ICS 13.030.30  
 
Reference number  
DRS  276-2: 2021  
© RSB 2021  
  
 RWANDA 
STANDARD  DRS  
276-2  
 
Second  edition  
2021 -mm-dd 
 
Electrical and electronic waste  — 
Treatment and disposal — Requirement  
   
DRS  276-2: 2021  
©RSB 2021  - All rights reserved                  ii 
 In order to match with technological development and to keep continuous progress in industries, 
standards are subject to periodic review. Users shall ascertain that they are in possession of the latest 
edition  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© RSB 2021  
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized 
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without 
prior written permission from RSB.  
Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be a ddressed to:  
Rwanda Standards Board  
P.O Box 7099 Kigali -Rwanda  
KK 15 Rd, 49  
Tel. +250 788303492  
Toll Free: 3250  
E-mail: info@RSB.gov.rw  
Website: www.RSB.gov.rw   
ePortal: www.portal.RSB.gov.rw   DRS  276-2: 2021  
iii                ©RSB 2021  - All rights reserved  
 Contents  Page 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  1 
4 Requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  4 
4.1 E-waste treatment  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  4 
4.2 Setting up and management of an e -waste treatment facility  ................................ .................  4 
4.3 E-waste testing  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................  4 
4.4 E-waste refurbishment  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  5 
4.5 E-waste dismantling  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  5 
4.6 E-waste size reduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  5 
4.7 Recycling and recovery of valuable materials  ................................ ................................ ..........  6 
5 E-waste disposal  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  9 
Annex  A (normative)  Categories of electrical and electronic products covered under the scope 
of this Rwanda Standard  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  10 
A.1 List of products which shall be taken into account for the purpose of this standard 
includes, but are not limited to:  ................................ ................................ ................................  10 
A.2 Toys, leisure and sports equipment:  ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
A.3 Monitoring and control instruments:  ................................ ................................ .......................  11 
A.4 Automatic dispensers:  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  11 
Annex  B (normative)  Categories of products excluded from the scope of this standard  ..............  14 
Annex  C (normative)  Hazardous substances that can occur in e -wastes  ................................ ........  16 
Annex  D (normative)  BAT - based storage and protective equipment for staff  ... Error! Bookmark not 
defined.  
 DRS  276-2: 2021  
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 Foreword  
Rwanda Standards are prepared by Technical Committees and approved by Rwanda Sta ndards Board (RSB) 
Board of Directors in accordance with the procedures of RSB, in compliance with Annex 3 of the WTO/TBT 
agreement on the preparation, adoption and application of standards.  
The main task of technical committees is to prepare national stan dards. Final Draft Rwanda Standards adopted 
by Technical committees are ratified by members of RSB Board of Directors for publication and gazettment as 
Rwanda Standards.  
RS 276-2 was prepared by Technical Committee RSB/TC 013, Water and Sanitation . 
In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to the following standards:  
1) ISO 14001:2015, Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use  
2) RS ISO 45001, Occupational health and safety Management  systems — Requirements with guidance 
for use    
3) RS 276 -1:2016, Electrical and electronic waste — Handling, collection, transportation and storage — 
Code of practice  
The assistance derived from the above source is hereby acknowledged with thanks.  
This second  edition cancels and replaces the first  edition (RS  276-2: 2016) which has  been technically revised.  
RS 276 consists of the following parts, under the general title Electrical and electronic waste : 
 Part 1: Handling, collection, transportation and sto rage — Code of practice  
 Part 2: Treatment and disposal — Code of practice  
  DRS  276-2: 2021  
v                ©RSB 2021  - All rights reserved  
 Committee membership  
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee on Water and Sanitation (RSB/TC 
013) in the preparation of this standard.  
Enviroserve R wanda  
Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) Paragraph of participants  
Ruliba Clays  
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA)  
Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board (RMB)  
Rwanda Polytechnic (RP)  
Rwanda Utility Regulatory Authority (RURA)  
Shine Engineers Multisectoral Company Ltd (SEMC)  
Standards for Sustainability (SFS)  
SULFO Rwanda  
University of Rwanda - College of Science and Technology (UR -CST)  
Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC)  
Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) – Secretariat  
 DRS  276-2: 2021  
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 Electrical and electronic waste — Treatment and disposal  — 
Requirement s 
1 Scope  
This Committee Draft prescribes the treatment and disposal of various categories of Electrical and Electronic 
waste  (e-waste) listed in Annex A to ensure the environment and human health is protected against the potential 
adverse impacts of e -waste in Rwanda.  
2 Normative references  
The fol lowing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated 
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document 
(including any amendments) applies.  
ISO 14001:20 15, Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use   
RS ISO 45001, Occupational health and safety management systems — Requirements with guidance for use    
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply  
3.1   
Environment al Impact Assessment (EIA)  
systematic examination conducted to determine whether or not an activity or project will have any significant 
impact on the environment, provide mitigation for the adverse impacts and optimize the positive impact  
3.2   
Extended Producer Responsibility (EP R)  
environment protection strategy that makes the producer responsible for the entire life cycle of the Electrical 
and Electronic equipment, especially for take back, recycle and final disposal of the equipment  
3.3   
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)  
compound co nsisting of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. CFCs are commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and 
foam blowing agents   
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 3.4   
hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)  
compound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. The HCFCs are one class of chemica ls being 
used to replace the CFCs  
3.5   
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)  
class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to a molecule composed of two benzene rings. 
They are widely used for many applications, especially as dielectric flu ids in transformers, capacitors, and 
coolants. They are toxic and are classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)  
3.6   
recycler  
person who engages in treating or processing of used or e -waste materials to make them suitable for reuse  
3.8 
refurbi shing  
action of repair, dismantling, improvement of e -waste for the purposes of extending the working life of the 
Electrical and Electronic equipment  
3.9   
problematic fractions  
components or parts of e -waste where the collection and treatment cost far outweighs the material recovery 
value  
3.10 
recovery  
process of separating, extracting of materials from used Electrical and Electronic equipment with the aim of 
retrieving valuable materials and turn into useable materials  
 
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 3.11  
recycling  
Any operation by which wastes Electrical and Electronic materials are reprocessed into products, materials or 
substances weather for original use or other purposes  
3.12  
re-use  
operation by which a product, or a part thereof, having reached the end of one use  -stage is used again for the 
same purpose for which it was conceived  
3.13 
treatment  
processing e -waste through modern and eco -friendly technologies to ensure compliance with environmental 
protection and human safety  
3.14  
disposal  
any operation which is not recovery, consisting of putting an end to the life of the EE equipment in an 
environmental friendly manner  
3.15  
component  
element of an appliance with a distinct function which has been removed from the device as a unit  
NOTE  typical components o f Electrical and Electronic equipment include batteries, capacitors, printed circuit boards, 
cathode -ray tubes (CRTs), hard disk drivers, transformers, power supplies and sub -assemblies, among others  
3.16  
hazardous material  
substance with potential to c ause harm to persons, property or the environment because of the chemical, 
physical and biological properties of the substance  
3.17  
regulatory authority  
competent authority with the responsibilities to regulate e -waste management  
  
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4 Requirements  
4.1 E-waste treatment  
An e-waste treatment process shall include the following main parts:  
a) testing of e -waste product in order to sort reusable and non -reusable e -waste separately;  
b) refurbishment for further reuse;  
c) disassembling/dismantling non -reusable e -waste  and sorting e -waste fractions into reusable and non -
reusable parts; and  
d) size reduction, separation and recovery of different materials from non -reusable e -waste.   
4.2 Setting up and management of an e -waste treatment facility  
Setting up and managing an e -waste treatment facility shall include the following:  
a) the treatment facility shall be licensed by competent regulatory authorities;  
b) an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be undertaken before establishing e -waste treatment 
facility while the existing  one shall undertake an Environmental Audit (EA);  
c) the treatment facility shall take sufficient measures to safeguard environment and occupational health 
and safety in accordance with RS ISO 45001  and ISO 14001; and  
d) the treatment facility shall have a reg ularly -implemented and documented monitoring and record keeping 
program that tracks key process parameters, compliance with relevant safety procedures, effluents, 
emissions, stored incoming and outgoing materials and waste.  
4.3 E-waste testing  
Testing of e -waste shall be done with the purpose to identify:  
a) items in good condition that can be reused;  
b) items that can be repaired/refurbished; and  
c) items for dismantling for recovery of materials or disposal.  DRS  276-2: 2021  
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 NOTE 1  Sorting of waste is encouraged at source to enable easier identification and access to particular waste streams.  
NOTE 2  Refurbishment and dismantling shall be carried out after verification that items are no longer reusable.  
4.4 E-waste refurbishment  
Refurbi shment and reuse of e -waste has potential for those used electrical and electronic equipments which 
can be easily refurbished to put to its original use.   
4.5 E-waste dismantling  
4.5.1  Dismantling and segregation are the first steps towards recycling of the e-waste. E -waste segregation 
involves separation of equipment according to its level of difficulty to dismantle and its hazardousness nature. 
Segregation shall be done before the equipment is dismantled.  
4.5.2  Dismantling of e -waste shall be carried out m anually or mechanically by authorized entity depending 
upon the scale of operations and the e -waste being handled.  
4.5.3  An integrated facility shall provide a mechanical dismantling facility to dismantle e -waste containing 
hazardous substances.  
4.5.4  The e-waste components shall be classified after dismantling (e.g. parts containing dangerous 
substances; parts containing valuable substances such as cables containing copper, steel, iron, precious metal 
containing parts such as contacts, plastics.  
4.5.5  Occupational health and safety concerns of facilities for storage and dismantling of the equipment shall 
be in accordance with RS ISO 45001 .  
4.5.6  The Authority in charge of Environment Protection and other relevant authorities shall monitor the 
facilities  through controlled environmental and safety audits to determine the handling facilities in terms of 
physical status and mitigation measures in place to ensure safety of workers as well as protection of the 
environment.  
4.5.7  Collection and transport of s eparated e -waste shall be done in such a way that enables reuse and 
recycling of those components or whole appliances.  
4.5.8  An appropriate storage site shall be provided for disassembled spare parts (e.g. motors and 
compressors) that contain oil or other  types of fluids. They shall be stored in containers that are secured that 
will not allow oil and other fluids to escape with an impermeable surface and a sealed drainage system.  
4.6 E-waste size reduction  
The main units of operation may include:  
a) hammering;  
b) shredding;   
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 c) special treatment processes which comprise:  
1) cathode Ray Tube (CRT) treatment consisting of separation of funnels and screen glass in 
accordance with Annex C;  
2) electromagnetic separation in accordance with Annex D; and  
3) eddy current separation in accordance with Annex D.  
4.7 Recycling and recovery of valuable materials  
Recycling and recovery of valuable materials shall fulfil the following:  
a) the recycling facility shall be registered and licensed by competent authorities;  
b) recycling of e -waste covers various stages with options of technologies available for recycling the various 
components of e -waste which may be referred to in Annex B; and  
c) the integrated e -waste recycling facility shall opt for the Best Available Technolog ies (BAT) and provide 
the state of the art facility complying with all the environmental standards in terms of emissions, effluents, 
noise waste treatment and disposal, among others.  
4.7.1  Plastic recycling  
4.7.1.1  There are three different types of plastic re cycling options i.e. mechanical recycling, chemical 
recycling, and thermal recycling:  
a) in mechanical recycling process, shredding and identification process is used to make new plastic 
products;  
b) in chemical recycling process, waste plastics are used as ra w materials for petrochemical processes or 
as reductant in a metal smelter; and  
c) in thermal recycling process, plastics are used as alternative fuel.  
4.7.1.2  All the recycling options shall be done in a manner that minimises the adverse environmental impa ct 
and shall secure access to viable systems for collection and quality control.  
4.7.1.3  Contamination levels shall be minimised by the following means:  
a) clear identification and efficient sorting of materials and products;  
b) careful handling in the collect ion, separation and sorting phases;  
c) effective separation and washing processes; and  DRS  276-2: 2021  
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 d) the use of melt filtering or other filtering systems, where appropriate.  
NOTE  In some cases, contaminants, if present in airborne dust for example, may necessitate speci al treatment during 
recovery operations in order to ensure observance of industrial health and safety requirements  
4.7.1.3  The two major types of plastic resins, which are used in electronics, are “thermosets” and 
“thermoplastics”. Thermosets are shredded and recycled because they cannot be re -melted and formed into 
new products, while thermoplastics can be re -melted and forme d into new products.  
4.7.1.4  Mechanical recycling process shall include:  
a) the first step is the sorting process, where contaminated plastics such as laminated or painted plastics 
are removed;  
b) the first step is the sorting process, where contaminated plas tics such as laminated or painted plastics 
are removed;  
c) shear -shredder and hammer mills are generally used for size reduction and liberation of metals (coarse 
fraction) followed by granulation and milling for further size reduction;  
d) magnetic separators a re used for ferrous metals separation, while eddy current separators are used for 
non ferrous metals separation;  
e) air separation system can be used to separate light fractions such as paper, labels and films;  
f) resin identification can be carried out by usi ng a number of techniques like turboelectric separator, high 
speed accelerator and X -ray fluorescence spectroscopy;  
g) X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is effective in identifying heavy metals as well as flame retardants.  
h) after identification and sorting of different resins, they are extruded and palletized.  
4.7.1.4  Chemical recycling process: mixed plastic waste is de -polymerized, de -halogenated, metals 
removed and hydrogenated to produce high quality products like off gas and syncrude obtained by hydro -
treatment, which are sent to the petrochemical process.  
4.7.1.5  Thermal recycling process: plastics recovered in the second level treatment are used as fuel to 
provide energy. Since plastics have high calorific value, which is equivalent to oris greater than  coal, they can 
be combusted to produce heat energy in cement kilns  
4.7.2  Metals recycling  
Metal recycling includes lead recycling, copper recycling and precious metals recycling. After sorting of metal 
fractions, they are sent to metal recovery facilities.   
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 4.7.3  Integrated e -waste facility  
4.7.3.1  Integrated facilities shall be fully licensed by competent authorities. The licensing requirement will 
vary depending upon the size and nature of the facility.  
4.7.3.2  Necessary Environmental Clearances (EC) shall be obt ained based on the scale of operations as 
prescribed by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.  
4.7.3.3  Integrated Facilities shall implement the Environmental Management System (EMS) according to 
ISO 14001.  
4.7.3.4  Integrated Facilities shall take sufficient measures to safeguard occupational and environmental 
health and safety according to RS ISO 45001  and ISO 14001.  
4.7.3. 5 Integrated Facilities shall have an up -to-date, written hazardous materials identification and 
management plan that specifically addresses at least the following:  
a) lead;  
b) mercury;  
c) beryllium;  
d) cadmium;  
e) batteries;  
f) toner;  
g) phosphor compounds;  
h) PCBs;  
i) brominated flame retardants; and   
j) other halogenated materials, with particular focus on possible  generation of by -product dioxins and 
furans.  
4.7.3. 6 Where materials are shredded or heated, appropriate measures shall be taken to protect workers, 
the general public and the environment from hazardous dusts and emissions. Such measures shall include 
adaptations in equipment design or operational practices, air flow controls, personal protective devices for staff 
and visitors, pollution control equipment or a combination of these measures.  
4.7.3. 7 An up -to-date, written plan for reporting and responding to exceptional pollutant releases, including 
emergencies such as accidents, spills, fires, and explosions shall be done in accordance with clause 8.2 of ISO 
14001.  DRS  276-2: 2021  
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 5 E-waste disposal  
5.1 Disposal facilities shall be designed in a way to minimize the contam ination of water and soil with 
impermeable surface associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where weatherproof 
covering is used.  
5.2 Spillage collection facilities shall include the impermeable pavement and sealed drainage system as  the 
primary means of containment shall be provided. However, spill kits to deal with spillages of oils, fuel and acids 
shall be provided and used as appropriate.  
 
 
 
 
  
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 Annex  A 
(normative)  
 
Categories of electrical and electronic products covered under the scope 
of this Committee Draft  
A.1 List of products which shall be taken into account for the purpose of this standard includes, but 
are not limited to:  
S/N Categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment  
A Information Technology and Telecommunication Equipment:  
01 Centralized data processing   
02 Mainframes, Minicomputers  
03 Personal computing  
04 Personal computers (Central processing unit with input and output devices)  
05 Laptop computers (Central processing unit with input and output devices)  
06 Notebook computers  
07 Notepad computers  
08 Printers including cartridges  
09 Copying equipment  
10 Electrical and electronic typewriters  
11 User terminals and systems  
12 Facsimile  
13 Telex  
14 Telephones  
15 Pay telephones  
16 Cordless telephones  
17 Cellular telephones  
18 Answering systems  
B Consumer electrical and electronics  
01 Television sets (including sets based on (Liquid Crystal Display and Light  
02 Emitting Diode technology), Refrigerator, Washing Machine  
03 Air- Conditioners excluding centralized air conditioning plants  
 
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 A.2 Toys, leisure and sports equipment:  
S/N Equipment  
01 Electric trains or car racing sets  
02 Hand -held video game consoles  
03 Video games  
04 Computers for biking, diving, running, rowing, and other similar gadgets  
05 Sports equipment with electric or electronic components  
06 Coin slot machines  
A.3 Monitoring and control instruments:  
S/N Instrument  
01 Smoke detector  
02 Heating regulators  
03 Thermostats  
04 Measuring, weighing or adjusting appliances for household or as laboratory equipment  
05 Other monitoring and control instruments used in industrial installations  
A.4 Automatic dispensers:  
S/N Dispenser  
01 Automatic dispensers for hot drinks  
02 Automatic dispensers for hot or cold bottles or cans  
03 Automatic dispensers for solid products  
04 Automatic dispensers for money  
A.5 The following equipment shall not be taken into account:  
S/N  Equipment  
A Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)  
01 Radiotherapy equipment  
02 Cardiology  
03 Dialysis  
04 Pulmonary ventilators  
05 Nuclear medicine  
06 Laboratory equipment for in -vitro diagnosis   
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 07 Analysers  
08 Freezers  
18 Other appliances for detecting, preventing, monitoring, treating, alleviating illness, injury or disability  
B Security and military equipment  
C Transformers and capacitors  
 
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 Annex  B 
(normative)  
 
Schematic diagram of some plastics recovery options  
  
 
 
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 Annex  C 
(normative)  
 
CRT treatment technology   
C.1 Structure of CRT of Monitors and TVs  
C.1.1  Front panel: a very homogeneous barium –strontium glass, of a greenish whose weight is about two -
third of the whole CRT;  
C.1.2  Cone or funnel glass:  a lead glass, whose weight is about one third of the whole CRT  
C.1.3  Neck:  a glass with a very high lead content enveloping the electron gun;  
C.1.4  Glass solder of frit (the junction between the pane l and the cone) : a low melting lead glass, included 
only in colour CRTs.  
  
C.2 Treatment process  
C.2.1  Input:  CRT segregated after first level e -waste treatment.  
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  C.2.1.1  Unit operations:  
C.2.1.1.1  Dismantling:  CRT is manually removed from plastic/wooden casing.  
C.2.1.1.2  De-pressurization and Splitting:  Picture tube is split and the funnel section is then lifted off the 
screen section and the internal metal mask can be lifted to facilitate internal phosphor co ating. Different types 
of splitting technology used are given below:  
C.2.1.1.2.1  NiChrome hot wire cutting : a NiChrome wire or ribbon is wrapped round a CRT and electrically 
heated for at least 30 seconds to cause a thermal differential across the thickne ss of the glass. The area is then 
cooled ( e.g. with  a water -soaked sponge) to create thermal stress which results in a crack. When this is lightly 
tapped, the screen separates from the funnel section.  
C.2.1.1.2.2  Thermal shock: the CRT tube is subjected t o localised heat followed by cold air. This creates 
stress at the fritline where the leaded funnel glass is joined to the unleaded panel glass and the tube comes 
apart.  
C.2.1.1.2.3  Laser cutting : a laser beam is focused inside and this heats up the glass.  It is immediately followed 
by a cold water spray that cools the surface of the glass and causes it to crack along the cut line.  
C.2.1.1.2.4  Diamond wire method: in this method, a wire with a very small diameter, which is embedded 
within dustrial diamonds  is used to cut the glass as the CRT is passed through the cutting plane.  
C.2.1.1.2.5  Diamond saw separation: diamond saw separation uses either wet or dry process. Wet saw 
separation involves rotating the CRT in an enclosure while one or more saw blades cut through the CRT around 
its entire circumference. Cool ant is sprayed on to the surface of the saw blades as they cut. This is to control 
temperature and prevent warping.  
C.2.1.1.2.6  Water jet separation : this technology uses a high -pressure spray of w ater containing abrasive, 
directed at the surface to be cut. The water is focused through a single or double nozzle -spraying configuration 
set at a specific distance.    
C.2.1.1.2.7  Cleaning : internal phosphor coating is removed by using an abrasive wire br ush and a strong 
vacuum system to clean the inside and recover the coating. The extracted air is cleaned through an air filter 
system to collect the phosphor dust.  
C.2.1.1.2.8  Shredding:  the main outputs of shredding are metals, plastic and glass cullet. The cullet glass is 
reused as a raw material by CRT manufacturers. Recovered CRT glass also goes to the lead smelter, where 
they act as fluxing agent in the smelting process.  
  
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 Annex  D 
(normative)  
 
Electromagnetic, eddy current and density separation using water   
D.1  Electromagnetic and eddy current separation utilises properties of different elements like electrical 
conductivity, magnetic properties and density to separate ferrous, nonferrous metal and precious metal 
fractions.  
 D.2 Plastic fractions consisting of sorted plastic after 1st level treatment, plastic mixture and plastic with flame 
retardants after second level treatment, glass and lead are separated during this treatment. The efficiency of 
this treatment determines the re covery rate of metal and segregated e -waste fractions for third level treatment.  
 D.3  The salient features of this treatment technology and process are given below:  
 D.3.1  The proposed technology for sorting treatment including recycling and disposal of  e-waste is fully based 
on dry process using mechanical operations.  
D.3.2 The pre -comminuting stage includes separation of Plastic, CRT and remaining non CRT based e -waste. 
Equipments like hammermill and shear shredder will be used at comminuting stage to  cut and pulverise e -waste 
and prepare it as a feed stock to magnetic and eddy current separation.  
D.3.3  A heavy -duty hammermill grinds the material to achieve separation of inert material sand metals.  
D.3.4  After separation of metals from inert materia l, metal fraction consisting of Ferrous and Non -Ferrous 
metals are subjected to magnetic current separation. After separation of Ferrous containing fraction, Nonferrous 
fraction is classified into different non -metal fractions, electrostatic separation and  pulverisation.  
 D.3.5  The ground material is then screened and dusted subsequently followed by separation of valuable metal 
fraction using electrostatic, gravimetric separation and eddy current separation technologies to recover fractions 
of Copper (Cu),  Aluminium (Al), residual fractions containing Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) and other precious metals.  
 D.3.6  This results in recovery of clean metallic concentrates, which are sold for further refining to smelters. 
Sometimes water may be used for separation at  last stage.  
 D.3.7  Electric conductivity -based separation separates materials of different electric conductivity (or 
resistivity) mainly different fractions of non -ferrous metals from e -waste. Eddy current separation technique has 
been used based on elec trical conductivity for nonferrous metal separation from e -waste.  
 D.3.7.1  Its operability is based on the use of rare earth permanent magnets. When a conductive particle is 
exposed to an alternating magnetic field, eddy currents will be induced in that o bject, generating a magnetic 
field to oppose the magnetic field.  
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 D.3.7.2 The interactions between the magnetic field and the induced eddy currents lead to the appearance of 
electro dynamic actions upon conductive non -ferrous particles and are responsibl e for the separation process.  
 D.3.8  The efficacy of the recycling system is dependent on the expected yields/output of the recycling system. 
The expected yields/output from the recycling system are dependent on the optimisation of separation 
parameters. These parameters are given belo w:  
a) particle size;  
b) particle shape;  
c) feeding rate/ RPM; and  
d) optimum operations.  
D.3.8  Particle shape is dependent on comminuting and separation. Since hammermills and screens will be 
used in the proposed technology, the var iations are expected to be the same as that of Best Available 
Technology (BAT).  
D.3.9  The feeding rate can be optimised based on the speed and width of the conveyor . 
   
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 Bibliography  
[1] Guidelines for environmentally sound management of e -waste, March 2008  
[2] e-Stewards Standard for Responsible Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment, November 1st, 
2013  
[3] R2 Code of Practices/Version 1, July 1, 2013  
[4] R2 Standard for Electronics Recyclers, July 1, 2013  
[5] e-waste technical guidelines, April 15, 2015   
 DRS  276-2: 2021  
 
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