WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/WGTTT/2
9 October 2002
(02-5434)
Working Group on Trade and Transfer of Technology Original: English
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER - THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE
Communication from the Government of Canada
Work of the Working Group under the auspices of the General Council pursuant
to paragraph 37 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The Government of Canada welcomes this opportunity to share with the Working Group an
overview of its experience related to technology transfer and draw out key implications that can
inform the examination of the relationship between  trade and technology transfer, as well as any
possible recommendations on steps that might be taken within the mandate of the WTO to increaseflows of technology to developing countries.
2. Canada considers the Doha Ministerial Declaration's direction to examine the relationship
between trade and transfer of technology to be important in itself and within the broader context of
sustainable development and actions to eradicate poverty.  The work of this group complements a
range of other international initiatives in which all Members share an interest, including thereaffirmation of the Development Goals this past March in Monterrey, Mexico, and the historic
agreement on an Africa Action Plan to support the goals of the New Partnership for Africa's
Development made this past June at the G8 Summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.  A common
theme running through each of these forums is the importance of sharing knowledge in a spirit of
partnership to achieve common objectives.
3. Canada supports the view offered by a number of developed and developing Members of this
Working Group that, at this stage, we should not foreclose from consideration the broad array ofdomestic and international constraints and opportunities for facilitating the flow of technology to
developing countries.  Our particular efforts, howe ver, must also be focussed and realistic.  By the
time of the 5
th Ministerial Conference we should be able to identify whether there are areas, within a
WTO context, where WTO Members can make a contribution to increasing flows of technology to
developing countries.  Sharing our mutual experiences with technology transfer will help us achievethis goal.
4. Against this background, this submission first situates technology transfer within the context
of Canada's new innovation strategy.  It then reviews the Canadian experience with technology
transfer from three different perspectives: domestic Canadian policies and technology transfer;Canada as a recipient of technology from the world; and Canada as a provider of technology to the
world.
II. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CANADA'S
INNOVATION STRATEGY
5. Canada views innovation as the process through which new economic and social value is
extracted from knowledge.  Through innovation, knowledge is applied to the development andWT/WGTTT/2
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commercialization of new products and services or to new ways of designing and producing an
existing product or service.  In January of 2002, the Government of Canada set out its innovation
strategy through two policy papers:  Knowledge Matters:  Skills and Learning for Canadians ;  and
Achieving Excellence:  Investing in  People, Knowledge and Opportunity .1  Canada is a significant net
importer of knowledge and technology.  Therefore, it is not surprising to find that technology transferis a key element within its innovation strategy.  The Government of Canada recognizes that
continuous refinement of both general framework policies and specific policies and measures are
essential to improve the flow of technology both internally and externally in order to reach our
ambitious innovation goals and targets.
III. DOMESTIC POLICIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
6. Much of the analysis underlying Canada's innovation strategy has underlined the critical
contribution that getting Canada's domestic business environment right makes to building a more
innovative economy.  The Canadian experience has been that domestic policy actions to this end
improve conditions for the generation, transfer, and diffusion of technology (in the broadest sense of
the word) internally.  But that is not the entire story.  Many of the domestic policy measures and
actions Canada has taken in the past to improve the internal environment for innovation and
technology transfer are now reflected in its international commitments which, in themselves, have
played a positive and reinforcing role.
7. A review of Canada's domestic innovation system, and the entire array of Canada's policies
and programs to strengthen that system, will not be undertaken here.  Instead, selected examples of
domestic policies with a strong linkage to improving conditions for technology transfer are
highlighted.  The examples fall within two general categories.  First, to encourage the creation,
transfer and diffusion of technology and knowledge, the Government of Canada has put in place, and
is continuing to develop, domestic framework polices that provide for a fair, efficient and competitive
marketplace - the essential prerequisite for technology transfer.  Second, changes to Canada's
framework policies that have encouraged technology transfer have been complemented by many
specific initiatives and programs for improving Ca nada's innovation capacity, including with respect
to technology transfer.
Domestic Framework Policies
Regulatory framework
8. The regulatory regime of any country has an enormous impact on its global competitiveness.
OECD research indicates that effective regulatory reform efforts can result in GDP growth in the
range of 3 to 6 per cent (for Canada, that means potential economic growth of over C$50 billion).
Although difficult to establish empirically, a major portion of this growth would result from
increasing the rate of innovation, and implicitly the strengthening of technology transfer performance.
9. The Canadian experience has reflected the so-called small country disadvantage - trying to
provide world-class regulatory programs with relatively fewer resources than are available to
regulators in larger economies.  There are many examples where Canada has used opportunities
within regional and international trade agreements  to overcome this disadvantage through better
integrated or even harmonized regulatory regimes with its trading partners.
                                                     
1 The Government of Canada is pleased to make available to Working Group Members copies of its
Innovation Strategy papers that provide an overview of current circumstances within Canada.WT/WGTTT/2
Page 3
10. Canada is not alone among WTO member countries in facing difficult regulatory challenges
in integrating domestic social and economic objectives in a context of increased technical complexity.
This is particularly true in areas of health and environmental protection but also in terms of getting
domestic policy frameworks right for new business areas like e-commerce and biotechnology, andestablishing public confidence that these areas are beneficial and well-managed.  In this context,
technology transfer gives rise to contentious and complex issues domestically and, of course,
internationally.
11. The Canadian approach to standards is an example of how Canada has moved forward
domestically and looked to international agreements  as an essential and complementary element of its
domestic regulatory framework.  In Canada, more than 60 per cent of the national standards approvedin recent years have been based on international standards.  This reflects the reality of Canadian trade
patterns: some 60 per cent of Canadian manufactured goods are now exported to other countries as
opposed to 25 per cent in 1980.  Canada's traditional standardization approach addressed narrowly
defined technological concerns in a purely domestic context.  Canada's new standards strategy takes a
different direction, including benchmarking domestic standards against such criteria as the extent towhich they help build Canadian competitive advantage through technology and information transfer.
Intellectual Property (IP)12. One objective of the Canadian IP policy framework is to encourage innovation and
technology transfer through providing incentives for research and development (R&D) leading to new
products and production processes, and facilitating the diffusion of new technology and creative
works.  Over the past fifteen years, the Canadian IP policy framework has undergone enormous
change to achieve this objective while, at the same time, ensuring that an appropriate balance is struck
between the interests of creators and users of IP.
13. Finding the right balance between creators and users of IP, as the pace of technological
change in Canadian and global marketplaces accelerates, has proven to be a continuing process of
domestic consultation and legislative revision.  Canada  has utilised the flexibility provided for in the
TRIPS Agreement to create an exception whereby a patent can be worked by anyone seeking
regulatory approval for the product.  This "early working" can only be in relation to that regulatory
approval.  Canada's successful defence of the "early working" or regulatory exception at the WTODispute Settlement Body validates a fundamental element of our patent regime.  In the pharmaceutical
industry, it has been demonstrated that this exception accelerates the market access of generic drugs
by a period of 3 to 6.5 years (the average time required to prepare for and complete the regulatory
approval process for a generic drug).
14. Canada's IP policies aimed at spurring innovation and ensuring maximum access to new
creations at home and from abroad are reflected in, and consistent with, the scope and content of the
international IP commitments Canada has made to date.  Canada's experience is that domestic policy
objectives can be met while deriving the benefits, including enhanced flows of technology, resulting
from international agreements on IP.WT/WGTTT/2
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Competition Policy
15. The Canadian experience is that competition policy has contributed substantially to achieving
efficiencies in the Canadian economy, including in the flow of technologies between firms and to the
dynamism of firms.  As with the case of IP framework policies, Canadian competition policies arecontinually evolving to take account of structural changes in the marketplace and to reflect changing
business strategies employed by firms in response to global competitive pressures.  One example is
found in the Canadian competition policy response to the increasing use by Canadian firms of
strategic alliances.
16. Strategic alliances can act as an important  mechanism for transferring the skills and
knowledge among employees within participating fi rms.  These resources may be hard to acquire
through normal market transactions.  Many alliances involve something new, innovative and
forward-looking:  a new research and development program, new products, technologies and
processes, or a new marketing strategy to be conducted jointly by the parties.  The adjective
"strategic" has a definite meaning here.  It implies a concern with the longer-term, with investment
rather than day-to-day operations, and with developing new markets rather than servicing existingones.
17. It is Canada's experience that strategic alliances generally do not raise competition policy
issues under our existing Competition Act.  However, alliances can take a variety of forms with
varying impact in the marketplace and where they  are likely to lead to anti-competitive effects,
intended or otherwise, parties must be able to determine whether the Act is contravened.  In response,
the Canadian Competition Bureau has issued specific and transparent guidance on how strategic
alliances will be reviewed, and if necessary, how the Act will be applied to the few alliances which
potentially lead to anti-competitive effects.2
18. The modernization of Canada's competition policy framework to meet domestic objectives is
increasingly being reflected in Canada's internatio nal competition activities.   In particular the
growing international dimension to competition law enforcement, has placed competition policy in a
prominent position on the international policy agenda.  In this regard, Canada supports the negotiation
of a multilateral agreement on competition policy within the WTO, to reinforce support for addressing
anticompetitive practices by all Members.
Government Procurement
19. In the past Canada used government procurement as a tool for an array of domestic policy
objectives, with technology transfer often being far down the list.  Over recent years, however, the
importance of government procurement policies as a means to transfer and diffuse technologythroughout the economy has received much greater recognition.  The effectiveness of government
procurement policies subject to our trade agreements in relation to enhancing flows of technology
both domestically and internationally is strongly linked to the degree of openness, transparency, and
non-discrimination found in tendering processes.
20. Canada, along with 26 other WTO Members, are Parties to the plurilateral WTO Agreement
on Government Procurement, which works towards greater openness, transparency, and non-
discrimination.  In addition, Canada has been working with its regional trading partners to achieve
these same ends.  In the 1988 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, Canada agreed to establish a
Procurement Review Board (PRB) to hear complaints filed by potential suppliers concerning allegedbreaches by the Government of Canada of prescribed procedural requirements applicable to any
                                                     
2 "Strategic Alliances under the Competition Act," Di rector of Investigation and Research, Bureau of
Competition Policy, November 1995.WT/WGTTT/2
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aspects of the procurement process for covered contracts.  In January of 1994, the coming into force
of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAF TA) brought with it not only an expanded scope
of coverage but also a transfer of authority to hear procurement complaints to the Canadian
International Trade Tribunal (the CITT).
21. The CITT currently hears complaints arising under the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), the Canadian domestic Agr eement on Internal Trade, the WTO Agreement on
Government Procurement, and the Canada-Korea Agreement on the Procurement of
Telecommunications Equipment.  Members may be interested to learn that the majority of complaints
heard by the CITT and the PRB before it have not been from potential foreign suppliers, but from
Canadian firms challenging their own federal government's procurement decisions.
Specific Initiatives and Programs for Technology Transfer
22. The modernization of Canada's framework policies are accompanied by an array of initiatives
and programs to strengthen Canada's innovation capacity, the majority of which also strengthen
Canada's technology transfer performance.  Selected examples include:
(a) The creation of the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) in 1997.  The CFI shares
the cost of Infrastructure required to conduct new research in Canada and abroad.
The CFI's international program element (C$100 million) encourages Canadian
research institutions to join with international partners and take advantage of researchopportunities with leading facilities in other countries.
(b) The establishment of the Canada Research Chairs (CRC) program.  Under CRC,
2,000 academic positions at universities across the country will be funded by 2005.
The program's objective is to enable Canadian universities, together with their
affiliated research institutes and hospitals, to become world-class research centresthrough attracting and retaining the best researchers in the world to Canadian
Universities and research hospitals.
(c) Since 1997 the Government has invested heavily in making Canada one of the most
internet "connected" countries in the world.  The Government has been delivering on
this commitment by connecting Canadians to each other and the world through
programs that are tailored to address the various needs of Canadians.  These activities
are building on previous steps taken to deregulate the telecommunications industry inCanada, which has increased competition and encouraged Canadian firms to quickly
develop innovative products and services.  Canada has also participated in the G-8
Digital Opportunities Task Force to share its experience and find ways to overcome
the "digital divide" between developed and many developing countries.
(d) The Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) program has been operating
successfully for twelve years and now has an annual budget $77.4 million per year.
Networks of Centres of Excellence are partnerships among researchers in universities,
industry, government and non-governmental organizations aimed at turning Canadian
research and entrepreneurial talent into economic and social benefits for all
Canadians.  An integral part of the federal government's Innovation Strategy, thesenation-wide, multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral research partnerships connect
excellent research with industrial know-how and strategic investment.  Many of the
networks have an international reach.
23. Members of this group will undoubtedly note that the specific initiatives cited above, while
extremely important to encouraging and facilitating technology transfer in Canada, may be beyond thefinancial or institutional reach of many developing countries.  This does not obviate the relevance ofWT/WGTTT/2
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Canada's experience in this area.  Sound framework policies, many of which derive from, or in turn
support, commitments in this organization are a necessary element to a successful technology transfer
environment.  Augmented by supportive specific initiatives technology transfer systems can flourish.
24. One of the key issues for this group is while there are undoubtedly important areas for
international cooperative action in the area of designing, funding and implementing supportive
initiatives, the extent to which the WTO can provide solutions in this area are limited.  From the
Canadian perspective the WTO can play a direct and substantial role in encouraging the adoption of
effective framework policies within all member countries that will strengthen the international flow of
technology between all member countries, but especially to developing countries.
IV. CANADA AS A RECIPIENT OF TECHNOLOGY FROM THE WORLD
25. There exists a large body of literature on the extent and nature of the contribution Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) can make to economic growth in general and technological transfer and
development in particular.  These findings will not be reviewed again here.  Instead, the focus is on
three specific points.  First, it is Canada 's experience that it must have access to knowledge andtechnologies from around the world in order to ensure our own economic growth and sustainable
development.  Second, FDI has been a key means for Canada to achieve this objective.  Third,
Canada's evolving FDI policies, and its international investment commitments in regional and
multilateral trade and investment agreements, reflect these facts of economic life, but in a manner that
also allows Canada to advance other essential national interests.
26. FDI has been, and continues to be, a key cont ributor to economic development and innovation
in Canada.  The level of FDI has grown rapidly in  recent years, with the stock of FDI in Canada
reaching $291 billion in 2001.  Many Canadian studies  have provided empirical evidence that FDI
leads to substantial intra corporate technology transfer between foreign parents and foreign-controlledCanadian subsidiaries.  Possibly more significantly, however, is the finding that foreign-controlled
firms in Canada are generally more productive than Canadian-controlled firms.
3  This suggests that
foreign-controlled firms are altering the structure of production in Canada such that Canadian firms
have to adjust to the new productivity benchmarks, including through lowering production costs and
adopting new product and process technologies.
27. The Canadian international investment policy  framework for FDI has been liberalized over
the past two decades, in no small part due to a broader understanding that it is a key transmission
mechanism for technology from abroad.  Members may recall Canada established the Foreign
Investment Review Agency (FIRA) in 1974 to screen  new foreign investment and to review foreign
acquisitions of existing assets.  Approvals given by FIRA were in some cases contingent on the
investor providing undertakings, including  in relation to domestic purchasing, employment, andtechnology transfer.
28. In 1985, and prior to the negotiation of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement which provided
limited disciplines of performance requirements attached investments, the Government of Canada
abolished FIRA and replaced it with a new agency, Investment Canada.  The policy rationales forFIRA's abolition included that FIRA had been demonstrated to discourage foreign investment and that
the undertakings it extracted from potential investors were of dubious value given the pace of
economic and technological change in the Canadian and world economies.
29. The recognition of the economic and technological benefits from FDI are reflected in the
1985 Investment Canada Act which states that: "Recognizing that increased capital and technology
                                                     
3 Jianmin Tang and Someshwar Rao, "R&D Propensity and Productivity Performance of Foreign-
Controlled Firms in Canada". Industry Canada Working Paper No. 33, March 2001.WT/WGTTT/2
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would benefit Canada, the purpose of this Act is to  encourage investment in Canada by Canadians and
non-Canadians that contributes to economic growth and employment opportunities and to provide for
the review of significant investments in Canada by  non-Canadians in order to ensure such benefit to
Canada."4  Under this legislation, Canada continues to review significant investments in Canada by
non-Canadians (over a threshold level in 2002 of $218 million for WTO member investors).  Thisright of review is preserved in all international investment agreements Canada has signed.  In these
agreements, Canada has also preserved its rights to adopt and maintain measures in a number of
important policy areas including health, public education, social services, regional development and
aboriginal affairs.
30. FDI is a critical channel for technology transfer to Canada but it is not the only one.  It will be
recalled that all industries, including those not necessarily traditionally viewed as highlytechnologically intensive, embody advanced technology in products and processes.  The mining
industry and indeed government services are two examples of sectors that have been transformedrecently through enhanced technological intensity in  the performance of their work.  With respect to
goods production (including basic commodities), Canadian producers need to obtain technologically
sophisticated production inputs and machinery and equipment at competitive prices. In many cases,they need to source these inputs from abroad.
31. Over the past decade, Canada has unilaterally changed its import policies to ensure Canadian
producers can more efficiently obtain technology from abroad as embodied in production inputs.  A
prime example is Canada's tariff program for imported production machinery.  Under this program,duties on a broad range of machinery were remitted to importers only if reasonably equivalent
machinery was not available from Canadian pro duction.  The program covered a broad range of
machinery from all sources. It also imposed admini strative costs on industry which were a significant
barrier to the importation of leading edge production technologies.  In January of 1998 the Canadian
government terminated the Machinery Program.  Virtually all machinery production parts and mostspare parts under the former Machinery Program now enter Canada duty free.  The Government of
Canada also took the opportunity afforded by the abolition of the Machinery Program to introduce
several new duty-free items covering new technology equipment.
32. Technology transfer is also embodied in the tacit knowledge carried by people.  Many people
have said that successful technology transfer embodies a number of complimentary policies in this
respect.  For example, policies that encourage, or that at least do not impede, the recruiting ofprofessionals from abroad; the ability to use consulting firms, especially consulting engineering firms
regardless of nationality, the importance of international cooperation with respect to laboratory use
and the education and training of scientists, engineers and technologists are indicative of supportive
policies that have served Canada well.  Canada's international commitments in trade in services reflect
the priority it places on ensuring that Canada has international access to knowledge embodied inservices.  At the same time, the Canadian experience has been that Canada's international
commitments in trade in services do not restrict its ability to achieve diverse domestic policy
objectives, including cultural policy objectives.
V. CANADA AS AN EXPORTER OF TECHNOLOGY TO THE WORLD
33. Canada has long recognized the benefits that flow to Canada and to recipient countries from
exporting Canadian know-how around the world.  Th ese benefits are often defined in commercial
terms.  But they are also defined, in some cases, against benchmarks of international cooperation and
development across a wide array of global economic, social and environmental issue areas.
                                                     
4 Investment Canada Act. R.S., 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.)WT/WGTTT/2
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34. Canada has a strong interest as an exporter of commercial technologies to markets in
developed and developing countries, including as these are transmitted through Canadian direct
investment abroad.  Canadian direct investment abroad (CDIA) stock increased from $79.8 billion in
1988 to $301 billion in 2000.  While most of CDIA is located in developed countries, over recent
years the stock of CDIA in developing countries has grown rapidly.
35. The Government of Canada and its research partners, such as the National Research Council
of Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, have a variety of programs in
place to encourage the commercial export of Ca nadian technology abroad (including technology
embodied in goods and services and in Canadian direct investments abroad).  Two specific examples
are the Canadian International Development Agen cy's (CIDA) Industrial Cooperation Program and
Canada's contribution to the International Model Forest Network.
36. CIDA's Industrial Cooperation Program provides financial support to Canadian businesses
planning sustainable business activities in developing countries in a variety of sectors.  It reduces the
risks to Canadian firms by sharing the costs unique to doing business in developing countries and
those associated with providing training, the participation of women, and a clean environment.Recently, support was provided through the I ndustrial Cooperation Program to a Canadian firm
producing components of an air emission filtering system for sale in China.  With support from
CIDA, the company entered into a joint-venture ag reement with a Chinese company.  It received
program assistance to help train Chinese employees to ensure high-quality production that would meet
ISO 9000 certification standards. Of the total training activity cost of C$320,000, CIDA contributedC$250,000.  The Canadian and Chinese partners each invested C$1.5 million in leading-edge
production equipment.  The joint venture is now self-sufficient, and is supplying markets in China,
Japan, and Eastern Europe.  It employs 60 people in China, and maintains five jobs in Canada.
37. Canada's Model Forest Program was established in 1992 to address the challenge of balancing
the extensive range of demands that are placed on Canada's forests.  Successes of the program include
the development of local-level indicators of sustainability; innovative land-tenure models; best
management practices including sustainability codes of conduct for woodlot managers and
contractors; and the development and application of geographic information systems technologies for
forest management and resources scenario planning.  The technologies and knowledge generated
through the program are now being exported to th e world, including through the International Model
Forest Network (IMFN) housed at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Ottawa.
Today, the network includes model forests in Canada, Mexico, Chile, Russia, Japan, and the United
States. A number of other countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, China, Myanmar, and
Argentina are preparing to join the network.
VI. CONCLUSION
38. The Canadian experience with technology transfer shows that measures taken to strengthen
our domestic innovation capacity have also strengthened our ability to transfer technology internally,
attract technology from abroad (whether tacit, codified, and as embodied in people, goods and
services), and be an exporter of technology to the world.  Canadian domestic policies to establish theinternal conditions for a strong innovation capacity (and, by implication, a strong technology transfer
capacity) have been complemented and reinforced by the commitments it has undertaken in the WTO
and regional trade agreements in a variety areas, including: investment; intellectual property;
standards; market access for trade in goods and services; and government procurement.WT/WGTTT/2
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ANNEX 1
Appendix:  Canadian Web-Based Resources Related to Technology Transfer
Strategis  - Comprehensive online information for Canadian businesses on: markets, trade and
investment; industrial perspectives; technology and innovation; micro-economic research and
analysis; managing business; and marketplace services.  It is also a gateway to other relevant
technology transfer sites; http://strategis.ic.gc.ca
National Technology Index (NTI)  - A listing of more than 1,200 licensable technologies from the
public sector;  http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc_innov/nti/engdoc/search/html
Opportunity Match  - A companion service will alert you when new technologies that match your
profile are entered in the NTI;  http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/tf00181e.html
Trans-Forum  - An online communications and information service which links the industry liaison
offices of a growing number of universities, affiliated research institutes, colleges, technical institutes
and Centres of Excellence across Canada.  Its purpose is to enhance technology and expertise transfer
from higher education institutions to Canadian business, especially small and medium-sized
enterprises.  It makes key services and information accessible to industry liaison officials to assist
them in their marketing efforts;  http://strategis.gc.ca/SSG/tf00184e.htm
Canadian Technology Network  - A network of industry associations, research organizations,
governments, universities and colleges established to provide business people with quick, easy access
to data, intelligence and services on technology and related business services;  http://ctn.nrc.ca
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade - Science and Technology Program  -
Working on behalf of Canada's science and technology (S&T) community, the S&T program of
DFAIT facilitates the development of international research and development (R&D) collaboration
between Canada and other countries, and assists in the collection of intelligence for S&T policy
development;  http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/science/home_e.html
National Research Council (NRC)  – Canada's premier R&D capabilities which actively promotes
technology transfer in Canada and abroad;  http://www.nrc.ca
NRC's Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP)  - An extensive network of the National
Research Council's Industrial Technology Advi sors who provide professional advice and
technological know-how to small- and medium-sized companies and put them in touch with peopleand financial resources to help them undertake research, development and technology adaptation
projects;  http://www.nrc.ca/irap/home.html
NRC's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information - One of the world's major
sources for information in all areas of science, technology, engineering and medicine;http://www.nrc.ca/cisti/cisti_e.shtml
Statistics Canada  - Provides working papers on S&T; http://www.statscan.ca
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)  – Canada's major aid agency which has
technology transfer programs; http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index.htm
International Development Research Centre (IDRC)  - A Canadian funded agency that assists
developing countries to solve their problems by building science and technology capabilities;
http://www.idrc.caWT/WGTTT/2
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Canadian Advanced Technology Alliance (CATA)  - An industry association that gets involved in
technology transfer through its Technogate brokerage service;  http://www.cata.ca
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters  - An industry association which promotes international
trade and development including technology transfers;
http://www.cme-mce.ca
Research Infosource  - An information and data source on Canadian R&D;
http://www.researchinfosource.com
Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT)  - Canada's procurement complaint review
authority;  http://www.citt-tcce.gc.ca
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