WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/REG158/1
7 October 2003
(03-5263)
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Original:  English
SINGAPORE – AUSTRALIA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
The following text reproduces the Singapore – Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA).*
_______________
PREAMBLE
Australia  and Singapore  (“the Parties”)
Conscious  of their longstanding friendship and growing trade and investment relationship;
Desiring  to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of their goods and services sectors
and expand trade and investment between them;
Recognising  that strengthening of their closer economic partnership will bring economic and
social benefits and improve the living standards of their people;
Building on  their rights, obligations and undertakings under the World Trade Organization,
and other multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements and arrangements;
Recognising  their commitment to securing trade liberalisation and an outward looking
approach to trade and investment;
Mindful of  the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation goals of free and open trade and
investment;
Conscious  that a framework of rules for trade in goods and services, and investment will
contribute to the promotion of closer links with other economies, especially in the Asia-Pacific region;
Recognising  the need for good corporate governance and a predictable, transparent and
consistent business environment to enable businesses to conduct transactions freely, use resourcesefficiently and take investment and planning decisions with certainty; and
Believing  that their cooperative framework could be a dynamic one that also covers newer
areas of economic cooperation;
Have agreed  as follows:
                                                     
* The full text of the Agreement together with its annexes is available at:
http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/safta/index.html  and
http://www.mti.gov.sg/public/FTA/frm_FTA_Default.asp?sid=35
It is also available at the Secretariat for consultation by interested Members (Office 1174).WT/REG158/1
Page 2
01 OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL DEFINITIONS
Article 1
Objectives
The objectives of the Parties in concluding this Agreement are:(a) to strengthen the relationship between them;
(b) to liberalise trade in goods and services between them and to establish a framework
conducive for bilateral investments;
(c) to support the wider liberalisation process in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
consistent with its goals of free and open trade and investment;
(d) to build upon their commitments at the World Trade Organization, and to support its
efforts to create a predictable, and more free and open global trading environment;
(e) to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of their goods and services sectors and
expand trade and investment between them;
(f) to establish a framework of transparent rules to govern trade and investment between
them; and
(g) to explore newer areas of economic cooperation.
Article 2
General Definitions
For the purposes of this Agreement:
(a) “APEC” means Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation;
(b) “days” means calendar days, including weekends and holidays;
(c) “goods” and “products” shall be understood to have the same meaning unless the
context otherwise requires;
(d) (i) the term “territory” means, in respect of the Republic of Singapore, the
territory of the Republic of Singapore as well as the territorial sea and any
maritime area situated beyond the territorial sea which has been or might in
the future be designated under its national law, in accordance withinternational law, as an area within which Singapore may exercise rights with
regards to the sea, the sea-bed, the subsoil and the natural resources;
(ii) the term “territory”, in respect of Australia, includes:
(A) the Territory of Norfolk Island, the Territory of Christmas Island, the
Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Territory of Ashmore andCartier Islands, the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands,
and the Coral Sea Islands Territory; andWT/REG158/1
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(B) Australia's territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone
and continental shelf; and
(e) “WTO” means the World Trade Organization.
02 TRADE IN GOODS
Article 1
Definitions
For the purposes of this Chapter:(a) “customs duties” means any duties or charges of any kind imposed in connection with
the importation of a good, and any surtaxes or surcharges imposed in connection with
such importation, but does not include:
(i) charges equivalent to an internal tax including excise duties and a goods and
services tax imposed consistently with a Party’s WTO obligations;
(ii) fees or other charges that:
(A) are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered;
and
(B) do not represent a direct or indirect protection for domestic goods or a
taxation of imports for fiscal purposes; and
(iii) any anti-dumping or countervailing duty applied consistently with the
provisions of Article VI of the GATT 1994, the WTO Agreement onImplementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994, and the WTO Agreement
on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures;
(b) “export subsidy” means a subsidy as defined by Article 3 of the WTO Agreement on
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and includes export subsidies listed in Article
9 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture; and
(c) “the GATT 1994” means the WTO General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994,
including Annex I (Notes and Supplementary Provisions).
Article 2
National Treatment On Internal Taxation And Regulation
Each Party shall accord national treatment to the goods of the other Party in accordance with
Article III of the GATT 1994. To this end, the provisions of Article III of the GATT 1994, are
incorporated into and shall form part of this Agreement.WT/REG158/1
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Article 3
Customs Duties
1. Each Party shall eliminate all customs duties on goods originating in the territory of the other
Party that meet the requirements for “originating goods” as set out in Chapter 3 (Rules of Origin). All
customs duties on such goods shall thereby be free from the date of entry into force of this
Agreement.
2. The classification of goods traded between th e Parties shall be in conformity with the
Harmonized Commodity Descripti on and Coding System (HS).
Article 4
Customs Value
The Parties shall determine the customs value of goods traded between them in accordance
with the provisions of Article VII of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Implementation of
Article VII of the GATT 1994.
Article 5
Export Duties
A Party shall not impose export duties on the goods set out in Annex 1 (Export Duties), when
exported from its territory to the territory of the other Party.
Article 6
Non-Tariff Measures
1. Neither Party shall adopt or maintain any non-tariff measures on the importation of any good
of the other Party or on the exportation of any good destined for the territory of the other Party except
in accordance with its WTO rights and obligations or in accordance with other provisions of this
Agreement.
2. Each Party shall ensure the transparency of its non-tariff measures permitted under Article 6.1
and that they are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating
unnecessary obstacles to trade between the Parties.
Article 7
Subsidies And Countervailing Measures
1. The Parties agree to prohibit export subsidies on all goods, including agricultural goods.
2. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to abid e by the provisions of the WTO Agreement on
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.WT/REG158/1
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Article 8
Anti-Dumping Measures
1. With respect to the application of anti-dumping measures, the Parties reaffirm their
commitment to the provisions of the WTO Agreem ent on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT
1994.
2. The Parties agree to observe the following practices in anti-dumping cases between them:
(a) the time frame to be used for determining the volume of dumped imports in an
investigation or review shall be representative of the imports of both dumped and
non-dumped goods, for a reasonable period, and such reasonable period shall
normally be at least 12 months;
(b) if a decision is taken to impose an anti-dumping duty pursuant to Article 9.1 of the
WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994, the Party
taking such a decision, shall normally apply the “lesser duty” rule, by imposing a
duty which is less than the dumping margin where such lesser duty would be
adequate to remove the injury to the domestic industry; and
(c) notification procedures shall be as follows:
(i) immediately following the acceptance by a Party of a properly documented
application from an industry in that Party for the initiation of an anti-dumping
investigation in respect of goods from the other Party, the first Party shall
immediately inform the other Party;
(ii) where a Party considers that, in accordance with Article 5 of the WTO
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994, there is
sufficient evidence to justify the initiation of an antidumping investigation, it
shall give written notice to the other Party and shall act in accordance with
Article 17.2 of that Agreement concerning consultations.
3. At reviews of this Agreement under Article 3 (Rev iew) of Chapter 17 (Final Provisions), the
Parties shall review this Article, including a consideration of any recommendations by the WTO
Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices.
Article 9
Safeguard Measures
A Party shall not initiate or take any safeguard measure within the meaning of the WTO
Agreement on Safeguards against the goods of the other Party from the date of entry into force of this
Agreement.
Article 10
Transparency
Article X of the GATT 1994 is incorporated into and shall form part of this Agreement.WT/REG158/1
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Article 11
Measures To Safeguard The Balance Of Payments
Where a Party is in serious balance of payments and external financial difficulties or threat
thereof, it may, in accordance with the GATT 1994 and the Understanding on the Balance-of-
Payments Provisions of the GATT 1994, adopt restrictive import measures.
Article 12
General Exceptions
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between the Parties where the same
conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Chapter shall be
construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by a Party of measures:
(a) necessary to protect public morals;
(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;
(c) relating to the importations or exportations of gold or silver;
(d) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent
with the provisions of this Chapter, including those relating to customs enforcement,the enforcement of monopolies operated under paragraph 4 of Article II and Article
XVII of the GATT 1994, the protection of patents, trade marks and copyrights, and
the prevention of deceptive practices;
(e) relating to the products of prison labour;
(f) imposed for the protection of national treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological
value;
(g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are
made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or
consumption;
(h) undertaken in pursuance of obligations under any intergovernmental commodity
agreement which conforms to criteria submitted to the WTO and not disapproved by
it or which is itself so submitted and not so disapproved;
(i) involving restrictions on exports of domestic materials necessary to ensure essential
quantities of such materials to a domestic processing industry during periods when
the domestic price of such materials is held below the world price as part of a
governmental stabilization plan; Provided that such restrictions shall not operate to
increase the exports of or the protection afforded to such domestic industry, and shallnot depart from the provisions of this Chapter relating to non-discrimination;
(j) essential to the acquisition or distribution of products in general or local short supply;
Provided that any such measures shall be consistent with the principle that all WTO
members are entitled to an equitable share of the international supply of such
products, and that any such measures, which are inconsistent with the otherWT/REG158/1
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provisions of this Chapter shall be discontinued as soon as the conditions giving rise
to them have ceased to exist.
Article 13
Security Exceptions
Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed:(a) to require any Party to furnish any information the disclosure of which it considers
contrary to its essential security interests;
(b) to prevent any Party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the
protection of its essential security interests:
(i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;
(ii) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such
traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for
the purpose of supplying a military establishment;
(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or
(c) to prevent any Party from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the
United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.
03 RULES OF ORIGIN
Article 1
Definitions
For the purposes of this Chapter:(a) “allowable cost to manufacture” means the sum of:
(i) the allowable expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturer
calculated in accordance with Article 6 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable
Expenditure on Materials); and
(ii) the allowable expenditure on labour by the principal manufacturer calculated
in accordance with Article 7 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable Expenditureon Labour); and
(iii) the allowable expenditure on overheads by the principal manufacturer
calculated in accordance with Article 8 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable
Expenditure on Overheads);
(b) “Certificate of Origin” means a certificate complying with the requirements of Annex
2A (Certificate of Origin Requirements);
(c) “Declaration” means a declaration made in accordance with Article 11.6;WT/REG158/1
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(d) “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” means the recognised consensus or
substantial authoritative support in the territory of a Party, with respect to the
recording of revenues, expenses, costs, assets and liabilities; the disclosure of
information; and the preparation of financial statements. These standards may
encompass broad guidelines of general application as well as detailed standards,practices and procedures;
(e) “inner container” includes any container into which goods or materials, as the case
may be, are packed, other than a shipping or airline container, pallet or other similar
article;
(f) “input” means any matter or substance used or consumed in the manufacture or
production of materials (other than matter or substance that is treated as an overhead);
(g) “manufacture” means the creation of an article essentially different from the matters
or substances that go into such manufacture. Manufacture does not include the
following activities, performed alone or in combination with each other:
(i) restoration or renovation processes such as repairing, reconditioning,
overhauling or refurbishing;
(ii) minimal operations such as pressing, labelling, ticketing, packaging and
preparation for sale, conducted alone or in combination with each other; or
(iii) quality control inspections;
(h) “material” means any matter or substance purchased by the principal manufacturer,
and used or consumed in the processing of goods that are exported to the territory of
the importing Party (other than matter or substance that is treated as an overhead);
(i) “originating goods”, as used in Chapter 2 (Trade in Goods) and this Chapter, means
goods that qualify as originating in accordance with the relevant provisions of Section
A of this Chapter;
(j) “preferential tariff treatment” means the customs duty rate that is applicable to an
originating good pursuant to Article 3.1 of Chapter 2 (Trade in Goods);
(k) “principal manufacturer” means the person in the territory of a Party who performs,
or has had performed on its behalf, the last process of manufacture of the goods;
(l) “process” means any operation performed on the goods and includes:
(i) a process of manufacture;
(ii) minimal operations such as pressing, labelling, ticketing, packaging and
preparation for sale, conducted alone or in combination with each other; and
(iii) quality control inspections;WT/REG158/1
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(m) “production”, in relation to wholly obtained goods, means growing, mining,
harvesting, fishing, hunting, gathering, trapping, capturing, farming, cultivating1 or
otherwise obtaining wholly obtained goods;
(n) “producer”, in relation to wholly obtaine d goods, means a person who grows, mines,
harvests, fishes, hunts, gathers, traps, captures, farms, cultivates or otherwise obtainswholly obtained goods;
(o) “produce”, in relation to wholly obtained goods, means to grow, mine, harvest, fish,
hunt, gather, trap, capture, farm, cultivate or otherwise obtain wholly obtained goods;
(p) “total cost to manufacture” means the sum of:
(i) the total expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturer calculated in
accordance with Article 5 (Calculation of Costs – Total Expenditure on
Materials);
(ii) the allowable expenditure on labour by the principal manufacturer calculated
in accordance with Article 7 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable Expenditure
on Labour);
(iii) the allowable expenditure on overheads by the principal manufacturer
calculated in accordance with Article 8 (Calculation of Costs – AllowableExpenditure on Overheads); and
(iv) where applicable, the total expenditure by the principal manufacturer on a
process, or processes, in the manufacture of the goods performed in the
territory of a non-Party calculated in accordance with Article 9 (Calculation
of Costs – Total Expenditure on Overseas Processing Costs);
(q) “unmanufactured raw products” means:
(i) natural or primary products that have not been subjected to an industrial
process, other than an ordinary pr ocess of primary production, and includes:
(A) animals and products obtained fr om animals, including greasy wool;
(B) plants and products obtained from plants;
(C) minerals in their natural state and ores; and(D) crude petroleum;
OR(ii) raw materials recovered in the territory of a Party from waste and scrap;
(r) “waste and scrap” means only waste and scrap that:
(i) have been derived from manufacturing operations or consumption; and
                                                     
1 Cultivating includes the process of aquaculture.WT/REG158/1
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(ii) are fit only for the recovery of raw materials; and
(s) “wholly obtained goods” means unmanufactured raw products, or waste and scrap.
Article 2
Recording Of Costs And Tariff Classification
For the purposes of this Chapter:(a) all costs shall be recorded and maintained  in accordance with the Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles applicable in the territory of the Party in which the goods are
produced or manufactured; and
(b) the basis for tariff classification is the Harmonized Commodity Description and
Coding System.
SECTION A: ORIGIN CONFERMENT
Article 3
Originating Goods
1. Goods shall be deemed originating goods of a Party where they are:
(a) wholly obtained goods produced in the territory of that Party;
(b) goods wholly manufactured in that Party from one or more of the following:
(i) unmanufactured raw products;
(ii) waste and scrap produced in the territory of either Party;
(iii) materials wholly manufactured within the territory of either Party; and/or
(iv) materials that are determined by both Parties to be materials meeting the
requirements of Article 3.1(b)(iii);
(c) goods partly manufactured in that Party, provided that the following conditions are
met:
(i) that in relation to any goods:
(A) the last process of manufacture was performed in the territory of that
Party by, or on behalf of, the principal manufacturer; and
(B) the allowable cost to manufacture the goods is not less than the
percentage of the total cost to manufacture the goods specified
below:
(I) 30% for the goods specifie d in Annex 2D (List of Goods
Subject to 30% Threshold); orWT/REG158/1
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(II) 50% for all other goods;
OR(ii) that in relation to any goods other than  those specified in Annex 2C (List of
Goods which Must be Subject to the Last Process of Manufacture within the
Territory of a Party):
(A) one or more processes of manufacture was or were performed in the
territory of that Party by, or on behalf of, the principal manufacturer;
(B) one or more processes was or were performed in the territory of that
Party by, or on behalf of, the principal manufacturer immediatelyprior to export of the goods to the territory of the other Party;
(C) the principal manufacturer in that Party incurred all the costs
associated with any process performed in the territory of a non-Party;
and
(D) the allowable cost to manufacture the goods is not less than the
percentage of the total cost to manufacture the goods specified
below:
(I) 30% for the goods specifie d in Annex 2D (List of Goods
Subject to 30% Threshold); or
(II) 50% for all other goods.
2. Where a specific shipment or shipments of identical goods within a specified period, but for
unforeseen circumstances, would have complied with Article 3.1(c), the importing Party may
determine that:
(a) the percentage of 30% can be read as 28%; or
(b) the percentage of 50% can be read as 48%.
3. In exceptional circumstances, the importing Party may allow a further derogation to the
percentages set out in Article 3.1(c) for a specific period in relation to particular goods, or goods of aspecific class or kind, in accordance with procedures to be agreed between the Parties.
Article 4
Calculation of Costs – General Provisions
1. For the purposes of Article 3.1(c)(i):
(a) the allowable cost to manufacture the goods excludes:
(i) the cost of any material purchased by the principal manufacturer and
subsequently processed in the territory of a non- Party; and
(ii) the cost of processing (including the cost of labour or overheads) any
material referred to in (i) above that is performed, whether in the territory of aWT/REG158/1
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Party or a non-Party, up until the return of the processed material to the
territory of a Party; and
(b) where minimal operations or quality control inspections are conducted by, or on
behalf of, the principal manufacturer, in the territory of a Party, as part of a
manufacturing process, the costs of those operations or the quality controlinspections, to the extent that they relate to  the cost of materials, labour or overheads,
can be included in the calculation of the total expenditure on materials and the
allowable expenditure on materials, labour and overheads, as appropriate.
2. For the purposes of Article 3.1(c)(ii), the allowable cost to manufacture the goods excludes
the cost of processing (including the cost of labour or overheads) any material in the territory of a
non-Party.
3. Where a Party finds that any input, material, lab our, overhead or overseas processing cost was
provided free of charge or at a price that is inconsistent with the normal market value of that input,
material, labour, overhead or overseas processing cost, as the case may be, an adjustment may be
made by that Party to ensure that the input, material, labour, overhead or overseas processing cost
reflects the normal market value. Any such adjustment made by the exporting Party shall be subject to
approval of the importing Party.
4. In the calculation of the total cost to manufactu re and the allowable cost to manufacture the
goods, a cost incurred, whether directly or indirectly, by the principal manufacturer of the goods, must
not be taken into account more than once.
Article 5
Calculation Of Costs – Total Expenditure On Materials
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 (Calculation of Costs – General Provisions), for the
purposes of ascertaining the total cost to manufacture the goods, as required by Article 3 (Originating
Goods), the total expenditure on materials by th e principal manufacturer shall be calculated in
accordance with the following provisions:
(a) subject to Articles 5(b) and 5(c), the total expenditure on materials by the principal
manufacturer is the amount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal
manufacturer for all materials;
(b) the following costs that form part of the am ount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the
principal manufacturer for a material shall be included in the total expenditure onmaterials by the principal manufacturer:
(i) freight, insurance, shipping and packin g costs, and all other costs incurred in
transporting the material to the first place in the territory of either Party at
which a process is performed on that material by, or on behalf, of the
principal manufacturer; and
(ii) customs brokerage fees on the material paid in the territory of one or both
Parties; and
(c) the following costs, imposed on the materials by  eith er P ar ty , tha t fo rm  part o f th e
amount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal manufacturer for a material,WT/REG158/1
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shall be excluded from the total expenditure on materials by the principal
manufacturer:
(i) a customs or excise duty; and
(ii) a tax in the nature of a sales tax, a goods and services tax, an anti-dumping
duty or a countervailing duty.
Article 6
Calculation Of Costs – Allowable Expenditure On Materials
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 (Calculation of Costs – General Provisions), for the
purposes of ascertaining the allowable cost to manufacture the goods, as required by Article 3
(Originating Goods), the allowable expenditure on  materials by the principal manufacturer shall be
calculated in accordance with the following provisions:
(a) subject to Articles 6(b) to 6(d), the allowable expenditure on materials by the
principal manufacturer is the amount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal
manufacturer for all materials, in the form purchased by the principal manufacturer,that were manufactured or produced in the territory of either Party;
(b) the following costs that form part of the am ount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the
principal manufacturer for a material specified in Article 6(a) shall be included in the
allowable expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturer:
(i) freight, insurance, shipping and packin g costs, and all other costs incurred in
transporting the material to the first place in the territory of either Party at
which a process is performed on that material by, or on behalf of, the
principal manufacturer; and
(ii) customs brokerage fees on the material paid in the territory of one or both
Parties;
(c) the following costs that form part of the am ount incurred, directly or indirectly, by the
principal manufacturer for a material specified in Article 6(a) shall be excluded from
the allowable expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturer:
(i) a customs or excise duty;
(ii) a tax in the nature of a sales tax, a goods and services tax, an anti-dumping
duty or a countervailing duty, imposed on the materials by either Party; and
(iii) the cost of any input that, in the form it was received by the manufacturer or
producer of the material, was not manufactured or produced in the territory of
either Party, unless Article 6(d) applies; and
(d) where, in relation to a particular material, other than a material that is provided for
processing in a non-Party, the total cost of all inputs that would otherwise be
excluded from the allowable expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturerby virtue of Article 6(c)(iii), does not exceed 50% of the total expenditure on that
material by the principal manufacturer, as calculated in accordance with Article 5(a),WT/REG158/1
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the total cost of those inputs may be included in the allowable expenditure on
materials by the principal manufacturer.
Article 7
Calculation Of Costs – Allowable Expenditure On Labour
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 (Calculation of Costs – General Provisions), for the
purposes of ascertaining the total cost to manufacture and the allowable cost to manufacture the
goods, as required by Article 3 (Originating Goods), the allowable expenditure on labour by the
principal manufacturer shall be the sum of the part of  each cost set out in Section (i) (Labour Costs) of
Annex 2B (Allowable Labour and Overhead Costs):
(a) that is incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal manufacturer;
(b) that relates, directly or indirectly, and wholly or partly, to the processing of the goods
in the territory of the Party; and
(c) that can reasonably be allocated to the processing of the goods in the territory of the
Party.
Article 8
Calculation Of Costs – Allowable Expenditure On Overheads
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 (Calculation of Costs – General Provisions), for the
purposes of ascertaining the total cost to manufacture and allowable cost to manufacture the goods, as
required by Article 3 (Originating Goods), the allowable expenditure on overheads by the principal
manufacturer shall be the sum of the part of each cost set out in Section (ii) (Overheads) of Annex 2B
(Allowable Labour and Overhead Costs):
(a) that is incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal manufacturer; and
(b) that relates, directly or indirectly, and wholly or partly, to the processing of the goods
in the territory of the Party; and
(c) that can reasonably be allocated to the processing of the goods in the territory of the
Party.
Article 9
Calculation Of Costs – Total Expenditure On Overseas Processing Costs
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 (Calculation of Costs – General Provisions), for the
purposes of ascertaining the total cost to manufacture the goods, as required by Article 3 (Originating
Goods), the total expenditure by the principal manuf acturer on a process, or processes, performed in
the territory of the non-Party shall be the sum of that part of each cost:
(a) that is incurred, directly or indirectly, by the principal manufacturer; and
(b) that relates, directly or indirectly, and wholly or partly, to the processing of the goods
in the territory of a non-Party, including any associated transport costs; andWT/REG158/1
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(c) that can reasonably be allocated to the processing of the goods in the territory of the
non-Party.
SECTION B: CONSIGNMENT CRITERIA
Article 10
Consignment
Preferential tariff treatment shall apply only to originating goods of a Party where they are:(a) transported directly from the territory of that Party to the territory of the other Party;
(b) transported through the territories of one or more non-Parties, provided that the
goods:
(i) did not undergo operations other than packing, packaging, unloading,
reloading or operations to preserve them in good condition in the territory of
any such non-Party; and
(ii) were not traded or used in the territory of any such non-Party; or
(c) transported from a non-Party where minima l operations were performed immediately
after import from the Party in which the last process of manufacture was performed
and immediately prior to export to the other Party.
SECTION C: DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
Article 11
Certification Of Origin
1. The exporting Party shall provide the opportunity for a principal manufacturer, a producer or
an exporter to apply to an authorised body re ferred to in Annex 2A (Certificate of Origin
Requirements) for a Certificate of Origin.
2. An application for a Certificate of Origin and a Certificate of Origin shall meet the
requirements of Annex 2A (Certificate of Origin Requirements).
3. A Certificate of Origin shall be valid for multiple shipments of the goods described therein
that are exported within two years from the date of issue, provided that the first shipment occurs
within the first year of issue and the Certificate of Origin has not been revoked.
4. The exporting Party may revoke a Certificate of Origin by notice in writing. A revoked
Certificate of Origin shall have no force from the date specified in that notice.
5. The exporting Party shall forward a copy of a notice revoking a Certificate of Origin to the
applicant for the Certificate of Origin and to the importing Party, immediately upon the issue of that
notice.WT/REG158/1
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6. The exporting Party shall require that an exporter of goods, for which preferential tariff
treatment is claimed, must declare in writing, prior to the export of those goods, that the goods are
originating goods. The Declaration shall be completed by a representative of the exporter competent
to make the Declaration and must include:
(a) a reference to the exporter’s invoice for the goods;
(b) a statement that the goods are identical to goods specified in a valid Certificate of
Origin nominated in the Declaration;
(c) a statement that the goods are originating g oods that comply with the rule specified in
the nominated Certificate of Origin; and
(d) the signature, name and designation of the exporter’s representative, and the date the
Declaration is signed.
7. Where the exporter of the goods is not the producer or principal manufacturer of the goods,
the exporting Party shall require that, prior to making a Declaration pursuant to Article 11.6, the
exporter must ensure that the producer or principal manufacturer has a copy of the relevant Certificate
of Origin and has obtained from that producer or principal manufacturer written confirmation that the
goods are originating goods. The confirmation shall be completed by the representative of the
producer or principal manufacturer who is competent to make the confirmation, and shall include:
(a) a reference to the evidence of sale of the goods between the producer or principal
manufacturer and the exporter;2
(b) a statement that the goods are identical to goods specified in a valid Certificate of
Origin nominated in the confirmation;
(c) a statement that the goods are originating g oods that comply with the rule specified in
the nominated Certificate of Origin; and
(d) the signature, name and designation of the principal manufacturer’s representative,
and the date the confirmation is signed.
Article 12
Claim For Preferential Tariff Treatment
1. Subject to Article 12.2, the importing Party shall grant preferential tariff treatment to goods
imported into its territory from the other Party, provided that the goods are originating goods, the
consignment criteria specified in Article 10 (Consignment) have been met, and the importer claiming
preferential tariff treatment:
(a) has a valid Certificate of Origin and a Declaration relevant to those goods in its
possession when claiming preferential tariff treatment; and
(b) provides a copy of that Certificate of Origin and that Declaration if requested by the
importing Party.
                                                     
2 Evidence of sale in most cases would refer to an invoice number and not the purchase order number.WT/REG158/1
Page 17
2. The importing Party may waive the requirement for a Certificate of Origin or a Declaration in
certain circumstances, in accordance with its domestic laws and practices.
3. The importing Party shall grant preferential tariff treatment to goods imported after the date of
entry into force of this Agreement and for which no preferential tariff treatment was earlier applied, if:
(a) the claim for preferential tariff treatment is made within 12 months from the date of
payment of customs duties, subject to domestic laws and practices in the importing
Party; and
(b) the importer provides a copy of the valid Certificate of Origin and Declaration
relevant to those goods.
Article 13
Records
1. Each Party shall require that:
(a) a producer, a principal manufacturer or an exporter that obtains a Certificate of
Origin, an exporter that makes a Declara tion pursuant to Article 11.6, or a producer or
principal manufacturer that makes a confirmation pursuant to Article 11.7 mustmaintain, for 5 years from the date of the Certificate of Origin, Declaration or
confirmation, as the case may be, all records relating to the origin of the goods for
which preferential tariff treatment is claimed in the importing Party, including records
associated with:
(i) the purchase of, cost of, value of, and payment for, the goods that were
exported from its territory;
(ii) the purchase of, cost of, value of, and payment for, all materials used or
consumed in the manufacture or production of the goods that were exported
from its territory;
(iii) the manufacture or production of the goods in the form in which the goods
were exported from its territory; and
(iv) the Certificate of Origin, Declaration and confirmation, as the case may be,
relevant to the goods; and
(b) an importer claiming preferential tariff treatment must maintain, for 5 years after the
date of importation of the goods, all records relating to the importation of the goods,
including a copy of the Certificate of Origin and the Declaration relevant to those
goods.
2. The records to be maintained pursuant to this  Article shall include electronic records. Any
such records in electronic form shall be mainta ined in accordance with the domestic laws and
practices of the relevant Party.WT/REG158/1
Page 18
Article 14
Origin Verifications
1. The importing Party may verify the eligibility of goods for preferential tariff treatment in
accordance with its domestic laws and practices.
2. Verification of eligibility for preferential tariff treatment may include either Party taking the
following courses of action, in accordance with mutually agreed procedures:
(a) instituting measures to establish the validity of the Certificate of Origin, Declaration
or confirmation;
(b) issuing written questionnaires to be completed within a period of 30 days;
(c) requesting the supply of records relating to the production, manufacture or export of
the goods; and
(d) visiting the factory or premises of the producer, principal manufacturer, or exporter or
any other party in the territory of a Party associated with the production, manufacture,
import or export, of the goods or of the materials or inputs used therein.
3. The importing Party shall notify the exporting Party when it approaches any party listed in
Article 14.2(d) within the territory of the exporting Party during an action to verify eligibility.
4. The importing Party shall not visit the factory or premises of any party listed in Article
14.2(d) within the territory of the exporting Party without the prior consent of that party.
5. To the extent allowed by its domestic laws and practices, the exporting Party shall fully co-
operate in any action to verify eligibility and shall require that producers, manufacturers and exportersco-operate in any action to verify eligibility.
6. Action to verify eligibility for preferential tari ff treatment shall be completed and a decision
shall be made within 90 days of the commencement of such action. Written advice as to whether
goods are eligible for preferential tariff treatment mu st be provided to all relevant parties within 10
days of the decision being made.
Article 15
Suspension And Denial Of Preferential Tariff Treatment
1. Notwithstanding Article 12.1, the importing Party may suspend the application of preferential
tariff treatment to goods that are the subject of origin verification action under Article 14 (Origin
Verifications) for the duration of that action, or any part thereof.
2. The importing Party may deny a claim for preferential tariff treatment or recover unpaid
duties where:
(a) the goods do or did not meet the requirements of this Chapter;
(b) the producer, principal manufacturer, exporter, or importer of goods fails or has failed
to comply with any of the relevant requ irements for obtaining preferential tariff
treatment; orWT/REG158/1
Page 19
(c) action taken under Article 14 (Origin Verifications) failed to verify eligibility of the
goods for preferential tariff treatment.
SECTION D: REVIEW AND APPEAL OF ORIGIN DETERMINATIONS
Article 16
Review And Appeal
The importing Party shall grant the right of ap peal in matters relating to eligibility for
preferential tariff treatment to producers, principal manufacturers, exporters or importers of goods
traded or to be traded between the Parties, in accordance with its domestic laws and practices.
SECTION E: CONSULTATION AND MODIFICATIONS
Article 17
Consultation And Modifications
1. The Parties shall consult and cooperate to ensure that this Chapter is applied in an effective
and uniform manner, in accordance with the spirit and the objectives of this Agreement.
2. In the event of any change to the coverage of  goods in Section (ii) of Annex 2D (List of
Goods Subject to 30% Threshold) which significantly affects a Party’s principal manufacturer,
producer or exporter, the Parties shall enter into consultations on the possibility of including the goods
in question into Section (i) of Annex 2D (List of Goods Subject to 30% Threshold).
04 CUSTOMS PROCEDURES
Article 1
Purpose And Definitions
1. The purpose of this Chapter is to promote the objectives of this Agreement by simplifying
customs procedures in relation to bilateral trade between the Parties.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “customs law” means any statutory and regulatory provisions applicable or
enforceable by the respective customs administration of each Party; and
(b) “customs procedures” means the treatment applied by the customs administration of
each Party to goods which are subject to customs control.
Article 2
Scope
This Chapter shall apply, in accordance with the Parties’ respective national laws, rules and
regulations, to customs procedures required for clearance of goods traded between the Parties.WT/REG158/1
Page 20
Article 3
General Provisions
1. Customs procedures of both Parties shall conform, where possible and to the extent permitted
by their respective domestic laws, rules and regulations, to the standards and recommended practices
of the World Customs Organisation, including the principles of the revised International Convention
on the Simplification and Harmonisation of Customs Procedures.
2. The customs administrations of both Parties shall periodically review their customs
procedures with a view to their further simplif ication and the development of further mutually
beneficial arrangements to facilitate bilateral trade.
3. To the extent permitted by their domestic laws, rules and regulations, the Customs
administrations of both Parties shall provide each othe r with information to assi st in the investigation
and prevention of infringements of customs law.
4. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to re quire either Party to furnish or allow access to
information the disclosure of which it considers would:
(a) be contrary to the public interest as determined by its law, rules and regulations;
(b) be contrary to any of its laws, rules and regulations including but not limited to those
protecting personal privacy or the financial affairs and accounts of individual
customers of financial institutions; or
(c) impede law enforcement.
Article 4
Paperless Trading
1. The customs administrations of both Parties, in  implementing initiatives which provide for the
use of paperless trading, shall take into accoun t the methodologies agreed in APEC and the World
Customs Organisation.
2. The customs administration of each Party shall work towards having electronic means for all
its customs reporting requirements as soon as practicable.
3. The customs administration of each Party shall provide electronic systems that support
business applications between it and its trading community.
Article 5
Risk Management
1. The Parties shall administer customs procedures at their respective borders so as to facilitate
the clearance of low-risk goods and focus on high-risk goods.
2. The Parties shall apply and further develop risk management techniques in the performance of
their customs procedures.WT/REG158/1
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Article 6
Sharing Of Best Practices
For future cooperative arrangements, both Parties shall facilitate initiatives to enhance further
the exchange of information on best practices in relation to customs procedures, including the
application of risk management techniques.
05 TECHNICAL REGULATIONS AND SANITARY
AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
Article 1
Purposes And Definitions
1. The purposes of this Chapter are to:
(a) facilitate trade and investment between the Parties through collaborative efforts
which minimise the impact of mandatory requirements and/or assessments of
manufacturers or manufacturing processes on the goods traded between the Parties, in
the most appropriate or cost-effective manner;
(b) complement bilateral agreements and arrangements between the Parties relating to
mandatory requirements; and
(c) build on the Mutual Recognition Agreement on Conformity Assessment between the
Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires or it is otherwise
defined in a Sectoral Annex:
(a) “conformity assessment” shall have the same  meaning as in the Mutual Recognition
Agreement on Conformity Assessment between  the Government of Australia and the
Government of the Republic of Singapore;
(b) “equivalence” means the state wherein mandatory requirements applied in the
territory of the exporting Party, though different from the mandatory requirements
applied in the territory of the importing Party, meet the legitimate objective or
achieve the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection of the mandatoryrequirements applied in the territory of the importing Party;
(c) “mandatory requirements” means all technical regulations and sanitary and
phytosanitary measures as may be set out in a Party’s laws, regulations and
administrative requirements;
(d) “regulatory authority” means an entity of a Party that exercises a legal right to
determine the mandatory requirements, control the import, use or supply of goods
within its territory and/or take enforcement action to ensure that goods marketed
within its territory comply with its mandatory requirements;
(e) “sanitary or phytosanitary measure” shall have the same meaning as in the WTO
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures;WT/REG158/1
Page 22
(f) “Sectoral Annex” means an annex to this Chapter which specifies the arrangements in
respect of a specific product sector; and
(g) “technical regulation” shall have the same meaning as in the WTO Agreement on
Technical Barriers to Trade.
Article 2
Scope And Obligations
1. This Chapter shall apply to mandatory requirements adopted or maintained by the Parties to
fulfil their legitimate objectives and/or achieve their appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary
protection.
2. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from adopting or maintaining, in accordance
with its international rights and obligations:
(a) mandatory requirements, as appropriate to its particular national circumstances; and
(b) mandatory requirements necessary to ensure the quality of its imports, or for the
protection of human, animal or plant life or  health, or the environment, or for the
prevention of deceptive practices or to fulfil other legitimate objectives, at the levelsit considers appropriate.
3. Each Party shall retain all authority under its laws to interpret and implement its mandatory
requirements. This includes the authority to take appropriate measures for goods that do not conform
to the Party’s mandatory requirements. Such measures may include withdrawing goods from the
market, prohibiting their placement on the market or restricting their free movement, initiating aproduct recall or prohibiting an import.
4. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to particular Sectoral Annexes as provided therein.
Article 3
Origin
This Chapter applies to all goods and/or assessments of manufacturers or manufacturing
processes of goods traded between the Parties, regardless of the origin of those goods, unless
otherwise specified in a Sectoral Annex, or unle ss otherwise specified by any mandatory requirement
of a Party.
Article 4
Harmonisation
The Parties shall, where appropriate, endeavour to work towards harmonisation of their
respective mandatory requirements taking into account relevant international standards,recommendations and guidelines, in accordance with their international rights and obligations.WT/REG158/1
Page 23
Article 5
Equivalence Of Mandatory Requirements
1. The Parties shall give favourable consideration to accepting the equivalence of each other’s
mandatory requirements consistent with the purpose of this Chapter.
2. A Party shall accept the equivalence of the mandatory requirements, and/or the results of
conformity assessment and approval procedures, of the other Party in accordance with the respective
Sectoral Annex.
3. For the purposes of Article 5.2, a Sectoral Annex shall provide the following details:
(a) the procedures for determining and implementing the equivalence of each Party’s
mandatory requirements; and/or
(b) the procedures for accepting the results of the conformity assessment and approval
procedures; and
(c) the regulatory authorities designated by each Party.
Article 6
Cooperative Activities On Sanitary And Phytosanitary/Quarantine Matters
1. The Parties shall endeavour to develop a work programme and mechanisms for co-operative
activities in the areas of technical assistance and capacity building to address plant, animal and public
health and food safety issues of mutual interest.
2. The Parties shall, where appropriate, endeavour to develop further the use and product
coverage of electronic means of data transfer, including electronic health certificates.
Article 7
Conformity Assessment
1. The Parties, through the Joint Committee established by Article 11 of the Mutual Recognition
Agreement on Conformity Assessment between the Go vernment of Australia and the Government of
the Republic of Singapore, shall consider arrang ements additional to those provided for in this
Chapter to ensure that differences between the structure, organization and operation of conformity
assessment procedures in their respective territories do not unnecessarily impede trade between them.
2. For the purposes of conformity assessment, each Party shall, on the request of the other Party,
and in accordance with relevant international obligations and its respective applicable domestic laws,
rules and regulations, take reasonable steps to facilitate access in its territory for inspection, testing
and other relevant procedures.
3. The Parties affirm their intention to adopt and apply, with such modifications as may be
necessary, the principles set out in the APEC Information Notes on Good Regulatory Practice forTechnical Regulation with respect to conformity assessment and approval procedures in meeting their
international obligations under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.WT/REG158/1
Page 24
Article 8
Exchange Of Information, And Consultation
1. The Parties shall provide notification of any changes to their mandatory requirements in
accordance with their WTO obligations or in specific cases as appropriate.
2. The Parties shall, within the context of this Chapter, establish contact points to expeditiously:
(a) broaden the exchange of information; and
(b) give favourable consideration to any written request for consultation.
3. The Parties shall, upon a request in writing of either Party and where appropriate, jointly:
(a) identify and develop new Sectoral Annexes for priority sectors for this Chapter;
(b) agree to amend or increase the scope of existing Sectoral Annexes with a view to
minimising the impact of mandatory requirements on goods traded between the
Parties; and
(c) agree on a work programme for the implementation of this Article, consistent with
the provisions of this Chapter, and implement that work programme expeditiously.
Article 9
Confidentiality
Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to re quire either Party to furnish or allow access to
information the disclosure of which it considers would:
(a) be contrary to its essential security interests;
(b) be contrary to the public interest as determined by its domestic laws, rules and
regulations;
(c) be contrary to any of its domestic laws, rules and regulations, including but not
limited to those protecting personal privacy or the financial affairs and accounts of
individual customers of financial institutions;
(d) impede law enforcement; or
(e) prejudice legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.
Article 10
Final Provisions On Sectoral Annexes
1. The Parties shall conclude as appropriate Sectoral Annexes which shall provide the
implementing arrangements for this Chapter.WT/REG158/1
Page 25
2. A Sectoral Annex shall enter into force on th e first day of the second month following the
date on which the Parties have exchanged notes confirming the completion of their respective
procedures for the entry into force of that Sectoral Annex.
3. A Party may terminate a Sectoral Annex in its entirety by giving the other Party six months’
advance notice in writing unless otherwise stated in the relevant Sectoral Annex. However, a Partyshall continue to accept the results of conformity assessment or equivalence for the duration of the
six-month advance notice period.
4. Where urgent problems of safety, health, consumer or environmental protection or national
security arise or threaten to arise for a Party, that Party may suspend the operation of any Sectoral
Annex, in whole or in part, immediately. In such cases, the Party shall immediately advise the other
Party of the nature of the urgent problem, the goods covered and the objective and rationale of the
suspension.
06 GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
Article 1
Definitions
1. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “confidential information” includes: trade secrets; know-how; privileged information;
or any other information that is expressed to be confidential or sensitive by the persondisclosing the information or is disclosed in circumstances importing, either expressly
or implicitly, an obligation of confidence as recognised by the laws, regulations,
procedures and practices of the Party concerned;
(b) “entities” means:
(i) for Australia, those entities listed at Annex 3A and their successors other than
those subsequently commercialised or privatised; and
(ii) for Singapore, those entities listed at Annex 3B and their successors other
than those subsequently commercialised or privatised;
(c) “limited tendering procedures” means those tendering procedures in which the
procuring entity directly invites one or more suppliers to submit tenders;
(d) “open tendering procedures” means those tendering procedures in which the
procuring entity issues a public call for tenders; and
(e) “tender process” includes all activities directly related to the process of procuring
goods or services conducted by a Party or its entities which is open to participation by
persons of the other Party before a contract for the supply of those goods or services
is concluded.WT/REG158/1
Page 26
Article 2
Scope And Coverage
1. This Chapter shall apply to:
(a) any law, regulation, procedure or practice regarding any procurement by entities; and
(b) procurement of goods and services1 by any contractual means, including through such
methods as purchase or as lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without an option to
buy, including any combination of goods and services.
2. This Chapter shall not apply to:
(a) internal procurement of goods and services by a Party from its own entities where no
other supplier has been asked to tender. However, where such an entity submits atender in an open tendering procedure, this Chapter shall apply;
(b) procurement of proprietary items required to ensure the integrity of machinery,
equipment or systems. However, where such items are available from a number of
sources and an open tendering procedure is used, this Chapter shall apply;
(c) procurement of proprietary equipment of a work, health or safety nature specified in
industrial agreements. However, where such items are available from a number of
sources and an open tendering procedure is used, this Chapter shall apply;
(d) procurement for the purposes of overseas development assistance;
(e) procurement of goods and services outside the territory of the procuring Party, for
consumption outside the territory of the procuring Party; or
(f) procurement of asset management and financial advisory services pertaining to
reserves held by each Party’s Government or its entities.
Article 3
National Treatment
1. With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government
procurement covered by this Chapter, each Party shall provide immediately and unconditionally to the
goods, services and suppliers of the other Party offering goods or services of the other Party,
treatment no less favourable than that accorded to domestic goods, services and suppliers.
2. With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government
procurement covered by this Chapter, each Party shall ensure:
(a) that its entities shall not treat a locally-established supplier less favourably than
another locally-established supplier on the basis of degree of foreign affiliation or
ownership; and
                                                     
1 For the purposes of this Chapter, “goods and services” includes construction.WT/REG158/1
Page 27
(b) that its entities shall not discriminate against a locally-established supplier on the
basis that it is a supplier of a good or service of the other Party.
3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to customs duties and charges of any
kind imposed on or in connection with importation, the method of levying such duties and charges,
other import regulations and formalities, and measures affecting trade in services other than laws,regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Chapter.
4. A Party shall not discriminate in favour of corporate bodies in which that Party is a
shareholder.
Article 4
Rules Of Origin
A Party shall not apply rules of origin to goods or services imported or supplied for purposes
of government procurement covered by this Chapter from the other Party, which are different from
the rules of origin applied in the normal course of trade and at the time of the transaction in question
to imports or supplies of the same goods or services from that other Party.
Article 5
Technical Specifications
Technical specifications laying down the characteristics of the goods or services to be
procured shall not be prepared, adopted or applied with a view to, or with the effect of, creating
unnecessary obstacles to trade between the Parties.
Article 6
Tendering Principles
1. Entities may use open tendering procedures or limited tendering procedures.
2. Each Party shall ensure that the tendering procedures of its entities are consistent with the
provisions of this Chapter, provide for mechanisms to eliminate conflict of interest between persons
administering a tendering procedure and potential suppliers, achieve value for money outcomes and
are conducted in a fair and nondiscriminatory manner.
3. In an open tendering procedure, entities shall publish an invitation to participate in such a way
as to be readily accessible to any interested supplier of the other Party. In particular, entities shall
make tender notices accessible to suppliers. Where a deadline has been specified for the close of
tenders, the existence of such a deadline shall be made known in the same medium as used to publish
tender notices.
4. Any conditions for participation in open tendering procedures shall be published in adequate
time to enable interested suppliers of the other Party to initiate and, to the extent that it is compatible
with the efficient operation of the procurement process, complete the registration and/or qualification
procedures.
5. Entities shall not provide to any tenderer information with regard to a specific procurement in
a manner which would have the effect of giving that tenderer an advantage over other tenderers.WT/REG158/1
Page 28
6. The tender evaluation process shall be fair and non-discriminatory and shall have a
mechanism to eliminate potential conflict of inte rest between persons administering the process and
suppliers participating in the process.
7. Entities shall, on request from an unsuccessful supplier of the other Party which participated
in the relevant tender, promptly provide pertinent information concerning reasons for the rejection ofits tender, unless the release of such information would impede law enforcement or otherwise be
contrary to the public interest or would prejudice the legitimate commercial interest of particular
enterprises, public or private, or might prejudice fair competition between suppliers.
Article 7
Registration And Qualification Of Suppliers
1. In the process of registering and/or qualifying suppliers, the entities of a Party shall not
discriminate between domestic suppliers and suppliers of the other Party.
2. Any conditions for participation in open tendering procedures shall be no less favourable to
suppliers of the other Party than to domestic suppliers.
3. The process of, and the time required for, registering and/or qualifying suppliers shall not be
used in order to keep suppliers of the other Party off a list of suppliers or from being considered for a
particular procurement.
4. Entities maintaining permanent lists of register ed and/or qualified suppliers shall ensure that
suppliers may apply for registration or qualification at any time, and that all registered and qualified
suppliers are included in the lists within a reasonably short time.
Article 8
Protection And Proper Use Of Confidential Information
1. When a person of a Party discloses confidential information to the other Party or its entities,
the latter Party shall ensure that such information is kept confidential and is not used for a purpose
other than that for which it was disclosed, except where disclosure is required:
(a) by an order of a court or tribunal;
(b) by a House of Parliament or its Committees, however the relevant Party or entity may
resist such an order by a claim of public interest immunity; or
(c) under legislation governing access to government information, unless an exception or
exemption under such legislation is successfully invoked in relation to theinformation.
2. Before any confidential information is disclosed pursuant to Article 8.1, reasonable notice in
writing shall be given to the person of a Party who provided the information.WT/REG158/1
Page 29
Article 9
Protection Of Intellectual Property In A Tender Process And The Resulting Contracts
1. Material protected by intellectual property rights as defined in Chapter 13 (Intellectual
Property) that is supplied by a person of a Party in a tender process shall not lose that protection on
the sole basis that it is so supplied.
2. Ownership of in tellectual property specifically produced under a contract for the procurement
of goods and services concluded between a person of one Party and the other Party or its entities shall
be as determined by the contract.
3. The contract for the procurement of goods or services shall not affect intellectual property
rights in material that existed prior to the date of the contract unless the contracting Parties expresslyagree otherwise in the contract.
4. Where the contract for goods or services includes the provision of licensed software, the
procuring Party or procuring entities, may not reverse assemble or reverse compile the licensed
software except to the extent permitted under its copyright law.
Article 10
Application Of Provisions Of Other Chapters To This Chapter
The provisions of Article 4 (Competitive Neutrality) of Chapter 12 (Competition Policy) shall
apply, mutatis mutandis , to procurements within the scope of this Chapter.
Article 11
Electronic Procurement
1. The Parties shall, within the context of their commitment to promote electronic commerce,
seek to provide opportunities for government procurement to be undertaken through electronic means,
hereafter referred to as “e-procurement”.
2. Each Party shall work toward a single entry point for the purpose of enabling suppliers to
access information on procurement opportunities in its territory.
3. To facilitate access of suppliers of one Party to e-procurement opportunities of the other
Party, the Parties shall, to the extent possible, cooperate to ensure policies and procedures are adoptedthat:
(a) promote equitable access for all potential suppliers of the other Party;
(b) promote the use of systems that are the most cost-effective for potential suppliers,
where the Parties utilise authentication systems;
(c) provide for the least cost to potential suppliers, where the Parties elect to procure
goods or services through online or reverse auctions;
(d) protect documentation from unauthorised and undetected alteration; andWT/REG158/1
Page 30
(e) provide appropriate levels of security for data on, and passing through, the procuring
entity’s network.
4. Each Party shall, to the extent possible, make  procurement opportunities that are available to
the public accessible to suppliers via the Internet or any publicly available electronic medium. To the
extent possible, each Party shall make available relevant documentation by the same means.
Article 12
Review Of Tender Process
1. In the event of a complaint by a supplier that there has been a breach of the procuring Party's
laws, regulations, procedures or practices regarding procurement in the context of a procurement in
which they have, or have had, an interest, each Party shall encourage the supplier to seek resolution ofits complaint in consultation with the procuring enti ty. In such instances the procuring entity shall
accord timely and impartial consideration to any such complaint.
2. Each Party shall provide suppliers of the other Party with non-discriminatory, timely,
transparent and effective access to an administrative or judicial body competent to hear or review
complaints of alleged breaches of the procuring Party's laws, regulations, procedures and practicesregarding procurement in the context of procurements in which they have, or have had, an interest.
3. Each Party shall make information on complaint mechanisms generally available.
Article 13
Transparency
1. The Parties shall apply all procurement laws, regulations, procedures and practices
consistently, fairly and equitably so that their corporate governance structures provide transparency to
potential suppliers.
2. The Parties shall publish and make accessible information relating to government
procurement, and any changes or additions to this  information, in a consistent and timely manner.
Information relating to government procurement includes:
(a) procurement laws, regulations, and policy guidelines;
(b) open tendering opportunities and the conditions for participation;
(c) supplier qualification mechanisms and criteria for qualification; and
(d) decisions on contract awards.
Article 14
Exceptions
1. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent either Party from taking any action or
not disclosing any information which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential securityinterests relating to the procurement of arms, am munition or war materials, or to procurement
indispensable for national security or for national defence purposes.WT/REG158/1
Page 31
2. Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same
conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Chapter shall be
construed to prevent either Party from imposing or enforcing measures:
(a) necessary to protect public morals, order or safety, human, animal or plant life or
health or intellectual property;
(b) relating to the goods or services of handicapped persons, of philanthropic institutions
or of prison labour; or
(c) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
Article 15
Opportunities For Indigenous Persons
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same
conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Chapter shall
prevent Australia from promoting employment and training opportunities for its indigenous people inregions where significant indigenous populations exist.
Article 16
Industry Development
Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent the Pa rties from using government procurement to
promote industry development including measures to assist small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
within their territory to gain access to the government procurement market.
Article 17
Dispute Settlement
A Party may not initiate dispute settlement proceedings under Chapter 16 (Dispute
Settlement) regarding its rights and obligations under this Chapter unless:
(a) the matter giving rise to the dispute involves a pattern of practice; and
(b) the suppliers affected have exhausted the available remedies regarding the particular
matter.
Article 18
Review Of Commitments
1. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a Party enters into any agreement on government
procurement with a non-Party, it shall give positive consideration to a request by the other Party for
incorporation herein of treatment no less favourable than under the aforesaid agreement. Any suchincorporation should maintain the overall balance of commitments undertaken by each Party under
this Agreement.WT/REG158/1
Page 32
2. Not later than 12 months from the date of entry into force of this Agreement and biennially
thereafter, the Parties shall examine and, where appr opriate, update the entities specified in Annexes
3A and 3B.
3. As part of the examination referred to in Article 18.2, both Parties shall consider adding
entities to their respective Annexes. This undertak ing shall include Australia encouraging its State and
Territory Governments to list their entities by the time of the first review, and Singapore considering
adding entities not covered by the WTO Pluril ateral Agreement on Government Procurement.
07 TRADE IN SERVICES
Article 1
Definitions
For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “a service supplied in the exercise of governmental authority” means any service
which is supplied neither on a commercial basis nor in competition with one or more
service suppliers;
(b) “commercial presence” means any type of business or professional establishment,
including through:
(i) the constitution, acquisition or maintenance of a legal person, or
(ii) the creation or maintenance of a branch or a representative office,
within the territory of a Party for the purpose of supplying a service;
(c) “direct taxes” comprise all taxes on total income, on total capital or on elements of
income or of capital, including taxes on gains from the alienation of property, taxeson estates, inheritances and gifts, and taxes on the total amounts of wages or salaries
paid by enterprises, as well as taxes on capital appreciation;
(d) “existing measures” means measures in force as of the date of entry into force of this
Agreement;
(e) “legal person” means any legal entity duly constituted or otherwise organised under
applicable law, whether for profit or otherwise, and whether privately-owned or
governmentally-owned, including any corporation, trust, partnership, joint venture,sole proprietorship or association;
(f) “legal person of the other Party” means a legal person which is either:
(i) constituted or otherwise organised under the law of the other Party; or
(ii) in the case of the supply of a service through commercial presence, owned or
controlled by:
(A) natural persons of the other Party; orWT/REG158/1
Page 33
(B) legal persons of the other Party identified under Article 1(f)(i);
(g) “measure” means any measure by a Party, whether in the form of a law, regulation,
rule, procedure, decision, administrative action, or any other form;
(h) “measures by Parties” means measures taken by:
(i) central, regional or local governments and authorities; and
(ii) non-governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central,
regional or local governments or authorities;
(i) “measures by Parties affecting trade in services” include measures in respect of:
(i) the purchase, payment or use of a service;
(ii) the access to and use of, in connection with the supply of a service, services
which are required by the Parties to be offered to the public generally;
(iii) the presence, including commercial presence, of persons of a Party for the
supply of a service in the territory of the other Party;
(j) “monopoly supplier of a service” means any person, public or private, which in the
relevant market of the territory of a Party is authorised or established formally or in
effect by that Party as the sole supplier of that service;
(k) “natural person of a Party” means a natural person who resides in the territory of the
Party or elsewhere and who under the law of that Party:
(i) is a national of that Party; or
(ii) has the right of permanent residence in that Party;
(l) “new measures” means measures adopted after the date of entry into force of this
Agreement;
(m) “person” means either a natural person or a legal person;
(n) “services” means all services including new and variant services in any sector except
services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority;
(o) “service consumer” means any person that receives or uses a service;
(p) “service of the other Party” means a service which is supplied:
(i) from or in the territory of the other Party, or in the case of maritime transport,
by a vessel registered under the laws of the other Party, or by a person of the
other Party which supplies the service through the operation of a vessel
and/or its use in whole or in part; or
(ii) in the case of the supply of a service through commercial presence or through
the presence of natural persons, by a service supplier of the other Party;WT/REG158/1
Page 34
(q) “service supplier” means any person that supplies a service;1
(r) “supply of a service” includes the production, distribution, marketing, sale and
delivery of a service; and
(s) “trade in services” is defined as the supply of a service:
(i) from the territory of a Party into the territory of the other Party (“cross-
border”);
(ii) in the territory of a Party to the service consumer of the other Party
(“consumption abroad”);
(iii) by a service supplier of a Party, through commercial presence in the territory
of the other Party (“commercial presence”);
(iv) by a service supplier of a Party, through presence of natural persons of a
Party in the territory of the other Party (“presence of natural persons”).
Article 2
Scope
1. This Chapter applies to measures by a Party affecting trade in services by service suppliers of
the other Party.
2. This Chapter shall not apply to:
(a) subsidies or grants provided by a Party or to any conditions attached to the receipt or
continued receipt of such subsidies or grants, whether or not such subsidies or grants
are offered exclusively to domestic services, service consumers or service suppliers;or
(b) a service supplied in the exercise of governmental authority within the territory of
each respective Party.
3. This Chapter shall not apply to measures affecting natural persons seeking access to the
employment market of a Party, nor shall it apply to measures regarding citizenship, residence oremployment on a permanent basis.
4. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from applying measures to regulate the entry of
natural persons of the other Party into, or their temporary stay in, its territory, including those
measures necessary to protect the integrity of, and to ensure the orderly movement of natural persons
across its borders, provided that such measures are not applied in such a manner as to nullify or impair
the benefits accruing to the other Party under the terms of this Chapter.
                                                     
1 Where the service is not supplied directly by a legal person but through other forms of commercial
presence such as a branch or a representative office, the service supplier (i.e. the legal person) shall, nonetheless,through such presence be accorded the treatment provid ed for service suppliers under this Agreement. Such
treatment shall be extended to the presence through which the service is supplied and need not be extended to
any other parts of the supplier located outside the territory where the service is supplied.WT/REG158/1
Page 35
Article 3
Market Access
Neither Party shall maintain or adopt, either on the basis of a regional subdivision or on the
basis of its entire territory:2
(a) limitations on the number of service suppliers whether in the form of numerical
quotas, monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirements of an economic
needs test;
(b) limitations on the total value of service transactions or assets in the form of numerical
quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test;
(c) limitations on the total number of service operations or on the total quantity of service
output expressed in terms of designated numerical units in the form of quotas or the
requirement of an economic needs test;3
(d) limitations on the total number of natural persons that may be employed in a
particular service sector or that a service supplier may employ and who are necessaryfor, and directly related to, the supply of a specific service in the form of numerical
quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test;
(e) measures which restrict or require specific types of legal entity or joint venture
through which a service supplier may supply a service; and
(f) limitations on the participation of foreign capital in terms of maximum percentage
limit on foreign shareholding or the total value of individual or aggregate foreign
investment.
Article 4
National Treatment
1. Each Party shall accord to services and service suppliers of the other Party, in respect of all
measures affecting the supply of services, treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own
like services and service suppliers.
2. A Party may meet the requirement of Article 4.1 by according to services and service
suppliers of the other Party, either formally identi cal treatment or formally different treatment to that
it accords to its own like services and service suppliers.
3. Formally identical or formally different treatmen t shall be considered to be less favourable if
it modifies the conditions of competition in favour of services or service suppliers of the Party
compared to like services or service suppliers of the other Party.
                                                     
2 Subject to the reservations that a Party makes in respect of market access pursuant to Article 5
(Reservations), where the cross-border movement of capital is an essential part of a service supplied through themode of supply referred to in Article 1(s)(i), that Party is hereby committed to allow such movement of capital.Subject to the reservations that a Party makes in resp ect of market access pursuant to Article 5 (Reservations),
where a service is supplied through the mode of supply referred to in Article 1(s)(iii) that Party is herebycommitted to allow related transfers of capital into its territory.
3 Article 3(c) does not cover measures of a Party which limit inputs for the supply of services.WT/REG158/1
Page 36
4. This Article shall not be construed to require any Party to compensate for any inherent
competitive disadvantages which result from the foreign character of the relevant services or service
suppliers.
Article 5
Reservations
1. Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment) shall not apply to:
(a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained by a Party at:
(i) the central or regional level, as set out in Annex 4-I; or
(ii) the local level; or
(b) the continuation or prompt renewal of any non-conforming measure referred to in
Article 5.1(a).
2. Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment) shall not apply to any existing or new
measure that a Party adopts or maintains with respect to sectors, subsectors or activities as set out in
Annex 4-II.
3. Article 11 (Domestic Regulation) shall not apply to:
(a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained by a Party as set out in
Annex 4-I; or
(b) any existing or new measure that a Party adopts or maintains with respect to sectors,
subsectors or activities as set out in Annex 4-II.
4. Each Party shall set out its reservations through a description of:
(a) with respect to Annex 4-I, the non-conforming measure to which the reservation
applies; and
(b) with respect to Annex 4-II, the sectors, subsectors or activities to which the
reservation applies.
Article 6
Transitional Provisions On Regional Government Measures
1. Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment) shall not apply to measures maintained
by a Party at the regional level until the first review of this Agreement under Article 3 (Review) of
Chapter 17 (Final Provisions), when modifications or additions may be incorporated into the
reservations in Annex 4-I and Annex 4-II to extend the coverage of Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4(National Treatment) to these measures. Following the first review, Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4
(National Treatment) shall apply, at the regional level, unless the nonconforming measures
maintained at the regional level are covered by the reservations in Annexes 4-I and 4-II.
2. A Party shall enter into consultations at the request of the other Party with a view to ensuring
that modifications or additions incorporated into the reservations in accordance with Article 6.1 areWT/REG158/1
Page 37
consistent with the overall balance of benefits under the Agreement, and deciding whether any
necessary adjustment in the commitments of the Parties is required to preserve this balance. Article 7
(Modification or Addition of Reservations) and Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement) shall not apply to
any such adjustments. The Parties shall not apply any measure affecting trade in services at the
regional level in such a manner as would improve their negotiating position and leverage.
Article 7
Modification Or Addition Of Reservations
1. By giving three months written notification to the other Party, a Party may modify or add to
its non-conforming measures as set out in Annex 4-I and add new sectors, subsectors or activities to
its reservations set out in Annex 4-II. At the request of the other Party, it shall hold consultations witha view to reaching agreement on any necessary adjustment required to maintain the overall balance of
commitments undertaken by each Party under this Agreement. If agreement is not reached between
the Parties on any necessary adjustment, the matter may be referred to arbitration in accordance with
Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement).
2. Article 7.1 shall not be construed to prejudice the right of both Parties to maintain any
existing measures or adopt new measures consistent with the reservations set out in Annexes 4-I and
4-II.
Article 8
Additional Commitments
1. The Parties shall set out their respective ad ditional commitments in Annex 4-III of this
Agreement with respect to measures affecting trade in services not covered by Articles 3 (Market
Access) and 4 (National Treatment), including those regarding qualifications, standards or licensing
matters and any other matters as may be mutually agreed.
Article 9
Transparency
1. Each Party shall publish promptly and, except in emergency situations, at the latest by the
time of their entry into force, all relevant measures of general application which pertain to or affect
the operation of this Chapter. International agreements pertaining to or affecting trade in services towhich a Party is a signatory shall also be published.
2. Where publication as referred to in Article 9.1 is not practicable, such information shall be
made otherwise publicly available.
3. Each Party shall respond promptly to all requests  by the other Party for specific information
on any of its measures of general application or international agreements within the meaning ofArticle 9.1. Each Party shall also establish one or ore enquiry points to provide specific information to
the other Party, upon request, on all such matters.WT/REG158/1
Page 38
Article 10
Disclosure Of Confidential Information
Nothing in this Chapter shall require any Pa rty to provide confidential information, the
disclosure of which would impede law enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the public interest, or
which would prejudice legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.
Article 11
Domestic Regulation
1. Each Party shall ensure that all measures of ge neral application affecting trade in services are
administered in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner.
2. Each Party shall ensure that its judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures
which provide for the prompt review of, and where ju stified, appropriate remedies for, administrative
decisions affecting trade in services are open on a nondiscriminatory basis to service suppliers of theother Party. Where such procedures are not independent of the agency entrusted with the
administrative decision concerned, the Party shall ensure that the procedures in fact provide for an
objective and impartial review.
3. Article 11.2 shall not be construed to require a Party to institute such tribunals or procedures
where this would be inconsistent with its constitutional structure or the nature of its legal system.
4. Where authorisation is required for the supply of a service, the competent authorities of a
Party shall promptly, after the submission of an application considered complete under domestic laws
and regulations, inform the applicant of the decision concerning the application. At the request of the
applicant, the competent authorities of the Party shall provide, without undue delay, information
concerning the status of the application.
5. With the objective of ensuring that domestic regulation, including measures relating to
qualification requirements and procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements, do not
constitute unnecessary barriers to trade in services, the Parties shall jointly review the results of the
negotiations on disciplines on these measures, pursuant to Article VI.4 of the WTO General
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), with a view to their incorporation into this Agreement. The
Parties note that such disciplines aim to ensure that such requirements are inter alia :
(a) based on objective and transparent criteria, such as competence and the ability to
supply the service;
(b) not more burdensome than necessary to ensure the quality of the service;
(c) in the case of licensing procedures, not in themselves a restriction on the supply of
the service.
6. Pending the incorporation of disciplines pursuant to Article 11.5, a Party shall not apply
licensing and qualification requirements and technical standards that nullify or impair its obligations
under this Chapter in a manner which:
(a) does not comply with the criteria outlined in Articles 11.5(a), 11.5(b) or 11.5(c); andWT/REG158/1
Page 39
(b) could not reasonably have been expected of that Party at the time the obligations were
undertaken.
7. In determining whether a Party is in conformity with its obligations under Article 11.6,
account shall be taken of international standards of relevant international organisations4 applied by
that Party.
8. Pending the incorporation of disciplines pursuant to Article 11.5, each Party or its competent
authorities shall endeavour to:
(a) make publicly available:
(i) information on requirements and procedures to obtain, renew or retain any
licences or professional qualifications; and
(ii) information on technical standards;
(b) explain, on request, the policy rationale of a measure, particularly of a new measure;
and
(c) provide opportunity for comment, and give consideration to such comments, before
their adoption, when introducing measures which significantly affect trade in
services.
Article 12
Monopoly And Exclusive Service Suppliers
1. Each Party shall ensure that any monopoly supplier of a service in its territory does not, in the
supply of the monopoly service in the relevant market, act in a manner inconsistent with the Party’sobligations under Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment).
2. Where a Party’s monopoly supplier competes, either directly or through an affiliated
company, in the supply of a service outside the scope of its monopoly rights and which is subject to
that Party’s obligations under Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment), the Party shall
ensure that such a supplier does not abuse its monopoly position to act in its territory in a mannerinconsistent with such commitments.
3. If a Party has reason to believe that a monopoly supplier of a service of the other Party is
acting in a manner inconsistent with paragraph 1 or 2, it may request the other Party establishing,
maintaining or authorising such supplier to prov ide specific information concerning the relevant
operations in its territory.
4. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to cases of exclusive service suppliers, where a
Party, formally or in effect, (a) authorises or establishes a small number of service suppliers and (b)substantially prevents competition among those suppliers in its territory.
                                                     
4 The term “relevant international organisations” refers to international bodies whose membership is
open to relevant bodies of both Parties.WT/REG158/1
Page 40
Article 13
Safeguard Measures
Neither Party shall take safeguard action against services and service suppliers of the other
Party from the date of entry into force of this Agr eement. Neither Party shall initiate or continue any
safeguard investigations in respect of services and service suppliers of the other Party.
Article 14
Payments And Transfers
1. Subject to its reservations pursuant to Article 5 (Reservations) and except under the
circumstances envisaged in Article 15 (Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments), a Party
shall not apply restrictions on international transfers and payments for current transactions.
2. Nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the Parties as members of the
International Monetary Fund under the Articles of Agreement of the Fund, including the use ofexchange actions which are in conformity with the Ar ticles of Agreement, provided that a Party shall
not impose restrictions on any capital transactions inconsistently with its obligations under this
Chapter regarding such transactions, except under Article 15 (Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of
Payments) or at the request of the Fund.
Article 15
Restrictions To Safeguard The Balance Of Payments
1. In the event of serious balance of payments and external financial difficulties or threat thereof,
a Party may adopt or maintain restrictions on trade in services in respect of which it has obligationsunder Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment), including on payments or transfers for
transactions relating to such obligations. It is recognized that particular pressures on the balance of
payments of a Party in the process of economic development may necessitate the use of restrictions to
ensure, inter alia , the maintenance of a level of financial reserves adequate for the implementation of
its programme of economic development.
2. The restrictions referred to in Article 15.1 shall:
(a) be consistent with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund;
(b) avoid unnecessary damage to the commercial, economic and financial interests of the
other Party;
(c) not exceed those necessary to deal with the circumstances described in Article 15.1;
(d) be temporary and be phased out progressively as the situation specified in Article
15.1 improves;
(e) be applied on a national treatment basis and such that the other Party is treated no less
favourably than any non-Party.
3. Any restrictions adopted or maintained under Article 15.1, or any changes therein, shall be
promptly notified to the other Party.WT/REG158/1
Page 41
4. The Party adopting any restrictions under Article 15.1 shall commence consultations with the
other Party in order to review the restrictions adopted by it.
Article 16
Government Procurement
Articles 3 (Market Access) and 4 (National Treatment) shall not apply to laws, regulations or
requirements governing the procurement by governmental agencies of services purchased for
governmental purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the supply
of services for commercial sale.
Article 17
Denial Of Benefit
Subject to prior notification and consultation, a Party may deny the benefits of this Chapter to
a service supplier of the other Party where the Party establishes that the service supplier is owned orcontrolled by persons of a non-Party and that it has no substantive business operations in the territory
of the other Party.
Article 18
General Exceptions
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between the Parties where like
conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on trade in services, nothing in this Chapter shall beconstrued to prevent the adoption or enforcement by a Party of measures:
(a) necessary to protect public morals or to maintain public order;
5
(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;
(c) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent
with the provisions of this Chapter including those relating to:
(i) the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices or to deal with the effects
of a default on services contracts;
(ii) the protection of the privacy of individuals in relation to the processing and
dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality of
individual records and accounts;
(iii) safety;
(d) inconsistent with Article 4 (National Treatment), provided that the difference in
treatment is aimed at ensuring the equitable or effective6 imposition or collection of
direct taxes in respect of services or service suppliers of the other Party.
                                                     
5 The public order exception may be invoked only where a genuine and sufficiently serious threat is
posed to one of the fundamental interests of society.WT/REG158/1
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Article 19
Security Exceptions
Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed:(a) to require a Party to furnish any information, the disclosure of which it considers
contrary to its essential security interests; or
(b) to prevent a Party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the
protection of its essential security interests:
(i) relating to the supply of services as carried out directly or indirectly for the
purpose of provisioning a military establishment;
(ii) relating to fissionable and fusionable materials or the materials from which
they are derived;
(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or
(c) to prevent a Party from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the
United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Article 20
Review Of Commitments
1. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a Party enters into any agreement on trade in
services with a non-Party, it shall give positive consideration to a request by the other Party for the
incorporation herein of treatment no less favourable than that provided under the aforesaid agreement.
Any such incorporation should maintain the overall balance of commitments undertaken by each
Party under this Agreement.
                                                                                                                                                                    
6 Measures that are aimed at ensuring the equitable or effective imposition or collection of direct taxes
include measures taken by a Party under its taxation system which:
(i) apply to non-resident service suppliers in recognition of the fact that the tax obligation of
nonresidents is determined with respect to taxable items sourced or located in the Party’s
territory; or
(ii) apply to non-residents in order to ensure the imposition or collection of taxes in the Party's
territory; or
(iii) apply to non-residents or residents in order to prevent the avoidance or evasion of taxes,
including compliance measures; or
(iv) apply to consumers of services supplied in or from the territory of the other Party in order to
ensure the imposition or collection of taxes on such consumers derived from sources in theParty's territory; or
(v) distinguish service suppliers subject to tax on worldwide taxable items from other service
suppliers, in recognition of the difference in the nature of the tax base between them; or
(vi) determine, allocate or apportion income, profit, gain, loss, deduction or credit of resident
persons or branches, or between related persons or branches of the same person, in order tosafeguard the Party's tax base.
Tax terms or concepts in Article 18(d) and in this footnote are determined according to tax definitions
and concepts, or equivalent or similar definitions and concepts, under the domestic law of the Party
taking the measure.WT/REG158/1
Page 43
2. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a Party further liberalizes any of its non-conforming
measures in Annex 4-I or sectors, subsectors, or activities in Annex 4-II unilaterally, it shall give
positive consideration to a request by the other Party for the incorporation herein of the unilateral
liberalisation. Any such incorporation should maintain the overall balance of commitments
undertaken by each Party under this Agreement.
3. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a service previously supplied in the exercise of
governmental authority is subsequently supplied on a commercial basis or in competition with one or
more service suppliers, the Party concerned may modify or add to its reservations in respect of that
service. At the request of the other Party, the Party concerned shall enter into consultations with a
view to ensuring the maintenance of the overa ll balance of commitments undertaken by each Party
under this Agreement.
Article 21
Review Of Subsidies
1. The Parties shall review the treatment of subsidies in the context of developments in
international fora of which both Parties are Members.
2. The Parties shall consult on appropriate steps in regard to subsidies related to trade in services
where any subsidies issues arise under this Chapter.
Article 22
Air Transport Services
1. For the purposes of this Article:
(a) "aircraft repair and maintenance services" mean such activities when undertaken on
an aircraft or a part thereof while it is withdrawn from service and do not include so-
called line maintenance;
(b) “air transport” means the public carriage by aircraft of passengers, baggage, cargo or
mail, separately or in combination, for remuneration or hire; and
(c) "computer reservation system (CRS) services" mean services provided by
computerised systems that contain information about air carriers' schedules,
availability, fares and fare rules, through which reservations can be made or tickets
may be issued.
2. This Chapter and Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement), shall not apply to measures affecting:
(a) rights in relation to air transport, however granted; or
(b) services directly related to the exercise of rights in relation to air transport, except as
provided in paragraph 3 of this Article.
3. This Chapter shall apply to measures affecting:
(a) aircraft repair and maintenance services; and
(b) computer reservation system services (CRS).WT/REG158/1
Page 44
4. Both Parties agree to review developments in the air transport sector at the first review of this
Agreement under Article 3 (Review) of Chapter 17 (Final Provisions), or at any other time agreed
between the Parties, with a view to including these developments in this Agreement.
5. While both Parties affirm their rights and obligations under the Agreement between the
Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Singaporerelating to Air Services, signed on 3 November 1967 and any subsequent amendments thereto, both
Parties agree to work towards an Open Skies Air Services Agreement and to review that work in
accordance with the provisions of Article 22.4.
6. The Parties affirm, mutatis mutandis , their rights and obligations under the GATS, including
the Annex on Air Transport Services.
Article 23
Recognition
1. For the purposes of the fulfilment of its standards or criteria for the authorisation, licensing or
certification of services suppliers, a Party may recognise the education or experience obtained,
requirements met, or licenses or certifications granted in the other Party.
2. The Parties shall encourage their relevant competent bodies to enter into negotiations on
recognition of professional qualifications and/or registration procedures with a view to the
achievement of early outcomes.
08 INVESTMENT
Article 1
Definitions
1. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “enterprise” means any corporation, company, association, partnership, trust, joint
venture, sole-proprietorship or other legally recognised entity that is duly
incorporated, constituted, set up, or otherwise duly organised under the law of a
Party, including branches, regardless of whether or not the entity is organised for
pecuniary gain, privately or otherwise owned, or organised with limited or unlimited
liability;
(b) “freely useable currency” means a currency widely used to make payments for
international transactions as classified by the International Monetary Fund;
(c) “investment” means every kind of asset, owned or controlled, directly or indirectly,
by an investor, including but not limited to the following:
(i) movable and immovable property and other property rights such as
mortgages, liens or pledges;
(ii) shares, stocks, bonds and debentures of an enterprise;WT/REG158/1
Page 45
(iii) claims to money or to any contractual performance related to a business and
having an economic value;
(iv) intellectual property rights and goodwill; and
(v) business concessions or similar rights required to conduct economic activity
and having economic value conferred by law or under a contract, includingany concession to search for, cultivate, extract or exploit natural resources;
(d) “investor” means:
(i) an enterprise of a Party; or
(ii) a natural person who resides in the territory of a Party or elsewhere and who
under the law of that Party:
(A) is a citizen of that Party; or
(B) has the right of permanent residence in that Party;
that has made, is in the process of making, or is seeking to make an investment;
(e) “measure” means any measure by a Party, whether in the form of a law, regulation,
rule, procedure, decision, administrative action, or any other form, and includes
measures taken by:
(i) central, regional or local governments and authorities; and
(ii) non-governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central,
regional or local governments or authorities; and
(f) “return” means an amount yielded by or derived from an investment, including
profits, dividends, interest, capital gains, royalty payments, payments in connection
with intellectual property rights, and all other lawful income.
2. For the purposes of Article 1.1(c), returns that are invested shall be treated as investments and
any alteration of the form in which assets are invest ed or reinvested shall not affect their character as
investments.
3. An investment may be owned or controlled by an investor of a Party, notwithstanding the fact
that the investment was made through an enterprise duly incorporated, constituted, set up or otherwise
duly organised under the law of a non-Party.
Article 2
Scope Of Application
1. This Chapter shall apply to investments made, in the process of being made, or sought to be
made, by an investor of a Party in the territory of the other Party.
2. This Chapter shall not apply to:WT/REG158/1
Page 46
(a) subsidies or grants provided by a Party or to any conditions attached to the receipt or
continued receipt of such subsidies or grants, whether or not such subsidies or grants
are offered exclusively to domestic investors and investments; or
(b) a natural person who is a permanent resident but not a citizen of a Party where:
(i) the provisions of an investment protection agreement between the other Party
and the country of which the person is a citizen have already been invoked in
respect of the same matter; or
(ii) the person is a citizen of the other Party.
3. Unless otherwise provided, this Chapter shall not apply to any taxation measure.
4. An enterprise of a Party shall not be treated as an investor of the other Party, but any
investments in that enterprise by investors of that other Party shall be protected by this Chapter.
5. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to impose an obligation on a Party to privatise.
Article 3
National Treatment
Each Party shall accord to investors of the other Party, and investments of investors of the
other Party, in relation to the establishment, acquisition, expansion, management, conduct, operation,
liquidation, sale, transfer (or other disposition) and expropriation (including any compensation) of
investments in its territory, treatment that is no less favourable than that which it accords in like
circumstances to its own investors and investments.
Article 4
Transparency
Each Party shall promptly make public its laws, regulations and investment policies, and any
amendments thereto, of general application that pertain to or affect investments in its territory by
investors of the other Party.
Article 5
Reservations
1. Article 3 (National Treatment) shall not apply to:
(a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained by a Party at:
(i) the central or regional level, as set out in Annex 4-I; or
(ii) the local level; or
(b) the continuation or prompt renewal of any non-conforming measure referred to in
Article 5.1(a)WT/REG158/1
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2. Article 3 (National Treatment) shall not apply to any existing or new measure that a Party
adopts or maintains with respect to sectors, subsectors or activities as set out in Annex 4 -II.
3. Each Party shall set out its reservation through a description of:
(a) with respect to Annex 4-I, the non-conforming measure to which the reservation
applies; and
(b) with respect to Annex 4-II, the sectors, subsectors or activities to which the
reservation applies.
4. If a Party undertakes any privatisation measure, that Party shall include in Annex 4-I or
Annex 4-II any non-conforming measure relating to that privatisation. For the purpose of this
paragraph, “privatisation measure” means the divestment by either Party of its equity interests in an
enterprise where it has a controlling ownership inte rest. Article 14 (Settlement of Disputes between a
Party and an Investor of the other Party) shall not apply to this paragraph.
Article 6
Transitional Provision On Regional Government Measures
1. Articles 3 (National Treatment) shall not apply to measures maintained by a Party at the
regional level until the first review of this Agreement under Article 3 (Review) of Chapter 17 (Final
Provisions), when modifications or additions may be  incorporated into the reservations in Annex 4-I
and Annex 4-II to extend the coverage of Article 3 (National Treatment) to these measures. Following
the first review, Article 3 (National Treatment) shall apply, at the regional level, unless the
nonconforming measures maintained at the regional level are covered by the reservations in Annexes
4-I and 4-II by a Party.
2. A Party shall enter into consultations at the request of the other Party with a view to ensuring
that modifications or additions incorporated into the reservations in accordance with Article 6.1 are
consistent with the overall balance of benefits under the Agreement, and deciding whether any
necessary adjustment in the commitments of the Parties is required to preserve this balance. Article 7(Modification or Addition of Reservations) and Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement) shall not apply to
any such adjustments. The Parties shall not apply any measure affecting investment at the regional
level in such a manner as would improve their negotiating position and leverage.
Article 7
Modification Or Addition Of Reservations
1. By giving three months written notification to the other Party, a Party may modify or add to
its non-conforming measures as set out in Annex 4-I and add new sectors, subsectors or activities to
its reservations set out in Annex 4-II. At the request of the other Party, it shall hold consultations with
a view to reaching agreement on any necessary adjustment required to maintain the overall balance of
commitments undertaken by each Party under this Agreement. If agreement is not reached betweenthe Parties on any necessary adjustment, the matter may be referred to arbitration in accordance with
Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement).
2. Article 7.1 shall not be construed to prejudice the right of both Parties to maintain any
existing measures or adopt any new measures consistent with the reservations set out in Annexes 4-I
and 4-II.WT/REG158/1
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Article 8
Additional Commitments
1. The Parties shall set out their respective ad ditional commitments in Annex 4-III of this
Agreement with respect to investment matters not covered by Article 3 (National Treatment).
2. Article 14 (Settlement of Disputes between a Party and an Investor of the other Party) shall
not apply to these additional commitments.
Article 9
Expropriation And Nationalisation
1. Neither Party shall nationalise, expropriate or subject to measures having effect equivalent to
nationalisation or expropriation (hereinafter referred to as “expropriation”) the investments of
investors of the other Party unless such a measure is taken on a non-discriminatory basis, for a public
purpose, in accordance with due process of law, and upon payment of compensation in accordance
with this Article.
2. The expropriation shall be accompanied by the payment of prompt, adequate and effective
compensation. Compensation shall be equivalent to the fair market value of the expropriated
investment immediately before the expropri ation or impending expropriation became public
knowledge. Compensation shall carry an appropriate interest, taking into account the length of time
from the time of expropriation until the time of payment. Such compensation shall be effectively
realisable, freely transferable in accordance with Article 11 (Transfers) and made without delay.
3. Notwithstanding Articles 9.1 and 9.2, any measur e of expropriation relating to land, which
shall be as defined in the existing domestic legislation of the expropriating Party on the date of entry
into force of this Agreement, shall be for a purpose and upon payment of compensation in accordance
with the aforesaid legislation and any subsequent amendments thereto relating to the amount ofcompensation where such amendments follow the general trends in the market value of the land.
4. This Article does not apply to the issuance of compulsory licenses granted in relation to
intellectual property rights, or to the revocation, limitation or creation of intellectual property rights,
to the extent that such issuance, revocation, limitation or creation is consistent with the WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Chapter 13 (Intellectual
Property).
Article 10
Compensation For Losses
A Party shall accord to investors of the other Party whose investments in the territory of the
former Party have suffered losses owing to war or other armed conflict or civil strife in that territory,treatment, as regards restitution, indemnification, compensation, or other settlement or measures it
adopts or maintains relating to such losses, no less favourable than that which it accords to its own
investors and investors of any non-Party.WT/REG158/1
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Article 11
Transfers
1. Each Party shall permit, on a non-discriminatory basis, all funds of an investor of the other
Party related to an investment in its territory to be transferred freely and without undue delay. Such
funds include the following:
(a) the initial capital plus any additional cap ital used to maintain or expand the
investment;
(b) returns;
(c) proceeds from the sale or partial sale or liquidation of the investment;
(d) loan payments in connection with the investment;
(e) unspent earnings and other remuneration of personnel engaged from abroad in
connection with that investment; and
(f) compensation paid pursuant to Article 10 (Compensation for Losses).
2. Each Party shall permit such transfers to be ma de in the currency of the other Party or any
freely useable currency at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of transfer.
3. Notwithstanding Article 11.1, a Party may prevent a transfer through the equitable, non-
discriminatory and good faith application of its laws relating to:
(a) bankruptcy, insolvency or the protection of the rights of creditors;
(b) issuing, trading or dealing in securities, futures, options, or derivatives;
(c) criminal or penal offences, and the recovery of proceeds of crime;
(d) ensuring the satisfaction of judgements, orders or awards in adjudicatory proceedings;
or
(e) social security, public retirement or compulsory savings schemes.
4. Nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the members of the
International Monetary Fund under the Articles of Agreement of the Fund, including the use ofexchange actions which are in conformity with the Ar ticles of Agreement, provided that a Party shall
not impose restrictions on any capital transactions inconsistently with its obligations under this
Chapter regarding such transactions, except under Article 12 (Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of
Payments) or at the request of the Fund.
Article 12
Restrictions To Safeguard The Balance Of Payments
1. In the event of serious balance of payments and external financial difficulties or threat thereof,
a Party may adopt or maintain restrictions on payments or transfers related to investments. It is
recognized that particular pressures on the balance of payments of a Party in the process of economicWT/REG158/1
Page 50
development may necessitate the use of restrictions to ensure, inter alia , the maintenance of a level of
financial reserves adequate for the implementation of its programme of economic development.
2. The restrictions referred to in Article 12.1 shall:
(a) be consistent with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund;
(b) avoid unnecessary damage to the commercial, economic and financial interests of the
other Party;
(c) not exceed those necessary to deal with the circumstances described in Article 12.1;
(d) be temporary and be phased out progressively as the situation specified in Article
12.1 improves;
(e) be applied on a national treatment basis and such that the other Party is treated no less
favourably than any non-Party.
3. Any restrictions adopted or maintained under Article 12.1, or any changes therein, shall be
promptly notified to the other Party.
4. The Party adopting any restrictions under Article 12.1 shall commence consultations with the
other Party in order to review the restrictions adopted by it.
Article 13
Subrogation
1. If a Party or a designated agency of a Party makes a payment to any of its investors under a
guarantee, a contract of insurance or other form of indemnity it has granted in respect of an
investment of an investor of that Party, the othe r Party shall recognise the subrogation or transfer of
any right or title in respect of such investment. The subrogated or transferred right or claim shall not
be greater than the original right or claim of the investor.
2. Where a Party or a designated agency of a Party has made a payment to an investor of that
Party and has taken over rights and claims of the investor, that investor shall not, unless authorised to
act on behalf of the Party or the designated agency of the Party making the payment, pursue thoserights and claims against the other Party.
Article 14
Settlement Of Disputes Between A Part y And An Investor Of The Other Party
1. This Article shall apply to disputes between a Party and an investor of the other Party
concerning an alleged breach of an obligation of the former under this Chapter which causes loss ordamage to the investor or its investment.
2. The parties to the dispute shall initially seek  to resolve the dispute by consultations and
negotiations.
3. Where the dispute cannot be resolved as provided for under Article 14.2 within 6 months
from the date of a request for consultations and negotiations, then unless the disputing investor andthe disputing Party agree otherwise or either of them has already submitted the dispute to the courts orWT/REG158/1
Page 51
administrative tribunals of the disputing Party (excluding proceedings for interim measures of
protection referred to in Article 14.5), the dispute may be submitted by either party to the dispute to:
(a) the courts or administrative tribunals of the disputing Party;
(b) the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) for
conciliation or arbitration pursuant to Articles 28 or 36 of the Convention on theSettlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States,
done at Washington on 18 March 1965; or
(c) arbitration under the rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law (UNCITRAL).
4. Each Party hereby consents to the submission of a dispute to conciliation or arbitration under
Articles 14.3(b) and 14.3(c) in accordance with the provisions of this Article, conditional upon:
(a) the submission of the dispute to such conciliation or arbitration taking place within
three years of the time at which the disputing investor became aware, or should
reasonably have become aware, of a breach of an obligation under this Chapter
causing loss or damage to the investor or its investment; and
(b) the disputing investor providing written notice, which shall be submitted at least 30
days before the claim is submitted, to the disputing Party of his or her intent to submitthe dispute to such conciliation or arbitration and which:
(i) nominates either Article 14.3(b) or Article 14.3(c) as the forum for dispute
settlement (and, in the case of Article 14.3(b), nominates whether conciliation
or arbitration is being sought);
(ii) waives its right to initiate or continue any proceedings (excluding
proceedings for interim measures of protection referred to in Article 14.5)
before any of the other dispute settlement fora referred to in Article 14.3 in
relation to the matter under dispute; and
(iii) briefly summarises the alleged breach of the disputing Party under this
Chapter (including the articles alleged to have been breached) and the loss ordamage allegedly caused to the investor or its investment.
5. Neither Party shall prevent the disputing investor from seeking interim measures of
protection, not involving the payment of damages or resolution of the substance of the matter in
dispute before the courts or administrative tribunals of the disputing Party, prior to the institution of
proceedings before any of the dispute settlement fora referred to in Article 14.3, for the preservation
of its rights and interests.
6. Neither Party shall give diplomatic protection, or bring an international claim, in respect of a
dispute which one of its investors and the other Party shall have consented to submit or have
submitted to conciliation or arbitration under this Article, unless such other Party has failed to abide
by and comply with the award re ndered in such dispute. Diplomatic protection, for the purposes of
this paragraph, shall not include informal diplomatic  exchanges for the sole purpose of facilitating a
settlement of the dispute.WT/REG158/1
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Article 15
Review Of Commitments
1. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a Party enters into any agreement on investment
with a non-Party, it shall give positive consider ation to a request by the other Party for the
incorporation herein of treatment no less favourable than that provided under the aforesaid agreement.
Any such incorporation should maintain the overall balance of commitments undertaken by each
Party under this Agreement.
2. If, after this Agreement enters into force, a Party further liberalises any of its non-conforming
measures in Annex 4-I or sectors, subsectors or activities in Annex 4-II unilaterally, it shall give
positive consideration to a request by the other Party for the incorporation herein of the unilateralliberalisation. Any such incorporation should maintain the overall balance of commitments
undertaken by each Party under this Agreement.
Article 16
Review Of Subsidies
1. The Parties shall review the treatment of subsidies in the context of developments at
international fora to which both Parties are Members.
2. The Parties shall consult on appropriate steps in regard to subsidies related to investments or
investors where any subsidies issues arise under this Chapter.
Article 17
Government Procurement
Article 3 (National Treatment) shall not apply to laws, regulations or requirements governing
the procurement by governmental agencies of goods and services purchased for governmental
purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the production of goods or
the supply of services for commercial sale.
Article 18
Denial Of Benefits
Subject to prior notification and consultation, a Party may deny the benefits of this Chapter to
an investor of the other Party that is an enterprise of such Party and to investments of such an investor
where the Party establishes that the enterprise is owned or controlled by persons of a non-Party and
has no substantive business operations in the territory of the other Party.
Article 19
General Exceptions
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between the Parties where like
conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on investments in the territory of a Party by investors of
the other Party, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by a
Party of measures:WT/REG158/1
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(a) necessary to protect public morals or to maintain public order;1
(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;
(c) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent
with the provisions of this Chapter including those relating to:
(i) the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices or to deal with the effects
of a default on a contract;
(ii) the protection of the privacy of individuals in relation to the processing and
dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality of
individual records and accounts;
(iii) safety;
(d) imposed for the protection of national treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological
value;
(e) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are
made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or
consumption.
Article 20
Security Exceptions
Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed:
(a) to require a Party to furnish any information, the disclosure of which it considers
contrary to its essential security interests; or
(b) to prevent a Party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the
protection of its essential security interests:
(i) relating to fissionable and fusionable materials or the materials from which
they are derived;
(ii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations;
(iii) relating to the production or supply of arms and ammunition; or
(c) to prevent a Party from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the
United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.
                                                     
1 The public order exception may be invoked only where a genuine and sufficiently serious threat is
posed to one of the fundamental interests of society.WT/REG158/1
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Article 21
Disclosure Of Confidential Information
Nothing in this Chapter shall require any Pa rty to provide confidential information, the
disclosure of which would impede law enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the public interest, or
which would prejudice legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.
09 FINANCIAL SERVICES
Article 1
Definitions And Scope
1. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide for commitments additional to Chapter 7 (Trade in
Services) and Chapter 8 (Investment) in relation to financial services to ensure that the market accesstreatment of financial services is based on transparent principles that are applied in a non-
discriminatory manner. In the event of any inc onsistency between the former provisions and the
provisions of this Chapter, the latter shall prevail to the extent of such inconsistency.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “financial service” means a service of a financial nature, including insurance, and a
service incidental or auxiliary to a service of a financial nature. Financial services
shall include the activities as stated in Appendix 1;
(b) “financial service supplier” means any natural or legal person authorised by the law
of a Party to supply financial services;
(c) “new financial service” means a financial service, including services related to
existing and new products or the manner in which a product is delivered, that is not
supplied by any financial service supplier in the territory of a Party but which is
supplied in the territory of the other Party; and
(d) “public entity” means:
(i) a government, a central bank or a monetary authority, of a Party, or an entity
owned or controlled by a Party, that is principally engaged in carrying out
governmental functions or activities for governmental purposes, not includingan entity principally engaged in supplying financial services on commercial
terms; or
(ii) a private entity, performing functions normally performed by a central bank
or monetary authority, when exercising those functions.
3. For the purposes of Articles 1(a) and 2.2(b) of Chapter 7 (Trade in Services), “a service
supplied in the exercise of governmental authority” means the following:
(a) activities conducted by a central bank or monetary authority or by any other public
entity, including the management of official foreign reserves, in pursuit of monetary
or exchange rate policies;WT/REG158/1
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(b) activities forming part of a statutory system of social security or public retirement
plans; and
(c) other activities conducted by a public entity for the account or with the guarantee or
using the financial resources of the Government.
4. If a Party allows any of the activities referred to in Articles 1.3(b) or 1.3(c) to be conducted by
its financial service suppliers in competition with a public entity or a financial service supplier,
measures affecting such activities shall not be excluded from this Chapter and Chapter 7 (Trade in
Services).
Article 2
New Financial Services
Each Party shall permit a financial service supplier of the other Party established in its
territory to supply any new financial service of a type similar to those services that a Party would
permit its own financial service suppliers, in like circumstances, to supply under its domestic law. A
Party may however determine the institutional and juridical form through which the new financial
service may be supplied and may require authorisation for the supply of the service. Where suchauthorisation is required, a decision shall be made within a reasonable time and the authorisation may
only be refused for prudential reasons.
Article 3
Prudential And Regulatory Supervision
1. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent a Party from taking measures for
prudential reasons, including measures for the protection of investors, depositors, policy holders or
persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed by a financial service supplier, or to ensure the integrity andstability of a Party's financial system. Where such measures do not conform with the provisions of
this Agreement, they shall not be used as a means of avoiding the Party’s commitments or obligations
under this Agreement.
2. These measures shall not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination
against financial service suppliers of the other Party in comparison to its own like financial service
suppliers, or a disguised restriction on trade in services. Each Party shall endeavour to ensure that
these measures are not more burdensome than necessary to achieve their aim.
3. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to require a Party to disclose information
relating to the affairs and accounts of individual customers or any confidential or proprietary
information in the possession of public entities.
Article 4
Transfers Of Information And Processing Of Information
Neither Party shall take measures that prevent transfers of information or the processing of
financial information, including transfers of data by electronic means, or that, subject to importation
rules consistent with international agreements, prevent transfers of equipment, where such transfers ofinformation, processing of financial information or transfers of equipment are necessary for the
conduct of the ordinary business of a financial service supplier. Nothing in this paragraph restricts theWT/REG158/1
Page 56
right of a Party to protect personal data, personal privacy and the confidentiality of individual records
and accounts so long as such right is not used to circumvent the provisions of this Agreement.
Article 5
Exceptions
For the avoidance of doubt, this Chapter shall be subject to the general and security
exceptions listed in Articles 18 and 19 of Chapter 7 (Trade in Services) and Articles 19 and 20 of
Chapter 8 (Investment).
Article  6
Dispute Settlement
Arbitral tribunals agreed between or appointed by the Parties under Chapter 16 (Dispute
Settlement) to adjudicate disputes on prudential issues and other financial matters, and any proceduresagreed for good offices, conciliation or mediation on such matters, shall have or provide for the
necessary expertise relevant to the specific financial service and dispute.WT/REG158/1
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APPENDIX 1
Insurance And Insurance-Related Services
(i) Direct insurance (including co-insurance):
(A) life
(B) non-life;
(ii) Reinsurance and retrocession;
(iii) Insurance intermediation, such as brokerage and agency;
(iv) Services auxiliary to insurance, such as consultancy, actuarial, risk
assessment and claim settlement services.
Banking And Other Financial Services (Excluding Insurance)
(v) Acceptance of deposits and other repayable funds from the public;
(vi) Lending of all types, including consumer credit, mortgage credit, factoring
and financing of commercial transaction;
(vii) Financial leasing;
(viii) All payment and money transmission services, including credit, charge and
debit cards, travellers cheques and bankers drafts;
(ix) Guarantees and commitments;
(x) Trading for own account or for account of customers, whether on an
exchange, in an over-the-counter ma rket or otherwise, the following:
(A) money market instruments (including cheques, bills, certificates of
deposits);
(B) foreign exchange;(C) derivative products including, but not limited to, futures and options;
(D) exchange rate and interest rate instruments, including products such
as swaps, forward rate agreements;
(E) transferable securities;(F) other negotiable instruments and financial assets, including bullion;
(xi) Participation in issues of all kinds of securities, including underwriting and
placement as agent (whether publicly or privately) and provision of services
related to such issues;WT/REG158/1
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(xii) Money broking;
(xiii) Asset management, such as cash or portfolio management, all forms of
collective investment management, pension fund management, custodial,
depository and trust services;
(xiv) Settlement and clearing services for financial assets, including securities,
derivative products, and other negotiable instruments;
(xv) Provision and transfer of financial information, and financial data processing
and related software by suppliers of other financial services;
(xvi) Advisory, intermediation and other auxiliary financial services on all the
activities listed in subparagraphs (v) through (xv), including credit reference
and analysis, investment and portfolio research and advice, advice on
acquisitions and on corporate restructuring and strategy.WT/REG158/1
Page 59
10 TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
Article 1
Purpose And Definitions
1. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide for commitments additional to Chapters 7 (Trade in
Services) and 8 (Investment) in relation to telecommunication services.
2. For the purpose of this Chapter:
(a) “end user” means a person (including a service consumer and a service supplier) to
whom a public telecommunications network or  service is supplied, other than for use
in the further supply of a public telecommunications network or service;
(b) “essential facilities” means facilities of a public telecommunications network or
service that:
(i) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of
suppliers; and
(ii) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide
a service;
(c) “facilities-based suppliers” means suppliers of public telecommunications networks
or services that are:
(i) licensed carriers in Australia; or
(ii) facilities-based operators in Singapore;
(d) “leased circuits” means telecommunications facilities between two or more
designated points which are set aside for the dedicated use of or availability to a
particular user;
(e) a “major supplier” is a supplier of public telecommunications networks or services
that has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation (having regard to
price and supply) in the relevant market1 for public telecommunications networks or
services as a result of:
(i) control over essential facilities; or
(ii) use of its position in the market;
(f) “network element” means facilities or equipment used in the provision of a public
telecommunications service, including features, functions, and capabilities that are
provided by means of such facilities or equipment, which may include local loops,sub-loops and line sharing;
                                                     
1 For the avoidance of doubt, “relevant market” may refer to a market for the supply of public
telecommunications networks or services (or parts thereof) provided by any supplier of publictelecommunications networks or services, that give this supplier the ability to materially affect the terms of
participation in the market (having regard to price and supply).WT/REG158/1
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(g) “number portability” means the ability of service consumers of public
telecommunications networks or services to retain existing telephone numbers when
switching between suppliers of like public telecommunications networks or services;
(h) “public telecommunications service” means any telecommunications service
required, explicitly or in effect, by a Party to be offered to the public generally;2
(i) “public telecommunications network” means the telecommunications infrastructure
authorised by a Party to be used to provide public telecommunications services
between defined network termination points;
(j) “regulator” means any person authorised or designated to have responsibility for the
regulation of telecommunications;
(k) “regulatory decisions” means decisions by regulators made pursuant to authority
conferred under domestic law in relation to:
(i) the making of rules for the telecommunications industry excluding legislation
and statutory rules;
(ii) the approval of terms and conditions, standards and codes to apply in the
telecommunications industry;
(iii) the adjudication or other resolution of disputes between suppliers of public
telecommunications networks or services; and
(iv) licensing;
(l) a “supplier of public telecommunications networks or services” means a supplier of
public telecommunications networks and/or public telecommunications services to
users;
(m) “telecommunications” means the transmission and reception of signals by any
electromagnetic means; and
(n) “user” means an end-user or a supplier of public telecommunications network or
services.
Article 2
Scope
1. This Chapter shall apply to measures by a Party affecting trade in telecommunications
services.
2. This Chapter shall not apply to measures by a Party affecting the distribution of broadcasting
and audio-visual services, as defined in each Party’s domestic law and regulations.
                                                     
2 “Public telecommunications service” includes Internet routing and connectivity services.WT/REG158/1
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Article 3
Access To And Use Of Public Teleco mmunications Networks Or Services3
1. Each Party shall ensure that all service suppliers of the other Party have access to and use of
any public telecommunications network or service, incl uding leased circuits, offered in its territory or
across its borders in a timely fashion, on reasonable, transparent, and non-discriminatory terms and
conditions, including as set out in Article 3.2 to Article 3.6.4
2. Each Party shall ensure that such service suppliers are permitted to:
(a) purchase or lease and attach terminal or other equipment that interfaces with the
public telecommunications network and which is necessary to supply a supplier’s
services;
(b) provide services to individual or multiple service consumers over any leased or
owned circuits;
(c) interconnect leased or owned circuits with public telecommunications networks or
services in the territory or across the borders of that Party or with circuits leased or
owned by another service supplier;
(d) perform switching, signalling, processing and conversion functions; and
(e) use operating protocols of their choice in the supply of any service, other than as
necessary to ensure the availability of telecommunications networks and services to
the public generally.
3. Each Party shall ensure that all service suppliers of the other Party may use public
telecommunications networks or services for the movement of information in its territory or across its
borders and for access to information contained in the databases or otherwise stored in machine-
readable form in the territory of either Party.
4. Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph, a Party may take such measures as are necessary
to:
(a) ensure the security and confidentiality of messages; or
(b) protect the privacy of personal data of end users of public telecommunications
networks or services
subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner that would
constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade in
services.
5. Each Party shall ensure that no condition is imposed on access to and use of public
telecommunications networks or services other than as necessary:
                                                     
3 For avoidance of doubt, access to unbundled ne twork elements is addressed in Article 9.3.
4 For avoidance of doubt, each Party may fulfil the obligations in this Article by any measure it
considers necessary or appropriate, within the context of domestic law and regulation.WT/REG158/1
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(a) to safeguard the public service responsibilities of suppliers of public
telecommunications networks or services, in particular their ability to make their
networks or services available to the public generally; or
(b) to protect the technical integrity of public telecommunications networks or services.
6. Provided that they satisfy the criteria set out in Article 3.5, conditions for access to and use of
public telecommunications networks or services may include:
(a) a requirement to use specified technical interfaces, including interface protocols, for
interconnection with such networks and services;
(b) requirements, where necessary, for the inter-operability of such services;
(c) type approval of terminal or other equipm ent which interfaces with the network and
technical requirements relating to the attach ment of such equipment to such networks;
or
(d) notification, registration and licensing.
Article 4
Transparency
1. The Parties shall apply the measures referred to in Article 2.1 in a transparent manner, which:
(a) provides suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the other
Party who are likely to be affected by regulatory decisions with a fair and reasonable
opportunity to obtain sufficient information to enable them to form informed views
on proposed regulatory decisions and to provide these views to regulators;
(b) requires regulators to take into account views provided by such suppliers pursuant to
Article 4.1(a); and
(c) ensures that regulators make available to such suppliers their regulatory decisions and
an explanation of their reasons for those regulatory decisions.
2. At the request of a supplier of public telecommunications networks or services who is likely
to be affected by regulatory decisions, regulators may, where necessary to avoid causing prejudice to
the legitimate commercial interests of that supplier, impose reasonable limitations on the requirement
to provide the information referred to in Article 4.1(a) and Article 4.1(c) provided that such
limitations:
(a) are applied only to the extent necessary to protect such commercial interests; and
(b) do not deprive suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the
other Party of their right under Article 4.1(a) to provide their views to regulators.
3. Where a licence is required, the following shall be made publicly available:
(a) all the licensing criteria, any terms and conditions of the licence, and the period of
time normally required to reach a decision concerning an application for a licence;
andWT/REG158/1
Page 63
(b) the terms and conditions of individual licences.
4. The reasons for the denial of a licence shall be made known to the applicant upon request.
Article 5
Independent Regulators
1. Regulators shall be independent of any supplier of public telecommunications networks or
services.
2. The decisions of, and the procedures used by, regulators shall be fair and impartial and shall
be made and implemented without undue delay.
Article 6
Dispute Settlement And Appeal
1. Each Party shall ensure that suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of
the other Party have timely recourse to a regulator to consider and, to the extent provided for in
domestic law, to resolve disputes regarding compliance with domestic measures relating to theobligations contained in this Chapter.
2. Each Party shall ensure that any supplier of public telecommunications networks or services
of the other Party aggrieved by a regulatory decision has the opportunity to appeal such regulatory
decision to an independent judicial or administrative authority. Such an appeal shall not constitute
grounds for non-compliance by that supplier with the regulatory decision unless an appropriateauthority stays such decision.
3. Each Party shall ensure that, in the hearing of appeals by an administrative authority referred
to in Article 6.2.
5
(a) suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the other Party which
are party to the appeal have a fair and reasonable opportunity to obtain sufficientinformation to enable them to form inform ed views on the issues to be determined in
the appeal and to provide these views to the administrative authority;
(b) the administrative authority takes into account views provided by such suppliers
pursuant to Article 6.3(a); and
(c) the administrative authority makes available to such suppliers its decision and an
explanation of the reasons for its decision.
4. At the request of a supplier of public telecommunications networks or services which is a
party to an appeal referred to in Article 6.3, an administrative authority may, where necessary to avoid
causing prejudice to the legitimate commercial interests of that supplier, impose reasonable
limitations on the requirement to provide the inform ation referred to in Article 6.3(a) and Article
6.3(c) provided that such limitations:
(a) are applied only to the extent necessary to protect such commercial interests; and
                                                     
5 For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not apply to judicial authorities of either Party.WT/REG158/1
Page 64
(b) do not deprive suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the
other Party which are party to an appeal referred to in Article 6.3 of their right under
Article 6.3(a) to provide their view s to the administrative authority.
Article 7
General Competitive Safeguards
1. Each Party shall maintain appropriate measures6 for the purpose of preventing suppliers of
public telecommunications networks or services in its territory from engaging in or continuing anti-
competitive practices.
2. The anti-competitive practices referred to in Article 7.1 shall be defined in each Party’s
sectoral or generic competition regime, as the case may be, and shall include:
(a) anti-competitive horizontal arrangements;
(b) misuse of market power;
(c) anti-competitive vertical arrangements; and
(d) anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions.
Article 8
Interconnection Between Suppliers Of Public Telecommunications Networks
Each Party shall maintain appropriate measures to achieve connectivity between public
telecommunications networks in order to ensure that end-users of telecommunications services cancommunicate with each other including, where that Party considers it necessary, by requiring
facilities-based suppliers to interconnect with one another.
Article 9
Additional Obligations Relating To Major Suppliers
7
1. Non-discrimination
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers  in its territory accord suppliers of public
telecommunications networks or services of the other Party treatment no less
favourable than such major supplier accords to itself, its subsidiaries, its affiliates, orany non-affiliated supplier of public telecommunications networks or services
regarding:
                                                     
6 The maintenance of appropriate measures includes the effective enforcement of such measures.
7 For the avoidance of doubt, the obligations imposed under this Article only apply with respect to
those public telecommunications networks or services, or parts thereof, that result in a supplier of public
telecommunications networks or services being a major supplier.WT/REG158/1
Page 65
(i) availability, provisioning, rates,8 or quality of like public telecommunications
networks or services; and
(ii) availability of technical interfaces
where such suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services and subsidiaries,
affiliates and non-affiliates of the major supplier are in like circumstances.
2. Competitive Safeguards
(a) Each Party shall maintain appropriate measures9 for the purpose of preventing major
suppliers in its territory from engaging in or continuing anticompetitive practices.
(b) The anti-competitive practices referred to in Article 9.2(a) shall include:
(i) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidisation;
(ii) using information obtained from competitors with anticompetitive results;
(iii) not making available, on a timely basis, to suppliers of public
telecommunications networks or services of the other Party, technical
information about essential facilities and commercially relevant information
which is necessary for them to provide services; and
(iv) pricing services in a manner that is likely to unreasonably restrict
competition, such as predatory pricing.
3. Unbundled Network Elements
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers in its territory provide to facilities-based
suppliers of the other Party access to network elements for the provision of public
telecommunications services at any technically feasible point, on an unbundled basis,
in a timely fashion; and on terms, conditions, and cost-oriented rates that are
reasonable, transparent, and non-discriminatory.
(b) Each Party may determine, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations,
which network elements it requires major suppliers in its territory to provide access to
in accordance with Article 9.3(a) on the basis of the technical feasibility of
unbundling and the state of competition in the relevant market.
4. Co-Location
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers in its territory provide to facilities-based
suppliers of the other Party physical co-location of equipment necessary forinterconnection or access to unbundled network elements in a timely fashion and on
                                                     
8 The costs incurred by a major supplier in supplying public telecommunications networks or services
to itself may be determined in accordance with any co st-oriented costing methodology  considered appropriate
by a Party. Treatment that is no less favourable regarding rates for like public telecommunications networks orservices may take into account the legitimate transaction costs which the major supplier incurs in supplying suchpublic telecommunications networks or services to suppliers of public telecommunications networks or servicesof the other Party.
9 The maintenance of appropriate measures includes the effective enforcement of such measures.WT/REG158/1
Page 66
terms, conditions, and cost-oriented rates that are reasonable, transparent, and non-
discriminatory.
(b) Where physical co-location under Article 9.4(a) is not practical for technical reasons
or because of space limitations, each Party shall ensure that major suppliers co-
operate with facilities-based suppliers to find and implement the most feasiblealternative solution in a timely fashion and on terms, conditions, and cost-oriented
rates that are reasonable, transparent, and non-discriminatory. Such solutions may
include:
(i) permitting facilities-based suppliers to locate equipment in a nearby building
and to connect such equipment to the major supplier’s network;
(ii) conditioning additional equipment space;
(iii) optimizing the use of existing space; or
(iv) finding adjacent space.
(c) Each Party may determine in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations the
locations at which it requires major suppliers in its territory to provide co-location
under Article 9.4(a) on the basis of the state of competition in the relevant market.
5. Resale
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers in its territory:
(i) allow suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the
other Party to purchase at reasonable rates, for the purpose of resale, specific
public telecommunications services supplied by the major suppliers at retailthat are designated by the first Party; and
(ii) do not impose unreasonable or discriminatory conditions or limitations on the
resale of such public telecommunications services.
6. Rights of Way
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers  in its territory provide access to poles,
ducts, conduits, or any other structures deemed necessary by the Party, which are
owned or controlled by such major suppliers to facilities based suppliers of the other
Party:
(i) in a timely fashion; and
(ii) on terms, conditions, and cost-oriented rates that are reasonable, transparent,
and non-discriminatory.
(b) Each Party may determine in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations the
poles, ducts, conduits or other structures to which it requires major suppliers in its
territory to provide access under Article 9.6(a) on the basis of the state of competition
in the relevant market.WT/REG158/1
Page 67
7. Interconnection with a Major Supplier10
(a) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers  in its territory provide interconnection to
facilities-based suppliers of the other Party:
(i) at any technically feasible point in the major supplier’s network;
(ii) under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards
and specifications) and rates;11
(iii) of a quality no less favourable than that provided by such major supplier for
its own like services or for like services of non-affiliated service suppliers or
for its subsidiaries or other affiliates;
(iv) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and cost-oriented rates12 that are transparent, reasonable,
having regard to economic feasibility, and sufficiently unbundled so that the
supplier need not pay for network components or facilities that it does not
require for the service to be provided; and
(v) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered
to the majority of facilities-based suppliers, subject to charges that reflect thecost of construction of necessary additional facilities.
(b) Each Party shall ensure that suppliers of public telecommunications networks or
services of the other Party may interconnect with major suppliers in its territory
pursuant to at least one of the following options:
(i) a publicly available reference interconnection offer;
(ii) any existing interconnection agreement between the major supplier and any
similarly situated supplier of public telecommunications networks or
services;
(iii) an individualised agreement between the major supplier and the supplier of
public telecommunications networks or services that seeks to interconnectwith it; or
(iv) binding arbitration.
(c) Each Party shall ensure that the applicable procedures for interconnection
negotiations with major suppliers in its territory are made publicly available.
                                                     
10 Australia's interconnection regime provides access on terms and conditions which are fair and
reasonable to all parties and which do not unfairly discriminate between users. Access rights are guaranteed bylegislation and the terms and conditions of access are established primarily through processes of commercial
negotiation or by reference to access undertakings given by suppliers of public telecommunications networks or
services which may draw upon an industry code of practice. Any code of practice and each supplier'sundertaking will be subject to approval by the regulator.
11 In Australia, the rate at which interconnection is provided is determined by negotiation. Both
negotiating parties have recourse to the regulator whic h will make a decision based on transparent criteria to
ensure that rates are fair and reasonable in the circumstances.
12 The regulator may resolve any dispute on what costs are relevant in determining rates.WT/REG158/1
Page 68
(d) Each Party shall ensure that major suppliers  in its territory make publicly available
either their interconnection agreements or a reference interconnection offer.
8. Resolution of Interconnection Disputes
(a) When facilities-based suppliers are unable to resolve disputes regarding the terms,
conditions and rates on which interconnection is to be provided by a major supplier,
they shall have recourse to the regulator, which shall aim to resolve the disputes
within 180 days of the referral to it, prov ided that the resolution of complex disputes
may take longer than 180 days.
(b) Where the regulator is unable to resolve the disputes referred to in Article 9.8(a)
within 180 days, each Party shall ensure that the regulator endeavours to provide
interim determinations on the disputes where necessary to ensure that facilities-basedsuppliers of the other Party are able to interconnect with a major supplier.
Article 10
Number Portability
Each Party shall ensure that suppliers of pub lic telecommunications services in its territory
provide number portability, for those services designated by that Party, to the extent technically
feasible, on a timely basis and on reasonable terms and conditions.
Article 11
Access To Buildings13
Each Party shall ensure that facilities-based s uppliers may install, maintain and have access to
their equipment in buildings or on land that the Party considers is necessary to enable publictelecommunications services to be supplied to end users who are customers of the facilities-based
supplier.
Article 12
Allocation And Use Of Scarce Resources
14
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers
and rights of way, shall be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory
manner. The current state of allocated frequency bands shall be made publicly available, but detailed
identification of frequencies allocated for specific government use shall not be required.
                                                     
13 To the extent of any inconsistency between this Article and Article 9, the latter shall prevail.
14 Decisions on the allocation and assignment of spectrum and frequency management are not measures
that are per se inconsistent with Article 3 (Market Acces s) of Chapter 7 (Trade in Services). Accordingly, each
Party retains the ability to exercise its spectrum and frequency management policies, which may affect thenumber of service suppliers, provided that this is done in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of this
Agreement. The Parties also retain the right to allocate frequency bands taking into account existing and future
needs.WT/REG158/1
Page 69
Article 13
Industry Participation
1. Each Party shall, through any forum or other mechanism it considers appropriate:
(a) facilitate the involvement of suppliers of public telecommunications networks or
services of the other Party operating in its territory in the development of industry
standards and, where it considers appropriate, in the regulation of the
telecommunications industry; and
(b) encourage suppliers of public telecommunications networks or services of the other
Party operating in its territory to provide feedback to regulators on the regulation of
the telecommunications industry.
Article 14
Enforcement
Each Party shall adopt or maintain timely, proportionate and effective sanctions for the
purpose of enforcing domestic measures relating to the obligations contained in this Chapter. Such
sanctions may include financial penalties, injunctions, orders to cease and desist (on an interim or
final basis), and/or the ability to suspend, modify or revoke licences.
Article 15
Exceptions
For the avoidance of doubt, this Chapter shall be subject to the general and security
exceptions listed in Articles 18 and 19 of Chapter 7 (Trade in Services) and Articles 19 and 20 ofChapter 8 (Investment).
11 MOVEMENT OF BUSINESS PERSONS
Article 1
Purpose
The purposes of this Chapter are to:
(a) provide for rights and obligations additional to those set out in Chapters 7 (Trade in
Services) and (Investment) in relation to the movement of natural persons between
the Parties; and
(b) enhance the mobility of business persons of either Party engaged in the conduct of
trade and investment between the Parties, by facilitating temporary business entry and
establishing streamlined, transparent immigration clearance procedures for businesspersons.WT/REG158/1
Page 70
Article 2
Scope And Definitions
1. This Chapter applies to measures affecting the movement of natural persons of a Party into
the territory of the other Party where such persons are:
(a) service suppliers of the first Party;
(b) service sellers of the first Party;
(c) investors of the first Party in respect of an investment of that investor in the territory
of the other Party; or
(d) employed by an investor of the first Party in respect of an investment of that investor
in the territory of the other Party.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter, the following definitions shall apply:
(a) “business visitors” means natural persons of either Party who are:
(i) service sellers;
(ii) short-term service suppliers;
(iii) investors of a Party or employees of an investor (who are managers,
executives or specialists as defined under Article 2.2(c) seeking temporary
entry to establish an investment; or
(iv) seeking temporary entry for the purposes of negotiating the sale of goods
where such negotiations do not involve direct sales to the general public;
(b) “immigration formality” means a visa, employment pass, or other document or
electronic authority granting a natural person of one Party the right to reside or work
in the territory of the other Party;
(c) “intra-corporate transferee” means an employee of a service supplier, investor or
enterprise of a Party established in the territory of the other Party through a branch,
subsidiary or affiliate, who has been so employed for a period of not less than oneyear immediately preceding the date of the application for temporary entry, and who
is:
(i) a manager – a business person within an organisation who primarily directs
the organisation or a department or  sub-division of the organisation,
supervises and controls the work of other supervisory, professional or
managerial employees, has the authority to hire and fire or take other
personnel actions (such as promotion or leave authorisation), and exercisesdiscretionary authority over day-to-day operations. This does not include a
first-line supervisor, unless the employees supervised are professionals, nor
does this include an employee who primarily performs tasks necessary for the
provision of the service or operation of an investment;WT/REG158/1
Page 71
(ii) an executive – a business person within an organisation who primarily directs
the management of the organisation, exercises wide latitude in decision-
making, and receives only general supervision or direction from higher level
executives, the board of directors, or stockholders of the business. An
executive would not directly perform tasks related to the actual provision ofthe service or the operation of an investment; or
(iii) a specialist – a business person within an organisation who possesses
knowledge at an advanced level of expertise and who possesses proprietary
knowledge of the organisation’s service, research equipment, techniques, or
management (A specialist may include, but is not limited to, members of a
licensed profession.);
(d) “service seller” means a natural person of a Party who is a sales representative of a
service supplier of that Party and is seeking temporary entry to the other Party for the
purpose of negotiating the sale of services for that service supplier, where such a
representative will not be engaged in making direct sales to the general public or in
supplying services directly;
(e) “short-term service suppliers” means persons who:
(i) are employees of a service supplier or an enterprise of a Party not having a
commercial presence or investment in the other, which has concluded a
service contract with a service supplier or an enterprise engaged in
substantive business operations in the other Party; and
(ii) have been employees of the service supplier or enterprise for a time period of
not less than one year immediately preceding an application for admission for
temporary entry; and
(iii) are managers, executives or specialists as defined under Article 2.2(c) and
(iv) are seeking temporary entry to the other Party for the purpose of providing a
service as a professional in the following service sectors on behalf of theservice supplier or enterprise which employs them:
(A) professional services;
(B) computer and related services;(C) telecommunication services; or
(D) financial services; and
(v) satisfy any other requirements under the domestic laws and regulations of the
other Party to provide such services in the territory of that Party; and
(f) “temporary entry” means entry by a business visitor or an intracorporate transferee, as
the case may be, without the intent to establish permanent residence and for the
purpose of engaging in activities which are clearly related to their respective business
purposes. Additionally, in the case of a business visitor, the salaries of and any related
payments to such a visitor should be paid entirely by the service supplier or enterprise
which employs that visitor in the visitor’s home country.WT/REG158/1
Page 72
3. Nothing in this Chapter shall apply to measures affecting natural persons seeking access to the
employment market of a Party, nor shall it apply to measures regarding citizenship, residence or
employment on a permanent basis.
Article 3
Short-Term Temporary Entry
A Party shall, upon application by a business visitor of the other Party who otherwise meets
its criteria for the grant of an immigration formality, grant that business visitor, through the issue of a
single immigration formality, the right to temporary entry in the granting Party's territory for a period
of up to three months.
Article 4
Long-Term Temporary Entry
A Party shall grant temporary entry to an intra-corporate transferee of the other Party who
otherwise meets its criteria for the grant of an immigration formality unless there has been a breach of
any of the conditions governing temporary entry, or an application for an extension of an immigration
formality has been refused on such grounds of national security or public order by the granting Party
as it deems fit:
(a) in the case of Singapore, for an initial period of up to two years which may be
extended for periods of up to three years at a time for a total term not exceeding 14
years; and
(b) in the case of Australia, for an initial period of up to four years which may be
extended for further periods of up to four years at a time for a total term notexceeding 14 years.
Article 5
Provision Of Information
A Party shall:
(a) publish or otherwise make available to the other Party such information as will enable
the other Party to become acquainted with its measures relating to this Chapter; and
(b) no later than six months after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, prepare,
publish or otherwise make available in its own territory, and in the territory of the
other Party, explanatory material regarding the requirements for temporary entryunder this Chapter in such a manner as will enable business persons of the other Party
to become acquainted with them.
Article 6
Dispute Settlement
1. A Party may not initiate proceedings under Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement) regarding a
refusal to grant temporary entry under this Chapter unless:WT/REG158/1
Page 73
(a) the matter involves a pattern of practice; and
(b) its natural persons affected have exhausted the available domestic administrative
remedies regarding the particular matter.
2. The remedies referred to in Article 6.1(b) shall be deemed to be exhausted if a final
determination in the matter has not been issued by the competent authority within one year of theinstitution of proceedings for domestic administrative remedies, including proceedings by way of
review, and the failure to issue a determination is not attributable to delays caused by the natural
person.
Article 7
Immigration Measures
Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from applying measures to regulate the entry of
natural persons of the other Party into, or their temporary stay in, its territory, including those
measures necessary to protect the integrity of, and to ensure the orderly movement of natural persons
across its borders, provided that such measures are not applied in such a manner as to nullify or impair
the benefits accruing to the other Party under the terms of this Chapter.
Article 8
Expeditious Application Procedures
A Party shall process expeditiously applications for immigration formalities from natural
persons of the other Party, including further immigration formality requests or extensions thereof,
particularly applications from members of professions for which mutual recognition arrangements
have been concluded.
Article 9
Notification Of Outcome Of Application
A Party shall notify the applicants for temporary entry, either directly or through their
prospective employers, of the outcome of their applications, including the period of stay and other
conditions.
Article 10
Online Lodgement And Processing
As soon as possible after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, Parties shall provide
facilities for online lodgement and processing:
(a) in the case of Australia, of immigration formalities; and
(b) in the case of Singapore, of employment passes which shall be applied for by the
prospective employers.WT/REG158/1
Page 74
Article 11
Resolution Of Problems
The relevant authorities of both Parties shall endeavour to favourably resolve any specific or
general problems (within the framework of their domestic laws, regulations and other similar
measures governing the temporary entry of natural persons) which may arise from the implementation
and administration of this Chapter.
Article 12
Labour Market Testing
Neither Party shall require labour market testing, labour certification tests or other procedures
of similar effect as a condition for temporary entry in respect of natural persons on whom the benefits
of this Chapter are conferred.
Article 13
Immigration Formality Requirements
1. Australia shall accord to natural persons of Singapore conditions of entry and processing
requirements relating to its Electronic Travel Authority (“ETA”) no less favourable than thoseaccorded to natural persons of any other country eligible under the ETA or equivalent processing
system for immigration formalities.
2. Singapore shall waive visa requirements for nationals of Australia, provided that such persons
are not nationals of a non-Party for which visa-requirements are imposed for entry into Singapore.
Article 14
Inclusion Of Permanent Residents
A Party shall grant the benefits of this Chap ter, other than those accorded by Article 13
(Immigration Formality Requirements), to natural persons who have the right of permanent residence
in the territory of the other Party, provided that these natural persons satisfy all the administrative,
legal, repatriation and other requirements as may be imposed by the granting Party.
Article 15
Employment Of Spouses And Dependants
For natural persons who have been granted the right to long-term temporary entry and who
have been allowed to bring in their spouses or dependants, a Party shall, upon application, grant the
accompanying spouses or dependants the right to work as managers, executives or specialists (as
defined in Article 2.2(c)(i)-(iii)), or as office administrators in its territory, subject to the relevant
licensing, administrative and registration requirements of the granting Party.
Article 16
Reservations
The commitments made by each Party under this Chapter shall be subject to any reservations
it has taken in its Annex 4-I (Reservations to Chapter 7 (Trade in Services) and Chapter 8WT/REG158/1
Page 75
(Investment)) and Annex 4-II (Reservations to Chapter 7 (Trade in Services) and Chapter 8
(Investment)).
12 COMPETITION POLICY
Article 1
Purpose And Definitions
1. The purpose of this Chapter is to contribute to the fulfilment of the objectives of this
Agreement through the promotion of fair compet ition and the curtailment of anti-competitive
practices.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter, “anti-competitive practices” means business conduct or
transactions that adversely affect competition, such as:
(a) anti-competitive horizontal arrangements between competitors;
(b) misuse of market power, including predatory pricing by businesses;
(c) anti-competitive vertical arrangements between businesses; and
(d) anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions.
Article 2
Promotion Of Competition
1. Each Party shall promote competition by addressing anti-competitive practices in its territory,
adopting and enforcing such means or measures as it deems appropriate and effective to counter such
practices.
2. Such means and measures may include the implementation of competition and regulatory
arrangements.
Article 3
Application Of Competition Laws
1. The Parties shall ensure that all businesses registered or incorporated under their respective
domestic laws are subject to such generic or relevant sectoral competition laws as may be in force intheir respective territories.
2. Any measures taken by a Party to proscribe anti-competitive practices, and the enforcement
actions taken pursuant to those measures, shall be consistent with the principles of transparency,
timeliness, non-discrimination and procedural fairness.WT/REG158/1
Page 76
Article 4
Competitive Neutrality
1. The Parties shall take reasonable measures to ensure that governments at all levels do not
provide any competitive advantage to any governme nt-owned businesses in their business activities
simply because they are government owned.
2. This Article applies to the business activities of government-owned businesses and not to their
non-business, non-commercial activities.
Article 5
Exemptions
Either Party may exempt specific measures or sectors from this Chapter, provided that such
exemptions are transparent and are undertaken on the grounds of public policy or public interest.
Article 6
Consultation And Review
1. At the request of a Party, the Parties shall consult with a view to eliminating particular anti-
competitive practices that affect trade or investment between the Parties.
2. Within six months of a generic competition law coming into effect in Singapore, the Parties
shall consult in order to review the scope and operation of this Chapter with a view to negotiating
amendments to this Chapter that may be necessary to ensure the comprehensive protection in their
respective territories of the legitimate commercial interests of businesses of the other Party.
3. In undertaking any consultations in accordance with Article 6.2, the Parties shall also discuss
the desirability of concluding arrangements for cooperation and mutual assistance in competition
policy and enforcement, either as amendments to this Chapter or as separate arrangements between
their respective competition authorities.
4. Any information or documents exchanged betw een the Parties in relation to any mutual
consultations and review conducted pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter shall be kept
confidential. Neither Party shall, except to comply with its domestic legal requirements, release or
disclose such information or documents to any person without the written consent of the Party whichprovided such information or documents. Where th e disclosure of such information or documents is
necessary to comply with the domestic legal requirements of a Party, that Party shall notify the other
Party before such disclosure is made.
Article 7
Transparency
The Parties shall publish or otherwise make publicly available their laws addressing fair
competition.WT/REG158/1
Page 77
Article 8
General
1. Nothing in this Chapter permits a Party to reopen, re-examine or to challenge under any
dispute settlement procedure under this Agreement, any finding, determination or decision made by a
competition authority of the other Party in enforcin g the applicable competition laws and regulations.
2. Neither Party shall have recourse to any dispute settlement procedures under this Agreement
for any issue arising from or relating to this Chapter.
3. In the event of any inconsistency or conflict between any provision in this Chapter and any
provision contained in any other Chapter of this Agreement, the latter shall prevail to the extent of
such inconsistency or conflict.
13 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Article 1
Purpose And Definitions
1. The purpose of this Chapter is to increase the benefits from trade and investment through the
protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) "intellectual property rights" refers to copyright and related rights; rights in trade
marks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, and layout-designs
(topographies) of integrated circuits; rights in plant varieties; and rights in
undisclosed information; as defined and described in the WTO TRIPS Agreement;
(b) "WIPO" means the World Intellectual Property Organisation; and
(c) "WTO TRIPS Agreement" means the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights.
Article 2
Adherence To International Instruments
1. Each Party reaffirms its commitment to the provisions of the WTO TRIPS Agreement.
2. The Parties shall accede to or ratify the WIPO Copyright Treaty concluded at Geneva on 20
December 1996 within four years of the date of entry into force of this Agreement, subject to
completion of the necessary legislative and consultative processes required in each Party before
formal accession to, or ratification of, that Treaty.
3. The Parties shall accede to or ratify the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
concluded at Geneva on 20 December 1996 within four years of the date of entry into force of this
Agreement, subject to the completion of the necessary legislative and consultative processes required
in each Party before formal accession to, or ratification of, that Treaty.WT/REG158/1
Page 78
4. The Parties agree to comply with the provisions of the Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement
Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs concluded at Geneva on 2 July 1999,
subject to the enactment of laws necessary to appl y those provisions in their respective territories.
Article 3
Storage Of Intellectual Pr operty In Electronic Media
Copies of copyright material to which the right of reproduction applies shall include
electronic copies of works, sound recordings, and cinematographic films. This is subject to limitations
or exceptions as permitted under the laws of the Parties.
Article  4
Measures To Prevent The Export Of Goods That Infringe Copyright Or Trade Marks
Each Party, on receipt of information or complaints, shall take measures to prevent the export
of goods that infringe copyright or trade marks, in accordance with its laws, rules, regulations,directives or policies.
Article  5
Cooperation On Enforcement
The Parties agree to cooperate with a view to el iminating trade in goods infringing intellectual
property rights, subject to their respective laws, rules, regulations, directives or policies. Such
cooperation shall include:
(a) the notification of contact points for the enforcement of intellectual property rights;
(b) the exchange, between respective agencies responsible for the enforcement of
intellectual property rights, of information concerning infringement of intellectual
property rights;
(c) policy dialogue on initiatives for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in
multilateral and regional fora; and
(d) such other activities and initiatives for the enforcement of intellectual property rights
as may be mutually agreed between the Parties.
Article 6
Cooperation On Education And Exchange Of Information On Protection, Management and
Exploitation of Intellectual Property Rights
The Parties, through their competent agencies, agree to:
(a) exchange information and material on programmes pertaining to intellectual property
rights education and awareness, and to commercialisation of intellectual property, tothe extent permissible under their respective laws, rules, regulations and directives;
andWT/REG158/1
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(b) encourage and facilitate the development of contacts and cooperation between their
respective government agencies, educational institutions, organisations and other
entities in the field of intellectual property rights protection and development,
including in the education and training of patent agents.
Article 7
Settlement Of Disputes Relating To Domain Names And Trade Marks
Both Parties shall continue to monitor and support, where appropriate, endeavours to develop
international policy or guidelines governing the resolution of disputes relating to domain names and
trade marks.
14 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
Preamble
The Parties recognise the economic growth and opportunities provided by electronic
commerce, the importance of avoiding barriers to its use and development, and the applicability of
relevant WTO rules.
Article 1
Purposes And Definitions
1. The purposes of this Chapter are to promote electronic commerce between the Parties and to
promote the wider use of electronic commerce globally.
2. For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) “customs duties” has the same meaning as Article 1(a) of Chapter 2 (Trade in
Goods);
(b) “electronic version” of a document means a document in an electronic format
prescribed by a Party, including a document sent by facsimile transmission; and
(c) “trade administration documents” means paper forms issued or controlled by the
Government of a Party which must be completed by or for an importer or exporter in
relation to the import or export of goods.
Article 2
Transparency
1. Each Party shall promptly publish, or otherwise promptly make publicly available where
publication is not practicable, all relevant measures of general application which pertain to or affect
the operation of this Chapter.
2. Each Party shall respond promptly to all requests  by the other Party for specific information
on any of its measures of general application within the meaning of paragraph 1.WT/REG158/1
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Article 3
Customs Duties
Each Party shall maintain its current practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic
transmissions between Australia and Singapore.
Article 4
Domestic Regulatory Frameworks
1. Each Party shall maintain domestic legal frameworks governing electronic transactions based
on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
2. Each Party shall:
(a) minimise the regulatory burden on electronic commerce; and
(b) ensure that regulatory frameworks support industry-led development of electronic
commerce.
Article 5
Electronic Authentication And Electronic Signatures
1. Each Party shall maintain domestic legislation for electronic authentication that:
(a) permits parties to an electronic transaction to determine the appropriate authentication
technologies and implementation models for their electronic transaction, without
limiting the recognition of technologies and implementation models; and
(b) permits parties to an electronic transaction to have the opportunity to prove in court
that their electronic transaction complies with any legal requirements.
2. The Parties shall work towards mutual recognition of electronic signatures through a cross-
recognition framework at government level based on internationally accepted standards.
3. The Parties shall encourage the interoperability of digital certificates in the business sector,
including in financial services.
Article 6
Online Consumer Protection
1. Each Party shall, to the extent possible and in a manner considered appropriate by that Party,
provide protection for consumers using electronic commerce that is at least equivalent to that
provided for consumers of other forms of commerce under their respective domestic laws.WT/REG158/1
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Article 7
Online Personal Data Protection
1. Notwithstanding the differences in existing systems for personal data protection in the
territories of the Parties, each Party shall take such measures as it considers appropriate and necessary
to protect the personal data of users of electronic commerce.
2. In the development of data protection standards, each Party shall take into account the
international standards and criteria of relevant international organisations.
Article 8
Paperless Trading
1. Each Party shall make publicly available, which may include through a process prescribed by
the relevant Party, electronic versions of all existing publicly available versions of trade
administration documents by 2005.
2. Each Party shall accept electronic versions of its trade administration documents as the legal
equivalent of paper documents except where:
(a) there is a domestic or international legal requirement to the contrary; or
(b) doing so would reduce the effectiveness of the trade administration process.
3. The Parties shall cooperate bilaterally and in international fora to enhance the acceptance of
electronic versions of trade administration documents.
Article 9
Exceptions
1. This Chapter shall be subject to the general and security exceptions listed in Articles 18
(General Exceptions) and 19 (Security Exceptions) of Chapter 7 (Trade in Services).
Article 10
Non-Application Of Dispute Settlement Provisions
Chapter 16 (Dispute Settlement) shall not apply to Articles 4 (Domestic Regulatory
Framework), 5 (Electronic Authentication and Electronic Signature), 6 (Online Consumer Protection)and 7 (Online Personal Data Protection) of this Chapter.
15 EDUCATION COOPERATION
Article 1
Scope And Purpose
The purpose of this Chapter is to foster closer people-to-people links and mutual
understanding between Australia and Singapore and to enhance the role played by education inWT/REG158/1
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enhancing the bilateral trade and investment relationship through promoting mutual cooperation in
education.
Article 2
Fields Of Cooperation
Both Parties shall encourage and facilitate, as appropriate, exchanges in the following fields:
(a) quality assurance processes;
(b) on-line and distance education at all levels;
(c) primary and secondary education systems;
(d) higher education;
(e) technical education and vocational training;
(f) industry collaboration for technical and vocational training; and
(g) teacher training and development.
Article 3
Facilitation Of Cooperation
Both Parties shall encourage and facilitate, as appropriate, the development of contacts and
cooperation between their respective government agencies, educational institutions, organisations, andother entities and the conclusion of arrangements between such bodies to cooperate in the above
fields. These may be achieved through:
(a) joint planning and implementation of programs and projects, and joint coordination of
targeted activities in agreed fields;
(b) development of collaborative training, joint research and development, technology
transfer and joint ventures between appropriate authorities and institutions;
(c) development of programs which can be jointly delivered by institutions;
(d) exchange of teaching staff, administrators, researchers and students;
(e) academic credit transfer and mutual recognition of academic and vocational
qualifications, between recognised institutions of higher learning;
(f) cooperation in areas of interest in technical and vocational education;
(g) exchange of teaching and curriculum materials, teaching aids, and demonstration
materials as well as the organisation of relevant specialised exhibitions and seminars;
(h) exchange of information on:
(i) study opportunities in Australia and Singapore;WT/REG158/1
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(ii) education systems and standards; and
(iii) research projects, symposia and other academic events;
(i) cooperative research in emerging education issues;
(j) collaboration on the development of quality assured innovative resources to support
learning and assessment, and the professional development of teachers and trainers intraining and vocational education; and
(k) other forms of cooperation as may be mutually determined.
Article 4
Student Mobility And Scholarship Arrangements
1. Both Parties shall foster the mobility of students.
2. A Party shall, subject to any qualification requirements for professional practice in its
territory, allow its scholarships for overseas studies to be tenable at universities in the territory of the
other Party.
3. Both Parties shall encourage their government scholarship nominees to consider the other
Party as one of the countries for their overseas study.
Article 5
Costs
1. Cooperation under this Chapter shall be subject to the availability of funds.
2. The cooperative activities under this Chapter shall be funded as mutually determined.
16 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
Article 1
Scope And Coverage
1. Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties elsewhere in this Agreement, the provisions of this
Chapter shall apply with respect to the avoidance or settlement of disputes between the Parties
concerning their rights and obligations under this Agreement.
2. The rules and procedures set out in this Chapter may be waived, varied or modified by mutual
agreement.
3. Findings and recommendations of an arbitral tribunal cannot add to or diminish the rights and
obligations of the Parties under this Agreement.
4. The provisions of this Chapter may be invoked in respect of measures affecting the
observance of this Agreement taken by regional or local governments or authorities within theterritory of a Party. When an arbitral tribunal has ruled that a provision of this Agreement has notWT/REG158/1
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been observed, the responsible Party shall take such reasonable measures as may be available to it to
ensure its observance. The provisions of this Chapter relating to compensation and suspension of
benefits apply in cases where it has not been possible to secure such observance.
5. Arbitral tribunals shall clarify the provisions of this Agreement in accordance with customary
rules of interpretation of public international law.
Article 2
Consultations
1. Each Party shall accord adequate opportunity fo r consultations regarding any representations
made by the other Party with respect to any ma tter affecting the implementation, interpretation or
application of this Agreement. Any differences shall, as far as possible, be settled by consultationbetween the Parties.
2. Any Party which considers that any benefit accruing to it directly or indirectly under this
Agreement is being nullified or impaired, or that the attainment of any objective of this Agreement is
being impeded, as a result of the failure of the other Party to carry out its obligations under this
Agreement, may, with a view to achieving satisfactory settlement of the matter, make representationsor proposals to the other Party, which shall give due consideration to the representations or proposals
made to it.
3. If a request for consultation is made, the Party to which the request is made shall reply to the
request within 7 days after the date of its receipt and shall enter into consultations within a period of
no more than 30 days after the date of receipt of the request, with a view to reaching a mutuallysatisfactory solution.
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution of any matter
through consultations. To this end, the Parties shall:
(a) provide sufficient information to enable a full examination of how the measure might
affect the operation of the Agreement; and
(b) treat as confidential any information exchanged in the consultations which the other
Party has designated as confidential.
Article 3
Good Offices, Conciliation Or Mediation
1. The Parties may at any time agree to good offices, conciliation or mediation. They may begin
at any time and be terminated by either Party at any time.
2. If the Parties agree, procedures for good offices, conciliation or mediation may continue while
the dispute proceeds for resolution before an arbitr al tribunal appointed und er Article 4 (Appointment
of Arbitral Tribunals).WT/REG158/1
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Article 4
Appointment Of Arbitral Tribunals
If the consultations fail to settle a dispute within 60 days after the date of receipt of the
request for consultations, the Party which made the request for consultations may make a written
request to the other Party to appoint an arbitral tribunal under this Article. The request shall include a
statement of the claim and the grounds on which it is based.
Article 5
Composition Of Arbitral Tribunals
1. The arbitral tribunal referred to in Article 4 (Appointment of Arbitral Tribunals) shall consist
of three members. Each Party shall appoint an arbitrator within 30 days of the receipt of the request
under Article 4, and the two arbitrators appointed shall, within 30 days of the appointment of the
second of them, designate by common agreement the third arbitrator.
2. The Parties shall, within 7 days of the designation of the third arbitrator, approve or
disapprove the appointment of that arbitrator , who shall, if approved, chair the tribunal.
3. If the third arbitrator has not been designated within 30 days of the appointment of the second
arbitrator, or one of the Parties disapproves the appointment of the third arbitrator, the Ministers in
charge of trade negotiations of the Parties shall consult directly in order to jointly appoint the chair ofthe arbitral tribunal within a further period of 30 days.
4. If an arbitrator appointed under this Article resigns or becomes unable to act, a successor
arbitrator shall be appointed in the same manner as prescribed for the appointment of the original
arbitrator and the successor shall have all the powers and duties of the original arbitrator.
5. Any person appointed as a member or chair of the arbitral tribunal shall not be a national of
either Party and shall have expertise or experience in law, international trade, other matters covered
by this Agreement or the resolution of disputes arising under international trade agreements, and shall
be chosen strictly on the basis of objectivity, reliability, sound judgement and independence.
Additionally, the chair shall not have his or her usual place of residence in the territory of, nor be
employed by, either Party.
Article 6
Functions Of Arbitral Tribunals
1. The function of an arbitral tribunal is to make an objective assessment of the dispute before it,
including an examination of the facts of the case and the applicability of and conformity with this
Agreement. Where the arbitral tribunal concludes that a measure is inconsistent with a provision ofthis Agreement, it shall recommend that a Part y bring the measure into conformity with that
provision.
2. The findings and recommendations of the arbitral tribunal shall be set out in a report released
to the Parties. An arbitral tribunal may make its findings and recommendations upon the default of a
Party.
3. An arbitral tribunal shall take its decisions by consensus; provided that where an arbitral
tribunal is unable to reach consensus it may take its decisions by majority vote.WT/REG158/1
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4. The arbitral tribunal shall, in consultation with the Parties and apart from the matters set out in
Article 7 (Proceedings of Arbitral Tribunals), regulate its own procedures in relation to the rights of
Parties to be heard and its deliberations.
Article 7
Proceedings Of Arbitral Tribunals
1. An arbitral tribunal shall meet in closed session. The Parties shall be present at the meetings
only when invited by the arbitral tribunal to appear before it.
2. The deliberations of an arbitral tribunal and the documents submitted to it shall be kept
confidential. Nothing in this Article shall preclude a Party from disclosing statements of its own
positions or its submissions to the public; provided that a Party shall treat as confidential informationsubmitted by the other Party to the arbitral tribunal which that Party has designated as confidential.
Where a Party submits a confidential version of its written submissions to the arbitral tribunal, it shall
also, upon request of the other Party, provide a non-confidential summary of the information
contained in its submissions that could be disclosed to the public.
3. Before the first substantive meeting of the arbitral tribunal with the Parties, the Parties shall
transmit to the arbitral tribunal written submissions in which they present the facts of their case and
their arguments.
4. At its first substantive meeting with the Parties, the arbitral tribunal shall ask the Party which
has brought the complaint to present its submission. Subsequently, and still at the same meeting, the
Party against which the complaint has been brought shall be asked to present its submission.
5. Formal rebuttals shall be made at a second substantive meeting of the arbitral tribunal. The
Party complained against shall have the right to pr esent its submission first, and shall be followed by
the complaining Party. The Parties shall submit, prio r to the meeting, written rebuttals to the arbitral
tribunal.
6. The arbitral tribunal may at any time put questions to the Parties and ask them for
explanations either in the course of a meeting with the Parties or in writing.
7. The Parties shall make available to the arbitral tribunal a written version of their oral
statements.
8. In the interests of full transparency, the presentations, rebuttals and statements referred to in
paragraphs 4 to 6 shall be made in the presence of the Parties. Moreover, each Party’s written
submissions, including any comments on the report, written versions of oral statements and responses
to questions put by the arbitral tribunal, shall be made available to the other Party. There shall be noex parte communications with the arbitral tribuna l concerning matters under consideration by it.
9. The arbitral tribunal shall have the right, in consultation with the Parties, to seek information
and technical advice from any individual or body which it deems appropriate, and shall make any
such information and technical advice available to the Parties. A Party shall respond promptly and
fully to any request by an arbitral tribunal for su ch information as the arbitral tribunal considers
necessary and appropriate.
10. The report of the arbitral tribunal shall be drafted without the presence of the Parties in the
light of the information provided and the statements made. The arbitral tribunal shall accord adequateWT/REG158/1
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opportunity to the Parties to review the entirety of its draft report prior to its finalisation and shall
include a discussion of any comments by the Parties in its final report.
11. The arbitral tribunal shall release to the Parties its final report on the dispute referred to it
within 60 days of its formation. When the arbitral  tribunal considers that it cannot release its final
report within 60 days, it shall inform the Parties in  writing of the reasons for the delay together with
an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report. The final report of the arbitral tribunal
shall become a public document within 10 days after its release to the Parties.
Article  8
Suspension And Termination Of Proceedings
1. Where the Parties agree, the arbitral tribunal may suspend its work at any time for a period
not exceeding 12 months from the date of such agreement. If the work of the arbitral tribunal has been
suspended for more than 12 months, the authority for establishment of the tribunal shall lapse unless
the Parties agree otherwise.
2. The Parties may agree to terminate the proceedings of an arbitral tribunal established under
this Agreement, in the event that a mutually sa tisfactory solution to the dispute has been found.
3. Before the arbitral tribunal makes its decision, it may at any stage of the proceedings propose
to the Parties that the dispute be settled amicably.
Article 9
Implementation
1. The Party concerned shall comply with the arbitral tribunal’s recommendations within a
reasonable period of time. The reasonable period of time shall be mutually determined by the Parties
or, where the Parties fail to agree on the reasonable period of time within 45 days of the release of the
arbitral tribunal’s report, either Party may refer the matter to the tribunal, which shall determine thereasonable period of time following consultation with the Parties.
2. Where there is disagreement as to the existence or consistency with this Agreement of
measures taken within the reasonable period of time to comply with the recommendations of the
arbitral tribunal, such dispute shall be decided th rough recourse to the dispute settlement procedures
in this Chapter, including wherever possible by re sort to the original arbitral tribunal. The arbitral
tribunal shall provide its report to the Parties within 60 days after the date of the referral of the matter
to it. When the arbitral tribunal considers that it cannot provide its report within this timeframe, it
shall inform the Parties in writing of the reasons fo r the delay together with an estimate of the period
within which it will submit its report.
Article 10
Compensation And Suspension Of Benefits
1. If the Party concerned fails to bring the measure found to be inconsistent with the Agreement
into compliance with the recommendations of the arbitral tribunal under Article 9.2 within 20 days of
the report of that arbitral tribunal being provided to the Parties, that Party shall, if so requested, enter
into negotiations with the complaining Party w ith a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory
agreement on any necessary compensatory adjustment.WT/REG158/1
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2. If no mutually satisfactory agreement on compensation has been reached within 20 days after
the request of the complaining Party to enter in to negotiations on compensatory adjustment, the
complaining Party may request the original arbitral tribunal to determine the appropriate level of any
suspension of benefits conferred on the other Party under this Agreement. Where the original arbitral
tribunal cannot hear the matter for any reason, a new tribunal shall be appointed under Article 4(Appointment of Arbitral Tribunals).
3. Any suspension of benefits shall be restricted to benefits accruing to the other Party under this
Agreement.
4. In considering what benefits to suspend under Article 10.2:
(a) the Party having invoked the dispute settlement procedures should first seek to
suspend benefits in the same sector or sectors as that affected by the measure or other
matter that the arbitral tribunal has found to be inconsistent with this Agreement or tohave caused nullification or impairment; and
(b) the Party having invoked the dispute settlement procedures may suspend benefits in
other sectors if it considers that it is not practicable or effective to suspend benefits in
the same sector.
5. The suspension of benefits shall be temporary and shall only be applied until such time as the
measure found to be inconsistent with this Agreement has been removed, or the Party that must
implement the arbitral tribunal’s recommendations has done so, or a mutually satisfactory solution is
reached.
Article 11
Expenses
Each Party shall bear the costs of its appointed arbitrator and its own expenses and legal costs.
The costs of the Chair of the arbitral tribunal and other expenses associated with the conduct of its
proceedings shall be borne in equal parts by both Parties.
17 FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
State, Regional And Local Government
Each Party is fully responsible for the observance of all provisions in this Agreement, and,
except as otherwise provided for in this Agreement, shall take such reasonable measures as may be
available to it to ensure their observance by the regional and local governments and authorities within
its territory, and in respect of trade in services and investment covered by Chapter 7 (Trade inServices) and Chapter 8 (Investment) of this Agreement, their observance by non-governmental
bodies (in the exercise of powers delegated by central, state, regional or local government or
authorities) within its territory.WT/REG158/1
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Article 2
Contact Point
Each Party shall designate a contact point to facilitate communications between the Parties on
any matter covered by this Agreement. On the request of a Party, the contact point of the requested
Party shall identify the office or official responsible for the matter and assist in facilitating
communication with the requesting Party.
Article 3
Review
In addition to the provisions for consultations elsewhere in this Agreement, Ministers in
charge of trade negotiations of the Parties shall meet within a year of the date of entry into force of
this Agreement and then biennially or otherwise as appropriate to review this Agreement.
Article 4
Association With The Agreement
This Agreement is open to accession or association, on terms to be agreed between the
Parties, by any State or separate customs territory.
Article 5
Relation To Other Agreements
In the event of any inconsistency between this Agreement and any other agreement to which
both Parties are parties, the Parties shall immediately consult with each other with a view to finding a
mutually satisfactory solution in accordance with customary rules of public international law.
Article 6
Annexes
The Annexes to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.
Article 7
Amendments
This Agreement may be amended by agreement in writing by the Parties and such
amendments shall enter into force on such date or dates as may be agreed between them.
Article 8
Entry Into Force, Duration And Termination
1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the date on which the Parties have exchanged notes
confirming the completion of their respective procedures for the entry into force of this Agreement.WT/REG158/1
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2. Either Party may terminate this Agreement by giving the other Party six months' advance
notice in writing.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorised by their respective Governments,
have signed this Agreement.
DONE in duplicate at ________________ this ________ day of____________ 2003.
__________