WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  TN/S/O/LIE 
11 April 2003 
 (03-2054) 
Council for Trade in Services 
Special Session Original:   English 
 
 
 
COMMUNICATION FROM LIECHTENSTEIN 
 
Initial Offer  
 
 
 The following initial offer has been received from the delegation of Liechtenstein on 9 April 
with the request that it be circulated to Members of the Council for Trade in Services. 
 
_______________ 
 
 
 
 Liechtenstein hereby submits its initial offer on services to other WTO Members. This offer 
does not prejudge Liechtenstein’s final position relate d to the final commitments as an outcome of the 
present negotiations. 
 
 Liechtenstein reserves the right to withdraw, modify or reduce its initial offer on services and 
any subsequent offer that could follow, in whole or in part, at any time on or before the conclusion of 
the services negotiations which is set for 1 January 2005.   
 Liechtenstein further reserves the right to make  any technical change or correction to this 
initial offer and any subsequent  offer that could follow.  
 
 
   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 2 LIECHTENSTEIN – SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS 
 
Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
I. HORIZONTAL COMMITMENTS1 
ALL SECTORS INCLUDED  
IN THIS SCHEDULE  
The level of commitments in a particular sector shall not be c onstrued to supersede the level of commitments taken with respect  to any other services sector to which such service is an 
input or to which it is otherwise related.  CPC numbers indicat ed in square brackets are references to the UN Provisional Centr al Product Classification (Statistical Papers Series M No. 
77, Provisional Central Product Classification, Department of In ternational Economics and Social Affairs, Statistical Office of  the United Nations, New York, 1991). 
 1) None 1) Unbound for subsidies, tax incentives and tax 
credits  
   Once the EEA Agreement has entered into 
force for the Principality of Liechtenste in, 
tTreatment accorded to subsidiaries of third 
country companies formed in accordance with 
the law of an EEA Member State and having registered office, central administration or 
principal place of business within an EEA 
Member State is not extended to branches or agencies established in an EEA Member State 
by a third-country company.
  
   Treatment less favourable may be accorded to 
subsidiaries of third countries having only their 
registered office in the territory of an EEA Member State unless they show that they 
possess an effective and continuous link with 
the economy of one of the EEA Member States.
  
 2) None 2) Unbound for subsidies, tax incentives and tax 
credits  
                                                      
 1 Liechtenstein makes reference to the spec ific geographic situation of the country, to  its limited resources and to the small l abour market.  Therefore, Liechtenstein is in a 
position to bind its services sector only with the reservations mentioned in  Part I and Part II.  
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 3Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 3) The establishment of a commercial presence 
by a juridical person (including branches) is 
subject to the requirement that no objection 
for reasons of national economy (balanced proportion of national and foreign capital; 
balanced ratio of foreigners in comparison 
with the number of resident population; balanced ratio of total number of jobs in the 
economy in comparison with the number of 
the resident population; balanced geographic 
situation; balanced development of the 
national economy, between and within the sectors) exists.
  
  3) The establishment of a commercial presence 
by an individual is subject to the requirement 
of prior residence during a certain period of 
time and of permanent domicile in Liechtenstein. He/she must possess sector 
specific government recognized professional 
qualifications  
 
 The establishment of a commercial presence 
by a juridical person (including branches) is 
subject to the following requirements: At least 
one of the managers has to fulfil the requirements of prior residence during a 
certain period of time and of permanent 
domicile in Liechtenstein. He must posse
ss 
sector specific government recognized 
professional qualifications. The majority of the 
administrators (authorized to manage and represent the juridical person) must be resident 
in Liechtenstein and have either to be 
Liechtenstein citizens or have prior residence during a certain period of time in 
Liechtenstein. The general and the limited 
partnership have to fulfil the same conditions as corporations with limited liability (juridical 
person). In addition the majority of the 
associates have to be Liechtenstein citizens or 
to have prior residence during a certain period 
of time in Liechtenstein.  
   The Liechtenstein company law does not 
prohibit joint stock companies from foreseeing in their articles of incorporation the preclusion 
or limitation of the transf er of registered shares   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 4 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
   Once the EEA Agreement has entered into 
force for the Principality of Liechtenstein,  
tTreatment accorded to subsidiaries of third- 
country companies formed in accordance with the law of an EEA Member State and having 
registered office, central administration or 
principal place of business within an EEA Member State is not extended to branches or 
agencies established in an EEA Member State 
by a third-country company.
  
   Treatment less favourable may be accorded to 
subsidiaries of third countries having only their 
registered office in the territory of an EEA 
Member State unless they show that they possess an effective and continuous link with 
the economy of one of the EEA Member 
States.
  
   All acquisitions of real estate are subject to 
authorization. Such authorization is granted 
only if an actual and proven requirement for 
living or business purposes is given and a 
certain period of residence has been completed. Non-residents are excluded from 
the acquisition of real estate.   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 5Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 4) Unbound, except for measures concerning the 
entry and temporary stay of natural persons 
(hereafter persons) falling within the 
categories, as defined in paragraph I below, and subject to the following limitations and 
conditions and to the limitations and 
conditions on national treatment set out under the national treatment column: Entry and stay 
of foreign services suppliers in Liechtenstein 
is subject to authorization (requirement of 
residency permit and work permit).  4) Unbound,
 except for measures concerning the 
categories of natural persons referred to in the 
market access column and subject to the 
following limitations and conditions: working conditions prevailing in the branch and the 
place of activity provi ded by law and/or 
collective agreement (with respect to 
remuneration, working hours, etc.), measures 
limiting professional mobility, regulations 
related to statutory systems of social security 
and public retirement plans (with respect to.  
 Authorization is granted subject to measures 
fixing overall numbers of work permits 
allocated. For essential personnel as defined in paragraph I below, the period of stay is limited 
to a period of three years. Persons staying in 
or entering Liechtenstein with an open-ended or prolongable residence permit based on an 
employment contract not limited in time for 
Liechtenstein are not considered as persons 
residing in or entering Liechtenstein for the 
purpose of temporary stay or temporary employment in Liechtenstein. qualifying period, residency requirement, etc.) 
and all other provisions of the legislation 
relating to immigration, entry, stay and work. The enterprise employing such persons shall 
cooperate, upon request, with the authorities 
in charge of the en forcement of these 
measures  
 I. Essential persons transferred to 
Liechtenstein within a specific business or 
company (intra-corporate transferees ) 
 
 Are considered as essential those persons - 
defined in detail below - who are employees 
of a business or company (hereafter 
enterprise) providing services in Liechtenstein through a branch or subsidiary established in 
Liechtenstein and who have been beforehand 
employees of their enterprise outside Liechtenstein for a period of not less than one 
year immediately preceding their application 
for admission:    
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 6 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 a) Executives and senior managers : 
persons who primarily direct the enterprise 
or one of its departments and who receive 
only general supervision or direction from high-level executives, the board of 
directors or the stockholders of the 
enterprise   
  Executives and senior managers would not 
directly perform tasks related to the actual 
provision of services of the enterprise   
  b)  Specialists : highly qualified persons who, 
within an enterprise, are essential for the 
provision of a specific service by reason of 
their knowledge at an advanced level of expertise in the field of services, research 
equipment, techniques or management of 
the enterprise   
II. SECTOR-SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS  
1. BUSINESS SERVICES 
 
A. Professional Services  
 
a) Legal Service 
 - Consultancy on home 
country law and 
international law (except for consulting on 
Liechtenstein law)  
 (part of CPC 861)  
 
  
 
 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) Unbound 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
  
 
 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) Unbound 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 7Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
b) Accounting, auditing and 
bookkeeping services 
 
- Accounting and auditing 
services 
 (CPC 8621)  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) Foreign equity ceiling of 49 per cent.  Foreign 
voting rights may not exceed 49 per cent.  At 
least one member of the administration body 
authorized to manage and represent must be a 
Liechtenstein citizen domiciled in Liechtenstein, be in possession of the 
professional licence to act as an auditor and 
must work full-time for the juridical person.  The majority of the members of the 
administrative body must be in possession of 
the professional licence to act as an auditor. 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) Unbound 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- Bookkeeping services, 
except tax returns  
 (CPC 8622) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 8 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
c) Taxation services 
 (CPC 863) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) Foreign equity ceiling of 49 per cent. Foreign 
voting rights may not exceed 49 per cent. At 
least one member of the administrative body authorized to manage and represent must be a 
Liechtenstein citizen domiciled in 
Liechtenstein, be in possession of the 
professional licence to act as an auditor or 
trustee and must work full-time for the juridical person. 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) Unbound 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
d) Architectural services 
 (CPC 8671) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
 
  
e) Engineering services  
 (CPC 8672) 1) None 
 
 
  
 
2) None  
 1) Liechtenstein national ity necessary for survey 
activities for official public purposes (however, 
foreign surveyors can work under the 
responsibility of a licensed Liechtenstein surveyor) 
 
2) None  
   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 9Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 3) None 3) Liechtenstein nationality necessary for survey 
activities for official public purposes (however, 
foreign surveyors can work under the 
responsibility of a licensed Liechtenstein surveyor)  
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
Liechtenstein nationality necessary for survey 
activities for official public purposes (however, foreign surveyors can work under the 
responsibility of a licensed Liechtenstein 
surveyor)  
f) Integrated engineering 
services  
 (CPC 8673) 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
g) Urban planning and 
landscape architectural 
services  
 (CPC 8674) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
B. Computer and Related 
Services   
 (CPC 841 - CPC 845, CPC 
8491) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 10 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Research and 
Development Services  
 
- R&D services on natural 
sciences, excluding 
projects financed in whole 
or in part by public funds 
 (part of CPC 851)  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- R&D services on social 
sciences, excluding 
projects financed in whole 
or in part by public funds  
 (part of CPC 852) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- Interdisciplinary R&D 
sciences, excluding 
projects financed in whole 
or in part by public funds 
 (part of CPC 853) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
E. Rental/Leasing Services 
without Operators  
 
c) Relating to other transport 
equipment 
 (CPC 83101 +  CPC 83102 
+ CPC 83105)   
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 11Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
d) Relating to other 
machinery and equipment 
 (CPC 83106 - CPC 83109) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
F. Other Business Services  
 
a) Advertising services  
- Advertising services 
(including direct mail advertising), excluding 
outdoor advertising and 
excluding advertising for goods subject to import 
authorization and 
excluding pharmaceutical 
products, alcohol, tobacco, 
toxics, explosives, weapons and ammunition 
 (part of CPC 8711 + part 
of CPC 8712) 
  
 
  
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
  
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
b) Market research and public 
opinion polling services 
 (CPC 864) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 12 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
c) Management consulting 
services 
 (CPC 865) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
d) Services related to 
management consulting 
 (CPC 866) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
e) Technical testing and 
analysis services 
 (CPC 8676) 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
f) Services incidental to 
agriculture, hunting and 
forestry 
 - Consulting services on 
agriculture, hunting and 
forestry 
 (part of CPC 881)  
1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 13Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
g) Services incidental to 
fishing 
 
- Consulting services 
relating to fishing 
 (part of CPC 882)  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
h) Services incidental to 
mining 
 
- Services incidental to 
mining, excluding 
prospection, surveying, 
exploration and exploitation (part of CPC 
883 + part of CPC 5115)   
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
i) Services incidental to 
manufacturing 
 
- Consulting services 
relating to manufacturing (part of CPC 884 + part of 
CPC 885)  
  
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
  
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 14 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
m) Related scientific and 
technical consulting 
services 
 - Related scientific and 
technical consulting, 
excluding prospection, surveying, exploration and 
exploitation 
 (part of CPC 8675)   
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
n) Maintenance and repair of 
equipment (not including 
maritime vessels, aircraft 
or other transport equipment) 
 (CPC 633 + 
CPC 8861-CPC 8866) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein 
required for subsector CPC 633 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required 
for subsector CPC 633  
o) Building-cleaning services  
 
- Building-cleaning services  (CPC 874 except 
CPC 87409)  
 
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein 
required for subsector CPC 633  
 
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required 
for subsector CPC 633   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 15Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
p) Photographic services 
(CPC 875) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
q) Packaging services  
 (CPC 876) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein 
required for subsector CPC 633 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I; 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required 
for subsector CPC 633  
r) Printing, publishing (CPC 
88442) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 16 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
2. COMMUNICATION 
SERVICES    
C. Telecommunication 
Services     
 Telecommunication 
Services are the transport 
of electro-magnetic 
signals - sound, data, 
image and combinations 
thereof, excluding 
broadcasting2 
    
(a) Voice telephone services  
 (CPC 7521)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 As annexed  
(b) Packet-switched data 
transmission (CPC 
7523**)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
  
                                                      
2 Broadcasting is defined as the uninterrupt ed chain of transmission required for the di stribution of TV and radio programme sig nals to the general public, but does not cover 
contribution links between operators.   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 17Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(c) Circuit-switched data 
transmission (CPC 
7523**)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
  
(d) Telex services  
 (CPC 7523**)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
  
(e) Telegraph services  
 (CPC 7522)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
  
(f) Facsimile services  
 (CPC 7521** + 7529**)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
  
(g) Private leased circuit 
services (CPC 7522** + 
7523**)  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 18 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
A. Enhanced/value-added 
telecommunication 
services     
General condition applicable to all telecommunication sectors:  national monopoly on network infrastructure, services have to b e provided over the public network or over leased lines;  
wireless networks subject to licensing;  pricing of leased lines not volume-sensitive, connection with the public network possi ble. 
 Electronic mail  
 (part of CPC 7523) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
 Voice mail  
 (part of CPC 7523) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 On-line information and 
data base retrieval 
 (part of CPC 7523) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 Electronic data interchange 
(EDI)  
 (part of CPC 7523) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 19Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 Enhanced/value-added 
facsimile services 
 (part of CPC 7523) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 Code and protocol 
conversion 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 On-line information and/or 
data processing  
 (part of CPC 843) 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 Videotext 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 Enhanced/value-added 
services based on licensed 
wireless networks including enhanced/value-
added paging services, 
except for voice transmission 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 20 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
4. DISTRIBUTION 
SERVICES    
A. Commission agents ' 
services  
 - Commission agents' 
services, excluding 
services related to goods subject to import 
authorization, to 
pharmaceutical products, toxics, explosives, 
weapons and ammunition, 
and precious metals 
 (part of CPC 6211)  
 
 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
B. Wholesale trade services  
 - Wholesale trade services, 
excluding services related 
to goods subject to import 
authorization, to 
pharmaceutical products, toxics, explosives, 
weapons and ammunition, 
and precious metals 
 (part of CPC 622)  
 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) Restriction on sales area
None  
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 21Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Retailing services  
 
- Retailing services, 
excluding services related to goods subject to import 
authorization, to 
pharmaceutical products, toxics, explosives, 
weapons and ammunition, 
and precious metals; not 
covered is retailing 
through mobile sales unit (part of CPC 631 + part of 
CPC 632 + part of CPC 
6111 + part of CPC 6113 + part of CPC 6121)  
 
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) Restriction on sales area
None  
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein 
required  
 
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required  
D. Franchising   
 (CPC 8929) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 22 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
5. EDUCATIONAL 
SERVICES    
 Private Educational 
Services: 
 - Compulsory 
 education services 
(primary & secondary I)  
 
  
1) Unbound 
 2) Unbound 
 
3) Foreigners may establish commercial 
presence only when orga nized as juridical 
persons according to Liechtenstein law 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 
  
1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None  
 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- Non-compulsory 
secondary education services
 (secondary II) 1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) Foreigners may establish commercial 
presence only when orga nized as juridical 
persons according to Liechtenstein law 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  1) None 
 2) None 
 
3) None 
 
  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- Higher education services 
 (CPC 923) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) Foreigners may establish commercial 
presence only when orga nized as juridical 
persons according to Liechtenstein law 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 23Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
- Adult education services 
(CPC 924) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) Foreigners may establish commercial 
presence only when orga nized as juridical 
persons according to Liechtenstein law 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
6. ENVIRONMENTAL 
SERVICES3 
 
A. Sewage services   
 (CPC 9401)  
  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 
B. Refuse disposal services  
 (CPC 9402)  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None;  unbound for garbage dump  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required  
                                                      
 3 Nothing in this commitment should be construed to include pub lic work function whether owned and operated by municipalities or  Liechtenstein government or 
contracted out by them.  
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 24 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Sanitation and similar 
services  
 (CPC 9403) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein 
required 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I;  
commercial presence in Liechtenstein required  
D. Other environmental 
services  
 (CPC 9404 + CPC 9405 + 
CPC 9406 + part of CPC 
9409) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility  
 2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
7. FINANCIAL SERVICES 
 
Commitments on banking, securities and insu rance services in accordance with the 'Understanding on Comm itments in Financial Ser vices'  
(hereafter 'Understanding') and subject to limitations and conditi ons as contained in Part I (horizontal commitments) and as li sted below. It is 
understood that paragraph B.4 of the 'Unders tanding' does not impose any obligation to allow non-resident financial services su ppliers to solicit business. 
 
 Insurance and insurance 
related services  1) Establishment of a commercial presence is 
required for the provision of insurance services in Liechtenstein. Residents may not 
purchase insurance services in  the territory of 
another Party.  1) Establishment of a commercial presence is 
required for the provision of insurance services 
in Liechtenstein. Residents may not purchase 
insurance services in the territory of another 
Party. None   
 2) Establishment of a c ommercial presence is 
required for the provision of insurance 
services in Liechtenstein. Residents may not 
purchase insurance services  in the territory of 
another Party. None  
 2) Establishment of a commercial presence is 
required for the provision of insura nce services 
in Liechtenstein. Residents may not purchase 
insurance services in the territory of another 
Party. None    
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 25Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 3) Permit for establishment of insurance 
companies from countries other than 
Liechtenstein is granted only to companies 
which are supervi sed by the Swiss insurance 
supervision authority;  
Insurance companies incorporated in 
Liechtenstein must be organized as public 
limited company (Aktiengesellschaft) or as 
co-operative/mutual association 
(Genossenschaft).  
If a third-country insurer wishes to become 
active within Liechtens tein, an agency or 
branch office must be established in 
Liechtenstein. The third-country insurer must 
be authorized to conduct insurance activities 
under  the law of its country of incorporation.   
 To be recognized for participation in the basic 
health insurance sche me, health insurance 
suppliers must be organized in the form of 
mutual associations (Genossenschaft, Verein: 
Versicherungsverein au f Gegenseitigkeit or 
Hilfskasse) or foundations (Stiftung);  
 Duty of security fo r insurance services;  
 Economic need test for accident insurance 
services;  
 Commercial presence does not cover the 
setting up of representative offices  3) Domestic legal entities and the branch or 
agency establishment of foreign legal entities 
whose managi ng or representing bodies, such 
as the board of directors and the 
administration, are comprised in the main of 
foreigners or foreign firms, shall appoint in 
Liechtenstein a Liechtenstein citizen who is 
permanently resident here either to represent 
the lega l entity towards the authorities as a 
legal representative  or, empowered as an 
authorized signatory (procu rist), to exercise the 
representation, without the cooperation of 
others. Before setting up a commercial 
presence to provide specific classes of 
insur ance services, a foreign insurer must have 
been authorised to operate in the same classes 
of insurance in its country of origin for at least 
three years  One member of the board of 
directors and the administrators must be 
resident in Liechtenstein. They must be duly 
authorized to fully repr esent their company. In 
the case of a branch or an  agency, it suffices if 
the general representative, whose nomination 
requires the approval of the supervisory 
authority, has his residence in Liechtenstein 
and is duly authorized to fully represent his 
company.    
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
 Banking and other 
financial services  
(excluding insurance) 14) Participation in settlement and clearing 
networks is subject to a commercial presence in Liechtenstein 1) Subvention for house building is only granted 
to Liechtenstein citizen, which have to take out the loan for the house building at a domestic 
bank  
                                                      
 4 Are covered not only transactions indicate d in paragraph B.3 of the 'Understanding' but the whole range of banking and other f inancial services transactions (excluding 
insurance).  
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 26 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
  According to the pr actice in Liechtenstein, 
mutual funds (collective investments) have to 
be marketed through banks having a 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein   
  Swiss franc denominated issues can be lead 
managed only by a bank having a commercial 
presence (registered office or branch office) in 
Liechtenstein   
 2) Swiss franc denominated issues can be lead 
managed only by a bank having a commercial 
presence (registered office or branch office) in 
Liechtenstein 2) Subvention for house building is only granted 
to Liechtenstein citizen, which have to take out 
the loan for the house building at a domestic bank  
 3) Licence granted to banks and financial 
companies according to Liechtenstein 
Banking and Financial Companies Act has to 
be approved by the Liechtenstein parliament  3) One member of the board of directors and the 
administrators must have domicile in Liechtenstein. They must be duly authorized to 
fully represent their company.  
  Banks and financial companies must be 
organized in the form of a limited company   
  Financial institutions  other than banks and 
financial companies according to the 
Liechtenstein Banking and Companies Act are 
subject to the following licensing requirements: foreign equity ceiling of 49 per 
cent; foreign voting rights may not exceed 49 
per cent; at least one member of the administrative body authorized to manage and 
represent must be a Liechtenstein citizen 
domiciled in Liechtenstein, be in possession of the professional licence  to act as an auditor 
or trustee and must work full-time for the 
juridical person    
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 27Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
  Commercial presence of foreign financial 
institutions is subject to licensing 
requirements relating to the name of firm, 
duties toward the Swiss national bank and regulations on financial institutions in the 
country of origin   
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
9. TOURISM AND 
TRAVEL RELATED 
SERVICES 
 
A. Hotels and restaurants  
(incl. catering) 
 (CPC 641-CPC 643)  
 
  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility, 
except unbound for catering (CPC 6423) 
 
2) None 
 3) Licence onl
y granted if need for restaurants 
exists (assessment of economic needs is based 
on criteria such as population, degree of  
built up area, type of neighbourhood, 
touris tical interests, number of existing 
restaurants) None  
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 
  
1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility, 
except unbound for catering 
 (CPC 6423) 
 
2) None  
3) Passing an examination may be required
None  
 
 
  
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
B. Travel agencies and tour 
operators services  
 (CPC 7471) 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 28 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Tourist guides services  
(CPC 7472) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
10. RECREATIONAL, 
CULTURAL AND 
SPORTING SERVICES 
 (other than audiovisual 
services) 
 
B. News agency services  
(CPC 962)  
 
 
  
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
  
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
D. Sporting and other 
recreational services  
 
- Sporting services  (CPC 9641)  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
1) None  
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 29Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
11. TRANSPORT SERVICES 
 
F. Road transport services  
 a) Passenger transportation  
 
- regular, 'closed-door' tours 
only  
 (part of CPC 7121)  
 
 
  
 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
 
 
  
 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
- occasional, excluding 
empty entrance, cabotage 
and taxi services  
 (part of CPC 7122) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
c) Rental of commercial 
vehicles with operator (CPC 7124) 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 30 Modes of supply: (1)  Cross-border (2)  Consumption abroad (3)  Commercial presence (4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
d) Maintenance and repair of 
road transport equipment  
 (CPC 6112 + CPC 8867) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I   
H. Services auxiliary to all 
modes of transport  
 a) Cargo-handling services 
(CPC 741)  
 
 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
 
 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
  
b) Storage and warehouse 
services  
 (CPC 742) 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 
 1) Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility 
 
2) None  
3) None 
 4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I  
c), d) Freight transport agency 
services, including other 
auxiliary transport 
services, excluding local pick up and delivery  
 (CPC 748 + part of 
CPC 749) 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I 1) None 
 
2) None 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound except as indicated in Part I    TN/S/O/LIE 
 Page 31 
 
 
 Additional Commitment by Liechtenstein  
 Scope
 
 The following are definitions an d principles on the regulatory framework for the basic 
telecommunications services.  
 Definitions
 
 Users mean service consum ers and service suppliers.
   
 
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public te lecommunications transport network and service that  
  (a) are exclusively or predominantly provide d by a single or limited number of suppliers
; 
and 
 
 (b) cannot feasibly be economically or techni cally substituted in order to provide a service . 
 A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation (having 
regard to price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as a result of:  
 
 (a) control over essential facilities;  or  
  (b) use of its position in the market.
 
 1. Competitive safeguards
 
 
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications  
  Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone or 
together, are a major supplier  from engaging in or continui ng anti-competitive practices . 
 
1.2 Safeguards  
  The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular
: 
  (a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization
;   
 
 (b) using information obtained from compet itors with anti-competitive results;  and  
  (c) not making available to ot her services suppliers on a timely basis technical information 
about essential facilities an d commercially relevant inform ation which are necessary for 
them to provide services . 
 
2. Interconnection  
 2.1 This section applies to linking with supplie rs providing public teleco mmunications transport 
networks or services in order to allow the users of one supplier to communicate with users of another 
supplier and  to acce ss services provided by another supplier . 
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 32  
 
 2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
 
  Within the limits of permitted market access , interconnection with a major supplier will be 
ensured at any technically feas ible point in the network.  Such interconnection is provided5: 
 
 (a) under non-discriminatory terms, cond itions (including tec hnical standards and 
specifications) and rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its 
own like services or for like services of non-affiliated se rvice suppliers or for its 
subsidiaries or other affiliates6; 
 
 (b) in a timely fashion, on terms, co nditions (including technical standards and 
specifications) and cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard to 
economic feasibility, and suffi ciently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for 
network components or facilities  that it does not require for the service to be provided;  
and 
 
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the 
majority of users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary 
additional facilities.  
 2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
 
 
 The procedures applicable for interconnec tion to a major supplier will be made publicly 
available.  
 2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
 
 
 It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly availa ble either its interconnection 
agreements or a reference interconnection offer.  
 2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
 
 
 A service supplier requesting in terconnection with a major suppl ier will have recourse, either : 
  (a) at any time or
 
  (b) after a reasonable period of ti me which has been made publicly known
 
 
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regu latory body as referred to  in paragraph 5 below, 
to resolve disputes regarding a ppropriate terms, cond itions and rates for in terconnection within a 
reasonable period of time, to the extent that  these have not been established previously . 
 
                                                      
     5 Suppliers of services or networks not generally ava ilable to the public, such as closed user groups, have 
guaranteed rights to connect with the public  telecommunications transport network or services on terms, conditions and rates 
which are non-discriminatory, transparent and cost-oriented.  Such terms, conditions and rates may, however, vary from the 
terms, conditions and rates applicable to interconnection between public tel ecommunications networks or services.  
     6  Different terms, conditions and rates may be set in Liechtenstein  for operators in different market segments, on 
the basis of non-discriminatory and transparent national licensi ng provisions, where such differences can be objectively justif ied 
because these services are not  considered 'like services'.   TN/S/O/LIE 
 Page 33 
 
 
 3. Universal service  
  Any Member has the right to define the kind  of universal service obligation it wishes to 
maintain.  Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are 
administered in a transparent, non-discriminatory and comp etitively neutral manner and are not more 
burdensome than necessary for the kind of universal service defined by the Member.      
 4. Public availability of licensing criteria
 
  Where a licence is required, the follo wing will be made publicly available
: 
 
 (a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time normally require d to reach a decision 
concerning an application for a licence  and  
  (b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences
. 
 
 The reasons for the denial of a licence w ill be made known to the applicant upon request . 
 5. Independent regulators
 
  The regulatory body is separate from, and not accountable to, any supplier of basic 
telecommunications services.  The decisions of and th e procedures used by regulators shall be impartial 
with respect to all market participants . 
 6. Allocation and use of scarce resources
 
 
 Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers 
and rights of way, will be carr ied out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory 
manner. The current st ate of allocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed 
identification of frequencies allocated for specific government us es is not required . 
  
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 34 LIECHTENSTEIN - FINAL LIST OF ARTICLE II (MFN) EXEMPTIONS 
 
Sector or subsector  Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II  Countries to which the 
measure applies  Intended duration  Conditions creating the need for 
the exemption 
 
Distribution services  To grant work permits, without certain 
limitations, to employees of establishment 
of enterprises of member coun tries of the 
Convention establishing the European Free 
Trade Association (EFTA), the 
establishment's activity being commerce in 
goods  Members of EFTA  Indefinite  Flanking measure to the provision on 
free trade in goods under the EFTA 
Agreement  
Audiovisual services To confer national treatment to audiovisual 
works covered by bi- or plurilateral 
agreements on co-production in the filed of audiovisual works, in particular in relation 
to access to funding and to distribution All countries with whom 
cultural co-operation may be 
desirable Indefinite Promotion of common cultural 
objectives 
 Measures granting the benefit of support 
programmes, such as MEDIA and 
EURIMAGES, and measures relating to the 
allocation of screenti me which implement 
arrangements such as the Council of Europe 
Convention on Transfrontier Television and confer national treatment, to audiovisual 
works and/or to suppliers of audiovisual 
services meeting speci fic European origin 
criteria 
 European countries Indefinite Promotion of cultural objectives 
based on long standing cultural links 
 Concessions for the operation of radio or 
television broadcast stations may be granted 
to persons of countries other than 
Liechtenstein All countries with whom 
cultural co-operation may be 
desirable Indefinite Promotion of common cultural 
objectives, and to regulate access to a 
market limited in scale in order to 
preserve diversity of supply 
Construction and 
related Engineering The right of commercial presence and the 
right of presence of natural persons is 
dependent on reciprocity for service providers from Liechtenstein 
 All countries Indefinite To ensure adequate market access to 
services providers from 
Liechtenstein  
  TN/S/O/LIE
 Page 35Sector or subsector  Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II  Countries to which the 
measure applies  Intended duration  Conditions creating the need for 
the exemption 
 
Insurance services  To grant permit for establishment to 
insurance companies from countries oth er 
than Liechtenstein only to companies which 
are supervised by the Swiss insurance 
supervision authority  All countries  Indefinite  Measure to ensure supervision of 
foreign insurance companies  
Banking and other 
financial services 
(excluding 
insurance) To allow persons established in 
Switzerland, without requiring a 
commercial presence in Liechtenstein, to 
participate in settlement and clearing networks and to lead-manage Swiss franc 
denominated issues 
 Switzerland Indefinite Measures ensuing from the monetary 
union between Liechtenstein and 
Switzerland 
CRS and sales and marketing of air 
transport services Measures based on Article 7 of the revised 
Code of Conduct of the  European Civil 
Aviation Conference (ECAC), whereby the obligations of CRS system vendors or 
parent and participating air carriers shall not 
apply where equivalent treatment to that 
applied under the revised Code of Conduct 
is not accorded in the country of origin of the parent carrier of the system vendor 
 All countries where a CRS 
system vendor or a parent air 
carrier is located Indefinite The need for the exemption results 
from the insufficient development of 
multilaterally agreed rules for the operation of CRS 
Road transport services (passenger 
and freight) To allow, on the basis of mutual access to 
the market, transport services by vehicles 
registered in countries other than 
Liechtenstein to undertake transportation of goods and/or passengers in, into, out of, or 
in transit through Liechtenstein territory, 
normally based on bilateral agreements 
 All countries with whom 
bilateral agreements on road 
transport or other 
arrangements relating to road transport exist or may be 
desirable (at present approx. 
30 countries) Exemption needed until 
multilateral liberalization of 
road transport services, 
taking into account regional specificity and environmental 
effects of road transport, will 
have been agreed upon To take into account regional 
specificity of the provision of road 
transport services and to protect the 
integrity of road infrastructure and environment  
 TN/S/O/LIE 
Page 36 Sector or subsector  Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II  Countries to which the 
measure applies  Intended duration  Conditions creating the need for 
the exemption 
 
All sectors To mutually grant permits of temporary stay 
and permanent residency in the territory of the parties, without certain limitations, to 
citizens of the parties of the agreements on 
temporary stay and permanent residency between Liechtenstein and Switzerland 
 Switzerland Indefinite Flanking measure to customs, 
monetary- and postal union between the Principality of Liechtenstein and 
Switzerland 
 Preferential treatment accorded to nationals 
of countries other than Liechtenstein, 
belong ing to traditional recruiting areas 
according to Liechtenstein legislation on 
immigration, when granting permits for 
entry, stay and work in Liechtenstein  
(year round resident, short -time resident, 
seasonal worker) to natural persons 
providing services ot her than essential 
persons as defined in the Liechtenstein 
schedule of specific commitments on trade 
in services (Part I:  horizontal 
commitments)  
 EC and EFTA countries  Indefinite  To regulate immigration into 
Liechtenstein by measures based on 
long standi ng links with traditional 
recruiting areas  
 According to the Liechtenstein legislation 
the right of presence of natural persons in all sectors is dependent on reciprocity for 
services providers from Liechtenstein 
 All countries Indefinite To ensure adequate market access to 
services providers from Liechtenstein 
  
__________