RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/ACC/KAZ/35
31 May 2001
(01-2718)
Working Party on the
Accession of KazakhstanOriginal:  English
ACCESSION OF KAZAKHSTAN
Communication from Kazakhstan
Summary of Current Economic Trends
The Chairman of the Inter-Ministerial Commission on WTO Issues of the Republic of
Kazakhstan has submitted the following Summary of Current Economic Trends with the request that
it be circulated to members of the Working Party.
_______________WT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 2
After the financial crises in South-East Asian countries and Russia, and the abrupt fall of
prices on oil which resulted in economic crises in the second half of 1998 and the first half of 1999,
the positive tendencies can be currently observed in the economy of the country.
Real GDP grew by 2.7 per cent in 1999 and by 9.5 per cent (estimation) in 2000 (Table 1).
Devaluation of the tenge, which was undertaken in April 1999, as well as a favorable situation in theworld commodity market substantially facilitated the increase of exports and improvement of the
balance of payments.  The Government managed to expand domestic demand for goods and services
and to increase the money incomes of the popula tion which resulted in the growth of domestic
production of goods and services.
In 2000, the social and economic situation was characterized by the strengthening and further
enhancing of the positive economic tendencies of 1999.  The average annual inflation rate was
13.2 per cent.  Augmentation of industrial produ ction was 14.6 per cent.  In 2000, mining industry
production increased by 21.5 per cent.  The 15.6 increase of production volumes in the manufacturing
industry occurred due to a significant increase in machine building output (1.6 times) and ferrous
metallurgy (19.3 per cent).  Growth of production was achieved in the following industrial sectors:
chemical industry (16 per cent), timber and wood articles manufacturing (14.8 per cent), agricultural
products processing (8.5 per cent), and textile and garment products (19.2 per cent).
A three-year International Monetary Fund program for the development of a mechanism for
expanded credit was signed in December 1999. The program envisages further reforms of the
economy and liberalization of the domestic market. Due to the improvement of the macroeconomic
situation in Kazakhstan a rating agency (Standard & Poor's) raised the long-term currency credit and
borrowing rating of Kazakhstan in the national cu rrency by one point to "BB-" and "BB" respectively.
The fact of issuing five and seven year term Eurobonds to international capital markets proves that
Kazakhstan has the reputation of a serious borrower, possessing a long-term strategy of capital market
activity.
In May 2000, Kazakhstan appeared to be the only country among CIS and Eastern European
countries, which had repaid the loans granted by the International Monetary Fund (STF (1993),Stand-by 1 (1994), Stand-by 2 ( 1995), EFF (1996) ahead of schedule.
Economic policy was aimed at maintaining price levels at the given limits.  From mid-1999
there were no abrupt price increases in Kazakhstan's economy.  In December 2000, as compared to
December 1999, inflation was 9.8 per cent.  Stabilization of the financial market made it possible for
the National Bank to reduce the official re-financing rate from 18 per cent to 14 per cent.  It should be
stressed that this re-financing rate is the lowest since Kazakhstan introduced its national currency.
Monetary and credit policy.
As of 1 January 2001, the total number of banks operating in Kazakhstan was 48, including
one bank with 100 per cent Government participation, one interstate bank, and 16 banks with foreign
participation (one-third of shares are in the po ssession, ownership or management of non-residents of
the Republic of Kazakhstan).
 In 2000, the total amount of banking system credits to the economy grew by 85.6 per cent,
and by the end of December 2000 they amounted to 276.2 billion tenge, which constitutes 94.2 per
cent of banking system deposits.
 Allocation of Eurobonds in the international capital markets in 2000 (US$350 million for a
seven year period) appears to be a natural extension of the borrowing terms after a three-year issue in
1996 and a five-year issue in 1997 and 1999.WT/ACC/KAZ/35
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The following credit ratings have been given to this issue of Eurobonds: "B1" from Moody’s
Investor Services, "B+" from Standard and Poor ’s Rating Services and "BB-" from Fitch IBCA.
Taxation and budgetary policy.
In accordance with the Action Program of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for
2000-2002, the basic direction of budgetary policy is  medium-term budgetary planning, within the
framework of which priorities for long-term and medium-term periods and for an appropriate fiscal
year will be determined.
In 1999, the state budget deficit constituted 3.5 per cent of GDP (Table 3).
As of 1 January 2001, receipts of the State budget constitute 22.6 per cent of GDP, tax
proceeds constitute 20.2 per cent of GDP, non-tax receipts 1.5 per cent and revenues from capital
transactions 0.9 per cent of GDP, favourable balance 0.1 per cent of GDP.
In 2000, cash non-born expenses and crediting under the republican budget were 19.4 billion
tenge, or 4.7 per cent of annual planned allocations.
Currently, the Majilis of the Parliament is considering a draft Tax Code, which is the codified
law of direct application, combining many provisions of current normative and legal acts on taxes and
other obligatory payments to the budget.
The purposes of improvement of the tax legislation are as follows: ordering and reducing of
current tax privileges, systematizing of numerous fees and payments of non-tax nature, improving of
tax administration.
Amendments in the budgetary legislation are aimed at restructuring of the budgetary system,
namely:
- the draft annual republican budget and forecasted indicators for the forthcoming three
year period to be submitted by the Government and simultaneously to be considered
in Parliament;
- the right of borrowing within the limits, established by the Law on state budget, for
an appropriate year to be granted to local executive bodies;
 - the allocation of budgetary programs, tax and non-tax proceeds between the
republican and local budgets to be approved legislatively; and
- the balancing of local budgets on the basis of long-term amounts of official transfers
between the republican and local budgets.
Investment activity
According to the data of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 1999, foreign
direct foreign investment amounted to US$1,795.6 million, exceeding that of 1998 (US$1224.6
million) and the average annual amount of recent years (table 4).  In 1999, with the repayment ofloans and credits which had been attracted by enterprises, the net inflow of foreign direct investment
amounted to US$1,202.2 million.  In total, for the period 1993 to 1999, gross and net inflow of the
foreign direct investment were US$9,728.6 and US$8,092.6 million respectively.
In 1999, the total volume of investments, includ ing investments in fixed capital, was allocated
between the following sectors of the economy: mining industry (57 per cent), manufacturing industry(12 per cent), transport (four per cent), companies, real estate transactions (nine per cent).  EnterprisesWT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 4
of these industries play a significant role in the financing of costs on creation and renewal of capital
assets.
In order to increase the investment activity of the population the Government approved a
Concept on protection and stimulation of savings.  Within the framework of this concept it is planned
to undertake measures on the development of the system of non-governmental pension funds,
encouraging the population to insure life, health, and ability to work, as well as on the improvement
of tax legislation in the area of insurance, and on further development of the mortgage forms of
credits and securities market.
 Under implementation is the three-year annually revised Program of State Investments (PSI)
on investing of the state funds, as well as the funds attracted to priority sectors of the economy under
Governmental guarantees.  The main purpose of the Program is the implementation of complex
measures on selection and realization of priority investment projects and institutional development.
The following were identified as priorities for development of the Program on State
Investments for the year of 2000 – 2002:
- improvement and development of infrastructure, in particular transport and water
supply systems;
- support of social reforms and development of human potential;- protection of the environment;
- institutional strengthening of state administrative bodies;
- objects of national interest;
- support of domestic commodity producers, including assistance to small and medium
business subjects development; and
- development of the city of Astana.
Anti-monopoly and price policy
By way of adoption of the Laws of the Republi c of Kazakhstan "On Natural Monopolies" and
"On Unfair Competition" in 1998, the rules of conduct in the natural monopolies market have been
established on a legislative basis, the protection of entrepreneurs against anti-competitive actions ofthe market subjects has been ensured, and the conditions of formation of a competitive environment
have been created.
State regulation of the activity of natural monopoly subjects is carried out via the creation and
introduction of the State Register of natural monopoly subjects of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
approval and introduction of prices (tariffs) on goods, works, services.  Control over the procedures
for the formation of costs, which are accounted by natural monopoly subjects, is being performed
through compliance with rules of procurement of material and financial resources on a tender basis,and the application of economic sanctions for infringement of state price discipline.
The anti-monopoly legislation of Kazakhstan appears to be more complete with the adoption
of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Co mpetition and Restriction of Monopoly Activity" on
19 January  2001.  It contains new notions of the domin ating (monopoly) position and  market subjects.
It also fixes and expands the rights of state control over the establishment, reorganization andliquidation of market subjects and their associations, and increases the responsibility for violation of
anti-monopoly legislation and consumers’ interests.  Legislative norms, stipulating the procedures for
adoption, appeal and fulfilment of instructions and decisions of the anti-monopoly agency have been
introduced, and the types of penalties for admitted violations have been diversified.WT/ACC/KAZ/35
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Agriculture
In general, the agricultural sector is in huge decline. While in 1990 agriculture was 34 per
cent of GDP, in 1999 it was only 8.4per cent. Currently, the agricultural production volume is only
one-fifth of the volume of 1990.  In 1998, the lowest yield was registered in the last 30 years, and in
1999 the yield of grain crops was 14.2 million tons.  In principle, the country is "self-sufficient" interms of its agricultural sector.  Possessing 20 per cent of the arable land of the former Soviet Union it
has a significant agricultural export potential.
 The agricultural market's share of imports for 1999 was 23 per cent.  According the United
Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, 15-20 per cent of foodstuff import is deemed to be the
threshold of foodstuff security.  Thus, Kazakhstan stepped over the threshold indicator and the
problem of foodstuff security has realistic outlines.
In this connection, the basic purpose of the agricultural policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
is to ensure rehabilitation of the agricultural sector and to increase sales volumes in competitive
subsectors of the agricultural production.
 The Government grants agricultural subsidies in order to provide support to small and
medium state and private enterprises. In 1998, the total amount of agricultural subsidies was equal to
approximately US$1.196 billion (or 5.4 per cent of GDP) and 40.1 per cent of total production volumeof agricultural products.  The Government has granted the domestic subsidies mainly via:
- subsidies from  the  agricultural sector support fund;
- State procurement of grain;
- credits of ExIm Bank of Kazakhstan; and
- delayed debts.
Other agricultural subsidies include preferential railroad tariffs on transportation of
agricultural and domestic food products (70 per cent of the normal rate).
Foreign Trade.
Transition to the system of the floating exchange rate of Tenge improved the trade balance of
the country (Table 4).  Rehabilitation of the competitiveness of Kazakhstani exports and the growth ofworld prices on oil (the main export product) allowed Kazakhstan to increase its foreign trade
turnover.  For 2000, it was US$14.2 billion.  This is 52.7 per cent more than in the equivalent period
in 1999. The 62.5 per cent growth of exports of pr oducts allowed Kazakhstan to achieve a favorable
trade balance of US$4.1 billion, whereas in 1999 it was US$1.5 billion.  The geography of trade was
not considerably changed:  the Russian Federation, European Union, United States, China, Turkey
and other countries are the main trade partners of Kazakhstan.  In general, the economic situation in
the main country-partners of Kazakhstan, as well as favorable world commodity market conditions,resulted in the further increase of exports to these countries.  The commodity structure of exports has
not changed.  Deliveries of raw materials, of which a significant share is oil (52.8 per cent), ferrous
and non-ferrous metals (26 per cent), grain and cotton (6.4 per cent) and others (tables 5 and 6)
dominate in the export sector.
 One of the priorities of the foreign economic policy of the Government is the accession of the
Republic of Kazakhstan to the WTO.  For these purposes, Kazakhstan has carried out the work on
harmonization of national legislation to bring it into compliance with international standards and
rules.  Mandatory documents and analytical materi als have been submitted to the members of the
Working Group on accession of Kazakhstan to WTO, and the offers on access of goods and services
to the Kazakhstani market have also been submitted.WT/ACC/KAZ/35
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For the purposes of the expansion of measures to protect domestic producers from the
importation of dumped goods or goods subsided by a foreign state, appropriate legislation to introduce
these measures was adopted, a preferential tariff rate is applied in order to shorten the list of goods
while importing thereof, and a review of the scheme on the granting of preferences for developing and
least developed countries was initiated.  A Committee for anti-dumping control was established underthe Ministry of Economy and Trade.  The Committee, being an authorized body, is responsible for
investigations and introduction of anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures.
Within the framework of the enlargement of Kazakhstani export markets, in the course of
anti-dumping investigations the anti-dumping duties which had been imposed by the United States in
respect of Kazakhstani titanium sponge, uranium products and ferrosilicon were cancelled. The
anti-dumping duty imposed on Kazakhstani ferrosilicon has been cancelled by European Union
countries, and consultations are being conducted on the cancellation of anti-dumping duty introducedon ferrochrome deliveries.  Export quotas on Kazakhstani steel delivered to the European Union
countries have been increased from 30,000 to 78.4 thousand tons for 2000, and to 80.2 thousand tons
for 2001.  Kazakhstan is furthering its efforts to liberalize the deliveries of steel products to the
European Union countries.
On 12 October 2000 during the anti-dumping investigations, the European Union Council
recognized Kazakhstan as being "a market economy country".
Kazakhstan participates in the integration processes implemented within the framework of the
Customs Union, Central Asian Economic Union and the CIS.
The member countries of the Customs Union, including Kazakhstan, signed an Agreement on
General Customs Tariffs (17 November 2000, in Moscow) which determined the basic elements andmethods for the creation of a single tariff policy.  This Agreement approves a Basic List of the
General Customs Tariff.  This list consists of the goods for which the rates of customs duties on
imports of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation coincide.
It contains 60 per cent of codes of the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activities of the
CIS, in respect of which the parties undertake obligations not to change import customs duties everysingle six months and to be reviewed upon the consen t of all countries.  Acknowledging the paces and
stages of the development of structural reforms of the Customs Union Member countries’ economies,
each country has the right to establish a national list of sensitive goods.
Kazakhstan provides free trade regime for all CIS-countries, except for Turkmenistan.
In general, it can be said that there are further positive tendencies in Kazakhstan's economy,
basically due to the increase of external and internal demand of domestic products, as well as to the
improvement of the country’s investment climate.
_______________WT/ACC/KAZ/35
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Table 1:  Gross Domestic Product
Year ended 31 December
2000 ∗ 1999 1998 1997 1996
Nominal GDP (tenge billio ns) 2592.1 2016.2 1733.3 1672.8 1416.8
Nominal GDP (US$ billions) 18.2 16.9 22.1 22.2 21.1
Real GDP (per cent change to the previous year) 9.5 2.7 (-1.9) 1.7 0.5
Nominal GDP per capita (thsd. Tenge) 174.0 135.3 113.3 109.3 89.1
Nominal GDP per capita (US$) 1223.9 1132.3 1447.0 1449.7 1324.2
Population (millions average annual) 14.9 14.9 15.3 15.3 15.9
* Estimate
Source: Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Statistics
Table 2:  Gross Domestic Product
Branches Specific Gravity
(per cent)
2000Specific Gravity
(per cent)
1999
Goods Production 45.85 42.85
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 8.65 9.89
Industry 31.91 28.22
Construction 5.29 4.74
Production of services 49.4 52.4
Trade 12.57 13.6
Transport 10.46 10.5
Communications 1.49 1.5
Financial activity 2.44 2.7
State administration 2.36 2.6
Education 3.85 4.3
Health protection 2.00 2.4
Other public utilities, social and personal services 2.05 2.2
Operations with real assets, rental and services of enterprise 11.59 12.0
Hotels and restaurants 0.56 0.6
Total under the branches 95.25 95.3
Net taxes 5.61 5.6
FISIM -0.84 -0.9
Gross Domestic Product 100.0 100.0WT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 8
Table 3:  Budget
State Budget 20001199921998 1997
(tenge millions)3
1. Revenues
Current revenues 587,026 357,169 309,762 346,077
     Tax revenues 524,026 330,248 290,835 330,031
     Non-tax revenues 38,622 26,922 18,926 16,046
Capital revenues 24,378 35,787 69,549 59,265
Privatisation revenues 22,048 34,816 66,702 54,511
Other revenues 2,330 0.971 2,847 4,753
Total revenues 587,026 392,957 379,310 405,341
Total grants 2,586 2,629 0.210 0.282
Total revenues and grants 589,612 395,585 379,520 405,623
2. Expenditure
General state spending 34,827 28,517 32,291 29,441
Defence 20,478 17,192 21,830 17,860
Law and order 46,873 32,258 28,654 28,156
Education 84,624 77,911 70,592 73,375
Health 54,218 44,474 36,409 46,123
Social insurance and security 171,046 158,942 16,5862 169,423
Housing and public utilities 22,021 5,662 4,325 5,676
Sports, mass media, cultural and religious activity 17,485 12,056 12,482 11,030
Environment, agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing 11,385 6,828 6,691 10,559
Industry, construction and subsurface use 7,191 2,782 2,368 6,829
Transportation and communication 33,261 12,605 10,236 10,309
Other expenditure 31,162 25,586 13,493 21,201
Debt servicing 35,541 19,442 13,906 9,454
Government transfers 0 0 0.002 0.038
Total expenditures 570,112 444,256 426,142 439,475
Total lending 25,691 20,948 27,156 31,860
Repayments 0 3,013 1,704 1,714
Net lending 25,691 17,935 25,452 30,147
Budget deficit 2,331 66,606 72,073 63,998
Financing of budget deficit 2,331 66,606 72,073 63,998
    External 28,547 19,049 20,504 17,170
    Internal 26,236 47,557 51,569 46,828
Total expenditure (including net lending) 1,251,051 1,130,225 451,594 469,621
                                                     
1 Preliminary
2 Reflecting a revised central Government budget adopted in June 1999 following the flotation of the
tenge in April 1999
3 Included extra-budgetary fundsWT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 9
Table 4:  Balance of payment
(US$ million)
2000
(nine
months)1999 1998 1997 1996
Current account (655.03) (170.7) (1,224.6) (799.1) (750.5)
Trade balance (1,761.68) 343.8 (800.9) (276.5) (335.1)
   Export (6,760.87) 5,988.5 5,870.6 6,899.2 6291.7
   Import (4,999.20) (5,644.8) (6,671.5) (7,175.6) (6,626.7)
Net Services (468.38) (171.5) (249.8) (282.4) (253.7)
   Transportation (43.2) 14.1 (93.4) 42.7 55.8
            Others (425.18) (185.6) (156.4) (325.1) (309.5)
Income (790.96) (499.7) (296.2) (314.9) (220,1)
   Interest on credits and deposits (160.86) (189.2) (180.2) (170.8) (130,0)
   Interest on reserves (72.50) 76.5 58.4 51.9 46,2
   Other (60.79) (386.9) (174.4) (196.1) (136,3)
Current transfers (152.69) 156.7 122.3 74.6 58.4
Capital and financial account (698.19) 1,065.1 1,860.5 2,461.8 1,668.5
Capital transfers (201.73) (234.0) (369.3) (439.7) (315,5)
   Migrants' transfers (205.32) (234.7) (369.3) (439.7) (315,5)
   Others 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0,0
Direct investments (897.44) 1,583.5 1,143.3 1,319.9 1,136,9
   Drawings (1,818.51) 1,795.6 1,224.6 2,105.6 1,673.7
   Amortisations (921.07) (212.1) (81.3) (785.7) (536.8)
Portfolio investments (2.76) (45.7) 61.7 404.2 223.5
      Euronotes (32.17) 34.1 (47.0) 350.0 200.0
Other investments (85.23) 159.4 483.0 462.4 281.4
   Trade credits (72.84) (132.1) 161.4 150.1 (91.8)
       Drawings (35.92) 65.9 53.8 317.3 143.3
       Amortisations (82.05) (198.0) (215.2) (167.2) (235.1)
Loans (13.09) 291.5 644.4 312.3 373.2
    Drawings (85.02) 342.5 682.4 329.3 351.9
    Amortisations (54.58) (51.0) 38.0 17.0 21.2
Other capital (85.65) (398.1) 541.8 715.1 342.2
Errors and omission (667.42) (640.8) (1,078.4) (1,183.0) (894.5)
Total balance (685.79) 253.6 (442.5) 479.6 23.4
Financing (685.79) (253.6) 442.5 (479.6) (23.4)
Reserve assets of NBK (241.42) (76.0) 319.9 (479.6) (158.5)
Monetary gold 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Foreign exchange and SDRs (204.92) (76.0) 319.9 (473.2 (158.5)
IMF credit (444.38) (177.6) 122.6 (6.4) 135.1
Exceptional financing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0WT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 10Table 5:  Export structure by the increasing total on groups of the commodity nomenclature and countries
(per cent)
Commodity
code*Commodity group 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
year year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I II III Nov
27 Fuel, oil products 29.4 24.9 25.4 30.2 31.9 32.9 36.6 34.9 34.6 34.1 43.3 42.0 39.4 38.7 35.9 34.8 39.3 40.9 49.5 49.1 51,9 52.1
72 Ferrous metals 18.6 20.2 15.5 15.7 15.1 14.8 14.7 15.5 15.2 14.6 13.9 13.8 14.1 14.4 18.6 19.2 17.3 15.8 15.8 14.3 13.9 13.2
74 Copper and copper
products13.1 11.7 14.3 13.0 11.1 10.5 10.4 10.8 10.9 10.8 9.5 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.5 11.8 10.9 10.3 9.0 8.6 8.4 8.1
28 Inorganic chemicals 8.4 7.7 8.5 6.6 6.6 6.7 4.6 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.6 10.0 8.8 7.3 5.8 4.4 4.9 4.3 4.2
10 Grain 2.9 5.9 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.3 6.6 6.8 7.5 7.9 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.5 2.8 3.6 2.9 5.6 6.1 7.3 5.8 5.6
71 Precious metals** 0.05 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.3 4.5 4.3 3.2 3.8 5.5 5.1 3.4 3.1 3.2 4.2
79 Zinc and zinc products 3.5 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2
26 Ores, slag and cinders 2.4 2.7 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.3 4.3 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.4 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.0
84 Reactors, machinery 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0
25 Salt, sulphur, stone 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
52 Cotton 1.3 0.9 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.7 2.7 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.9
Commodity groups
above83.7 80.4 82.6 83.7 83.6 83.3 87.4 86.4 86.5 86.0 90.7 90.5 89.9 89.7 91.0 90.8 91.2 91.6 94.6 94.0 94.1 94.0
Others 16.3 19.6 17.4 16.3 16.4 16.7 12.6 13.6 13.5 14.0 9.3 9.5 10.1 10.3 9.0 9.2 8.8 8.4 5.4 6.0 5.9 6.0
Total trade 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Countries
CIS 58.0 54.9 48.3 50.2 54.4 53.8 45.0 45.2 46.5 45.9 46.1 44.6 41.1 39.3 31.2 27.4 23.9 26.1 26.3 28.2 27.0 26.6
     - Russia 44.5 45.1 39.9 41.0 43.0 42.0 31.8 32.7 35.3 35.2 32.7 33.2 30.6 28.9 23.0 20.4 18.3 19.8 20.1 21.1 20.6 20.0
     - Ukraine 4.0 2.3 0.7 1.5 3.4 3.6 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.7 8.0 6.3 5.1 4.9 4.1 2.7 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9
     - Uzbekistan 3.6 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.5 4.9 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 2.0 1.6 1.5
     - Kyrgyzstan 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
     - Other CIS-countries 4.0 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.6 1.4 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5
European Union 15.4 21.3 22.4 21.1 18.2 18.5 26.2 26.4 26.0 26.3 30.7 32.1 33.5 31.6 20.5 22.2 24.3 22.9 18.0 20.6 23.0 22.0
     - Netherlands 7.7 9.7 8.3 6.8 5.6 5.1 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.1 4.2 6.3 5.5 5.1 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7
     - Germany 2.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.1 7.0 6.0 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.9 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.3
     - United Kingdom 2.0 2.1 3.7 4.3 3.4 3.9 7.0 8.3 8.3 8.4 11.2 9.0 10.3 9.0 2.4 2.9 4.9 3.4 0.8 2.3 2.3 2.4
     - Italy 1.3 2.7 4.0 3.3 3.1 3.3 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.5 7.1 8.4 9.5 9.2 7.6 8.4 7.9 7.5 6.3 7.8 9.7 9.0
     - Other EU-countries 2.1 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.8 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.4 3.4 3.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6
Other countries 26.6 23.8 29.3 28.7 27.4 27.7 28.8 28.3 27.4 27.8 23.2 23.3 25.4 29.1 48.3 50.4 51.8 50.9 55.7 51.2 50.0 51.4
     - China 4.6 5.7 9.9 9.4 8.3 7.8 6.7 7.5 6.9 6.8 5.9 5.9 6.1 7.2 13.2 12.6 10.1 8.5 7.1 7.6 7.5 7.4
     - United States 2.3 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.9 1.3 1.4 2.9 2.3 2.1 1.9
     - Turkey 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7
     - Switzerland 4.0 3.6 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.4 3.7 5.2 5.8 6.1 7.7 8.2 6.7 5.3 4.4 4.9 5.0 6.2
     - Others 14.1 12.4 14.2 13.7 14.1 14.5 16.3 14.4 13.0 12.9 9.1 8.7 10.0 12.6 26.5 28.1 32.9 35.1 40.1 35.6 34.8 35.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
According to the harmonised system
** Including precious and semiprecious stones
Source:  Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Statistics (ARKS, formerly NSA).WT/ACC/KAZ/35
Page 11Table 6:  Import structure by the increasing total on groups of the commodity nomenclature and countries
(per cent)
Com-
modity
code*Commodity group 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
year year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I I-II I-III year I II III Nov
27 Fuel, oil products 29.4 25.0 33.6 24.0 21.6 19.0 16.1 15.6 14.4 14.6 16.3 16.1 15.3 14.6 12.2 11.4 9.7 9.3 15.5 11.8 11.4 11.2
84 Reactors, machinery 12.5 13.6 8.6 10.0 11.4 12.3 15.1 16.0 15.9 15.6 15.4 13.7 14.4 15.7 15.5 16.2 18.1 18.0 17.2 16.6 18.3 18.9
85 Electrical equipment 7.7 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.9 8.3 7.9 7.9 7.8 9.8 9.0 8.3 7.9 8.8 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.3
87 Vehicles 6.7 5.6 6.1 7.7 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.4 6.8 6.0 4.6 4.6 4.4 5.8 12.5 11.2 9.9 9.7 8.7 8.7 8.9 8.9
73 Ferrous metal products 3.8 4.3 4.0 5.9 6.1 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.9 6.0 6.8 7.0 7.6 7.4 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 6.3
17 Sugar and confectionery 2.0 3.3 2.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.4 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.2
40 Rubber, rubber products 1.4 2.3 3.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
28 Inorganic chemicals 1.1 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.4 3.3 2.6 2.3 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.1 4.0 3.4 3.5
90 Optical devices 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.6
72 Ferrous metals 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3
48 Paper and carton 1.0 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3
22 Alcohol, soft drinks 1.6 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Commodity groups above 70.7 69.6 73.6 71.8 71.1 70.4 70.2 69.6 68.5 67.3 68.0 66.6 65.3 65.3 66.8 66.6 65.7 63.9 68.0 66.5 68.0 68.8
Others 29.3 30.4 26.4 28.2 28.9 29.6 29.8 30.4 31.5 32.7 32.0 33.4 34.7 34.7 33.2 33.4 34.3 36.1 32.0 33.5 32.0 31.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Countries
CIS 61.1 69.7 75.1 73.9 73.1 69.5 59.8 55.1 54.4 54.1 50.9 51.3 49.2 47.2 48.7 46.9 44.2 43.3 56.1 55.3 55.6 54.8
     - Russia 36.3 49.9 57.4 56.8 56.6 54.8 48.4 45.8 45.7 45.9 43.2 43.5 41.5 39.4 39.7 38.2 37.2 36.7 47.6 48.9 49.6 49.0
     - Ukraine 3.4 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6
     - Uzbekistan 7.8 7.1 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 4.0 3.6 2.7 2.4 3.3 2.0 1.5 1.5
     - Belarus 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.8 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8
     - Other CIS-countries 11.9 8.4 12.6 10.3 8.9 7.5 6.6 4.3 3.6 3.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.9
European Union 16.5 12.9 9.2 10.8 11.9 13.1 20.7 20.0 20.8 21.6 23.4 21.7 22.4 23.9 25.2 25.0 27.5 25.3 19.4 20.7 20.1 20.0
     - Germany 8.2 5.2 2.7 3.3 4.1 4.7 8.0 8.0 8.4 8.6 9.2 8.2 8.4 8.6 6.7 6.8 8.3 7.8 5.8 6.2 6.6 6.6
     - United Kingdom 1.9 2.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.9 4.3 5.0 8.4 7.6 7.2 6.3 5.6 5.6 4.8 4.5
     - Italy 1.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.9 1.7 2.4 2.4 2.8
     - Finland 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2
     - Other EU-countries 4.2 4.0 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.3 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 7.2 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.3 7.2 7.8 7.0 5.4 5.5 5.1 4.9
Other countries 22.4 17.4 15.7 15.2 15.0 17.5 19.5 24.9 24.8 24.3 25.7 27.1 28.5 28.9 26.1 28.2 28.3 31.4 24.4 23.9 24.2 25.2
     - China 2.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.2
     - United States 3.1 1.7 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.1 4.7 4.9 4.7 6.3 5.9 6.6 6.3 5.0 5.8 6.1 9.5 4.0 4.6 4.7 5.6
     - Turkey 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.6 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 3.5 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.7
     - Korea, Rep. of 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.6 2.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5
     - Others 13.0 10.4 10.1 9.4 8.8 9.4 9.0 11.7 11.4 11.4 10.9 12.5 13.8 14.2 14.5 16.2 15.9 15.3 13.7 12.2 12.0 12.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
*According to the harmonised system
Source:  Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Statistics (ARKS, formerly NSA).
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