WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/388/Add.3
8 January 2003
(03-0065)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT:
INFORMATION FROM DEVELOPED COUNTRY MEMBERS
Addendum
SWITZERLAND
The present document reproduces the information on Switzerland's implementation of Article 66.2 of
the TRIPS Agreement, which has been received from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland by means
of a communication dated 14 November 2002.
_______________
Introduction
1. In Paragraph 11.2 of the Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns
(WT/MIN(01)/17), adopted in Doha on 14 November 2001, developed-country Members reaffirmed
their commitment to provide enterprises and institutions incentives to promote and encourage
technology transfer to least-developed country Memb ers (hereafter LDCs), pursuant to Article 66.2 of
the TRIPS Agreement.  For the assessment of the incentives provided, it was further agreed that
developed-country Members shall submit, prior to the end of 2002, a detailed report on the
functioning in practice of the incentives provided to their enterprises, which shall be up-datedannually thereafter.  In a note of 18 September 2002 (JOB(02)/118), the Chairman of the TRIPS
Council proposed elements developed-country Members could include in their reports.
2. According to this obligation, taking the proposals by the Chair into account, Switzerland
herewith reports on its current incentives and activities to promote technology transfer to LDCs.Reference is also made to information Switzerla nd submitted to the TRIPS Council on this issue in
earlier contributions (document IP/C/132/Add.5 of 26 April 2000 and JOB(01)/158 of
22 November 2001).
3. Switzerland’s understanding of ‘technology transf er’ includes, in addition to incentives and
activities directed at the provision of technical equipment in the industrial sector, capacity building in
LDCs, technology transfer in the health sector and development of administrative institutions.
Therefore, Switzerland provides incentives in numerous sectors and is actively engaged in the field of
training and research activities contributing to sustainable development in LDCs.  Switzerland
believes that assistance in sustainable development of LDCs should be comprehensive and not belimited to certain areas.IP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 2
Government Agencies involved in the Provision of Incentives for Technology Transfer
4. There are mainly two Swiss government agenci es involved in the provision of incentives,
either directly or indirectly, for Swiss as well as for other developed country Members' enterprises and
institutions to engage in activities involving techno logy transfer to LDCs.  These two agencies are the
Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation (SDC) and the State Secretariat for EconomicAffairs (Seco).  They are jointly responsible for the formulation and implementation of Swiss
international development co-operation policy.  While SDC assumes the overall coordination function
in matters pertaining to development, Seco is a competence center for economic development and the
integration of developing and transition countries into the world economy.
5. Another agency involved in technology transfer activities of Switzerland is the Swiss National
Science Foundation (SNSF).  Acting on a mandate issued by the Swiss Federal Government, the
SNSF supports research inside and outside universities and fosters young scientific talent.  On an
international level, the Swiss National Science Foundation aims with its research programmes to
make a positive contribution to scientific research in the relevant areas of the world and to promote
research co-operation between these areas and Switzerland.  At present, the Swiss National Science
Foundation has a project in collaboration with the SDC focused on research partnerships with LDCs
(see Annex II).
Levels of Swiss Activities Promoting Technology Transfer to LDCs
6. Switzerland’s activities and incentives regarding technology transfer aim at increasing the
flow of technology to developing countries and at building up capacities which enable beneficiarycountries to assess, adopt, manage and apply technologies.  The activities supported by the Swiss
Government embrace projects at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels.
7. Seco and SDC activities relevant to Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement are carried out
under the Swiss Official Development Assistance Programme (ODA-Programme).  SwissODA-Programme includes bilateral, regional and multilateral initiatives and is primarily aimed at a
selected group of priority countries in Latin America, Africa, Central and South-East Asia and
Southeastern Europe.  Many of the projects contract Swiss as well as other developed country
Members' enterprises and institutions to provid e their knowledge and technology in assisting the
development of human capital, infrastructure and private sector enterprises in LDCs.
8. At the multilateral level, Switzerland contributes to a variety of technical assistance trust
funds with the World Bank Group and the Regional Development Banks.  These funds are available
to project managers of these Banks seeking funding for technical assistance and technology transfer.
Besides cooperation with these financial institutions, Switzerland is also engaged in the development
projects of many other international organizations such as WHO, UNIDO, WIPO, UNDP, FAO,
IFAD and CGIAR.
9. Switzerland supports various bilateral and multilateral projects in order to promote investment
as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of trade.  In investment promotion, the incentives of Swiss
ODA aim at mob ilizing private capital, know-how and tec hnologies to strengthen the financial
intermediation system in LDCs as well as transferring know-how and technology to fosterinvestments or joint ventures.  Concerning trad e promotion, Switzerland co-operates mostly with
other bilateral or multilateral agencies.IP/C/W/388/Add.3
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Instruments for the Promotion of Technology Transfer
10. One of the main goals of Switzerland’s economic and trade-related co-operation with
developing and transition countries is the transfer of modern technology and of capital to those
countries, to better enable them to upgrade their production facilities to the requirements of world
markets and to become more competitive in the global economy.  The promotion of investment and ofco-operation agreements between the private sectors in the North, South and East is an important
instrument of development policy, which is primarily intended to help these countries reach a
sustainable level of development.
Support of Private Sector Investments in LDCs
11. Switzerland promotes technology transfer to LDCs by supporting small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) in several ways.  For instance, it provides localized technical support for SMEs
domiciled in LDCs, particularly Bangladesh, Benin and Mali.  In Bangladesh, Switzerland spends
about CHF13 million annually for development projects, part of which are on technical and financial
support for SMEs.
12. Switzerland also encourages Swiss SMEs to inve st in LDCs in order to enhance technology
transfer to LDCs.  The role of the Swiss Organization for Facilitating Investments (SOFI) is to
promote investment projects between companies in  Switzerland and OECD countries and counterparts
in developing and transition countries, and to enable the transfer of capital, technological know-how
and managerial expertise through this process.  SOFI has framework agreements with 60 countries(located in Africa, the Middle East, Latin Americ a, Asia, Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the
CIS) where it is mandated to promote investments.  SOFI is a one-stop shop providing SMEs the full
range of services required to meet the challenges they face when investing in LDCs.  SOFI has
actively supported SMEs activities in LDCs or countries in transition through more than 300 projects,
such as mango processing in Burkina Faso or coffee processing in Zambia.
13. In addition, the Swiss Government created a private equity investment company in 1999
called the Swiss Development Finance Corporation (SDFC).  It has currently CHF55 million of
committed capital available for investment on behalf of a group of major Swiss based corporations
and the Government of Switzerland.  SDFC provides financing on a commercial basis for projects in
developing and transition countries in which prim arily Swiss SMEs, but also SMEs from other OECD
countries, act as direct investors, suppliers or purchasers of goods and services.  SDFC, founded inMarch 1999, concentrates on investment projects in the domains of energy, telecommunications,
water supply, public health, light industry and food production in LDCs.
14. Switzerland is one of the investors of the “Fonds de Garantie des Investissements Privés en
Afrique de l’Ouest (GARI)”.  The goal of this fund is  to facilitate access of private enterprises to loans
by guaranteeing the risks for such operations.  The fund provides guarantees to enterprises active in
industrial manufacturing, agro-industry, fishery, mining, tourism, agriculture and services. Eligible to
the fund are enterprises from, among others, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, and Sierra Leone.
15. Switzerland granted CHF5.4 million to the African Project Development Facility (APDF) and
CHF5.4 million to the Mekong Project Development Facility.  Both organizations assist SMEs in a
variety of areas such as business planning, identifying potential lenders or investors, marketing
strategy, technical and operational assistance, quality control and certification, accounting and
management information system, etc.  Beneficiaries of both funds are enterprises in LDCs in the Sub-Saharan and Mekong (including Laos and Cambodia) region.IP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 4
16. Finally, the Swiss Government invested CHF 4.5 million in the Mekong Enterprise Fund.
The fund is intended for equity investments in private-sector, small and medium sized enterprises in
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.  It also provides a broad range of technical assistance to the investee
companies such as skill development, improvements in financial and accounting systems, assisting in
marketing and distribution, risk assessment, implementing IT systems, etc.
Commercial Establishment of LDCs Co mpanies in Switzerland and other DCs
17. With its “Swiss Import Promotion Program”  (SIPPO), Switzerland supports commercial
establishment of companies from LDCs in Switzerland  or other industrialized countries.  By its trade
promotion activities, SIPPO helps SMEs in emerging countries and countries in transition to improve
their market access to Switzerland and the European Union.  It also assists Swiss importers find newproducts and sources.  For example, as a result of the partnership between the SIPPO and Bangladesh,
products from Bangladesh benefit from improved market access in Switzerland.  Additionally, in
order to promote consumer awareness for such products, Switzerland provides services such as
marketing consultancy, business partner search, training in export marketing and support for
participation in trade fairs to companies domiciled in LDCs.
Mixed Financing and Export Risk Guarantees
18. Another more traditional activity of the ODA-Programme is mixed financing.  Mixed
financing allows LDCs to have access to long-term investment credits for the purchase of Swiss goods
and services, contributing thereby to their sustainable development and technology transfer.  Mixed
financing consists of a grant from the Swiss government and a commercial credit from a Swiss
commercial bank.  The grant portion varies between 35 percent and 50 percent depending on the
country concerned.  Eligible projects are commercially non-viable, infrastructure projects (e.g., in
transport, rural telecommunication, electrification of remote areas not connected to the national grid,water treatment, public sewage and garbage).  The project needs to have a positive social and/or
environmental impact.
19. The Swiss Export Risk Guarantee Agency (ERGA) provides a system of export risk
guarantees for goods and services destined for LDCs.  Export risk guarantees facilitate exports to
LDCs and ensure a constant technology transfer.  Moreover, Switzerland also grants credit guarantees
that function as export risk guarantees for goods and services supplied to LDCs which are not entitledto an export risk guarantee because of the high risk involved.
Promotion of Environmentally Sound Technologies
20. Recently, Switzerland concentrated much effort on promoting the transfer of environmentally
sound technologies.  A comprehensive programme for the establishment of so-called “Cleaner
Production Centres” was set up.  The aim of the centres is to offer private companies and the public
sector in LDCs a wide range of services including general information, in-plant assessments,
workshops, demonstration projects, capacity building and support for the preparation of bankable
projects.  The centres provide these services with the support of Swiss and other developed countryMembers' technical institutes, universities and industries.
21. Switzerland supports as well programmes in the field of energy efficiency which aim at
mitigating CO
2 emissions globally and controlling air pollution locally.  These projects are related to
the traffic and transportation sector and to small and medium size industries (e.g., foundry, glass andbrick industries).  The main objective is to strengthen local partners (capacity building) and to pool
international expertise in order to develop locally  adequate solutions (technology packages).  These
pilot programmes are then evaluated, documented and disseminated at the national level.  In addition,IP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 5
we support transfer of know-how, training and infr astructure in the field of environment monitoring
and chemicals management.
22. Recognizing that the Kyoto Mechanisms (Joint Implementation, Clean Development
Mechanism and International Emission Trading) can facilitate greenhouse gas emissions reduction innon-Annex I countries by providing financial incentives for Annex I investment in climate protection
projects outside their national borders, Switzerland and the World Bank jointly launched the National
Strategy Study Programme in September 1997.  The aim of the Programme was to assist non-Annex I
countries in defining their negotiation positions and to develop national strategies regarding these
emerging international market incentive instruments, which will facilitate technology transfer to
developing and transition countries, including LDCs.
Training
23. Another important focus of Swiss know-how transfer activities is teaching of personnel from
LDCs.  Capacity building is an important part of every technology transfer project; in addition,
Switzerland is carrying out training programmes specifically to benefit LDCs.  For example, qualifiedapplicants from LDCs regularly attend an intellectual property training course normally held every
year for three months in three successive places: first at the WIPO headquarters in Geneva, then at the
"Centre d'Etudes Internationales de la Propriété Industrielle" in Strasbourg and finally at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Intellectual Property in Bern.
24. The Swiss Tropical Institute offers a postgraduate diploma course titled "Health Care and
Management in Tropical Countries".  More than half of the participants in this course regularly come
from LDCs.  Their participation is possible thanks to scholarships offered by the Swiss Government.
Research Activities
25. Another kind of technology transfer which Switzerland engages in is collaborating with
international organisations and/or with LDCs directly in research, particularly in the public health
domain.  For example, the Swiss Tropical Institute and other Swiss institutions provide advice and
assistance to the WHO for its "Roll-Back Malaria" programme.  The programme aims at halving the
world's malaria burden by the year 2010.
Other Instruments
26. In addition to the activities mentioned above, Switzerland has also engaged in capacity
building and technology transfer to developing and least developed countries according to the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its provisions on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS).Switzerland is also supporting UNCTAD’s BioTrade initiative, which shall promote trade and
investments in products and services derived from the sustainable use of biodiversity.
Domains of Swiss Technology Transfer Activities
27. Switzerland promotes technology transfer in dom ains that are of most importance to the
LDCs.  Specifically, the Swiss Government fosters te chnology transfer to LDCs in the fields of public
health, drinking water supply, agriculture, food industry, machine industry, textiles, chemical
industry, ecotechnology and intellectual property protection.  For an overview of ongoing projects,
see Annex II.
28. Switzerland also promotes technology transfer to LDCs in domains in which it has special
expertise.  These include the machine industry as well as the manufacturing of precision instruments
and chemical products.  The promotion of transfer of environmentally-sound technologies to LDCs isIP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 6
another domain in which Switzerland is active.  Here, the goal is to transfer both knowledge and
methods which help meet environmental standards.  This programme focuses particularly on
technology transfer in the metal, paper, cement, food and textile industry.
29. In the public health sector, the Swiss Government encourages technology transfer between
Switzerland and other LDCs in various ways including research funding, consulting and assistance.
Switzerland spends about CHF 35 million annually on technology transfer to Mozambique,
particularly in the domains of public health and sustainable water supply.
30. Finally, Switzerland offers LDCs assistance in preparing and enforcing laws on the protection
of intellectual property rights.  It also supports the LDC domestic offices executing these tasks.  The
Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property offers to conduct state-of-the-art searches free ofcharge for LDCs, and, by doing so, encourages innovative enterprises and industries in LDCs to use
the patent system, to benefit from the information which can be gathered through this system as well
as to protect their own inventions, encouraging thereby the building of technological capacity in
LDCs.  During the period 2000/2001, Burundi, Mali and Senegal took advantage of this offer.
Switzerland is also actively involved in the exch ange of information regarding the protection and
administration of intellectual property rights with LDCs.  In March 2001, the Swiss Federal Institute
of Intellectual Property gave a presentation of its intellectual property rights system to representatives
of African countries including Zambia, Mozambique and Uganda.
Concluding Remarks
31. Concluding, Switzerland would, again, like to confirm its commitment to actively engage in
the provision of incentives for an enhanced technology transfer to LDCs and its willingness to
continuously improve its activities in this regard.  However, it should also be kept in mind that
government incentives to provide technology transfer to third countries are only one of many factors
relevant to companies’ decisions on where to direct their foreign investments and to transfer theirtechnology.  Some of the other decisive factors are favourable overall macro- and micro-economic
terms and conditions, a safe legal framework, (including adequate protection of intellectual property
rights, an accountable judicial system and a well-functioning government administration) and market
potential at the national level in a third country.  These factors are often directly related to the level of
development in a specific country.  Multilateral initiatives to relieve countries of heavy debts and with
clear policies for poverty reduction and economic development are also conducive to technology
transfer and capacity development.  The PRSP and HIPC processes of the Bretton Woods Institutions
therefore are probably the most important precondition for LDCs to be able to actively participate in
technology transfer and capacity building initiatives under Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.IP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 7
ANNEX I
SWISS INCENTIVES FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN LDCS BY COUNTRY
Comment:   The activities supported by the Swiss Government embrace projects at the bilateral,
regional and multilateral levels.  The following table contains exclusively bilateral projects because itis difficult to depict Switzerland’s individual contribution to multilateral projects (ex. fund).
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual
budget 2001
BANGLADESH Water andsanitation
(Public health)Prevention and
treatment of
infectious diseases,
by University of
BaselScientific collaboration
with national institution
Training courses in
BaselCHF 140,000
BANGLADESH Water and
sanitation
(Public health)Arsenic mitigation in
water. Arsenic free
water harvesting
technologies by
SAKT, test kits by
EAWAGLocal adaptation of
technologies with
support from SKAT and
EAWAG
Research in Switzerland
in collaboration with
Bangladeshi partnersCHF 50,000
paid to
EAWAG
BANGLADESH Trade Promotion of
products from
Bangladesh toSwitzerland and
other OECDcountriesProvision of services
such as marketing
consultancy, businesspartner search, training
in export marketing and
support for participation
in trade fairsCHF 32,000
BENIN Public health Public Health
Expertise, by IUEDParticipation in
reorganising Benin’sHealth System at
different levels; mainfocus on local levelCHF 950,000
BURKINA
FASOWaste water Technology and
Know-how in waste
water management,
by the Swiss Federal
Institute of
Technology,
LausanneTraining Courses in
Lausanne
Participation of
consultants in
programme in thecountryCHF 300,000
BURKINA
FASOWater and
environment(Waste) Water
management, bySwiss Federal
Institute of
Technology,
LausanneEducation of engineers
and technicians, inSwitzerland and Burkina
FasoCHF
1,450,000IP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 8
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual
budget 2001
BURKINA
FASOAgriculture Support for creating a
mango vinegar factory
in Burkina Faso. Advice
for the structuring andfinancing of the
investment project,
including training of
future workers,
transferring equipment
and starting productionCHF 200,000
BURKINA
FASO AND
MALIDecentralisation,
rural
developmentExpertise and know-
how by SERECConsultants work with
local staff and rural
populationCHF
2,150,000
MADAGASCAR RuraldevelopmentParticipatory bottom
up approaches
(Know-how and
expertise) by ICConsultancy project
managementCHF 3.5 Mio
MALI Vocational
trainingKnow-how in school
management,
curriculadevelopment,
particular
professional know-
how by SwisscontactDevelopment of
vocational training
centres in Burkina FasoSupport to association of
handicraft groups
Consultants work with
national staff Project
management by
SwisscontactCHF 550,000
MOZAMBIQUE Health system Reform of health
system. Expertise
and know how in
local health systems,
by SolidarmedConsultancy CHF 7 Mio
MOZAMBIQUE Potable water Management of rural
drinking watersupply systems by
Helvetas and SKATConsultancy CHF 4.2 Mio
MOZAMBIQUE Rural
developmentReorientation of rural
development based
on private initiatives.
Expertise and know-
how by LBLConceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 2 Mio
MOZAMBIQUE Governance Reform of police
force. Expertise and
know-how by
consultancy group
from Basel (ex-
director of police)Conceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 0.8 MioIP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 9
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual
budget 2001
MOZAMBIQUE Governance Decentralisation –
support to local
administrative
structures, byUniversity of Bern
(Prof. Linder)Conceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 1.2 Mio
NICARAGUA Electricity Support to the
reconstruction
Nicaraguan’s
economy in the
aftermath of
Hurricane Mitch byproviding financial
means for the
importation of
electrical equipmentBalance of payment
operationCHF 1 Mio
NIGER Rural
developmentEstablishment of
funds for local
investments in rural
development, by
SERECConsultants work with
local staff and
populationCHF
1,550,000
TANZANIA Health Reform of health
system in city of
Dar-es-salam;
Prevention of
tropical diseases
(Malaria).
Technologies andexpertise by the
Swiss TropicalInstitute (Basel)Training courses in
Basel;
Consultancy,
backstoppingCHF 7.7 Mio
TANZANIA Transportation
infrastructureConstruction of
bridges and roads.
technologies and
know-how by
ITECOITECO staff in
Tanzania, consultancyCHF 6.5 Mio
CHAD Basic health,
health systemsKnow-how and
expertise by Swiss
Red CrossConsultancy,
collaboration with
organisations in ChadCHF 200,000
ZAMBIA Coffee Support to the
expansion of coffee
processing facilities
and agricultural
machinery, factory
equipment andtransportation
vehicles purchasedProvision of a loan to
two Zambian companiesCHF 5.5 MioIP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 10
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual
budget 2001
IN GENERAL Projectmanagement,
Know-how and
expertise(planning,
implementation,
monitoring,
evaluation)By Helvetas, IUED,
InterCooperationIP/C/W/388/Add.3
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ANNEX II
RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP OF SNSF WITH LDCs
In 1999, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Federal Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC) announced a new programme of research partnerships.
By the deadline of October 1st, 1999 a total of 33 project proposals had been received. SNSF
and SDC jointly assessed the proposals for scientific value and relevance to development and for
compliance with the requirements of a true resear ch partnership. The first awards were decided in
Spring 2000. Since then, nine more projects have b een approved while decisions on some others are
still pending.
Approved research partnerships with LDCs (as of May 2000)
Humanities and Social Sciences
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Local Social Security and Gender inIndia and Burkina Faso. (36 months) de Jong, Wiillemijn,
Department of
Anthropology, University
of ZurichKinda, Fatoumata,
Department of Sociology,
University of Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
The Challenge of Education inMozambique between Tradition andInnovation. (18 months) Berthoud, Gérald, Institut
d'anthropologie et de
Sociologie, Université de
LausanneCastiano, José P.,
Universidade Eduardo
Mondlane, Unid. Formaçao
em ciencias sociais,
Mozambique
Learning Processes and Platforms forNegotiating Sustainable Resource
Management (SRM): Potentials and
Constraints of "Autodidactic Learning
for Sustainability" (ALS) in an
Intercultural Perspective. (36 months)Wiesmann Urs Institute of
Geography University of
BernDelgado Burgoa Freddy
Agroecology Programme
University of Cochabamba
Bolivia
Interface between Cities and Rural
Areas in Ecuador: Towards a Territorial
Integrated Development (Preproject).Bolay, Jean-Claude,
Institut de Recherche sur
l'environnement construit
EPF, LausanneArq. Diego Carrion, Facultad
de Arquitectura y Diseño
Pontificia Universidad
Catolica del Ecuador, Quito
Mathematics, Natural and Engineering Sciences
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Studies of Mathematical and Numerical
Models involved in Sahelian Irrigation:
Application to Water Resource
Management and to Pollutant Transport
in Saturated and Non-saturated Porous
Media. (36 months)Besson, Olivier Institut de
Mathématique Université
de NeuchâtelNiane, Mary Teuw UFR de
Mathématiques Appliquées et
Informatique Université
Gaston Berger Saint-Louis,
SénégalIP/C/W/388/Add.3
Page 12
Biology and Medicine
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Healthy Milk for the Sahel: Improved
Milk Quality as a Contribution toIncome Generation, Food Security and
Public Health. (36 months)Zakaria, Farah, Institute of
Food Science, ETH ZurichAlfarouk, Idriss, Institut du
Sahel Bamako, Mali
A Spatial Analysis of the Impact ofInsecticide-Treated Nets for Malaria
Control in Tanzania. (36 months)Lengeler, Christian, Swiss
Tropical Institute, BaselAbdulla, Salim, Ifakara Health
Research and Development
Center Ifakara, Tanzania
Identification of Genetic Markers
Associated with Virulence of
Leishmania Viannia. (36 months)Fasel, Nicolas, Institute of
Biochemistry University of
LausanneGonzalez Alcides CNDR,
Nicaragua
Conservation of Biodiversity in Lama
Forest: Role of Forest Plantations for
the Viability of Natural Forests. (36
months)Nagel, Peter, Institut für
Natur-, Landschafts- und
Umweltschutz (NLU)-
Biogeographie, University
of BaselSinsin, A. Brice Faculté des
Sciences Agronomiques,
Université Nationale de Bénin
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