WORLD TRADE IP/N/6/NZL/1
24February 1997
ORGANIZATION(97-0759)
Original: English Council forTrade-Related Aspects
ofIntellectual Property Rights
CHECKLIST OFISSUES ONENFORCEMENT1
Responses from NewZealand
Civil andAdministrative Procedures andRemedies
(a) Civiljudicial procedures andremedies
1. Specify thecourts which have jurisdiction overIPRinfringement cases.
- District Court: These arecourts offirstinstance andhave extensive civilandcriminal
jurisdictions.
- HighCourt: TheHighCourt exercises jurisdiction incasesofmajor crimes, themoreimportant
civilclaims, appeals fromlower courts andtribunals, andreviews ofadministrative actions.
- Court ofAppeal: Theprimary function oftheCourt ofAppeal istodetermine ordinary appeals
fromtheHighCourt. Certain other proceedings inthelower courts may,byorder oftheHigh
Court, beremoved totheCourt ofAppeal. TheCourt alsohassome original jurisdiction.
- Judicial Committee ofthePrivy Council: Thisisthefinalappeal tribunal forNewZealand.
Appeals tothePrivy Council maybebrought byleave oftheCourt ofAppeal, orbyspecial
leave ofthePrivy Council itself. Leave isgranted asofrightfromanyfinaljudgment ofthe
Court ofAppeal, where thematter indispute amounts tothevalue of$5,000 ormore, or
involves directly orindirectly some claim toproperty, orsome civilrightexceeding thatvalue.
ThePrivy Council hasadiscretionary power togrant special leave toappeal incriminal cases.
Such leave isnotcommonly granted incriminal appeals from NewZealand.
Itshould benoted thataBillhasbeenintroduced intotheNewZealand Parliament which would
abolish therightofappeal tothePrivy Council.
2. Which persons havestanding toassert IPRs? How maytheyberepresented? Arethere
requirements formandatory personal appearances before thecourt bytheright holder?
Ingeneral, thepersons having standing toassert IPRsarethose withadirect interest suchas
theregistered proprietor orlicensee inthecaseofpatents, trademarks anddesigns orastheIPRsowner
inthecaseofcopyright. Other parties mayalsohaverights, forexample, aregistered userofatrade
mark oranexclusive licensee inthecaseofacopyright.
1Document IP/C/5IP/N/6/NZL/1
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Inrespect togeographical indications, thereisnospecific requirement under theFairTrading
Act1986(under which enforcement action istaken inrespect togeographical indications) thattheperson
taking action bean"interested party". Precedent indicates that,when anaction isbrought under the
FairTrading Act,thecourts adopt aliberal approach astowhocanbring anaction.
Individuals mayeither represent themselves orberepresented byalawyer. Bodies corporate
arerepresented byalawyer.
There arenorequirements formandatory personal appearances before thecourt bytheright
holder.
3. What authority dothejudicial authorities have toorder, attherequest ofanopposing
party, aparty toaproceeding toproduce evidence which lieswithin itscontrol?
Thecourts canorder aparty toproduce evidence which lieswithin itscontrol bytheissue
ofanorder for"discovery". Inresponse totheorder, theopposing party mustprovide theplaintiff
withalistwhich details thedocuments which areheld, documents nolonger held, andother relevant
documents known totheparty.
Adiscovery order canbeforgeneral discovery, relate tospecific matters, orrequire that
documents orobjects beproduced totheCourt.
4. What means exist toidentify andprotect confidential information brought forward as
evidence?
Thecourts canprotect confidential information intwoways:
- Aparty providing information under discovery canclaim privilege. There areanumber of
grounds onwhich privilege canbeclaimed, forexample, theinformation comprises
communications between aclient andlawyer (legal professional privilege).
- Acourt canimpose confidentiality orders inrespect toinformation, forexample, preventing
thereporting ofthecontents ofadocument oronlypermitting certain people oftheother party
totheproceedings toviewtheinformation, forexample, thelegaladvisors ortechnical experts.
5. Describetheremediesthatmaybeorderedbythejudicialauthoritiesandcriteria,legislative
orjurisprudential, fortheir use:
- injunctions;
- damages, including recovery ofprofits, andexpenses, including attorney 'sfees;
- destruction orother disposal ofinfringing goods andmaterials/implements for
their production;
- anyother remedies.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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I. INJUNCTIONS
Thecourts havewideranging powers inrespect toinjunctions. Bothinterlocutory (interim)
andpermanent injunctions canbegranted. Thecourts cangrant injunctions boththrough theirinherent
jurisdiction andbywayofstatutory provision forinjunctions. Injunctions caneither bemandatory
(requiring aparty toactinaparticular manner) orprohibitory (preventing aparty acting inaparticular
manner).
Inrespect tointerlocutory injunctions, thefollowing points should benoted:
- They areinterim only. Where acasegoestoasubstantive hearing, theywillgenerally only
lastuntiljudgment isgiven inthecase.
- They canbegranted unilaterally, i.e.exparte,orwhere bothparties havebeenincluded, i.e.
interparties.
- Whether ornotaninterlocutory injunction willbegranted depends onadetermination ofwell
accepted principles. Inessence, thecourts consider:
- whether there isaserious question tobetried;
- ifthere isaserious question, whether damages willcompensate theapplicant inthe
absence ofaninterlocutory injunction;
- ifaninjunction should begranted, whether theapplicant canprovide anundertaking
topaydamages tothedefendant should theapplicant 'scasenotsucceed; and
- where thecaseisevenly weighted, thebalance ofconvenience ingranting the
interlocutory injunction.
- Aspecial form ofinterlocutory injunction istheMareva injunction (socalled because ofthe
English casewhich firstsawsuchinjunctions granted). Inessence, suchaninjunction isgranted
toprotect theassets involved inacase. Thegrant ofsuchaninjunction isdependant ona
number offormalities being met.
Statutory provision andlimitations inrespect toinjunctions concerned withIPRinfringements
existinthePatents Act1953, theFairTrading Act1986(with respect totrademarks andgeographical
indications), theTrade Marks Act1953, theCopyright Act1994; andtheLayout Designs Act1994.
II. DAMAGES
Damages, include recovery ofprofits, andexpenses, including attorney 'sfees. Wide powers
existfortheaward ofdamages.
Specific statutory provision concerning damages (andaccount forprofits) incases ofIPR
infringements existinrespect tocopyright, layout designs, patents andtrade marks.
Thecourts havethepower toaward costs toasuccessful party which cantakeintoaccount
legalcosts.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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III. DESTRUCTION
Provision exists forthecourts toorder thedestruction orother disposal ofinfringing goods
andmaterials inrespect totrade marks andcopyright works (including infringements ofperformers '
rights).
IV. OTHER REMEDIES
Incopyright cases, acourt mayorder onarequest byacopyright owner thatwhere aperson
hasintheirpossession, custody orcontrol aninfringing copy oranobject designed oradapted for
making infringing copies there bedelivery upoftheinfringing copy orobject. Such anorder can
bemade byacourt onanexparte application where service ofthenotice would result inundue delay.
6. Inwhat circumstances, ifany, dojudicial authorities have theauthority toorder the
infringer toinform theright holder oftheidentity ofthird persons involved inthe
production anddistribution ofthegoods orservices found tobeinfringing andoftheir
channels ofdistribution?
Aspartoftheirinherent jurisdiction, thecourts canmake anorder requiring theinfringer to
inform therightholder oftheidentity ofthirdpersons involved intheproduction anddistribution of
thegoods orservices found tobeinfringing.
7. Describe provisions relating totheindemnification ofdefendants wrongfully enjoined.
Towhat extent arepublic authorities and/or officials liable insuchasituation andwhat
"remedial measures" areapplicable tothem?
Defendants canbeindemnified bywayofdamages orcompensation.
Judges arenotliable foractsdoneinthecourse offulfilling theirduties.
Inrespect toinfringing copyright workandinfringing trademark goods, action cannot betaken
against NewZealand Customs unless theyhaveacted otherwise thaningood faith.
8. Describe provisions governing thelength andcostofproceedings. Provide anyavailable
dataontheactual duration ofproceedings andtheir cost.
Thelength andcostofproceedings willvarywitheachcase. Factors which caninfluence length
andcostarethenumber ofparties involved, thecomplexity oftheproceedings andthegeographical
location oftheproceedings. Nospecific dataisavailable onactual duration ofproceedings andcosts.
Itshould benoted thatanapplication foranexparte application canbeheard andgranted very
quickly.
(b) Administrative procedures andremedies
9. Reply totheabove questions inrelation toanyadministrative procedures onthemerits
and remedies thatmayresult from these procedures.
Noprovision exists foradministrative decisions onthemerits ofanIPR'sinfringement case.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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Provisional Measures
(a) Judicial measures
10. Describe thetypes ofprovisional measures thatjudicial authorities mayorder, andthe
legal basis forsuchauthority.
Thetypes ofprovisional measures which judicial authorities mayorder cover interlocutory
injunctions, Mareva injunctions andAnton Piller orders.
Interlocutory injunctions andMareva injunctions arediscussed above inthecomments on
question 5.
Inrespect toAnton Piller orders thesearenamed afterthe1976English caseinwhich theorders
werefirstmade. Inessence, anAnton Piller order isgranted exparte andisintended toenable the
applicant toenterandsearch adefendant 'spremises soastorecover infringing articles anddocuments
before theyaredestroyed.
Before granting anorder, acourt willconsider whether theapplicant hasastrong casefor
believing thattheevidence willbedisposed ofandcause damage totheapplicant. Acourt hasthe
power toprotect thedefendant 'sinterest, forexample, byrequiring thattheapplicant giveanundertaking
astodamages.
11. Inwhat circumstances maysuchmeasures beordered inaudita altera parte?
Thecircumstances inwhich suchmeasures maybeordered inaudita altera parte (exparte)
arediscussed above inthecomments relating toquestions 5and10.
12. Describe themain procedures fortheinitiation, ordering andmaintenance inforce of
provisional measures, inparticular relevant time-limits andsafeguards toprotect the
legitimate interests ofthedefendant.
Themain procedures fortheinitiation, ordering andmaintenance inforce ofprovisional
measures, inparticular relevant timelimits andsafeguards, arediscussed above inthecomments relating
toquestions 5and10.
13. Describe provisions governing thelength andcostofproceedings. Provide anyavailable
dataontheactual duration ofproceedings andtheir cost.
Seethecomments above inrespect toquestion 8.
(b) Administrative measures
14. Reply totheabove questions inrelation toanyadministrative provisional measures.
Theonlysituations where administrative provisional measures canbeinitiated arebyNew
Zealand Customs. Thisisdiscussed below inrespect toquestions 15-19.
Special Requirements Related toBorder Measures
15. Indicate forwhich goods itispossible toapply forthesuspension bythecustoms authorities
oftherelease intofreecirculation, inparticular whether these procedures areavailableIP/N/6/NZL/1
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alsoinrespect ofgoods which involve infringements ofintellectual property rights other
thancounterfeit trademark orpirated copyright goods asdefined intheTRIPS Agreement
(footnote toArticle 51). Specify, together withrelevant criteria, anyimports excluded
from theapplication ofsuchprocedures (such asgoods from another member ofacustoms
union, goods intransit ordeminimis imports). Dotheprocedures apply toimports of
goods putonthemarket inanother country byorwiththeconsent oftheright holder
andtogoods destined forexportation?
Customs enforces awiderange ofimport prohibitions andrestrictions onbehalf ofgovernment
departments andagencies which have thepolicy responsibilities forthecontrols. These import
prohibitions andrestrictions arerelated totheenforcement of:
- quarantine requirements;
- public safety requirements, forexample, inrespect tofirearms, objectionable material, and
explosives;
- consumer safety, forexample, inrespect tounsafe goods; and
- international obligations, forexample, inrespect totheBasel Convention.
These import prohibitions andrestrictions arenotrelated totheenforcement ofintellectual
property rights.
Anapplication forsuspension ofrelease isonlyavailable inrespect togoods which involve
infringements ofintellectual property rights involving counterfeit trademarkorpirated copyright goods
asdefined intheTRIPS Agreement.
Thefollowing goods areexcluded from theapplication ofsuchprocedures:
- Deminimis imports andgoods imported forprivate anddomestic use.
TheCopyright ActandtheTrade Marks Actprovide thatprovisions forcounterfeit trademark
andpirated copyright goods shallnotapply togoods imported forprivate anddomestic use.
- Goods exported from NewZealand.
There arenocontrols ontheexport ofcounterfeit trademark goods orpirated copyright goods
from NewZealand.
- Copyright works intransit toacountry other thanNewZealand.
Theprocedures donotapply toimports ofgoods putontothemarket inanother country by
orwiththeconsent oftherightholder inthatcountry (theimportation ofsuchgoods intoNewZealand
isknown asparallel importing). Itshould benoted, however, thatacopyright owner maygiveCustoms
anotice inwriting listing infringing copies which aretobeimported andrequesting thatCustoms inform
thecopyright owner ifCustoms becomes aware thatanygoods listed inthenotice aretobeimported
intoNewZealand orifsuchcopies areinoratanytimecome intothecontrol ofCustoms. Acopyright
owner isrequired tosubmit thenotice intheprescribed manner andpayafee.
16. Provide adescription ofthemain elements oftheprocedures relating tothesuspension
oftherelease ofgoods bycustoms authorities, inparticular thecompetent authorities
(Article 51),therequirements foranapplication (Article 52)andvarious requirementsIP/N/6/NZL/1
Page7
related totheduration ofsuspension (Article 55). How have Articles 53(security or
equivalent assurance), 56(indemnification oftheimporter andoftheowner ofthegoods)
and57(right ofinspection andinformation) been implemented?
Themain elements oftheprocedures relating tothesuspension oftherelease ofgoods by
Customs areoutlined below.
Suspension ofRelease byCustoms Authorities (Article 51)
Customs cansuspend therelease intocirculation ofcounterfeit trademark orpirated copyright
goods where therightholder haslodged anotice requiring Customs todetain anypirated orcounterfeit
copies oftheitems thatareinoratanytimecome intothecontrol ofCustoms.
Application (Article 52)
Thenotices referred toabove require therightholder tospecify ownership inthecopyright
work oraNewZealand registered trade mark. Regulations made under theTrade Marks Act1953
andtheCopyright Act1994 require evidence insupport ofaclaim ofownership: every person who
gives anotice under section 54BoftheTrade Marks Act1953 andsection 136oftheCopyright Act
1994 isrequired tofurnish toCustoms evidence insupport oftheclaim thatgoods infringe thetrade
mark orcopyright; andCustoms maydirect thatsuchevidence befurnished atthetimethenotice is
given oratanysubsequent time.
Theinformation inthenotices, andanyadditional evidence thatCustoms mayrequire, ensures
thatCustoms hassufficient information toidentify infringing goods atthetimeofimportation.
Thenotices arevalid fornolonger than5years from thedateofthenotice. Inthecaseof:
- Trade marks, iftheregistration ofthetrademark towhich thenotice relates willexpire within
theperiod of5years from thedateofthenotice, thenotice isvalid fornolonger thanthat
period forwhich thecurrent registration willlast.
- Copyright, ifthecopyright inthework towhich thenotice relates willexpire within theperiod
of5years fromthedateofthenotice, thenotice isvalidfornolonger thantheperiod forwhich
thecopyright willlast.
Security orEquivalent Assurance (Article 53)
Regulations made under theTrade Marks Act1953 andtheCopyright Act1994 provide for
security andindemnity inrespect tocounterfeit trade mark orpirated copyright goods. Thus:
- Every person giving anotice under theTrade Marks Act1953 andtheCopyright Act1994
inrespect tocounterfeit trade mark andpirated copyright goods isrequired togiveasecurity
oranindemnity orbothasecurity andanindemnity topersons determined byCustoms and
inanamount, andonsuchterms andconditions, asmaybedetermined byCustoms.
- Customs maydirect thatasecurity oranindemnity orbothasecurity andindemnity begiven
atthetimethenotice isgiven oratanysubsequent time.
- Every person towhom anitemistobeorhasbeenreleased fromdetention under thelegislation
isrequired togiveasecurity oranindemnity orbothasecurity andanindemnity topersonsIP/N/6/NZL/1
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determined byCustoms andinanamount, andonsuchterms andconditions, asmaybe
determined byCustoms.
Customs hasdetermined thatpersons giving notices under theabove legislation mustprovide
Customs with:
- asecurity of$5,000 which isdeposited inCustoms trustaccount (thisfigure maybesetat
ahigher orlower figure where itisconsidered necessary); and
- completed forms ofindemnity.
Thisensures thatCustoms isprotected against action taken under anotice andprevents abuse
ofthelegislative provisions byrightholders.
Duration ofSuspension (Article 55)
Customs mayonlyenforce theborder enforcement provisions inrespect totheTrade Marks
ActandtheCopyright Actwhere:
- anotice hasbeenaccepted byCustoms; and
- thegoods havebeenimported andareinthecontrol ofCustoms.
Insuchinstances, Customs mayconduct anyinvestigation inorder toestablish whether ornot
thegoods appear toinfringe therightholders trade mark orcopyright.
Inundertaking thisinvestigation Customs mayrequire therightholder oranyperson having
aninterest inthegoods tosupply suchinformation asCustoms mayspecify inorder todetermine if
thegoods infringe therightholders trade mark orcopyright. Thisinformation mustbesupplied to
Customs within tenworking days.
Customs isthenrequired, within areasonable period oftime, tomake adetermination asto
whether ornotCustoms considers thatthegoods appear toinfringe aregistered trademarkorcopyright.
Awritten notice ofdetermination mustthenbeserved ontherightholder andanyother person having
aninterest inthegoods, advising theoutcome ofCustoms investigation.
Goods which Customs determines arecovered byanotice andinfringe acopyright ortrade
mark, maybedetained (notseized) fortenworking days. If,within thisdetention period, Customs
hasnotbeenadvised thataperson other thantheimporter orconsignee hascommenced proceedings
intheCourt toestablish thatthegoods breach theirrights, thegoods arereleased totheimporter.
Duringthisdetentionperiodanypersonhavinganinterestinthegoods,forexampleanimporter,
mayapply totheCourt foranorder that:
- thenotice bedischarged; or
- thegoods aretobereleased; or
- thatthegoods arenotcounterfeit orpirated andtheyarenotcovered bythenotice.
Customs willdealwiththegoods inaccordance withtheCourt 'sdecision.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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Thetenworking daysdetention period may, onapplication toCustoms, beextended to20
working days.
Inthecaseofcounterfeit trademark goods, theimporter orconsignee may,bynotice inwriting
toCustoms, consent tothegoods being forfeit totheCrown.
Indemnification oftheImporter andtheOwner oftheGoods (Article 56)
Ininstances where theCourt decides thatthegoods donotbearaninfringing signorarenot
pirated, itmaymake anorder thatanyperson whoisaparty totheproceedings paycompensation
totheimporter, consignee ortotheowner ofthegoods.
Right ofInspection andInformation (Article 57)
Customs mayallow anyperson having aninterest inthegoods which areunder investigation
byCustoms orthesubject ofcourt proceedings toinspect thegoods. They may, withtheapproval
ofCustoms, takeasample ofthegoods forinspection.
17. Describe provisions governing thelength andcostofproceedings. Provide anyavailable
dataontheactual duration ofproceedings andtheir cost. How longisthevalidity of
decisions bythecompetent authorities forthesuspension oftherelease ofgoods intofree
circulation?
Theborder enforcement provisions haveonlybeeninforce since 1January 1995.
Todatethere hasonlybeenonecasewhere therightholder hasinitiated action through the
Court against theimportation ofinfringing goods. Asthiscasehasnotbeencompleted Customs is
unable tomake anycomment ontheduration ofproceedings andtheircost.
Theresponse above toquestion 16discusses thetimeforwhich decisions arevalidinrespect
tothesuspension oftherelease ofgoods.
18. Arecompetent authorities required toactupon their owninitiative and,ifso,inwhat
circumstances? Arethere anyspecial provisions applicable toexofficio action?
Incertain circumstances Customs maybeabletotakeexofficio action under theCustoms Import
Prohibition (Trade Descriptions) Order 1991. ThisOrder prohibits theimportation of:
"3.Anygoods bearing, ortowhich thereisattached inanymanner whatsoever, anystatement
orindication,includingastatementorindicationbywords,numbers,marks,picturesorsymbols,
oracombination therefore, which isincorrect ormisleading asto-
a Theparticular kindorstandard, quality, grade, quantity, composition, style, model,
particular history, orparticular previous useofthegoods; or"
"4.Anygoods inrespect ofwhich thereisapplied toanycovering, packaging, label, wrapper,
ticket, reelorthing inorwithwhich thegoods aresupplied, anystatement orindication,
including astatement orindication bywords, numbers, marks, pictures orsymbols, ora
combination thereof, which isincorrect ormisleading asto-
a Theparticular kindorstandard, quality, grade, quantity, composition, style, model,
particular history ,orparticular previous useofthegoods; or"IP/N/6/NZL/1
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Ithasbeensuggested thattheillegal useofatrade mark could betaken asanindication that
thecounterfeit product meets thestandard orquality ofthegenuine product.
Incases where itcould beestablished thatuseofthetrade mark infers aparticular standard
orquality, thegoods maybecovered bytheabove prohibition order. Insuchcases thegoods may
beliable forseizure under theCustoms andExcise Act1996.
Itshould benoted thattheuseoftheOrder inthismanner hasnotbeentested inthecourts.
19. Describe theremedies thatthecompetent authorities havetheauthority toorder andany
criteria regulating their use.
Customs doesnothave anyauthority toorder anyremedies regarding theimportation of
counterfeit trade mark andpirated copyright goods. However, acourt mayorder thatgoods be:
- forfeit totheclaimant; or
- destroyed; or
- otherwise dealtwithasthecourt thinks fit.
Inconsidering which ofthese remedies should beordered, acourt must haveregard to:
- Theavailability ofother remedies toadequately compensate theintellectual property
rights owner.
- Theneedtoensure thattheinfringing items arenotdisposed ofinamanner thatwould
already adversely affect theclaimant.
Thecourt mayalso:
- Order theitems besoldandtheproceeds divided where thereismore thanoneperson
interested inanitem.
- Order thatcompensation bepaidtoanimporter, consignee ortheowner ofgoods where
acourt decides there isnotaninfringement.
Criminal Procedures
20. Specify thecourts which have jurisdiction overcriminal actsofinfringement ofIPRs.
Thecourts withjurisdiction inrespect tocriminal actsconcerning IPRinfringements arethe
District Court, HighCourt and,inthecaseofcertain appeals, theCourt ofAppeal. (Seethecomments
under question 1forfurther detail).
21. Inrespect ofwhich infringements ofwhich intellectual property rights arecriminal
procedures andpenalties available?
TheIPRinfringements forwhich criminal procedures andremedies areavailable arediscussed
below inthecomments under question 24.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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22. Which public authorities areresponsible forinitiating criminal proceedings? Arethey
required todothisontheir owninitiative and/or inresponse tocomplaints?
Thefollowing public authorities haveprimary responsibility forinitiating criminal proceedings:
- TheCommerce Commission inrespect toforged, falsely applied orfalsely usedtrade
marks.
- TheNewZealand Police inrespect tocopyright infringements.
BoththeCommerce Commission andtheNewZealand Police canactontheirowninitiative
and/or inresponse tocomplaints.
23. Doprivate persons have standing toinitiate criminal proceedings and,ifso,who?
Private persons caninitiate criminal proceedings although suchaction israre. Aparty likely
totakeaction isonewithaninterest intheissue where forsome reason theauthorities havedecided
nottotakethecase, forexample, because theyarenotconvinced theevidence islikely toresult in
aconviction.
24. Specify, bycategory ofIPRandtypeofinfringement where necessary, thepenalties and
other remedies thatmaybeimposed:
- imprisonment;
- monetary fines;
- seizure,forfeitureanddestructionofinfringinggoodsandmaterialsandimplements
fortheir production;
- other.
Thepenalties andotherremedies thatmaybeimposed inrespect toinfringements ofintellectual
property rights areasfollows:
imprisonment
Uptothree months imprisonment canbeimposed foroffences committed inrespect to
infringements ofcopyright works, including illicit recordings, andforthemaking orpossession of
anobject which isknown tobeusedforthemaking ofaninfringing copyofacopyright work. Where
abodycorporate commits anoffence inrespect toanobject every director andevery person concerned
withthemanagement ofthebody corporate willbeguilty ofanoffence.
monetary fines
Inrespect tocopyright infringements, including illicit recordings, upto$50,000 infinescan
beimposed foreachoffence.
Inrespect toforged, falsely applied orfalsely usedtrademarks, finesforanoffence canrange
fromamaximum of$30,000 inthecaseofanindividual to$100,000 inthecaseofabody corporate.
(These maximums alsoapply cumulatively tomore thanoneoffence committed atthesame time).IP/N/6/NZL/1
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seizure, forfeiture anddestruction ofinfringing goods andmaterials andimplements fortheir
production
Inrespect tobothinfringing copyright works andforged, falsely applied orfalsely usedtrade
marks, acourt isabletoorder forfeiture, destruction ofthegoods orotherwise dealwiththegoods
inthewayacourt seesfit.
other
Other remedies available toacourt include thegranting ofinjunctions inbothcopyright and
trade mark cases.
Intrademark cases acourt canalsoimpose arange ofother remedies, forexample, thevoiding
orvarying ofacontract orarrangement, andtherefunding ofmoney orthereturn ofgoods.
Seealsothecomments under question 5inrelation todestruction orotherdisposal ofinfringing
goods andmaterials/implements fortheirproduction.
25. Describeprovisionsgoverningthelengthandanycostofproceedings.Provideanyavailable
dataontheactual duration ofproceedings andtheir cost, ifany.
Seethecomments above under question 8.
Other
Attached tothisnotification isatableonNewZealand 'ssystem relating totheenforcement
ofcopyright. Thistablewasincluded asaresponse toaquestion NewZealand received inrespect
tothereview ofcopyright legislation inJuly1996.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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Thecriminal andcivilremedies available inNewZealand forcopyright infringement andthe
wayinwhich theTRIPS Articles areimplemented areshown intheattached table:
TRIPS
ArticleApplicable
Sections of
Copyright ActComment
41(1) 120 Infringement ofcopyright isactionable.
125 Infringement ofmoral rights isactionable.
131 Asadeterrent, finesandimprisonment maybeimposed by
theCourt forcriminal offences.
225 Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
226 Offence tocircumvent copyprotection.
PartVII Border protection measures.
41(2) 122(4) Court canmake anorder without notice where service of
notice would result inundue delay.
PartVII Border protection measures.
PartX Operation andjurisdiction oftheCopyright Tribunal
41(3) Metbyrules ofprocedure oftheCourts.
41(4) 141 Application toCourt fordischarge oforder.
223 Case maybereferred totheHigh Court.
224 Question oflawmaybereferred totheHigh Court.
225 Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
45(1) 120(2) Allsuchrelief bywayofdamages, injunctions, accounts or
otherwise isasavailable inrespect totheinfringement of
anyother property right.
125 Damages arepayable forinfringement ofmoral rights.
225 Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
45(2) 121 Plaintiff isentitled toanaccount ofprofits where the
defendant didnotknow andhadnoreason tobelieve that
copyright existed inthework towhich theproceedings
relate.
225 Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
General power ofcourt toorder payment ofaparty'scosts.IP/N/6/NZL/1
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TRIPS
ArticleApplicable
Sections of
Copyright ActComment
46 122 Order upincivilproceedings. Where aperson hasinthat
person 'spossession, custody orcontrol aninfringing copy
oranobject designed oradapted formaking infringing
copies, thenthecopyright owner canapply totheCourt for
thedelivery upoftheinfringing copyorobject.
132 Order upincriminal proceedings. Where aperson hasin
thatperson 'spossession, custody orcontrol aninfringing
copyoranobject designed oradapted formaking infringing
copies, thenthecopyright owner canapply totheCourt for
thedelivery upoftheinfringing copyorobject.
134 TheCourt mayorder theforfeiture tothecopyright owner,
orother disposal asitseesfit,ofanyinfringing copyor
object designed oradapted formaking infringing copies.
197 Performers rights; delivery upofinfringing goods incivil
proceedings, asfor122(1).
199 Performers rights; delivery upofinfringing goods in
criminal proceedings, asfor132(1).
202 Order astodisposal ofillicit recordings.
50 122(4) Anorder canbemade onanexparte application bythe
copyright owner where service ofnotice would cause undue
delay orother serious detriment tothecopyright owner.
PartVIIand
Copyright
(Border
Protection)
Regulations 1994Border protection measures.
61 131 Imprisonment andmonetary finesareprovided.
132 SeeArticle 46above.
133 Liability ofofficers ofbody corporate.
134 SeeArticle 46above.
198 Illicit recordings, criminal liability.
200 False representation toauthority togiveconsent.
201 See133above.
227 Fraudulent reception ofbroadcasting orcable service.