RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/C/W/99
3 March 1999
(99-0818)
Council for Trade in Services
STRUCTURE OF COMMITMENTS FOR MODES 1, 2 AND 3
Background Note by the Secretariat
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
1. This Note responds to a request made by the Council for Trade in Services in the context of
its Information Exchange Programme.  It is intended to complement previous Background Notes,
including one on Mode 4 (S/C/W/75) and various sectoral Notes, prepared by the Secretariat for this
Programme.  The material used stems mainly fro m the WTO Services Data Base, which, in turn,
builds on Members' schedules.  Given its particular focus, this Note is not intended to add specific
policy information to what is already contained in the other documents.  Interested delegations are
recommended to consult these in parallel.
2. For the three Modes under consideration, Tables A1 to A11 provide a bird's eye view of the
current structure of obligations under the GATS.  For technical reasons, however, it was not possibleto incorporate the results of the extended financial services negotiations, which for a large majority of
participants entered into force on 1 March 1999, and the schedules of the two most recent accession
countries (Kyrgyz Republic and Latvia).  Finally, a note of caution may be needed:  as in any such
exercise, the procedures used in aggregating sector- and country-specific information inevitably
impinge on the results.  Section II describes these procedures, Section III summarizes main findings,and Section IV contains some tentative conclusions.
II. CONTENT, COVERAGE AND CONSTRAINTS
3. The following discussion of commitments under individual Modes relies in principle on two
sets of Tables.  A first set, consisting of Tables A1 to A9, presents the general structure of
commitments on Market Access and National Treatment in main services sectors.  The Tables
distinguish between three broad levels of commitm ents - full, partial and unbound - with a view to
identifying sector and country patterns in the level of obligations assumed under the GATS.  (TheMember States of the European Communities have been counted individually.)  A second set of
Tables, A10 and A11, describe the main types of Market Access and National Treatment limitations
scheduled under Mode 3.  The focus on Mode 3 reflects the fact that commercial presence has
attracted a significantly higher number of limitations than the other two Modes under discussion in
this Note.  (Of course, similar Tables could also be prepared for Modes 1 and 2 if deemed useful by
delegations.)
4. Tables A10 and A11 contain data at an aggregated sectoral level, combining for example
seven sub-sectors in one category "basic telecommunication services", while Tables A1 to A9 present
information for individual sub-sectors.  Betwee n two and eight industries, which may be deemed
representative, have been selected in this context from each of the eleven main sectors identified in
the Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS /W/120).  Aggregation would have been fraughtS/C/W/99
Page 2
with interpretation problems in these cases, as the pattern of commitments at sub-sectoral level may
differ widely within and between countries.  The information on Mode-3 limitations, presented in
Tables A10 to A11, is not subject to such problems  as there was no need in this case to combine
individual observations in larger aggregates.
5. Given time and resource constraints, Market Access and National Treatment limitations have
been counted separately.  It is thus not currently possible to identify Member- and sector-specificcombinations, including instances in which full commitments on Market Access coincide with, and
are qualified by, limited or no commitments on National Treatment by the same Member in the same
area (and vice versa ).
6. Cases counted as partial commitments on Market Access (Tables A1 to A9) include the six
types of limitations specified in Article XVI:2,
1 plus any limitations in sectoral coverage (e.g. cases in
which commitments on legal services have been confined to foreign law), limitations in geographical
coverage within a Member's territory, pre-commitments on future liberalization, as well as any othermeasures scheduled in the relevant column.  Thus, imprecise or flawed entries have been dealt with as
any other entries, including cases where genuine National Treatment problems (e.g. non-eligibility of
foreign-owned companies for subsidies) have been scheduled as Market Access limitations.
Similarly, the partial commitments recorded under National Treatment not only include what may be
considered typical National Treatment issues, but limitations in sectoral and geographical coverage,pre-commitments, and erroneous scheduling of Market Access limitations (e.g. restrictions on the
legal form of establishment).  In Tables A10 and A11, these cases are contained in the two last
columns, respectively.
7. It is worth bearing in mind that "partial commitments" capture a wide range of measures
whose trade impacts may strongly differ.  For example, large exclusions from sectoral coverage or -potentially deterrent - economic needs tests are counted in the same way as references to unspecified -
possibly non-restrictive - licensing or qualifica tion requirements, which should not have been
scheduled at all.
2  Information provided in the Sectoral Background Notes suggests that, whenever
Members referred to such requirements under Articles XVI or XVII, they generally refrained from
giving details.
III. PATTERNS OF COMMITMENTS
A. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
8. The information contained in Tables A1 to A9 is largely self-explanatory and does not seem
to warrant detailed discussion.  However, it may be worth highlighting some general patterns:
(i) Full commitments on both Market Access and National Treatment are more
frequent for Mode 2 than for Modes 1 and 3.  Close to half of all Market
Access commitments on consumption abroad (Mode 2) are unqualified,
i.e. without limitation, as compared to only 15 per cent of the commitments
on commercial presence (Mode 3) (Tables A2 and A3).  While there may be
various factors explaining this difference, they certainly include governments'
inability in many instances to exercise regulatory control beyond national
borders.3
                                                     
1 See legend to Table A10, items A to F.
2 See the more detailed discussion in documents S/CW/43 and 50 (Background Notes on "Legal
Services" and on "Health and Social Services").
3 However, in areas such as financial services, the borderline between cross-border transactions and
consumption abroad may be blurred (e.g. opening and operating a bank account abroad via the Internet).S/C/W/99
Page 3
(ii) Partial bindings are particularly frequent for Mode 3 where their share in
some areas comes close to, or even exceeds, 90 per cent of the commitments
made (Table A3).  Cases in point are accounting, auditing and bookkeeping
services;  research and development services on natural science;  basic and
enhanced telecommunication services;  and social services.  While virtually
all developed countries have bound Market Access for voice telephoneservices, private leased circuit services, wholesale trade services and non-life
insurance services, all commitments undertaken by these countries are subject
to limitations for Mode 3 (Table A6).
(iii) Comparisons across sectors suggest that, for the three Modes under
consideration, access régimes tend to be relatively liberal for human-capital
intensive activities, such as data processing, management consulting and
news agency services, which are destined mainly for a business clientele.Entry into sectors of general infrastructural importance and/or consumer-
oriented services, including financial and telecommunication services, is
generally subject to more restrictive conditions across the three Modes
(Tables A1 to A3).
4
(iv) Comparisons between country groups show a higher share of full bindings for
developing and transition economies than for developed economies under
Modes 1 and 3 (Market Access).  These findings – they may differ between
regions within these groups – may be attributed in part to discrepancies in the
coverage of schedules:  countries with relatively few commitments may feel
less need in general to add limitations or make modal exclusions than othercountries committing on a wide range of services industries.  For Mode 2, the
difference in the level of full commitm ents is insignificant between the two
groups overall, although there are wide variations across sectors.  Somewhat
surprisingly, developing economies display a relatively high share of non-
bindings under this Mode.
B. STRUCTURE OF COMMITMENTS FOR MODE 3
9. Access conditions under Mode 3 (commercial presence) differ significantly between sectors
(Chart I).  Typically, limitations are particularly frequent in areas of infrastructural relevance –
telecommunication services, financial services and transport services - where access may still be
affected by the exclusivity status of traditional incumbents (Chart I).
5  This is also reflected in a
relatively high number of "type (a)" limitations, i.e. limitations on the total number of admitted
suppliers, in basic telecommunication services (Table A10).6
                                                                                                                                                                    
Table A2 shows that, in addition to certain financial, professional and distribution services, limitations on
consumption abroad are particularly  frequent for telecommunication services.  These limitations cover,
inter alia, prohibitions in various countries on call back and calling card services as well as restrictions arising
from the existence of domestic monopoly suppliers.
4 Again, however, certain qualifications apply:  in areas such as environmental, hospital or social
services, Members may have hesitated to assume commitments under certain Modes, in particular Mode 1,simply because they felt that the relevant supplies are not technically feasible.  For a more detailed discussion
see documents S/C/W/46, p. 13 and S/C/W/50, p. 16f.
5 The results for the three transport sectors included in  Chart I need to be seen in the light of the very
low number of commitments made in these areas.
6 As already noted, pre-commitments on future liber alization have been counted as partial limitations
(Tables A1 to A9) or other measures (Tables A10 and A11);  such commitments are particularly frequent intelecommunications.S/C/W/99
Page 4
10. A striking feature of both Chart II and Table A10 are the high shares of two categories;  a
group of "other measures" – as discussed before, these include limitations on sectoral and geographic
coverage, pre-commitments  and references to unspecified licensing and qualification requirements  –
and, second, a variety of National Treatment limitations erroneously scheduled under Market Access.(However, these findings are likely to be "inflated" by minor scheduling problems which, given their
horizontal nature, have been multiplied by the number of sectors to which they apply.)
7  Overall, out
of 7,040 Market-Access limitations specifically attached to 4,140 commitments, 1,750 fall under the
"other" category, 1,420 appear to be mis-scheduled, while an additional 1,400 limitations relate to
types of legal entity.  Limitations on the number of suppliers and the participation of foreign capitalrank next.
11. An interesting feature emanating from Chart II are the differences, among the limitations
recorded, between sector-specific and horizontal measures.  While restrictions on the number of
suppliers and the number of operations tend to be sector-specific – the share of horizontal limitations
is very low in these two groups – limitations on the value of transactions or assets are predominantly
horizontal.  In turn, this is likely to reflect differences in policy focus:  the first group of measures are
                                                     
7 A typical example of such "minor problems" is the scheduling of nationality requirements for board
members under Article XVI:2(d) rather than Article XVII.  (Article XVI:2(d) relates only to persons "who are
necessary for, and directly related to, the supply of a specific service".  Requirements regarding the compositionof senior management bodies do not seem to fall under these provisions.)Chart I:  Number of Market Access limitations per commitment (Mode 3),
by sector
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.5
Horizontal and sectoral limitations Sectoral limitations
Chart II:  Market Access, Mode 3
Number of limitations by type
0500100015002000250030003500
A
No. of suppliersB
Transactions or
assetsC
No. of operationsD
No. of natural
personsE
Legal entityF
Foreign capital
partic.G
OtherH
NT limitations
Horizontal and sectoral limitations Sectoral limitations onlyS/C/W/99
Page 5
used for industrial policy purposes, which implies an element of sectoral targeting, while the second
group may be influenced by economy-wide considerations and constraints.
12. Chart III shows the ten most frequent types of National Treatment limitations.  Again,
interesting patterns emerge:  limitations relating to authorization requirements, land ownership and/or
land use, and subsidies tend to be horizontal, while nationality and residency requirements are
predominantly sector-specific.
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS
13. Given the particular focus of this Note, there is little basis to conclude with any country- or
policy-specific observations.  Although mainly quantitative and descriptive, the discussion above may
nevertheless prove useful in two respects:
- First, it may enable individual Members to locate their own patterns of
scheduled commitments under Modes 1 to 3 within a larger context and,possibly, draw inspiration for future negotiations.
- Second, relatively high shares of debatable entries (also corroborated by
previous sectoral Background Papers), call attention to scheduling issues.
14. Although the latter point may be considered trivial, it should not be taken too lightly on the
eve of a new services round.  While there have been very few disputes over the interpretation ofcommitments to date, this may be attributed in part to the current - early - state of liberalization under
the GATS.  As the process of services liberalization advances, however, in keeping with the mandate
of Article XIX:1, interpretation issues are likely to  gain prominence.  Members may thus want to give
impetus to the discussion and clarification of scheduling questions.Chart III:  National Treatment, Mode 3
Number of limitations, Ten most frequent types
02004006008001 0001 2001 4001 6001 800
A
TaxB
Subsidies,
grantsD
Nationalit y
req.E
Residency
req.F
Licensing ,
stand ., qualif .G
Registrat.
req.H
Au th oriz. re q.L
LandM
Other NTN
MA
limitations
Horizo ntal and  sect oral limit ations Se ctora l lim ita tion s on lyS/C/W/99
Page 6
Table A1
Structure of commitments, all Members
● MODE 1
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 56 14% 73% 13% 18% 68% 14%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 67 24% 51% 25% 28% 46% 25%
Architectural Services 61 43% 39% 18% 43% 43% 15%
Medical & dental services 49 27% 22% 51% 37% 14% 49%
Data processing services 66 61% 23% 17% 64% 18% 18%
R&D services (natural sciences) 33 73% 9% 18% 73% 12% 15%
Advertising services 51 61% 27% 12% 59% 22% 20%
Management consulting services 62 65% 21% 15% 71% 16% 13%
Communication Services
Courier services 33 39% 33% 27% 45% 30% 24%
Voice telephone services 76 8% 84% 8% 20% 70% 11%
Private leased circuit services 66 9% 88% 3% 30% 64% 6%
Electronic mail 63 24% 71% 5% 41% 54% 5%
Online info & data base retrieval 65 22% 72% 6% 43% 51% 6%
Audiovisual services 19 21% 53% 26% 21% 47% 32%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 59 22% 29% 49% 22% 29% 49%
Construction work (civil engin.) 60 20% 30% 50% 20% 30% 50%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 45 20% 67% 13% 47% 42% 11%
Retailing services 44 16% 66% 18% 14% 68% 18%
Educational Services
Secondary education 34 65% 26% 9% 29% 65% 6%
Adult education 31 65% 32% 3% 61% 35% 3%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 40 10% 13% 78% 10% 18% 73%
Refuse disposal 40 10% 13% 78% 10% 18% 73%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 74 11% 61% 28% 19% 47% 34%
Acceptance of deposits 80 20% 19% 61% 24% 16% 60%
Lending of all types 79 16% 27% 57% 23% 22% 56%
Trading in securities 71 15% 27% 58% 18% 25% 56%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 39 31% 0% 69% 38% 0% 62%
Social services 19 16% 0% 84% 21% 0% 79%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 123 28% 30% 41% 33% 28% 38%
Travel agencies 100 55% 17% 28% 60% 13% 27%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 39 44% 8% 49% 46% 8% 46%
News agency services 25 84% 12% 4% 76% 24% 0%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 27 19% 63% 19% 26% 48% 26%
Rail (passenger) 10 30% 30% 40% 50% 10% 40%
Rail (freight) 10 30% 30% 40% 50% 10% 40%
Road (passenger) 38 16% 16% 68% 16% 16% 68%
Road (freight) 37 11% 8% 81% 11% 8% 81%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1891 30% 37% 33% 35% 33% 33%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
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Table A2
Structure of commitments, all Members
● MODE 2
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 56 20% 73% 7% 18% 68% 14%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 67 34% 54% 12% 42% 46% 12%
Architectural Services 61 74% 16% 10% 70% 18% 11%
Medical & dental services 49 47% 49% 4% 51% 41% 8%
Data processing services 66 70% 21% 9% 74% 15% 11%
R&D services (natural sciences) 33 70% 15% 15% 70% 15% 15%
Advertising services 51 65% 27% 8% 63% 25% 12%
Management consulting services 62 69% 23% 8% 76% 15% 10%
Communication Services
Courier services 33 48% 39% 12% 55% 30% 15%
Voice telephone services 76 38% 53% 9% 22% 68% 9%
Private leased circuit services 66 47% 50% 3% 33% 62% 5%
Electronic mail 63 33% 57% 10% 37% 51% 13%
Online info & data base retrieval 65 31% 58% 11% 40% 46% 14%
Audiovisual services 19 26% 63% 11% 26% 53% 21%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 59 68% 22% 10% 66% 22% 12%
Construction work (civil engin.) 60 63% 22% 15% 62% 22% 17%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 45 49% 42% 9% 51% 42% 7%
Retailing services 44 18% 73% 9% 18% 73% 9%
Educational Services
Secondary education 34 71% 26% 3% 71% 26% 3%
Adult education 31 65% 35% 0% 61% 39% 0%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 40 38% 53% 10% 35% 58% 8%
Refuse disposal 40 68% 23% 10% 68% 25% 8%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 74 15% 57% 28% 26% 43% 31%
Acceptance of deposits 80 30% 45% 25% 36% 40% 24%
Lending of all types 79 28% 47% 25% 34% 42% 24%
Trading in securities 71 28% 52% 20% 28% 51% 21%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 39 87% 8% 5% 87% 8% 5%
Social services 19 26% 68% 5% 32% 63% 5%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 123 50% 42% 8% 53% 37% 11%
Travel agencies 100 69% 18% 13% 73% 12% 15%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 39 85% 10% 5% 85% 8% 8%
News agency services 25 88% 12% 0% 84% 16% 0%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 27 33% 59% 7% 37% 52% 11%
Rail (passenger) 10 20% 80% 0% 50% 40% 10%
Rail (freight) 10 80% 10% 10% 80% 10% 10%
Road (passenger) 38 21% 68% 11% 26% 68% 5%
Road (freight) 37 57% 30% 14% 59% 30% 11%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1891 48% 40% 11% 50% 38% 13%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations .S/C/W/99
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Table A3
Structure of commitments, all Members
● MODE 3
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 56 4% 89% 7% 13% 80% 7%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 67 7% 91% 1% 27% 70% 3%
Architectural Services 61 20% 77% 3% 64% 31% 5%
Medical & dental services 49 16% 76% 8% 35% 57% 8%
Data processing services 66 24% 74% 2% 73% 23% 5%
R&D services (natural sciences) 33 6% 94% 0% 79% 21% 0%
Advertising services 51 16% 84% 0% 63% 35% 2%
Management consulting services 62 26% 73% 2% 82% 16% 2%
Communication Services
Courier services 33 12% 85% 3% 33% 67% 0%
Voice telephone services 76 5% 93% 1% 13% 82% 5%
Private leased circuit services 66 3% 97% 0% 23% 71% 6%
Electronic mail 63 6% 90% 3% 37% 59% 5%
Online info & data base retrieval 65 6% 89% 5% 37% 57% 6%
Audiovisual services 19 16% 79% 5% 26% 74% 0%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 59 25% 69% 5% 5% 86% 8%
Construction work (civil engin.) 60 23% 72% 5% 5% 87% 8%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 45 13% 87% 0% 13% 84% 2%
Retailing services 44 7% 89% 5% 7% 91% 2%
Educational Services
Secondary education 34 21% 74% 6% 3% 82% 15%
Adult education 31 13% 84% 3% 10% 87% 3%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 40 20% 80% 0% 15% 85% 0%
Refuse disposal 40 18% 83% 0% 13% 88% 0%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 74 7% 89% 4% 12% 81% 7%
Acceptance of deposits 80 15% 85% 0% 16% 84% 0%
Lending of all types 79 15% 82% 3% 14% 84% 3%
Trading in securities 71 13% 87% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 39 15% 79% 5% 13% 79% 8%
Social services 19 5% 95% 0% 11% 84% 5%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 123 24% 75% 1% 46% 51% 2%
Travel agencies 100 24% 71% 5% 57% 35% 8%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 39 13% 77% 10% 13% 77% 10%
News agency services 25 32% 68% 0% 8% 88% 4%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 27 7% 85% 7% 30% 59% 11%
Rail (passenger) 10 20% 80% 0% 50% 40% 10%
Rail (freight) 10 20% 80% 0% 50% 40% 10%
Road (passenger) 38 11% 84% 5% 26% 66% 8%
Road (freight) 37 11% 86% 3% 27% 70% 3%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1891 15% 82% 3% 30% 66% 5%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
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Table A4
Structure of commitments, developed Members
● MODE 1
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 26 4% 92% 4% 4% 92% 4%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 26 15% 81% 4% 15% 81% 4%
Architectural Services 26 38% 62% 0% 35% 65% 0%
Medical & dental services 18 17% 11% 72% 22% 6% 72%
Data processing services 26 77% 23% 0% 77% 23% 0%
R&D services (natural sciences) 16 88% 13% 0% 81% 19% 0%
Advertising services 24 79% 21% 0% 75% 25% 0%
Management consulting services 25 88% 12% 0% 88% 12% 0%
Communication Services
Courier services 6 17% 83% 0% 33% 67% 0%
Voice telephone services 25 12% 88% 0% 20% 80% 0%
Private leased circuit services 25 12% 88% 0% 20% 80% 0%
Electronic mail 26 15% 85% 0% 15% 85% 0%
Online info & data base retrieval 26 15% 85% 0% 15% 85% 0%
Audiovisual services 4 0% 75% 25% 0% 75% 25%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 24 8% 58% 33% 8% 58% 33%
Construction work (civil engin.) 24 8% 58% 33% 8% 58% 33%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 25 4% 96% 0% 52% 48% 0%
Retailing services 25 8% 92% 0% 4% 96% 0%
Educational Services
Secondary education 19 79% 16% 5% 5% 89% 5%
Adult education 18 78% 22% 0% 67% 33% 0%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 24 4% 13% 83% 0% 17% 83%
Refuse disposal 25 4% 12% 84% 0% 16% 84%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 26 4% 92% 4% 8% 88% 4%
Acceptance of deposits 25 0% 16% 84% 0% 16% 84%
Lending of all types 25 0% 16% 84% 0% 16% 84%
Trading in securities 26 0% 19% 81% 0% 19% 81%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 15 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100%
Social services 13 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 26 15% 73% 12% 31% 58% 12%
Travel agencies 26 77% 19% 4% 88% 8% 4%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 17 18% 6% 76% 12% 12% 76%
News agency services 22 86% 14% 0% 73% 27% 0%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 6 17% 50% 33% 33% 33% 33%
Rail (passenger) 4 25% 50% 25% 50% 25% 25%
Rail (freight) 4 25% 50% 25% 50% 25% 25%
Road (passenger) 23 4% 22% 74% 4% 22% 74%
Road (freight) 22 5% 14% 82% 5% 14% 82%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 763 26% 45% 29% 26% 45% 29%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
Page 10
Table A5
Structure of commitments, developed Members
● MODE 2
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 26 4% 92% 4% 4% 92% 4%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 26 15% 81% 4% 19% 77% 4%
Architectural Services 26 88% 12% 0% 92% 8% 0%
Medical & dental services 18 22% 78% 0% 28% 72% 0%
Data processing services 26 77% 23% 0% 81% 19% 0%
R&D services (natural sciences) 16 88% 13% 0% 81% 19% 0%
Advertising services 24 79% 21% 0% 75% 25% 0%
Management consulting services 25 88% 12% 0% 88% 12% 0%
Communication Services
Courier services 6 17% 67% 17% 33% 50% 17%
Voice telephone services 25 72% 28% 0% 20% 80% 0%
Private leased circuit services 25 72% 28% 0% 20% 80% 0%
Electronic mail 26 15% 81% 4% 15% 81% 4%
Online info & data base retrieval 26 15% 81% 4% 15% 81% 4%
Audiovisual services 4 25% 75% 0% 50% 50% 0%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 24 79% 21% 0% 71% 29% 0%
Construction work (civil engin.) 24 75% 25% 0% 71% 29% 0%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 25 52% 48% 0% 52% 48% 0%
Retailing services 25 8% 92% 0% 4% 96% 0%
Educational Services
Secondary education 19 79% 16% 5% 74% 21% 5%
Adult education 18 78% 22% 0% 67% 33% 0%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 24 33% 67% 0% 21% 79% 0%
Refuse disposal 25 80% 20% 0% 68% 32% 0%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 26 0% 88% 12% 4% 85% 12%
Acceptance of deposits 25 12% 88% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Lending of all types 25 12% 88% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Trading in securities 26 12% 85% 4% 8% 85% 8%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 15 93% 7% 0% 93% 7% 0%
Social services 13 8% 92% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 26 42% 58% 0% 46% 54% 0%
Travel agencies 26 92% 8% 0% 96% 4% 0%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 17 94% 6% 0% 94% 6% 0%
News agency services 22 86% 14% 0% 82% 18% 0%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 6 17% 50% 33% 33% 33% 33%
Rail (passenger) 4 75% 25% 0% 75% 25% 0%
Rail (freight) 4 75% 25% 0% 75% 25% 0%
Road (passenger) 23 4% 91% 4% 4% 91% 4%
Road (freight) 22 64% 32% 5% 64% 32% 5%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 763 50% 49% 2% 45% 53% 2%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
Page 11
Table A6
Structure of commitments, developed Members
● MODE 3
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 26 0% 92% 8% 0% 92% 8%
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 26 4% 96% 0% 12% 88% 0%
Architectural Services 26 27% 73% 0% 88% 12% 0%
Medical & dental services 18 0% 89% 11% 6% 89% 6%
Data processing services 26 23% 77% 0% 81% 19% 0%
R&D services (natural sciences) 16 6% 94% 0% 81% 19% 0%
Advertising services 24 21% 79% 0% 75% 25% 0%
Management consulting services 25 28% 72% 0% 92% 8% 0%
Communication Services
Courier services 6 0% 100% 0% 33% 67% 0%
Voice telephone services 25 0% 100% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Private leased circuit services 25 0% 100% 0% 8% 92% 0%
Electronic mail 26 4% 96% 0% 12% 88% 0%
Online info & data base retrieval 26 4% 96% 0% 12% 88% 0%
Audiovisual services 4 25% 75% 0% 25% 75% 0%
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 24 21% 79% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Construction work (civil engin.) 24 17% 83% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Distribution
Wholesale trade 25 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Retailing services 25 4% 96% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Educational Services
Secondary education 19 21% 79% 0% 0% 95% 5%
Adult education 18 6% 94% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Environmental Services
Sewage services 24 25% 75% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Refuse disposal 25 16% 84% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 26 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Acceptance of deposits 25 4% 96% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Lending of all types 25 4% 96% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Trading in securities 26 4% 96% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 15 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Social services 13 8% 92% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 26 19% 81% 0% 31% 69% 0%
Travel agencies 26 23% 77% 0% 35% 65% 0%
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 17 18% 82% 0% 0% 100% 0%
News agency services 22 32% 68% 0% 0% 100% 0%
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 6 0% 67% 33% 33% 33% 33%
Rail (passenger) 4 25% 75% 0% 50% 50% 0%
Rail (freight) 4 25% 75% 0% 50% 50% 0%
Road (passenger) 23 0% 96% 4% 9% 87% 4%
Road (freight) 22 0% 100% 0% 14% 86% 0%
TOTAL OF ABOVE 763 11% 88% 1% 19% 80% 1%
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
Page 12
Table A7
Structure of commitments, developing and transition economies
● MODE 1
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 30 23 % 57 % 20 % 30 % 47 % 23 %
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 41 29 % 32 % 39 % 37 % 24 % 39 %
Architectural Services 35 46 % 23 % 31 % 49 % 26 % 26 %
Medical & dental services 31 32 % 29 % 39 % 45 % 19 % 35 %
Data processing services 40 50 % 23 % 28 % 55 % 15 % 30 %
R&D services (natural sciences) 17 59 % 6 % 35 % 65 % 6 % 29 %
Advertising services 27 44 % 33 % 22 % 44 % 19 % 37 %
Management consulting services 37 49 % 27 % 24 % 59 % 19 % 22 %
Communication Services
Courier services 27 44 % 22 % 33 % 48 % 22 % 30 %
Voice telephone services 51 6 % 82 % 12 % 20 % 65 % 16 %
Private leased circuit services 41 7 % 88 % 5 % 37 % 54 % 10 %
Electronic mail 37 30 % 62 % 8 % 59 % 32 % 8 %
Online info & data base retrieval 39 26 % 64 % 10 % 62 % 28 % 10 %
Audiovisual services 15 27 % 47 % 27 % 27 % 40 % 33 %
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 35 31 % 9 % 60 % 31 % 9 % 60 %
Construction work (civil engin.) 36 28 % 11 % 61 % 28 % 11 % 61 %
Distribution
Wholesale trade 20 40 % 30 % 30 % 40 % 35 % 25 %
Retailing services 19 26 % 32 % 42 % 26 % 32 % 42 %
Educational Services
Secondary education 15 47 % 40 % 13 % 60 % 33 % 7 %
Adult education 13 46 % 46 % 8 % 54 % 38 % 8 %
Environmental Services
Sewage services 16 19 % 13 % 69 % 25 % 19 % 56 %
Refuse disposal 15 20 % 13 % 67 % 27 % 20 % 53 %
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 48 15 % 44 % 42 % 25 % 25 % 50 %
Acceptance of deposits 55 29 % 20 % 51 % 35 % 16 % 49 %
Lending of all types 54 24 % 31 % 44 % 33 % 24 % 43 %
Trading in securities 45 24 % 31 % 44 % 29 % 29 % 42 %
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 24 50 % 0 % 50 % 63 % 0 % 38 %
Social services 6 50 % 0 % 50 % 67 % 0 % 33 %
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 97 32 % 19 % 49 % 34 % 21 % 45 %
Travel agencies 74 47 % 16 % 36 % 50 % 15 % 35 %
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 22 64 % 9 % 27 % 73 % 5 % 23 %
News agency services 3 67 % 0 % 33 % 100 % 0 % 0 %
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 21 19 % 67 % 14 % 24 % 52 % 24 %
Rail (passenger) 6 33 % 17 % 50 % 50 % 0 % 50 %
Rail (freight) 6 33 % 17 % 50 % 50 % 0 % 50 %
Road (passenger) 15 33 % 7 % 60 % 33 % 7 % 60 %
Road (freight) 15 20 % 0 % 80 % 20 % 0 % 80 %
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1128 32 % 32 % 36 % 40 % 25 % 35 %
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations.S/C/W/99
Page 13
Table A8
Structure of commitments, developing and transition economies
● MODE 2
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 30 33 % 57 % 20 % 30 % 47 % 23 %
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 41 29 % 32 % 39 % 37 % 24 % 39 %
Architectural Services 35 46 % 23 % 31 % 49 % 26 % 26 %
Medical & dental services 31 32 % 29 % 39 % 45 % 19 % 35 %
Data processing services 40 65 % 20 % 15 % 70 % 13 % 18 %
R&D services (natural sciences) 17 53 % 18 % 29 % 59 % 12 % 29 %
Advertising services 27 52 % 33 % 15 % 52 % 26 % 22 %
Management consulting services 37 57 % 30 % 14 % 68 % 16 % 16 %
Communication Services
Courier services 27 56 % 33 % 11 % 59 % 26 % 15 %
Voice telephone services 51 22 % 65 % 14 % 24 % 63 % 14 %
Private leased circuit services 41 32 % 63 % 5 % 41 % 51 % 7 %
Electronic mail 37 46 % 41 % 14 % 51 % 30 % 19 %
Online info & data base retrieval 39 41 % 44 % 15 % 56 % 23 % 21 %
Audiovisual services 15 27 % 60 % 13 % 20 % 53 % 27 %
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 35 60 % 23 % 17 % 63 % 17 % 20 %
Construction work (civil engin.) 36 56 % 19 % 25 % 56 % 17 % 28 %
Distribution
Wholesale trade 20 45 % 35 % 20 % 50 % 35 % 15 %
Retailing services 19 32 % 47 % 21 % 37 % 42 % 21 %
Educational Services
Secondary education 15 60 % 40 % 0 % 60 % 33 % 7 %
Adult education 13 56 % 54 % 0 % 54 % 46 % 0 %
Environmental Services
Sewage services 16 44 % 31 % 25 % 56 % 25 % 19 %
Refuse disposal 15 47 % 27 % 27 % 67 % 13 % 20 %
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 48 23 % 40 % 38 % 38 % 21 % 42 %
Acceptance of deposits 55 38 % 25 % 36 % 49 % 16 % 35 %
Lending of all types 54 35 % 28 % 37 % 46 % 19 % 35 %
Trading in securities 45 38 % 33 % 29 % 40 % 31 % 29 %
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 24 83 % 8 % 8 % 83 % 8 % 8 %
Social services 6 67 % 17 % 17 % 83 % 0 % 17 %
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 97 52 % 38 % 10 % 55 % 32 % 13 %
Travel agencies 74 61 % 22 % 18 % 65 % 15 % 20 %
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 22 77 % 14 % 9 % 77 % 9 % 14 %
News agency services 3 100 % 0 % 0 % 100 % 0 % 0 %
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 21 38 % 62 % 0 % 38 % 57 % 5 %
Rail (passenger) 6 83 % 17 % 0 % 83 % 17 % 0 %
Rail (freight) 6 83 % 0 % 17 % 83 % 0 % 17 %
Road (passenger) 15 47 % 33 % 20 % 60 % 33 % 7 %
Road (freight) 15 47 % 27 % 27 % 53 % 27 % 20 %
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1128 48 % 34 % 18 % 53 % 27 % 20 %
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations .S/C/W/99
Page 14
Table A9
Structure of commitments, developing and transition economies
● MODE 3
Market Access National Treatment Sector Totala
Full PartialbUnbound Full PartialbUnbound
Business Services
Legal Services 30 7 % 87 % 7 % 23 % 70 % 7 %
Accounting/auditing/bookkeeping 41 10 % 88 % 2 % 37 % 59 % 5 %
Architectural Services 35 14 % 80 % 6 % 46 % 46 % 9 %
Medical & dental services 31 26 % 68 % 6 % 52 % 39 % 10 %
Data processing services 40 25 % 73 % 3 % 68 % 25 % 8 %
R&D services (natural sciences) 17 6 % 94 % 0 % 76 % 24 % 0 %
Advertising services 27 11 % 89 % 0 % 52 % 44 % 4 %
Management consulting services 37 24 % 73 % 3 % 76 % 22 % 3 %
Communication Services
Courier services 27 15 % 81 % 4 % 33 % 67 % 0 %
Voice telephone services 51 8 % 90 % 2 % 16 % 76 % 8 %
Private leased circuit services 41 5 % 95 % 0 % 32 % 59 % 10 %
Electronic mail 37 8 % 86 % 5 % 54 % 38 % 8 %
Online info & data base retrieval 39 8 % 85 % 8 % 54 % 36 % 10 %
Audiovisual services 15 13 % 80 % 7 % 27 % 73 % 0 %
Construction, Engineering
Construction work (building) 35 29 % 63 % 9 % 9 % 77 % 14 %
Construction work (civil engin.) 36 28 % 64 % 8 % 8 % 78 % 14 %
Distribution
Wholesale trade 20 30 % 70 % 0 % 30 % 65 % 5 %
Retailing services 19 11 % 79 % 11 % 16 % 79 % 5 %
Educational Services
Secondary education 15 20 % 67 % 13 % 7 % 67 % 27 %
Adult education 13 23 % 69 % 8 % 23 % 69 % 8 %
Environmental Services
Sewage services 16 13 % 88 % 0 % 38 % 63 % 0 %
Refuse disposal 15 20 % 80 % 0 % 33 % 67 % 0 %
Financial Services
Non-life insurance 48 10 % 83 % 6 % 19 % 71 % 10 %
Acceptance of deposits 55 20 % 80 % 0 % 24 % 76 % 0 %
Lending of all types 54 20 % 76 % 4 % 20 % 76 % 4 %
Trading in securities 45 18 % 82 % 0 % 13 % 87 % 0 %
Health Related, Social Services
Hospital services 24 25 % 67 % 8 % 21 % 67 % 13 %
Social services 6 0 % 100 % 0 % 33 % 50 % 17 %
Tourism Services
Hotels and restaurants 97 26 % 73 % 1 % 51 % 46 % 3 %
Travel agencies 74 24 % 69 % 7 % 65 % 24 % 11 %
Recreational Services
Entertainment services 22 9 % 73 % 18 % 23 % 59 % 18 %
News agency services 3 33 % 67 % 0 % 67 % 0 % 33 %
Transport Services
Maritime (freight) 21 10 % 90 % 0 % 29 % 67 % 5 %
Rail (passenger) 6 17 % 83 % 0 % 50 % 33 % 17 %
Rail (freight) 6 17 % 53 % 0 % 50 % 33 % 17 %
Road (passenger) 15 27 % 67 % 7 % 53 % 33 % 13 %
Road (freight) 15 27 % 67 % 7 % 47 % 47 % 7 %
TOTAL OF ABOVE 1128 18 % 78 % 4 % 37 % 56 % 7 %
Source:  WTO Secretariat.
a Total number of Members with commitments in the sector concerned for any of the three Modes.
b Includes horizontal limitations .S/C/W/99
Page 15
Table A10 - Types of limitation s on Market Access, Mode 3
Type of Limitation Sector Commit-
mentsaNumber of
limitations AB C D EFG H
Professional
Services503 1142b
(707)c31
(31)77
(1)-
(-)24
(5)235
(190)195
(134)217
(158)363
(188)
Computer &Related Services298 532
(40)4
(-)51
(-)-
(-)9
(-)56
(11)111
(12) 111
(11)190
(6)
Postal & Courier
Services39 61
(19)7
(5)6
(-)-
(-)-
(-)12
(3)5
(2)13
(6)18
(3)
Basic Telecom
Services469 1451
(1054)161
(161)79
(-)7
(7)21
(-)255
(213)240
(196)333
(288)355
(189)
Enhanced TelecomServices379 826
(362)89
(77)50
(-)7
(7)8
(-)94
(41)135
(99)196
(109)247
(29)
Audiovisual
Services19 65
(21)-
(-)12
(-)2
(2)3
(1)6
(3)10
(6)8
(3)24
(6)
Construction &
Rel. Engineering271 548
(196)60
 (60)55
(11)-
(-)9
(-)55
(26)108
(16)83
(7)178
(76)
DistributionServices157 319
(42)30
 (30)25
(-)-
(-)5
(-)15
(-)60
(2)73
(9)111
(1)
Educational
Services141 290
(81)14
(14)10
(-)1
(1)-
(-)30
(18)60
(7)75
(30)100
(11)
Environmental
Services161 319
(22)6
(6)29
(-)-
(-)3
(-)29
(-)66
(4)76
(8)110
(4)
All insuranceServices265 986
(711)68
(64)75
(14)14
(14)15
(3)202
(166)139
(58)222
(213)251
(179)
Banking & Other
Financial Services806 4119
(3248)508
(508)500
(313)134
(134)35
(2)734
(624)528
(257)825
(771)855
(639)
Health and Social
Services74 201
(74)28
(28)10
(-)14
(14)6
(-)21
(3)35
(4)39
(19)48
 (6)
Tourism and TravelServices301 524
(194)40
(38)44
(1)7
(7)15
(4)71
(28)82
(15)105
(68)160
(33)
Recreational, Cult.& Sport. Services124 239
(49)6
(2)17
(-)-
(-)6
(3)34
(13)43
(14)57
(7)76
(10)
Maritime TransportServices48 199
(77)-
(-)13
(-)-
(-)1
(-)42
(32)44
(13)36
(22)63
(10)
Rail TransportServices33 115
(39)6
(6)8
(-)-
(-)-
(-)20
(10)21
(6)25
(11)35
(6)
Road TransportServices49 303
(104)10
(32)16
(-)1
(1)-
(-)15
(21)63
(11)71
(12)94
(27)
TOTAL OFABOVE4137 12239
(7040)1090
(1062)1077
(340)187
(187)160
(18)1937
(1402)1945
(856)2565
(1752)3278
(1423)
a Total number of entries across all Members and subsectors, regardless of Mode.  EC Member States are counted
individually.
b Total number of limitations, including horizontal limitations appl ying across all sectors contained in the relevant schedules.
c Sectoral limitations only.
Table A10 Table A11
Legend: Legend :
A – Number of suppliers A – Tax Measures
B – Value of transactions or assets B – Subsidies and Grants
C – Number of operations C – Other Financial MeasuresD – Number of natural persons D – Nationality RequirementsE – Types of legal entity E – Residency Requirements
F – Participation of foreign capital F – Licensing, Standards, Qualifications
G – Other measures G – Registration RequirementsH – National treatment limitation H – Authorization Requirements
I – Performance Requirements
J – Technology Transfer Requirements
K – Local Content, Training RequirementsL – Ownership of Property/LandM – Other National Treatment Measures
N – Market Access LimitationS/C/W/99
Page 16Table A11 – Types of limitations on National Treatment, Mode 3
Type of Limitation Sector Commit-
mentsaNumber of
limitations AB C D E F G H I J K L M N
Professional
Services503 277b
(277)c-
(-)-
(-)1
(1)49
(49)35
(35)85
(85)41
(41)26
(26)3
(3)3
(3)6
(6)-
(-)20
(20)8
(8)
Computer & RelatedServices298 32
(32)1
(1)-
(-)-
(-)3
(3)6
(6)10
(10)5
(5)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)3
(3)4
(4)
Postal & CourierServices39 30
(9)5
(2)2
(-)1
(-)3
(1)2
(1)2
(-)2
(-)2
(-)-
(-)-
(-)1
(-)4
(2)4
(2)2
Basic Telecom
Services469 543
(526)13
(7)-
(-)-
(-)157
(156)108
(108)11
(11)7
(7)117
(110)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)113
(112)11
(10)6
(5)
Enhanced TelecomServices379 170
(57)14
(-)7
(-)7
(-)37
(27)7
(-)7
(-)-
(-)10
(-)-
(-)-
(-)7
(-)27
(3)25
(8)22
(12)
Audiovisual Services 19 32
(18)1
(-)2
(2)-
(-)3
(2)2
(2)8
(8)3
(-)2
(-)-
(-)-
(-)2
(-)2
(-)4
(1)3
(3)
Construction & Rel.Engineering271 791
(98)35
(-)130
(-)4
(-)104
(61)41
(6)20
(7)31
(7)143
(5)3
(3)5
(1)20
(-)158
(-)53
(3)44
(5)
Distribution Services 157 507
(2)21
(-)105
(-)5
(-)30
(-)39
(1)21
(-)11
(-)106
(-)-
(-)-
(-)8
(-)116
(-)21
(-)24
(1)
Educational Services 141 392
(58)9
(-)78
(2)-
(-)52
(37)20
(-)14
(5)9
(-)86
(11)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)95
(-)12
(-)17
(3)
EnvironmentalServices161 529
(6)29
(-)102
(-)4
(-)36
(-)41
(1)19
(1)15
(-)105
(-)-
(-)4
(-)11
(-)186
(-)20
(-)31
(4)
All insuranceServices265 1205
(598)118
(84)121
(5)11
(11)160
(108)150
(131)47
(38)60
(29)157
(43)5
(5)17
(7)11
(-)131
(-)157
(123)60
(14)
Banking & OtherFinancial Services.806 4493
(2714)424
(284)258
(15)65
(65)580
(427)476
(411)183
(155)132
(36)664
(434)25
(25)46
(27)82
(10)429
(-)605
(458)524
(367)
Health and SocialServices74 173
(12)5
(-)42
(2)-
(-)6
(-)2
(-)9
(4)8
(4)39
(1)-
(-)-
(-)4
(-)43
(-)8
(1)7
(-)
Tourism and TravelServices301 109
(109)7
(7)1
(1)3
(3)29
(29)9
(9)9
(9)7
(7)18
(18)-
(-)4
(4)1
(1)4
(4)11
(11)6
(6)
Recreational, Cult.& Sport Services124 330
(35)17
(5)69
(18)-
(-)21
(1)22
(1)22
(1)10
(-)65
(-)-
(-)-
(-)2
(-)78
(-)13
(8)11
(1)
Maritime Transport
Services48 24
(24)5
(5)-
(-)-
(-)10
(10)-
(-)-
(-)6
(6)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)2
(2)1
(1)
Rail TransportServices33 12
(10)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)3
(3)2
(2)1
(1)-
(-)4
(4)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)2
(-)
Road TransportServices49 45
(45)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)17
(17)12
(12)2
(2)6
(6)6
(6)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)-
(-)2
(2)
TOTAL OF ABOVE 4137 9694
(4630)704
(395)917
(45)101
(80)1300
(931)974
(726)470
(344)353
(148)1550
(658)36
(36)79
(42)155
(17)1312
(121)969
(650)774
(437)
a Total number of entries across all Members and subsectors, regardless of Mode.  EC Member States are counted individually.
b Total number of limitations, including horizontal limitations applying across all sectors contained in the relevant schedules.
c Sectoral limitations only.
__________