DEAS1017 -5:2019  
ICS 91.140.70  
 
© EA C 2019                                                                                                                               1st Edition 2019   
 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
Sanitary appliances  (vitreous china)  — Specification  — Part 5: Urinals 
and partition plates  
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
ii © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Copyright notice  
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Violators may be pr osecuted . DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  iii 
 Conte nts Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  1 
3 Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  1 
4 General requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  1 
5 Dimensions and tolerances  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  1 
6 Principles of design  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  3 
7 Functional requirements and test methods for class 1 products  ................................ ....................  4 
7.1 Depth of water seal  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  4 
7.2 Flushing  requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  4 
7.2.1  Wash of bo wl ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  4 
7.2.2  Flushing of three plastics balls  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  5 
7.2.3  Oversplashing  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  5 
7.2.4 Discharge  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  5 
7.3 Water absorption  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 5 
7.4 Load resistance  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 5 
7.5 Durab ility of class 1 products  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  6 
7.6 Test methods  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  6 
7.6.1  Testing the depth of water seal and flushing tests  ................................ ................................ ............  6 
7.6.2  Determination of water absorption  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 7 
7.6.3  Static load test  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 
8 Functional requirements and  test methods for class 2 products  ................................ ....................  8 
8.1 Depth of water seal  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  8 
8.2 Cleanability  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  9 
8.3 Load resistance  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 9 
8.4 Durability  of class 2 products  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  9 
8.5 Test methods  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  9 
8.5.1 Depth of water seal ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 9 
8.5.2  Cleanability  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  9 
9 Finish  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  9 
10 Sampling, process inspection and lot inspection  ................................ ................................ .............  9 
11 Marking  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  9 
ANNEX A ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  11 
ANNEX B ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  12 
B.1 General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  12 
B.2 Procedures  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  12 
ANNEX C ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  16 
C.1 General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  16 
C.2 Procedures  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  16 
Bibliography  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  18 
 DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
iv © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements 
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through 
harmonized standardization , trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged 
within the Community will be removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee  (EASC)  mandated to develop and 
issue East African Standards  (EAS) . The Comm ittee is composed of representatives of the National 
Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the public and private sector 
organizations  in the community .  
East African Standards are developed through  Technical Committees  that are representative of key 
stakeholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private sector and other interested parties. 
Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the 
Partner Stat es. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in 
accordance with the Principles and procedures for development of East African Standards. XXXXXX.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with t echnological advances. Users of the East 
African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards 
they are implementing .  
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee EASC/TC 037, Utensils, cutlery, 
Sanitary wares and fittings and domestic hardware  
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be subject of patent 
rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent r ights.  
 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  1 
 Sanitary appliances  (vitreous china)  — Specification  — Part 5: Urinals  
and partition plates  
1 Scope   
The draft East African Standard  specifies  requirements for dimensions, performance, principles of design and 
test methods for wall -hung urinals .  
2 Normative references   
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes 
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, 
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
DEAS 1017 -1:2019 , Sanitary appliances  (Vitreous china)  — Part 1: General requirements  
DEAS 1017 -2:2019 , Sanitary applian ces (Vitreous china  )— Specification  — Part 2: Wash down water cl osets  
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in DEAS 10 17-1:2019  apply.  
4 General requirements  
The general requirements relating to terminology, material, and defects minimum thickness, tolerances and 
performance covered in DEAS 1017 -1:2019 shall apply . 
5 Dimensions and tolerances  
5.1 The connecting dimensions are given in Table 1  and Figure 1,2,3,4 . 
Note  Connecting dimension s are vital for the functioning and interchangeability of the system .  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
2 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
 
Figure 1 — Wall-hung urinal with inlet from above  
 
Figure 2 — Wall-hung urinal with back inlet  
 
Figure 3 — Wall-hung urinal with vertical outlet  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  3 
  
 
Figure 4 — Wall-hung urinal with horizontal outlet  
Table 1 — Connecting dimensions of wall -hung urinals  
Description  Symbol  Dimensions (mm)  
Distance between the centre line of the inlet and the back wall of the urinal  A 50 + 5 
Depth of the intern al cylindrical pari in front of the shoulder  B > 20 
Distance between the centre of the waste outlet hole and the back wall of the 
urinal  C 65 + 5 
145 + 5 
Internal diameter of the inlet  d 35 + 2 
External diameter of the outlet  D 50 + 2 
External cylin drical part of the outlet without grooves  E > 30 
Diameter of the plane circular surface around the inlet  F > 50 
Distance to the vertical plane of outlet from the backwall of urinal  G 15 + 10 
> 42 
6 Principles of design  
6.1 General  
6.1.1  Bowl urinals shall be of one -piece construction.  
6.1.2  Wall-mounted bowl urinals shall either be flat back  or angle -back and shall have an integral flushing 
box rim with minimum 12 holes well distributed in the rim to ensure satisfactory flushing. It shall have an  
integral outlet and overflow.  
6.1.3  Wall-hung urinals in accordance with Table 2 shall meet the following requirements:  
a) for connection to supply and drainage systems the connecting dimensions shall be in accordance  with 
Table 1  or the  manufacturer shall provi de or recommend necessary auxiliary components;  
b) wall-hung urinals shall function with flushing device(s)  supplying flushing volumes and/or flow rates as 
specified by the manufac turer in accordance with Table 3 DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
4 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 6.1.4  Wall-hung urinals are classified as desc ribed below:  
a) Class 1 : Wall -hung urinals intended to be installed in drainage systems of type I, II or IV  
b) Class 2 : Wall -hung urinals intended to be installed in drainage systems of type III  
Table 2 — Types of wall -hung urinals  
Type Construction  
I Siphonic action urinal with flushing rim and with integral trap or with dedicated trap specified by the 
manufacturer  
II Wash -down urinal with or without flushing rim and with integral trap or with dedicated trap specified by the 
manufac turer 
III Wash -down urinal with or without flushing rim and without dedicated trap  
IV Urinal of type I, II or III with dedicated flushing device specified by the manufacturer  
 
6.2 Flushing volume and flow rate  
The flushing volumes and flow rates for par ticular flushing devi ces shall be as given in Table 3. 
 
Table 3 — Flushing devices, volumes and flow rate  
Type of urinal  Flushing device for testing  
Flush valve (C) in accordance 
with Annex A  Manually operated 
flushing cistern (A)  in 
accordance with annex B  Automatic flushing cistern 
(B) in accordance with 
Annex C  
Flushing volume  
I Flow rate  
l/s Flushing volume  
I Flushing Volume  
I 
I 
0.5-5.0 (inclusive)  
 
0.5-5.0 (inclusive)  _ 
II 
 
III < 0.2 
0.5-4.5 (inclusive)  
IV 
 
7 Functional requirements and test methods for class 1 products  
7.1 Depth of water seal  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.2, the depth of water seal in urinals of types I and II shall be not less than  
50 mm. Ensure that the trap will be re -filled up to not less than 50 mm. Traps in accordance with DEAS 1017 -
2:2019  are exempted from this test.  
7.2 Flushing  requirements  
7.2.1 Wash of bowl  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.3.1, the arithmetic average of any un -flushed area of the surface to be 
tested shall not be greater than 80 00 mm2 after five flushing operations.  
The surface to be tested is defined as described below:  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  5 
 a) for urinals with flushing rim: the area below the flushing rim and above the water surface in the trap;  
b) for urinals without flushing rim: the s urface enclosed by  
i. an angle of 25 ° on the surface of urinal beginning from the central point of the water inflow 
and 
ii. a line in a distance of 80 mm from the edge of the bowl (see Figure 2). 
 
Key 
1 spreader or central inlet hole  
2 surface to be tested  
Figu re 5 — Surface to be tested for urinals without flushing rim flushed by a spreader or inlet holes  
7.2.2 Flushing of three plastics balls  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.3.2, at least two plastics balls shall be flushed out of the  trap of the urinal in 
each of five separate flushing operations with three balls.  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.3.2, type I urinals shall flush with a siphonic action when not connected to 
the drainage pipe. Urinals of types II and III are excluded fr om this test.  
7.2.3 Oversplashing  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.3.3, the flushing water shall not splash beyond the edge of the bowl and 
wet the floor. Only a few small drops on the floor are permissible.  
7.2.4 Discharge  
When tested as described in 7.6.1.3.4, no flushing water shall run over the rim of the bowl.  
7.3 Water absorption  
When tested as described in 7.6.2, the arithmetic average for water absorption of glazed ceramic urinals shall 
not exceed 0 .75 % by mass where no individual value shall exce ed 1.00 %.  
7.4 Load resistance  
When tested in accordance with 7.6.3, the wall -hung urinal shall not crack, become detached from the wall or 
show permanent distortion.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
6 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 7.5 Durability of class 1 products  
Class 1 products conforming with the requirements of  7.1 to 7 .4 shall be  deemed to be durable.  
7.6 Test methods  
7.6.1 Testing the depth of water seal and flushing tests  
7.6.1.1  General  
For testing the depth of water seal and flushing requirements with the device(s) indicated by the manufacturer, 
i.e. a flush valve in accordance with Annex A and/or with a flushing cistern in accordance with either Annex B 
or C, install the urinal to be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instr uctions on a firm flat vertical 
surface and connect the water inlet and the t rap. 
The flow rate shall be adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer's specification.  
7.6.1.2  Depth of water seal  
Fill the trap with water by flushing twice. After the second flush, check that the trap complies with 7.1. 
7.6.1.3  Flushing tests  
7.6.1.3. 1 Sawdust test  
7.6.1.3.1.1  Test apparatus  
For urinals without rim, a template made of a flexible sheet in accordance with Figure 6. 
 
Figure 6 — Template for testing urinals without flushing rim  
7.6.1.3.1.2  Test material  
20 g of fine dry wood sawdust.  
 7.6.1.3.1.3  Method  
For urinals without rim draw the perimeter of the surface to be tested (see Figure 5) using the template and a 
water resistant ink.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  7 
 Moisten the surface to be tested of all types of urinals. Immediately afterwards, sprinkle the sawdust as 
completely and evenly as possible over the moistened surface.  
Flush the urinal with the flushing volume and/or flow rate indicated by the manufacturer and measure any un -
flushed area of the surface to be tested.  
Perform this procedure five times and check th e compliance wit h 7.2.1. 
7.6.1.3.2  Flushing of three plastics balls  
7.6.1.3.2.1  Test material  
Three balls of non -absorbent material, e.g. polyethylene, each having a mass of (3 .7 ± 0 .2) g and a diameter 
of (20 ± 0. 2) mm.  
7.6.1.3.2.2  Method  
For each flushin g operation place the three balls into the urinal. Without the urinal being connected to a 
drainage pipe, flush the urinal with the flushing volume and/or flow rate specif ied by the manufacturer. Verify 
that the balls  are flushed out of the trap of the uri nal. Remove any balls left in the urinal or its trap.  
Perform the test five times, checking for compliance with the requirements of 7.2.2 each time.  
7.6.1.3.3  Oversplashing test  
Using the flushing device(s) with the maximum volume for flushing cistern and maximum flow rate for flush 
valve in  accordance with Table 3, flush the urinal and record any visible evidenc e of water on the floor in the 
area below.  
7.6.1.3.4  Discharge  
The test is made with the maximum flow rate in accordance with Table 3 for a minimum  of 2 min in the case of 
a flush being provided by a flush valve, and with the maximum flushing volume in accordance with Table 3 in 
the case of a flush being provided by a flushing cistern in accordance with 7.2 (table 5). Record any evidence 
of water flo wing over the rim of the bowl.  
7.6.2 Determination of water absorption  
7.6.2.1  Test apparatus  
a) balance accurate to 0 .05 g;  
b) oven controlled at a test temperature of (105 ± 2) °C;  
c) desiccator with fresh prepared silica gel;  
d) chamois leather and a fine brush;  
e) heated bath with constant water level;  
f) deionised water;  
g) pair of fine tweezers.  
7.6.2.2  Method  
a) Break three samples glazed on one face from the urinal. The unglazed surface area of the samples 
shall be approximately 30 cm2 and the thickness shall be not greate r than 12 mm including the glaze.  
b) Dry the samples at a temperature of 105 °C for (180 ± 5) min.  
c) Allow the samples to cool in the desiccator.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
8 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 d) Weigh each sample to an accuracy of 0. 05 g; this mass is m0. 
e) Using the fine tweezers place the samples in the bath and fill with deionised water. Ensure they do not  
touch the sides or the bottom of the bath.  
f) Heat the water to boiling point for (120 ± 5) min. At the end of this period stop the heating procedure 
and leave the samples immersed for a further (20 ± 1) h.  
g) Using the fine tweezers take the samples from the water and dry them immediately with the slightly  
dampened chamois leather. Any cavities or holes shall be dried using the fine brush.  
h) Weigh each sample immediately; this mass is m1. 
i) Calculate for each sample its water absorption WA in percentage using Equation (1):  
 
     …1) 
7.6.3  Static load test  
Install the urinal in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions onto a smooth vertical surface with a layer 
of mortar or other facing material used for pointi ng between the back of the urinal and the smooth surface.  
A vertical force of (1. 00 ± 0 .01) kN shall be applied for a period of 1 h on the middle of the front edge (see  
Figure 7). 
 
Figure 6 — Load test  
8 Functional requirements an d test methods for class 2 products  
8.1 Depth of water seal  
When tested as described in 8.5.1, the depth of water seal of urinals of types I, II and IV shall be not less than  
75 mm. Ensure that the trap will be re -filled up to not less than 75 mm.  
Note  Traps in accordance with DEAS 1017 -2:2019  are exempted from this test.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  9 
 8.2 Cleanability  
When tested in accordance with 8 .5.2, wall -hung urinals shall have smooth and readily cleansed non -
absorbent  functional surfaces which are free from acute internal corners  which would be difficult to clean, i.e. 
surfaces  intended to or likely to come into contact with water and/or urine during use and cleaning.  
NOTE  Functional surfaces do not include inlet and outlet holes, outlet grills etc.  
8.3 Load resistance  
When tested  in accordance with 7.6.3, class 2 products shall meet the requirements of 7 .4. 
8.4 Durability  of class 2 products  
Class 2 products conf orming the requirements of 8.1 to 8.3 shall be  deemed to be durable.  
8.5 Test methods  
8.5.1 Depth of water seal  
Install the urinal to be tested as described in 7.6.1.1.  
Fill the trap with water by flushing twice. After the second flush check the compliance with 8.1. 
8.5.2 Cleanability  
Visually examine the functional surfaces of the wall -hung urinals using a suitable light s ource.  
Record any failure to comply with 8.2. 
Imperfections that do not affect the functionality of the surface shall not constitute a failure.  
9 Finish  
Inside and outside visible surfaces of urinal shall be glazed, uniform and smooth. The finish shall ens ure 
efficient flush. The inside surface of the inlet and outlet not visible shall be smooth but not glazed.  
10 Sampling, process inspection and lot inspection  
The recommended method of sampling, process inspection and lot inspection of urinals shall be as given in 
DEAS 1017 -2:2019 . 
11 Marking  
Urinals shall be clearly and indelibly marked at a suitable place  as per table 4 and with the following : 
a) name or trade mark of the manufacturer; and  
b) batch or lot number.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
10 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Table 4 — Characteristi cs and abbreviations for used in marking  
CD/UG/06  Number of East African Standard for wall -hung urinals for product 
description  
I Type I urinal in accordance with Table 2 
II Type II urinal in accordance with Table 2 
III Type III urinal in accordance wit h Table 2 
IV Type IV urinal in accordance with Table 2 
(X) Flushing volume/flow rate specified by the manufacturer  
A Manually operated flushing cistern  
B Automatic flushing cistern  
C Flush valve  
CA Cleanability  
BP Backflow prevention (foul air)  
LR Load resistance  
DA  Durability  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  11 
 ANNEX A  
 
(normative)  
 
Test rig for urinals intended to be flushed by a flush valve  
For testing the flushing performance of a urinal intended to be flushed by a flush valve a test rig in accordance 
with Figure A.1 shall be u sed. 
 
 
Figure A.1 — Test rig  
For testing urinals with a dedicated flushing device the items 5, 6 and 7 of test rig given in Figure A.1 are to be 
omitted.  
NOTE  It is advisable to adjust the flushing volume by means of a time relay at the automatic magnetic  interrupter.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
12 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 ANNEX B  
 
(normative)  
 
Test rig for urinals intended to be flushed by a manually operated  
flushing cistern  
B.1 General  
For testing the flushing performance of a urinal intended to be flushed by a manually operated flushing cistern 
a test rig i n accordance with Figure B.1 shall be used.  
B.2 Procedures  
The procedures A) and B) shall be carried out successively.  
A) Procedure to test the flush rate of the flushing cistern  
a) Insert the restrictor (see Figure B.4) into the flush pipe as shown in Figure  B.1. 
b) Fill the cistern to the water level of 5 .0 l and mark it.  
c) Start the flushing operation.  
d) Add 0 .5 l of water to the residual water and mark the lower measuring point.  
e) Add a further 1 .0 l water (volume for flush rate measurement) and mark the upper meas uring point.  
f) Add water to reach the urinal flushing water level of 5 .0 l. 
g) Flush the cistern and measure the flow rate during delivery of the 1 .0 l flushed between the upper and  
lower measuring points. The arithmetic average of flow rate of fi ve flushing op erations shall be (0.5 ± 
0.1) l/s.  
B) Procedure to test the urinal  
a) Remove the restrictor (item 5 in Figure B.1) from flush pipe (item 6 in Figure B.1).  
b) Connect the urinal to be tested to the flush pipe.  
c) Fill the flushing cistern to the water volume prescri bed by the manufacturer of the urinal and mark it.  
d) Perform the tests as specified in Clause 6 with the flushing volume prescribed by the manufacturer of 
urinal.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  13 
 
 
Key 
1  upper and lower water level sensors connected to a level control unit and an electroni c timer  
2  nominal water level (5 l)  
3  residual water level  
4  outlet valve (see Figure B.3)  
5  restrictor (see Figure B.4)  
6  polyethylene flush pipe, wall thickness 3 mm  
V1  starting volume  
V2  measuring volume (1 l)  
V3  finishing volume (0 .5 l) 
Figure B.1 — Test rig for flushing cisterns  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
14 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Dimensions in millimeters  
 
Key 
1  to be defined by manufacturer  
2  nominal water level  
3  residual water level  
V  flushing volume  
Figure B.2 — Testing with urinal  
Dimensions in millimeters  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  15 
 
 
Figure B.3 — Test flushin g cistern outlet with  integral connection for flush pipe  Restrictor  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
16 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 ANNEX C  
(normative)  
Test rig for urinals intended to be flushed by an automatic flushing 
cistern with valve -less outlet device  
C.1 General  
For testing the flushing performance of single urinals opera ted by automatic flushing cistern with valve -less 
outlet device, a test rig in accordance with Figure C.1 shall be used.  
C.2 Procedures  
The procedures A) and B) shall be carried out successively:  
A) Procedure to test the flow rate of the automatic flushing  cistern:  
a) Assemble the automatic flushing cistern, which  shall deliver a flush volume as specified by the  
manufacturer of the urinal to be tested, and the flush pipe as shown in Figure C.1.  
b) Fill the cistern slowly, until a flush occurs automatically.  
c) Repea t the procedure three times, measuring the flush volume on e ach occasion, and calculate the 
average.  
d) Fill the cistern again and record the time from the beginning of the flush.  
e) Record the time taken for the flush to be completed.  
f) Repeat steps 4) and 5) thr ee times.  
g) The flow rate average of three flushing oper ations shall be not less than 0. 5 l/s.  
B) Procedure to test the urinal:  
a) Connect the urinal to be tested to the flush pipe using a spreader as instructed by the manufacturer.  
b) To initiate a flush, fill th e cistern to the level at which a flush occurs automatically.  
c) Perform the flushing tests as specified in 7.5.1 with the flushing volume prescribed by the 
manuf acturer of the urinal.  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  17 
 Dimensions in millimeters  
 
Key 
1  maximum water level  
2  flushing cister n sized to deliver a nominal flush of 4. 5 l or a volume recommended by the manufacturer of the 
urinal to be tested  
3  flow rate at open en d of pipe to be not less than 0. 5 l/s 
4  valve -less outlet device constructed so that water can only discharge during a flush  
Figure C.1 — Test rig for automatic flushing cistern with valve -less outlet device  DEAS 1017 -5:2019  
18 © EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Bibliography  
[1] IS 2556 -6:1995, Vitreous sanitary appliances (vitreous china) — Part 6: Specific requirements of 
urinals and partition plates  
[2] BS EN 13407: 2006,  Wall-hung urinals — Functional requirements and test methods  
[3] BS EN 80:2001 , Wall -hung urinals. Connecting dimensions  DEAS 1017 -5:2019    
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved