WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/L/348
27 April 2000
(00-1691)
Original:  English
CAIRO DECLARATION AND PLAN OF ACTION:  AFRICA-EUROPE SUMMIT
UNDER THE AEGIS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY
AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
CAIRO: 3-4 APRIL 2000
Communication from Algeria, Egypt and Portugal
The following Declaration and Plan of Action are circulated to WTO Members at the request
of the Permanent Missions of Algeria, Egypt and Portugal.
_______________
CAIRO DECLARATION
I. INTRODUCTION
We, the Heads of State and Government of Afri can States and of the European Union as well
as the President of the European Commission, have met in the First Africa - Europe Summit under the
Aegis of the OAU and EU, in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, at the kind invitation of His Excellency
Mohammed Hosni Mubarak, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, under the Co-Presidency of the
President of Algeria, His Excellency Abdelaziz Bouteflika, in his capacity as Chairman of the OAU,
and the Prime Minister of Portugal, His Excellency Antonio Guterres, in his capacity as President ofthe European Council.
The Secretary General of the OAU, and the Secretary General of the Council of the European
Union/High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy also participated in the
Summit.  A representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations attended the Summit.
We solemnly declare that:
1. Over the centuries, ties have existed between Africa and Europe, which have led to many
areas of cooperation, covering political, economic, social, as well as cultural and linguistic domains.These have developed on the basis of shared values of strengthening representative and participatory
democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, the rule of law, good governance,
pluralism, international peace and security, political stability and confidence among nations.  In the
light of the current rapid globalization trend, we are determined to strengthen this cooperation in our
mutual interest and make it more beneficial to the two regions.
2. In order to give a new strategic dimension to the global partnership between Africa and
Europe for the Twenty-First Century, in a spirit of equality, respect, alliance and cooperation between
our regions, we are committed to the basic objective of strengthening the already existing links of
political, economic and cultural understanding through the creation of an environment and anWT/L/348
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effective framework for promoting a constructive dialogue on economic, political, social and
development issues.
II. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION
3. We stress the importance of regional economic cooperation and integration as an efficient
strategy for the orderly and coordinated development of the African continent.  We recognize theimportant interrelation between political stability, peace and security on one hand and regional
integration on the other.  We commend the leaders of the African continent for adopting a number of
declarations, plans and programmes, as well as treaties which constitute an appropriate framework for
the collective promotion of the development of their countries, which include the Lagos Plan of
Action and the Final Act of Lagos of 1980, and the Treaty Establishing the African Economic
Community of 1991 (the Abuja Treaty), which came into force in May 1994, and the Sirte
Declaration adopted at the OAU Extraordinary Summit, Libya in September 1999, on the AfricanUnion.
4. We note the progress made in regional integration in Europe and in Africa and recognize that
regional integration can be an important step towards beneficial participation in the world economy.
We welcome the decision taken at the OAU Extraordinary Summit on the African Union in Sirte,
Libya in September 1999 to realize the African commitment to regional integration and to consolidateand strengthen the regional economic communities as the building blocks for achieving the objectives
of the African Economic Community.
5. We note the efforts to establish an Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area and, in the
framework of the just concluded ACP-EU Partnershi p Agreement, to create integrated economic areas
between the EU and Africa, consistent with the objective of enhancing the economic integration of
Africa. In addition, the priorities for action adopt ed by the Summit will be promoted through the
current ministerial discussions between the European Union and the African countries in the
framework of the new ACP-EU Partnership Agreemen t and the Barcelona Process.  These discussions
will maintain their present format and regularity.
6. We stress the need to promote close cooperation between the EU and African regional
integration institutions, notably the African Economic Community (AEC), in the context of
facilitating the sharing of experiences and institutional strengthening of the AEC and the regional
economic communities (RECs).  In that regard, it is worth recalling the OAU document:  Relaunching
Africa's Economic and Social Development:  The Cairo Agenda for Action of 1995.
III. INTEGRATING AFRICA INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY
A. T
RADE
7. We welcome the progress made in recent years towards more outward-oriented economies by
a large number of African countries and we pledge our support to these policies, in such a way as to
encourage competitive advantages, economic growth, sustainable development and social stability in
Africa.
8. We recall that Africa and the EU have traditionally been important trade partners and we
affirm our commitment to strengthen this partnership by removing progressively barriers to tradebetween both sides, including non-tariff barriers, and enhancing cooperation in all trade-related areas,
building on regional integration initiatives existing within Africa and in line with the goals and
objectives of the Abuja Treaty with a view to en suring the further development of Africa's economic
and industrial potential.  With respect to African Least-Developed Countries, we recognize the need
for enhanced market access for essentially all their products on a duty-free and quota-free basis.WT/L/348
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9. We agree to address difficulties, which may emanate from the application of sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, anti-dumping and countervailing duties against the products of African
countries.
10. We confirm that the current trend towards liberalization and globalization poses serious
challenges to African countries in an era of a continuous decline in Africa's share of world trade.  Weagree on the need to define policies that maximize the benefits from further world trade liberalization
for African countries and that reverse the present trend of marginalization that African countries are
experiencing in the world economy.
11. We reaffirm our commitment to trade liberalization in the framework of a rules-based
multilateral trading system from which all nations should benefit.  We recommend to all countries,
which are not yet members of the WTO, to consider such membership.  We are convinced that a new
round of multilateral trade negotiations should take account of the particular constraints of developingcountries, including those in Africa, and allow for their smooth and gradual integration into the world
economy.  In this context, we agree to cooperate so as to ensure that in the framework of multilateral
trade negotiations special attention is paid to products, including processed agricultural products,
which are of export interest to developing countries, in particular Africa.
12. We underline the importance of special and differential treatment for developing countries,
particularly in Africa, within the WTO and th e need for the effective implementation for such
measures.  In this context, we support the call for special consideration to be given to countries facing
sudden unforeseeable critical economic situations.
13. We underline the need for African countries for a comprehensive assistance in the area of
diversification, both vertical and horizontal, which is instrumental to enhance their effectiveparticipation in the new international trade system.  We agree to identify and take proactive measures
to enable Africa build its production and supply capacities and to support Africa's efforts to make its
exports more competitive.
B. P
RIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
14. We recognize that the private sector has been identified as the engine of growth and that it
requires domestic and foreign private investment flows for sustainable growth.  Accordingly, we
commit ourselves to the creation of a conducive environment in Africa for an enhanced private sector
development, including macro- and micro-economic foundations of competitiveness.
15. We consider that in order to ensure sustainable development, an improved public-private
sector dialogue will have to take place, to better define their respective roles and responsibilities in
economic, social and environmental development, and to involve the business community in the
implementation of productive oriented activities.
16. We also support the institution of effective programmes for the accelerated development and
strengthening of the domestic private sector in Africa through capacity building measures.
17. While recognizing the role of the private sector, we are equally committed to strengthening
the public sector to create the necessary enabling environment for sustainable development.
C. INVESTMENT
18. We are deeply concerned about the decline of foreign investment flows to Africa, especially
those of private origin.WT/L/348
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19. We acknowledge that African countries have continued to reform their economies and
provided attractive investment codes for promoting investment flows.  We encourage them to further
their efforts to that effect.
20. We reiterate the need for closer cooperation to fight against capital flight from Africa,
especially to offshore financial centers.
21. We agree to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa and to promote Europe-
Africa cooperation in this field.
22. We recognize the importance of enhancing South-South cooperation through triangular
mechanisms, building capacity in business management, exchange of experience, as well as support
for joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions.
D. RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
23. We welcome the commitments to sustain the ODA flows to Africa, and to provide debt relief
with a view to releasing additional resources for poverty reduction strategies.
24. We reaffirm the role of macroeconomic stability as a fundamental precondition for mobilizing
both domestic and international financial resources.  Only stable, predictable and equitable
macroeconomic policies, in conjunction with necessary structural reforms, can create a climate
conducive to economic growth.  We recognize the important achievements realized on this front inmany countries in recent years as decreasing inflation rates and the better trends of growth presently
show.
25. We encourage all partners of development cooperation, donors as well as beneficiaries, to
organize their development assistance more effectively, to work for enhanced coordination and
complementarity, inter alia , by harmonizing and simplifying procedures.
26. We recognize that concessionary resources (of the ODA type) are required in order to address
as a priority, the structural rigidities that constrain Africa's development effort, especially the
development of human resources capacities and poverty alleviation as well as in the expansion of
physical infrastructure and production capacities.
27. In this context, we recognize that financia l resources commensurate with the needs for
Africa's development are required and that sustained ef forts should continue to be made to create the
necessary conditions for increasing foreign direct investment and mobilizing external and internal
resources, in particular of private origin.  Consequently and on that basis, we agree that efforts should
be intensified with a view to meeting the intern ationally agreed targets for development oriented
resource transfers.
E. I
NFRASTRUCTURAL PROBLEMS AND INDUSTRIAL BASE
28. We note that the infrastructural problems facing Africa, particularly in the areas of transport,
communications energy, and water supply have been major constraints on the continent's growth and
development.  We agree that the inadequacy of domestic and foreign resources for the building,
maintenance and up-grading of required infrastructure and networks are at the root of this problem,
and therefore we have to intensify our efforts to enhance the flow of domestic and foreign resources,
including those on concessional terms and to promote the effective use of new financial arrangements,with the involvement of the private sector.WT/L/348
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29. We note, with serious concern, that at the start of the Twenty-First Century, Africa's industrial
and technological base is either non-existent or weak.  In view of the critical role that industrial
development should play in Africa's integration into the global economy, we agree to support more
effectively the continent's industrial development ef forts, so as to increase its competitiveness.
F. RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
30. We recognize that knowledge, research and technology underpin all development efforts.
Integration into the world economy, the fight against poverty and the protection of the environment
require improved access to and use of knowledge and technologies.
31. We acknowledge that for Africa to meet the challenges of globalization and attain sustainable
development, the strengthening of its technological capacity especially in such areas as information
technology, education, and technology information centers is critical.
32. We will promote, in the context of globalization and the progress of the information society,
new forms of dialogue and scientific and technological cooperation, as well as trade in services as
important factors for closer economic ties between both regions.  In this regard, special attention shall
be given to building and strengthening the institutional infrastructure to enhance technological
transfers and development in Africa.
G. EXTERNAL DEBT
33. We observe with deep concern that in spite of various efforts to address the debt crisis at the
national, regional and international levels, Africa's external debt has grown at a very high rate.  It has
grown by about 12 per cent per annum from about  US$110 billion in 1980 to about US$350 billion
since then.
34. We acknowledge with concern that one of the consequences is that Africa is having less
access to private capital markets and has suffered a fall in investors' confidence which has had a
negative impact on economic growth, sustainabl e development and poverty eradication on the
continent.
35. We also consider that the existing measures and mechanisms aiming at the alleviation of the
African debt overhang shall be appropriately evaluated as far as their modalities and implementationare concerned taking into account their impact on all African needs, especially those of middle
income countries with regard to their debt servic ing capacity and eventually find equitable solutions.
We wish therefore to see a more determined and constructive involvement of all creditors in bilateral
and multilateral initiatives.
36. We welcome the recent enhancement of the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative,
which was launched in 1996, as well as measures taken by EU member States, with the aim of helping
to relieve the debt burden of the poorest countries committed to fighting poverty and are pursuingeconomic reform programmes.  We acknowledge the decision taken at the G-7 Cologne summit and
the annual meeting of the IMF and IBRD to provide faster, deeper and broader debt relief to the
countries belonging to the HIPC group.  We call upon donors to swiftly translate pledges into actual
commitments.
37. We welcome the decision to allocate €1 billion out of the European Development Fund for
debt relief in the framework of the Enhanced HIPC  initiative and note that African countries will be
the main beneficiaries of this decision.  This initiative will provide additional resources for poverty
reduction strategies.  We also welcome bilateral contributions to the HIPC initiative.WT/L/348
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38. We call on all creditors involved in the HIPC in itiative to take the necessary action to allow
for them to provide for their proportional share of debt  relief in a timely fashion.  Debt relief must be
accompanied by sufficient efforts concerning official development assistance.
39. We acknowledge that the success of any debt relief initiatives depends on the implementation
of the necessary economic reform measures, and in this regard we encourage the African countries tocontinue to implement such reforms, to inst itute good governance and to commit themselves to
ring-fencing savings from debt relief for poverty alleviation, including the improvement of the social
sectors and the rehabilitation of infrastructures.  In this context, we commit ourselves to the globally
agreed target of poverty reduction by half by the year 2015.
40. We take note of the Sirte Declaration of 9 September 1999 that mandated the Presidents of
Algeria and South Africa to engage Africa's creditors with the objective of achieving the total
cancellation of Africa's external debt.
41. We note the African position on the issue of external debt, which seeks debt relief and
cancellation for all indebted African countries in order to create an enabling environment for
sustainable development.  In this regard, we agree to intensify our cooperation dialogue both among
ourselves and with other creditors.
H. C
OOPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL FORA
42. We are determined to work together for the improvement of international understanding and
cooperation for development and human progress.  We reaffirm our commitment to cooperate closely
in identifying and furthering common interests in international organizations, major global
conferences and fora.  We reaffirm the importance of  working towards the attainment of the goals and
objectives adopted in major international conferences organized under the United Nations' auspices.
IV. HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND INSTITUTIONS, GOOD
GOVERNANCE AND THE RULE OF LAW
A. HUMAN RIGHTS
43. We reaffirm that democratization, development and the protection of fundamental freedoms
and human rights are interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
44. We reaffirm our commitment to promote and protect all human rights including the right to
development and fundamental freedoms taking into account their universal, interdependent and
indivisible character, as confirmed by our commitment to the Charter of the United Nations and the
Universal Declaration on Human Rights.  We acknowledge that the responsibility and accountability
for establishing and maintaining such an environm ent lies primarily with the Governments concerned
and requires the broad participation of civil society.  We support the endeavour to improve the
national capacities to promote and protect all human rights.
45. We express our deepest concern over the massive violations of human rights and
humanitarian law, and, in particular, the phenomena of racism, genocide and ethnic cleansing.  We
condemn all such acts and pledge to cooperate with relevant institutions set up to prosecute and try the
perpetrators.
46. We welcome the signing of the Rome Treaty establishing the International Criminal Court
with a view to prosecuting crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes.  We urge all States to
sign and ratify the Statute.WT/L/348
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47. We welcome the holding of the LTN Conference on Racism, Racial Discrimination,
Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, to take place in South Africa in 2001, and the holding of the
Regional Conference in Senegal.
48. We also welcome the adoption of the Grand Bay Declaration and Plan of Action on Human
Rights in Africa, as well as the adoption of the Protocol establishing an African Court for Human andPeople's Rights, which complements the Afri can Commission on Human and People's Rights.
49. We underline the need to combat gender based discrimination and violations against the rights
of women in all forms, thus honouring the Beijing Platform of Action and the UN Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Ag ainst Women and we agree to include a gender
perspective into policies and programmes, where appropriate, in particular in education and awareness
raising, as well as on the need for legislative action.
50. We reiterate our firm commitment and the particular importance that needs to be placed on
the protection and promotion of the rights of the child in accordance with the UN Convention on the
rights of the child.  We will support the ongoing work in the United Nations on additional protocols
on the Rights of the Child.  We also welcome the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the
Child.
B. D
EMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND INSTITUTIONS
51. We reaffirm our commitment to continue to consolidate democracy in our countries.  We
recognize the right of sovereign states to establish their own constitutional arrangements and to
institute their own administrative structures according to their history, culture, tradition and social and
ethnic composition.
52. We recognize the need to consolidate democratic principles, based on the rights of all
citizens, men and women, to freely choose their political leaders through free and fair periodic
elections, as well as the need for the existence of  an appropriate constitutional, legislative and
regulatory system.
53. We condemn all anti-democratic forms of accession to power, and reaffirm the supreme and
inalienable right of our people to fully participate in the process of government, through theirdemocratically elected representatives.  We welcome the decision adopted by the OAU at the OAU
Summit in Algiers in July 1999 on unconstitutional changes of government in Africa.
54. We reaffirm our attachment to the principles of good governance and rule of law.  In our
endeavour to promote good governance and rule of law, we express our determination, inter alia , to
prevent and combat all forms of corruption in our countries.
C. C
IVIL SOCIETY
55. We recognize the need to provide for greater inclusion of civil society in all areas of our
Partnership.  In this context we emphasize the need for greater participation of the citizen in decision-
making concerning the management and allocation of resources, whilst respecting the diverse and
complementary roles of the State, decentralized local authorities and the other society actors
concerned.
D. MIGRATION
56. We acknowledge that a comprehensive and integrated approach is needed to tackle the issue
of migration and the separate but related issue of asylum, and will cooperate in this field.  The loss ofWT/L/348
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skilled migrants from Africa constitutes a continental brain-drain problem.  We underline the need for
cooperation to address the root causes of migration both in countries of origin and transit and in
recipient countries.
57. We support the principle of free movement of persons in the spirit of the Abuja Treaty, which
encourages OAU Member States to adopt employment policies that allow the free movement ofpersons within the African Economic Community through the establishment and strengthening of
labour exchanges that ensure optimal redistribution of skilled manpower.
E. X
ENOPHOBIA
58. We express our deep concern over the phenomenon of xenophobia.  It is agreed that the
African and the European states will further collaborate on the issue of the reciprocal integration of
migrants as well as on migrants' rights and xenophobia.
59. We recognize the need for measures to secure the respect, the dignity and protection of
migrants' rights, to which they are entitled under agreed international conventions.
F. REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP)
60. We note with concern the increasingly large numbers of refugees and IDPs in Africa and the
problems that have been encountered by host countries, as a result of the influx of six million refugees
and about 20 million internally displaced persons on the continent.  We reaffirm our will to continueto provide substantial assistance to those refugees and internally displaced persons, and to support
their repatriation and reintegration, in conformity  with international humanitarian law and, more
specifically, using relevant OAU Conventions as an im portant guide in addressing the specific aspects
of refugee problems in Africa.
61. We emphasize the role of the UNHCR and human  rights organizations, and the right of
asylum seekers to protection.
62. We condemn the systematic tactic by parties to armed conflicts of displacing the civilian
population.  We affirm the principle that in order to enhance their own security as well as that of
humanitarian personnel, efforts should be made to locate refugees a reasonable distance from
international borders in camps of limited size.  We support all efforts by UNECR and other relevantactors safeguard the civilian and humanitarian character of such refugee camps.
V. PEACE-BUILDING, CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND
RESOLUTION
63. We reaffirm our commitment to the principles co ntained in the Charter of the UN, Article 2,
notably the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence and non-
intervention in internal affairs.  We acknowledge that the parties concerned bear the primary
responsibility for preventing, managing and resolvin g internal armed conflicts.  We also reaffirm that
the LTN Security Council has the primary responsib ility for the maintenance of international peace
and security.
64. We reaffirm our commitment to settle disputes by peaceful means, and to renounce recourse
to the threat or use of force in any manner incons istent with the UN Charter, or against the national
territory of another State, including the acquisition of territory by force.  We stress the importance offacilitating the return to non-violent, stable and se lf-sustaining situations.  We believe that effective
policies of peace-building and conflict prevention necessitate the establishment of an international
culture of prevention.WT/L/348
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65. We recognize that peace, security, stability and justice are essential prerequisites for socio-
economic development.  We commend and fully support the efforts being deployed by the OAU,
including those aimed at strengthening its mechanism for conflict prevention, management and
resolution, to promote and sustain peace, security and stability in Africa.
66. We underline that further efforts are needed to prevent violent conflict at the earliest stages by
addressing their root-causes in a targeted manner and with an adequate combination of all available
instruments.  We further recognize the need to stre ngthen the international capacity for early response
and the ability of regional and international organizations to take immediate action to prevent further
conflicts when noting signs of rising tensions.
67. We welcome the Algiers Summit Decision proclaiming the year 2000 as year of peace and
security. We also welcome the Sirte Summit decision to convene an African Ministerial Conference
on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation on the Continent, to be held in Abuja, Nigeria,in May 2000.
68. We are committed to fully implementing intern ational humanitarian law and call upon all
parties to armed conflict to respect and ensure respect of international humanitarian law.  This
includes protection of civilian populations affected by armed conflicts, as enshrined in international
agreements.  We are also committed to ensuring the s ecurity of relief workers, to facilitate access to
populations in need and to eliminate any hurdles for humanitarian agencies.
B. P
OST-CONFLICT ASSISTANCE AND DISARMAMENT . DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION
69. We agree that the main objective in post-conflict situations must be to help countries in crisis
to end dependency on emergency aid and return to a path of development.  We acknowledge the need
in post-conflict situations for urgent disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants,in particular child soldiers.  We also recognize that problems such as environmental consequences of
conflicts must be addressed in a comprehensive integrated framework.
70. We will continue to collaborate in developing and providing our financial support for
programmes of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration; in particular, to provide vocational
training to former and demobilized combatants.  This could be associated with the development of
programmes for the effective management and the eventual destruction of accumulated small arms
and light weapons.
C. T
ERRORISM
71. We reaffirm our unreserved condemnation of terrorism in all its forms, wherever and
whenever it occurs, whatever its motives and origin, our opposition to making concessions to terrorist
demands and our determination to prevent those committing terrorist crimes from deriving any benefit
whatsoever from their acts.
72. We express our deep concern over the scope and seriousness of the phenomenon of terrorism
and the dangers it poses to the stability and the security of our states and to the physical integrity of
our people.  We reiterate that terrorism constitutes a serious violation of human rights and impedes
socio-economic development through destabilization of our states.  We express our conviction that
terrorism cannot be justified under any circumstances.  We express our determination to eliminateterrorism in all its forms and manifestations.  In so doing, we will be guided by the principles of
international law and UN relevant conventions.  We welcome the OAU Convention on the Prevention
and Combating of Terrorism, adopted by the 35th OAU Summit in Algiers in July 1999.WT/L/348
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73. We welcome the Egyptian initiative supported by the OAU Summit in Algiers, to convene a
UN Summit to address this dangerous phenomenon.
74. We will strengthen our cooperation in preventing and combating terrorism, guided by the
principles of international law and relevant conventions.
D. SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS
75. We are deeply concerned by the huge influx of arms and military equipment to conflict areas.
We acknowledge that the illicit, excessive and destabilizing accumulation and uncontrolled spread of
small arms and light weapons poses a threat to peace and security on the African continent.  We are
committed to address the problem of small arms in Africa, taking into account the supply side, and to
destroy stocks of such arms and weapons.  In this regard, We pledge to fully cooperate at international
fora, to combat the problem of illicit trafficking and proliferation of smal l arms and light weapons.
76. We welcome the International UN Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light
Weapons in all its Aspects, to be held in 2001.  We also welcome the initiatives taken at the regional
level, in particular, the ECOWAS moratorium on th e import, export and manufacture of light weapons
in its subregion, similar SADC and East African initiatives, as well as the setting up of an EU-SADC
joint working group on small arms.
E. LANDMINES
77. We express our deep concern over the problem of landmines and renew our commitment to
resolving it.
78. The parties to the Ottawa Convention on the Proh ibition of Use, Stockpiling, Transport and
Production of Anti-Personnel Landmines and on their Destruction welcome the convening of the first
Continental Conference of African Experts on Landmines in South Africa in May 1997.  They alsowelcome the Maputo Declaration that concluded the first meeting of the States Parties held in
Mozambique in May 1999.
79. We will pursue our efforts within the framework of the CCW (Certain Conventional
Weapons) and the protocols annexed thereto as well as the Ottawa Convention, and will continue to
do so within all other relevant international, regional and subregional fora.
80. In this regard, we stress the need for intensifying efforts in the fields of mines clearance,
assistance thereto, as well as with respect to mine victims and mine awareness.
81. We will continue to cooperate towards a comprehensive resolution of the landmine problem
in Africa, in particular by addressing the issue of the removal of existing landmines.  We call on those
states in a position to do so, in particular States involved in the deployment of mines, to provide the
necessary technical and financial assistance for landmine clearance operations and rehabilitation of
victims.
F. T
HE 2000 R EVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE NPT
82. We reiterate our common commitment to contribute to the strengthening of the non-
proliferation regime and nuclear disarmament.
83. The 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty on th e Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons will
be an important milestone to assess the progress achieved during the past five years in theWT/L/348
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implementation of the Treaty.  In this regard, we emphasize the importance of the three decisions and
one resolutions adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference.
84. We stress our intent to work closely in order to conduct a comprehensive review of the
implementation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferati on of Nuclear Weapons with a view to achieving a
successful outcome of the 2000 Review Conference,  bearing in mind the fundamental importance of
the three decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, and
considering the peaceful use of nuclear technologies and the establishment of new nuclear weapon
free zones, in accordance with the relevant UNGA resolutions, among the States of the region
concerned.
85. We emphasize the importance of the PELINDABA Treaty signed in Cairo, establishing the
African continent as a nuclear weapon free zone.
G. CONFLICTS IN AFRICA
86. We note with great concern the persistence of numerous conflicts in Africa, which continue to
cause in a great number of them loss of human life as well as destruction of infrastructure and
property.  These conflicts threaten peace, stability, regional and international security and hinder the
aspirations of African peoples to peace, prosperity and development, in particular in Angola, Burundi,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan andWestern Sahara.
87. In this regard, we reaffirm our determination to support the rapid and equitable
implementation of the peace plans and settlement plans adopted by the UN and/or the OAU, as well
as the efforts of the UN and the OAU, with a view to finding peaceful and durable solutions to all
conflicts, in accordance with principles of international law, UN Charter and, where appropriate,relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, and OAU Charter.
VI. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
A. C
HALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AND POVERTY ERADICATION
88. We deplore the intolerable fact that more than half of all Africans are living in absolute
poverty and agree to intensify the fight against poverty.  The primary responsibility for alleviatingpoverty lies at home with each country, but this does not diminish the importance of the international
dimension in the war against poverty.
89. We confirm that accelerated economic growth and sustainable development are basic
prerequisites for poverty eradication in Africa within its quest for the attainment of sustainable human
development as an ultimate goal of the continent's development aspirations.  We note that poverty
eradication, as an objective is a multi-sectoral issue, which encompasses social development through
improvements in such priority sectors as education, health, food security, water and ruraldevelopment.  We also support the efficient allocation of resources that provide adequately for the
social sectors, including in national budgets.
90. We note that conservative estimates require that African economies achieve growth rates of at
least 7 per cent to significantly reduce poverty.  We confirm that in Africa's present economic
circumstances, this is an enormous challenge rela tive to the mutually accepted international goal of
reducing the proportion of the population living in extreme poverty by at least one-half by the
year 2015.  We observe that while poverty remains widespread in Africa, there is the need of
improving income distribution through poverty-alleviation strategies and policies such as improvingWT/L/348
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the magnitude and quality of social services expenditure, revitalization of rural economies, and the
development and financing of micro, small and medium enterprises.
91. We note that notwithstanding the above, social sa fety nets should be provided to protect the
extremely poor segments of the population.
B. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN RESOURCES - EDUCATION
92. We recognize the need and are committed to support an approach to education that is
explicitly targeted at poverty eradication, and increasing the focus on sector wide approaches to
education, which include the achievement of universal primary education, and to increase
coordination among donors to this end.
93. We recognize the primacy of human resource development for sustainable and equitable
development in Africa.  We support the high priority to the building of national and regional
capacities in the area of science and technology.  We support the need to formulate effective nationalpolicies for education and training in science and technology for development, with emphasis on the
liberalization of technology flows and the promo tion of indigenous technologies on national and
regional level.  We support the need to create a suitable environment for the retention of African
experts within the continent.  We also support the need for each African country to devote at least
1 per cent of its GDP to the development of science and technology, and networking national andregional institutions.
94. We reaffirm that an integral part of human resource development is the elimination of gender-
based discrimination, and the support of children's rights as enshrined in the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child and in the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.  We support the
implementation of the programme of action for the Education Decade (1997-2006).
C. I
NVESTMENT IN HUMAN RESOURCES - HEALTH
95. We note with deep concern the prevalence of poverty and high population growth rates, and
that a high number of African States have witnessed inadequate and declining health facilities and
services.  We pledge to work towards the eradication of endemic, parasitic and infectious diseases
such as malaria, tuberculosis, polio and river blindness, which have retarded the quality, andproductivity of Africa's human resources.
96. We note with deep concern the problem posed by the growing threat of HIV/AIDS, which has
now infected more than 36 million people world-wide with the largest majority in Africa and among
the poorest populations.  We recognize that the HIV/AIDS pandemic is no longer just a health issue
but a serious threat to development.
97. We commit ourselves to devising appropriate actions and initiatives in order to assist African
countries in promoting national drug policies, the rational use of pharmaceutical drugs and access toaffordable essential drugs, including the promotion of research and the registration of new treatment
regimes, and the use of anti-retrovirals in the prevention of mother to child transmission of
HIV/AIDS, as contained in the Dakar (1992) and Tunis (1994) Heads of State and Government
Declarations on HIV/AIDS.
D. F
OOD SECURITY
98. We recognize that economic performance and poverty eradication are strongly linked to food
security in Africa, which includes issues such as agricultural development, fisheries, livestock, and
forestry development.  To address this problem, we believe it is necessary to improve access to andWT/L/348
Page 13
availability of food, as well as ensure adequate nutritional quality.  We express deep concern that in
spite of the fact that Africa is predominantly an agrarian and pastoral continent, food availability at
household level is insufficient to ensure food security.
99. We recognize the role women play in many African countries in security.
100. We agree on the need to take concrete steps to ensure that agricultural promotion is not
excessively centered on traditional export commodities, and that food crops, especially those
produced and consumed by poor people, should be given particular attention.  We agree on the need
to support overall food security and nutrition strategies adopted by Africa and to enhance cooperation
in these areas.
101. We recognize that the use of environmentally sound food production technologies and
sustainable management of natural resources contribute to permanent improvement of food security.
We will support investment in research in the areas of high yield crops as well as durable modes ofpreservation and storage.
E. E
NVIRONMENT
102. We recognize that environmental factors have become increasingly important to Africa's
development.  The rate of degradation of the natural resource base poses a grave problem in various
regions for current and longer-term development.
103. We recognize that the primary responsibility for identifying and responding to environmental
issues lies with the countries concerned themselves.  We affirm our commitment to cooperate in
combating environmental problems.  We, therefore, place emphasis on a strategic and participatory
approach for the elaboration and implementation of national strategies for sustainable development
and, through this process, integration of environmental issues into national development programmes.
104. Particular emphasis must be given to the implementation of the LTN Convention to combat
desertification and to the sustainable use of scarce water and soil, the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, Agenda 21, the Kyoto Protocol and the
African Common Position on Environment and Developm ent.  We also recognize the need to improve
international cooperation, coordination and coherence to promote integration of environmental issuesinto other relevant policy sectors.  Furthermore, there is a need to ensure both nationally and
internationally that trade and environmental polici es play a mutually supportive role in favour of
sustainable development.
105. Although predominantly rural in nature, Africa is currently the fastest urbanizing continent,
and the consequences of this shift, and its impact on  the environment, need to be recognized in rural
and urban development strategies.  Other issues, which require attention, include sustainable forestry,
transboundary environmental problems and soil and water degradation.
106. We note with deep concern the problem of soil erosion and water degradation.  We commit to
put in place capacity building measures for the effective means of monitoring these environmental
problems in Africa.
107. We recognize that natural disasters have severe impact on many African countries, which
adversely affects the prospect of economic growth and sustainable development.  We will thereforecontinue to cooperate actively with competent international organizations, building on the experience
gained under the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.WT/L/348
Page 14
108. We affirm our commitment to cooperate with the African States in combating environmental
problems through the provision of financial and technical assistance and in the support of national
coordinating strategy to integrate environmental issues into national development programmes.
According to relevant international conventions, we also agree on the prohibition of the export of
hazardous waste to Africa.
F. DRUG ABUSE AND TRAFFICKING
109. We note with deep concern the problem of drug abuse and trafficking as a global
phenomenon which reinforces crime, spreads diseases and reduces the productivity of human
resources, especially through the negative impact on the youth of our countries.  The need to control
this situation is accentuated owing to the fragile socio-economic environment in Africa.
110. We agree on the need to combat the supply and consumption of illicit and psychotropic drugs
and to offer the population a lawful alternative to th e growing of illicit crops, and stress the need for
strengthened cooperation to combat drug abuse, illicit drug production and trafficking as well as the
monitoring of trade in precursors, chemical products and psychotropic substances.  To this end we
agree to implement the pertinent recommendations of the 20th Special Session of the UN General
Assembly aimed at reducing substantially the illicit drug phenomenon.
G. CULTURAL ISSUES
111. We pledge to accord importance to cultural cooperation between Africa and Europe as an
integral aspect of development.  With regard to cultural goods stolen or exported illicitly, we have
taken note of the concerns of African States and request senior officials of the bi-regional group to
examine the legal and practical consequences of further action in this area and prepare a report for
assessment at ministerial level in the framework of the follow-up mechanism, within reasonable time.WT/L/348
Page 15
CAIRO PLAN OF ACTION
I. PREAMBLE
We, the Heads of State and Government of Afri can States and of the European Union, as well
as the President of the European Commission, meeting in Cairo, Egypt on 3-4 April 2000 at the kind
invitation of His Excellency Mohammed Hosni Mubarak, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt,
under the Co-Presidency of the President of Algeri a, his Excellency Abdelaziz Bouteflika, in his
capacity as Chairman of the OAU, and the Prime Minister of Portugal, his Excellency Antonio
Guterres, in his capacity as President of the Eu ropean Council, committed to work towards a new
strategic dimension to the global partnership betwee n Africa and Europe have agreed on the following
Plan of Action, emphasizing the guiding priorities for action to be considered before the secondSummit.  We are convinced that these actions will contribute to the achievement of the principles and
commitments contained in the Cairo Declaration.
II. ECONOMIC ISSUES
A. R
EGIONAL ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND INTEGRATION
We agree to:
1. Strengthen the support for the process of regional co-operation and integration in Africa.  In
this context, we will create the necessary environment and develop an effective framework for
promoting a constructive dialogue on political, economic, social and development issues.
2. Support regional integration programmes in Africa that are geared to increasing efficiency by
eliminating constraints to cross-border trade, investment and payments, and achieving a harmonized
economic space.
3. Urge the competent authorities to expedite programmes for capacity building in African
regional and national institutions in the area of economic co-operation and integration.
4. Strengthen the capacity of African regional integration institutions, notably the African
Economic Community (AEC), and support them in the formulation and implementation of their
programmes consistent with the objective of the Abuja Treaty, on the basis of needs assessment which
will in particular take into account the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on regional
integration.
5. Promote the implementation of best practices in project formulation and execution, regional
sectoral projects, and the harmonization of macroeconomic and sectoral policies that will help the
implementation of Africa's economic co-operation and integration efforts and the speedyestablishment of the African Union.
III. INTEGRATING AFRICA INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY
6. We acknowledge both the opportunities and challenges that globalization offers for all states
and commit ourselves to cooperate in order to enhance a political, economic and social environment,
conducive to promoting international co-operation, foreign direct investment and other resourceflows.WT/L/348
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A. TRADE
We agree to:
7. Deepen the link between trade and development in  the multilateral trading system, in order to
ensure that the benefits of further trade liberalization and the strengthening of multilateral rulescontribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development.  We shall pay particular attention to this
concern in the future WTO Ministerial Conferences and will cooperate in ensuring the further
development of Africa's economic and industrial potential.
8. Enhance the capacity of African countries to derive maximum benefits from opportunities
offered by the WTO, taking into consideration the activities carried out in this regard by the AEC.
We shall also provide resources for enhancing the capacity of African countries to enter into
Economic Partnership Agreements with the EU to formulate appropriate trade policies and toparticipate actively in trade negotiations, including in the framework of the treatment enshrined in the
Marrakech
9. Take action to improve the special and differential agreements and to address the
implementation constraints which African countries are facing.
10. Support African countries by providing technical assistance in order to enhance their
capacities to respond to the challenges and opportunities offered by their integration into the global
economy.
11. Support the development of programmes on diversification and the enhancement of
production capacity in Africa.
12. Ensure that trade arrangements between the EU and Africa enhance co-operation in all trade
related areas, building on regional integration initiatives existing within Africa and in line with the
goals and objectives of the Abuja Treaty.
13. We acknowledge the commitment of the EU to launch a process in 2000, by which by 2005,
duty free market access for essentially all products from Least-Developed Countries (LDCS) will be
granted and the rules of origin and cumulation provisions that apply to their exports simplified.
B. P
RIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
We agree to:
14. Support the efforts of African countries in continuing to adopt sound macroeconomic and
other policy reforms, including adjustment policies, as well as the effort of the public sector in
creating the enabling environment for the development of private sector activity.
15. Improve the public-private sector dialogue be tween and within our regions and North-South
co-operation for private sector development in African countries.  This will imply the strengthening of
private sector representative institutions (through capacity and institutional building), as key actors of
a reinforced North-South dialogue, public-private  partnership and the setting-up of Joint Business
Fora as a possible voice of southern interest in the international debate.
16. Cooperate with African countries in building capacity in the private sector through the
exchange of experience in business management and the stimulation of joint ventures, investment and
trade promotion and the support for the development of micro-finance schemes and the informal
sector.WT/L/348
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C. INVESTMENT
17. We agree to:
(a) Commit ourselves to the creation of a conducive environment in Africa for an
enhanced private sector development, including macro and micro economic
foundations of competitiveness.
(b) Work with governments and private sector in order to improve a regulatory
framework for business community.
(c) Develop at national and regional levels, including with the AEC and the RECS,
programmes on the promotion of foreign direct investment flows into Africa.
18. Support South-South co-operation through triang ular mechanisms, with a view to building
capacity in business management, exchange of experience, as well as promoting joint ventures, and
mergers and acquisitions, inter alia , through technical assistance aimed at strengthening the African
financial markets and instruments.
19. Develop better information on investment in Africa, and strengthen African small and
medium enterprises through schemes and instruments to be determined.  Encourage joint ventures
between African and European investors, with the support of EU.  The establishment of African-EU
management centers in Africa, in order to provide avenues for European technology services couldenhance Africa's entrepreneurship in this respect.
20. Cooperate in dealing with the pr oblem of capital flight from Africa in all its aspects, including
to offshore financial centers, and examine appropriate measures to that end.
D. R
ESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
We agree:
21. That concessionary resources (of the ODA type) are required in order to address as a priority,
the structural rigidities that constrain Africa's development effort, especially the development of
human resources capacities and poverty eradication as well as in the expansion of physical
infrastructure and production capacities.
22. To intensify efforts to meet the internationally agreed targets for resource transfers to
developing countries.
23. To encourage all partners of development co-operation donors as well as beneficiaries, to
organize their development assistance more effectively, to work for enhanced coordination and
complementarity, inter alia , by harmonizing and simplifying procedures.
E. INFRASTRUCTURAL PROBLEM AND INDUSTRIAL BASE
We agree to:
24. Continue to support African countries in thei r efforts to increase their product capacities,
strengthen industrial base, enhance competitiveness and diversify their economies.WT/L/348
Page 18
25. Continue to support African countries in their efforts to expand their transport and
communications network and services with a view to increasing access to rural and isolated areas as
well as interconnecting their national networks.
26. Enhance their capacity to create a propitious environment and to build capacities in the
regulatory, policy-making and operations fields.
27. Provide financial resources and technical support for the development and maintenance of
infrastructure and industry and promote the involvement of the private sector.
28. Support programmes on economic transformation and the strengthening of industrial base in
Africa while taking into account environmental and health concerns in the continent.
29. Attach high priority to air safety in Africa and agree to cooperate to enhance the capacity of
African countries to implement communications, navi gation, surveillance, air traffic management and
safety systems including appropriate programmes.
F. RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
We agree to:
30. Encourage the formulation of comprehensive programmes in the development and transfer of
technology with special emphasis on science and technology, indigenous technologies, thedevelopment of educational and training systems, and information technology.
31. Support technological change in Africa, as well as the development and upgrading of Africa's
indigenous technologies in recognition of the critic al role of technology in Africa's development and
economic transformation.
32. Assist African countries in their efforts to build and rehabilitate their institutional
infrastructure and to enhance the transfer and development of technology, through, inter alia ,
technology information and innovation centers.
G. E
XTERNAL DEBT
We agree:
33. To welcome the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative agreed last year
and call on the international community to ensure its speedy implementation.  This initiative will
provide additional resources for poverty reduction strategies.  We also welcome other initiatives on a
bilateral basis, including those for the cancellation of the ODA debts.
34. To welcome the EU commitment to contribute 1 billion Euros to the HIPC initiative and the
link of this contribution to measures on poverty reduction.  We also call on all creditors to participate
fully, by providing their proportional share of HIPC debt relief in a timely way.
35. To facilitate the implementation of measures that will prevent unsustainable debt levels in
Africa, through, inter alia , effective policy reforms and improved debt management.
36. To support African countries in channelling the amounts of resources from debt relief to
poverty eradication strategies and programmes, includin g in social and infrastructural sectors.  In this
regard, we reaffirm the commitment to achieve the globally agreed target of poverty reduction by halfby the year 2015.WT/L/348
Page 19
37. That the bi-regional group at Senior Officials' level will take the necessary measures to
prepare a report on the external debt of African countries, which will be studied within a reasonable
time-frame at Ministerial level in the framework of the follow-up mechanism
H. COOPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL FORA
We agree to:
38. Work together for the improvement of international understanding and co-operation for
development and human progress.
39. Take into account the interest and concerns of African States, in particular the LDCS, in all
international fora.
40. Work towards the attainment of the goals and objectives adopted in major international
conferences organized under the LJN auspices.
IV. HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND INSTITUTIONS, GOOD
GOVERNANCE AND THE RULE OF LAW
A. HUMAN RIGHTS
We agree to:
41. Promote and fully respect and protect human rights in our respective countries in order to
secure the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings regardless of
their gender, race, place of origin, religion, social status, ethnic background, political opinions and
languages.
42. Adopt a comprehensive approach to the task  of eliminating the causes of human rights
violations.
43. Strengthen our co-operation and national capabilities and provide needed technical assistance
to promote human rights.
44. Encourage the ratification and implementation of all major international human rights
instruments and full co-operation with the agreed international human rights mechanisms.
45. Encourage all States, who have not done so, to incorporate international human rights norms
in their national constitutions and legislation.
46. Support institutions and organizations dealing with the protection of human rights instruments
through the provision of financial assistance.
47. Be vigilant in all political. action, as well as in the formulation and application of
development policies, so that they assure equality of treatment and opportunities for all.
48. Work towards the promotion and protection of the rights of women including through the
elimination of violence against women and girls and th e full application of all relevant instruments, in
particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.WT/L/348
Page 20
49. Adopt measures to combat violence against wome n and children, including elimination of all
forms of exploitation of children, in particular to stop the use of child soldiers and support their
rehabilitation and re-integration.
50. Ensure fundamental freedoms, in particular freedom of the press.
51. Fully support the establishment of the International Criminal Court and urge States to ratify
the Rome Statute at the earliest opportunity.
52. Urge States to Implement international humanita rian law in full, in particular by adopting
national legislation to tackle the culture of impunity and to bring to justice the perpetrators of war
crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, by ensuring that international humanitarian law is fully
integrated into the training programmers and oper ational procedures of armed forces and the police
force and by ensuring during armed conflicts that impartial humanitarian organizations have secure,
rapid and unimpeded access to the civilian population.
B. DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND INSTITUTIONS
We agree to:
53. Support the establishment and consolidation of democratic public institutions on the basis of
pluralism, separation of powers, participatory processes and respect for human rights, democraticprinciples and the rule of law.
54. Consolidate democratic institutions and provide necessary institutional and financial
assistance, for their consolidation.
55. Consolidate fair, transparent and independent judiciary systems on the basis of the rule of
law.
56. Support the active role for civil society groups as important pillars of a democratic and stable
society.
57. Ensure the holding of regular, transparent, free and fair elections and develop the necessary
capacities for their smooth organization and monitoring.
58. Guarantee the full participation of our people in the decision-making process as well as the
equitable distribution of national wealth.
C. G
OOD GOVERNANCE AND RULE OF LAW
We agree to:
59. Support and encourage efforts to promote good governance and strengthen the rule of law,
specifically to enhance State capacity to carry out core policy and service delivery functions, enhance
transparent and accountable Government, prevent corruption and ensure security and access to justicefor all.  In this context, we will provide technical assistance, training and share our experience and
expertise.
60. Take effective action to prevent and combat bribery, corruption and nepotism which are
recognized to be among the major obstacles to good Governance and economic and social
development.WT/L/348
Page 21
61. Take necessary measures to combat corruption both at internal and international levels and to
ensure that illegally acquired public moneys lodged in foreign banks are investigated and returned to
the countries of origin.
62. Express our concern at the adverse impact on development of continuously increasing
military expenditure.
D. CIVIL SOCIETY
63. We agree to recognizes the role of NG0s in creating and maintaining a vibrant civil
E. MIGRATION
We agree to:
64. Support, as appropriate, African countries in ensuring free intra-African mobility of labour
and migration in the spirit of the Abuja Treaty.
65. Collaborate in addressing the root causes of migration and asylum-seeking in source, transit
and recipient countries.
66. Collaborate further in the issue of the reciprocal integration of migrants, migrant rights and
re-admission agreements between the European and African countries.
67. Recognize the need for measures to combat ra cism and xenophobia and to secure the respect
of 'the dignity and protection of the migrants' rights, to which they are entitled, under applicable
international law, notably the right to fair treatment based on the principle of non-discrimination.
F. REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP)
In order to address the problem of refugees and displaced people, We agree to the following
urgent actions:
68. Fully implement all relevant conventions.
69. Cooperate closely for the eradication of the root causes of refugees and displaced persons.
70. Continue to provide assistance to refugees and displaced persons and to participate in their
voluntary return and in their reintegration in conformity with international law and relevant UNconventions.
71. Support efforts by international and national bodies and actors in order to ensure the
safeguarding of the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements.
V. PEACE-BUILDING, CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND
RESOLUTION
A. P
EACE -BUILDING , CONFLICT PREVENTION , MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION
We agree to:
72. Contribute to securing an environment of peace and security in our countries.WT/L/348
Page 22
73. Tackle the root causes of conflicts with a view to preventing further conflicts.
74. Reinforce the continental and regional mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and
resolution through, among others, the strengthening of the OAU Mechanism, and the enhancement of
the capacity and the effectiveness of the Conflict Management Center.
75. Work towards the operationalization of the OAU Early Warning System.
76. Reinforce existing co-operation in order to contribute to the resolution of ongoing conflicts.
77. Continue to provide political, material and financial support as appropriate for the facilitators
of the peace processes.
78. Elaborate programmes to sensitize and raise the awareness of our people about the culture of
peace.
79. Use the experience acquired by the EU for the strengthening of OAU's and sub-regional
organizations' operational capacities.  We also welcome the Sirte Summit decision to convene anAfrican Ministerial Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Co-operation on. the
Continent to be held in Abuja, Nigeria, in May 2000.
80. Support the involvement of women in conflict prevention and peace building by including a
gender perspective in agendas for peace negotiations and by facilitating the active participation of
women in alternative diplomacy and at peace negotiating tables.
81. Take measures to stop the illegal exploitation of natural resources and to combat the illicit
trade in certain high value commodities, particularly diamonds, which often exacerbate and perpetuate
conflict.  We call on all States to implemen t fully and enforce the relevant UN sanctions.
B. D
ISARMAMENT , DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION
82. We agree to support programmes for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration.  In this
respect special attention will be given to child soldiers and to the provision of vocational training to
former and demobilized combatants.  This should be associated with the effective management and
the eventual destruction of accumulated small arms and light weapons.
C. TERRORISM
We agree to:
83. Work together to improve international co-opera tion in the fight against terrorism with a view
to eliminating such a phenomenon in all its forms and manifestations in accordance with our
international obligations, the UN Charter and general norms of international law, including the respect
for human rights. In particular, we support the ce ntral role of the UN in  fighting terrorism and
undertake to work together to achieve the widest possible international adherence to the UN anti-
terrorist conventions, including through the convening of an international conference on terrorism.
84. Speed up the ratification and full implementation of the relevant Conventions on terrorism.
85. Strengthen co-operation in order to forestall and combat terrorism and develop appropriate
strategies and methods and, in particular, to exchange as and when desired information thereon.WT/L/348
Page 23
D. SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS
We agree to:
86. Intensify efforts to fully cooperate at international fora to combat the problem of illicit
trafficking in small arms and light weapons, including reducing the flow of arms to conflict regions,and support relevant African and European initiatives.
87. Endeavour to ensure the success of the UN conf erence on the illicit trade in small arms and
light weapons in all its aspects in 2001.
E. L
ANDMINES
We agree to:
88. Provide financial and technical assistance for the removal of existing landmines in African
countries.
89. Work towards assisting and rehabilitating landm ine victims, promoting mine awareness. and
developing the national capacities and skills in de-mining.
F. THE 2000 R EVIEW CONFERENCE ON THE NPT
We agree:
90. To work closely in order to conduct a comprehensive review of the implementation of the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons with a view to achieving a successful outcome
of the 2000 Review Conference, bearing in mind the fundamental importance of the three decisions
and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, and considering thepeaceful use of nuclear technologies and the establishment of new nuclear weapon free zones, in
accordance with the relevant UNGA resolutions, among the States of the region concerned.
91. To support the PELINDABA Treaty signed in Cairo, establishing the African continent as a
nuclear weapon free zone, and in this regard, reiterate our common commitment to contribute to the
strengthening of the non-proliferation regime and nuclear disarmament.
G. P
OST-CONFLICT ASSISTANCE
92. We agree to assist in the rehabilitation of destroyed infrastructure and in the creation of a
conducive physical environment for development in countries emerging from conflict situations.
VI. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
A. CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AND POVERTY ERADICATION
We agree to:
93. Continue to work together to fight poverty. We reaffirm our commitment to meeting the
International Development Targets and will continue to focus our poverty eradication efforts by
supporting approaches which integrate the pursuit of economic growth with political, social,
environmental and cultural considerations.WT/L/348
Page 24
94. Support the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies, as well as
programmers that are directed at poverty eradication, especially in the rural areas, through, inter alia ,
the revitalization of the rural economics, and the setting up of social safety nets.  In this context, we
share the hope, expressed by the OAU, for the creatio n of a World Solidarity Fund to address Africa's
development with special focus on poverty eradication.
95. Support initiatives to integrate gender in macroeconomic planning and the establishment of
budgets that take into account the gender issue.
B. EDUCATION
We agree to:
96. Work for the achievement of education for all, prioritizing the attainment of the International
Development Target of universal primary education by 2015 and gender equality in schooling by2005.  We are committed to strengthening our cooperation to ensure that sound, costed strategies for
the achievement of these key objectives are in place and receive strongly coordinated support.
97. Support African governments in their efforts to give high priority to the building of national
and regional capacities in the area of science and technology, through the formulation of sound and
effective national policies for education and training science and technology for development, as wellas in networking of regional and national institutions and centres of excellence.  In this regard, we call
upon African governments to devote at least 1 per cent of their GDP to the development of these
areas.
98. Support the effort of African countries in the creation of a suitable environment for the
retention of African experts within the continent, and agree on the need for action to reverse the brain
drain.
C. H
EALTH
We agree to:
99. Work towards the eradication of endemic, parasitic and infectious diseases such as malaria,
tuberculosis, polio, major infectious diseases of childhood and river blindness, which have retarded
the quality, and productivity of Africa's human resources.
100. Increase support to meeting basic needs and to greater protection and priority access for the
most vulnerable and disadvantaged.  In particular, greater account shall be taken in matters regarding
women's health and family planning.  Support for the development of systems of social protection and
security will be increased.
101. Continue to work towards:
(a) greater access to safe water and sanitation;
(b) the reduction of maternal mortality;
(c) the reduction of the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of five years;
(d) the reduction of the number of malnourished persons.WT/L/348
Page 25
102. Promote formulation of national drug policies and strategies with a view to improve the
access to and affordability of essential drugs.
103. Also cooperate in the provision of adequate financial and technical assistance to African
countries geared towards the eradication of endemic diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, polio and
river blindness.
104. Reiterate the devastating nature of the HIV/AIDS pandemic as a national emergency in many
African countries.
105. Work together to focus national HIV/AIDS programmes on well known and effective
strategies for reducing the spread of the disease.  We call on African Governments, EU Partners and
external agencies to work w ith UNAIDS Africa Partnership a nd civil society to mitigate the
devastating impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
106. Recognize the growing burden of HIV on individuals and are committed to reducing the
stigma of people with HIV, promoting local solutions such as home-based care, developing
programmes to help AIDS orphans to become and remain valued productive members of society,
improving health services, promoting and improving access to essential drugs.
107. Promote co-operation in research into new treatment regimes and their registration, as well as
in the use of anti-retrovirals in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS, ascontained in the Dakar (1992) and Tunis (1994) Heads of State and Government Declarations on
HIV/AIDS.  We will support initiatives aimed at developing an appropriate HIV/AIDS vaccine.
108. Call on pharmaceutical companies, whether research-based or not, to do their utmost to make
medicines, whether patented or not, available at affordable prices in particular to the poorest and for
the most serious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS.
109. In this respect, call upon governments and other donors to make more resources available for
assisting these countries in their fight against the pandemic.
D. T
HE ENVIRONMENT
We agree to:
110. Strengthen our co-operation in the field of prevention of natural disasters and set up disaster
prevention and preparedness mechanisms, including reduction and early warning systems, taking into
account particularly the work accomplished on the International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction.  We also agree to strengthen our co-operation on humanitarian assistance, rehabilitation
and reconstruction related to the consequences of such disasters.
111. Give priority to the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification.
112. Cooperate in environmental issues as a basis for ensuring sustainable development.
113. Promote responsible policies aimed at the preservation of African fishing resources.
114. Take account of the regional dimension in environmental issues on the African continent.
115. Ensure the prohibition of the export and transit of hazardous waste to Africa, as provided for
in the relevant international conventions.WT/L/348
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116. Support the efforts for the conservation, management and sustainable development of Africa's
vast forests, through, inter alia , programmes that are also beneficial to the communities concerned.
117. Commit to the conservation of Africa's rich heritage in biological diversity, which is a global
asset, and promote its sustainable use for the benefit of the local people.
118. Support country-driven specific measures to st rengthen the capacity to implement obligations
resulting from all relevant international environmenta l Conventions.  Specifically, we will continue to
support the implementation of the commitments under the UN Framework Conventions on
Desertification, Climate Change and Biodiversity.  This includes the participation of African experts
in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the strengthening of the national climate
policy focal points and the development and implementation of the climate change-related policies
and action plans, the start-up of Clean Development Mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol,
the testing of pilot technologies in the field of new and renewable sources of energy and energyefficiency and the transfer of other climate change-related technology to the African countries.
E. F
OOD SECURITY
We agree to:
119. Cooperate in formulating and implementing food security policies including supporting food
production, processing, storage, marketing and distribution, improving access to food as well as
ensuring adequate nutritional quality.  We also agree to cooperate in the establishment of early
warning systems to monitor drought and crop production.
120. Support African networking with EU partners, in the areas of agricultural technology and
know-how, extension services, and rural infrastructure.
121. Support investment in research in the areas of high-yield crops and durable preservation and
storage and provide support for building national and regional capacity for multilateral trade
negotiations, including food sanitation and other agricultural trade regulations.
F. DRUG ABUSE AND TRAFFICKING
We agree to:
122. Continue to work closely with African partners in combating vigorously drugs trafficking and
money laundering, both on a multilateral and bilateral basis.  We also agree to combat the demand and
supply of illicit drugs, narcotics and psychotropic substances in conformity with the pertinent
recommendations of the 20th UNGASS and aim at offering the populations lawful alternatives to the
growth of illicit crops.
123. Strengthen our co-operation in developing strategies and capacity building measures to this
effect.
124. Assist African countries and organizations in strengthening their capacities to control illicit
drugs and trafficking and money laundering.
G. CULTURAL ISSUES
125. We pledge to accord importance to cultural cooperation between Africa and Europe as an
integral aspect of development.  With regard to cultural goods stolen or exported illicitly, we have
taken note of the concerns of African States and request senior officials of the bi-regional group toWT/L/348
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examine the legal and practical consequences of further action in this area and prepare a report for
assessment at ministerial level in the framework of the follow-up mechanism, within reasonable time.
VII. FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM
126. We agree that all the terms of reference concerning participation in the first Summit shall
apply further on to all relevant mechanisms and with this understanding:
127. We agree to adopt the following mechanism to gi ve impetus to monitor implementation of the
Plan of Action:
(a) Summit of Heads of State and Government based on a principle of continuity
(b) Meeting of Ministers (in between the Summits
(c) A bi-regional group at Senior Officials' level.
128. The bi-regional group at a Senior Officials' level will meet regularly, monitor and encourage
the achievement of the priorities for action, from a political viewpoint, and with the objective ofcontributing. on the basis of existing mechanisms, towards global dialogue with a view to
strengthening the strategic bi-regional partnershi p in its political, economic, social, environmental,
educational, cultural, technical and scientific dimensions.
129. In addition, the priorities for action adopted by the Summit will be promoted through the
current ministerial discussions between the European Union and the African countries in theframework of the relevant mechanisms of inter-regional cooperation.
130. The second Summit will take place in Europe, in 2003.
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