WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/CSC/W/27
18 May 2000
(00-2044)
Committee on Specific Commitments Original:  English
COMMUNICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
Classification of Energy Services
The following communication has been received from the delegation of the United States
with the request that it be circulated to the Members of the Committee on Specific Commitments.
_______________
I. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ENERGY SERVICES?
1. Today, a wide range of economic activities is critical to ensuring that energy consumers have
access to efficiently produced, reasonably priced, and reliable energy.  To realize fully the benefits of
an efficient, competitive energy sector, we need to consider the entire chain of activities involved in
resource identification, preparation/production and conversion, transmission and transportation anddistribution, sales and marketing (both wholesale and retail), and information management.
2. These numerous energy-related activities are closely interrelated and,  taken as a whole, can
be said to 
comprise the “energy sector.” Some of these activities cut horizontally across existing
GATS sectoral classifications (W/120), such as business services, communications services,
construction services, financial services, and transportation services, among others. Others may
involve activities that are not yet specified in existing  GATS classifications, are deeply embedded in
existing GATS classifications, or are not within the scope of the GATS.
3. Energy activities may be divided into the five following categories which together comprise
the energy sector.  The activities listed are for illustrative purposes only; many more energy services
would fall within each category.
A. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY
RESOURCE
(a) Resource identification, such as site investigation, site preparation, seismic studies,
imaging, sub-surface and satellite surveying by mining consultants, feasibility
studies, design and engineering, drilling, core analysis, etc.
(b) Resource development and redevelopment, such as drilling, mud preparation,
computer analysis, and revitalization
B. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE OPERATION OF AN ENERGY FACILITY
(a) Construction of  facilities necessary to produce and transform energyS/CSC/W/27
Page 2
(b) Operation, management and maintenance of the facilities on a fee or contract basis.
Such activities can be provided for refiners, pipelines and natural gas facilities, power
stations, transmission and distribution networks, on-site handling and disposal
services for residues from the power generation process (coal ash, solid particulates,
etc.)
(c) Operation, management, and maintenance of energy source, e.g., natural gas.  Such
activity can include expansion of the field through drilling and/or installation and use
of enhanced recovery systems and disposal services for produced water, drill cuttings,
drilling fluids, spent process fluids, other.
(d) Production-related activities, such as operation of power-generating equipment or
liquefaction and regasification of natural gas and services related to refining
(e) Decommissioning of energy facilities and networks and conversion to other uses,
such as services for the plugging and abandoning of wells, site reclamation and
restoration services, disposal and reprocessing or other waste management services
C. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENERGY NETWORKS (E.G., ENERGY TRANSPORTATION ,
TRANSMISSION , AND DISTRIBUTION )
(a) Transmission, the movement of energy from the central production facility to a local
distribution facility, such as operators of high voltage electricity transmission
equipment or operators of  natural gas, oil, or liquid petroleum gas pipelines and
central pumping stations
(b) Distribution, the movement of energy from a local distribution facility to a final
consumer, such as operators of electricity distribution networks (grids and mains),including central network control services, scheduling services for electricity
transmission and distribution, frequency management, and voltage maintenance
services
(c) Installation of lines to existing and new customers, upgrading lines and facilities
D. A
CTIVITIES RELATED TO WHOLESALE MARKETS IN ENERGY
(a) Energy-related storage services, such as the leasing or other commercial provision of
storage and handling services for fuels, and specialist treatment and disposal services
(b) Management of wholesale supply and demand, and risk management, including
substitution of sources of supply, suppliers, and types of energy
(c) Trading and brokering of energy and other wholesale intermediation among buyers
and sellers of energy sources
E. ACTIVITIES  RELATED TO THE RETAIL SUPPLY OF ENERGY (RESIDENTIAL , INDUSTRIAL ,
COMMERCIAL )
(a) Advisory services related to energy management and efficiency
(b) Outsourcing of energy management, including advising on efficiency of energy
products and systems and alternative energy sources to optimize energy supplyS/CSC/W/27
Page 3
(c) Metering and billing for energy, data collection services, energy audit services,
customer call-out services
II. HOW ARE ENERGY SERVICES CURRENTLY ADDRESSED IN W/120?
4. There is currently no separate, comprehensive sectoral classification for energy services in
W/120.
5. Three specific subclasses of energy services are included in different sectoral categories in
W/120 as follows (see Annex for details):
- Services incidental to energy distribution, listed as a sub-class of “Other
Business Services”
- Services incidental to mining, listed  as a sub-class of  “Other Business
Services”
- Pipeline transportation of fuel, listed as a sub-class of “Transport Services”
6. In addition, a number of other activities directly involved in the energy services chain are
covered by other GATS sectoral classifications.  These include architectural and engineering services,
construction work for civil engineering, wholesale and retail trade services  with respect to fuels and
energy equipment, transportation services, and several specific financial services, among others.
III. WHY IS THERE SUCH AN IMPORTANT DISPARITY BETWEEN THE WAY
ENERGY SERVICES ARE ADDRESSED IN  W/120 AND THE WAY ENERGY
MARKETS CURRENTLY OPERATE?
7. One reason is that the market has changed significantly since W/120 was adopted.  When
W/120 was written,  much of the energy industry was dominated by state-owned enterprises operating
mostly within home markets as vertically in tegrated companies with monopoly positions.  Most
service functions were performed ‘in-house’ by oil companies and power generation utilities that
controlled the whole production and distribution chain. Services negotiators in the Uruguay Round
focused primarily on sectors where discrete services were readily identifiable (not always the case in a
vertically integrated sector), trade was already signif icant, business interest in trade liberalization was
strong, and consumer benefits were apparent.
8. Today, governments have privatized  and deregulated many of these companies, leading to a
significant unbundling of various energy services. Technological advances, including development of
the Internet, are giving rise to new activities in the energy sector, and governments, industry, and
consumers have become more conscious of finding innovative solutions to energy efficiency
problems.
9. Examples of  these changes abound. One is the continued development of new energy sources
and more efficient technologies. Global wind po wer production, for example, is increasing by 25
percent annually, and the price of wind power has dropped from 25 cents/kwh to under 5 cents/kwh.
The technologies involved in these energy sources have matured greatly over the past ten to fifteen
years, both in terms of cost and efficiency.  They now present attractive alternatives to connection to
the power grid or as supplemental sources of power. The technologies involved in these energy
sources have matured greatly over the past ten to fifteen years, becoming less expensive and moreefficient.  They may now present attractive alternatives or supplements to conventional energy
sources.S/CSC/W/27
Page 4
10. Another example would be brokering and trading. The unbundling of generation and supply
from transmission has created the opportunity for an energy broker or trader to directly buy, sell or
arrange for the sale and purchase of power or fuel on the open market for eventual sale to an energy
end-user.  This area has developed because opportunities have arisen for companies to access multiple
sources of power or fuel and, real-time information about demand and pricing, to sell to customers,and to deliver the power or fuel over a transmission/d istribution grid or pipeline to the final consumer.
In the case of electric power service, falling worldwide prices have exposed many long-term power
contracts to be uneconomical. Those contracts are being bought out and re-supplied by traders and
brokers or other new entrants to the power industry.
11. A final example of change in the industry might be termed “customer services related to
energy,” which deals with a variety of energy billing, management and efficiency services.  In this
case, an energy management services provider would go to a company – say a manufacturing plant –and offer to manage that plant’s energy usage.  This service would usually involve advising on the
purchase of power or fuel from various sources at competitive prices and managing in-house energy
usage (including installing new equipment or upgrading existing equipment) to maximize efficiency.
The service provider might earn its fee by taking a share of the savings on the plant’s energy bill.
IV. FROM A COMMERCIAL POINT OF VIEW, WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH
THE CURRENT GATS TREATMENT OF ENERGY SERVICES?
12. As regards the energy services sector, the current  W/120 classification offers two
fundamental problems:
(a) A number of specific energy services do not appear to be specifically included in the
W/120 classification.  This means that most countries, that as a practical matter rely
on  W/ 120 as a reference point in scheduling market access commitments, have not
considered scheduling commitments for these energy-specific services, many of
which represent new activities.
(b) A number of other related energy services are to be found in the W/120 classification.
However, these services are spread throughout the classification system.  As a result,an energy service provider has no guarantee that, even if assured of a market access
commitment for a specific energy service, su ch as supply of energy to customers, he
would also enjoy market access to provide related services, such as consultancy
services which require specific knowledge of energy.  Because the energy sector is an
interrelated chain of activities, effective market access appears to require scheduling
market access commitments not only for a specific energy service, but for related
areas as well.
V. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT
GATS TREATMENT OF ENERGY SERVICE?
13. A first step is to develop a comprehensive classification of energy services  that will, to the
extent feasible, reflect current market realities fo r the energy sector by including the many different
activities that constitute the entire chain of energy services.  Such a listing would need to be adaptedto the GATS and its architecture.  This would mean, for example, the need to respect energy and
energy-related services commitments that have already been scheduled.
14. A second step would be to use this listing as a basis for developing a model schedule for
services commitments for the energy services sector. Such a model schedule would enable WTO
members to undertake meaningful commitments for the energy sector and would offer energy serviceproviders predictable and readily understood commitments affecting the entire range of energyS/CSC/W/27
Page 5
services.  If members schedule a commitment across the entire range of sectors covered by the model
schedule, then an entrepreneur is assured of the flexibility to modify operations to take advantage of
changing market conditions for those activities covered by the schedule.
15. Third, development of a distinct and comprehensive listing of energy services would provide
service providers and WTO members the realistic opportunity to assess whether existing GATS rulesare sufficient to address the needs of the energy service sector, or whether additional rules, perhaps
rules akin to those in the Telecom Sector’s Reference Paper, would be desirable.
VI. HOW COULD A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF ENERGY SERVICES BE
STRUCTURED TO RESPECT EXISTING SCHEDULED COMMITMENTS?
16. One suggestion for structuring a comprehensive classification of energy services can be seen
in Attachments A and B.
17. Attachment A provides a snapshot of commercial reality, detailing specific commercial
activities included in the energy sector.  These ac tivities are categorized according to the outline
suggested in the response to question 1 above.
18. Attachment B is the Energy Sector Index.  When completed, columns (3), (4), (5), and (6) of
the Energy Sector Index would indicate where each of these commercial activities may be found as
regards W/120, i.e., the activity is:
- already clearly included in W/120 (column 3);
- is likely to be included in W/120 but requires clarification (column 4);
- is not included in W/120 but should be included in a new classification for
Energy Services (column 5);
- may possibly not come within the scope of the GATS (column 6).
19. As described, the Energy Sector Index would:
(a) avoid overlap between existing W/120 classifications that relate to energy services
and new energy services classifications,
(b) at the same time include the full chain of energy services activities,
(c) serve as the basis for a model schedule of the Energy Services sector: A full market
access commitment for the Energy Services sector would consist of all the services
listed in the Index, scheduled as agreed to in columns (3), (4), and (5).
VII. HOW WOULD PROVIDERS OF ENERGY SERVICES BENEFIT IF THE GATS
WERE TO ADOPT A SEPARATE, COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF
ENERGY SERVICES?
20. Such a description could provide the basis for a model schedule that would contribute to
having countries make significant and meaningful market access commitments for energy services.Scheduling such commitments could in turn addre ss some of the barriers common to many service
sectors in their foreign activities, such as discriminatory treatment between foreign and domestic
service providers and lack of regulatory transparency.S/CSC/W/27
Page 6
21. A model schedule for energy services could also provide energy services providers with
greater certainty over which of their activities have been scheduled in a country’s commitments. This
would in turn provide a predictable basis from which to develop future trade strategies, including
research and development of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies and the service to install,
operate and distribute them.
22. In addition, a comprehensive classification of energy services could provide the basis for
developing a Reference Paper akin to that developed for the Telecom Sector  that would address
issues specific to the energy services sector, such as access rights to transmission networks and
consumer freedom of choice to select power suppliers.
VIII.  WHAT COUNTRIES WOULD BENEFIT IF SUCH A CLASSIFICATION OF
ENERGY SERVICES WERE TO BE ADOPTED?
23. All countries.
24. Liberalization of a country’s market for energy-related services does not require it to yield
ownership of its underlying energy resources. In Norway, for examples, ownership of electricity
utilities has stayed with the government. Nonetheless open access to transmission networks and
competition among (government-owed) generators has resulted in significant price decreases and
improved service to customers.
25. The availability of varied sources of energy at reasonable prices is a significant determinant
of a nation's ability to compete in the world marketplace. Without reliable, efficient,
competitively-priced and environmentally sustainable energy, road and air transport, financial
markets, computer, broadcasting and telecommunications  systems, – and thus millions of jobs – could
not function.
26. Nations with limited and or high cost supply of energy are at a major competitive
disadvantage: High cost energy inputs adversely affects domestic industries and a nation’s ability to
attract foreign investors, who avoid high cost energy sources as a base for foreign operations.  In
addition, high cost energy is a burden to residential consumers and social services, from street lighting
to hospitals in the home and at school.
27. Finally, a liberalized energy services market attracts capital and technology inflows to assist
with more efficient and eco-friendly development of energy resources.  A liberalized energy services
market will also help to create economic incentives for the development of cleaner and efficient use of
fossil fuels and non-fossil fuels, and for continued/intensified research, development and market
deployment of new and improved  energy technologies.  These are important factors in the
cost-effective achievement of environmental protection and energy security objectives.S/CSC/W/27
Page 7
ANNEX
Explicit Mention of Energy Services in  W/120
In W/120, there are three categories that make explicit mention of energy services. Two
categories are classified as “Business Services.” One category is classified as a “Transport Service.”
Scheduled commitments are fragmentary and incomplete.
Other Business Services  (Division 88)
Services incidental to mining is defined in the CPC as “services rendered on a fee or contract basis at
oil and gas field, e.g., drilling services, derrick building, repair and dismantling services, oil and gas
well casings cementing services.
Exclusion: Mineral prospecting services, oil and gas field exploration and geophysical (e.g.,
seismic and geological surveying services are classified in class 8675 -- Engineering related
scientific and technical consulting services).
Services incidental to Energy Distribution is defi ned in the CPC as “transmission and distribution
services on a fee or contract basis of electricity, gaseous fuels and steam and hot water to household,
industrial, commercial and other users.
Exclusion: Transport services via pipeline on a fee or contract basis of petroleum and natural
gas are classified in subclass 71310.
Transport Services (Subclass 71310)
Pipeline transportation of fuels is defined in the CPC as “Transportation via pipeline of crude or
refined petroleum and petroleum products and of natural gas.”S/CSC/W/27
Page 8
ATTACHMENT A
The Energy Sector1
(Provisional:  This working document contains  initial views intended to stimulate further
thinking and discussion on energy classification issues.)
I. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF
THE ENERGY RESOURCE
1. Evaluation and Exploration Activities
 · Management, economic and scientific activities related to evaluation of a basin
 · Geologic, geophysical, geochemical activities and geoscientific data gathering related
to the location of mineral deposits, oil and gas
· Well drilling and testing· Composition and purity testing and analysis activities
· Mapping on water, land and transition zones through seismic or other imaging
techniques
· Geological and geophysical interpretation
· Reservoir simulation· Risk analysis
· Reserve estimation
· Data management and analysis, including computer modeling
· Conceptual engineering
· Resource and facilities description· Screening
· Site preparation and survey
· Feasibility and appraisal
· Other activities related to evaluation and exploration
2. Drilling Activities
· Planning activities (data acquisition, well design and reservoir evaluation)
· Well construction
· Contract drilling (on and off-shore)
· Repair activities
· Activities necessary for or incidental to resource extraction (such as well casing
cementing and pumping)
· Post-exploratory activities (such as acquisition and analysis of logging and other
measurement activities)
· Disposal of produced water, drill cuttings, drilling fluids and spent process fluids, etc.
· Access to a range of products essential to drilling activities (such as drill bits,
chemicals and drilling fluids)
· Other activities related to drilling
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e .g. oil, natural gas, coal, renewables, nuclear or
electricity) unless otherwise specified.S/CSC/W/27
Page 9
3. Completion and Development Activities
· Well construction activities with use of associated safety systems, fluids and
chemicals
· Perforation and simulation· Development and production activities involving water handling and sand control,
artificial lift, workover operations and reservoir monitoring
· Other completion and development activities
4. Leasing or rental activities
· Leasing/rental of equipment and machinery with or without crew for use in the
development or redevelopment of the energy source
5. Offshore support activities
· Supply and towing activities for offshore drilling rigs and vessels, production
platforms, floating cranes, etc.
6. Research and development
· R&D activities related to energy exploration and development, such as enhanced oil
recovery,  an example related to new resource development technologies
II. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN
ENERGY FACILITY
1. Design and construction of facilities necessary to produce and transform energy
· Design, engineering, configuration and consulting activities
·  Project management activities
· Construction and related engineering activities including activities for buildings,
refineries, pipelines and liquefied natural gas facilities
· Other activities related to the design and construction of energy facilities
2.  Development activities for energy facilities
· Development work for energy for the construction, installation, operation,
management or maintenance of energy facilities and equipment, such as:
--  acquiring necessary permits and approvals-- arranging contracts for fuel, transportation and other supplies
· Other related energy facility development activities
3. Installation, operation, management and maintenance of energy facilities and equipment on a
fee or contract basis (including turnkey projects)
· Installation, operation, management, maintenance, repair, and monitoring activities,
including financing of equipment
· Implementation of environmental and safety safeguards
· Replacement, upgrade and refurbishment activities for facilities and equipment· Development and implementation of energy efficiency programs
· Fuel procurement
· Preventive and periodic maintenance servicesS/CSC/W/27
Page 10
· Other activities related to the installation, operation, management and maintenance of
energy facilities and equipment
4. Production-related activities
· Liquefaction and regasification of natural gas
· Operation of power-generating equipment
· Refining
· Energy products manufacturing services
· Other production-related activities
5. Decommissioning, waste management, envir onmental, recycling and disposal activities
· Decommissioning of energy facilities and networks
· Conversion of energy facilities to other uses or alternative fuel sources
· Dismantling activities
· Plugging and abandonment of oil wells· Reclamation for environmental or other considerations
· Handling and disposal of residue from power generation
· Pollution control and monitoring activities, including installation of fuel gas stack
scrubbers, particulate reduction
· Waste management· Other activities related to decommissioning, waste management, and environmental
protection/clean-up
6. Research and development
· R&D activities related to energy facilities, such as the development of energy
efficient and clean technologies
III. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENERGY NETWORKS
1. Design and construction of energy networks
· Design, engineering, preparation of specifications, configuration and consulting
activities
· Project management activities
· Construction and related engineering activities for energy networks
· Other activities related to the design and construction of energy networks
2. Operation activities of energy networks, including transportation, transmission and
distribution
· Movement of energy and fuels from production facilities to local distribution
facilities, such as the operation of high voltage electricity transmission equipment orof oil, natural gas, liquid petroleum gasoline pipelines, or central pumping stations,
often referred to as transmission
· Movement of energy and fuels from local distribution facilities to final consumers,
such as operation of an electricity distribution network (grids and mains), often
referred to as distribution
· Central network control
· Scheduling of transmissionS/CSC/W/27
Page 11
· Power management and monitoring activities, such as load following, frequency
management and voltage maintenance, etc.
· Reactive power
· Activities related to compensation for losses
· Activities to ensure access to and monitoring of the network· Other activities related to the operation of energy networks
3. Maintenance and repair
· Includes activities to maintain and repair an energy network
4.  Installation and upgrading activities
· Includes network upgrades and modifications, the installation of lines to new and
existing customers, and other activities related to installation or upgrading of an
energy network
5.  Research and development
· R&D related to energy networks, such as the development of new systems to manage
energy flow, products to maintain networks (e.g. chemicals to clean pipelines), etc.
IV. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO WHOLESALE MARKETS IN ENERGY
1. Energy related storage activities
· Liquid or gas storage activities, including volume and tonnage capacity
· Supervision, audit, and compliance· Advisory activities related to energy storage
· Specialized treatment and disposal activities
· Other activities related to energy storage
2. Wholesale customer activities
· Metering and billing
· Energy management
· Supervision and telemonitoring of metering
· Billing and data collection
· Customer call-out activities
· Maintenance, repair, refurbishment, replacement and upgrading of customer
equipment
· Other wholesale customer activities
3.  Trading, brokering and sales activities
· Trading and brokering
· Sales
· Clearing and settlement activities
· Wholesale trade activities for energy, energy products, and fuels
· Other activities related to wholesale sales, trading and brokeringS/CSC/W/27
Page 12
4.  Commodity and risk management
· Risk management activities related to energy, energy products and fuels, such as
originating, trading and management of puts, calls, swaps, and options and other
forms of commodity and risk management
5. Energy efficiency activities
· Energy audits
· Outsourcing of energy management and control
· Administrative and information activities
· Advising on efficiency of energy products and systems and alternative energy sources
to optimize energy supply and enhance environmental protection
· Other energy efficiency activities related to wholesale energy markets
6. Advisory activities
· Advisory and consulting activities related to energy management and efficiency,
including environmental considerations
7.  Supply of energy activities
· Demand side management
· Risk management
· Contracted energy management
· Supervision and audit
· Advisory activities for energy efficiency· Site energy control and management
·O t h e r
8. Activities related to the wholesaling and marketing of energy equipment
· Engineering, design and application
·M a r k e t i n g· Sales
·F i n a n c i n g
· Transportation
· Distribution
· Installation· Training
V. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE RETAIL SUPPLY OF ENERGY
1.  Retail customer activities
· Metering and billing
· Energy management
· Supervision and telemonitoring of metering
· Billing and data collection
· Customer call-out activities· Maintenance, repair, refurbishment, replacement and upgrading of customer
equipment
· Other retail customer activitiesS/CSC/W/27
Page 13
2.  Trading, brokering and sales activities
· Sales, trading and brokering
· Clearing and settlement activities· Retail trade activities for energy, energy products, and fuels
· Other activities related to retail sales, trading and brokering
3. Commodity and risk management
· Risk management activities related to energy, energy products and fuels, such as
originating, trading and management of puts, calls, swaps, and options and otherforms of commodity and risk management
4.  Retail customer efficiency activities
· Energy audits
· Outsourcing of energy management and control
· Administrative and information activities
· Advising on efficiency of energy products and systems and alternative energy sources
to optimize energy supply and enhance environmental protection
· Other energy efficiency activities related to retail energy markets
5.  Advisory activities
· Advisory and consulting activities related to energy management and efficiency,
including environmental considerations
6.  Activities related to the retail sale and marketing of energy equipment
· Engineering, design and application
·M a r k e t i n g
· Sales
·F i n a n c i n g· Transportation
· Distribution
· Installation
· TrainingS/CSC/W/27
Page 14ATTACHMENT B
Energy Sector Index
I. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY RESOURCE
(Provisional:  this working document contains initial views intended to stimulate further thinking and discussion on energy cla ssification issues.)
(1)
Commercial Activity1(2)
Commercial Description(3)
W/120 Explicit
Reference(4)
W/120 Implied
Reference(5)
W/120 New
Classification(6)
Possibly Outside the
GATS
1.  Evaluation andExploration Activities See Attachment A, I.1
2.  Drilling Activities
See Attachment A, I.2
3.  Completion and
Development Activities See Attachment A, I.3
4.  Leasing or rentalactivitiesSee Attachment A, I.4
5.  Offshore support
activitiesSee Attachment A, I.5 .
6.  Research and
developmentSee Attachment A, I.6
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e.g. oil, na tural gas, coal, renewables, nucl ear or electricity) unless othe rwise specified.S/CSC/W/27
Page 15II. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN ENERGY FACILITY
(Provisional:  this working document contains initial views intended to stimulate further thinking and discussion on energy cla ssification issues.)
(1)
Commercial Activity1(2)
Commercial Description(3)
W/120 Explicit
Reference(4)
W/120 Implied
Reference(5)
W/120 New
Classification(6)
Possibly Outside the
GATS
1.  Design andconstruction of facilities
necessary to produce
and transform energySee Attachment A, II.1
2.  Development
activities for energyfacilitiesSee Attachment A, II.2
3.  Installation,
operation, management
and maintenance of
energy facilities and
equipment on a fee orcontract basis (including
turnkey projects)See Attachment A, II.3
4.  Production-related
activitiesSee Attachment A, II.4
5. Decommissioning,
waste management,
environmental,recycling and disposal
activitiesSee Attachment A, II.5
6.  Research and
development See Attachment A, II.6
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e.g. oil, na tural gas, coal, renewables, nucl ear or electricity) unless othe rwise specified.S/CSC/W/27
Page 16III. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENERGY NETWORKS
(Provisional:  this working document contains initial views intended to stimulate further thinking and discussion on energy cla ssification issues.)
(1)
Commercial Activity1(2)
Commercial Description(3)
W/120 Explicit
Reference(4)
W/120 Implied
Reference(5)
W/120 New
Classification(6)
Possibly Outside the
GATS
1.  Design andconstruction of energy
networksSee Attachment A, III.1
2.  Operation activities
of energy networks,
including transportation,transmission and
distributionSee Attachment A, III.2
3.  Maintenance and
repair See Attachment A, III.3
4.  Installation and
upgrading activities See Attachment A, III.4
5.  Research and
development See Attachment A, III.5
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e.g. oil, na tural gas, coal, renewables, nucl ear or electricity) unless othe rwise specified.S/CSC/W/27
Page 17IV. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO WHOLESALE MARKETS IN ENERGY
(Provisional:  this working document contains initial views intended to stimulate further thinking and discussion on energy cla ssification issues.)
(1)
Commercial Activity1(2)
Commercial Description(3)
W/120 Explicit
Reference(4)
W/120 Implied
Reference(5)
W/120 New
Classification(6)
Possibly Outside the
GATS
1.  Energy relatedstorage activities See Attachment A, IV.1
2.  Wholesale customer
activitiesSee Attachment A, IV.2
3.  Trading, brokering
and sales activitiesSee Attachment A, IV.3
4.  Commodity and risk
management See Attachment A, IV.4
5.  Energy efficiencyactivitiesSee Attachment A, IV.5
6.  Advisory activities See Attachment A, IV.6
7.  Supply of energy
activities See Attachment A, IV.7
8.  Activities related to
the wholesaling and
marketing of energy
equipmentSee Attachment A, IV.8
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e.g. oil, na tural gas, coal, renewables, nucl ear or electricity) unless othe rwise specified.S/CSC/W/27
Page 18V. ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE RETAIL SUPPLY OF ENERGY
(Provisional:  this working document contains initial views intended to stimulate further thinking and discussion on energy cla ssification issues.)
(1)
Commercial Activity1(2)
Commercial Description(3)
W/120 Explicit
Reference(4)
W/120 Implied
Reference(5)
W/120 New
Classification(6)
Possibly Outside the
GATS
 1.  Retail customeractivities See Attachment A, V.1
2.  Trading, brokering
and sales activities See Attachment A, V.2
3.  Commodity and risk
management See Attachment A,V.3
4.  Retail customer
efficiency activities See Attachment A, V.4
5.  Advisory activities
See Attachment A, V.5
6  Activities related tothe retail sale and
marketing of energy
equipmentSee Attachment A, V.6
__________
                                                     
1 These categories are neutral as to energy source (e.g. oil, na tural gas, coal, renewables, nucl ear or electricity) unless othe rwise specified.