RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/GC/W/81
15April 1998
ORGANIZATION(98-1508)
General Council
24April 1998
GENERAL COUNCIL
Annual Report (1997)
Draft Addendum1,2
Atthemeeting oftheGeneral Council inDecember 1997 itwasagreed thatthereport ofthe
General Council tothe1998 Ministerial Conference would consist ofthe1997 annual reports ofthe
General Council anditssubsidiary bodies together withabriefupdate report oftheGeneral Council
concerning developments inthefirstmonths of1998, andthatChairpersons ofsubsidiary bodies would
beinvited toreport orally totheGeneral Council onwork donesince December 1997.
Thepresent Addendum setsouttheactions taken bytheGeneral Council inthefirstmonths
of1998, andreproduces theoralreports oftheChairpersons ofsubsidiary bodies onwork donesince
December 1997. TheGeneral Council hasheld[..]meetings since December 1997. Theminutes
ofthesemeetings, which remain therecord oftheGeneral Council 'swork, arecontained indocuments
WT/GC/M/26 -[..].
Thefollowing subjects areincluded inthisAddendum:
Page
1. Preparations forthe1998Ministerial Conference andthecommemoration ofthe50th
anniversary ofthemultilateral trading system .........................2
(a) Organizational matters ...................................2
(b) Participation ofleast-developed countries .......................5
(c) Attendance ofinternational intergovernmental organizations ...........5
(d) Attendance ofobservers atworking sessions .....................6
(e) Attendance ofnon-governmental organizations ....................6
2. Committee onBalance-of-Payments Restrictions ........................6
- Reports ............................................6
1Thefinal version ofthisreport willalsoreflect theGeneral Council meeting on24April 1998, andthe
points willberenumbered asnecessary. Theoralreports made atthatmeeting bytheChairpersons ofsubsidiary
bodies willbereproduced asanAnnex.
2Footnote 8totheannual report inWT/GC/10 indicated thatanaddendum tothereport would reflect the
discussion atthereconvened meeting oftheGeneral Council suspended on14November 1997. Thatmeeting
wasnotreconvened,however,andon19February1998,theGeneralCouncilagreedtoaproposalbyitsChairman
thatthe14November meeting beconsidered closed.WT/GC/W/81
Page2
3. Accession ................................................7
- Laos ..............................................7
4. Ecuador -Commitments under theProtocol ofAccession ..................7
5. Outcome ofthemajor review oftheimplementation oftheAgreement onTextiles and
Clothing .................................................7
6. Notifications obligations andprocedures .............................8
7. Global electronic commerce ....................................8
8. Transparency andderestriction ...................................8
9. Accreditation ofPermanent Representatives totheWTO ..................9
10. Comments being directed toindividual cases brought before thedispute settlement
system .................................................9
11. Observer status ............................................9
(a) Governments .........................................9
- Cape Verde .....................................9
(b) International intergovernmental organizations .....................9
12. Appointment ofofficers toWTO bodies .............................10
13. Election ofChairperson .......................................10
1. Preparationsforthe1998MinisterialConferenceandthecommemorationofthe50thanniversary
ofthemultilateral trading system
(a) Organizational matters (WT/GC/M/26, WT/GC/M/273)
AttheGeneralCouncilmeetingon19February1998,theChairmanreadthefollowingstatement
fortherecord, identifying points onwhich consensus appeared tobeemerging andmatters onwhich
further discussion wasrequired:
"Points onwhich consensus appears tobeemerging:
1. Inaccordance with thedecision already taken bytheGeneral Council on
22October 1997, theMinisterial Conference willbegin onthemorning of18May
andwilllastthrough theafternoon of19May, followed bythecommemoration of
the50th Anniversary on20May with theparticipation ofHeads ofState or
Governments. Itisunderstood thatthese aretwodistinct events.
2. Thesubstantive agenda fortheMinisterial Conference willconsist oftwobroad areas
fordiscussion: implementation oftheWTO work programme andfuture activities
oftheWTO.
3Seefootnote 4.WT/GC/W/81
Page3
3. There willbeashort formal opening oftheConference onthemorning of18May,
followed bytwosessions fordiscussions among Ministers. Thefirstsession would
coverissuesrelatingtoimplementationoftheworkprogramme;asecondsessionwould
cover future activities oftheWTO. Discussions would begin onthemorning of18
Mayandcontinue through theafternoon ofthatdayandthemorning of19May.
4. Theformal closing session oftheConference would beheldintheafternoon of19May
where therelevant decisions would betaken, including election ofofficers, venue and
dateofthenextMinisterial Conference.
5. Ministers sowishing could provide ageneral statement totheSecretariat fordistribution
toother delegations andtothepress. These statements would cover twoitems:
implementation andfuture activities.
6. Thecommemoration ofthe50thAnniversary tobeheldon20Maywould beopen
totheparticipation ofallMembers oftheWTO.
Matters onwhich further discussion isrequired:
1. Whether discussion byMinisters onthetwosubstantive items oftheagenda should
berecorded inminutes oftheConference orshould betotally informal, andtheamount
oftimeandthepriorities tobeattributed tothediscussions inthese twoareas.
2. Thenature ofanyaction byMinisters concerning thesediscussions, i.e.thepreparation
ofaChairman 'ssumming-up, orofashort declaration, and/or ofadecision on
preparations forthenextMinisterial Conference.
3. Thescenario forthecommemoration ofthe50thAnniversary withtheparticipation
ofHeads ofState orGovernment."
TherepresentativesofEgypt,Pakistan,Korea,Jamaica,Nigeria,India,Bangladesh,Madagascar,
andBrunei Darussalam onbehalf oftheASEAN Members spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andthatthepoints raised bydelegations would
bediscussed further ininformal consultations.
Atitsmeeting on2and14April 19984,theGeneral Council further considered preparations
forthe1998 Ministerial Conference andthe50thAnniversary commemoration.
On2April, theDirector-General presented afirstreport onhisconsultations concerning
substantive aspects ofthepreparations fortheMinisterial Conference andinparticular thepreparation
ofatexttobeadopted byMinisters.
Therepresentatives oftheUnited States, Egypt, Uganda, Pakistan, Tanzania, Mauritius, India,
Japan, Jamaica, Mexico, South Africa, Morocco andAustralia, andtheChairman spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements.
4Themeeting oftheGeneral Council of2and14April 1998 willremain insession until theMinisterial
Conference. Theminutes ofthismeeting willbecirculated subsequently asWT/GC/M/27, andanAddendum
tothisreport willreflect thediscussion atanyreconvened meetings beyond 14April.WT/GC/W/81
Page4
Also on2April, theGeneral Council agreed thattheMinisterial Conference andthe
commemoration ofthe50thAnniversary beorganized along thefollowing points:
1. DiscussionsamongMinistersonthesubstantiveitemswouldbeheldinworkingsessions
oftheMinisterial Conference. Minutes ofthese discussions would beprepared and
circulated todelegations.
2. Therecords ofthe1998 Ministerial Conference would comprise thethree statements
attheformal opening session, thewritten statements submitted byMinisters, andthe
proceedings oftheformal closing session, which would, interalia,record adecision
onthedate, venue andofficers ofthenextMinisterial Conference.
3. Thesubstantive outcome oftheMinisterial Conference would bereflected inashort
textwhich would include cleardirectives, withatime-bound process, forpreparations
forthethird Ministerial Conference, andwould dealinabalanced waywithboth
substantive items i.e.implementation ofWTO Agreements andfuture activities. This
would beanegotiated text.
4. Thecommemoration ofthe50th Anniversary would beapublic event withthe
participation ofministerial delegations, observer governments andinternational
organizations, andattendance bynon-governmental organizations, thepress andother
personalities whomight beinvited.
Theworking sessions would beopentotheparticipation ofallMembers.
TheGeneral Council alsoagreed on2April toaproposal byitsChairman concerning the
initiation ofaprocess ofconsultations bytheDirector-General withallMembers onthepossible text
ofthesubstantive outcome oftheMinisterial Conference. Thisprocess would becarried outinclose
consultation withtheChairman oftheGeneral Council. TheDirector-General would consult onan
open-ended basistoensure thatalldelegations hadanopportunity toregister theirviews. TheGeneral
Council would meetweekly ifnecessary toconsider progress reports bytheDirector-General. The
Director-General wasinvited toprepare adraftsubstantive outcome oftheMinisterial Conference for
circulation toMembers by20April; thisdraftwould bebased onthediscussions intheGeneral Council
andontheviews obtained bytheDirector-General inhisconsultations. TheGeneral Council further
agreed thatthepresent meeting would remain insession sothatfurther meetings could beorganized
atshort notice.
On14April, theGeneral Council agreed that,inthelightofrecent developments withregard
totheattendance ofHeads ofState orGovernment atthe50thAnniversary commemoration event,
thetwoevents nowbeorganized asfollows:
1. TheMinisterial Conference would openonthemorning ofMonday, 18Mayasplanned
forthethree opening presentations, namely bytheChairman oftheMinisterial
Conference,theDirector-General,andtheChairmanoftheGeneralCouncil.Following
these statements, theformal Ministerial Conference would beadjourned.
2. Theworking session onimplementation would begin ontheafternoon ofMonday,
18Mayandcontinue untilearlyevening. Thepossibility ofcontinuing thisdiscussion
inthemorning ofTuesday, 19Mayifnecessary could beenvisaged.
3. Tuesday, 19May would bedesignated asthedayforthe50th Anniversary
Commemoration. Accordingly, theMinisterial Conference would adjourn either onWT/GC/W/81
Page5
theevening ofMonday the18thorthemorning ofTuesday the19th, toensure that
thetwoevents remained distinct.
4. TheMinisterial Conference would reconvene onWednesday, 20May. Theworking
session onfuture activities would beheldinthemorning, andtheclosing formal session
atwhich theresults would beadopted would beheldintheafternoon.
5. There would benochanges totheagreement regarding theother organizational matters
thatwasreached on2April.
(b) Participation ofleast-developed countries (WT/GC/M/275)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on2and14April 1998, theChairman made anappeal to
Members inaposition tocontribute toaTrust Fund tobecreated forthepurpose offinancing the
participationoftheleast-developedcountriesatthe1998MinisterialConferenceandthe50thAnniversary
commemoration, inkeeping withthepastpractice ofvoluntary contributions tocover thecostsofsuch
participation, tocontact theSecretariat assoonaspossible.
Therepresentatives ofUganda andEgypt spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements.
(c) Attendance ofinternational intergovernmental organizations (WT/GC/M/276)
Atitsmeeting on2and14April 1998, theGeneral Council agreed tothefollowing approach
withregard tointernational organization observers attheMinisterial Conference:
1. Theorganizations thatweregranted observer status attheMinisterial Conference in
1996 would beinvited tothe1998 Ministerial Conference pursuant toparagraph 10
oftheguidelines forobserver status forinternational organizations intheWTO
(WT/L/161, Annex 3).
2. Withregard toother organizations notalready invited asobservers totheMinisterial
Conference, thesameprocedure asfollowed forthe1996Ministerial Conference would
apply. Inother words, organizations thatwereobservers totheGeneral Council would
beinvited automatically; those thatwereobservers tosubsidiary WTO bodies andthat
requested attendance attheMinisterial Conference asobservers would alsobeinvited;
andconsultations would beheldonrequests received fromorganizations notpresently
observers toanyWTO body.
3. Since Ministers would notreadgeneral statements attheMinisterial Conference, but
would beinvited tocirculate written statements, international organizations would
beinvited todothesame. Thisapplied onlytotheMinisterial Conference, since the
format ofthe50thAnniversary commemoration event remained tobedecided.
5Seefootnote 4.
6Seefootnote 4.WT/GC/W/81
Page6
(d) Attendance ofobservers atworking sessions (WT/GC/M/277)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on2and14April 1998, theChairman saidthatsince most
ofthesubstantive discussions among Ministers would takeplace inworking sessions heldbetween
theformal opening andclosing plenary meetings, withthediscussions tobereflected intheminutes
ofthesesessions, heunderstood thatobserver governments andobserver international intergovernmental
organizations would beentitled toattend theworking sessions although, given thelimited amount of
timethatwould beavailable, itwasunlikely theywould beabletospeak.
Therepresentative ofEgypt spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements.
(e) Attendance ofnon-governmental organizations (WT/GC/M/26, WT/GC/M/278)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman recalled that,inpreparing
forthe1996 Ministerial Conference, theGeneral Council hadagreed onthefollowing procedures
regarding theattendance ofNGOs: (i)NGOs would beallowed toattend onlythePlenary Sessions
oftheConference (without therighttospeak); (ii)applications from NGOs toberegistered would
beaccepted onthebasisofArticle V,paragraph 2oftheWTO Agreement, i.e.suchNGOs "concerned
withmatters related tothose oftheWTO"; and(iii)adeadline would beestablished fortheregistration
ofNGOs thatwished toattend theConference. Inorder toproceed withtherequests from NGOs
wishing toattend thenextMinisterial Conference inMay, andthe50thAnniversary commemoration,
heproposed thatthesame criteria asusedfortheSingapore Ministerial Conference beapplied. In
order toallow fortheprocessing ofthelistoftheNGOs having requested registration anditscirculation
fortheinformation oftheMembers, thedeadline forregistration would be31March 1998, and
confirmation ofregistration would subsequently besenttotheNGOs.
Therepresentatives ofEgypt andNigeria spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andagreed toapply thecriteria enumerated
bytheChairman regarding theattendance ofNGOs.
Atitsmeeting on2and14April 1998, theChairman informed theGeneral Council that151
non-governmental organizations hadrequested aregistration form toattend the1998 Ministerial
Conference andthe50thAnniversary commemoration event, andthatalistoftheseorganizations would
becirculated toMembers on3April fortheirinformation before theconfirmation ofregistration was
sentoutbytheSecretariat on15April.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthisinformation.
2. Committee onBalance-of-Payments Restrictions
- Reports (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman oftheCommittee on
Balance-of-Payments Restrictions introduced theCommittee 'sreports onitsconsultations withPakistan
(WT/BOP/R/39) andtheSlovak Republic (WT/BOP/R/40).
7Seefootnote 4.
8Seefootnote 4.WT/GC/W/81
Page7
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatement andadopted thereports inWT/BOP/R/39 and
WT/BOP/R/40.
3. Accession
- Laos (WT/GC/M/26)
Atitsmeeting on19February 1998, theGeneral Council considered acommunication from
Laos (WT/ACC/LAO/1) concerning itsinterest inacceding totheWTO Agreement pursuant to
Article XII.
Therepresentative ofLaos(asanobserver), Brunei onbehalf oftheASEAN Members, Japan,
andAustralia spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andagreed toestablish aworking party to
examine theapplication byLaos, andauthorized itsChairman todesignate theChairperson ofthe
Working Party inconsultation withrepresentatives ofMembers andwiththerepresentative ofLaos.
TheChairman invited Laos, onbehalf oftheGeneral Council, toattend meetings oftheGeneral
Council and,asappropriate, meetings ofother WTO bodies asanobserver during theperiod inwhich
theWorking Party wascarrying outitswork.
4. Ecuador -Commitments under theProtocol ofAccession (WT/GC/M/26)
Atitsmeeting on19February 1998, theGeneral Council considered acommunication from
theUnited States (WT/GC/W/76) expressing concern thatEcuador hadnotyetimplemented certain
commitments initsProtocol ofAccession.
Therepresentatives oftheUnited States, Ecuador andtheEuropean Communities spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements.
5. Outcome ofthemajor review oftheimplementation oftheAgreement onTextiles andClothing
(WT/GC/M/26)
Atthemeeting oftheGeneral Council on19February 1998, theChairman oftheCouncil for
Trade inGoods recalled thathehadinformed theGeneral Council inDecember 1997 thattheGoods
CouncilhadconductedthemajorreviewoftheimplementationoftheAgreementonTextilesandClothing
inmeetings heldfrom October toDecember, andthatinspiteofdetermined efforts bymany, ithad
notbeenpossible toarrive atsufficient common ground onthesummary ofthediscussions andon
asetofconclusions tothereview thatwould attract consensus. InJanuary 1998, consultations had
beenheldwithanumber ofdelegations and,asaresult ofthespirit ofcompromise andflexibility shown
bytheMembers thathadparticipated actively inthesubsequent informal consultations, ithadbeen
possible toreach substantive agreement onatextcontaining adetailed summary ofthediscussions
andconclusions, which hadbeenadopted bytheGoods Council on16February (G/L/224).
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatement.WT/GC/W/81
Page8
6. Notifications obligations andprocedures (WT/GC/M/26)
InNovember1996,theCouncilforTradeinGoods,havingconsideredthereportoftheWorking
GrouponNotificationObligationsandProceduresandtherecommendationscontainedtherein(G/L/112),
made thefollowing recommendations totheGeneral Council: "(a)TheCouncil requests theGeneral
Council totakethenecessary stepstoeliminate thenotification obligations intheDecisions oftheGATT
1947 CONTRACTING PARTIES relating toimport licensing procedures (L/3756 andSR/28/6);
"(b)TheCouncil requests theMinisterial Conference ortheGeneral Council toconsider the
establishment, atanappropriate time, ofabodywithamandate toreview thenotification obligations
andprocedures throughout theWTO Agreement. Alternatively, consideration might begiven tothe
establishment ofabody, ortheextension/modification ofthemandate ofthecurrent Working Group,
toconduct, atanappropriate time, afurther comprehensive review ofthenotification obligations and
procedures intheagreements inAnnex 1AoftheWTO Agreement. Itwassuggested thatfuture work
alsoencompass matters relating totheCentral Registry ofNotifications, electronic transmission of
notifications andfurther work onthenotifications handbook" (G/L/134, Section II).Atitsmeeting
on7,8and13November 1996, theGeneral Council hadapproved therecommendations oftheCouncil
forTrade inGoods andagreed torevert tothismatter atafuture meeting.
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman proposed that(i)onthe
basis ofdiscussions heldbytheformer Chairman oftheWorking Group onNotification Obligations
andProcedures, therecommendation oftheCouncil forTrade inGoods insub-paragraph (b)bekept
under review, andreverted toatafuture dateasappropriate; andthat(ii)inpursuance ofthe
recommendation insub-paragraph (a),theGeneral Council adopt thedraftdecision intheAnnex to
WT/GC/W/75 inorder toeliminate thenotification obligations relating toimport licensing procedures
intherelevant Decision oftheCONTRACTING PARTIES totheGATT 1947.
Therepresentative oftheUnited States spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andagreed totheChairman 'sproposals.
7. Global electronic commerce (WT/GC/M/26)
Atitsmeeting on19February 1998, theGeneral Council considered aproposal bytheUnited
States regarding global electronic commerce (WT/GC/W/78).
Therepresentatives oftheUnited States, Egypt, Japan, Australia, theEuropean Communities,
Canada,NewZealand,Nigeria,Switzerland,India,Pakistan,BruneiDarussalamonbehalfoftheASEAN
Members, Norway, Turkey, Hungary andHong Kong, China, andtheChairman spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements.
8. Transparency andderestriction (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, therepresentative oftheUnited States
saidthatthetimehadcome toevaluate theGeneral Council 'sdecision ofJuly1998regarding procedures
forthecirculation andderestriction ofdocuments (WT/L/160/Rev.1), paragraph 7ofwhich called
ontheGeneral Council toreview andifnecessary modify theprocedures notlaterthanJuly1998.
Inorder topermit theGeneral Council tocarry outitsresponsibilities inrelation totherequired review,
theUnited States proposed thattheGeneral Council agree toorganize informal open-ended consultations
amongst interested delegations withtheaimofconsidering possible modifications tothese procedures.WT/GC/W/81
Page9
Therepresentatives ofCanada, theEuropean Communities, Mexico, Norway, IndiaandEgypt,
andtheChairman spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andagreed thatitsChairman consider ways
andmeans toadvance theproposal bytheUnited States.
9. Accreditation ofPermanent Representatives totheWTO (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman saidthathehadbeen
veryencouraged tonotethatanumber ofMembers hadadjusted theirWTO accreditation practices
totheinternational practice inrespect ofrepresentation tointernational organizations --outlined in
aNotebytheSecretariat of4December (WT/GC/W/72) --andhoped thatmore Members would begin
tomove inthisdirection.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatement.
10. Comments being directed toindividual cases brought before thedispute settlement system
(WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theDirector-General expressed concern
thatanumber ofcomments hadbeendirected overthepastfewmonths toindividual cases brought
before thedispute settlement system. While these comments hadnodoubt beenmade ingood faith,
insome cases theyhadnotbeenmade onthebasis ofalltherelevant facts. Comments based ona
lessthancomplete knowledge ofaparticular case,ormade while itwasstillinprogress, wereanunfair
challenge totheintegrity ofthedispute settlement system, totheWTO 'srule-based procedures, and
tothemultilateral trading system. Hewished toincrease theawareness ofthisproblem among all
Members, andwould callittotheattention oftheappropriate WTO bodies inthecontext ofthereview
ofthedispute settlement system thathadtobeundertaken before theendof1998.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatement.
11. Observer status
(a) Governments
- Cape Verde (WT/GC/M/26)
Atitsmeeting on19February 1998, theGeneral Council considered arequest fromCapeVerde
(WT/L/258) forobserver status intheGeneral Council anditssubsidiary bodies, andagreed togrant
thisrequest.
(b) International intergovernmental organizations (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman recalled thatattheGeneral
Council meeting inDecember 1997, hehadreported thatconsultations hadrecently beenheldonthe
pending requests frominternational organizations forobserver status intheGeneral Council, andthat
further consultations would needtobeheldearlyin1998. Heurged delegations togivefurther thought
tothismatter sothatitcould besettled rapidly.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatement.WT/GC/W/81
Page10
12. Appointment ofofficers toWTO bodies (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman saidthatinaccordance
withtheguidelines forappointment ofofficers toWTO bodies approved bytheGeneral Council in
January 1995 (WT/L/31), hehadheldinformal consultations onthismatter, onthebasis ofwhich
heconsidered thatthere wasaconsensus onthefollowing slateofnames:
General Council Mr.JohnWeekes (Canada)
Dispute Settlement Body Mr.Kamel Morjane (Tunisia)
Trade Policy Review Body Mr.AliSaidMchumo (Tanzania)
Council forTrade inGoods Mr.Ronald Saborio Soto(Costa Rica)
Council forTRIPS Mr.Istvan Major (Hungary)
Council forTrade inServices Mr.Nobutoshi Akao (Japan)
Committee onTrade andEnvironment Mr.Chak MunSee(Singapore)
Committee onTrade andDevelopment Mr.IftekharAhmedChowdhury(Bangladesh)
Committee onBudget, Finance andAdministration Mr.Wilhelm Meier (Switzerland)
Committee onBalance-of-Payments Restrictions Mr.Peter R.Jenkins (United Kingdom)
Committee onRegional Trade Agreements Mr.Jean-Marie Noirfalisse (Belgium)
Working Group ontheRelationship between Mr.Krirk-Krai Jirapaet (Thailand)
Trade andInvestment
Working Group ontheInteraction between Mr.Frédéric Jenny (France)
Trade andCompetition Policy
Working Group onTransparency in Mr.Werner Corrales Leal(Venezuela)
Government Procurement
Therepresentative ofNorway spoke.
TheGeneral Council tooknoteofthestatements andoftheconsensus ontheabove slateof
names.
13. Election ofChairperson (WT/GC/M/26)
AttheGeneral Council meeting on19February 1998, theChairman, astheoutgoing presiding
officer oftheGeneral Council, made astatement (WT/GC(98)/ST/1).
TheGeneral Council thenunanimously elected Mr.Weekes (Canada) totheChair.
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