WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  TN/TE/INF/7 
5 October 2004 
 
 (04-4165) 
Committee on Trade and Environment 
Special Session Original:   English 
 
 
 
UNCTAD'S WORK ON ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES:  BRIEFING NOTE 
  
Paragraph 31(iii)  
 
 The following Briefing Note is being circulated by UNCTAD as a background for the oral 
statement that it will make at the 12-13 October meeting of the CTESS.   
_______________ 
  
1. There is a considerable body of work  by UNCTAD that predates the WTO 4
th Ministerial 
Conference, but is relevant to the negotiating manda te provided for in paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha 
Ministerial Declaration (DMD).  For example, document WT/CTE/W/96 summarises the outcomes of the 1998 UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Strengthening Capacities in Developing Countries to Develop 
their Environmental Services Sector .  Work on environmentally pref erable products (EPPs), although 
not carried out with the negotiations in mind, has al so been referred to in discussions and studies on 
the implications of paragraph 31(iii) of the DMD.  
2. Following the DMD and requests for assistance from developing countries, UNCTAD has 
attempted to link its enquiry into environmental mark ets, trade flows and barrie rs to trade to issues 
more specific to the negotiations such as definiti ons, criteria, classifications, and the request-offer 
process.  A series of technical cooperation activities,  in particular studies and policy dialogues under 
the DFID
1-funded project on Building Capacity for Improved Policy Making and Negotiations on Key 
Trade and Environment Issues , were initiated with a view to he lping developing countries assess their 
prospects and identify environmenta l goods and services of special interest to them, including in the 
context of the negotiations.  UNCTAD's particip ation in WTO Regional Trade and Environment 
Seminars and national workshops organized by Member States has provided an opportunity to 
contribute to the exchange of views with a nd among developing countri es on various approaches 
applicable to the negotiations as well as on th e domestic front.  The UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity 
Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and De velopment (CBTF) provides yet another vehicle 
for capacity building activities.  UNCTAD's work on environmental services benefits from ongoing cooperation with the OECD within the framework of  a project on trade in services, which aims at 
producing sector-specific checklists to help WTO Members manage the request-offer negotiations 
under GATS. 
3. Many of these activities contributed to, and be nefited from, an Expert Meeting, entitled 
Definitions and Dimensions of Environmen tal Goods and Services in Trade and Development , 
organized by UNCTAD in July 2003.  The UNCTAD secretariat had an opportunity to inform the 
Special Session of the CTE (CTESS) about the meeting in its statement of 19 April 2004 
(TN/TE/INF/5, 6 May 2004).  At the request of a number of delegations, the Chairman's Summary of 
the meeting has been made available to the present session of CTE (document TN/TE/INF/6). 
                                                     
 
1 Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. TN/TE/INF/7 
Page 2  
 
 4. A monograph published in 2003 and entitled " Energy and Environmental Services: 
Negotiating Objectives and Development Priorities " and the first issue of the UNCTAD Trade and 
Environment Review, with its two articles on envi ronmental goods and services, represent the most 
recent examples of analytical work by UNCTAD. 
5. In its work, UNCTAD treats environmental goods and services as more than a trade issue, to 
be seen in the broader context of sustainable development.  UNCTAD's eleventh quadrennial 
conference, UNCTAD XI, which took place in Sao Paolo in June this year, has re-confirmed this development-oriented approach to promoting th e mutual supportiveness of trade and environment 
policies.  It explicitly called for "efforts to iden tify and promote environmental goods and services of 
actual and potential interest  to developing countries".
2 
6. At the UNCTAD Expert Meeting, experts outli ned a number of potential benefits that 
improved access to environmental goods, services a nd technologies could bring for environmental 
conditions and resource management in developing countries.  At the same time, they stressed the 
need for the negotiations to take fully into account  the export interests of developing countries..  
These arguments are in line with paragraph 16 of th e DMD, which states that the negotiations "shall 
aim to eliminate barriers to products of export inter est to developing countries".  The Declaration also 
re-affirms the Guidelines for the services negotiati ons in that they "shall aim to increase the 
participation of developing countries in trade in services".3 
7. This note describes some findings of UNCTAD's work that may be of relevance to the 
discussions in the CTESS on environmental goods (E Gs), particularly with respect to product 
coverage, including issues specific to EPPs, tariffs  and non-tariff barriers (NTBs), and the interface 
between definitions and modalities.  It also touc hes on the subject of environmental services and 
future work.  
I. PRODUCT COVERAGE:  STATISTICS 
8. By default rather than by design, the APEC a nd OECD lists have been used as a starting-point 
for discussions on product coverage.  The APEC list lends itself more easily to these discussions as it 
has been compiled on the product-by-product basi s and contains only those goods that can be 
distinguished by Customs.  
9. UNCTAD has carried out a statis tical analysis of trade in products on the APEC and OECD 
lists, at the 6-digit level of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS)4 and for 
the year 2000.  There are caveats to this analysis.  Statistics generated at the 6-digit level of the HS 
tend to overestimate significantly trade flows, as many EGs are defined through expositions ("ex" 
items).  A few highlights from this analysis should nevertheless be of interest. 
10. The EGs on the APEC and OECD lists, i.e. the part of the OECD list for which HS codes can 
be found, represent less than 6 per cent of the va lue of world trade in non-agricultural goods.  These 
goods constitute no more than 3 per ce nt of developing country exports in value terms, and 6 per cent 
of their imports.  All developing countries for which trade data are available are net importers of EGs 
                                                      
2 Report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on its eleventh session, 
paragraph 87. 
3 Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations adopted by the Council for Trade in Services 
on 28 March 2001 form the basis for continuing the negotiations, with a view to achieving the objectives of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, as stipulated in the Preamble, Article IV and Article XIX of that 
Agreement. 
4 For details see a Conference Room Paper (TD/B/COM.1/EM.21/CRP.1), prepared by the UNCTAD 
Secretariat for the Expert Meeting on Definitions and Dimensions of Environmental Goods and Services in 
Trade and Development, Geneva, July 2003.  TN/TE/INF/7 
 Page 3 
 
 
 on the APEC list.  Only two developing countries ar e net exporters of EGs on the OECD list, but this 
is due to exports of one or two chemical products .  Developed countries account for over 80 per cent 
of world exports, while the developing countries' share is only around 15 per cent.  Exports from the 
top nine exporting countries represent 90 per cent of total developing country exports.  African countries' exports of products on the APEC list are less than US$ 80 million.  South-South trade may 
be relatively more important, particularly in Asia. 
11. A more detailed analysis shows that devel oping countries may have export opportunities in 
some items.  Developing countries as a group are ne t exporters of 26 out of the 182 EGs on the OECD 
and APEC lists.  However, the analysis of the 20 largest developing country export and import items, 
accounting for two thirds of their trade in products on both lists, reveals that in most cases HS 
descriptions start with "other" or "parts of", sugg esting that the “environmental good” fraction of trade 
in these items may be small. 
12. The high share of multiple use products in th eir imports implies that developing countries 
may face a difficult trade-off between reduced ta riff revenues and not-so-certain environmental 
benefits.  National consultations w ith the industry would be useful in this context.  "Complementary" 
and "development" lists may provide some flex ibility to developing countries in discussions on 
possible lists of EGs, in conjunction with  issues relating to modalities (see below). 
13. The average bound rates on listed products range  from 30 to 40 per cent in developing 
countries;  however, the average applied rates are considerably lower - approximately 10 per cent.  
Both bound and applied rates are uniformly lower in developed countries, with the applied rates being 
at a nuisance level.  
II. PRODUCT COVERAGE:  PROPOSALS 
14. A number of proposals have been advanced in discussions at the WTO and at the UNCTAD 
expert meeting.  One coverage-rela ted issue that has come up repeated ly is the use of criteria based on 
processes and production methods (PPMs) in cases where other means of product differentiation are 
not available.  There is a broad convergence of  views that such criteria should be avoided. 
15. Most proposals tend to favour EGs in the pollution management  category:  end-of-pipe 
pollution management equipment, except for items with significant other industrial uses;  chemicals and catalysts for water and waste treatment;  mon itoring and testing equipment specifically designed 
and made for environmental purposes;  materials and equipment for remediation and clean-up.  This is 
not surprising considering that these EGs are de rived from a stand-alone, absolute classification 
criterion (end-use), closely associated with environmental services and cover a great number of HS 
codes.  
16. Some proposals include cleaner technologies, which are not necessarily associated with the 
delivery of environmental services, and cover fewer HS codes.   
17. A proposal has been made to include within the scope of the negotiations entire plants or 
technology systems,  which are, by definition, devoid of multiple-use and relativism in time problems.  
Examples of entire plants that could be considered  are numerous:  recycling plants, plants for waste 
management, sulphuric acid recovery plants, plants for co-generation of heat and power.  The same 
approach could apply to entire technology systems, e.g. oil recovery systems.  In many cases there appears to be a possibility to classify entire technol ogy systems under a single HS heading.  However, 
more work is needed to fi nd the appropriate tariff headings or to create new ones. 
18. Low carbon (
natural gas ) or carbon-free ( renewables ) technologies and equipment constitute 
another important dimension.  As generating sets based on natural gas or renewable energy TN/TE/INF/7 
Page 4  
 
 increasingly replace the coal- and oil-fired capacities,  they are set to become the fastest growing 
"environmental sector".  PPM-related concerns are not necessarily a problem in including these goods and technologies within the scope of the negotiations as some of them are already classified in the HS, 
while for others environmental claims may be supported  by the fact that they offset a lot of the coal 
and oil energy. 
19. At the July 2003 expert meeting by UNCTAD, arguments were made for the inclusion of 
clean fuels such as methanol and ethanol and a br oader range of renewable energy goods than the 
OECD and APEC lists indicate, including devices, products and systems relate d to the production, use 
and maintenance of renewable energy equipment.   The only exception made was large hydraulic 
turbines, known for their adverse environmental implications.  These arguments tally with the 
findings of the International Energy Agency Secret ariat.  Its Renewable Energy Unit has identified 
certain HS codes on the APEC list as currently va lid for renewable energy equipment, e.g. solar 
collectors, PV panels, wind-chargers, and argued fo r the inclusion of other items, e.g. small hydro-
electric plants
5, photovoltaics6 and biomass7.  These other technologies and equipment might have 
been omitted from the APEC list as they relate to the updated HS codes introduced at the beginning 
of 2002. 
20. There is no universally accepte d understanding or concept of e nvironmentally preferable 
products  (EPPs).  UNCTAD has defined EPPs as  products that cause significantly less 
"environmental harm" at some stage of their "life cycl e" than alternative products that serve the same 
purpose.8  As mentioned above, UNCTAD's work has not been carried out with the negotiations in 
mind, but focused on identifying trading opportuni ties for developing countries and strengthening 
their capacity to sell in niche markets.   
21. Experts have made claims for a broad range of  EPPs:  organic agricultural products;  tropical 
produce (link between geographical areas and bi odiversity);  certain forestry products 
(environmentally friendly PPMs, biodiversity conser vation);  natural fibres such as jute, coir, 
ecological packaging products (based on bio-res ources, biodegradable);  recyclable products 
(environmental protection);  bio-pesticides (enviro nmental protection), non-timber forest products 
(based on bio-resources and traditional knowledge ), and products made using natural dyes 
(non-toxic). 
22. If made in the context of the WTO negotiati ons, some of these claims may give rise to 
problems:  recourse to PPMs as the sole criterion (s ustainable agriculture, fishery and forestry), the 
absence of a negotiating track (agricultural EGs, e.g. organics, ethanol);  and difficulties in 
transposing product characteristics into HS codes (m ost EPPs).  Another limiting factor is the capacity 
constraints of customs to administer products subject to special treatment. 
23. Certain categories of EPPs, such as "inherently environment-friendly products" (i.e. those not 
based on PPM-related criteria), could be included w ithin the scope of the ne gotiations, provided this 
does not lead to new NTBs and additional costs, e.g. for certification.  Discussions at the UNCTAD 
                                                      
5 Hydraulic turbines and wa ter wheels of a power not ex ceeding 1,000kW or 10,000kW. 
6 Photovoltaic generators DC and AC. 
7 Mechanical strokers, including th eir mechanical grates, mechani cal ash dischargers and similar 
appliances. 
8 Less environmental harm is generally established according to the following criteria:  (a) use of 
natural resources and energy;  (b) amount and hazardousness of waste generated by the product along its life cycle;  (c) impact on human and animal health;  and (d) preservation of the environment. For more information 
on the concept and criteria of EPPs.  TN/TE/INF/7 
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 expert meeting provided examples of tariffs and NT Bs affecting trade in EPPs, with NTBs being 
relatively more important.9 
24. Ongoing UNCTAD work covers bi otrade and trade in organic agricultural products.  The 
Biotrade Initiative seeks to promote trade in goods (and services) derived from the sustainable use of 
biodiversity, including natural products used as i nputs for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, medicinal 
plants, natural fibres and essential oils, among others .  The Initiative is linked to the call for incentive 
measures in the context of the Convention on Biolog ical Diversity.  The International Task Force on 
Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture , created jointly with the Food and Agriculture 
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture 
Movements (IFOAM), focuses on the existing organi c agriculture standards, regulations and 
conformity assessment systems with a view to fac ilitating trade and access of developing countries to 
international markets. 
25. In principle, certification and eco-labelli ng schemes lend themselves to a positive list 
approach and, in some cases, c onstitute the main or the only mechanisms for product differentiation.  
However, they give rise to concerns about NT Bs, eco-labelling being seen as more of a problem. 
III. PROCESS AND MODALITIES 
26. So far there is no agreement regarding the sectorial modality.  Possible negotiations on EGs 
are bound to be different from other possible sectorial deals in the NGMA, which require the reduction of tariffs in the same and proximate HS  chapters.  Any agreement on EGs will necessitate 
dealing with very diverse product groups, based on the recognition of their enabling, service-like role, 
a recognition supported by the link with the nego tiations on environmental services made in 
paragraph 31 (iii) of the DMD.  Certain inherently  environment-friendly products  of export interest to 
developing countries may also need to be considered. 
27. This may make the negotiations on EGs similar to , but more complicated than those that led 
to the Information Technology (IT) Agreement.  Un like the IT Agreement, where a large number of 
developing countries that had eventually signed on we re not, and did not expect to become exporters 
in the near future, the negotiations  under paragraph 31 (iii)  are implicitly linked to paragraph 16 of the 
Declaration, which states that the negotiations "sha ll aim to eliminate barriers to products of export 
interest to developing countries".  This dualism is  at the heart of negotiating problems such as product 
coverage and customs classification.
10 
28. Some developing WTO Members have been propos ing special arrangements that would take 
into account their development status, their inte rests as exporters, and ambitions to develop 
environmental industries of their own.  Product cove rage may be part of these arrangements, and so 
can tariff phase-outs, where it may be agreed that longer phase-out periods could be granted on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis.  For instance, WTO Memb ers can designate an 
appropriate number, to be negotiated, of tariff lin es to be treated as sensitive products.  These products 
can be put on a development list  or a complementary list . 
29. For practical reasons, liberalization at the HS 6-digit level seems the best option for those 
categories where EGs prevail.  For those tariff lines where the picture is mixed, WTO Members could, 
                                                     
 
9 For illustrative purposes, report TD/B/COM.1/EM. 21/CRP.1 examines trade data for products that 
may qualify as EPPs based on consumption and disposal characteristics; i.e., not based on their PPMs. 
10 One lesson that can be drawn from  the IT Agreement is that for cu stoms purposes any EGs that make 
a possible list for tariff reduction have to be described in both physical characteristics (not end use) and  HS 
codes.  Therefore, modelling the co mmon list of EGs for the negotiations will increasingly require – and rely 
upon - inputs from producers of EGs and customs authorities. TN/TE/INF/7 
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 in principle, approach the World Customs Organizat ion (WCO) with a request to establish new 6-digit 
codes that would be more specific to the EGs in qu estion.  The WCO is currently considering ways of 
shortening the implementation period for changes in  the HS, and with time such requests may become 
easier to accommodate.  Specifying EGs through "expositions " or at lower, e.g. 8 or 9-digit level, is 
bound to create problems at the implementation stag e on account of the lack of harmonization and the 
risk of misclassification.  This is the reason the ITA is moving away from this practice.  In any case, 
the WTO can only encourage the use of codes at a le vel lower than the 6-digit, but cannot mandate it. 
30. There are questions that would need to be a ddressed in including the various EPPs within the 
scope of the negotiations.  Should they be treated th e same way as other EGs, or is there a need for a 
different approach?  Where to deal with agricultural EPPs - ethanol, organics, certain bio-trade 
products?  The "July package" refers explicitly only to "… non-agricultural environmental goods 
covered in paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration.   (Annex B, paragraph 17).  
However, nothing prevents WTO Members from estab lishing a negotiating track for agricultural EGs 
if they choose to do so. 
31. Given the developing countries' interest in EPPs, difficulties in capturing some of these in the 
HS, and the low tariffs that prevail with resp ect to these products, it may prove easier and more 
productive to refocus the negotiations on EPPs largely on NTBs. 
32. Addressing regulatory impediments to trade in EGs, and more specifically EPPs, will 
certainly give greater complexity to the negotiations.  NTBs are governed by various WTO disciplines.
11 Their incidence typically extends to several  sectors.  Barriers to trade relating to 
standards and technical regulations are often product-specific.  WTO Members may choose to 
categorize NTBs affecting EPPs into those that are more issue-specific, e.g. TBT, customs 
procedures, rules, or more sector-specific, e.g. rene wables, organics.  In the short-term, there may be a 
need to focus the NTB dimension in the negotiatio ns, e.g. to simplifying certification procedures for 
select few categories of EPPs or to trying a multilate ral approach to some existing mutual recognition 
agreements.  Discussions in the CTESS may help id entify which NTBs need to be addressed in the 
negotiations as a matter of priority. 
33. Some developing countries have argued for the n eed to clarify links between trade in EGs and 
transfer of environmentally sound technologies.  Ma tters relating to technology transfer may be seen 
in conjunction with incentives provided for in Ar ticles 66:2 and 67 of the TRIPS.  The Working 
Group on Trade and Technology Transfer could look into the relationship between trade in EGs and 
the transfer of clean technology.   
34. Discussions under paragraph 51 of the DMD coul d perhaps provide some guidance in dealing 
with specific concerns of developing countries relating to EGs that - for practical or systemic reasons 
- could not be adequately addressed und er the mandate of paragraph 31(iii).  
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES  
35. Environmental services differ greatly in market structure and behaviour, regulatory 
frameworks and technological development.  In its work, UNCTAD distinguishes between 
(a) environmental infrastructure services, mainly  related to water and waste management, (b) 
non-infrastructure, commercial environmental ser vices, comprising most of the activities in CPC12 
                                                      
11 In the case of certain EPPs, such as organic agri cultural products, it may be difficult to reduce tariffs 
because tariff schedules do not separa te organic and conventional products.   However, organic programmes and 
standards have been notified under the TBT Agreement and standard-related concerns could be addressed in the WTO. 
12 United Nations Central Product Classification.  TN/TE/INF/7 
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 Division 9413, and (c) related services with an environmental component, classified under different 
divisions in the CPC, such as construction or engineering services.  
36. For environmental infrastructure services , the overriding objective is building domestic 
regulatory capacity.  Commercial environmental services  are generally not subject to market access 
and national treatment limitations.  These services te nd to be knowledge-inten sive and provided on an 
integrated basis, and the key issues here are:  a ccess to technology and know how, capacity building, 
certification and recognition of qualifications;  and tied aid as a restriction on trade.  Services related 
to the environment  have multiple uses, and the questions of de finition and coverage are as relevant to 
these services as they are to EGs. 
37. At the current stage, the negotiations raise the following issues: progressive liberalization, 
especially for mode 3 and mode 4;  assessment, upda ting the classification of environmental services;  
a common understanding of what is meant, in a co mmercial sense, by some proposed new categories 
of services such as biodiversity protection, remediat ion and clean-up of soil and water;  a need for a 
clear picture of the extent and scope of subsid ization of environmental services;  government 
procurement;  qualification and certification require ments for individual service providers;  tied aid; 
and technology transfer.  Proposals have been made to develop a model list that would include certain 
services not covered by W/12014, e.g. implementation of environmental auditing and management 
systems, evaluation and mitigation of environmenta l imparts, advice on the design and application of 
clean technologies.  These proposals are accompanied by a call for dismantling regulatory barriers to 
the temporary movement of natural persons.  Issues relating to ecosystem services  have also been 
raised. 
38. The UNCTAD expert meeting in July 2003 devoted  an entire session to the liberalization of 
trade in environmental services and dwelled on i ssues of particular importance to developing 
countries such as classification, regulatory capacity, public monopolies and public-private partnerships.  National studies have emphasized th e importance of a strong regulatory framework as a 
pre-condition to liberalization.  
39. Discussions at the expert meeting and project-based activities in Central America have 
revealed export potential in some developing countries  in certain professional environmental services.   
V. ONGOING AND FUTURE WORK 
40. In accordance with its mandate, UNCTAD will continue assisting developing countries in 
identifying EGs representative of their developmenta l, environmental and trade interests.  Special 
attention will be paid to the categories of  that are most likely to provide "win-win" opportunities for 
developing countries, e.g. renewable energy goods and certain other categories of EPPs.  This work 
will include the identification of NTBs affecting tr ade in these products.  UNCTAD will also continue 
with its analytical and statistical work on general issues underpinning the negotiations.  
41. With regard to environmental services, UNCTAD will continue to facilitate consultations at 
the national and regional level as well as with Geneva-based delegations.  Such consultations, 
supported by national studies, have proved very u seful as detailed knowledge of regulations, demand 
for environmental services and s upply capacities is becoming more and more important to policy 
makers.  In the medium term, and given the stro ng interest in Latin America, discussions on 
ecosystem services are also foreseen.   
                                                     
 
13 For example, site clean-up and remediation, cleaning of exhaust gases, noise abatement, nature and 
landscape protection. 
14 The WTO Services Sector al Classification List. TN/TE/INF/7 
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 42. UNCTAD will also continue to promote opportu nities for developing countries to produce 
and trade in environmentally preferable products  and services, through capacity building, trade 
promotion and trade facilitation measures This work  is in line with the World Summit on Sustainable 
Development's call for actions to “[S]upport vol untary WTO compatible ma rket-based initiatives for 
the creation and expansion of domestic and intern ational markets for environmentally friendly goods 
and services, including organic products, which maxi mize environmental and de velopmental benefits 
through, inter alia , capacity-building and technical assistance to developing countries.” Work on the 
BioTrade Initiative, the International Task Fo rce on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic 
Agriculture, and the CBTF activities are esp ecially relevant in this context. 
VI. REFERENCES 
Meetings and projects 
 
• Expert Meeting on Environmental Preferable Pr oducts as a Trade Opportunity for Developing 
Countries, Geneva, December 1995 
• Expert Meeting, Strengthening Capacities in Developing Countries to Develop their 
Environmental Services Sector, Geneva, July 1998. 
• Seminar on Environmental Goods a nd Services, New Delhi, May 2003 
• Regional seminars in Cuba, March 2003 (joint ly with the Economic Commission for Latin 
America and the Caribbean), Dominican Republic, April 2004 
• National workshops: Panama and Nicaragua, June 2003 
• Materials at: www.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/projects/field.htm 
• Expert Meeting on Definitions and Dimensions  of Environmental Goods and Services in 
Trade and Development, Geneva, July 2003 
• Roundtable on Trade for Sustainable Development, 17 June, during the 11th Conference of 
UNCTAD in Sao Paulo,  
• BIOTRADE Iniative  (promotes trade a nd investment in biodiversity-based 
• products and services in developing countries  to further sustainable development.  
(www.biotrade.org) 
• Carbon Market Programme 
• (http://r0.unctad.org/ghg/sitecurrent/carbon_mi/glossaries.html) 
• The International Task Force (ITF) on Ha rmonization and Equivalence in Organic 
• Agriculture 
• (http://r0.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/openF1.htm) 
 Publications and studies 
 
• Environmental Preferable Products (EPPs) as a Trade Opportunity for Developing Countries, 
Report by UNCTAD Secretariat, UNCTAD/COM/70, Geneva, December 1995 
•
 Strengthening Capacities in Developing Countr ies to Develop their Environmental Services 
Sector, report by the UNCTAD secretariat, Geneva, July 1998 
• Environmental Goods and Services in Trade and Sustainable Development, 
TD/B/COM.1/EM.19/2 
• Report of the Expert Meeting on Definitions and Dimensions of Environmental Goods and 
Services in Trade and Development, TD/B/COM.1/59, TD/B/COM.1/EM.21/3 
• Developing Countries’ Trade in Environmental Go ods, Conference Room Paper for an Expert 
Meeting on Definitions and Dimensions of Environmental Goods and Services in Trade 
and Development, UNCTAD, 9-11 July 2003, (TD/B/COM.1/EM.21/CRP.1) 
• Other materials of the July 2003 Expert Meeting are available at: www.unctad.org  TN/TE/INF/7 
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 • UNCTAD Trade and Development Review, 2003- 2004, two articles: (1) Environmental 
Goods and Services: Defining Negotia tions or Negotiating Definitions? and 
(2) Environmental Goods and Services:  Challenges and Opportunities for Central 
American and Caribbean Countries, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2003/04 
• Monograph: Energy and Environmental Servi ces: Negotiating Objectives and Development 
Priorities, UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2003/3, 2003 
• A series of national studies, carried out by e xperts engaged by UNCTAD in Central America 
(available only in Spanish): 
• "Environmental goods and services in Cuba" 
• "Environmental goods and services in Dominican Republic" 
• "Environmental services in Guatemala" 
• "Environmental services in Honduras" 
• "Environmental services in Nicaragua" 
• "Environmental goods in Panama" 
• "Regional (Central America) overview of the national studies on EGS" 
• Monograph on environmental goods and services in Central America and the Caribbean (in 
the pipeline), Spanish only. 
 
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