RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/WPGR/W/47
12 November 2003
(03-6065)
Working Party on GATS Rules
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
RELATING TO SUBSIDIES IN SERVICES
Note by the Secretariat1
I. INTRODUCTION
1. At its meeting of 1 October 2003, Members asked the Secretariat to compile a list of studies
published by other international organizations that contain information on subsidies in services
sectors.
2. In the absence of a definition of subsidies, the following list includes studies that contain
potentially relevant information, without regard to trade effects.  Thus, it should not be implied that
the Secretariat considers the studies listed below as necessarily being of direct relevance to Members'
discussions pursuant to the negotiating mandate under Article XV.   Most studies do not tend to focus
on trade.
3. The complication consists of studies prepared by the well-known international organizations,
i.e., IMF, ITU, OECD, UNCTAD, World Bank.  Further updates to the list may be provided as
additional information becomes available.
II. LIST OF STUDIES
A. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
• IMF Working Paper no. 95/91 by Benedict J. Clements, Rejane Hugounenq, and Gerd
Schwartz (1995), Government Subsidies: Concepts, International Trends, and Reform
Options , Washington.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=1359.0
• IMF Working Paper no. 98/166 by Benedict Clements, Hugo Rodriguez, and Gerd Schwartz
(1998), Economic Determinants of Government Subsidies , Washington.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=2836.0
B. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
• ITU (2003), Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2003 : Promoting Universal Access to ICTs
– Practical Tools for Regulators , Chapter 5: Minimum-Subsidy Auctions for Public
Telecommunications Access in Rural Areas , Geneva.
http://www.itu.int/publications/docs/trends2003.html
                                                     
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and without prejudice to
the positions of Members and to their rights and obligations under the WTO.S/WPGR/W/47
Page 2
C. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT2
• OECD, Maritime Transport Committee (1996), Treatment of Support Measures; 1996
Inventory on Support Measures and Arrangements Provided to International Shipping , Paris.
• OECD, Maritime Transport Committee (1997), Treatment of Support Measures; Updated
1996 Inventory on Support Measures and Arrangements Provided to Shipping , Paris.
• OECD, Maritime Transport Committee (1998), Treatment of Support Measures; Support
Measures Granted by Member States and Selected non-Member Countries to their Shippingand Shipping Related Industries – February 1998 Update , Paris.
• OECD (1998), Spotlight on Public Support to Industry , Paris.
http://www1.oecd.org/media/publish/pb98-35a.htm
• OECD (1998-1999), Improving the Environment through Subsidies , Paris.
http://oecdpublications.gfi-nb.com/cgi-bin/oecdbookshop.storefront
• OECD, Development Centre Study  by Charles Oman (2000), Policy Competition for Foreign
Direct Investment: A Study of Competition Among Governments to Attract FDI , Paris.
http://oecdpublications.gfi-nb.com/cgi-bin/oecdbookshop.storefront
• OECD (2001) Competition Policy, Subsidies and State Aid, Paris.
http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2001doc.nsf/LinkTo/daffe-clp(2001)24
• OECD (2003), Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: Policy Issues and Challenges , Paris.
http://oecdpublications.gfi-nb.com/cgi-bin/oecdbookshop.storefront(The documents made available for the related workshop are available on-line at
http://www1.oecd.org/agr/ehsw/meeting_doc.htm)
• OECD (2003), Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member and non-Member
Countries, 2002 Supplement, Paris.
http://oecdpublications.gfi-nb.com/cgi-bin/oecdbookshop.storefront
(Various information is available from the OECD website on the issue of export credits
including the text of the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits:
http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_34169_1_1_1_1_37431,00.html.)
• OECD, Development Centre Technical Pa per no. 203 by Andrew Charlton (2003), Incentive
Bidding for Mobile Investment: Economic Consequences and Potential Responses , OECD
Development Centre, Paris.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/63/2492289.pdf
(An overview of OECD work in this area is available at:
http://www.oecd.org/document/37/0,2340,en_2649_33725_11082405_1_1_1_1,00.html)
                                                     
2 The OECD Secretariat informed us that the thr ee first studies listed below could be distributed to
WTO Members as working papers.  Since these studies are not otherwise available (e.g., through the internet),
the Secretariat will distribute electronic versions to delegations on request.S/WPGR/W/47
Page 3
D. UNCTAD3
• UNCTAD (1993) The Impact of Subsidies on Trade in Services: Background note by the
UNCTAD Secretariat , New York and Geneva.
• UNCTAD (1996), Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment , New York and Geneva.
http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Webflyer.asp?docID=3597&intItemID=2068&lang=1
• UNCTAD (2000), Tax Incentives and Foreign Dire ct Investment: A Global Survey , New
York and Geneva.http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteipcmisc3_en.pdf
• UNCTAD Study Series on Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities, by Erich
Supper (2001), Is There Effectively a Level Playing Field for Developing Country Exports? ,
New York and Geneva.http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//itcdtab2_en.pdf
E. W
ORLD BANK
• World Bank Working Paper no. 1868 by Mansoor Dailami and Michael Klein (1998),
Government Support to Private Infrastructure Projects in Emerging Markets , Washington.
http://econ.worldbank.org/view.php?type=5&id=574
• World Bank Working Paper no. 37 by Pablo Serra (2000), Subsidies in Chilean Public
Utilities , World Bank Institute, Washington.
http://rru.worldbank.org/HTML/document_37.html
• World Bank Working Paper no. 2276 by Arvind Panagariya (2000), Evaluating the Case for
Export Subsidies , Washington.
http://econ.worldbank.org/view.php?type=5&id=1030
• World Bank Working Paper no. 2473 by Luc Laeven (2000), Banking Risks around the
World; The Implicit Safety Net Subsidy Approach , Washington.
http://econ.worldbank.org/view.php?type=5&id=1283
• World Bank (2001), Development Finance Institutions; Measuring their Subsidy ,
Washington.
http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product?item_id=356079
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3 The UNCTAD Secretariat informed us that some of reports of experts meetings in given services
sectors (e.g., audiovisual services, construction services),  as well as notes prepared by the UNCTAD Secretariat
in that context, contain some information on subsidies and government support.   See www.unctad.org