RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE IP/Q/JPN/1/Add.1
29April 1997
ORGANIZATION(97-1869)
Original: English Council forTrade-Related Aspects
ofIntellectual Property Rights
REVIEW OFLEGISLATION ONCOPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
Japan
Addendum
Bymeans ofacommunication from thePermanent Mission ofJapan, dated 18April 1997,
theSecretariat hasreceived thefollowing responses tothequestions thatBrazil hadputtoJapan in
thecontext ofthefollow-up tothereview oflegislation oncopyright andrelated rights attheCouncil 's
meeting of22to25July1996.
_______________
REPLIES TOQUESTIONS POSED BYBRAZIL
1. What aretheprerequisites fortheprotection ofawork, performance, phonogram and
broadcasting bycopyright andrelated rights under eachcategory ofsubject matter? Does protection
extend tothetitleofthework? Isthereaspecial requisite forphotographic works ortoworks ofapplied
art?
(1) Copyright isgranted automatically when awork iscreated (paragraph 2ofArticle 17,
paragraph 1ofArticle 51).
Neighbouring rights ofperformers, producers ofphonograms andbroadcasting organizations
arealsogranted automatically (paragraph 5ofArticle 89,Article 101):
(i) when theperformance takes place, withrespect toperformers;
(ii) when thefirstfixation ofsounds ismade, withrespect toproducer ofphonograms;
and
(iii) when thebroadcast takes place, withrespect tobroadcasting organizations.
(2) Astothetitleofawork, itisalsogranted protection ascopyright ifitconstitutes anindependent
work.
Anauthor hasamoral right topreserve theintegrity ofthetitleofhiswork against its
modification (Article 20).
(3) There exists nospecific provision withrespect torequisites either forphotographic works or
forworks ofapplied art.IP/Q/JPN/1/Add.1
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2. What aretheprerequisites fortheprotection ofadaptations, translations, andother alterations
oftheoriginal work, inparticular cinematographic works?
Derivative works created byadaptation, translation orcinematization ofpre-existing works
areprotected automatically when theyarecreated (subparagraph 11ofparagraph 1ofArticle 2,
paragraph 2ofArticle 17,paragraph 1ofArticle 51).
3. Please indicate thelegalprovisions thatensure theprotection ofcomputer programs asliterary
works, according toArticle 10(1) oftheTRIPS Agreement. Doesitincorporate source andobject code?
TheCopyright Lawclearly stipulates inArticle 10(Classification ofworks) thatcomputer
programs areentitled tocopyright protection. Bothobject codeprograms andsource codeprograms
areprotected.
4. Whoisconsidered tobetheauthor andrightholder oftheprotected workinrespect toeach
category ofsubject matter? Canalegal person beconsidered theauthor ofintellectual works? If
so,under whatcircumstances?
Inprinciple, anauthor isaperson whocreates awork (subparagraph 2ofparagraph 1of
Article 2).
Theauthorship ofawork which, ontheinitiative ofalegalperson, ismade byitsemployee
inthecourse ofhisduties andismade public inthename ofthelegalperson astheauthor shallbe
attributed tothatlegalperson unless otherwise stipulated inacontract, work regulation orthelikein
force atthetimeofcreating thework. (Inthecaseofcomputer programs, therequirement "made
public" shallnotbeapplied.) (Article 15)
5. Please specify thetypes oflicences available forworks, performances, phonograms and
broadcasting protected bycopyright andrelated rights under thedomestic law(voluntary, compulsory,
etc.)andindicate therelevant legal provisions.
Works, performances, phonograms andbroadcasting maybeexploited inthefollowing cases:
(i) when authorized bytherightowner; or
(ii) when permitted inaccordance withtheprovisions on"thelimitation ofrights".
Works maybeexploited when permitted based on"thecompulsory license" which isissued
bytherelevant governmental organization (theCommissioner forCultural Affairs).
Provisions onthecompulsory license areasfollows:
(i) exploitationofworksincaseswherethecopyrightownerthereofisunknown(Article67);
(ii) broadcasting ofworks (Article 68);and
(iii) recording oncommercial phonograms (Article 69)
6. Please specify theexceptions totherightofreproduction (Article 9oftheBerne Convention),
particularly withrespect towireandwireless digital transmissions andbrowsing ontheinternet?
(1) Inaccordance withthescope ofpossible exceptions permitted under Article 9oftheBerne
Convention, theJapanese Copyright Lawhassuchexceptions asreproduction forprivate use
(Article 30),reproduction inschools andother educational institutions (Article 35),etc.IP/Q/JPN/1/Add.1
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(2) Astothetransmission ofworks, theJapanese Copyright Lawgrants toanauthor theright
totransmit hiswork tothepublic, which covers bothwireandwireless transmissions, both
digital andanalogue transmissions andboth simultaneous andinteractive transmissions
(Article 23).
(3) TheJapanese Copyright Lawhasnospecific provisions concerning browsing ontheinternet.