector significantly.21
20. Subsidies and tax incentives are provided in many countries to promote construction work or
to encourage growth of the construction sector.  If they are granted only to local suppliers, they may
be inconsistent with a Member's national treatment obligations.  There can also be preferences
provided to local contractors in bidding, or requir ements to transfer technology.  Restrictions on the
ownership of land by foreigners are normally applied to all sectors, but may have a strong effect on
the construction industry, since property developers will not be able to own apartments and housesunder construction until completion.
22  When preferential treatment is provided to suppliers of certain
                                                     
19 According to the scheduling guidelines in document MTN.GNS/W/164, nationality requirements are
normally considered as limitations on market acce ss (equivalent to a zero quota), whereas a residency
requirement would  need to be judged on a case-by-case basis whether it constitutes a de facto  national
treatment limitation or a non-discriminatory measure subject to the disciplines of Article VI:5.
20 GATS Article XVII:3 states that " Formally identical  or formally different treatment shall be
considered to be less favourable if it modifies the conditions of competition in favour of services or servicesuppliers of the Member compared to like services or service suppliers of any other Member." (Emphasisadded.)
21 For example, labour market regulations such as those extending minimum wages and regulations on
work hours to foreign workers employed on a temporary basis on construction sites, as well as requirements onforeign workers to participate in social security systems would tend to reduce the cost advantages of the foreign
workforce.
22 See, for example, WTO, Trade Policy Review of Switzerland, 1996.S/C/W/38
Page 7
countries in the bidding process, for example, an MFN exemption is required.  MFN exemptions
concerning the movement of personnel, research and development subsidies, and foreign investment
listed for all sectors would also affect this sector significantly.
21. Problems associated with the recognition of credentials and licenses for foreign individuals
and firms may also exist, but they may not constitute trade restrictions per se .  The limitations on
foreign investment and on the movement of natural persons may exist as horizontal limitationsapplied to all service sectors, while sector-specific limitations may also be imposed.  Other types of
limitations and licensing issues would be more sector-specific.
22. Given the above-mentioned importance of public procurement for this sector, regulations and
practices adopted with regard to government procurement are also relevant to the construction
industry.  Non-discrimination and transparency in the procurement process would need to be ensured.
However, it is recalled that the GATS explicitly exempts laws, regulations or requirements governing
government procurement from the application of Articles II, XVI and XVII, and that governmentprocurement of services is currently being negotiated under the Working Party on GATS Rules.
23
V. Negotiations on Construction Services and Existing Commitments under the GATS24
23. During the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, a working group on construction services
and engineering services was created to discuss the applicability to the construction and engineering
sector of the basic concepts developed for the services agreement.  Three meetings were held betweenJune and October 1990.
25  Some specificities of the sector identified in the meetings were the
relevance of transparency, movement of personnel across borders, movement of equipment and
material, movement of capital, transfers of technology to developing countries, and the importance of
government procurement.  Two draft proposals were made for an annex on this sector by the
European Communities and Korea.26  It was decided in the end that no sector-specific provisions or
annotations were necessary for the construction and engineering sector.
24. As a result of the Uruguay Round and subs equent accessions, 69 WTO Members have made
commitments in 55 schedules27 for at least one of the subsectors under construction and related
engineering services.  22 schedules cover all the subsectors in the sector, while 8 schedules cover only
                                                     
23 One may also recall that the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) also contains a
provision in Article III:3 that the national treatment and non-discrimination principles shall not apply tomeasures affecting trade in services other than laws, re gulations, procedures and practices regarding government
procurement covered by the GPA.
24 The following analysis of existing commitments under the GATS is based on information generated
by the electronic database currently under development in the Secretariat, and n eeds to be considered as
preliminary.  Commitments under the GPA are not described, but all GPA signatories have made commitmentsin construction services, most of them covering all construction services belonging to CPC Division 51.
25 Minutes of these meetings are available in documents MTN.GNS/CON/1 to /3.
26 These proposals were contained in documents MTN.GNS/CON/W/1 and W/2.
27 The difference between this number of 55 and the 69 Members with commitments is due to the
European Union which has submitted a consolidated schedule for its 15 Member States.  Aruba and theNetherlands Antilles have separate sche dules, but are not counted separately.  The slight difference with the
number appearing in the document S/CSC/W/9 is essentially due to new accessions and the exclusion of Arubaand the Netherlands Antilles.S/C/W/38
Page 8
one subsector.  The average is between 3 and 4 subsectors per schedule, with the largest number of
countries making commitments in General Construction Work for Civil Engineering (46 schedules),
closely followed by General Construction Work for Buildings (45).  The least number of countries
made commitments in Other services (32 schedules).  Within those subsectors covered, however,
coverage was sometimes very limited.
25. With regard to the level of commitments, an analysis can be done by making three
distinctions;  full commitments (no limitations, implying total liberalization), partial commitments
(those made with certain limitations), and no commitments (unbound).28  Looking at market access
commitments of countries in this sector, full commitments were made in 51 - 64 per cent of all
commitments made (excluding "other" services) for the supply of services through commercial
presence (mode 3) (Table 2).  These figures decline substantially to 29 - 36 per cent when horizontal
commitments are taken into account.  In general te rms, these figures compare favourably with other
service sectors, however, and seem to indicate that relatively liberal commitments were undertakenfor this sector.
29
26. The most commonly observed market access limitations specific to the sector were limitationson the type of legal entity allowed for commercia l presence of service suppliers, followed by
limitations on the participation of foreign capital and limitations on the value of transactions or assets,
applying to commercial presence (mode 3) (Table 3a).
30  Restrictions on the number of natural
persons to be employed were also relatively common (mode 4).  With regard to national treatment
limitations, the most prevalent were references to licensing, standards and qualifications in the
presence of natural persons (mode 4).  Nationality and residency requirements were also fairly
common (Table 3b).
27. There are very few MFN exemptions specific to the construction sector, but some Members
provide preferential treatment to suppliers from neighbouring countries, such as preferential short-
listing in international competitive bidding.
VI. Sources of Information
28. Given its primarily local or regional character, the main sources for information in this sector
will need to be national regulatory authorities and industry associations.31  A useful guide to
information sources is contained in a publication, "Information Sources in Architecture and
Construction".32  Chapter Two of this publication is a guide to associations, organizations and
                                                     
28 Such a broad categorization of commitments is necessarily very crude and is intended only to
evaluate in very roughly the level of commitments made by countries.  In practice, a "partial" commitment couldbe infinitely close to a full commitment if the limitation maintained is nominal;  on the contrary, it could be
effectively close to "unbound" if the limitations are very broad and restrictive.
29 The proportion of full commitments in mode 3 (commercial presence) for market access was highest
for tourism (30 per cent) followed by the construction sector (29 per cent), taking into account the horizontalcommitments.
30 Such evaluation is not always straightforward, as a single measure may have restrictive effects in
several ways, or may not be easily classified due to its ambiguity or a large room for discretion.
31 The European Construction Industry Federation (FIEC) is among the group of business associations
with useful information as well as statistics on construction activity.  It has an Internet Homepage"http://www.fiec.be".  A list of mainly North American industry associations can be viewed on the InternetHomepage of the newsletter Engineering News Record, "http://www.enr.com".
32 Valerie J. Nurcombe ed., published by Bowker Saur, 1996 Second Edition.S/C/W/38
Page 9
libraries which can be used as information sources in the area of architecture and construction.
29. The Secretariat is not aware of any international organization discussing regulatory issues or
trade-related matters with respect to the construction sector on a continuous basis.  In related areas,
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has done work in its
Workshop on Professional Services, and also publishes construction price indices.  The work
undertaken in the Professional Services Workshop seems to be particularly useful in identifyingregulatory issues relevant to trade liberalization in  architectural and engineering services.  The United
Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has adopted a Model Law on the
procurement of goods, construction and services in 1994.  The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) has worked on standardization in the field of building and civil engineering
(TC59) and in other related areas.
Annex
Table 1: Revenues of the Top 225 International Contractors in Construction Services
,  1996,
by Regional Market ($ millions)
Region   1996   1995  1994
Africa   10,285.1     9,215.3     9,133.1
Asia   42,453.4   38,024.0     1,032.7
Canada     2,802.1     2,239.8     3,230.3
Europe   35,121.8   28,093.3   21,159.0
Latin America     8,105.1     7,219.0     6,422.1
Middle East   13,525.6   10,225.9   11,038.9
United Sates   14,473.0   10,004.0   10,203.3
Total  126,777.2  (+21%) 105,021.3  (+69%)   62,219.4
Note: The figures in brackets show the a nnual growth rates in percentage points.
Source: Engineering News - Record, International Construction Sourcebook 1997 .S/C/W/38
Page 10
Table 2: Analysis of Commitments made by Members in Construction and Related
Engineering Services (Percentages of full, partial and no commitments by sub-sector
and by mode of supply)
Market Access Cross-border
SupplyConsumption
AbroadCommercial
PresencePresence of
Natural Persons
FPNFPNFPNFPN
General Construction
Work for Building29
2710
1360
6067
6021
2713
1360
3133
63 6
62
096
98 2
2
General Construction
Work for Civil
Engineering27
2412
1461
6161
5520
2718
1851
2943
656
64
094
982
2
Installation and
Assembly Work32
304
664
6466
6019
2615
1555
3236
609
92
096
982
2
Building Completion
and Finishing Work31
285
864
6472
6218
2810
1064
3628
568
83
392
925
5
Other 24
2118
2158
5827
2158
6415
1527
1264
799
90
097
973
3
Notes:
1. F: Full commitment (indicated by "none" in the market access column of the Schedule)
P: Partial commitment (limitations inscribed in the market access column of the
Schedule)
N: No commitment (indicated by "unbound" in the market access column of the
Schedule)
2. The figures in italics  indicate the percentages taking into account horizontal commitments
applicable to all sectors.S/C/W/38
Page 11
Table 3a: Analysis of the Types of Measures (Number of Measures in Construction and Related
Engineering Services, Market Access)
Mode 1 2  3  4
Limitations on:
Number of Suppliers 1 -  5  -
Value of Transactions or Assets - 11  -Number of Operations - -  -  -
Number of Natural Persons - -  - 11
Types of Legal Entity - - 26  -
Participation of Foreign Capital - 16  -
Other Measures n.e.c. 8 3 28 32
Table 3b: Analysis of the Types of Measures (Number of Measures in Construction and Related
Engineering Services, National Treatment)
Mode 1 2  3  4
T a x  M e a s u r e s ,  S u b s i d i e s  a n d  G r a n t s --- 9
Nationality and Residency Requirements - - 12 14
Licensing, Standards, Qualifications - 3  7 39
Registration Requirements - 3  7  3Authorization Requirements 4 -  5  5
Performance Requirements - 3  3  3
Technology Transfer Requirements - -  1  -
Other 5 -  8  6
Note: The number in "Other Measures n.e.c." is very large in these tables because a large number of
entries in the Schedules could not be classified into one or the other of the distinct categories
of limitations.  In some cases, this was due to a lack of specificity in the description of the
measure, while in others, it was because the measure itself did not correspond to any of the
categories.
__________