RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/REG40/1
1October 1997
ORGANIZATION(97-4120)
Original: English Committee onRegional Trade Agreements
AUSTRALIA-NEW ZEALAND PROTOCOL ONTRADE INSERVICES
Communication from theParties totheAgreement
ThefollowingcommunicationontheProtocolonTradeinServicestotheAustraliaNewZealand
Closer Economic Relations -Trade Agreement ("The Protocol") hasbeenreceived fromthePermanent
Missions ofAustralia andNewZealand withtherequest itbecirculated toMembers oftheCommittee
onRegional Trade Agreements.
________________
I. Background Information ontheAgreement
1. Membership anddates ofsignature, ratification andentry intoforce
Themembers oftheProtocol areAustralia andNewZealand.
TheProtocol wassigned byAustralia andNewZealand inCanberra, Australia on18August
1988.
TheProtocol entered intoforce without anyrequirement forratification on1January 1989
(Article 23).
2. Type ofagreement
TheProtocol isanintegration agreement which provides forfreetradeinmostservices between
themember states.
TheProtocol consists of23articles which apply toallservices covered bytheProtocol and
anannex listing those services notcovered bytheProtocol. Inorder toliberalise trade inservices
between themember states, theProtocol:
requires member states togrant market access topersons oftheother member state
andservices provided bythem (Article 4);
requires member states toaccord national treatment topersons oftheother member
stateandservices provided bythem (Article 5);
guarantees MFN treatment forservices notcovered bytheProtocol (Article 6);
grants persons ofthemember states theright toselect their preferred form of
commercial presence intheother member state(Article 7);WT/REG40/1
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prohibits member states fromintroducing measures thatconstitute ameans ofarbitrary
orunjustifiable discrimination against persons oftheother member stateoradisguised
restriction ontrade inservices (Article 8);
prohibits member states fromintroducing neworexpanding existing export subsidies,
export incentives andother assistance measures thathaveadirect distorting effect on
trade inservices between them (Article 11);
commits themember states toworking towards theelimination ofexport subsidies,
export incentives andother assistance measures thathavedirect distorting effect on
trade inservices between them (Article 11);
requires member states topromptly make public alllawsregulations, judicial decisions
andadministrative rulings pertaining totrade inservices (Article 13);
commits member states toproviding themaximum possible opportunity forcomment
byinterestedpartiesonproposedlaws,regulations,proceduresandadministrativerulings
affecting trade inservices (Article 13); and
established procedures forthenotification ofproposed oractual measures which may
materially affect theoperation oftheProtocol (Article 16).
TheProtocol isoneofthree protocols totheAustralia New Zealand Closer Economic
Relationship -Trade Agreement ("the CER Agreement") which isthemain instrument governing
economic relations between Australia andNewZealand. TheCERAgreement wassigned andentered
intoforce in1983. Itscentral provision isthecreation ofaWTO consistent FreeTrade Areaconsisting
ofAustralia andNewZealand. Theobjectives oftheCER Agreement are:
tostrengthen thebroader relationship between Australia andNewZealand;
todevelop closer economic relations between Australia andNewZealand through a
mutually beneficial expansion offreetrade between thetwocountries;
toeliminate barriers totrade between Australia andNewZealand inagradual and
progressive manner under anagreed timetable andwithaminimum ofdisruption;
and
todevelop trade between New Zealand andAustralia under conditions offair
competition.
Since itentered intoforce in1983, theCER Agreement hasundergone three general reviews
which:
accelerated theachievement offreetrade ingoods meeting theCER rules oforigin,
sothatbyJune1990 alltariffs andquantitative restrictions ontrade wereeliminated
(theProtocol onAcceleration ofFreeTrade inGoods);
widened thescope oftheCER Agreement toinclude trade inservices (theProtocol
onFreeTrade inServices); and
deepened theCERAgreement byseeking toharmonise arange ofnon-tariff measures
thataffect thefreeflowofgoods andservices, including inrespect ofquarantine andWT/REG40/1
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customsissues,standardsandbusinesslaw(theProtocolonHarmonisationofQuarantine
Administrative Procedures aswellasnumerous othermemorandums ofunderstanding,
exchanges ofletters andagreements).
Since 1992, theCloser Economic Relations between Australia andNewZealand, including
theCERAgreement, itsprotocols andassociated agreements andunderstandings, havebeenreviewed
regularly bytheAustralian andNewZealand Trade Ministers.
3. Scope
TheProtocol adopts anegative listapproach. Itapplies toanymeasure ofamember state
thatrelates tooraffects theprovision ofaservice byoronbehalf ofaperson oftheother member
statewithin orintotheterritory ofthefirstmember state, other thanameasure which relates toservices
inscribed bymembers states intheAnnex totheProtocol (Article 2).Where aservice hasbeeninscribed
byamember stateintheAnnex totheProtocol, onlymeasures ofthatmember stateareexcluded from
thedisciplines oftheProtocol.
Services wereinscribed bymember states intheAnnex totheProtocol before itwassigned.
Member states werealsogiven until31March 1989 (approximately seven months aftertheProtocol
wassigned) toinscribe additional services (Article 17),however nofurther services were inscribed
during thisperiod.
Themember states arecommitted toreviewing thestatus ofservices inscribed intheAnnex
withaviewtotheliberalisation oftrade insuchservices (Article 10). Amember statemay, either
upon request oftheother member stateorunilaterally, remove inwhole orinpartservices inscribed
byitfromtheAnnex bynotifying theothermember stateinwriting ofitsintention todoso(Article 10).
Since theprotocol wassigned in1989, member states havereduced thescope ofanumber ofinscriptions
andremoved altogether other services inscribed intheAnnex.
Asat4September 1997, thefollowing services wereinscribed byAustralia intheAnnex to
theProtocol:
airport services;
airservices;
coastal shipping;
broadcasting andtelevision;
broadcasting andtelevision (short-wave andsatellite broadcasting);
basic health insurance;
thirdparty insurance
workers compensation insurance; and
postal services.
Asat4September 1997, thefollowing services wereinscribed byNewZealand intheAnnex
totheProtocol:
aviation (airways services)
postal services; and
shipping (coastal shipping).
Formany ofthese services, onlyspecific aspects orpolicies havebeeninscribed intheAnnex
totheProtocol. Forexample, onlyAustralia 'scabotage policy hasbeenincluded initsinscription
forcoastal shipping. Similarly, themonopoly oftheAirways Corporation ofNewZealand inprovidingWT/REG40/1
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areacontrol, approach control andflight information services istheonlyaspect ofaviation services
included inNewZealand 'saviation inscription.
TheProtocol doesnotdistinguish between different modes ofdelivering services, however
itsprovisions aresubject totheforeign investment policies ofthemember states (Article 2).
4. Economic andtrade data
Attachedaredatafromthepublication"TradeinServicesAustralia1995-96"ontradeinservices
between Australia andNewZealand fortheyears 1992/93-1994/95.
II. Provisions Affecting Trade inServices
1. Provisions oftheagreement relating totheelimination ofArticle XVII inconsistent measures
TheProtocol requires member states toaccord topersons oftheothermember stateandservices
provided bythemtreatment nolessfavourable thanthataccorded inlikecircumstances toitspersons
andservices provided bythem (Article 5).Thisrequirement doesnotapply toservices inscribed in
theAnnex totheProtocol (these services arelisted atI.3).
TheProtocol commits themember states toreviewing thestatus ofservices inscribed inthe
Annex withaviewtotheliberalisation oftrade insuchservices (Article 10).Amember statemay,
either upon request oftheother member stateorunilaterally, remove inwhole orinpartservices
inscribed byitfrom theAnnex bynotifying theother member stateinwriting ofitsintention todo
so(Article 10). Since theProtocol wassigned in1989, member states havereduced thescope ofa
number ofinscriptions andremoved altogether other services inscribed intheAnnex.
1.1 Treatment ofservices andservice providers from thirdcountries
TheProtocol liberalises trade inservices between themember states. Itdoesnotaddress the
treatment ofservices andservice providers fromthirdcountries. Suchservices andservice providers
arenotdirectly affected bytheProtocol.
Services andservice providers fromthirdcountries aretreated inaccordance withthemember
states'GATS schedules ofspecific commitments ontrade inservices. There hasbeennoneedfor
negotiations under Article V:5oftheGATS.
2. Rules oforigin
TheProtocol extends benefits to"persons ofthemember states" andservices provided bythem.
The"provision ofservices" isdefined toinclude:
(a) theproduction, distribution, marketing, saleanddelivery ofaservice; and
(b) forthepurpose oftheactivities referred toabove:
(i) access toanduseofdomestic distribution systems; and
(ii) rights ofestablishment (Article 3).
A"person ofamember state" isdefined tomean:WT/REG40/1
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(a) anatural person whoisacitizen of,orordinarily resident in,thatstate;
(b) abody corporate established under thelawofthatstate; or
(c) anassociation comprising orcontrolled by:
(i) persons described inoneorbothofparagraphs (a)or(b);or
(ii) persons described inoneorboth ofparagraphs (a)or(b)andpersons
sodescribed inrelation totheother member state(Article 3).
Nochanges inthecriteria usedforthepurpose ofdetermining theorigin ofservices orservice
providers were introduced asaresult oftheimplementation oftheProtocol .
3. Standards/recognition
TheProtocol commits eachmember statetoendeavour toensure thatlicensing andcertification
measures shallnothavethepurpose oreffect ofimpairing orrestraining, inadiscriminatory manner,
access ofpersons oftheother member statetosuchlicensing orcertification (Article 9).
TheProtocol alsorequires member states toencourage therecognition ofqualifications obtained
intheother member state, forthepurpose oflicensing andcertification requirements fortheprovision
ofservices (Article 9).
Themember states areensuring therecognition ofeachother'sstandards through aseparate,
less-than-treaty status agreement called theTrans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (the
TTMRA). TheTTMRA wassigned byAustralia, together withtheAustralian states andinternal
territories, on14June1996 andbyNewZealand on9July1996. Through implementing mutual
recognition principles, theTTMRA aimstoprogressively remove regulatory barriers tothemovement
ofgoods andservice providers between Australia andNewZealand. TheTTMRA isexpected toenter
intoforce in1998.
4. Safeguards
TheProtocol doesnotcontain anyspecific provisions forsafeguards. General andsecurity
exceptions areprovided forunder Article 18.
5. Subsidies andstateaid
TheProtocol prohibits member states from introducing new, orexpanding existing, export
subsidies,exportincentivesorotherassistancemeasureshavingadirectdistortingeffectontradebetween
theminservices (Article 11).TheProtocol alsocommits themember states totheelimination ofany
suchmeasures by30June1990 (Article 11).
6. Description ofanytreatment provided forintheAgreement relating togovernment procurement
TheNational Treatment obligations (Article 5)doesnotimpose obligations orconfer rights
upon either member statewithrespect togovernment procurement.
Government procurement arrangements between themember states aregoverned byaseparate,
Government Procurement Agreement.WT/REG40/1
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7. Sector-specific provisions
TheProtocol doesnotcontain anysector-specific provisions.
III. General Provisions oftheAgreement
1. Exceptions andreservations
Provided thatsuchmeasures arenotusedasameans ofarbitrary orunjustified discrimination
against persons oftheother member stateorasadisguised restriction ontradeinservices, theProtocol
allows theadoption byamember stateofmeasures necessary:
(a) toprotect itsessential security interests;
(b) toprotect public morals andtoprevent disorder orcrime;
(c) toprotect human, animal orplant lifeorhealth;
(d) toprevent unfair, deceptive ormisleading practices;
(e) inpursuance ofobligations under international agreements; or
(f) tosecure compliance withlawsandregulations relating tocustoms enforcement, to
taxavoidance orevasion, ortoforeign exchange control (Article 18).
2. Accession
Article 22oftheProtocol provides thattheMember States mayagree totheassociation of
anyother statewiththeProtocol. Theterms ofsuchassociation aretobenegotiated jointly between
themember states andtheother state.
3. Dispute settlement procedures
TheProtocol provides thatthemember states shall, atthewritten request ofeither, promptly
enter intoconsultations withaviewtoseeking anearly, equitable andmutually satisfactory solution
ifthemember statewhich requested theconsultations considers that:
(a) anobligation under theProtocol hasnotbeen, isnotbeing, ormaynotbefulfilled;
or
(b) theachievement ofanyobjective oftheProtocol isbeing ormaybefrustrated.
Suchconsultations arewithout prejudice todispute settlement procedures under otherbilateral,
plurilateral and/or multilateral agreements.
4. Relation withother trade agreements
TheProtocolextendstheFreeTradeAreaestablishedbytheCERAgreementtotradeinservices.
Itdoes not,however, establish anyformal relationships withother bilateral, plurilateral and/or
multilateral trade agreements.WT/REG40/1
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5. Institutional framework
Nointergovernmental orsupranational institutions were created tooperate theProtocol.
Responsibility forformulating andimplementing policies relating totheProtocol restswith
thegovernments ofAustralia andNewZealand.WT/REG40/1
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Table 1:Australia 'sExports ofServices byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend
growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend
growth
1985-86 to
1994-95Country/Group
210 290 230 1.2 -20.7 -1.3 6.9 Canada
268 284 379 1.9 33.5 12.2 18.2 China
740 823 905 4.5 10.0 12.0 17.4 Hong Kong
3,163 3,250 3,694 18.5 13.7 7.4 17.4 Japan
311 462 694 3.5 50.2 37.9 31.7 Korea Rep.
1,055 1,051 1,182 5.9 12.5 -2.8 2.2 NewZealand
84 94 65 0.3 -30.9 1.8 8.0 Russian Fed.
388 487 566 2.8 16.2 34.3 31.4 Taiwan
2,087 2,450 2,263 11.4 -7.6 4.3 8.8 United States
3,067
363,468
433,565
6217.9
0.32.8
44.27.1
6.99.1
-0.4European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
183 228 191 1.0 -16.2 14.2 14.2 France
483 555 547 2.7 -1.4 7.1 11.2 Germany
57 70 55 0.3 -21.4 -1.4 2.3 Greece
37 44 53 0.3 20.5 12.1 30.3 Ireland
174 195 170 0.9 -12.8 2.4 7.0 Italy
196 187 194 1.0 3.7 10.3 7.7 Netherlands
75 96 103 0.5 7.3 6.0 4.1 Sweden
1,693 1,865 1,765 8.9 -5.4 2.7 7.9 United Kingdom
202 208 243 1.2 16.8 10.7 19.2Other Europe
Switzerland
509 728 604 3.0 -17.0 26.9 13.3 Europe nes
2,342 2,770 3,330 16.7 20.2 16.8 16.0 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
476 559 738 3.7 32.0 17.7 17.0 Indonesia
545 635 690 3.5 8.7 12.0 12.4 Malaysia
139 153 158 0.8 3.3 4.7 7.9 Philippines
873 1,042 1,285 6.4 23.3 20.2 18.5 Singapore
274 327 429 2.2 31.2 21.7 18.0 Thailand
146 149 119 0.6 -20.1 -6.7 4.9 Fiji
298 326 292 1.5 -10.4 3.4 1.3 Papua NewGuinea
83 119 124 0.6 4.2 43.7 15.8 South Africa
19 30 28 0.1 -6.7 -26.0 13.7 Central America &Caribbean
1,402 1,550 1,654 8.3 6.7 12.8 13.1 Other
16,374 18,539 19,937 100.0 7.5 9.4 12.1 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
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Table 2:Australia 'sImports ofServices byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
270 361 375 1.8 3.9 13.6 15.4 Canada
324 335 493 2.3 47.2 38.7 18.6 China
818 850 944 4.4 11.1 4.9 5.3 Hong Kong
1,395 1,541 1,850 8.7 20.1 6.9 7.0 Japan
248 282 336 1.6 19.1 43.6 19.6 Korea Rep.
899 1,011 1,114 5.2 10.2 -0.4 3.0 NewZealand
240 241 154 0.7 -36.1 5.3 11.4 Russian Fed.
198 210 202 0.9 -3.8 22.2 16.8 Taiwan
2,982 2,841 2,892 13.5 1.8 -1.9 7.1 United States
5,316
1355,730
1216,239
11529.2
0.58.9
-5.07.5
-6.57.1
12.1European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
237 266 266 1.2 0.0 4.3 9.9 France
593 561 644 3.0 14.8 -2.5 6.8 Germany
245 295 302 1.4 2.4 10.5 6.6 Greece
74 79 94 0.4 19.0 23.0 22.0 Ireland
379 387 428 2.0 10.6 1.3 5.9 Italy
409 439 478 2.2 8.9 15.2 9.0 Netherlands
144 105 127 0.6 21.0 2.6 4.9 Sweden
2,968 3,315 3,365 15.7 1.5 7.5 6.3 United Kingdom
246 282 411 1.9 45.7 49.4 17.8Other Europe
Switzerland
986 1,022 1,041 4.9 1.9 8.9 8.5 Europe nes
2,476 2,471 2,905 13.6 17.6 10.2 11.1 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
515 521 609 2.8 16.9 21.8 15.6 Indonesia
469 510 535 2.5 4.9 16.6 13.3 Malaysia
157 154 165 0.8 7.1 3.9 6.6 Philippines
989 925 1,220 5.7 31.9 6.9 9.1 Singapore
335 337 355 1.7 5.3 2.5 10.8 Thailand
153 167 173 0.8 3.6 -12.4 -5.3 Fiji
106 148 125 0.6 -15.5 -1.9 -0.7 Papua NewGuinea
53 89 115 0.5 29.2 35.2 12.7 South Africa
161 221 177 0.8 -19.9 4.3 13.5 Central America &Caribbean
1,691 1,697 1,823 8.5 7.4 8.0 11.2 Other
18,562 19,499 21,369 100.0 9.6 6.6 8.0 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
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Table 3:Australia 'sExports ofShipment Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
0 0 1 0.1 nm nm nm Canada
3 3 3 0.2 0.0 -25.1 nm China
19 16 25 1.6 56.3 -6.3 3.4 Hong Kong
376 442 605 39.5 36.9 12.7 12.5 Japan
52 74 122 8.0 64.9 13.8 19.1 Korea Rep.
66 78 72 4.7 -7.7 -13.0 -2.1 NewZealand
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Russian Fed.
38 37 14 0.9 -62.2 -16.5 13.1 Taiwan
58 77 47 3.1 -39.0 1.3 8.5 United States
183
2254
3231
1415.1
0.9-9.1
366.719.5
-15.210.0
-4.8European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
37 40 16 1.0 -60.0 35.7 21.6 France
7 10 7 0.5 -30.0 -11.3 2.0 Germany
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Greece
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Ireland
2 4 0 0.0 -100.0 nm nm Italy
36 37 24 1.6 -35.1 43.2 10.5 Netherlands
0 0 np nm nm nm nm Sweden
51 68 41 2.7 -39.7 -9.4 -1.7 United Kingdom
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nmOther Europe
Switzerland
178 213 143 9.3 -32.9 96.4 61.2 Europe nes
102 108 87 5.7 -19.4 -14.1 6.1 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
17 16 14 0.9 -12.5 -30.4 3.7 Indonesia
21 27 16 1.0 -40.7 -3.4 12.9 Malaysia
11 12 7 0.5 -41.7 -15.7 1.1 Philippines
48 47 45 2.9 -4.3 -6.6 6.1 Singapore
5 6 5 0.3 -16.7 -16.2 3.4 Thailand
8 8 7 0.5 -12.5 -5.3 nm Fiji
48 53 46 3.0 -13.2 72.4 -2.1 Papua NewGuinea
2 4 5 0.3 25.0 0.4 5.5 South Africa
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Central America &Caribbean
108 120 125 8.2 4.2 58.9 7.3 Other
1,241 1,487 1,533 100.0 3.1 11.5 10.8 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
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Table 4:Australia 'sImports ofShipment Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
16 17 15 0.3 -11.8 -23.7 12.0 Canada
184 165 241 5.5 46.1 39.5 27.2 China
147 157 186 4.2 18.5 10.9 6.2 Hong Kong
509 515 515 11.7 0.0 0.6 -0.3 Japan
51 57 80 1.8 40.4 61.4 3.0 Korea Rep.
124 145 165 3.8 13.8 -7.5 -2.5 NewZealand
198 197 115 2.6 -41.6 6.0 10.3 Russian Fed.
33 32 28 0.6 -12.5 -4.2 -0.9 Taiwan
301 271 397 9.1 46.5 18.8 8.7 United States
1,296
791,376
781,516
np34.6
nm10.2
nm7.0
nm3.9
nmEuropean Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
10 11 14 0.3 27.3 -22.5 -15.6 France
162 182 226 5.2 24.2 -8.9 3.7 Germany
7 9 11 0.3 22.2 -27.6 -8.8 Greece
0 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Ireland
55 59 58 1.3 -1.7 -21.6 -3.0 Italy
230 245 245 5.6 0.0 24.8 10.0 Netherlands
3 2 1 0.0 -50.0 nm nm Sweden
736 777 885 20.2 13.9 16.9 6.4 United Kingdom
117 140 234 5.3 67.1 nm nmOther Europe
Switzerland
203 203 262 6.0 29.1 -8.1 -5.3 Europe nes
364 383 422 9.6 10.2 34.3 8.2 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
17 25 23 0.5 -8.0 nm nm Indonesia
125 124 119 2.7 -4.0 64.4 13.2 Malaysia
11 8 8 0.2 0.0 -18.3 -8.9 Philippines
191 205 252 5.7 22.9 34.6 7.5 Singapore
20 20 20 0.5 0.0 -0.8 9.6 Thailand
3 4 9 0.2 125.0 21.0 nm Fiji
1 2 1 0.0 -50.0 -27.5 -20.5 Papua NewGuinea
0 3 5 0.1 66.7 nm nm South Africa
3 3 5 0.1 66.7 -47.6 -17.1 Central America &Caribbean
222 184 188 4.3 2.2 4.3 21.1 Other
3,772 3,854 4,384 100.0 13.8 8.4 4.5 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
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Table 5:Australia 'sExports ofOther Transportation Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
69 136 67 1.5 -50.7 -2.2 12.9 Canada
63 74 82 1.8 10.8 37.4 15.8 China
194 231 211 4.7 -8.7 9.8 11.1 Hong Kong
1,190 1,028 1,011 22.6 -1.7 5.6 13.7 Japan
73 97 108 2.4 11.3 44.2 20.8 Korea Rep.
154 203 237 5.3 16.7 3.3 -3.2 NewZealand
65 65 38 0.8 -41.5 -3.5 4.4 Russian Fed.
85 86 83 1.9 -3.5 12.7 16.4 Taiwan
584 516 501 11.2 -2.9 -0.8 7.7 United States
989
15919
11864
1519.3
0.3-6.0
36.4-2.6
6.22.1
-11.7European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
41 56 49 1.1 -12.5 9.2 7.0 France
115 140 135 3.0 -3.6 -2.7 3.0 Germany
19 27 18 0.4 -33.3 -12.1 -2.5 Greece
6 0 0 0.0 nm nm nm Ireland
78 71 60 1.3 -15.5 -1.8 3.7 Italy
47 26 50 1.1 92.3 -7.8 -3.8 Netherlands
11 3 np nm nm nm nm Sweden
638 574 483 10.8 -15.9 -2.7 3.2 United Kingdom
62 59 73 1.6 23.7 30.5 21.7Other Europe
Switzerland
108 156 111 2.5 -28.8 5.4 -1.3 Europe nes
536 606 589 13.2 -2.8 11.8 12.1 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
77 85 85 1.9 0.0 17.8 14.9 Indonesia
106 118 106 2.4 -10.2 5.0 14.7 Malaysia
24 31 30 0.7 -3.2 -2.5 0.2 Philippines
268 271 272 6.1 0.4 14.0 11.8 Singapore
58 86 89 2.0 3.5 14.0 12.9 Thailand
64 56 28 0.6 -50.0 -23.9 2.4 Fiji
48 57 50 1.1 -12.3 3.9 -0.7 Papua NewGuinea
29 37 36 0.8 -2.7 55.6 15.3 South Africa
5 10 4 0.1 -60.0 -51.4 11.0 Central America &Caribbean
296 268 380 8.5 41.8 20.1 12.8 Other
4,614 4,604 4,473 100.0 -2.8 4.5 7.7 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
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Table 6:Australia 'sImports ofOther Transportation Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
67 108 110 2.1 1.9 32.9 16.1 Canada
23 26 36 0.7 38.5 84.9 17.6 China
252 277 278 5.2 0.4 6.9 6.6 Hong Kong
405 504 735 13.8 45.8 16.4 13.8 Japan
82 116 145 2.7 25.0 60.8 28.5 Korea Rep.
229 287 270 5.1 -5.9 -2.2 4.5 NewZealand
13 18 12 0.2 -33.3 -18.0 10.1 Russian Fed.
61 37 23 0.4 -37.8 23.1 20.8 Taiwan
802 619 542 10.2 -12.4 -7.9 7.5 United States
1,085
141,078
131,195
np22.4
nm10.9
nm3.2
nm6.5
nmEuropean Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
41 33 36 0.7 9.1 8.1 7.1 France
194 137 134 2.5 -2.2 -7.2 7.8 Germany
78 89 84 1.6 -5.6 3.8 2.1 Greece
7 10 12 0.2 20.0 nm nm Ireland
91 98 107 2.0 9.2 8.3 10.3 Italy
82 85 90 1.7 5.9 8.3 12.6 Netherlands
13 15 19 0.4 26.7 24.9 nm Sweden
546 555 525 9.8 -5.4 -2.0 3.7 United Kingdom
20 21 24 0.5 14.3 3.0 5.7Other Europe
Switzerland
268 317 250 4.7 -21.1 22.8 22.3 Europe nes
931 909 1,105 20.7 21.6 4.3 9.7 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
136 138 164 3.1 18.8 17.2 11.4 Indonesia
142 161 170 3.2 5.6 5.7 13.4 Malaysia
35 29 24 0.5 -17.2 -12.0 -1.0 Philippines
462 408 584 11.0 43.1 3.0 9.3 Singapore
150 159 151 2.8 -5.0 0.1 8.2 Thailand
33 57 53 1.0 -7.0 -0.8 -1.7 Fiji
21 38 15 0.3 -60.5 -2.4 0.6 Papua NewGuinea
12 21 22 0.4 4.8 32.7 8.4 South Africa
99 119 130 2.4 9.2 15.4 24.6 Central America &Caribbean
234 354 388 7.3 9.6 23.0 6.1 Other
4,637 4,906 5,333 100.0 8.7 6.2 9.1 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
Page14
Table 7:Australia 'sExports ofTravel Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
95 111 121 1.4 9.0 1.3 3.0 Canada
139 138 184 2.1 33.3 -0.1 23.4 China
387 436 514 5.8 17.9 18.1 27.2 Hong Kong
1,327 1,458 1,688 19.0 15.8 7.5 25.1 Japan
164 252 421 4.7 67.1 51.7 52.6 Korea Rep.
507 470 539 6.1 14.7 -3.1 1.6 NewZealand
8 15 17 0.2 13.3 22.6 nm Russian Fed.
233 319 421 4.7 32.0 54.3 44.2 Taiwan
555 601 651 7.3 8.3 4.9 4.0 United States
1,101
101,260
151,447
1816.3
0.214.8
20.010.8
27.113.5
17.9European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
61 73 85 1.0 16.4 17.4 16.0 France
259 315 314 3.5 -0.3 13.1 18.2 Germany
15 19 17 0.2 -10.5 11.4 5.8 Greece
21 34 39 0.4 14.7 26.0 nm Ireland
53 78 69 0.8 -11.5 13.4 13.9 Italy
59 65 62 0.7 -4.6 15.9 14.9 Netherlands
39 52 52 0.6 0.0 4.2 6.8 Sweden
541 552 622 7.0 12.7 3.7 10.4 United Kingdom
110 114 134 1.5 17.5 4.0 17.8Other Europe
Switzerland
141 192 209 2.4 8.9 19.0 15.1 Europe nes
1,147 1,421 1,908 21.5 34.3 26.5 21.9 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
250 327 465 5.2 42.2 33.8 26.2 Indonesia
346 411 465 5.2 13.1 14.3 12.7 Malaysia
55 57 64 0.7 12.3 10.2 19.8 Philippines
340 436 642 7.2 47.2 33.3 29.3 Singapore
142 176 252 2.8 43.2 35.7 33.1 Thailand
52 62 60 0.7 -3.2 6.9 7.0 Fiji
83 119 105 1.2 -11.8 5.0 11.3 Papua NewGuinea
31 62 63 0.7 1.6 52.1 16.3 South Africa
5 7 7 0.1 0.0 18.3 13.9 Central America &Caribbean
326 465 390 4.4 -16.1 17.2 17.4 Other
6,411 7,502 8,879 100.0 18.4 13.3 15.8 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
Page15
Table 8:Australia 'sImports ofTravel Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
128 164 184 3.2 12.2 18.5 18.9 Canada
68 85 142 2.5 67.1 35.9 11.5 China
251 240 289 5.0 20.4 -2.3 1.2 Hong Kong
132 146 149 2.6 2.1 3.8 11.6 Japan
21 27 32 0.6 18.5 15.4 14.4 Korea Rep.
338 331 366 6.3 10.6 -2.7 1.8 NewZealand
15 17 19 0.3 11.8 88.2 nm Russian Fed.
72 96 103 1.8 7.3 27.7 31.6 Taiwan
657 595 625 10.8 5.0 -7.9 6.3 United States
1,564
161,675
141,897
1432.9
0.213.3
0.010.2
23.89.4
25.8European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
101 117 133 2.3 13.7 18.6 18.7 France
114 120 139 2.4 15.8 9.1 11.2 Germany
136 172 186 3.2 8.1 22.0 12.8 Greece
56 56 66 1.1 17.9 16.7 22.5 Ireland
175 180 206 3.6 14.4 13.8 10.6 Italy
39 38 44 0.8 15.8 2.2 4.7 Netherlands
17 19 25 0.4 31.6 15.0 15.5 Sweden
837 884 975 16.9 10.3 5.3 6.4 United Kingdom
39 35 42 0.7 20.0 9.2 11.0Other Europe
Switzerland
332 343 379 6.6 10.5 17.5 16.2 Europe nes
658 661 729 12.6 10.3 7.6 12.5 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
221 222 248 4.3 11.7 17.8 19.2 Indonesia
134 143 150 2.6 4.9 11.9 16.6 Malaysia
73 77 89 1.5 15.6 13.3 12.6 Philippines
111 105 115 2.0 9.5 -6.2 1.2 Singapore
115 109 123 2.1 12.8 2.3 14.4 Thailand
84 74 78 1.4 5.4 -22.3 -10.4 Fiji
49 47 50 0.9 6.4 -12.6 -3.5 Papua NewGuinea
27 45 71 1.2 57.8 29.2 16.1 South Africa
24 26 30 0.5 15.4 31.3 32.3 Central America &Caribbean
526 550 589 10.2 7.1 7.1 9.7 Other
4,985 5,157 5,774 100.0 12.0 4.8 8.3 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
Page16
Table 9:Australia 'sExports ofOther Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
46 43 41 0.8 -4.7 -4.4 8.0 Canada
63 69 110 2.2 59.4 41.3 15.6 China
140 140 155 3.1 10.7 3.5 11.7 Hong Kong
270 322 390 7.7 21.1 4.7 13.3 Japan
22 39 43 0.9 10.3 25.6 38.9 Korea Rep.
328 300 334 6.6 11.3 -3.1 10.9 NewZealand
11 14 10 0.2 -28.6 4.5 14.8 Russian Fed.
32 45 48 1.0 6.7 56.8 33.0 Taiwan
890 1,256 1,064 21.1 -15.3 6.6 13.4 United States
794
91,035
141,015
1520.1
0.3-1.9
7.110.4
15.713.7
9.5European Union (a)
ofwhich:
Belgium/Lux.
44 59 41 0.8 -30.5 7.8 20.6 France
102 90 91 1.8 1.1 9.9 11.7 Germany
23 24 20 0.4 -16.7 4.8 6.9 Greece
10 10 14 0.3 40.0 18.4 39.4 Ireland
41 42 41 0.8 -2.4 0.1 6.5 Italy
54 59 58 1.1 -1.7 13.4 15.9 Netherlands
25 41 43 0.9 4.9 35.8 24.8 Sweden
463 671 619 12.3 -7.7 8.6 13.1 United Kingdom
30 35 36 0.7 2.9 15.7 20.6Other Europe
Switzerland
82 167 141 2.8 -15.6 35.7 20.8 Europe nes
557 635 746 14.8 17.5 10.5 11.8 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
132 131 174 3.4 32.8 5.6 8.4 Indonesia
72 79 103 2.0 30.4 14.9 8.6 Malaysia
49 53 57 1.1 7.5 10.0 7.5 Philippines
217 288 326 6.5 13.2 14.8 17.4 Singapore
69 59 83 1.6 40.7 9.7 7.8 Thailand
22 23 24 0.5 4.3 14.3 1.7 Fiji
119 97 91 1.8 -6.2 -8.1 -3.2 Papua NewGuinea
21 16 20 0.4 25.0 36.1 22.5 South Africa
9 13 17 0.3 30.8 12.2 23.4 Central America &Caribbean
672 697 767 15.2 10.0 5.8 11.8 Other
4,108 4,946 5,052 100.0 2.1 7.6 12.4 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
Page17
Table 10:Australia 'sImports ofOther Services, byCountry
(A$million)
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95Regional
%share
1994-95%growth
1993-94
1994-95Trend growth
1990-91 to
1994-95Trend growth
1985-86 to
1994-95 Country/Group
59 72 66 1.1 -8.3 4.3 9.6 Canada
49 59 74 1.3 25.4 34.4 18.1 China
168 176 191 3.2 8.5 11.0 11.2 Hong Kong
349 376 451 7.7 19.9 5.3 12.0 Japan
94 82 79 1.3 -3.7 58.2 31.7 Korea Rep.
208 248 313 5.3 26.2 11.6 8.2 NewZealand
14 9 8 0.1 -11.1 16.5 8.7 Russian Fed.
32 45 48 0.8 6.7 47.2 23.1 Taiwan
1,222 1,356 1,328 22.6 -2.1 0.9 6.6 United States
1,371 1,601 1,631 27.7 1.9 8.6 8.6 European Union (a)
ofwhich:
26 16 21 0.4 31.3 0.6 7.2 Belgium/Lux.
85 105 83 1.4 -21.0 -3.2 15.7 France
123 122 145 2.5 18.9 7.9 7.2 Germany
24 25 21 0.4 -16.0 27.0 2.3 Greece
11 13 16 0.3 23.1 31.5 19.3 Ireland
58 50 57 1.0 14.0 0.3 0.9 Italy
58 71 99 1.7 39.4 9.3 5.1 Netherlands
111 69 82 1.4 18.8 -3.1 18.0 Sweden
849 1,099 980 16.7 -10.8 9.3 8.0 United Kingdom
Other Europe
70 86 111 1.9 29.1 29.2 12.2 Switzerland
183 159 150 2.6 -5.7 11.9 22.6 Europe nes
523 518 649 11.0 25.3 14.6 14.1 ASEAN 6
ofwhich:
141 136 174 3.0 27.9 29.7 18.4 Indonesia
68 82 96 1.6 17.1 22.2 8.9 Malaysia
38 40 44 0.7 10.0 13.8 12.3 Philippines
225 207 269 4.6 30.0 7.8 16.4 Singapore
50 49 61 1.0 24.5 13.4 14.9 Thailand
33 32 33 0.6 3.1 10.3 9.3 Fiji
35 61 59 1.0 -3.3 14.9 4.4 Papua NewGuinea
14 20 17 0.3 -15.0 66.2 29.8 South Africa
35 73 12 0.2 -83.6 0.4 2.4 Central America &Caribbean
709 609 658 11.2 8.0 4.6 13.6 Other
5,168 5,582 5,878 100.0 5.3 7.5 9.9 AllCountriesWT/REG40/1
Page18Table 11:Australia 'sImports ofNon-Official Miscellaneous Services, byCountry (A$million)
1994-1995
Canada Germany JapanNew
ZealandPapa New
GuineaUnited
KingdomUnited
StatesOther
Countries Other (a)Total all
Countries
Communications services np np np np np np np np np 692
Agency andadvertising services international
transport operatorsnp np np np np np np np np 802
Computer andinformation services 2 1 28 25 (b)1 18 90 39 15 219
Research anddevelopment services np (b)2 3 1 np 10 17 42 np 79
Construction Services - np np np np - np 93 np 105
Professional services 2 2 36 9 11 39 69 83 58 309
Rental andoperational leasing services np - (b)6 (b)2 - np 1 np np 16
Technical services np np (b)4 9 5 33 36 170 np 282
Management feesbetween affiliated companies np - 4 79 7 29 187 87 np 407
Agricultural, mining andon-site processing
services - - np (b)3 np np 1 12 np 20
Trade related services np (b)3 36 1 np 25 12 np np 246
Personal, cultural andrecreational services - np 8 (b)3 3 3 11 41 np 79
Other services (b)1 np 28 2 7 1 39 48 np 132
Combined confidential items 25 48 74 123 14 187 220 773 282 -
Total 30 56 227 257 48 345 682 1,388 355 3,388
(a) Includes international institutions, international capital markets andunallocated.
(b) Cells withrelative standard errors greater than25percent.WT/REG40/1
Page19Table 12:Australia 'sImports ofNon-Official Miscellaneous Services, byCountry (A$million)
1994-1995
Canada Germany JapanNew
ZealandPapa New
GuineaUnited
KingdomUnited
StatesOther
Countries Other (a)Total all
Countries
Communications services np np np np np np np np np 942
Agency andadvertising services international
transport operatorsnp np np np np np np np np np
Computer andinformation services 3 1 np 4 - 27 95 37 np 190
Research anddevelopment services 1 - 20 1 - 19 43 66 (b)4 154
Construction services - - np np np np np 24 np 37
Professional services 2 3 30 (b)11 np 117 73 46 np 315
Rental andoperational leasing services np - 4 - - 4 46 np np 58
Technical services (b)1 23 (b)19 2 np 35 131 54 np 268
Management feesbetween affiliated companies 6 6 26 (b)12 np 116 181 120 np 470
Agricultural, mining andon-site processing
services- np - (b)2 np np np 5 7 68
Trade related services - 9 15 4 - 19 24 141 24 236
Personal, cultural andrecreational services - - - np np 5 28 14 np 62
Other services np 12 6 6 1 13 32 118 np np
Combined confidential items 32 46 273 105 26 211 237 545 248 821
Total 45 100 393 147 27 566 890 1,170 283 3,621
(a) Includes international institutions, international capital markets andunallocated.
(b) Cells withrelative standard errors greater than25percent.WT/REG40/1
Page20
Table 13:Level ofTotal Foreign Investment inAustralia 'sService Industries
ByCountry (A$million)
Asat30June Trend Growth
1991-1995
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
United States 25,168 30,841 37,142 39,047 43,246 14.1%
Canada 1,134 898 1,180 1,808 1,532 13.9%
Japan 41,021 42,381 41,229 38,396 40,445 -1.3%
NewZealand 3,894 3,978 2,619 2,515 3,806 -4.9%
European Union (a) 42,134 46,684 50,786 61,206 64,470 11.9%
ofwhich United Kingdom 29,203 33,943 36,255 40,237 40,533 8.6%
Hong Kong (b) 6,727 1,895 12,168 12,039 11,623 34.2%
Korea -8 183 292 161 405 nm
ASEAN 6 3,900 5,052 4,518 6,166 5,989 11.2%
Other 67,691 80,109 78,077 84,298 100,589 8.8%
Total allcountries 191,661 212,021 228,011 245,636 272,105 8.9%
AsaPercentage ofTotal Services Investment
Asat30June
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
United States 13.1 14.5 16.3 15.9 15.9
Canada 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6
Japan 21.4 20.0 18.1 15.6 14.9
NewZealand 2.0 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.4
European Union (a) 22.0 22.0 22.3 24.9 23.7
ofwhich United Kingdom 15.2 16.0 15.9 16.4 14.9
Hong Kong (b) 3.5 0.9 5.3 4.9 4.3
Korea 0.0 0.1 0.1 np 0.1
ASEAN 6 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.2
Other 35.3 37.8 34.2 34.3 37.0
Total allcountries 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Note: Thedefinition ofservice industries usedinthistable excludes electricity, gasandwater andconstruction.
(a) TheEuropean Union group includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, andtheUnited Kingdom. Austria, Finland andSweden are
included in1994-95 only.
(b) Finance andInsurance figures arenotavailable forHong Kong in1992.
Source: Unpublished datasupplied bytheAustralian Bureau ofStatistics.WT/REG40/1
Page21