Risk Management Proposal : 
Amendments to the import 
requirements for fresh fruit and 
vegetables from Australia  
 
152.02 Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into 
New Zealand  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared for  public consultation   
By the Plant Health Gr oup  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
May 2023   
i Contents  Page 
 
1 General information  1 
1.1 Purpose  1 
1.2 Who should read this?  1 
1.3 How th e amended standards will affect you  1 
1.4 What is changing  1 
1.5 What you can do  2 
1.6 Legal notice about your feedback and the Official Information Act 1982  3 
2 Scope of this amendment  4 
3 Proposed changes to the standards  4 
3.1 Irradiation treatment for fresh produce  4 
3.2 Fruit fly pest list change s for capsicum  6 
3.3 Low-dose methyl bromide treatment for capsicum  6 
3.4 Market access for butternut ( Cucurbita moschata ) and squash ( Cucurbita maxima ) 9 
3.5 Winter window in conjunction with in -field controls for pumpkin , butternut and squash.  16 
3.6 Non-regulatory changes to the standards  17 
4 References  18 
Appendix 1: Definiti ons 20 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 1 1 General information  
1.1 Purpose  
(1) This document  explains proposed  amendments  to the requirements  for fresh fruit and 
vegetables imported from Australia . 
1.2 Who should read this ? 
(2) Read this i f you are or represent : 
• a New Z ealand importer of fresh produce  
• an Australian  exporter of fresh produce  
• a national plant protection organisation  (NPPO)  
• anyone with an interest  in fresh produce  being imported into New Zealand.  
1.3 How the  amended  standard s will affect you  
(3) If you are an NPPO,  New Zealand importer or overseas exporter : 
a) there are new ways to meet MPI’s biosecurity requirements  
b) butternut and squash can be imported into New Zealand  from Australia . 
(4) If you are a  horticulturalist or New Zealand exporter , your industry will continue t o 
experience the same lev el of protection from biosecurity risks that it does now . 
(5) If you are the New Zealand public, you may have a greater selection of  fruit and 
vegetables available in fresh produce shops . 
1.4 What is changing  
(6) We are adding irradiation as a  treatment for fruit flies on various fruit and vegetables 
from Australia, and yellow peach moth on pear.  
a) Avocado ( Persea americana ) 
b) Butternut (Cucurbita moschata ) 
c) Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) 
d) Pear ( Pyrus communis ) 
e) Pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) 
f) Squash (Cucurbita maxima ) 
g) Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus )  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 2 (7) There are changes to the pests and measures on capsicums from Australia . 
a) We are removing the fruit flies Bactrocera frauenfeldi , B. kraussi  and B. musae  
from the pest list.  
b) We are adding low -dose methyl bromide fumiga tion as a measure to manage fruit 
flies and yellow peach moth.  
c) We are removing the existing (“high -dose”) methyl bromide treatment option  
(8) There  are new  permitted species of,  and phytosanitary measures for , cucurbits from 
Australia.  
a) We are  adding schedules for butter nut (Cucurbita moschata ) and squash 
(Cucurbita  maxima ). 
b) We are  adding “winter window + in -field controls” as a measure to manage fruit 
flies on pumpkin  (C. pepo ), butternut ( C. moschata ) and squash ( C. maxima ). 
1.5 What you can do   
(9) If you are happy w ith the ab ove, you do not need to do anything.  
(10) If you want more information on the requirements that will manage the biosecurity 
risks , keep reading.  
(11) If you want to comment on the requirements  proposed  or participate in the process , we 
are accepting feedba ck until 31 May 2023 . We value all feedback on our work, whether 
complimentary or critical . If we’ve done something well, let us know so we can keep 
heading in the right direction.   
(12) We base our  requirements on the best scientific evidence available to us a t the time . If 
you have  scientific evidence  that could change our conclusions, include this research in 
your feedback.  
(13) This is a public consultation . We compile all  feedback into a document and publish it  on 
our website. This document includes our response s to scientific evidence  and details of 
any changes we make as a result.  Your feedback, along with your name and 
organisation, will be online and may be read by anyone. See the legal notice bel ow. 
(14) The deadline for feedback is 31 May 2023 . If we receive fee dback after the deadline, we 
will hold it on file and consider it when we next review the standard.  
(15) Email plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  or write to  
Horticulture Imports  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
Biosecur ity New Zealand  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 3 1.6 Legal notice about your feedback and the Official Information Act  1982  
(16) Your submission is public information, and it is MPI policy to publish submissions and 
a review of these submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the subject 
of requests for information under the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA). Th e OIA 
specifies that information is to be made available to requesters unless there are 
sufficient gro unds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters may wish to 
indicate grounds for withholding specific information contained in their submission , 
such as information being commercially sensitive or personal. Any decision to withhold 
information r equested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman.    
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 4 2 Scope  of this amendment  
(17) This amendment  only changes requirements for  these  commodities  from  Austra lia. 
a) Avocado ( Persea americana ) 
b) Butternut (Cucurbita moschata ) 
c) Capsicum ( Capsicum annuum ) 
d) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus ) 
e) Pear ( Pyrus communis ) 
f) Pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) 
g) Squash (Cucurbita maxima ) 
h) Watermelon ( Cucumis melo ) 
(18) We have only reassessed pest associations for capsicum, pumpkin, butternut and 
squash , as requested by the Australian NPPO or as part of our r isk assessment for new 
market access . We have not reassessed  pest associations  for other commodities.  
3 Proposed cha nges to the standard s 
3.1 Irradiation treatment for fresh produce  
(19) We are adding irradiation treatment as an option for fruit flies and one moth th at 
requires targeted measures.  
Table 1 : Commodities with new irradiation schedules and doses required to manage pe sts 
Commodity  Pest  Dose (Gy)  
Avocado ( Persea americana ) Bactrocera aquilonis  
Bactrocera neohumeralis  
Bactrocera tryoni  
Ceratitis capitata  150 
Butternut (C ucurbita moschata ) Zeugodacus cucumis  150 
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus ) Ceratitis capitata  
Zeugodacus cucumis  150 
Pear  (Pyrus communis ) “Fruit flies of economic importance”  
Conogethes punctiferalis  150 
289 
Pumpkin  (Cucurbita pepo ) Zeugodacus  cucumis  150 
Squash ( Cucurbita maxima ) Zeugodacus cucumis  150 
Watermelon ( Cucumis melo ) Zeugodacus  cucumis  150 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 5 3.1.1 Rationale for addition  
(20) MPI received equivalence requests from Australia to manage Tephritid fruit flies on 
fresh avocado, cucumber, pear, pump kin, and watermelon; and to manage 
Conogethes  punctiferalis  on fresh pear.  
(21) For a phytosanitary measure to be considered by MPI as equivalent, it must provide the 
same or a greater level of protection as provided by the existing approved measures. 
When we assess ed the equivalence request, we consider ed: 
a) Internation al Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs):  
i. ISPM 18. Requirements for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary 
measure  
ii. ISPM 24. Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalen ce 
of phytosanitary measures   
iii. ISPM 28. Phytosanitary treatme nts for regulated pests  
b) Qualitative and / or quantitative data relating to each measure  
c) The target pests  
d) Other relevant information (such as human health risks and history of trade).  
(22) MPI will a ccept an irradiation dose of 150 Gy for managing fruit flies on these five 
commodities. This dose aligns with international standards (ISPM 28 PT 7) and other 
pathways in our fresh produce standards.  
a) We will also accept irradiation as a measure on butternu t and squash as part of our 
proposal to add butternut a nd squash access from Australia under the same 
conditions as pumpkin (see 3.4). 
(23) We will also accept an irradiation dose of 289 Gy for managing yell ow peach moth ( C. 
punctiferalis ) on fresh pear. Irradiation at this dose is an approved measure for 
managing C. punctiferalis  for multiple pathways within the fresh produce import health 
standards.  
a) MPI is currently consulting on adding  C. punctiferalis  to the pest list for pear 
from Australia. If this pest is added to the pest list, irradiation will be an accepted 
measure. Consultation ends on 12 May 2023 and the consultation page can be 
found here: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/consultations/proposed -amendments -to-
import -requirements -to-manage -the-yellow -peach -moth -conogethes -punctiferalis -
on-fresh -lychee -longan -and-pear/ . 
b) Irradiation at 289 Gy for this pest has been previously consulted on and 
implemented. The consultation page for fresh table grapes from Australia can be 
found here: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/consultations/proposed -new-phytosanitary -
measure -additional -option -for-fresh -table -grapes -from -australia/ . 
c) Irradiation at an absorbed dose of  289 Gy prevents development of Lepi doptera 
life stages that are likely to be on the exported commodity (eggs and early instar 
larvae)  (Hallman & Hellmich, 2009).  
3.1.2 Practicality and feasibility  
(24) Irradiation is an additional option to meet the requirements of the standard; options are 
not being taken away.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 6 3.2 Fruit fly pest list changes for capsicum  
(25) We are removing the fruit flies B. frauenfeldi , B. kraussi  and B. musae  from the pest 
list. 
(26) We are listing B. bryoniae  as an RG 3 pest requiring MPI -specified measures . 
3.2.1 Rationale for changes to fruit fly  pest list  
(27) MPI received a request from Australia to remove B. frauenfeldi , B. kraussi  and 
B. musae  from the pest list  for fresh capsicum.  
(28) When we assess ed the request to update the host status of this commodity to fruit fly, 
we consider ed: 
a) International St andards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), for example:  
i. ISPM 6.  Surveillance  
ii. ISPM 8. Determination of pest status in an area  
iii. ISPM 37. Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies (Tephritidae)  
b) Technical informa tion on host associations of fruit fly provided by the exporting 
country  
c) Other related literature information in available databases.  
(29) MPI has assessed the technical and scientific information and we confirm that no 
reliable evidence was found that reported  an association between B. frauenfeldi , 
B. kraussi or B. musae  and commercially produced Capsicum ann uum from Australia 
(MPI, 2020). As such, we have determined that t hese three species should be rem oved 
from the pest list for fresh  capsicums . 
(30) We have also  assessed the host status of capsicum to B. bryoniae . We consider that a  
closely related species , chilli pepper (C. fructescens ), is a commonly reported hos t of 
B. bryoniae  (Hancock et al ., 2000; Leblanc et al ., 2012; 2013) ; the distribution of 
B. bryoniae  fully overlaps that of areas of commercial production in Australi a (Sultana  
et al., 2020 ). We have determined that it should remain  on the pest list and transition to 
the pests requiring MP I-specified measures in the new format standards.  
3.3 Low-dose methyl bromide treatment for capsicum  
3.3.1 Proposed changes to fumigation rate 
(31) We are adding low -dose methyl bromide fumigation (77 g·h/m3) to replace the existing 
methyl bromide schedule s for fruit fl ies and Conogethes punctiferalis  on fresh capsicum  
(Table 2 ). 
(32) We a re removing the requirement for "field control programmes" to be used in 
combination with methyl bromide fumigation for fruit flies. The  demonstrated efficacy 
of the  new treatment schedule i s high enough to  approve  it as a stand -alone measure . 
(33) In-field con trol remains an option for managing the risk of C. punctiferalis  on capsicum 
as a stand -alone measure .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 7 3.3.2 Proposed changes to how fumigation schedules are expressed  
(34) We are changing  how the fumigation schedule is expressed . The s chedule will  require a 
minimum concentration  time product (CT , g·h/m3) for effective fumigation treatment .  
(35) We are proposing to specify these critical parameters in the fumigation schedule to 
ensure the efficacy of th e treatment on all life stages of the pests : 
a) minimum concentration  time product (g ·h/m3) 
b) minimum concentration of fumigant at any given point during treatment  (g/m3) 
c) minimum exposure  (h) 
d) minimum commodity core temperature  (°C) 
e) maximum fumigation chamber loading  (%) 
(36) We are specifying that fumigant concentration must  be monito red at the start  and end of 
the treatment (and during treatment if fumigant is topped up mid -treatment)  to ensure 
the fumigant concentration  does not fall below the required  minimum.  
3.3.3 Rationale for changes to the methyl bromide schedule  
(37) MPI received an equi valence request from Australia to manage Tephritid fruit fly and 
C. punctiferalis  on fresh capsicums.  Confirmatory trial data was provided in confidence  
by Australia for our as sessment ( Wyatt  et al., 2020). Please see paragraph  (21) for our 
considerations when we assessed the equivalence request.  
(38) MPI has assessed the technical and scienti fic information and determined that the 
proposed low -dose methyl bromide fumigation meets our efficacy requirements for the 
target pests.  
a) The low-dose methyl bromide fumigation schedule (below)  proposed by Australia 
equates to a  concentration -time product of 77 g·h/m3 (expressed in a CT format in 
Table 2 ). 
i. 18 g/m3 for 5 hours at 18 °C at a 33% chamber loading factor and an 
overall retention rate at treatment completion of 73%  
b) The confirmatory trial data  provided by Wyatt  et al. (2020)  against four fruit fly 
species , B. jarvisi , B. neohumeralis , B. tryoni  and Z. cucumis, shows that more 
than 30,000 insects of each life stage of each species were tr eated without 
survival. This equates to the required efficacy  of >99.99% at the 95% confidence 
level for Tephritid  fruit flies (Couey & Chew, 1986).  
c) MPI accepts that the Bactrocera species  and Z. cucumis , which are very closely 
related to the other Tephrit id fruit flies not studied  in the trials  (including 
B. aquilonis , B. bryoniae  and C. capitata ), do not show significant differences in 
tolerance to methyl bromide  (Armstrong  & Whitehand , 2005 ). The trial results 
provide confidence that the proposed treatme nt schedule will achieve the 
appropriate level of protection for all fruit fly species  in Table 2 .  
d) The current methyl bromide fumigation schedule for C. punctifera lis is 32 g/m3 
for 2 hours at 21 °C. This approximates to 58 g ·h/m3 at 21 °C at the retentio n rate 
of 80% for two hours. Compensating for the change in temperature , the 
approximate CT of the existing two -hour schedule is 72 g ·h/m3 at 18 °C  (ICCBA ,  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 8 2016 ). As such, the proposed five -hour schedule CT of 77  g·h/m3 will provide an 
acceptable equivalen t level of protection.  
(39) MPI considers t here are critical parameters that must be specified in a CT fumigation 
schedule to ensure the expected level of efficacy is reached . 
a) Dose:  
The dose is the concentration of fumigant applied to the pest in the fumigatio n 
enclosure over the time of the fumigation. This is expressed as a concentration -
time product (g·h/ m3). Increasing the dose will , up to a point,  usua lly increase the 
level of efficacy. Life stages directly exposed to the gas require significantly 
lower do ses than life stages buried inside the host, especially host commodities 
with properties that restrict or limit gas diffusion (ICCBA, 2016). Because 
capsicum is thin skinned and largely hollow, it is relatively easy for the gas to 
penetrate the fruit.  
b) Time /exposure:  
There is a correlation between increasing length of exposure and an increase in 
methyl bromide efficacy (ICCBA, 2016). The exposure in the  proposed schedule 
will increase from two hours to a minimum of five hours.  
c) Minimum concentration:  
Minimu m concentration is specified to ensure that pests are exposed to the 
required lethal dose (ICCBA, 2016).  
d) Temperature:  
Atmospheric and commodity tempe rature during fumigation influence the ability 
of the fumigation to reach the critical level of efficacy. Temperature affects the 
respiration of the target pest, so generally, the higher the temperature, the more 
effective the methyl bromide fumigation is (ICCBA, 2016).  
e) Chamber loading:  
Airspace in the fumigation chamber is reflected in the chamber loading 
percentage. A reduced loading provides greater opportunity for even gas 
distribution throughout the chamber (ICCBA, 2016). The proposed loading of the 
chamber space in the fumigation chamber is 33 % which is lower than the current 
space chamber loading of 50 %, increasing the level of efficacy of fumigation.  
(40) The concentration of fumigant within fumigation enclosures generally reduces over 
time: reasons cou ld include leakage from the fumigation enclosure or sorption of the 
fumigant by the commodity and its pack aging. This may lead to underdosing and 
treatment failure (ICCBA, 2016).  
(41) The CT -based fumigation format, with inclusion of minimum concentration of f umigant 
during fumigation and monitoring concentration at specific times, can provide a greater 
level of c onfidence that the specified treatment has been achieved.  
(42) Using a CT -based schedule, associated monitoring of fumigant concentration and 
allowance for  top-up can also avoid over fumigation (and subsequent deterioration of 
commodities) and treatment failure  leading to rejection of the consignment, providing 
greater flexibility for fumigators of our trading partners.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 9 Table 2 : Proposed IHS schedule for met hyl bromide fumigation of fruit flies and C. punctiferalis  
on capsicum  
Pest (including changes 
detailed in  section 3.3)  Current measure for fumigation  Proposed new measure for 
fumigation  
Bactrocera aquilonis  
Zeugodacus cucumis  
Bactrocera jarvisi  
Bactrocera neohumeralis  
Bactrocera tryoni  
Ceratitis capitata  Field control  programmes  
AND  
40 g/m3 for 2 hours a t a flesh 
temperature of 17  °C and above at 
a loading of not greater than 50% 
chamber capacity  Achieve a  minimum concentration  
time product of 77 g ·h/m3 and 
minimum concentration of  
13.2 g/m3, over a minimum of 5 
hours, with a minimum fruit  core 
temperatur e of 18  °C at a 
maximum loading of 33% chamber  
capacity . 
Bactrocera bryoniae  No fumigation measure 
(Appropriate pest control activities ) 
Conogethes punctiferalis  In-field control s  
OR 
32 g/m3 for 2 hours at a flesh 
temperature of 21  °C and above, 
at a l oading of not greater than 
50% chamber capacity  In-field control s  
OR 
Achieve a  minimum con centration  
time product of 77 g ·h/m3 and 
minimum concentration of  
13.2 g/m3, over a minimum of 5 
hours, with a minimum fruit core 
temperature of 18 °C at a 
maximum loading of 33% chamber 
capacity . 
3.3.4 Practicality and feasibility  
(43) The proposed new schedule for low -dose methyl bromide fumigation is operationally 
feasible in Australia. Methyl bromide fumigation at a higher initial concentration is 
currently a measure for c apsicum exported to New Zealand from Australia, therefore 
fumig ation facilities are already in place.  
(44) We expect the new methyl bromide fumigation schedule will have a reduced impact on 
fruit quality. Compared to the high -dose schedule, it is supported by more robust 
efficacy data and does not need to be completed in combination with in -field controls.  
3.4 Market access for butternut ( Cucurbita moschata ) and squash (Cucurbita 
maxima )  
(45) We are proposing  to enable market access for  fresh butternut and squash from Australia. 
We review ed the existing pathway for pumpkin from Au stralia  to check that the risk 
profile for fresh butternut and squash is the same as fresh pumpkin . We have 
determined that the three commodities have the same risk profile based on commodity 
characteristics and pest associations. We are proposing  to align  the pest lists and 
measures for all three  commodities  to enable safe trade with more phytosanitary 
measures available on these pathways.  
(46) The accompanying draft standard has general requirement s for importing fresh 
pumpkin,  butternut and squash from Austra lia along with three categories of  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 10 phytosanitary measures to manage pests. These are basic measures, targeted measures 
and MPI -specified measures.  
(47) We define the commodities as “ commercially pro duced and harvested pumpkin, 
butternut and squash fruit for human consumption ”. 
a) The commodity is a mature, hard -skinned fruit, containing seeds, and trimmed at 
the point where the stem meets the peduncle. It excludes any soft -skinned 
varieties such as summ er squash.  
b) Plant parts other than those described are inelig ible for import under this pathway.  
c) We assessed pests associated with the commodity as described and set 
requirements to manage those pests.  
(48) The activities carried out in a commercial production setup are referred to as basic 
measures . Commercial producti on is a process (system) where activities such as in -field 
monitoring, general pest control activities, harvesting, cleaning, sorting, and grading 
have been undertaken. These activities are carrie d out to minimise:  
a) harvesting and exporting immature fruit;  
b) the presence of regulated pests; and  
c) damage, which may be a result of the presence of a regulated pest or expose the 
commodity to regulated pests.  
Table 3 : Proposed pests and phytosanitary measure s for pumpkin, butternut and squash  
Scientific name  Phytosan itary measures  
Pests requiring MPI -specified  measures*  
Zeugodacus cucumis   
(cucumber fruit fly)  • Pest-free area  
(existing measure for pumpkin)  
• “Winter window + in -field controls” (section 3. 5) 
• Irradiation minimum dose of 150 Gy (section 3. 1) 
Pests requiring targeted measures**  
Cucumber green mottle mosaic 
virus (CGMMV)  • Pest-free area or pest -free place of production  
(existing measures for pumpkin)  
Pests requiring basic measures  
Melon necroti c spot virus  
(MNSV)  • Basic measures (commercial production)  
*MPI-specified measures  are phytosanitary measures prescribed by MPI in the import health standard. They are reserved 
for pests that present a very high risk to New Zealand and are not managed by basic measures alone, such as econo mically 
important fruit fly species. These measures have known efficacy to detect, remove or kill target pests.  
**Targeted measures  are phytosanitary measures in addition to basic measures, targeting a specific pest. Targ eted 
measures are effective at reducing the risk of a regulated pest associated with a commodity to an acceptable level.  
3.4.1 Justifications  for strength of measures  
Virus es 
(49) MPI assessed the following virus es as risk s on the pathway for fresh pumpkin , 
butternut , and squash  fruit.  
a) Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV)   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 11 b) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)  
Melon necrotic  spot virus (MNSV)  
(50) MPI concluded that basic measures are appropriate for managing the risk of MNSV on 
fresh pumpkin, butternut and squash  (MPI, 20 23).  
a) MNSV is only present in Australia at low levels . 
i. MNSV is a quarantine pest for Australia. It is under official control , so 
infected plants will be reported, removed,  and destroyed.  
ii. Outbreaks are sporadic ; the last detection occurred  in 2018 . 
iii. Pumpkin,  butternut and squash are not the main hosts of  this virus . 
b) The likelihood of entry  is low . 
i. Infected p lants typically show sym ptoms . In-field detections  of infected 
plants  would result in official control measures  and prevent export of the 
infected commodi ty.  
ii. Most  fruit show visible symptoms  and would be removed by basic 
measures.  
c) The likelihood of the virus spreading in New Zea land is low . 
i. Transmission of MNSV without the fung us Olpidium bornovanus  is rare. 
There is no official record of this fungus in Ne w Zealand.  
ii. Even if infected fruit entered  New Zealand, the virus is unlikely to transfer 
from the fruit to commercial production areas of hosts . 
(51) MPI acknowledges that while the impact of MNSV on the cucurbit industry in 
New  Zealand could be high, the overa ll impact on the New Zealand economy woul d be 
low. 
a) Overseas, outbreaks in cucurbit crops have been associated with significant 
economic losses . However, p ersistent outbreak s and wide distribution  of the virus 
in New Zealand are unlikely.  
b) Establishment of M NSV in New Zealand would not have major  trade implications 
for the cucurbit industry . MNSV is already present in New Zealand’s main 
cucurbit export markets.   
c) There will be negligible impact on other horticulture industries.  
Cucumber green mottle mosaic vir us (CGMMV)  
(52) MPI considered whether it coul d be necessary to apply  further measures in addition to 
basic measures to manage CGMMV on butternut and squash for following reasons : 
a) CGMMV has been detected in Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western 
Australia (Australian Government, 2017).  
b) CGMMV is not known to be present in New Zealand (NZOR, 2023).  
c) CGMMV is a regulated organism in New Zealand (ONZPR, 2023) . 
d) CGMMV is associated with fresh butternut and squash  (MPI, 2018).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 12 (53) Additional measures are justified to m anage the risk of CGMMV on fresh buttern ut and 
squash  from Australia.  
a) It is highly likely that fruit infected with CGMMV can enter New Zealand if only 
basic measures are in place to manage the risk offshore.  
i. Fruit infected with CGMMV can survive the transi t to New Zealand.  
ii. Fruit can be asymptoma tic (Dombrovsky et al., 2017) , therefore CGMMV 
may not be detected during visual inspection on arrival in New Zealand.  
iii. CGMMV will be present in the seed and flesh of the infected fruit (MPI, 
2018).  
iv. CGMMV is highly st able and can remain infectious for long periods 
(Dombrovsky et al., 2017) . 
b) There is a high potential for CGMMV to establish in New Zealand due to infected 
fruit’s seeds, skin and flesh being discarded in compost (MPI, 2018).  
i. CGMMV is tran smissible via seed s of butternut and squash  (MPI, 2018).  
1. Disposed mature seeds of cucurbits are capable of germinating and 
successfully growing in New Zealand (MPI, 2018).  
2. When CGMMV -infected seeds are sown, the virus can infect the 
germinating seedling vi a tiny wounds that  form during early growth 
(Dombrovsky et al., 2017).  
ii. CGMMV can remain viable for up to two years in the soil. Deliberate or 
accidental movement of infected compost, or virus carried from compost in 
ground water, could infect host plants i n the environment (Dombrovsky  et 
al., 2017).  
c) There  is a high likelihood of CGMMV spreading from infected fruit to host 
species present in New Zealand.  
i. CGMMV is highly infectious and can transfer mechanically from infected 
imported fruit and contaminated su rfaces to host pla nts (MPI, 2018).  
1. Infected cucurbit crop plants or weeds could continue to spread 
CGMMV via mechanical transmission between infected plants and 
healthy plants ( Dombrovsky  et al., 2017).  
2. Contaminated plant debris , machinery, equipment, boxe s, tools, 
hands, c lothes and shoes can infect host plants following direct 
contact (Dombrovsky et al., 2017).  
d) CGMMV would have a significant impact on the domestic cucurbit industry if the 
virus were to establish in New Zealand.  
i. CGMMV may lead to a reduc tion in crop yield  and fruit quality 
(Dombrovsky et al., 2017).  
1. Field surveys of cucurbits have reported severe leaf mosaic, mottle 
and deformation (Ali et al., 2014).  
ii. The cucurbit industry has a sizable contribution to New Zealand’s economy.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 13 1. In 2020, dom estic sales values  for fresh cucumbers, melons, pumpkins 
and squash were estimated at $22 million, $23 million, $16 million, 
and $3 million respectively (Plant & Food Research, 2020).  
2. In 2020, export sales values (free -on-board) for fresh melons and 
squash  were estimated at  $1.7 million and $79.2 million respectively 
(Plant & Food Research, 2020).  
iii. Importing countries may impose additional phytosanitary measures on 
New  Zealand cucurbits to obtain assurance that exported produce is free 
from CGMMV.  
(54) MPI consulted on pest -free a rea and pest -free place of production as appropriate 
measures to manage CGMMV on pumpkin in 2019. The consultation page can be found 
here: Phytosanitary measures for the management of cucumber green mottle mosaic 
virus (CGMMV) on fresh pumpkin and watermelon fruit from Australia. | NZ 
Gove rnment (mpi.govt.nz) . 
Fruit Flies  
(55) MPI assessed Zeugodacus  cucumis (cucumber fruit fly) as a risk on the pathway for 
fresh butternut and squash . 
a) Z. cucumis  is already on the pest list of fresh pumpkin from Australia. The 
likelihood  of association of Z. cucumis to pumpkin has not chang ed since the fresh 
pumpkin standard was published.  
(56) MPI-specified measures are justified to manage the risk of Z. cucumis  on fresh  butternut 
and squash  from Australia.  
a) Zeugodacus cucumis  is present in Australia (CABI, 2019).  
b) Zeugodacus cucumis  is regulated and absent from New Zealand (ONZPR, 2023; 
NZOR, 2023).  
c) The likelihood of Z. cucumis  entering New Zealand on fresh produce pathways is 
high. Basic measures will not prevent Z. cucumis  from entering on fruit.  
i. Fruit fly eggs an d larvae can be present inside f ruit and will not be removed 
by general post -harvest handling.  
ii. Oviposition wounds are small, and infestations may not be visible for 
phytosanitary inspection.  
iii. Larvae and eggs may survive cool storage and transit to New Zeala nd 
(LIMS, 2020; EPPO, 2018).  
d) Zeugodacus cucumis  has the potential to establish a population and spread in parts 
of New Zealand.  
i. Suitable hosts include species grown throughout New Zealand, both 
commercially and by home gardeners , like tomatoes and various  cucurbit 
species (EPPO , 2018).  
ii. Summer transient populations of Z. cucumis  have the potential to become 
established in warmer areas such as the North Island ( Kriticos , 2007 ).  
e) The establishment of Z. cucumis  would have a significant impact on some sectors .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 14 i. Zeugodacus  cucumis  damage s several horticultural crops, including 
cucumber, pumpkin, squash, tomatoes and watermelon.  
1. In 2020, domestic sales values for fresh cucumbers, melons, 
pumpkins, tomatoes and squash were estimated at $22 million, $23 
million, $1 6 million, $128.5 million and $3  million respectively (Plant 
& Food Research, 2020).  
2. In 2020, export sales values for fresh melons and squash were 
estimated at $1.7 million and $79.2 million respectively (Plant & Food 
Research, 2020).  
ii. The establishment of Z. cucumis  also has the potentia l to cause high control 
costs, negative impacts on national and international trade, and losses of 
market access ( EFSA PLH panel, 2020 ).  
iii. If Z. cucumis  is detected in New Zealand, the cost incurred by a response is 
likely to  be high.  
3.4.2 Rationale  for excludin g pests from the pest list  
(57) We have assessed the risk ( MPI, 2023 ) of the following pest s and  have decided to 
exclude them  from the pest list for pumpkin, butternut  and squash fruit from Australia.  
Table 4 : Pests excluded from the pest list for pumpkin, but ternut and squash  
Scientific name  Organism  Reason for exclusion  
Acidovorax citrulli  Bacterium  The likelihood that A. citrulli  is associated with (and enters 
on) pumpkin, butternut and squash  fruit from Australia is 
very low.  
Ralstonia 
pseudosolanacearum  Bacterium  
 The likelihood that R. pseudosolanacearum  will be 
associated with (and enter New Zealand) on pumpkin, 
butternut, and squash fruit from Australia is very low. 
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum  is reported only once on 
C. moschata  in Australia  (isolate d in 1978, cited in van de 
Bilt et al., 2018).  
A rev iew of pest interception records since 20151 found 
no interceptions  of these bacteria  on: 
• pumpkin, scallopini and zucchini from Australia  
• squash, pumpkin, scallopini and zucchini from 
New Caledonia  
• squash  from Tonga or Vanuatu  
• butternut from Tonga  
 
1 MPI chose 2015 as a start point to keep the sample size of consignments ma nageable.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 15 Scientific name  Organism  Reason for exclusion  
Bemisia tabaci  
Trialeurodes 
vapororium  Whitefly  These species are not associated with (and are unlikely 
to be transported on) fruit of  pumpkin , butternut  and 
squash . They pose a negligible risk on fresh fruit of  
pumpkin , butternut and squash  from Australia . 
Aphis gossypii  Aphid  This species is not associated with (and are unlikely to be 
transported on) fruit of pumpkin, butternut and squash. 
They pose a negligible risk on fresh fruit of pumpkin , 
butternut and squash  from Australia . 
Currently the pest list for fresh pumpkin from Australia 
lists A. gossypii  as a pest requiring basic measures and 
B. tabaci  as a pest requiring targeted measure. These 
pests will be removed from the pest list.  
Tetranychus kanzawai  Mite There is very limited evidence that Tetranychus kanzawai  
is associated with cucurbits. A review of pest interception 
records since 2015 found no interceptions  of T. kanzawai  
on: 
• pumpkin, scallopini and zucchini from Australia or 
New Caledonia  
• squash from  New Caledonia, Tonga or Vanuatu  
Currently the pest list for fresh pumpkin from Australia 
lists T. kanzawai  as a pest requiring targeted measure. 
This pest will be removed from the pest list.  
Bactrocera tryoni  
Ceratitis capitata  Fruit fly  
 The likelihood of these fruit flies being associated with 
(and entering New Zealand on) fresh pumpkin, butternut 
and squash is very low. The evidence that these fruit fly 
species naturally infect Cucurbita  species is very limited 
and indicates they may only be associated  with damaged 
fruit or under laboratory condition s. The risk these fruit 
flies pose is negligible.  
Colletotrichum 
brevisporum  Fungus  The likelihood that C. brevisporum  will be associated with 
(and can enter New Zealand on)  pumpkin, butternut and 
squash  fruit from Australia is negligible . 
Thrips palmi  
Thrips tabaci  
Ceratothripoides 
claratis  
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
Frankliniella 
occidentalis  Thrip s The likelihood of entry  of these species on fruit of 
pumpkin, butternut and squash is negligible . 
They are repor ted to mainly feed on leaves, not the hard -
skinned  fruit. 
None of these species have been intercepted at the 
New Zealand border on pumpkin , butternut  and squash  
(LIMS , 2023 ). 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 16 3.5 Winter window  in conjunction with in -field control s for pumpkin , butternut 
and squash.  
(58) We are proposing to add  “winter window in conjunction with in -field control s” as an 
additional option  to manage Zeugodacus cucumis  (cucumber fruit fly)  on pump kin, 
butternut and squash  from Australia. An additional declaration for this measure is 
detailed in the relevant standards . 
(59) Imports  of fresh pumpkin, butternut and squash  using the “winter window + in -field 
controls”  measure  will be allowed  1 May –1 September only.  
3.5.1 Rationale for changes  
(60) The intention of this measure is that the field control pr ogrammes for 
Zeugodacus  cucumis (cucumber fruit fly) are complemented by the reduced likelihood 
of the fly establishing in New Zealand during the winter window period.  
(61) Cucumber fruit fly would not be capable of surviving and reaching maturity in the 
clima tic conditions seen during the N ew Zealand winter. The addition of the “winter 
window” component of the import pathway focuses on the climate that the cucumber 
fruit fly would be exposed to upon arrival and the availability of host material.  
(62) Eggs and larv ae of cucumber fruit fly are hig hly unlikely to complete development of 
their life cycle in New Zealand between 1 May and 1 September.  
(63) There is a reduced availability of host material at the end of the winter window access 
period. There are few, if any, s ignificant hosts with susceptibl e fruit available during 
September and October. The main period of host availability is December to April.  
(64) Australia has comprehensive in field controls for fruit flies to achieve our acceptable 
level of protection. The in -field measures include (but are n ot limited to) : 
a) Crop monitoring  
b) Pre-harvest sprays of dimethoate, and  
c) Pre-export inspection of fruit.  
(65) A review of pest interception records since 20152 found no interceptions  of cucumber 
fruit fly on any commodities from Au stralia that use  winter window  as a measure 
(watermelon, honeydew melon, rockmelon,  scallopini,  zucchini and cucumber ). 
(66) We consider that, in combination with in -field controls and the reduced availability of 
preferred fruit fly host material at the end of September and October,  it would  be highly 
unlikely that cucumber fruit fly would establish in New Zealand should it arrive in the 
“winter window” period.  
3.5.2 Practicality and feasibility  
(67) The “winter window” measure in conjunction with in -field treatment is an additional 
option to meet the r equirements of the standard; options are not being taken away.  
a) Winter  window in conjunction with in -field controls is an existing option for 
managing Zeugodacus cucumis  on other cucurbits , such as fresh scallopini and 
zucchin i. 
 
2 MPI chose 2015 as a start point to keep the sample size of consignments manageable .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 17 3.6 Non-regulatory changes to th e standard s 
(68) We have made some changes to format of the standards to align with MPI  formatting 
and to ensure that the legal requirements are clear, consistently presented, and as easy as 
possible to understand.  
(69) These include:  
a) Changing the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) to the Ministry for 
Primary Industries (MPI) . 
b) Removing “P art 7: Contingencies following biosecurity clearance” from the 
standards for fresh avocado, fresh cucumber, and fresh watermelon from 
Australi a. Part 7 of the above three standards is no longer consistent with Part 5 of 
the Act and is not in other fresh pr oduce import health standards.  
c) Adding an additional declaration for avocado sunblotch viroid to the standard for 
fresh avocado from Australia.  This additional declaration has been agreed with 
Australia and included in the standard Importation and Clearance  of Fresh Fruit 
and Vegetables into New  Zealand . It has been added to this standard as well, for 
clarity.  
d) Correcting typographical errors thro ughout the import health standards.  
(70) None of these changes alter the requirements in the standard or the intent of the 
requirements. They are minor changes in accordance with section 24B(2) of the 
Biosecurity Act and, as such, do not require consultation un der section 23(3) of the Act.  
(71) These minor changes are mentioned here for clarity and transparency. They are not p art 
of the consultation.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 18 4 References  
Ali, A; Hussain, A; Ahmad, M (2014) Occurrence and molecular characterisation of 
Cucumber green mottle mos aic virus  in cucurbit crops of KPK, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of 
Microbiology  45(4): 1247 –1253.  
Armstrong, J W; Whitehand, L (2005) Effects of methyl bromide concentration, fumigation 
time, and  fumigation temperature on Mediterranean and oriental fruit f ly (Diptera: 
Tephritidae) egg and larval survival.  Journal of Economic Entomology  98(4): 1116 –1125.  
Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australian 
Government), 2017. Final pest risk analysis for Cucumber green mottle mosaic  virus 
(CGMMV) . Australian Government, Department of Agriculture and Water Resour ces. 
http://www.agriculture.gov .au/SiteCollectionDocuments/biosecurity/risk -analysis/plant -
reviews/final -pest-risk-analysis -cgmmv.pdf   
Business Queensland (2023 ) Melon necrotic spot virus. 
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms -fishing -
forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/plants/ priority -pest-disease/melon -necrotic -spot-virus  
Accessed 21  April 2023.  
CABI ( 22 November 2019) Bactrocera cucumis  (cucumber fruit fly ). 
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/d oi/10.1079/cabicompendium.8702  Accessed October 
2020 . 
CABI ( 16 November 2021) Conogethes puncti feralis  (castor capsule borer).  
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.18825  Accessed April 2023 . 
Couey, H  M; Chew, V (1986) Confidence limits and s ample size in quarantine research. 
Journal of Economic Entomology  79(4): 887 –890. 
Dombrovsky, A ; Tran -Nguyen, L  T T; Jones, R  A C (2017 ) Cucumber green mottle mosaic 
virus: rapidly increasing global distribution, etiology, epidemiology, and management. 
Annual Review of Phytopathology  55: 23 1–256. 
EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health) ; Bragard, C ; Dehnen -Schmutz, K ; Di Serio, 
F; Gonthier, P ; Jacques, M -A; Jaques Miret, J  A; Justesen, AF ; Magnusson, CS ; Milonas, P ; 
Navas -Cortes, JA ; Parnell, S ; Potting,  R; Reignault, PL ; Thulke, H -H; Van der Werf, W ; 
Vicent Civera, A ; Yuen, J ; Zappalà, L ; Bali, EM ; Papadopoulos, N ; Papanastassiou, S ; 
Czwienczek, E ; MacLeod, A  (2020 ) Pest categorisation of non -EU Tephritidae. EFSA 
Journal  2020 ;18(1):5931 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5931  
EPPO ( 3 October 2018) Zeugodacus cucumis.  https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/DACUCM  Accessed 
October 2023 . 
Hallman, G  J, & Hellmich, R  L (2009) Ionizing radiation as a phytosanitary treatment against 
European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in ambient, low oxygen, and cold conditions. 
Journal of Economic Entomology , 102(1): 64 -68.  
Hancock D L; Hamacek E L; Lloyd A C; Elson -Harris M M  (2000) The distribution and host 
plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Queensland Department of Primary 
Industries, Brisbane.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 19 ICCBA (2016) Guide to Performing QPS Fumigations with Methyl Bromide. 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/29828 -2016 -ICCBA -Guide -to-Performing -QPS-
Fumigations -with-Methyl -Bromide  
Kriticos, D J (2007) Risks of establishment of fruit flies i n New Zealand under climate 
change . Ensis Client Report No. 12244, Kingston, Australia.  
Leblanc, L; Vueti, E T; Drew, R A I; Allwood, A J (2012) Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies 
(Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands. Proce edings of the Ha waiian 
Entomological Society  44: 11 –53. 
Leblanc, L; Vueti, E T; Allwood, A J (2013) Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: 
Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands: 2. Infestation Statistics on Economic Hosts. 
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomolog ical Society  45: 83 –117. 
LIMS (202 0) Lab oratory Information Management System. Ministry for Primary Industries 
internal database. Accessed  October 2020.  
LIMS (202 3) Laboratory Information Management System. Ministry for Primary Industries 
internal database . Accessed  24 April 2023. 
MPI ( 2018 ) Technical advice on: The risk of exposure of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus 
(CGMMV) on imported fresh produce cucurbits . Ministry for Primary Industries; Wellington, 
NZ. 
MPI ( 2020 ) Technical advice on Host status of  five Bactrocera  species (Diptera: Te phritidae) 
on the Australian Capsicum annu um IHS pest list . Ministry for Primary Industries ; 
Wellington, NZ . 
MPI (2023) Risk Assessment: Fresh fruit of Cucurbita maxima  (squash), C. pepo  (pumpkin) 
and C. moschata  (butte rnut) from Australia . Ministry for Primary Industries; Wellington, NZ.  
NZOR (202 3) The New Zealand Organisms Register. http://nzor.org.nz  Accessed 24 April  
2023. 
ONZPR (202 3) Official New Zealand Pest Register. MPI Public  Database. 
https://pierpestregister.mpi.govt.nz/PestsRegister/ImportCommodity/  Accessed 24 April  2023 
Plant & Food Research  (2020) Fresh Facts: New Zealand Horticulture . Plant & Food 
Research Ltd , Auckland, New Zealand . 
Sultana, S; Baumgartner, J B; Dominiak, B C; Royer, J E; Beaumont, L J (2020) Impacts of 
climate change on high priority fruit fly species in Australia . PLoS ONE  15(2): e0213820.  
van de Bilt, J L J; Wolsink, M H L; Gorkink -Smits, P P M A; Landman, N M; Bergsma -
Vlami, M (2018) Application of matrix -assisted laser desorption ionization time -of-flight 
mass spectrometry for rapid and accurate identification of Ralstonia solanacearum  and 
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearu m. European Journal of Plant Pathology  152: 921 – 931. 
Wyatt, P; Eelkema, m; Ganowicz, A; Senior, L; Missenden, B; Wright C; Leach, P (2020) 
Methyl Bromide as a quarantine disinfestation treatment for capsicum against Bactrocera 
jarvisi , B. neohumeralis , B. tryoni  and Zeugodacus cucumis  (Diptera: Tephritidae).  
Horticulture and Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture and Forestry; State of 
Queensland, Australia  (confidential) .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 20 Appendix 1: Definitions  
 
basic measures  
The sourcing of fresh fruit and vegeta ble commodities for export to New Zealand from a 
production site that uses standard commercial production methods  
 
chief technical officer (CTO)  
A person appointed by the Director -General or chief executive, with appropriate experience, 
technical competenc e, and qualifications relevant to the area of res ponsibilities allocated by 
the Director -General or chief executive to that person (the Act)  
 
fruit flies  of economic importance  
Regulated fruit flies, which, on entry into New Zealand, would cause a major di sruption to 
market access for a wide range of New  Zealand commodities, have a significant economic 
impact on plant production and/or have a significant economic impact on the environment  
 
bilateral arrangement  
An export plan, bilateral quarantine arrangeme nt or official assurance programme, negotiated 
between MPI and the NPPO  of an exporting country, that details how the exporting country 
will meet the import requirements ( targeted measures and/or MPI -specified measures ) for 
New Zealand  
 
import health stand ard  
Definition as per the New Zealand Biosecurity Act 1993  
 
MPI -specified measures  
Phytosanitary measures prescribed by MPI in the import health standard . They are reserved 
for pests that present a very high risk to New Zealand and are not managed by basic measures 
alone, such as economically important fruit fly species. These measures have known efficacy 
to detect, remove or kill target pests.  
 
National Plant Protec tion Organisation (NPPO)  
Official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC 
(ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms ) 
 
Official New Zealand Pest Register (ONZPR)  
The searchable database of pests regulated in New Z ealand, including general information 
about each pest as well as specific details for importers and exporters, available at  
https://onzpr.mpi.govt.nz/   
 
pest 
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to  plants or plant 
products (ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms ), including weeds and weed seeds  
 
phytosanitary measure  
Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the 
introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to  limit the economi c impact of regulated non -
quarantine pests (ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms ) 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 21 targeted measures  
Measures in addition to basic measures , targeting a specific pest. Targeted measures are 
effective at reducing the risk of a regulated  pest associated w ith a commodity to an acceptable 
level  
 
vector  
An organism that can carry or harbour another organism capable of causing harm to human, 
animal, or plant health, or the environment in New Zealand  
 
vector -transmitted pathogen  
A disease -causing regulated pest  that is able to enter New Zealand via a vector associated 
with an imported commodity  
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal : Fresh fruit and vegetables from Australia  • 22 Disclaimer  
 
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the  Ministry  for 
Primary Industries does not accept any responsi bility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or 
opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.  
 
This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at  
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publications/   
 
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry for Primary Industries