RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE IP/Q/NZL/1
24October 1996
ORGANIZATION(96-4450)
Original: English Council forTrade-Related Aspects
ofIntellectual Property Rights
REVIEW OFLEGISLATION ONCOPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
NewZealand1
Thepresent document reproduces theintroductory statement made bythedelegation of
NewZealand inthereview oflegislation oncopyright andrelated rights attheCouncil 'smeeting of
22to25July19962,thequestions puttoitandtheresponses given.
_______________
I. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT
Thebasis ofNewZealand 'scopyright lawistheCopyright Act1994, which came intoforce
on1January 1995. The1994Actreplaces legislation dating from1962. TheActhas12partsincluding
thedefinitions part.
There arealsoassociated regulations asfollows:
- Copyright (Border Protection) Regulations 1994.
- Copyright (Application toOther Countries) Order 1995.
- Copyright (General Matters) Regulations 1995.
- Copyright (Parallel Import Fee)Regulations 1995.
There were twomain objectives indeveloping the1994 Act:
- tobring NewZealand 'scopyright lawintoconformity withtheTRIPS Agreement,
including therequirements ofthelatest ActoftheBerne Convention through, for
example, expressly protecting computer programmes asliterary works, protecting
compilations ofdataorother material which constitute intellectual creations, and
implementation oftheborder enforcement measures todealwiththeimportation of
pirated copyright goods; and
- tomake thelawasrelevant aspossible interms oftechnological developments.
1NewZealand'snotificationoflawsandregulationsintheareaofcopyrightandrelatedrightsunderArticle63.2
oftheAgreement hasbeen circulated indocuments IP/N/1/NZL/1 andIP/N/1/NZL/C/1-3.
2Theminutes ofthemeeting have been circulated indocument IP/C/M/8.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page2
Weconsider these objectives aremetinthecurrent legislation. The1994 Acthasresulted
inlegislation which:
- completely rewrote NewZealand 'scopyright lawtomake itmuch more userfriendly;
- introduced newrights, thatismoral rights andperformers 'rights; and
- provided protection forworks inawaywhich willensure wider coverage ofnew
technologies.
The1994 Acthasadded totherights enjoyed bycopyright owners andhas,overall, been
welcomed bycopyright holders asanimportant advance onthelegislation itreplaced. Weareaware
thatadditional rights given tocopyright holders arebeing utilized.
Wehavenotbeeninformedbycopyrightownersofanymajorproblemswiththenewlegislation.
However, because theActhasonlybeeninforce foroneandahalfyears, further timewillbynecessity
needtoelapse before itisclear howallaspects ofthelegislation areoperating inpractice.
Inconcluding, Iwould notethatSection 136ofthe1994 Acthasjustbeenamended bythe
Copyright Amendment Act1996. Thissimply changes theprovision fromthesingular totheplural
sothatcopyright owners caninclude innotices toCustoms multiple works rather thanonework which
wasthecasebefore theamendment. Theamendment willbenotified totheWTO induecourse.
II. REPLIESTOQUESTIONSPOSEDBYTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIESANDTHEIR
MEMBER STATES
1. Does New Zealand apply itscopyright lawtobroadcasting organizations having their
headquartersintheterritoryofacontractingstateoftheRomeConvention(1961)wherethebroadcasting
organization concerned isnotincorporated inacontracting state(Article 2.2oftheTRIPS Agreement
inconjunction withArticle 6Rome Convention)? Iftheanswer isnegative, please explain thereasons
forthis.
Yes,NewZealand doesso.Abroadcast qualifies forcopyright if:
- itismade fromaprescribed foreign country (Section 20oftheCopyright Act1994);
and
- theauthor iseither: acitizen orsubject, adomiciled orresident individual, orabody
incorporated under thelaw,ofaprescribed foreign country. Aworkofjointauthorship
qualifies under thissection ifanyoftheauthors meettheserequirements (Section 18).
Itshould benoted that:
- anauthor isdefined astheperson whomakes orrelays abroadcast andcanbeanatural
person orabody corporate (Section 5);
- where abroadcast ismade bymore thanoneperson thenitistobetreated asawork
ofjointauthorship (Section 6);andIP/Q/NZL/1
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- aprescribed foreign country isonethatisincluded inoneoftheschedules ofthe
Copyright (Application toOther Countries) Order 1995 which came intoforce on
1January 1996.
Inaccordance withTRIPS Article 1.3,New Zealand hasmade anotification interms of
Article 6(2)oftheRome Convention.
[Follow-up question]
What happens ifacompany isnotincorporated inNewZealand oranother WTO Member but
hasitsheadquarters orprincipal place ofbusiness inNewZealand oranother WTO Member?
Under NewZealand lawwewould notregard acompany ashaving itsheadquarters orprincipal
place ofbusiness inacountry unless itwasalsoincorporated inthatcountry.
2. Does NewZealand intend torepeal §76oftheCopyright Act1994 (Article 8oftheTRIPS
Agreement)?
TheGovernment doesnotcurrently haveanyintention torepeal Section 76oftheCopyright
Act1994.
[Follow-up question]
Onwhich provision oftheBerne Convention doesNewZealand baseitsexception fromthe
protection ofliterary andartistic works relating tomedicines (Article 76)?
TheBerne Convention doesnotcover distribution rights. Accordingly, theBerne Convention
isnotapplicable toSection 76.
3. Does NewZealand grant protection toauthors ofcinematographic works where themakers
ofsuchworks havetheirheadquarters intheterritory ofaWTO Member butarenotincorporated in
aWTO Member country (Article 9.1oftheTRIPS Agreement inconjunction withArticle 4Berne
Convention)?
Yes,NewZealand doesso.
Afilmqualifies forcopyright iftheauthor iseither: acitizen orsubject, adomiciled orresident
individual, orabody incorporated under thelaw,ofaprescribed foreign country. Awork ofjoint
authorship qualifies under thissection ifanyoftheauthors meet these requirements (Section 18of
theCopyright Act1994 refers).
Itshould benoted that:
- anauthor isdefined astheperson whomakes thearrangements necessary formaking
afilmandcanbeanatural person orabody corporate (Section 5);
- provision ismade forworks ofjointauthorship (Section 6);and
- theCopyright (Application toOther Countries) Order isrelevant (seeresponse to
question 1).IP/Q/NZL/1
Page4
4. Withregard totheutilization (totheextent justified fortherelevant purpose) ofliterary and
artisticworksbywayofillustrationinpublications,broadcastorsoundorvisualrecordingsforteaching,
doesNewZealand require thatthesource andthename oftheauthor bementioned (Article 9.1of
theTRIPS Agreement inconjunction withArticle 10(3) Berne Convention?
There isageneral rightforauthors tobeidentified astheauthor ofawork(Section 94)providing
therighthasbeenasserted (Section 96).
There isonlyoneexception tothisrightwhich iseducation related, namely things todowith
examinations (Section 97). Theright does, therefore, cover literary andartistic works bywayof
utilization inpublications, broadcasting, andsound orvisual recordings forteaching.
NewZealand considers thateducation related exceptions arecovered byBerne Article 9(3).
5. Whoisdeemed under NewZealand copyright lawtorepresent theauthor ofliterary andartistic
worksinrelationtotheenforcementofprotectedrightswheretheworksareanonymousorpseudonymous
andleave doubts astohisidentity (Article 9.1oftheTRIPS Agreement inconjunction withArticle 15(3)
Berne Convention)?
NewZealand complies withBerne Article 15(3) inrelation toanonymous orpseudonymous
works. Where thename ofthepublisher appears oncopies ofthework asfirstpublished, thepublisher
ispresumed, untilthecontrary isproven, torepresent theauthor andisentitled toprotect andenforce
theauthor 'srights (Section 126oftheCopyright Act1994).
Anunknown author isnotsubsequently toberegarded asunknown iftheidentity becomes
known (Section 7).
6. HasNewZealand applied ordoesitintend toapply §234(o)(i) and(iii)oftheCopyright
Act1994inrelation totheauthorization oftherental tothepublic ofcomputer programs and/or films
(Article 11oftheTRIPS Agreement)?
Isthere anyevidence ofwidespread copying impairing theexclusive rightofreproduction of
authors offilms (Article 11oftheTRIPS Agreement)?
NewZealand hasnotapplied, andthere arecurrently noproposals toapply, Section 234(o)(i)
and(iii)inrelation totheauthorization oftherental tothepublic ofcomputer programmes and/or
films.
While there isnoapparent evidence ofwidespread copying impairing theexclusive rightof
reproduction ofauthors offilms, there hasbeensome evidence ofthisoccurring. Forthisreason,
NewZealand hasprovided authors withtherighttoauthorize orprohibit thecommercial rental tothe
public oforiginals orcopies oftheirfilms (Section 9oftheCopyright Actrefers).
7. Towhat extent andforwhich purposes doesNewZealand copyright lawpermit theplaying
orshowing inpublic ofbroadcasts orcable programmes (Article 14.1oftheTRIPS Agreement)?
Theowner ofcopyright hastherighttoplayorshow inpublic broadcasts orcable programmes
(Sections 16and32oftheCopyright Act1994).
There are,however, limitations tothisexclusive rightasfollows:IP/Q/NZL/1
Page5
- Section 47: Abroadcast orcable programme, shown ataprescribed educational
establishment, isdeemed nottobeashowing inpublic.
- Section 57: Asound recording orfilminanarchive maintained byRadio
NewZealand Limited, Television NewZealand Limited ortheNew
Zealand Film Archive respectively, maybeshown tothepublic
provided anycharge tothepublic isnomore thanthatnecessary to
recover charges. Thisdoesnotapply, however, where there isa
licensing scheme inoperation andthearchive isaware ofthatfact.
- Section 87: Abroadcast orcable programme maybeplayed orshown inpublic
toanaudience whohavenotpaidforadmission or,having paidafee
foradmission, thefeeisnotattributable totheplaying orshowing.
Thepurpose ofthisprovision istoallow clubs, societies andprisons
toplaybroadcasts.
- Section 178: Performers 'rights: Thisprovision isequivalent ineffect toSection 47.
- Section 188: Performers 'rights: Thisprovision isequivalent ineffect toSection 87.
Towhatextent doesNewZealand copyright lawrestrict therights ofperformers inrelation
tobroadcasts included inacable programme service (Article 14.1oftheTRIPS Agreement)?
Restrictions ontherights ofperformers inrelation tobroadcasts included inacableprogramme
service areprovided forinSection 189oftheCopyright Act1994. Thissection provides forthe
reception andimmediate retransmission ofabroadcast, made inNew Zealand, inacable service
programme. Therights ofperformers arenotinfringed if,andtotheextent that,thebroadcast ismade
forreception intheareainwhich thecable programme service isprovided. Ifthebroadcast itself
infringes anyrightwhich aperformer mayhave, thentheretransmission shallalsobetaken intoaccount
when assessing damages.
8. HasNewZealand applied ordoesitintend toapply §234(o)(ii) oftheCopyright Act1994
inrelation totheauthorization oftherental tothepublic ofsound recordings (Article 14.4oftheTRIPS
Agreement)?
NewZealand hasnotapplied, andtherearecurrently noproposals toapply, Section 234(o)(ii)
inrelation totheauthorization oftherental tothepublic ofsound recordings.
III. REPLIES TOQUESTIONS POSED BYTHE UNITED STATES
1. Please explain whether andhowNewZealand lawprovides protection forworks, phonograms
andperformances fromother WTO Members, andwhether andhowitdoessoonthebasis ofnational
treatment, asrequired byTRIPS Article 3(generally, withrespect toallcopyrights andneighbouring
rights) andArticle 9.1(incorporating Berne Article 5(1)).
"Nolessfavourable treatment ofnationals", asrequired byTRIPS Article 3,isaccorded to
WTO Members bySection 232oftheCopyright Act1994withrespect tocopyright andmoral rights
andSection 204oftheCopyright Act1994 withrespect toperformers 'rights.
Section 232provides foranOrder inCouncil tobemade bytheGovernor-General sothat
theprovisions oftheCopyright Act1994, except PartIX,apply tocitizens orsubjects (domiciled orIP/Q/NZL/1
Page6
resident) ofConvention orothercountries inthesamewayastheprovisions apply tocitizens, domiciled
orresident, inNewZealand.
Section 204,which relates toperformers 'rights, provides foranOrder inCouncil tobemade
bytheGovernor-General sothattheprovisions ofPartIXoftheCopyright Act1994 apply toany
Convention orother country.
AnOrder inCouncil hasbeenmade bytheGovernor-General inrespect tobothSections 204
and232oftheAct. ThisOrder istheCopyright (Application toOther Countries) Order 1995which
came intoforce on1January 1996.
ThatOrder contains three schedules listing thecountries towhich theCopyright Actapplies.
TheFirstSchedule includes allcountries which areparties toone,some oralloftheBerne Convention,
theUniversal Copyright Convention ortheAgreement Establishing theWorld Trade Organization.
TheSecond andThird Schedules relate toparties totheWorld Trade Organization Agreement.
[Follow-up question]
DoesNewZealand lawprovide protection forworks firstpublished inaWTO Member country,
evenifthework wasnotcreated byacitizen orsubject ofaWTO Member country?
Yes,suchprotection isprovided byvirtue ofSection 232(2)(c) oftheCopyright Act(theAct).
2. DoesNewZealand apply the"rule oftheshorter term" tophonograms andperformances from
other WTO Members? Ifso,please explain howyoujustify suchaction under TRIPS Article 4.
Ifthequestion isreferring toBerne Article 7,thentheanswer isno.NewZealand doesnot
apply the"rule oftheshorter term". NewZealand provides theconventional termofprotection to
phonograms andperformances from other WTO Members.
Forphonograms thisis50years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich thework ismade
or50years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich thephonogram ismade available (Section 23).
Forperformances thetermofprotection is50years from theendofthecalendar yearinwhich the
performance takes place (Section 193).
3. Please explain whether andhowNewZealand lawprotects against boththedirect andindirect
reproduction ofphonograms asrequired byTRIPS Article 14.2, including bydigital transmission in
thecontext ofsubscription orinteractive services.
TRIPS Article 14.2provides fortheproducers ofphonograms toenjoy therighttoauthorize
orprohibit thedirect orindirect reproduction oftheirphonograms.
Aproducer maybeeither theperformer oraperson, byvirtue ofarecording contract, who
owns thecopyright.
Copyright inphonograms (sound recordings) isprovided forinSection 14oftheCopyright
Act1994. Asound recording isdefined under Section 2oftheActasanymedium onwhich arecording
ismade oranymethod bywhich sounds arereproduced orproduced.
Theowner ofcopyright hasexclusive rights under Section 16oftheAct. These include the
rights tocopythework, issuecopies tothepublic andauthorize anyother person todoeither ofthese.
Copyright isinfringed bycopying, either directly orindirectly.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page7
"Broadcast" and"cable programme" collectively include bothwireless andnon-wireless
transmission means andareinclusive ofanalogue anddigital means.
Aperformer 'srights areinfringed bytheuseofanillicit recording inapublic performance
orbyinclusion inabroadcast orcable programme, orbycopying arecording, either directly or
indirectly, ifitisknown, oritcanbereasonably expected, thattheperformer hasnotgiven his/her
consent. Domestic orprivate usedoesnotconstitute infringement.
NewZealand law,therefore, gives effect toTRIPS Article 14.2.
[Follow-up question]
Doesthereproduction rightforphonograms provided bytheNewZealand Copyright Actcover
reproductions made bydigital transmissions inthecontext ofinteractive services?
Reproduction ofaphonogram caninfringe therights ofanowner ofcopyright where aperson
doesanyrestricted actinrelation totheserights without thelicence ofthecopyright owner. Arestricted
actcanrelate tothewhole orasubstantial partofthework andbeeither direct orindirect (Section 28
oftheAct).
Theactsrestricted bycopyright include thecopying ofawork, issuing ofcopies ofawork
tothepublic, broadcasting theworkorincluding theworkinacableprogramme service, andauthorizing
another person todoanyofthese acts.
Intermsoftherightconcerningbroadcastingorincludingtheworkinacableprogrammeservice
thefollowing matters should benoted:
- broadcasting isdefined inamanner which caninclude digital transmission (Section 2(1)
oftheActsrefers); and
- cable programme service includes thesending ofvisual images, sounds orother
information bymeans ofatelecommunication system (which isdefined asasystem
forconveying such images, sounds orother information byelectronic means) -
Section 2(1)andSection 4(1)oftheActrefer.
Anunauthorized reproduction ofaphonogram made bydigital transmission inthecontext of
interactive services will,therefore, constitute infringement.
4. Please explain whether andhowNewZealand provides fullretroactive protection toworks,
phonograms andperformances fromother WTO Members, asrequired byTRIPS Articles 9.1,14.6
and70.2, eachofwhich incorporate byreference orrelyuponBerne Article 18.Please givethedate
backtowhich suchprotection extends withrespect toeachcategory ofsubject matter. Inyourresponse,
please explain themeaning andoperation ofSection 4(a)ofthe1995Order, aswellasSections 5(2),
6and28oftheFirstSchedule.
TheCopyright Act1994provides protection forworks, phonograms andperformances before
commencement oftheActaswellasatthecommencement oftheAct. TheFirstSchedule oftheAct
details thecircumstances inwhich protection prior tothecommencement oftheActwilloccur. This
caninclude protection interms oftheCopyright Act1913 andtheCopyright Act1962. Inthelight
ofthiseachcaseneeds tobeconsidered onitsownfacts. Accordingly, onlythegeneral principles
which apply arediscussed inthisresponse.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page8
Protection forworks made prior tothecommencement ofthe1994 Actisprovided toWTO
Members through Section 230(3) oftheActandthrough theCopyright (Application toOther Countries)
Order 1995. Theresponse toquestion 1provides further details ontheOrder.
TheOrder alsoclarifies which foreign works areprotected inNewZealand asfollows:
- Aforeign workdoesnotqualify forcopyright byreference toauthor ifpublished before
the1962 Actcommenced (clause 4(a)), since NewZealand didnotprovide forsuch
protection toitsownnationals priortothisdate. Suchprotection is,however, available
afterthe1962 Actcommenced (clauses 5(1)(a) and6);
- Irrespective ofwhether awork qualifies forcopyright byreference toauthor, aforeign
work willqualify forprotection ifitisfirstpublished inaprescribed foreign country
(clauses 7(a)and8).Protection byreference tocountry offirstpublication isnotlimited
intime;
- Sound recordings arealsocovered (clause 9(1)(a)); and
- Clause 12oftheOrder isatransitional provision which continues protection forany
foreign work where copyright existed under NewZealand lawimmediately before the
commencement oftheActbutwhich fallsoutside theOrder.
Section 230(3) oftheActapplies if:
- copyright existed under the1962 Actimmediately before thecommencement ofthe
1994 Act(refer alsotoclauses 3and4oftheFirstSchedule ofthe1994 Act); or
- thework isprotected intheConvention country andprotection hadnotexpired inthe
Convention country before thecommencement ofthe1994 Act; or
- thework isfirstpublished inaConvention country.
Where thework isaperformance, reciprocal protection isrequired intheConvention country
(Section 204(3) ofthe1994 Act).
Provision isalsomade forprior existing works toqualify forcopyright aftercommencement
ofthe1994 Actifeither ofthethree circumstances inSection 230(3) above apply (clause 5(1)ofthe
FirstSchedule refers). There areexceptions tothisprinciple. These include thefollowing:
- Awork which isfirstpublished inNewZealand before 1April 1963, andwhich was
published elsewhere more than14daysbefore being published inNewZealand, is
notprotected (clause 5(2)oftheFirst Schedule). Thisprovision isatransitional
provision covering theCopyright Act1913 which required simultaneous publication
tobenomore than14days(atthistimetheBerne Convention didnotprovide for
30days). Thetransitional provision ensures thatprotection isnotprovided toworks
which didnotqualify under the1913 Act;
- Works which arefirstprotected under the1962 Act,thatisfilms, broadcasts and
typographical arrangements areexcepted (clause 6oftheFirst Schedule). As
NewZealand didnotprovide specific protection forthese works (although protection
wasprovided fortheindividual works comprising afilm)priortothecommencement
ofthe1962 Act, the1994 Actmaintains thisexception which applies tobothIP/Q/NZL/1
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NewZealand andforeign works. Theexception isqualified, however, byproviding
thatthe1994Actwillapply inrespect toafilmthatwasmade before thecommencement
ofthe1962 Actandwasanoriginal dramatic work interms ofthe1913 Act; and
toaphotograph inafilmmade before thecommencement ofthe1962 Actandwhich
isanoriginal dramatic work interms ofthe1913Act(clause 12oftheFirstSchedule
ofthe1994 Act); and
- Where awork isanartistic work made before thecommencement ofthe1962 Act;
theworkisprotected under theDesigns Act;andtheworkhasbeenindustrially applied
itisnotprotected (clause 28oftheFirst Schedule). Thislimits thescope ofdual
protection fordesigns consistent withasubsequent amendment tothe1962 Act.
Interms oftheFirstSchedule tothe1994Act(clause 17),protection available forworks before
commencement ofthe1994 Actincludes thefollowing:
- Literary, dramatic, musical orartistic works (other thanaphotograph):
- generally: 50years from thedeath oftheauthor;
- computer generated: 50years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich the
work ismade;
- jointauthorship:
- published before 1April 1963: thelonger oftheperiod ofthelife
ofthefirstauthor plus50years or50years fromthelifeoftheauthor
whodieslast;
- published after1April 1963 butbefore commencement oftheAct:
50years afterdeath ofthelastauthor;
- unknown authorship:
- publishedbeforecommencement:50yearsfromtheendofthecalendar
yearinwhich thework isfirstmade available tothepublic byan
authorized act;
- unpublished atcommencement: 50years fromtheendofthecalendar
yearinwhich thenewcopyright provisions cameintoforceorifduring
thatperiod thework isfirstmade available tothepublic thenas
applying toapublished work;
- Sound recordings: 50years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich therecording
ismade; and
- Performances: 50years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich theperformance
takes place.
[Follow-up question]
Please clarify theanswer tothisquestion. Inparticular, please explain:
(1) therelationship between the1995 Order, Section 230(3) oftheCopyright Act,and
theFirstSchedule, indealing withretroactive protection forexisting works;
(2) whether works bynationals ofWTO Member countries, which werenotfirstpublished
inaWTO Member country, created before the1962Actcommenced, areprotected bycopyright
inNewZealand;IP/Q/NZL/1
Page10
(3) backtowhat datesound recordings fromWTO Member countries areprotected in
NewZealand;
(4) backtowhatdateperformances bynationals ofWTO Member countries orthattook
place inWTO Member countries areprotected inNewZealand;
(5) which works arenotprotected today inNewZealand because theyareofatypethat
didnotqualify forprotection under prior law,including the1913 Actandthe1962 Act.
(1) Section 230(3) oftheAct,together withSection 204,provides fortheprotection of
foreign works inNewZealand. Thecountries which qualify fortheprotection provided
forinSection 230(3) arelisted intheschedules tothe1995 Order asprovided forin
Section 232(2) oftheAct. The1995 Order alsoclarifies thewayinwhich foreign
works areprotected under theAct.
Section 235oftheActprovides forthetransitional provisions intheFirstSchedule
totheActtohaveeffect forthepurposes oftheAct. TheFirstSchedule applies to
allworks,bothdomesticandforeign.TheSchedulecontainsthetransitionalandsavings
provisions ensuring consistency between the1994Actandprevious legislation. Italso
makes provision forworks which spanthecommencement ofthe1994Actandearlier
legislation. Thisincludes retroactive protection.
(2) Prior to1962 New Zealand onlyprovided forworks toqualify forcopyright by
reference tofirstpublication inNewZealand oraprescribed foreign country. Works
ofthetypementioned inthesupplementary question may, therefore, notqualify for
copyright although itshould benoted thatthelistofprescribed foreign countries is
broader thanjustWTO Members. Italsoincludes members oftheBerne Convention
andtheUniversalCopyrightConventionandthereforecurrentlyincludessomemembers
ofthese conventions whoarenotyetmembers oftheWTO.
(3) Either December 1945oralaterdate,ifwithin thatperiod, itismade available tothe
public (Section 23(1)).
(4) Either December 1945ofthetermprovided forinanother country where thishasnot
already expired (Section 170(2)).
(5) - Sound recordings before thecommencement ofthe1913Actunless copyright
already existed.
- Performances before 1945.
- Artistic works intended forindustrial application before thecommencement
ofthe1962 Act.
- Cinematograph films before thecommencement ofthe1962 Act(although
copyrightwaspossibleintheworkscomprisingafilmforexample,thedramatic
work).
- TelevisionandsoundbroadcastsmadeinNewZealandbeforethecommencement
ofthe1962Actandtelevision andsound broadcasts made overseas before the
commencement ofthe1994 Act.
- Typographical works before thecommencement ofthe1962 Act.
- Anonymous orpseudonymous works before thecommencement ofthe1962
Act.
- Models before 1985.IP/Q/NZL/1
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5. PleaseexplainhowthescopeofprotectiongrantedtocinematographicworksunderSection34(1)
oftheCopyright Act1994 isconsistent withtherequirements oftheBerne Articles 2(1)and14bis,
asincorporated through TRIPS Article 9.1,given thatthescope ofrights doesnotappear tobe
co-extensive withtherights inliterary andartistic works generally. Forexample, theredoesnotappear
tobeanadaptation right provided through thisSection forcinematographic works.
NewZealand provides copyright protection forcinematographic works byvirtue ofSection 14
oftheCopyright Act1994which includes dramatic works (screen plays), musicals, sound recordings
andfilms asoriginal works towhich copyright applies.
Section 16oftheActprovides copyright owners withexclusive rights inrespect totheirworks.
These include rights inrespect tocopying awork, showing thework inpublic andbroadcasting the
work orincluding thework inacable programme service.
Inrespect toadaptation, acopyright owner ofaliterary, dramatic ormusical work hasan
exclusive righttomake anadaptation ofhis/her work (Sections 16and34refer). Thisincludes an
adaptation ofascreen play.
Inrespect tofilms, nospecific adaptation right isprovided since itisconsidered thatan
"adaptation" ofafilmisnotpossible without infringing oneoftherights already existing inthework.
Thiscould, forexample, involve adapting thescreen playinwhich casetheauthor 'srights willhave
beeninfringed oradapting themusic inwhich casethere could beaninfringement associated withthe
words ortheperformance. Ifthefilmiscopied, thenthiswillbeabreach ofthecopyright owner 's
exclusive rightinregard tocopying. Itispossible thatanewwork could becreated, inwhich case
itwillbecome anoriginal work entitled tocopyright.
[Follow-up question]
Under NewZealand law,ifanadaptation ofawork made without authorization qualifies as
anoriginal work otherwise subject tocopyright protection, canitstillconstitute aninfringement?
Anadaption ofthetypementioned intheoriginal response isonewhere infringement could
occur ifasubstantial partoftheexisting work isbeing used inthecreation ofthenewwork.
Nevertheless, copyright canexistinthenewwork.
6. Please explain howSections 12(6) and76oftheCopyright Actcomply withBerne Article 9(2)
andTRIPS Article 13,which require limitations andexceptions toexclusive rights tobelimited tocertain
special cases which donotconflict withanormal exploitation ofthework anddonotunreasonably
prejudice thelegitimate interests oftherightholder.
Sections 12(6) and76oftheCopyright Actallow theCrown tousecopyright works associated
withmedicines imported under theMedicines Actwithout infringing copyright. Thisenables theCrown
toimport legitimately produced copies ofoff-patent medicines where amedicine isnotbeing supplied
totheNewZealand market orisonlyavailable onunreasonable terms. TheCrown can,therefore,
ensure thattheNewZealand public isnotdeprived ofthebenefits ofthemedicine. (This power has
notbeenusedbytheCrown.)
Accordingly, theseprovisions arenotencompassed byBerne Article 9(2),which doesnotcover
distribution rights. Neither isitcovered byTRIPS Article 13byvirtue ofTRIPS Article 6(exhaustion
ofintellectual property rights).IP/Q/NZL/1
Page12
7. Please explain themeaning andapplication ofthe“incidental copying ”exception inSections 41
and175.
Incidental copying, whether accidental orintentional, ofacopyright work isprovided forso
longasthefocus ofthework containing thecopied itemisnotthatoftheincluded item.Itshould
benoted, however, thatthedeliberate copying ofcertain works isspecifically excluded. Theintention,
therefore, isnottounreasonably prejudice thelegitimate interests oftheauthor (Berne Article 9(2)).
Bywayofanexample, thereporting ofanews event, which included atelevision broadcast
present inthebackground, andtherefore incidental tothebroadcast, would notinfringe copyright in
thebroadcast which wasaccidentally shown.
8. Please explain howtheprovisions ofSections 44to48,68,70,71,79,81,87,186and188
comply withBerne Articles 9(2)and10(2) andTRIPS Articles 13and14.6, which restrict thescope
ofpermissible limitations onexclusive rights.
NewZealand considers thatSections 44-48, 68,70,71,79,81,87,186and188comply with
Berne andTRIPS, byvirtue ofbeing permitted exceptions andlimitations ontherights granted under
these twotreaties forthereasons outlined below:
- Sections 44-48 areconcerned witheducational purposes. Provision ismade incertain
circumstances forcopying tobedoneforeducational purposes; theperforming, playing
orshowing awork inpublic foreducational purposes; andtherecording ofabroadcast
orcable programme foreducational purposes. These limitations onowners 'rights
are,however, tightly prescribed including, inthecaseofcopying ofasound recording
orrecording abroadcast orcable programme, notpermitting thecopying orrecording
where licenses areavailable under alicensing scheme. Sections 44-48 do,therefore,
comply withBerne Articles 9(2)and10(2) andTRIPS Article 13;
- Section 68isintended todealwiththesituation where, forexample, there isaspeech
ororation delivered without anynotes. Ascopyright canonlyvestinatangible
expression ofawork, thisprovision enables thespeaker toobtain copyright byvirtue
ofthespeech ororation having beenwritten down orbroadcast while alsoenabling
thewriter orbroadcaster, astherecorder, anopportunity tousetherecording. Such
useis,however, subject tolimitations including therightofthespeaker toprohibit
therecording;
Theprovision isconsidered necessary inorder tocomply withBerne Articles 2(1),
7(1), 8,9(1), 10(1), and10bis(1).Thelimitations inSection 68(1) areconsidered
toprovide appropriate protection forthecopyright owner interms ofBerne Article 9(2)
andTRIPS Article 13;
- Section 70concerning apublic reading orrecitation complies withBerne Articles 9(2)
and11tersince itislimited toareading:
- byoneperson only;
- onlytoareasonable extent;
- which provides sufficient acknowledgement; and
- which, ifitinvolves asound recording orbroadcast, isusing mainly material
other thanthepublic reading orrecitation;IP/Q/NZL/1
Page13
- Section 71,concerning abstracts ofscientific ortechnical articles, isincompliance
withBerne Article 9(2)andTRIPS Article 13inthatabstracts arenotareproduction
ofthework anddonot,therefore, conflict withthenormal exploitation ofthework
norunreasonably prejudice thelegitimate interests oftheauthor;
Theabstracts areintended toaidinthedissemination ofinformation. Itisarguable
thattheabstracts areoriginal works intheirownrightand,therefore, enjoy copyright
protection;
- Section 79permits educational establishments andlibraries torentnon-infringing copies
ofcomputer programmes, sound recordings orfilmsfornon-profit reasons. AsTRIPS
Article 11isonlyconcerned with"commercial rental", thisexception ispermissible;
- Sections 81and186relate totheplaying ofasound recording inaclub, society or
other organization which isprimarily concerned withreligion, education orsocial
welfare, which isnotestablished forprofit andwhere anyproceeds from admission
areapplied forthebenefit oftheclub, society ororganization.
Asthese provisions onlyprovide forplaying sound recordings andnotreproducing
sound recordings theyarenotinconsistent withBerne orwithTRIPS Articles 14.1
and14.2. Inrespect toTRIPS Article 13,thepurpose andnature ofthelimitations
areconsistent withthisArticle; and
- Section 188provides fortheplaying orshowing ofabroadcast orcable programme
toanaudience notpaying foradmission totheplace where thebroadcast orcable
programme isheard. Itincludes, forexample, prisons andclubs orsocieties butdoes
notinclude hotels, motels orcamping grounds.
Thelimitation onthisexception isinterms ofTRIPS Article 14.6andisconsistent
withTRIPS Article 13.
[Follow-up question]
Please explain howthetextsoftheexceptions contained inthesections listed inthisquestion
havebeenlimited inoperation orapplication, soastobring themwithin thepermissible limitations
onrights setforth inBerne andTRIPS.
Theexceptions referred tointhisquestion fallwithin thepermissible limitations onrights
envisaged inBerne andTRIPS either because theexceptions havebeentightly proscribed, forexample,
Sections 44-48 oftheActrelating toeducation orbecause theexception byitsnature doesnotconflict
withthenormal exploitation oftheworkorunreasonably prejudice thelegitimate interests ofanauthor,
forexample, abstracts ofscientific ortechnical articles.
9. Please explain themeaning andapplication ofthephrase “available under alicensing scheme ”
inSection 45(5), 48(2), 88(3) and91(4).
Sections 45,48,88and91oftheCopyright Act1994 allow copying insome particular
circumstances. However, ifalicensing scheme forcopyright owners isinoperation suchcopying
canonlybeundertaken interms ofthelicense. Forexample, schools arepermitted tocopybroadcasts
under Section 48(1). Once alicensing scheme isestablished theywillnolonger beabletodosounder
Section 48(2) unless theycomply withtherequirements ofthelicense.
Alicensing scheme isdefined intheAct(Section 2),asascheme which setsout:IP/Q/NZL/1
Page14
"(a) theclasses ofcases inwhich theoperator ofthescheme, ortheperson onwhose behalf
theoperator acts,iswilling togrant copyright licences; and
(b) theterms onwhich copyright licences would begranted inthose classes ofcases ..."
10. Please explain howSection 192complies withTRIPS Article 14.1, which requires performers
tohavetheright toprevent theunauthorized reproductions offixations oftheirperformances.
Section 192oftheCopyright Act1994 provides thatanindependent tribunal, theCopyright
Tribunal, maymake anorder giving consent tothemaking ofacopyofarecording. Inmaking any
order under theSection, theTribunal must consider anumber ofmatters. These matters include
consideration ofwhether thewithholding ofconsent bytheperformer relates totheprotection ofany
legitimate interests oftheperformer andwhether payment should bemade totheperformer.
New Zealand considers thattheapplicable Rome provision isArticle 15.2. Thispermits
limitations inrespect totherights ofperformers where similar limitations areprovided forinrespect
tocopyright. AsNewZealand provides forlicensing schemes inregard tocopyright (Section 153of
theActrefers), Rome Article 15.2permits similar limitations inrespect toperformers.
[Follow-up question]
Totheextent thatcompulsory licenses aregranted inNewZealand forthereproduction of
fixations ofliveperformances orother sound recordings, whatcriteria areapplied tothegrant ofsuch
licenses andwhatlimitations areincorporated intosuchlicenses? Howisthegrant ofsuchlicenses
consistent withTRIPS Article 13?
Themaking ofanorder bytheCopyright Tribunal requires thattheTribunal hasregard to
anumber ofmatters before making anorder thereby ensuring consistency withTRIPs Article 13.
These include thefollowing matters (section 192oftheAct):
- There hasbeencompliance withtheserving orpublication ofnotices.
- Theperformer 'sreasons forwithholding consent donotinclude theprotection ofany
legitimate interests oftheperformer.
- Therecording fromwhich itisproposed tomake acopywasmade withtheperformer 's
consent andislawfully inthepossession oftheperson proposing tomake thecopy.
- Themaking ofacopyoftherecording isconsistent withtheobligations oftheparties
tothearrangement under which therecording wasmade orisotherwise consistent with
thepurposes forwhich therecording wasmade.
Ifanorder ismade aftertaking these matters intoaccount andtheparties donotagree onpayment,
thentheTribunal shallmake anorder asitseesfit.
11. Please explain howSection 92oftheCopyright Actcomplies withBerne Article 2(3), which
provides thattranslations, adaptations, arrangements ofmusic andother alterations ofaliterary or
artistic work shall beprotected asoriginal works without prejudice tothecopyright intheoriginal
work.
Section 92oftheCopyright Act1994 isintended toensure thatwhere anadaptation which
isitself aliterary, dramatic ormusical work, thatanyactdoneinrespect tothatadaptation willnot
infringe copyright intheoriginal work.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page15
Itshould benoted thatSection 82doesnotdiminish therights conferred byBerne Articles 2(3)
and12,inrespect ofadaptations, toanygreater extent thanthatpermitted withrespect totheoriginal
works from which anadaptation ismade.
12. Please explain whether andhowNewZealand lawprotects computer programmes andother
works frombeing loaded intoacomputer anddisplayed onamonitor without authorization, asrequired
byTRIPS Article 10.1, andbyBerne Articles 9(1)and11to14,asincorporated through TRIPS
Article 9.1.
Computer programmes areprotected under theCopyright Act1994 byvirtue of:
- being aliterary work (Section 2(1)(a) "Literary work" refers);
- copyright existing inoriginal literary works (Section 14(1)(a) refers);
- copyright owners having exclusive rights including theright tocopy awork
(Section 16(1)(a) refers) which includes reproducing orrecording thework inany
material form (Section 2(1)"Copyright" refers) andtheright toadapt awork
(Section 16(1)(g) refers) which, inthecaseofacomputer programme, includes
conversion ofitintoadifferent computer language orwork (Section 2(1)"Adaptation"
refers); and
- copyright infringement occurring where aperson, otherthanthecopyright owner, does
anyrestricted act(Section 29refers).
These provisions meettherequirements ofbothBerne andTRIPS.
[Follow-up question]
(1) Does thereproduction right forcomputer programmes andother works under New
Zealand lawcover temporary reproductions inthememory ofacomputer?
(2) Does NewZealand lawprovide protection against theunauthorized display ofawork
onacomputer screen ormonitor?
Itisaninfringement oftherights ofanowner ofcopyright tocopytheowner 'swork
(Section 30oftheAct). Inrelation toaliterary work (which includes computer programmes) copying
isdefined asincluding thestoring ofawork "inanymedium byanymeans" (Section 2(1)"copying"
oftheActrefers).
Thisdefinition ofcopying would, therefore beapplicable toasituation involving thestoring
ofawork inacomputer memory ordisplaying awork onacomputer screen.
13. Please explain thecriminal andcivilremedies available forcopyright infringement andthe
extent towhich theyfullyimplement theobligations inTRIPS Articles 41,45,50and61. Inthe
response, please specify, interalia,whether these remedies mayinclude theseizure, forfeiture and
destruction ofinfringing articles andequipment usedtomake theinfringing articles, asrequired by
Articles 46and61,andthemanner inwhich thegrant ofcivilprovisional reliefisprovided inaccordance
withTRIPS Article 50.
Thecriminal andcivilremedies available inNewZealand forcopyright infringement andthe
wayinwhich theTRIPS Articles areimplemented areshown intheattached table:IP/Q/NZL/1
Page16
TRIPS
ARTICLEAPPLICABLE
SECTION(S)
OF
COPYRIGHT
ACTCOMMENT
41.1 120
125
131
225
226
PartVIIInfringement ofcopyright isactionable.
Infringement ofmoral rights isactionable.
Asadeterrent, finesandimprisonment maybeimposed
bytheCourt forcriminal offenses.
Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
Offence tocircumvent copyprotection.
Border protection measures.
41.2 122(4)
PartVII
PartXCourt canmake anorder without notice where service of
notice would result inundue delay.
Border protection measures.
Operation andjurisdiction oftheCopyright Tribunal.
41.3 Metbyrules ofprocedure oftheCourts.
41.4 141
223
224
225Application toCourt fordischarge oforder.
Case maybereferred totheHigh Court.
Question oflawmaybereferred totheHigh Court.
Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
45.1 120(2)
125
225Allsuchrelief bywayofdamages ,injunctions, accounts
orotherwise isasavailable inrespect totheinfringement
ofanyother property right.
Damages arepayable forinfringement ofmoral rights.
Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
45.2 121 Plaintiff isentitled toanaccount ofprofits where the
defendant didnotknow andhadnoreason tobelieve that
copyright existed inthework towhich theproceedings
relate.
225 Rights andprivileges under other enactments andcommon
law.
General power ofcourt toorder payment ofaparty's
costs.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page17
TRIPS
ARTICLEAPPLICABLE
SECTION(S)
OF
COPYRIGHT
ACTCOMMENT
46 122
132
134
197
199
202Order upincivilproceedings. Where aperson hasinthat
person 'spossession, custody orcontrol aninfringing copy
oranobject designed oradapted formaking infringing
copies thenthecopyright owner canapply totheCourt for
thedelivery upoftheinfringing copyorobject.
Order upincriminal proceedings. Where aperson hasin
thatperson 'spossession, custody orcontrol aninfringing
copyoranobject designed oradapted formaking
infringing copies thenthecopyright owner canapply to
theCourt forthedelivery upoftheinfringing copyor
object.
TheCourt mayorder theforfeiture tothecopyright
owner, orother disposal asitseesfit,ofanyinfringing
copyorobject designed oradapted formaking infringing
copies.
Performers rights; delivery upofinfringing goods incivil
proceedings, asfor122(1).
Performers rights; delivery upofinfringing goods in
criminal proceedings, asfor132(1).
Order astodisposal ofillicit recordings.
50 122(4)
PartVIIand
Copyright
(Border
Protection)
Regulations 1994Anorder canbemade onanexparte application bythe
copyright owner where service ofnotice would cause
undue delay orother serious detriment tothecopyright
owner.
Border protection measures.IP/Q/NZL/1
Page18
TRIPS
ARTICLEAPPLICABLE
SECTION(S)
OF
COPYRIGHT
ACTCOMMENT
61 131
132
133
134
198
200
201
227Imprisonment andmonetary finesareprovided.
SeeArticle 46above.
Liability ofofficers ofbody corporate.
SeeArticle 46above.
Illicit recordings, criminal liability.
False representation toauthority togiveconsent.
See133above.
Fraudulent reception ofbroadcasting orcable service.