Risk Management Proposal:  
Changes to phytosanitary measures to 
manage Conogethes punctiferalis  on fresh 
lychee, longan, and pear  
 
 
Amendments to the import health standards for fresh lychee and pear from Australia, 
fresh pear from  the Republic of  Korea, fresh lychee and longan from Thailand , and fresh 
lychee from Taiwan  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared for  public consultation   
by Horticulture Imports  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
April  2023 
 
 
Disclaimer  
 
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the  Ministry  for 
Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or 
opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.  
 
This publication is also available on t he Ministry for Primary Industries  website at  
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publications/   
 
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry  for Primary Industries   
i Contents  Page 
 
Submissions  1 
1 General information  3 
1.1 Purpose  3 
1.2 Background  3 
1.3 Timing and consultation  4 
1.4 Background and context of consultation  4 
2 Biosecurity risks of Conogethes punctiferalis  5 
3 Proposed changes to the standards  7 
3.1 Non-regulatory changes to the standard  7 
3.2 Proposed changes to the requirements for lychees from Australia  7 
3.3 Proposed changes to the requirements for pears from Australia  8 
3.4 Proposed changes to the requirements for lychees from Taiwan  8 
3.5 Proposed changes to the req uirements for lychees and longans from Thailand  8 
3.6 Proposed changes to the requirements for pears from the Republic of Korea  8 
4 Rationale for the proposed changes  8 
5 Feasibility of the proposed changes  9 
6 References  11  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 1 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on the 
amend ments to the import health standards (IHSs):  
 
• Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  (152.02) ,  
• Commodity Sub -class:  Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Litchi, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Australia , 
• Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Korean pear , (Pyrus pyrifolia ) from the 
Republic of Korea , 
• Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Taiwan ,  
• Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Longan, ( Dimocarpus longan ) from  
Thailand , and 
• Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Thailand . 
The proposed amendments are supported by this risk management proposal.  
 
An import health standard (IHS) “specifies requirements to be met for the effective 
management of risks associated with importing risk goods, including risks arising because 
importing the goods involves or might involve an incidentall y imported new organism.” 
(section 22 Biosecurity , Act 1993)  
 
MPI would like feedback  on the following changes to the  above  standard s. 
1. Changing the  irradiation treatment schedule for lychee and longan from Thailand to 
manage Conogethes punctiferalis  
a. Minimum absorbed dose of  irradiation changed from  250 Gy  to 289 Gy ; 
2. Addition of Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest for 
lychee from Australia, and the following phytosanitary measure  
a. Irradiation at a minimum a bsorbed dose of 289 Gy ; 
3. Addition of Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest for 
pear from Australia , and the following phytosanitary measure(s)  
a. Undergone appropriate pest control activities that are effective against 
Conogethes punctiferalis  
OR 
b. Been sourced from an area free (verified by an official detection survey) from 
Conogethes punctiferalis ; 
4. Addition of Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest l ist as a targeted measure pest for 
lychee from Taiwan, and the following phytosanitary measure  
a. Undergone appropriate pest control activities that are effective against 
Conogethes punctiferalis ; 
5. Addition of Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a tar geted measure pest for 
pear from  the Republic of  Korea, and the following phytosanitary measure  
a. Undergone appropriate pest control activities that are effective against 
Conogethes punctiferalis . 2 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries   
Include the following  in your submission :  
 
• The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email  
• Your name and title  
• Your organisation’s name (if applicable)  
 
Send submissions to plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  by 12 May 2023 .  
 
Feel free to include any  technical informati on you have  that support s your submission. While 
we prefer email, if  you would like to send your submission by post, you can mail it  to: 
 
Horticulture Imports  
Animal and Plant Health  Directorate  
Biosecurity New Zealand  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Submissions received by 12 May 2023  will be considered  during the amendment of the  
standard s. Submissions received after the clos ing date may be held on file for consideration 
when the issued standard  is next revised  or reviewed.  
 
 
Official Information Act 1982  
 
Please note that your submission is public information , and it is MPI policy to publish 
submissions and the review of submissions on the MPI website.  
 
Submissions may also be the subject of requests for information under the Official 
Information Act 1982 (OIA). The OIA specifies that information is to be made  available to 
requesters unless there are sufficient grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. 
Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for withholding specific information contained in 
their submission, such as information being  commercially sensi tive or personal. Any decision 
to withhold information requested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman .   
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 3 1 General information  
1.1 Purpose  
(1) The purpose of this document is to:  
• Provide information on the biosecurity risk s of Conogethes punctiferalis  on 
lychees from Australia, Thailand and Taiwan, pears from Australia and  the 
Republic of Korea , and longans from Thailand;  
• Set out the proposed amendments to the import requirements for Conogethes 
punctiferalis  on the se country –commodity pathways;  
• Provide the rationale for the proposed standard  amendments  and how they will 
manage risk; and  
• Ask for  feedback on the proposed amendments to  the import requirements . 
 
1.2 Background   
(2) The standard Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into 
New Zealand (152.02) came into force  on 7 October 1999 and was last amended on 7 
March 2023 .  
(3) The standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Litchi, ( Litchi chinensis ) 
from Australia was issued on 23 April 2009. This standard applies to fresh lychee s that 
are imported into New  Zealand from Australia.  
(4) The standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) 
from Taiwan came into force on 5 October 2007 and was last amended  on 24 August 
2022 . This standard applies to fresh lychee s that are imported  into New  Zealand from 
Taiwan.  
(5) The standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Longan, ( Dimocarpus 
longan ) from Thailand was issued on 8 May 2014. This standard applies to fresh 
longan s that are imported into New Zea land from Thailand.  
(6) The standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) 
from Thailand was issued on 8 May 2014. This standard applies to fresh lychee s that 
are imported into New  Zealand from Thailand.  
(7) The standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Korean pear, ( Pyrus 
pyrifolia) from the Republic of Korea was issued on 29 July 1999. This standard 
applies to fresh pear s that are imported into New Zealand from the Republic of Korea.  
(8) All of these standards were issued u nder section 24A of the Biosecurity Act 1993.  
(9) MPI received an equivalence request (a request for recognition of phytosanitary 
measures that are equivalent to existing measures) from Australia in 20 18 for 
irradiation to manage several RG2 (requiring targete d measures) and RG3 (requiring 
MPI-specified measures) pests on fresh table grapes, including Conogethes 
punctiferalis .  
(10) While assessing  this equivalence request, we determined that the existing irradiation 
dose approved to manage Conogethes punctiferalis , 250 Gy, was no longer technically 
justified and we increased the rate to 289 Gy.  This was consulted from  January to 
February 2018 and the standard was amended in March 2019.  4 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries  (11) We subsequently reviewed our  fresh produce import health standards to ensure that 
Conogethes punctiferalis  is regulated consistently. This risk management proposal 
contains the proposed amendments that will ensure our requirements to manage 
Conog ethes punctiferalis  are consistent  and sufficiently manage the biosecurity risk 
posed by this pest.  
1.3 Timing and consultation  
(12) The proposed amendments to the following standards were released for consultation on 
3 April 2023  and will remain open for consultation until 12 May 2023 . 
a. Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand 
(152.02) , 
b. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Litchi, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Australia , 
c. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fr uit/Vegetables Korean pear, ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) 
from the Republic of Korea , 
d. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Longan, ( Dimocarpus longa n) 
from Thailand , 
e. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Thailand , and 
f. Commo dity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from 
Taiwan.  
1.4 Background and context of consultation  
1.4.1 International  regulation of risk goods  
(13) “The World Trade Organi zation Agreement on the Application of  Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)  sets in place rules that protect each country’s 
sovereign right to take the measures necessary to protect the life or health of its people, 
animals, and plants , while at the same time facilitating trade.  It embodies and promotes 
the use of science -based risk assessments to manage the risks associated with the 
international movement of goods. The SPS Agreement guide s how New Zealand sets 
standards and makes decisions related to biosecurity. ” (MAF et al., 2 009, p. 1)  
(14) “In particular, [it is] important to maintain the standards of transparency and scientific 
rigour required by the SPS Agreement and to make decisions as quickly as possible. 
This will encourage other countries to comply with the rules of the SPS  Agreement and 
also demonstrate that New  Zealand’s strict controls are justified to countries that 
challenge them. ” (MAF et al., 2009 , p. 13) 
1.4.2 Domestic regulation of biosecurity risks associated with craft arrivals  
(15) The N ew Zealand  biosecurity system is regu lated through the Biosecurity Act 1993 
(the Act ). Section 22 describes an import health standard and requires all risk goods 
entering New Zealand to be managed by one.  MPI is the N ew Zealand  government 
ministry responsible for maintaining biosecurity standards that effective ly manage risks 
associated with import ing risk goods and craft into N ew Zealand  (Part 3, Biosecurity 
Act 1993). MPI is committed to the principles of transparency and evidence -based 
technical justification for all phytosanitary measures  we impose on importing  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 5 pathways , whether new or amended. MPI periodically reviews all biosecurity  standards  
and related documents so that the legal requirements are clear and  so that  information 
is consi stently presented and as easy as possible to understand.  
2 Biosecurity risks of Conogethes punctiferalis  
 
(16) New Zealand needs measures to manage the biosecurity risk posed by the yellow peach 
moth Conogethes punctiferalis  on lychee s, longan s, and pear s. MPI is proposing to 
update  the irradiation dose and add C. punctiferalis  to the pest list requiring targeted 
measures for Australia, Thailand, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea .  
(17) Conogethes punctiferalis  (yellow peach moth) is a pest of concern to New Ze aland.  
a. Conogethes  punctiferalis  is a regulated quarantine pest and is absent from 
New  Zealand (ONZPR, 2022).  
b. Conogethes  punctiferalis  is present in Australia, Taiwan, Thailand, and the 
Republic of Korea  (Singh et al., 2018).  
c. Conogethes  punctiferalis  is highly polyphagous. It feeds on wide range of 
plants, with recorded hosts in 16 families including grapes, apples, pears, 
maize, and stone fruit (MPI, 2009).  
d. Excretions from C. punctiferalis  have a high sugar content. The sugary 
excretion s cover the fruit surface, attracting secondary insect pests and 
diseases, which further damage fruit (CABI, 2022).  
(18) Many C. punctiferalis  hosts are of economic importance to New Zealand.  In New 
Zealand , the value of crops that C. punctiferalis  feeds on is considerable.  
a. Grape wine was the highest earning processed fruit export from New Zealand 
and the second highest earning horticultural export in 2020 and 2021, with a 
forecast value of $1.94 billion in 2022 and $2.18 billion in 2023 (MPI, 2022).  
b. Apples and pears were the third highest earning horticultural export in 2020 
and 2021, with a forecast value of $900 million in 2022 and $940 million in 
2023 (MPI, 2022).  
c. Peaches, apricots, and cherries have an export value of $56 million ( Plant & 
Food Research , 2021 ). 
d. Maize and sweetcorn contribute approximately $800 million to New Zealand’s 
GDP ( MPI, 2016 a). 
(19) The moths lay e ggs on the surface of the fruit . Larvae feed on the fruit surface and 
internally (CABI, 2022) and may be on fruit at the time of harvest.  
a. Adults and pupae are unlikely to be associated with harvested fruit  (USDA, 
2012) . 
(20) Damage caused by C. punctiferalis  can lead to immature fruit drop or unmarketability 
of fruit. However, infestation by eggs and early instar larvae at later stages of the crop  
when fruit is close to maturity,  may not always be detected during harvesting and 
packhouse activities  due to the ir small size and presence within the flesh of the fruit  
(MPI, 2016b) . 6 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries  (21) Adults reproduce sexually ( CABI, 2022),  requiring at least one individual of each sex 
to start a population.  
a. Females release sex pheromones to attract males, increasing their chance of 
finding a mate.  
(22) Eggs are laid singly on fruit, but multiple eggs or larvae may be present on or in one 
fruit (Korycinska, 2012 ; MPI, 2009 ), so it is possible for establishment to occur from a 
single infested fruit.  
(23) Eggs, larvae or pupae in uneaten fruit or  parts of fruit discarded as waste may continue 
to complete their development and emerge as adults (MPI, 2009) . 
(24) Adults are mobile and highly polyphagous and are likely to find suitable host plants.  
(25) Parts of New Zealand are climatically suitable for C. punc tiferalis . 
a. C. punctiferalis has a broadly tropical and subtropical distribution but is also 
found in temperate regions including  northern China , Japan, and Australia  
(Singh et al., 2018; CABI, 2022)  
b. C. punctiferalis  larvae  are capable of overwintering, all owing survival  in 
colder climates  (Du et al ., 2018 ). 
(26) Conogethes punctiferalis  is associated with fresh lychee s, longan s, and pear s and can 
enter New Zealand on these pathways.  
a. Lychee, longan and pear are hosts of C. punctiferalis  larvae (Singh et al., 2018; 
Du et al., 2018 ; Hort Innovation, 2020 ). 
b. MPI has intercepted live C. punctiferalis  larvae on lychee fruit (LIMS, 2022).  
c. Since 1985, the genus Conogethes  has been intercepted 350 times on fruit in 
the continental USA, including four time s with l ychee  fruit ( USDA, 2008 ). 
d. C. punctiferalis  has been reported as a serious pest of lychee in India , with 
infestation levels up to 33.33% of crops (Singh et al., 2018).  
e. C. punctiferalis  has been intercepted at the Canadian border on Pyrus pyrifolia 
(Lee et al., 2000).  
f. C. punctiferalis  is one of the main pests in pear orchards in several countries 
including Japan (Tabata et al., 2009), India (Singh et al., 2018) and China 
(Xiong et al., 2018).  
g. C. punctiferalis  is a major pest of longan in Vietnam (Tran  et al., 2019) . 
(27) Basic Measures alone will not manage Conogethes punctiferalis . 
a. Basic Measures will manage the risk of C. punctiferalis  pupae and adults . 
i. All fresh produce imported into New Zealand must go through  
commercial production . Commercial production involves  standard 
cultivation, pest management, harvest and packing processes, as well as 
phytosanitary certification and inspection . 
ii. Pupae are ~13  mm long, and form on the surface or inside fruit (MAF, 
2009). Given late instar larvae reach 25  mm, it is likely that rots and 
frass would be visually detectable if pupae are present on or in fruit  
(MPI, 2016 b).  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 7 iii. Adults are nocturnal  and have a 25 -mm wingspan (MAF, 2009).  They  
are likely to be disrupted during harvesting and packhouse activities  
(USDA,  2012).  
b. Basic Measures alone do not  manage the risk of C. punctiferalis  eggs and 
larvae . 
i. Eggs are  small and  laid singly so may remain undetected on fruit , 
particularly if laid in sheltered positions on the fruit surface  (MPI, 
2009 ). 
ii. Larvae feed internally and can avoid detection during harvesting and 
packhouse activities, particularly early instar larvae where only small 
entry holes are present (MPI, 2016 b). 
(28) Given the biosecurity risk posed by Conogethes punctiferalis  on these pathways, the 
requirements we are proposing are consistent with New Zealand’s obligations under 
the SPS Agreement.  
3 Proposed changes to the standard s 
3.1 Non-regulatory changes to the standard  
(29) We have  made some  minor updates  to the standard s. These include:  
a. Updating mentions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) to 
the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI);  
b. Updating scientific names and taxonomy;  
c. Fixing broken weblinks ; 
d. Removing “2 General conditions for all plant products” from the standard 
Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fru it/Vegetables Korean pear, (Pyrus 
pyrifolia) from the Republic of Korea.  
e. Removing “Part 7: Contingencies following biosecurity clearance” from 
the standard s: 
i. Commodity Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Litchi, ( Litchi chinensis ) 
from Australia , and  
ii. Commodi ty Sub -class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Korean pear, ( Pyrus 
pyrifolia ) from the Republic of Korea . 
(30) Part 7 of these standards  is no longer consistent with Part 5 of the Act.  
(31) None of these changes change  the requirements  in the standard or the intent of the 
requirements . The y are minor changes in accordance with section 24B(2) of the 
Biosecurity Act and , as such , do not require consultation under section 23(3)  of the Act.  
(32) These minor changes are mentioned  here for clarit y and transparency . They are not  part 
of the consultation . 
3.2 Proposed changes to the requirements for lychee s from Australia  
 
(33) We are adding Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest on 
lychee s from Australia . We are also  adding irradiation at 289 Gy as a phytosanitary 
measure to manage C. punctiferalis  to the standard Commodity Sub -class: Fresh 8 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries  Fruit/Vegetables Litchi, ( Litchi chinensis ) from Australia , and to the table of treatment 
appendices and the relevant schedule of  IHS 152.02.  
3.3 Proposed changes to the requirements for pear s from Australia  
 
(34) We are adding Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest on 
pears from Australia . We are also  adding either appropriate pest control activities or 
pest free area as a phytosanitary measure to manage C. punctiferalis  to the schedule for 
pears from Australia in Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into 
New Zealand (IHS 152.02).  
(35) We are consulting on both phytosanitary measures and are seeking agreement with the 
Australian N ational Plant Protection Organisaion (NPPO)  on the most appropriate 
measure for inclusion in the final published import health standards.  
3.4 Proposed changes to th e requirements for lychee s from Taiwan  
 
(36) We are adding Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest on 
lychee s from Taiwan . We are also  adding appropriate pest control activit ies as a 
phytosanitary measure to manage C. punctiferalis  in Commodity Sub -class: Fresh 
Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from Taiwan  and the relevant schedule of 
IHS 152.02.  
3.5 Proposed changes to the requirements for lychee s and longan s from 
Thailand  
 
(37) We are increasing the irradiation rate required to manage Conogethes punctiferalis  on 
lychee s and longan s from Thailand from 250 Gy to 289 Gy in Commodity Sub -class: 
Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Longan, ( Dimocarpus longan ) from Thailand, Commodity Sub -
class: F resh Fruit/Vegetables Lychee, ( Litchi chinensis ) from Thailand and the 
relevant schedule s of IHS 152.02.  
3.6 Proposed changes to the requirements for pear s from the Republic of Korea  
 
(38) We are adding Conogethes punctiferalis  to the pest list as a targeted measure pest on 
pears from the Republic of Korea  and adding appropriate pest control activities  as a 
phytosanitary measure to manage C. punctiferalis  in Commodity Sub -class: Fresh 
Fruit/Vegetables Korean pear, ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) from the Republic o f Korea  and the 
relevant schedule of IHS 152.02 . 
 
4 Rationale for the proposed change s 
 
(39) Irradiation at 289 Gy is an approved measure for managing Conogethes punctiferalis 
for multiple pathways within the fresh produce import health standards.  
a. This phytosanitary measure has been previously consulted on and 
implemented. The consultation page can be found here:  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 9 https://www.mpi.govt.nz/consultations/proposed -new-phytosanitary -measure -
additional -option -for-fresh -table -grapes -from -australia/  
b. The increase in the required irradiation dose, from 250 Gy to 289 Gy, is 
technically justified for fresh produce pathw ays and effectively manages the 
risk of C. punctiferalis . 
i. Lepidoptera life stages that are likely to be on the exported commodity 
(eggs and early instar larvae) are prevented from developing by 
irradiation at a maximum absorbed dose of 289 Gy  (Hallman & 
Hellmich, 2009) . 
(40) Appropriate pest control activities is an approved measure for managing 
Conogethes  punctiferalis  for multiple  pathways within the fresh produce import health 
standards.  
a. Appropriate pest control activities are applied when/where appropriate in the 
production and/or post -harvest system for the effective management of a pest. 
These activities are assessed by a chief technical officer for their effectiveness.  
b. The NPPO of the Republic of Korea and New Zealand MPI have agreed on 
specif ic details of the appropriate pest control activities to manage C. 
punctiferalis  on pear.  The specific details are agreed bilaterally and captured in 
formal correspondence.  
c. MPI is confident that the activities undertaken by producers and exporters in the 
Republic of Korea will sufficiently manage the risk of this pest on the fresh pear 
pathway.  
d. The NPPO of Taiwan and New Zealand MPI will agree  on specific details of the 
appropriate pest control activities to manage C. punctiferalis  on lychee . The 
specific d etails are agreed bilaterally and captured in formal correspondence.  
e. The NPPO of Australia and New Zealand MPI will agree  on specific details of 
the appropriate pest control activities to manage C. punctiferalis  on pear. The 
specific details are agree d bilaterally and captured in formal correspondence.  
(41) A pest free area (PFA) is a suitable measure to manage the biosecurity risk of    
C. punctiferalis  on fresh pear from Australia because:  
a. The NPPO of Australia is required to provide technical information to assure 
MPI that a PFA can be established and maintained as per ISPM 4: Requirements 
for the establishment of pest free areas . The specific details are agreed bilaterally 
and captured in formal correspondence.  
b. Pest free area is an approved measure for ma naging Conogethes punctiferalis  on 
other pathways within the fresh produce import health standards  
5 Feasibility of the proposed change s 
 
(42) Irradiation is an existing option for managing regulated pests on lychee and longan 
from Thailand , and lychee from Austr alia.  
a. The minimum dose will increase for Thailand from 250 Gy to 289 Gy.  
b. Australia has an existing requirement for irradiation at 400 Gy or 500 Gy for 
regulated pests other than fruit flies.  10 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries  (43) Appropriate pest control activities agreed between MPI and the NPPO ’s of the Republic 
of Korea and Australia will effectively  manage the risk of Conogethes punctiferalis  on 
fresh pear exported to New Zealand. Appropriate pest control activities are currently 
approved to manage the risk of C. punctiferalis  on fresh  pear from China.  
(44) Appropriate pest control activities agreed between MPI and the NPPO of Taiwan will 
effectively manage the risk of Conogethes punctiferalis  on fresh lychee exported to 
New  Zealand. Appropriate pest control activities are currently approved  to manage the 
risk of C. punctiferalis  on fresh lychee from Thailand.  
(45) A pest free area established in accordance with ISPM 4 will effectively manage the risk 
of Conogethes punctiferalis  on fresh pear exported to New Zealand.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries  Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis  • 11 6 References  
APHIS -USDA (2008 ) Importation of Fresh Litchi, Litchi chinensis Sonn., Fruit from 
Australia into the Continental United States: A Qualitative, Pathway -initiated Pest Risk 
Assessment.  Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of 
Agriculture; Raleigh, NC, USA. https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS -2009 -0084 -
0003 . Accessed October 202 2. 
APHIS -USDA (2011) Importation of Fresh Fruit of Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Longan 
(Dimocarpus longan), and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) into the Continental United 
States from ASEAN Countries: A Qualitative, Pathway -initiated Pest Risk Assessment.  
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture ; 
Raleigh, NC, USA . https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS -2010 -0116 -0003 . 
Accessed September 2022 . 
APHIS -USDA (2012) Importation of Fresh Mango Fruit, Mangifera indica L., from Vietnam 
into the Continental United States: A Qualitative, Pathway -Initiated Pest Risk Assessment.  
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agric ulture ; 
Raleigh, NC, USA. https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS -2016 -0026 -0009   
CABI (2022) Crop Protection Compendium.  Wallingford, UK; CAB International. 
www.cabi.org/cpc . 
Du, Y ; Li, J; Wang, Z (2018 ) Research Progress of Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: 
Crambidae) in China. The black spotted, yellow borer, Conogethes punctiferalis  Guenée and 
allied species , 45–66. 
Hallman, G.J., & Hellmich, R.L (2009) Ionizing radiation as a phytosanitary treatment against 
European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in ambient, low oxygen, and cold conditions. 
Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(1): 64 -68. 
Hort Innovation (2020) Lychee Strategic Agrichemical Review Process. 
https://www.horticulture.com.au/globalassets/hort -innovation/resource -assets/lychee -sarp-
2020-final.pdf   
Korycinska, A (2012) Rapid assessment of the need for a detailed Pest Risk Analysis for 
Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). Version 4. https://planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk/pests -
and-diseases/uk -plant -health -risk-register/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3856  . EPPO, United 
Kingdom.   Accessed September 2022.  
Lee, H K; Woo, C N; Namkoong, S B; Seo, Y S; La, J H; Kim, Y I; Kim, K G; Kim, B K 
(2000) Quarantine pest occurrence in exporting pear fruits ( Pyrus pyrifolia  Nakai ev. 
Whangkeumbae) during cold storage. Kore an Journal of Horticultural Science and 
Technology , 18(1): 22 –27. 
LIMS , 2022. Laboratory Information Management System data extract.   
MAF; MFAT; FSA (2009) Balance in Trade.  Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry 
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand, Food Safety Authority; Wellington, NZ. 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/12576 -balance -in-trade  Accessed September 2022.  
MPI (2009) Import Risk Analysis: Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri, Pyrus pyrifolia, and Pyrus sp. 
nr. communis) Fresh Fruit from China . Ministry for Primary Industries ; Wellington , NZ. 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/2884 -Pears -Pyrus -bretschneideri -Pyrus -pyrifolia -and-12 • Risk Management Proposal for changes to phytosanitary measures for Conogethes punctiferalis   Ministry for Primary Industries  Pyrus -sp.-nr.-communis -fresh -fruit-from -China -Final -Risk-Analysis -October -2009 Accessed 
September 2022 . 
MPI (2016a)  How valuable is that plant species? Application of a method for enumerating the 
contribution of selected plant species to New Zealand’s GD P. New Zealand Institute of 
Economic Research; Wellington, NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/14527/ 
Accessed September 2022.  
MPI (2016 b) Import Risk Analysis: Fresh Rambutan from Vietnam . Ministry for Primary 
Industries ; Wellington , NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/14254 -Import -Risk-
Analysis -Fresh -Rambutan -from -Vietnam   
MPI (2022) Situation and Outlook for Primary Industries.  Ministry for Primary Industries; 
Wellington, NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/51754/direct  Accessed September 
2022.  
Plant & Food Research  (2021) Fresh Facts : New Zealand Horticultural Exports 2021. New 
Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research ; Auckland, NZ . 
https://freshfacts.co.nz/files/freshfacts -2021.pdf  
Singh, S; Kuar, G; Onkara Naik, S; & Rami Reddy, P V (2018) The shoot and fruit borer, 
Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée): an important pest of tropical and subtropical fruit crops. 
In Chakravarthy , A.K. (e d) The Black Spotted, Yellow Borer , Conogethes punctiferalis 
Guenée and Allied Species (pp. 165 -191). Springer ; Singapore.  
Tabata, J ; Minamishima, M ; Sugie, H ; Fukumoto, T ; Mochizuki, F ; Yoshiyasu, Y (2009) Sex 
pheromone components of the pear fruit moth, Acrobasis pyrivorella (Matsumura). Journal of 
Chemical Ecology , 35(2): 243 –249. 
Tran, H; Van, H N; Muniappan, R; Amrine, J; Naidu, R; Gilbertson, R; Sidhu, J (2019) 
Integrated Pest Management of Longan (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Vietnam. Journal of 
Integ rated Pest Management , 10(1): 1 –10. 
Xiong, C; Wang, Z; Zhao, M; Huang, Y; Wu, Y; Shao, S; Deng, J; Xu, Z (2018) 桃蛀螟生活
史及防治策略  [Occurrence characteristics and dynamics of peach borer fruit pests]. 天津农
林科技  (02): 20 –22.