APPENDIX TABLESGhana WT/TPR/S/81
Page 87
Table AI.1
Foreign exchange controls
Item Arrangements
A.  Payments and receipts
Prescription of currency
requirementsExport proceeds must be received in the currency of the foreign importer.  Bilateral payment
agreements with Bulgaria, China, Cuba, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, and the Slovak
Republic, involving clearing accounts between the Bank of Ghana (BOG) and central bank
counterparts, inoperative.  Balances currently being settled.
Gold trade Gold trade must be licensed.  Imports not normally allowed.
B.  Resident accounts
Foreign exchange accounts Permitted domestically and can be held abroad subject to approval.
Domestic currency accounts Convertibility into foreign currency is not allowed, unless for approved purposes.
C.  Non-resident accounts
Foreign exchange accounts Permitted, and can be credited with authorized payments from abroad, transfers from other foreign
accounts or with proceeds from sale of convertible currency;  and debited with outward payments,transfers to other foreign accounts, and purchases of foreign currencies subject to approval by BOG.
Non-resident account status granted to foreign-registered companies operating in Ghana and to non-
resident Ghanaians.
Domestic currency accounts Permitted, and may be converted into foreign currency, subject to prior approval.
D.  Imports and import payments
Documentation requirements Authorized dealers can approve applications for import transactions upon sight of letters of credit.
E.  Exports and export proceeds
Repatriation requirements Proceeds must be received within 60 days of shipment.
Surrender requirements 20% to 40% of gold and 98% of cocoa export proceeds to the BOG.
F.  Payments for  invisible transactions and current transfers
Controls on trade-related
paymentsFreight charges may be paid to local shipping agents;  the transfer of funds to cover such charges is
normally permitted, subject to proper documentation.  Quantitative limits apply to commissions.
Investment-related payments Prior approval needed for amortization of loans or depreciation of direct investments.
G.  Proceeds from  invisible transactions and current transfers
Repatriation requirements Yes.
Surrender requirements All receipts must be sold to authorized dealers or held in foreign exchange denominated accounts in
resident banks.
H.  Capital transactions controls
Capital market instruments Non-residents may purchase shares or other securities listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange;
individual and total holdings of all non-residents in one company cannot exceed 10% and 74%,
respectively.  For unlisted companies, non-resident minimum equity injection required or its
equivalent in capital goods of US$10,000 for a joint venture;  US$50,000 if wholly owned by a non-
Ghanaian;  or US$300,000 if a trading enterprise is either wholly or partly owned by a non-Ghanaianand employs at least ten Ghanaians.  Sale by non-residents requires approval from the BOG and the
Ministry of Finance.  Purchase of securities abroad by residents are allowed but purchase of foreign
exchange to do so requires prior approval from BOG, as does the sale of such securities.  Alltransactions by residents and non-residents in bonds and other debt securities require prior approval
by the BOG.
Money market securities Non-residents can invest in BOG and government securities, but not using foreign currency.  Sale or
issue by non-residents is not allowed.  Purchases abroad by residents is allowed but purchases offoreign exchange for this purpose must be approved by BOG.  Sale or issue abroad by non-residents
is not allowed.
Collective investment
securitiesPurchase, sale or issue locally by non-residents requires prior BOG approval.  Buying foreign
exchange by residents to purchase abroad requires prior approval from the BOG, and the sale or
issue abroad by residents needs consent from the Ministry of Finance.
Derivatives and otherinstrumentsNo such market currently exists, but would be permitted.  Residents may purchase abroad subject to
BOG approval.
Credit operation Supply of commercial credit by non-residents to residents requires prior BOG approval and must be
channelled through the banking system with appropriate documentation.  Financial credits supplied
by non-residents to residents require BOG approval.
Table AI.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/81 Trade Policy Review
Page 88
Item Arrangements
Liquidation of direct
investmentAssets of foreign investors cannot be expropriated;  disputes are settled by established international
procedures.
Direct investment The BOG must approve all capital outflow.  Certain areas closed to foreign investment.  All inward
direct investment must be approved by Ghana Investment Promotion Centre to benefit from
legislative measures, such as the right to transfer profits and capital proceeds on sale or liquidation.Minimum foreign investment of US$10,000 for joint venture;  US$50,000 if wholly foreign owned;
and US$300,000 if a trading enterprise is either wholly or partly owned by a non-Ghanaian and
employs at least ten Ghanaians.
Real estate Residents can purchase abroad up to US$500.
Provisions specific tocommercial banks and other
credit institutionsBorrowing and maintaining accounts abroad requires BOG notification.  Purchase of locally issued
securities denominated in foreign currencies is allowed within reasonable limits.
Source : IMF (1999c), Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions,  Washington, D.C.Ghana WT/TPR/S/81
Page 89
Table AII.1
Goods exempt from tariffs and taxes if imported from ECOWAS members
HS Code Product Description
A. Unprocessed products
Chapter 01 (all items) Live animals
Chapter 02 (all items) Meat and edible meat offal
Chapter 03 (all items) Fish, crustaceans and molluscs, fish eggs and other aquatic invertebrates
Chapter 04 Dairy produce;  birds' eggs;  edible products of animal origin n.e.s
0401 Fresh milk (complete or skimmed)
ex 0405 Butter and other fats and oils
ex 0407 Birds’ eggs in shell
0409 Natural honey
Chapter 05 (all items) Products of animal origin, n.e.s.
Chapter 06 (all items) Live plants, bulbs, roots and cut flowers
Chapter 07 (all items) Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers
Chapter 08 (all items) Edible fruit and nuts, peel of melons and citrus
Chapter 09 Coffee, tea maté, and spices
ex 0901 Coffee (not roasted or ground)
ex 0902 Green tea
ex 0904 Unground pepper and piment
Chapter 10 (all items) Cereals
Chapter 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches, etc.
ex 1106 Cassava flour (gari)
Chapter 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, etc
1201 Soya beans
1209 Seeds, spores and fruit for sowing
1212 Sugar cane
1211 Plants and parts (including seeds and fruits) of trees, bushes, shrubs or other plants being goods of a kind
used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal, or similar purposes, fresh ordried, whole, cut, crushed, ground or powdered
ex 1207 Nere seeds
Chapter 13 Lacs; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts
ex 1301, ex 1302 Gum, resin as well as other plant juices and extracts (raw or simply cleaned or dried)
Chapter 14 Vegetable plaiting materials and vegetable products n.e.s.
ex 1404 Raw materials of plant origin for dyeing, tanning
Chapter 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils, waxes, etc.
ex 1521 Bees' wax and other insect waxes
Chapter 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations
ex 1801 Cocoa beans, broken or raw
Chapter 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegars
ex 2201 Waters, including natural spa waters and aerated waters, mineral water
Chapter 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco products
ex 2401 Unmanufactured tobacco
Chapter 25 Salt, sulphur. etc
ex 2501 Common salt (including rock salt, white salt and sea salt, table salt)
ex 2503 Natural sulphur
ex 2510 Natural calcium phosphates, natural aluminium, calcium phosphates
ex 2515 Natural marble
ex 2516 Raw natural granite
ex 2520 Raw gypsum
ex 2530 Mineral substances n.e.s. (including sand roses)
Chapter 26 Ores, slag and ash
ex 2601 Unprepared natural metallurgical ores
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels, oils, etc.
ex 2709 Crude oil
Table AII.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/81 Trade Policy Review
Page 90
HS Code Product Description
ex 2715 Crude bitumen and asphalt (unprocessed)
Chapter 31 Fertilizers
ex 3101 Natural crude fertilizer (Guano and other natural animal or plant fertilizer) but not chemically processed
Chapter 40 Rubber and articles thereof
4001 Raw natural rubber latex, natural rubber and similar natural gum
Chapter 41 Raw hides, skins and leather
ex 4101 Raw hides and skins of bovine and equine animals (fresh, salted, dried, limed or pickled)
Chapter 44 Wood and articles of wood
ex 4403 Rough wood
ex 4404 Wood, roughly squared
ex 4407 Sawn wood
Chapter 46 Manufactures of straw, etc.
4601 Natural weaving materials(plants, barks and not spun natural textile fibres) including mats and screens
Chapter 51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair, etc.
ex 5101 Sheep or lambs' wool (fine or coarse)
ex 5102 Other animal hair (fine or coarse)
Chapter 52 Cotton
ex 5201 Cotton (unpicked cotton fibres or simply picked ones)
Chapter 57 (all items) Other vegetable textile fibres, etc.
B. Industrial productsa
Benin
1704 Other non-cocoa-based confectionery
2202, 03, 08 Malt beer, sweetened aerated waters and grape wines, whisky, rum and gin
3209 Varnishes, emulsion and other paints, dyes, mastics and thinners
3605 Matches
5208, 09 Certain printed cotton fabric
6109, 03 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, cotton suits
6203, 07 Cotton ensembles, trousers, bib and brace overalls and shorts, dressing gowns
6302 Other cotton bed linens, table, toilet and kitchen linen
8412, 15, 18 Air conditioners, refrigerators
9404 Mattresses and foam
Burkina Faso
3907 Plastic bags
4102 Hides (leather)
Cape Verde
6402 Natural and synthetic leather shoes
Mali
2209 Vinegar
2831 Bleach
6907 Tiles
Niger
2522 Lime
3209 Emulsion and floor paint
Senegal
1508 Groundnut crude and refined oil
2002 Tomato puree
2305 Groundnut oil cakes
2812 Limestone
3402 Washing powder and liquid detergent
3808 Insecticides and fungicides
3923 Polypropylene packs
5509 Discontinuous synthetic fibre and cotton fabrics
8705 Exhaust pipes and silencers
Table AII.1 (cont'd)Ghana WT/TPR/S/81
Page 91
HS Code Product Description
Sierra Leone
3401 Laundry soap
Togo
1511, 13, 17 Cotton seed, palm (crude) kernel oils and preparations of vegetable oil
2202,03 Sweetened aerated waters and beer
2306 Cotton oil cakes
3917, 23, 24 Plastic pipes and tubes, boxes, cases and similar articles, dishes and buckets
4820,23 Exercise books, folders, file covers and other writing papers and paperboard
7210 Certain flat rolled products of iron and steel
Nigeria
0901, 02 Coffee and tea
1104 Pounded yam
1511, 17 Palm oil, planta margarine
1601 Gala sausage rolls and satis sausage
1701, 02, 04 Sugar confectionery, without cocoa, sugar
1806 Other preparations containing cocoa (e.g. milo)
1901, 02, 05 Glucose, cocoa preparations, biscuits, wafers, cornflakes
2002, 09 Tomato paste
2102, 03, 05, 06 Sauces and baking fats, ice-cream, other food preparations
2203 Stout, beer
2402 Cigarettes
2710 Advanced fuel and engine oil conditioner
2831 Bleaches
2936 Vitamin C
3004 Pharmaceuticals
3208, 09, 14 Paints, glaziers' putty
3303, 04, 05, 07 Creams and lotions, deodorants, hair preparations, vaseline and analgesics
3401, 02, 05 Soaps, detergents, cream, shoe polish
3506 Adhesives
3605 Matches
3808 Insecticides and fungicides
3907, 09, 17, 19, 23 Cooler boxes, drinking straws, plastic pipes, containers, polyfilm and resins
4011, 16 Tyres, floor and prayer mats
4202 Leather travel goods
4401, 07, 12, 19 Plywood, sawn timber, veneer and particle board, toothpicks, spoons and sticks
4810,18, 19, 20, 21 Toilet paper, napkins, corrugated paper cases, folding cartons and paper labels
5207, 09 Cotton yarn, woven fabrics of cotton
5601, 07, 08 Cotton buds, fishing nets, other strings, rope of polyethylene
5702, 03 Carpets, floor coverings
6301, 02, 05, 07 Terry towels, floor cloths and dusters, jute bags and blankets
6404 Leather shoes
6907 Tiles
7010 Glass bottles
7303, 07, 13 Billets, laminated steel, enamelware, pumps and water resistant castings
7606, 08, 10, 16 Stormline aluminium louvre frames, aluminium coil, circles, tube and tiles
8207, 10 Spades, shovels and dyes
8412, 15, 18 Refrigerators, freezers, ceiling fans, air conditioners
8708, 16 Car brake drums and brake rubber, automotive parts, wheel-barrows
9608, 17 Other assembled vacuum containers, pens and biros
a Goods are specified in the customs schedule according to the producing enterprises in each member country eligible to receive
the preferential treatment.
Source: Ghana Customs Tariff, Second Schedule.WT/TPR/S/81 Trade Policy Review
Page 92
Table AIV.1
Tariffs applied in Ghana, by ISIC category, 2000
(Per cent)
Simple average Dispersion
RangeStd. Dev.
Total 14.7(13.2) 0-279(0-279) 12.1(9.9)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 17.3(16.5) 0-40(0-20) 7.8(6.3)
111 Agriculture and livestock production 17.7(16.6) 0-40 8.0(6.0)
121 Forestry 15.2(15.2) 10-20(10-20) 5.1(5.1)
122 Logging 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
130 Fish and shellfish, live, fresh or frozen 15.9(15.5) 0-20(0-20) 8.1(8.4)
- Ocean and coastal fishing 14.9(14.4) 0-20(0-20) 8.8(9.1)
- Fishing n.e.c. 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
2. Mining and quarrying 11.9(11.9) 0-20(0-20) 4.3(4.3)
210 Coal mining 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
220 Crude petroleum and natural gas production 10.0(10.0) 0-20(0-20) 10.0(10.0)
230 Metal ore mining 10.4(10.4) 10-20(10-20) 2.0(2.0)
- Iron ore mining 12.0(12.0) 10-20(10-20) 4.5(4.5)
- Non-ferrous ore mining 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
290 Other mining 12.5(12.5) 0-20(0-20) 4.6(4.6)
- Felspar mining 11.4(11.4) 10-20(10-20) 3.6(3.6)
- Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining 11.5(11.5) 10-20(10-20) 3.8(3.8)
- Salt mining 17.5(17.5) 10-20(10-20) 5.0(5.0)
- Mining and quarrying n.e.s. 13.6(13.6) 0-20(0-20) 5.6(5.6)
3. Manufacturing 14.6(13.0) 0-279(0-279) 12.4(10.1)
311 Food products 22.3(17.6) 0-40(0-20) 10.9(5.3)
- Slaughtering, preparing and preserving meat 20.3(18.4) 0-40(0-20) 7.4(4.0)
- Dairy products 36.9(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 7.4(0)
- Canning and preserving of fruit and vegetables 23.8(19.8) 0-40(0-20) 8.4(2.1)
- Fish products 14.9(14.3) 0-40(0-20) 10.0(8.9)
- Manuf. of vegetable & animal oils/fats 24.1(17.2) 0-40(0-20) 12.4(4.9)
- Grain mill products 17.9(17.4) 0-40(0-20) 6.8(5.9)
- Manufacture of bakery products 31.1(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 10.5(0)
- Sugar factories and refineries 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
- Cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery 36.0(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 8.3(0)
312 Other food products and animal feed 17.1(15.6) 0-40(0-20) 8.9(5.9)
- Other food products 18.0(16.2) 0-40(0-20) 8.9(5.6)
- Prepared animal feed 11.3(11.3) 0-20(0-20) 6.4(6.4)
313 Beverages 21.4(18.6) 10-40(10-20) 8.5(3.6)
- Distilling, rectifying and blending spirits 19.0(19.0) 10-20(10-20) 3.2(3.2)
- Manufacture of wine 18.9(18.9) 10-20(10-20) 3.3(3.3)
- Manufacture of malt liquor 25.0(15.0) 10-40(10-20) 17.3(5.8)
- Soft drinks and mineral water 28.0(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 11.0(0)
314 Tobacco products 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
321 Textiles 20.7(17.4) 0-40(0-30) 9.6(4.5
- Spinning, weaving and finishing textiles 16.6(16.5) 0-40(0-30) 5.1(4.9)
- Made-up textile goods, exc. wearing apparel 17.5(17.5) 0-20(0-20) 4.7(4.7)
- Knitting mills 36.5(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 7.6(0)
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)Ghana WT/TPR/S/81
Page 93
Simple average Dispersion
RangeStd. Dev.
- Carpets and rugs 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Cordage, rope and twine 10.8(10.8) 0-20(0-20) 6.4(6.4)
- Textiles, n.e.s. 19.2(19.2) 10-20(10-20) 2.8(2.8)
322 Clothing (except footwear) 37.3(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 6.8(0)
323 Leather and leather products 16.8(15.6) 10-40(10-20) 7.7(5.0)
- Tanning and leather finishing 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
- Fur dressing and dyeing 26.7(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 10.0(0)
- Leather products, exc. footwear & clothing 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
324 Leather footwear 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
331 Wood products, except furniture 18.9(18.9) 10-20(10-20) 3.2(3.2)
- Sawmills, planing and other wood mills 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Wooden and cane containers and cane ware 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Wood and cork products n.e.s. 15.6(15.6) 10-20(10-20) 5.1(5.1)
332 Wooden furniture 32.3(19.5) 10-4-(10-20) 10.7(2.1)
341 Paper and product products 19.1(18.4) 0-4-(0-20) 5.4(3.9)
- Pulp, paper and paperboard 18.0(17.5) 0-40(0-20) 5.9(4.7)
- Containers, boxes of paper & paperboard 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Pulp, paper and paperboard n.e.s. 21.1(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 4.4(0)
342 Printing and publishing 11.3(11.3) 0-20(0-20) 9.8(9.8)
351 Industrial chemicals 10.7(10.70 0-20(0-200 3.9(3.90
- Basic industrial chemicals (exc. fertilizers) 10.8(10.8) 0-20(0-200 2.8(2.8)
- Fertilizers and pesticides 1.8(1.8) 0-10(0-10) 3.9(3.9)
- Synthetic resins, plastic materials and man-made
fibres (except glass)12.6(12.6) 10-20(10-20) 4.4(4.4)
352 Chemical products and pharmaceuticals 16.7(14.6) 0-40(0-20) 9.2(5.2)
- Paints, varnishes and lacquers 23.2(15.2) 10-40(10-20) 13.8(5.1)
- Drugs and medicines 10.6(10.6) 0-20(0-20) 2.8(2.8)
- Soap, cleaning preparations, perfumes 28.6(20.0) 20-40(20-20) 10.0(0)
- Other chemicals n.e.s. 16.1(15.9) 0-40(0-20) 5.6(5.1)
353 Petroleum refineries 57.1(57.1) 10-279(10-279 81.3(81.3)
354 Petroleum and coal products 11.5(11.5) 10-20(10-20) 3.8(3.8)
355 Rubber products 14.4(14.4) 0-20(0-20) 5.3(5.3)
- Tyre and tube industries 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
- Rubber products n.e.s. 15.7(15.7) 0-20(0-20) 5.4(5.4)
356 Plastic products 28.8(16.8) 0-40(0-20) 14.5(5.6)
361 Pottery, chi. and earthenware 14.7(14.7) 0-20(0-20) 6.4(6.4)
362 Glass and glass products 13.1(13.1) 0-20(0-20_ 5.0(5.0)
369 Other non-metallic mineral products 14.4(14.4) 10-20(10-20) 5.0(5.0)
- Structural clay products 11.2(11.2) 10-20(10-20) 3.3(3.3)
- Cement, lime and plaster 10.0(10.0) 10-10(10-10) 0(0)
- Non-metal mineral products n.e.s. 15.9(15.9) 10-20(10-20) 5.0(5.0)
371 Iron and steel products 9.9(9.9) 0-20(0-20) 1.8(1.8)
372 Non-ferrous basic metals 13.0(13.0) 10-20(10-20) 4.6(4.6)
381 Metal products 12.0(11.6) 0-40(0-20) 6.5(5.6)
- Cutlery, hand tools and hardware 11.5(11.5) 0-20(0-20) 5.7(5.7)
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/81 Trade Policy Review
Page 94
Simple average Dispersion
RangeStd. Dev.
- Metal furniture and fixtures 21.7(16.7) 10-40(10-20) 11.9(4.9)
- Structural metal products 8.4(8.4) 0-20(0-20) 7.5(7.5)
- Fabricated metal products, except machinery and 
equipment n.e.s.12.0(11.9) 0-30(0-20) 5.0(4.7)
382 Machinery 2.8(2.8) 0-20(0-20) 5.5(5.5)
- Engines and turbines 1.8(1.8) 0-10(0-10) 4.0(4.0)
- Agricultural machinery and equipment 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)
- Metal and woodworking machinery 0.6(0.6) 0-10(0-10) 2.2(2.2)
- Special industrial machinery and equipment 0.1(0.1) 0-20(0-20) 1.7(1.7)
- Office, computing & accounting machinery 7.1(7.1) 0-20(0-20) 5.2(5.2)
- Non-electrical machinery and equipment 5.5(5.5) 0-20(0-20) 7.1(7.1)
383 Electrical machinery 11.5(11.3) 0-37.5(0-20) 6.5(6.1)
- Electrical motors and apparatus 5.3(5.3) 0-10(0-10) 4.4(4.4)
- Radio, television and communications 13.1(12.8) 0-37.5(0-20) 6.3(5.5)
- Electrical appliances and houseware 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Electrical apparatus n.e.s 11.5(11.5) 10-20(10-20) 3.6(3.6)
384 Transport equipment 4.9(4.9) 0-20(0-30) (6.4)
- Shipbuilding and repairing 4.5(4.5) 0-20(0-20) 7.8(7.8)
- Railway equipment 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)
- Motor vehicles 5.1(5.0) 0-30(0-20) 5.9(5.6)
- Motorcycles and bicycles 4.5(4.5) 0-10(0-10) 5.1(5.1)
- Aircraft manufacture 11.0(11.0) 0-20(0-20) 10.2(10.2)
- Other transport equipment 1.4(1.4) 0-10(0-10) 3.8(3.8)
385 Professional and scientific equipment 13.7(13.7) 0-20(0-20) 5.5(5.5)
- Professional and scientific measuring and controlling 
equipment n.e.s.9.9(9.9) 0-20(0-20) 2.3(2.3)
- Photographic and optical goods 13.8(13.8) 0-20(0-20) 6.3(6.3)
- Watches and clocks 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
390 Other manufactures 18.6(18.0) 0-40(0-20) 5.6(4.2)
- Jewellery and related articles 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Musical instruments 20.0(20.0) 20-20(20-20) 0(0)
- Sporting goods 15.0(15.0) 0-20(0-20) 5.8(5.8)
- Other manufacturing n.e.s. 18.9(18.0) 0-40(0-20) 6.0(4.2)
Note: Figures in brackets exclude the special import tax of 20%.
Source: WTO Secretariat, based on information provided by the Government of Ghana.Ghana WT/TPR/S/81
Page 95
Table AIV.2
Summary of sector-specific commitments under GATS
Modes of supply
Cross-border supply Consumption abroad Commercial presenceTemporary presence
of natural personsa Sector or subsector
Market access (MA)/national treatment (NT)
Tourism and related services
Hotels & restaurants (including catering) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontal
limitation
Travel agencies & tour operators None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
Transport services
Maritime freightb Access to only 20%
of bulk & liner cargo
(MA); unbound (NT),except with respect to
cargo covered by MA
commitmentNone (MA & NT) Unbound for
establishment of
registered fleetoperating under
Ghanaian flag & none
for presence toundertake services to
supply an integrated
transport service (MA);none (NT)Ships crew unbound
(MA); & both MA &
NT unbound, subjectto horizontallimitation
Maritime auxiliary (cargo-handling,storage & warehousing & containerstation & depots)None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) State monopoly to be
privatized within 5 to7 years (MA & NT)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
Financial services
Banking & other financial services(acceptance of deposits, credit facilities,leasing, payments, guarantees &
commitments, trading in money & capital
market instruments & other non-bankingfinancial services)None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None, except
prudential licensing(MA); government
may support local firms
in rural areas & higherpaid-up capital forforeign suppliers (NT)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
Insurance & related services
- life insurance, non-life insurance
(fire, transport, aviation, motor
vehicle, workers' compensation &
health) & re-insurance related toaboveInsurance on imported
goods (except
personnel effects) to be
placed with an insurerregistered in Ghana(MA);  none (NT)Same as cross-border At least 40% of capital
or other propriety
interest to be held by
Ghanaian nationals &foreign partners may
hold management
control;  none (NT)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
Construction & related engineering services
General construction work for buildings None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
General construction work for civilengineeringNone (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontal
limitation
Installation & assembly work None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
Education services
Secondary & specialist None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontal
limitation
Table AIV.2 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/81 Trade Policy Review
Page 96
Modes of supply
Cross-border supply Consumption abroad Commercial presenceTemporary presence
of natural personsa Sector or subsector
Market access (MA)/national treatment (NT)
Communication services
Telecommunicationsc
- voice telephone (local, long
distance & international)
- private leased circuitNone (NT);  by-pass
of duopoly operatorsnot permitted (MA)None (NT & MA) None (NT);  regulator
can license additional
joint venture suppliers
to under-serviced areasbut only after operators
have declined rights of
first refusal (MA)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
- packet-switched & circuit-switched
data transmission services, telexes &faxesNone (NT); by-pass
of network facilities of
duopoly operators not
permitted (MA)None (MA & NT) None (NT);  joint
venture suppliers may
establish own network
facilities; or may obtaintransmission capacity,
but only through the
duopoly operators(MA)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
- mobiles (data services, paging, etc) None (NT);  for voice
services, commercial
arrangements with
duopoly operatorsrequired & for non-
voice services by-pass
of network facilities ofduopoly operators notpermitted (MA)None (MA & NT) None (NT);  only
through joint venture
with Ghanaian
nationals (MA)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
- telecommunication equipment sales None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) None (MA & NT) Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontal
limitation
- telecommunication equipment rentals,
maintenance, connection, repair &consultingNone (NT);
commercial presencerequired (MA)None (MA & NT) None (NT);  only
through joint venture
with Ghanaian
nationals (MA)Unbound (MA & NT),
subject to horizontallimitation
a Horizontal limitation on commercial presence states that market access for foreign-owned, including joint-venture, enterprises
must satisfy minimum capital outlay and foreign equity requirements:  100% foreign-owned company requires a minimum equity
capital outlay of US$200,000 while for a joint-venture this minimum is US$10,000 in cash or kind.  For presence of people,market access is based on automatic entry and work permits for up to four expatriate senior executives and personnel with
specialized skills as per the Investment Promotion Law.  Approval is needed for additional expatriate workers.  Enterprises mus t
also provide for training in higher skills for Ghanaians to enable them to assume specialized levels.
b Ghana made an additional commitment to make available the following services on reasonable and non-discriminatory
conditions:  pilotage, towing and tug assistance, provisioning, fuelling and watering, garbage collection and ballast waste
disposal;  port captain's services, navigation aids, and fire fighting and ambulance.
c Ghana accepted as additional commitments the regulatory framework outlined in the reference paper.  It also listed as an
additional commitment that the Government had granted exclusivity to the  duopoly operators for five years, and that after thisperiod it would conduct a review of its policy to determine whether to license additional suppliers of such services.
Source: WTO documents.
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