WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/CTE/EDB/1
31 May 2002
(02-3029)
Committee on Trade and Environment
ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE FOR 2001
Note by the Secretariat
1. This Note contains the WTO Environmental Database (EDB) for 2001.1  T h e  E D B  w a s
established in 19982 in fulfilment of the recommendation in the 1996 Report of the CTE to the
Singapore Ministerial Conference (WT/CTE/1) for the Secretariat to compile and update annually allenvironment-related notifications to the WTO.  This Note constitutes a list of environment-related
measures or provisions that were notified under the WTO agreements in 2001.  It has been prepared in
accordance with the views expressed by Members on WT/CTE/W/46, using the search methodology
adopted in WT/CTE/W/78,
3 and building on the search words set out in WT/CTE/W/102.  The list of
search words is attached as Annex I to this Note; the list of abbreviations is contained in Annex II.
I. NOTIFICATIONS
2. During the preparation of this Note, the Secretariat searched the 2,651 documents issued in
respect to the notifications submitted by Members under the various WTO Agreements in 2001.4  The
notifications included in this Note specified envi ronment as the main objective, among other reasons
for notifying the measure or provision.  The notifications are referred to below and are listed in the
attached tables, according to the Agreements under which they were issued.5  This Note also includes
references to environment-related measures, provisions or programmes in the Trade Policy Reviews
carried out in 2001.
3. Environment-related notifications can be broadly grouped in two categories.  The first
consists of those notifications that list environmental or related factors as the principal objective for
notifying.  The provisions of the GATT 1994 and WTO Agreements that refer explicitly or are
generally regarded as related to environmental objectives include the following:6
(a) Annex 2 paragraph 12 of the Agreement on Agriculture;
(b) Article 5 paragraph 2 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS);
(c) Articles 2 and 5 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT);
                                                     
1 For ease of reference, the annual EDB will be found in the series WT/CTE/EDB/-.  The Environmental Database
for 2000 is contained in WT/CTE/W/195;  for 1999 in WT/CTE/W/143;  for 1998 in WT/CTE/W/118;  for 1997 in
WT/CTE/W/77;  and for 1996 in WT/CTE/W/46.
2 See WT/CTE/3.
3 Bearing in mind the complexity and the need to exercise considerable judgement in what constitutes an
environment-related measure, the Secretariat has made this listing as comprehensive as possible, although it has in some
cases shortened or summarized the relevant information.
4 The 2,651 documents in the WTO database, "Documents Online" ( http://docsonline.wto.org/ ), include addenda,
corrigenda, and revisions issued in relation to the notifications submitted by Members.
5 The search through the various WTO and GATT (1994) notifications was based on the information contained in
the Working Group of Notification Obligations and Procedures (NOP) documents G/NOP/W/2 and G/NOP/W/16/Rev.1, andthe Technical Cooperation Handbook of Notifications , the series of WT/TC/NOTIF (1996) documents.
6 The SCM Agreement as it originally entered into force contained a category of  'non-actionable' subsidies
(Article 8.2(c)).  This category applied provisionally for five years ending 31 December 1999, and pursuant to Article 31 of
the Agreement, could have been extended by consensus of the SCM Committee.  As of 31 December 1999, no such
consensus was reached.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 2
(d) Article XIV(b) of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);
(e) Article 27.2 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS);  and
(f) Article XX (b) and (g) of GATT 1994.
4. The second category includes notifications that are not primarily environment-related, but
contain references to environment-related aspects.  For instance, notifications containing the text of
regional trade agreements may include a clause or a specific environmental provision. In such cases,
reference is made only to the environmental objective or criteria. The notifications might, and usually
do, contain broader objectives or other criteria.
Environment-related notifications in selected GATT 1994 and WTO Agreements (1997-2001)
020406080100120
TBT SPS SCM Agriculture Import Licensing Regional Trade
AgreementsTRIPS QRs1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(Number of notifications/Selected GATT 1994 and WTO Agreements)
5. Annex III contains a complete list of the environment-related notifications in all the
Agreements mentioned in this Note.
A. AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT)
Among the 601 notifications circulated pursuant to the TBT Agreement in 2001, environment was
mentioned as the main or among the objectives of 67 notifications, as illustrated in Table 1
(pages 26-32).  The share of environment-related notifications was 8.07 per cent of the total for 2001.
Environment related notifications have been steadily increasing over the years, as illustrated in the
table below.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 3
Notifications to the TBT Agreement
Year Number of
environment-related
TBT notificationsTotal number of TBT
notificationsPercentage of
environment-related
notifications
1980-1990 211 2687 7.8
1991-2000 610 5322 11.5
1980-2000 821 8009 10.2
1991 35 358 9.7
1992 36 394 9.1
1993 42 487 8.6
1994 35 508 6.9
1995 41 365 10.6
1996 53 460 11.5
1997 89 794 11.2
1998 98 648 15.1
1999 84 669 12.5
2000 97 639 15.2
2001 67 629 9.3
6. TBT notifications contained a diverse group of environmental measures related to:  vehicles,
engines, fuels, energy saving, genetically modified organisms, organic agriculture, pesticides,fertilizers, wastes, eco-taxes, ozone-depleting substances, hazardous materials, and others.
Notifications containing a reference to energy are included in the table if an indication to energy
efficiency or saving is made.
B. A
GREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) M EASURES
7. In 2001, 763 notifications were issued under the SPS Agreement.  As all measures deal with
the safety and protection of human, animal and plant health, treating those taken for human, animal
and plant health as directly environment related might be misleading.  They, therefore, have not been
included in this Note.  Notifications of measures dealing with pests have been excluded if they pertain
to protection of agricultural crops or farm animals;  they have been included if they pertain to the
protection of "territory" or the wild-environment or plants in general.  However, although it may be a
matter of judgement, 26 SPS notifications, found during the search, are mentioned in Table 2
(pages 33-35).
C. AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES (SCM)
8. In 2001, 198 notifications were issued under the SCM Agreement.  Of these, 21 included
environment-related measures, which are mentioned in Table 3 (pages 36-50).  These notifications
covered a variety of programmes, and provisions such as environmental protection measures,
wastewater management programmes, incentives for pollution control, environment protection, re-cultivation of the environment and subsidies for pollution prevention.  Fisheries subsidies are listed in
the table only if there is a reference to the environment (including natural resource management,
preservation and renovation, data collection, analysis and studies on these issues).
7  A similar
                                                     
7 If the objectives of the measure concern income support, restructuring of the sector, modernisation of vessels
etc., it is not considered to be environment-related.  An update of recent notifications related to subsidies and aids granted
more broadly in the fishing industry under the SCM Agreement can be found in WT/CTE/W/80/Add.2.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 4
approach is used for evaluation of measures related to forestry.  Notifications containing a reference
to energy are included in the table if a reference to energy efficiency or saving is made, or if the
objective is to promote development of alternative or renewable energy sources, such as biomass,
solar, wind, or thermal.  Measures related to support for biotechnology are included in the table only
if there is a direct reference to the environment.8
D. AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE
9. In 2001, 235 notifications were submitted by Members under various Articles of the
Agreement on Agriculture.  Forty of these notifications were related to environmental measures.
Table 4 (pages 51-63) includes information on these notifications, 19 of which were made under the
heading of "environment programmes" under "Green box" measures (Annex 2, paragraph 12 of the
Agreement).
10. Among the measures notified were: agricultural domestic support for environmental
programmes, environment-friendly agriculture, biological farming, soil conservation, control oferosion, afforestation of agricultural land, gene ral services on environment, waste management,
preservation of countryside, promotion of sustainable utilisation of natural agricultural resources and
payments for special ecological services.  Measures related to support for biotechnology are not
included in the table.
11. Generally, the table follows the classification of "Green Box" measures according to Annex 2
of the Agreement on Agriculture and the notification requirements and formats set out in the document
G/AG/2.  The table also contains information on bilateral assistance projects for Least-Developed Net
Food Importing Countries (LDNFICs) notified under Article 16 that contains a reference to the
environment.
E. A
GREEMENT ON ANTI-DUMPING
12. In 2001, Members submitted 148 notifications under the Agreement on Implementation of
Article VI (Anti-Dumping) of the GATT 1994.  No notifications were submitted in relation to the
environment.
F. AGREEMENT ON IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES (ILP)
13. In 2001, Members submitted 57 notifications under the Agreement on Import Licensing
Procedures (ILP).  Seven of these notifications listed in Table 5 (page 64) were environment related,
mostly pursuant to Article 7.3 of the Agreement.  They followed the format of Replies to
Questionnaires on ILP (Annex to G/LIC/3).
14. Five of the measures notified referred to import licensing requirements in accordance with
international agreements, such as the Basel Convention on hazardous and toxic waste, the MontrealProtocol on ozone-depleting substan ces, and CITES on endangered species.
G. A
GREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS
15. In 2001, Members submitted 130 notifications under the Agreement on Safeguards. One
notification listed in Table 6 (page 65) was environment-related.  The notification referred to a
temporary quantitative limitation on exports and imports of products considered a threat to the
environment and also to conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
                                                     
8 For example, see notification G/SCM/N/60/EEC.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 5
H. AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION
16. Among the 44 notifications made under Article 22.2 of the Agreement on Implementation of
Article VII of the GATT 1994 (Customs Valuation) in 2001, only one notification pertained to the
environment.  The notifications are listed in Table 7 (page 65) and deal with customs procedures or
determination of the value of imported goods.
I. STATE TRADING
17. In 2001, one notification listed in Table 8 (page 66) was submitted in relation to the
environment, pursuant to Article XVII: 4(a) of  the GATT 1994 and paragraph 1 of the Understanding
on the Interpretation of Article XVII (State trading), among the 39 notifications submitted by
Members. This included special privileges on import and export of certain ores of metals and rare
earths to State Trading Enterprises and possible restrictions on export of minerals and ores, to ensure
their conservation and proper utilisation.
J. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (RTA S), I NCLUDING THE UNDERSTANDING ON THE
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE XXIV OF THE GATT 1994
18. Table 9 (pages 66-68) covers the 10 regional trade agreements (RTAs) which mentioned
environment-related provisions, of a total of 15 that were notified in 2001.  The EDB contains
information only from texts of newly notified RTAs.  Reports on the operation of previously notified
agreements are not extracted, nor background information on previously notified RTAs.
19. Almost all the RTAs included general exceptions related to the environment.  The measures
included in the RTAs related to general or specific  exceptions to trade in relation to environmental
protection, as well as commitments to cooperate on environmental matters.
K. AGREEMENT ON TRADE -RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)
20. Among the 227 TRIPS notifications made in 2001, five, notified under Article 63.2, contained
environment-related provisions.  Table 10 (page 69) lists these notifications, which included laws and
decisions taken pursuant to the principles and provisions contained in the Convention on Biodiversity,
compulsory licensing provisions and non-patentability of plant or animal varieties, or of essentially
biological processes of plants or animals.
L. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS)
21. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made pursuant to Article III.3 of the
GATS.
M. QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
22. Among the notifications pursuant to the Decision on Notification Procedures for Quantitative
Restrictions (QRs),9 two pertain to the environment and are listed in Table 11 (page 70).  Notifications
listed import prohibitions, quantitative restrictions or non-automatic licensing for ozone-depleting
substances (ODS), and used vehicles under Article XX of the GATT.  Members that have notified
quantitative restrictions under Article XX(b) or (g) are listed in G/MA/N/QR/1/Add.8.
N. AGREEMENT ON TRADE -RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS)
23. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made pursuant to the TRIMS Agreement.
                                                     
9 Adopted by the Council for Trade in Goods on 1 D ecember 1995 in G/L/59.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 6
O. UNDERSTANDING ON THE BALANCE -OF-PAYMENTS PROVISIONS OF THE GATT 1994
24. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made pursuant to the Understanding on
the Balance-of-Payments provisions of GATT 1994.
P. AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING
25. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made under the Agreement on Textiles
and Clothing.
Q. AGREEMENT ON PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION
26. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made under the Agreement on
Preshipment Inspection.
R. AGREEMENT ON RULES OF ORIGIN
27. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made under the Agreement on Rules of
Origin.
S. PLURILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS :  AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
28. In 2001, among the 9 notifications submitted under the Agreement on Government
Procurement two were environment related. The notifications are listed in Table 12 (page 70) and
include contract performance requirements relatin g to the solution of environmental problems and
promotion of eco-friendly goods and services by the State and other entities.
T. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENT
29. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made under the Ministerial Declaration on
Trade in Information Technology Products.
U. OTHER NOTIFICATION PROVISIONS
30. In 2001, no environment-related notifications were made under other notification provisions.
II. TRADE POLICY REVIEWS
31. Twenty-one Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs) were carried out in 2001.  References to
environment-related measures, provision or programmes contained in the Secretariat and Government
reports for these TPRs are listed below in alphabetical order (Brunei Darussalam;  Cameroon;  CostaRica;  Gabon;  Ghana;  Guatemala;  Macau, China;  Madagascar;  Pakistan;  Malaysia;  Mauritius;
Slovakia;  Uganda;  United States;  Organization for Eastern Caribbean States
(OECS-WTO Members);  Antigua and Barbuda;  Dominica;  Grenada;  St. Kitts and Nevis;
St. Lucia;  St. Vincent and the Grenadines.  Environment-related references pertain mainly to
import/export restrictions, some pursuant to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), and
national environmental and resource conservation programmes.  Several TPRs contain sections on
environment-related measures and programmes.
32. The Secretariat TPR of Brunei Darussalam (W/TPR/S/84) notes that the Common Effective
Preferential Tariff (CEPT) is the main trade instrument of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), of
which Brunei is a member.  Products excluded by members from their CEPT tariffs could be placed
on the temporary exclusion list (TEL), or on the sensitive or general exclusion lists.  Brunei has listed
motor vehicles under the general exclusion list with the aim of reducing pollution.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 7
33. The report lists restricted imports for 2000 as including any living plant or planting material,
including from Sabah and Sarawak in order to prevent the introduction of exotic plant diseases into
Brunei Darussalam.  The list also includes rhinoceros horn and all other parts of, or products derived
from the carcass of a rhinoceros, with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES) cited as the main reason for this import restriction.  The report also lists fish and other
marine products (except those listed under CI TES), prawns, crab, cuttle fish and any kind of
crustaceans and molluscs, piranha and arawana as well as fishing equipment, as imports subject to
licensing.  The reason cited is to ensure adequate protection of marine resources.  Protection of
national heritage is cited as the reason for including wildlife.
34. Brunei does not have any labelling requirements for genetically modified foods.
35. Although the Ministry of Development is ac tively promoting the adoption of ISO 9000/14000
certification for the construction industry, these are voluntary programmes at present.
36. Logging and other forestry activities are limited in Brunei in large part due to its emphasis on
sustainable use of natural resources and the preservation of biological diversity.  Timber is logged
mainly for local consumption;  Brunei maintains restrictions on imports and exports of timber to
ensure local supply and, ostensibly, for environmental reasons.  The Department of Forestry in the
Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, the principal regulator in the sector, is currently
developing additional timber plantations covering an area of around 30,000 hectares, which, it isestimated, would meet local demand over the next thirty years.  Brunei also intends to use its forests
to develop eco-tourism, an activity targeted by the new "Tourism Master Plan" launched in July 1999.
37. Fishing licences are allocated annually to locally registered companies, including joint
ventures with foreign investors whose vessels are al so registered and licensed in Brunei and fly the
Brunei flag;  all licence holders must land their catch in Brunei.  Fishing licences are renewedannually and are non-transferrable.  Brunei allocates licences on the basis of resource availability and
estimated fishing capacity.  Brunei's fisheries are divided into four zones, each with an estimated
quantity of resources available for harvesting within the stipulated maximum economic yield (MEY);
resource availability within each zone is publicly  advertised for licensing purposes.  The total annual
harvest must not exceed the MEY, which is 20,000 tonnes per year; the current exploitation level isaround 60 per cent of the annual MEY .
38. The Government TPR of Brunei Darussalam (W/TPR/G/84) names the Petroleum Unit as the
principal regulator of the Petroleum and Gas sector in Brunei.  One of its responsibilities is to ensure
adherence to internationally acceptable standards on health, safety and environment.
39. The Secretariat TPR of Cameroon (W/TPR/S/87) notes that a list of the products subject to a
technical visa, for security, health, or environmental reasons, is published annually by the Ministry of
Industrial and Commercial Development in the Programme Général des Echanges.  These products
are subject to technical control and approval by the competent Ministry for health, sanitary, and
phytosanitary reasons, i.e. fishery and livestock products, CFCs, methyl bromide, and pesticides.
Import prohibitions are also applied for environmental and security considerations, for example on
equipment using CFCs and unapproved pesticides.  Cameroon applies the trade prohibitions enactedunder the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES).  At any time, for security, public order, health, environmental, and emergency reasons,
imports of selected goods can be regulated (i.e. subject to prior authorization) or prohibited.  Export
licences are still required to export "strategic" goods, including for ecologically sensitive items under
CITES, such as live animals, birds, and medicinal plants.  Export prohibitions apply to hazardousproducts or to products that contribute to pollution or environmental degradation, including any
product that has been withdrawn from sale, and industrial and toxic waste whose shipment abroad is
regulated.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 8
40. The report notes that Cameroon has requested the WTO Secretariat to provide training and
technical assistance in areas such as SPS (including risk analysis, transparency, and mutual
recognition). In this context, Cameroon expressed the view that developing countries should be able,
on the basis of the precautionary principle, to take protective measures with respect to the import of
foodstuffs declared elsewhere in the world to be a presumed risk to human, animal and plant health,
without first being obliged to conduct a risk analys is.  These measures would apply until the exporting
country produced formal evidence that the risk had been entirely eliminated.   Cameroon is in favour
of the precautionary principle; preventive measures may thus be taken owing to the difficulties it faces
in complying with external standards, the quality control system and sanitary and phytosanitary
regulations.
41. In the area of forestry, the focus of government policies is primarily on:  (i) implementation of
the Yaoundé Declaration on sustainable conservation and management of tropical forests;
(ii) monitoring of forest management plans and supervision of forest development operations;
(iii) preservation and stability of forest ecosystems; and (iv) establishment of an industrialization
policy focusing on high value added.
42. Environmental aspects will be addressed in the new Mining Code under discussion in the
National Assembly.
43. Cameroon is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC) that
is based on the Central African Economic Union (Union  Économique de l' Afrique centrale, UEAC),
which includes as one of its objectives coordination of national sectoral policies on the environment.
The ACP–EC Partnership Agreement (Cotonou Agreement), to which Cameroon is a party, foresees
cooperation in trade-related areas including trade and environment.The Government TPR ofCameroon (WT/TPR/G/87) states that considerable progress has been made in forestry sector reform.
Fostering sustainable management of forestry resources and protecting the environment are among theobjectives of these reforms.  Cameroon is in favour of the precautionary principle;  preventive
measures may thus be taken owing to the difficul ties which it faces in complying with external
standards, the quality control system and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations.
45. The Secretariat TPR of Costa Rica (WT/TPR/S/83) lists ozone-depleting substances (Law
No.7223 of 2 April 1991) as subject to import restrictions.  The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
is authorized to restrict or prohibit the importation or transit of goods where such action is justified on
technical grounds and it is considered that using them would be prejudicial to agriculture, health or
the environment.
46. The only products subject to export licensing are tropical wood logs (valuable woods) and
protected species of wild fauna and flora (Executive Decree No. 25700-MINAE, 15 November 1996 ).
Despite the prohibition in Law No. 7575, 13 February 1996, valuable wood logs can be exportedprovided an appropriate permit has been issued.  So far, no authorization of this kind has been given.
47. The Rational Use of Energy Regulation Act (L aw No. 7447, 3 November 1994) established
tax exemptions for a range of domestic and imported goods used for manufacturing equipment and
generating energy in accordance with energy efficiency standards.
48. Among the products excluded from patentability are plants and animals, as well as essentially
biological processes.  The Biodiversity Act, Law No. 7788, 27 May 1998, establishes rules for access
to the genetic and biochemical elements of biodiversity.  Costa Rica grants protection in this area by
means of, among other things, patents, trade secrets, sui generis  community intellectual rights,
copyright and farmers’ rights.  Protection is not granted to sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid per se ;
plants and animals; non-genetically modified microorganisms;  essentially biological processes of
plants or animals;  natural processes or cycles in themselves;  inventions essentially derived from
knowledge associated with traditional or cultural biological practices in the public domain;  andWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 9
inventions which, if exploited commercially in the form of a monopoly, could adversely affect
agricultural processes or products considered basic for maintaining the food supply and health of the
country’s inhabitants.  The Act recognizes the right of local communities and indigenous peoples to
oppose access to their resources and the associated knowledge, on cultural, spiritual, social, economic
or other grounds.
49. The Secretariat TPR of Gabon (WT/TPR/S/86) states that forest management is the
responsibility of the Water and Forests Administration, which reports to the Ministry of Water,
Forests, Fisheries and Reforestation, which is in charge of environment and conservation.  The
Administration's functions are to manage, supervise and protect the country's forest resources.
50. According to the Government TPR of Gabon (WT/TPR/G/86), sweeping changes in the
forestry sector are being contemplated in a Code that was recently adopted by the Parliament.  The
Code envisages the introduction of sustainable forest management, and preferences in the award of
forestry licences to companies that have installed processing facilities.  Gabon is a member of theInternational Tropical Timber Agreement (1994) , whose ITTO Libreville Action Plan, 1998 to 2000,
had the objective of ensuring that tropical wood sold on international markets in 2000 would come
from sustainably-managed forests.  Gabon is al so a signatory to the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity.  Accordingly, the Forestry Code
establishes a single type of logging permit, "concession under forest management", for areas from15,000 to 600,000 hectares, which will not be granted or renewed unless a company has submitted a
forest management plan that responds to its requirements.  Gabon will also introduce a certification
programme, which is being designed by an inter-agency task force with support from the WWF.
51. The Ministry of Water, Forests, Fisheries and Reforestation is in charge of the environment
and nature conservation, and regulates fishing techniques, equipment, seasons and grounds with aview to conservation.  The Ministry regulates the activities of fishermen, who may not fish without a
licence.  In addition to a licence, traditional and industrial fisheries are required to pay a royalty
whose rate varies as a function of the size of the fleet.
52. Some of the more than 140 tourism sites and reserves have potential for eco-tourism in view
of the diversity of plants and animals they contain;  eco-tourism is currently the fastest growing typeof tourism in the world.  Certain tax advantages are also granted to tourism-related companies
participating exclusively in an approved project.  In return those companies and enterprises undertake
to give priority to employing Gabonese workers and to respect environmental protection legislation.
53. Gabon informed the WTO Secretariat of control measures applied to pesticides and industrial
chemicals in accordance with the PIC (prior informed consent) schedule.
54. Coordination of national sectoral policies including environment is an objective of the Central
African Economic Union of which Gabon is a member , and which is one of the bases of the Central
African Economic and Mone tary Community (CAEMC).
55. The Secretariat TPR of Ghana (WT/TPR/S/81) notes that a major objective of the
Government's reform programme is to implement sustainable management policies with regard to its
key natural resources, such as forests, marine, mineral, and agricultural commodities.  Economic self-
reliance is to be achieved through implementation of policies aimed at promoting sustainabledevelopment.  Implementing effective control ov er the exploitation of such resources, and
encouraging greater domestic processing are seen as important government priorities.  Ghana is
concerned about the possible inclusion in the WTO agenda of issues that are not trade-related,
including the environment.
56. Goods that affect human safety and the environment, such as foodstuffs, beverages,
pharmaceuticals, chemicals, electrical appliances, and second-hand goods, have been classified asWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 10
high-risk and are automatically subject to inspection.  Other items classified as high-risk are:  electric
cables and cords;  switches;  sockets;  plugs;  electric pressing irons;  kettles;  incandescent bulbs;
fluorescent tubes;  dry-cell batteries;  pyrotechnic products;  and arms, ammunition and explosives.
57. The import and export of parrots is prohibited.  An Environmental Protection Council
Certificate is required for the import of chemicals.  Export permits are required for wildlife, timber
products, precious minerals, fish and antiques.  The Ghana Standards Board, primarily responsible forstandardization matters, is collaborating with the Mi nistry of Lands and Forestry to develop standards
for managing Ghana's forests.
58. The main export restriction is for round or unprocessed logs.  In the late 1980s, the export of
18 species of logs was banned.  In 1995, all log exports were suspended to enable Ghana to
implement sustainable forestry management practices.  Government policy has been to replace export
taxes on logs progressively with prohibitions, to encourage downstream processing of timber products
and to preserve forests.  The efficacy of export prohibitions to achieve these economic objectives andto meet environmental concerns is, however, questionable.  Reducing the price of logs lessens the
value of forests, thereby providing a disincentive to conserve and replenish forests.  Processing
industries also have less incentive to invest in modern equipment and technology, since their costs
from log wastage are lowered.  Alternative measures of taxing economic rents from forests that could
be considered as economically more efficient:  the Government sets logging quotas and auctions theseentitlements, and imposes stumpage fees on all logs felled, whether or not exported.  Logging rates
are estimated to exceed sustainable levels.  Revised legislation is intended to strengthen forestry
policies so as to promote sustainable management.
59. The Timber Resource Management Act was passed in 1998 to provide sustainable forest
management.  The Act is to eliminate inadequacies of the previous concession-allocation procedureby replacing it with timber utilization contracts.  Contractors are required to meet social responsibility
requirements, to implement reforestation plans following logging, and to promote the active
involvement of local inhabitants in forest management.  The Act also seeks to increase forest revenues
to reflect the stumpage value of logs by imposing rates ranging from 5 to 20 per cent of the log price,
depending on demand and inventory levels of species.
60. Fish is an important source of protein in Ghana, which is well endowed with these resources.
Most of the catch is from offshore fisheries, mainly tuna and shrimp.  Inland fishing is mainly in Lake
Volta, where overfishing of some key species, such as Tilapia, is reportedly occurring.  The Fisheries
Law is the main legal instrument.  All commercial fishing boats must be licensed by the Fisheries
Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) Unit of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture.  Illegalfishing in Ghana's marine waters is a major problem.  A ban on imported fish was implemented in
1997 and removed the same year.  A revised Fisheries Law is expected to be enacted soon.  This will
create an appropriate legislative framework for more  rigorous control of over-exploitation of fishery
resources, and reconstitution of the MCS Unit to include the navy and police.  An MCS fund is to be
established with contributions from levies and licence fees collected by the Government from fishing
operators.
61. The Secretariat TPR of Guatemala (WT/TPR/S/94) states that investment is subject to various
environmental requirements.  The Law on the Protection and Improvement of the Environment
(Decree 68-86), 28 November 1986, requires a prior environmental impact study for construction and
for industrial projects that could damage the environment or cultural heritage.  The Law on Protected
Areas (Decree 4-89), 10 January 1989, contains restrictions on commercial activities in protected
zones.  Reductions on real estate taxes are available for persons making properties available forprivate natural reserves.  Enterprises operating in Guatemala's free trade zones are all subject to the
country's labour and environmental laws.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 11
62. Guatemala maintains import prohibitions and licensing requirements for reasons of health,
security, and environmental protection.  Pursuant to the Law on the Protection and Improvement of
the Environment (Decree 68-89) of 1989, imports of hum an or animal wastes, treated or untreated, are
prohibited.  For reasons of public health and environmental reasons, the Law on CFCs
(Decree 110-97), 6 November 1997, prohibits imports of products containing CFCs, as well as those
products not freely and legally marketed in their country of origin.  An import license is required fromthe Ministry of the Environment for products that may damage the environment.   Pursuant to Article
30 of the Law on Protected Areas (Decree 4-89), 10 January 1989, approval of the National Council
for Protected Areas (CONAP) is required for the import of plants and animals into protected areas.
Guatemala is analysing the possibility of an im port prohibition for genetically modified products.
63. Exporters of products originating in protected areas or of protected species must be registered
with the National Council for Protected Areas (CONAP) and obtain a special permit for every export.
Pursuant to the Mining Law, mineral exports that do not originate from a licensed exploitation mustbe accompanied by a special export permit.  Article 65 of the Forest Law (Decree 101-96),
2 December 1996, prohibits the exportation of wood chunks thicker than 11 cm, unless they come
from plantations or tree nurseries registered with the National Forest Institute (INAB.)  Furniture and
processed-wood products are exempt from this prohib ition.  All exporting companies have to register
with the INAB.
64. Guatemala is party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES).  Article 26 of the La w on Protected Areas prohibits the export and
commercialisation of endangered species, unless the plants or animals have been bred by authorized
persons under conditions established by that Law.  The export of protected, but not endangered,
species is allowed under specific conditions.  Guatemala also restricts exports in compliance with theMontreal Protocol.
65. The Ministry of Agriculture and Association of Exporters of Nontraditional Products
(Agexpront) have instituted the Integrated Programme to Protect Agriculture and the Environment to
monitor the use of natural resources in order to  protect the environment.  The Inter-American
Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund provides financing to address agricultural andenvironmental protection in the agri-industrial process.
66. All inventions whose commercial exploitation would endanger public health, the lives of
human beings and animals, plants and the environment are excluded from patentability.
67. Sugar molasses are used for the production of alcohol, and cane bagasse for the generation of
electrical energy.  About 18 per cent of Guatemala's electrical energy is generated by this means.
68. The main objectives of Guatemala's Forest Laws are reducing deforestation, increasing the
productivity of the country's forests, promoting investment in forestry activities, conserving forest
ecosystems, and improving living standards of communities living in and around the forests .  A plan
certifying the sustainable management of forests must be submitted during the bidding process forboth forestry concessions (for State owned areas) and licenses (for privately owned zones), and thus
becomes an integral part of the contract.  Pursuant to Article 71 of the Forest Law, INAB may grantincentives for reforestation and management of natural forests to landowners and municipalities.
69. Guatemala's  exports of yellow fin tuna and related products are subject to an embargo by the
United States.  Guatemala has taken various measures, inter alia , joining the Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission, ratifying the Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Programme,
and implementing an inspection programme to ensure that shrimp fishing methods protect sea turtles.
Guatemala's exports of shrimps to the United States are subject to the condition that no harvesting
technology is applied that may harm sea turtles.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 12
70. The Secretariat TPR of Macau, China (WT/TPR/S/82) notes that imports of species listed in
Annexes I, II and III of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES), regardless of country of origin, are subject to a charge according to Decree-Law
No.45/86/M, 26 September 1986.  In 1996 Macau, China introduced new legislation, which revised
the export/import licensing system.  As of 1996, licences are required only for products under the
prior authorization regime (e.g. animals, food products, beverages, etc.), or for CFC products andCITES species.
71. Imports are subject to licensing in order to safeguard consumer health and well-being;  to
preserve domestic plant and animal health, animal life, and the environment;  to enforce intellectual
property rights;  to ensure security;  and, in some instances, to restrict imports.  Imports regulated by
specific laws (i.e. CITES and the Montreal Protocol) and under the prior authorization regime are
subject to licensing.
72. Imports of second-hand motor vehicles, lorries, and motorcycles continue to be prohibited,
with the objective of reducing congestion, noise and air pollution.  According to the authorities, an
import prohibition is used rather than "congestion charges" because the size of the country and the
number of vehicles in circulation do not warrant such a system.  Imports of ozone-depleting
substances originating in or coming from countries that are not parties to the Montreal Protocol are
also prohibited.  Imports of animals and plants of endangered species covered by CITES areprohibited.  In 1996, Macau, China notified the WTO that imports of a number of products
(e.g. CITES species and CFC products) are subject to quantitative restrictions.  Imports of
ozone-depleting substances that do not exceed levels agreed under the Montreal Protocol are subject
to quantitative restrictions.  These quotas are administered through a licensing system.
10
73. While Macau, China does not have an integrated standards regime for standardization,
accreditation and certification, an increasing number of local enterprises have taken the initiative to
voluntarily seek international certification of their quality and environmental management systems to
ISO 9000/14000 standards.  The Macau Productivity & Technology Transfer Centre offers financial
incentives (i.e reimbursement of first-time certification fees) to  encourage  local enterprises to improve
product quality in order to attain ISO 9000/14000 certification.  An additional subsidy is available toenterprises to send their staff to attend ISO 9000/14000 training courses.
74. With regard to intellectual property rights, plant varieties or animal breeds and essentially
biological processes for plants and animals are excluded from patentability.
75. Vessels used for international trade must comply with international regulations and have valid
certificates and documents of international conventions for ship safety and pollution prevention.Vessels for river trade must comply with the regulatio ns of their port of registry;  they should also
have valid certificates and documents for ship safety and pollution prevention.
76. The Secretariat TPR of Madagascar (WT/TPR/S/80) states that Madagascar maintains a list of
products whose export is restricted.  Ministerial clearance or permits are required for goods that the
Government wishes to monitor for various purposes:  preserving national heritage and the
environment, natural resources, wildlife, forestry, marine products, and foodstuffs.  Given
Madagascar's biodiversity, many export restrictions are mandated by Madagascar's adherence to theConvention on International Trade in Endanger ed Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Protected animals include crocodiles, tortoises and lemurs.  Export prohibitions are in place in
agriculture for certain medicinal plants, plant seeds, oil extracts, plant leaves, and a number of tree
barks.  Export prohibitions are also in effect for some fish species because of resource management
                                                     
10 G/LIC/N/3/MAC/2, 3 January 2000; and Regulatio n on Utilization of Quotas of Importation of
Trichloroethane of 9 October 1996.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 13
concerns, and for mineral products deemed rare by the Malagasy authorities.  In the forestry sector,
the Ministry of Forests and Water oversees export controls on a variety of woods.
77. Despite these export controls, officials from the Ministry of Environment note that there are
difficulties in controlling trade in prohibited animal s due to resource limitations.  The same is true for
wood exports, medicinal plants and other biodiverse products on the list of export restrictions.  In
addition to increased enforcement efforts, the Gove rnment is attempting to create new procedures to
protect these products and to encourage biomedical research in Madagascar .
78. Agricultural and rural development policy is embodied in the Action Plan for Rural
Development (Plan d'Action pour le Développem ent Rural, PADR) for 1992-2002, whose objectives
include the exploitation of Madagascar's natural re sources, consistent with environmental protection
and sustainable development.
79. With regard to fisheries, a freeze at 36 licences for artisanal fishing and 75 for industrial
fishing was agreed for the west coast, pending completion of a scientific study on the sustainable
potential for fishing.  The authorities expect the introduction of this new system to substantially
enhance good management practices.
80. The Government has endeavoured to harmonize forest conservation with sustainable
development, including through a New Forestry Policy revolving around four themes:  stemming thedegradation of forests;  managing forest resources better;  increasing the acreage and potential of the
forestry sector;  and improving the economic performance of the sector.  The Ministry of Forests and
Water is responsible for implementation of the New Forestry Policy, the goal of which is to enhance
the contribution of forestry to the sustainable development of Madagascar's natural resources.  The
Ministry is also responsible for the regulation of trade in forestry products.  Numerous restrictions arein place due to Madagascar's biodiversity and the desire to safeguard plant species, pursuant to
CITES.
81. The Government encourages small and large-scale mining projects with emphasis on safety
and environmental concerns.  To ensure that expansion of the mining sector is in conformity with its
environmental conservation policies, the Government requires that investors bear the cost ofproducing an environmental impact statement, and that all operations be carried out in accordance
with the  Mise en Compatibilité de l'Investissement et de l'Environnement (MECIE).
82. One aim of the Government's energy policy is protection of the environment and public health
in energy-related activities and promotion of the use of local sources of energy, particularly
renewables.
83. The Government TPR of Mada gascar (WT/TPR/G/80/Rev.1)  notes that a negative list for
imports still exists for reasons of health, safety and protection of the environment.  The Ministry of
Fisheries and Fishery Resources is implementing a control and surveillance programme in
collaboration with concerned partners.  The Malagasy Government has set as its main objective the
sustainable development of high-quality tourism based on several guiding principles, including due
regard for the environment, socio-cultural values and national heritage.
84. The principal sources of energy in Madagascar are wood and coal;  the continuing use of
which is a threat to the environment.  In order to provide energy for all Malagasy people while
conserving the environment, the Government aims at the sustainable supply of high-quality energy at
universally affordable prices.  The report refers to the establishment of environmentally friendly
standards for plants and services as a priority for reform of the electricity sector.  The development of
cleaner industry is an objective of Madagascar's industrial development strategy.  The activitiescarried out by the Ministry of Industrialization and Crafts are to be pursued according to Framework
Law 99-021, 19 August 1999, on industrial pollut ion management and abatement policy.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 14
85. The Secretariat TPR of Pakistan (WT/TPR/S/95) notes that Pakistan continues to prohibit
imports of several items contained in its negative list, although the number of items has been reduced.
Included in this list are dyes based on, or containing, benzidine and hazardous wastes as defined in the
Basel Convention.  Two items have been introduced on environmental grounds:  waste plastics and
pressure horns.  Certain imports, such as ozone-depleting substances and certain chemicals, are
subject to quantitative limits based on domestic needs.
86. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) is responsible for the development,
implementation, and monitoring of compliance with National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS) that are approved by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council.11  The Ministry of
Science and Technology provides grants for professional studies to small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) intending to improve industrial productivity and management quality and to
obtain ISO 9000/14000 accreditation.
87. Since July 1999, the scope of export prohibitions has been reduced and focuses on health,
social or environmental protection in accordance with commitments under international treaties.  The
negative list of items prohibited for export includes:  wildlife species of CITES and all animals,
mammals, reptiles and endemic birds protected by any provincial Wildlife Act;  meat, horns, bones,
hides and skins untanned/tanned, finished leather or garments made thereof; products and materials
related to wild life or their derivatives;  stuffed/unstuffed, mounted hunting trophies;  and preservedspecimens of wild animals.
  The National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (NCCW), as the
management authority of CITES, may authorize exemptions for:  research;  trophies from community-
managed conservation areas;  and commercially-bred sweet-water turtles (upon the issue of no
objection certificate (NOC) by the NCCW).  The NOC list includes endemic birds, exotic captive bred
birds, guinea fowl, common turkey, domesticated or exotic pigeons, Java sparrows, zebra finches,white finches, domestic ducks, domestic geese, budgerigars, cockatiels, love birds, common crows,
house sparrows, Japanese quails, bob white quails, day old ducklings, Bengali finches, screne and
gimp/fereme finches and domesticated rabbits.
88. Pakistan is facing numerous problems of environmental pollution and degradation of natural
resources (e.g. industrial and vehicle air pollution, deforestation, desertification, waterlogging, andsalinity).  By 1998 – 1999, only 20 to 25 per cent of solid waste was collected and disposed;  only 3
per cent of industrial waste is treated while the rest is discharged into rivers and lakes;  sea and water-
borne diseases accounted for 20 to 30 per cent of all hospital cases.  Pakistan subscribes to most major
environment-related agreements, and measures were  taken to fulfil commitments in this context.
These include CITES (ratified on 20 April 1976);  the Convention on the Conservation of MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals (1 December 1987);  the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer (18 December 1992);  the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
(18 December 1992);  the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (26 July 1994);  the Convention on Biological
Diversity (26 July 1994);  and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1 June 1994), as
well as those agreements under process, i.e. Prior Informed Consent Procedures for certain Hazardous
Chemical and Pesticides in International Trade;  Pe rsistent Organic Pollutants;  Protocol on Biosafety.
89. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency (PEPA) are responsible for formulation of national environmental policies and
programmes.  The PEPA is responsible for the development and implementation of environmental
standards and for monitoring compliance with those standards, while the PEPC approves the National
Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS).  NEQS fo r municipal and liquid industrial effluent and
industrial gaseous emissions, motor vehicle exhaust, and noise have been in force since August 1993.
Further efforts were made by, inter alia,  passing the 1997 Environmental Protection Act,
strengthening the institutional setting, raising public awareness and reforestation projects (supported
                                                     
11 Ministry of Environment at http://www.environment.gov.pk/ , 25 July 2000.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 15
by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund (GEF)).  By mid-2000, the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Council had explored methodologies for the implementation of
environmental legislation.12
90. Under the 1997 Environmental Protection Act, it is mandatory for private and public project
proponents to submit their plans for Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact
Assessments for clearance by the authorities.  Pa kistan has participated in the work of the WTO
Committee on Trade and Environment, where it expressed its views on matters such as environmental
standards, eco-labelling, and "win-win" situations.13
91. In the forestry sector, the ban on logging to protect already heavily depleted reserves was
temporarily suspended for 2001.  One third of the forest area is productive, i.e. timber (mainly for
house construction and furniture) and firewood.  The remaining two thirds  is maintained for
environmental stability.
92. The Government TPR of Pakistan (W/TPR/G/95) states that for reasons of environment,
public health and morality, or Pakistan's commitments under multilateral conventions, export of
13 products (e.g. drugs, endangered species, etc.) is not allowed.
93. The Secretariat TPR of Malaysia (WT/TPR/S/92) notes that Malaysia continues to prohibit
imports of certain items on environmental grounds, including certain liquors containing lead;  sodium
arsenate;  certain poisonous chemicals;  Piranha fish;  turtle eggs;  cocoa pods;  and rambutan,pulasan, longan and namam fruits produced in the Philippines and Indonesia.  Import-licensing
requirements were most pervasive in forestry and logging and animals and animal products, amongst
other sectors.
94. Given that forestry and logging activities can have detrimental environmental effects if left
uncontrolled, licensing is necessary, according to authorities, to ensure monitoring and control;  if leftunlicensed there would be "fly-by-night" operations and more irresponsible logging.  The authorities
maintain that promoting the use of locally
 produced commodities in domestic downstream industries
is one of the main objectives of export duties;  in the case of forestry products, export duties are also
regarded as an effective means of forestry management.  Export restrictions may not be the best way
to tax resource rents and thereby ensure the sustainability of Malaysia's forests;  more efficientalternatives include, for example, the auctioning of  logging quotas or the imposition of stumpage fees.
According to the authorities, however, export dut ies are used by the Federal Government because
such alternatives cannot be imposed on the State governments, within whose jurisdiction taxation of
natural resources, like forestry, apparently lies, although some States do use tendering for logging
quotas, in combination with fixed premium charges, and incorporate stumpage values into royaltycalculations.
95. There is no protection for plant varieties at present under Malaysia's patent legislation.
96. The report refers to tax incentives provided by the Government for investments that aim at
environmental protection, among other objectives.
97. The Secretariat TPR of Mauritius (WT/TPR/S/90) mentions aerosols using
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as a propellant with co ntents other than pharmaceutical products and
items containing CFCs as listed in the category of prohibited goods.  A permit from the Ministry
                                                     
12 Specific areas of concern prior to 1998 included the inability of provincial environmental protection
agencies to design cost-effective strategies for the enforcement of National Environmental Quality Standardsand the absence of a pollution control system at the national level (International Monetary Fund onlineinformation, http://www.imf.org/external/np/pfp/pakistan/index.htm .)
13 WT/CTE/M/11, 22 August 1996;  WT/CTE/M/14, 25 June 1997;  and WT/CTE/M/17, 9 April 1998.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 16
responsible for agriculture is required prior to the import or export of plants and their by-products,
animals, and animal products.  The permit is issued by the Ministry responsible for fisheries in the
case of fish or sea products.
98. The Government's environment policy is to apply the "polluter pays" principle as widely as
possible.  The laws and regulations on environment protection include:  the 1991 Environment
Protection Act;  the 1996 Environment Protection (Drinking Water Standards) Regulations;  the 1997Environment Protection (Effluent Limitations for the Sugar Industry) Regulations;  the 1997
Environment Protection (Environmental Standards for Noise) Regulations;  and the 1998
Environment Protection (Environmental Standards for Air) Regulations.  Various notices, including
enforcement and prohibition notices, are in place to be served to industries that fail to comply with the
regulations and guidelines.  The guidelines are published for Inland Surface Waters (1998), Coastal
Water Quality (1999), and for Irrigation Water (1999).  Voluntary Environmental Management
Systems Standards are also promoted.  The Maur itius Standards Bureau (MSB) has adopted ISO
14000 standards on environmental management;  Mauritian industries are acceding to these standards.
As from 1 January 2001, a levy of 0.75 per cent has been collected on the monthly turnover of hotels,
boarding houses, and the stone crushing industry.
99. Mauritius is a member of, inter alia , the International Plant Protection Convention, the
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Inte rnational Office of Epizootics (OIE), the
Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Vienna
Convention on the Protection of Ozone Layer, the M ontreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Ozone Layer, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal, and the Bamako Convention on the Prohibition of International Trade inWaste with Africa.
100. The report mentions various incentive schemes to  encourage investment;  capital expenditure
on environmental protection technology is eligible for a higher than average initial investment
allowance.  Mauritius has consolidated its legislation on the development of the industrial sector since
1993 to provide a new legal framework for protection of the environment, among other objectives.
101. The Government intends to develop fisheries within sustainable levels, while ensuring that
local demand for fishery products is met.  Excess fishing in the lagoon has encouraged fishing in off-
lagoon areas through the use of fish aggregating devices (mainly the vertical longline technique).  The
use of nets is being discouraged.   In 1998, a Ten-Year Development Plan for fisheries was adopted,
which emphasizes the sustainable use of existing resources and protection of marine eco-systems. ANational Fisheries Development Authority is being set up to promote sustainable fisheries
development, exports, marketing, product development, and consumption of fish and fish products.
102. In the tourism sector, the report notes that deficiencies in waste treatment in heavily
developed tourism areas are having a negative impact on the marine eco-system. Government policy
has emphasized the promotion of low-impact and hi gh-spending tourism.  To this end, hotels with
over 80 rooms are required to install their own wa ste treatment plant.  Hotels have invested in
renovation to take into consideration ecological concerns.  A few hotels have acquired the GreenGlobe Certification, an indicator of their commitment to operate in an efficient and sustainable
environment.  Two hotels have obtained ISO 9002 certification.  In addition, the Government has
banned direct charter flights to Mauritius.  It is monitoring construction of new hotels and has limited
the maximum number of rooms per hotel to 200 since 1989.  Applications for investments in hotel
projects are processed by the Ministry responsible for Tourism and are subject to the approval of theMinistry for Environment, among other ministries.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 17
103. Regional projects of the Indian Ocean Comm ission (which has 5 Member States, Comoros,
Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion (France) and the Seychelles) include programmes for the
environment, and an oil spill contingency planning project.
104. The Government TPR of Mauritius (WT/TPR/G/90 ) speaks of consolidation and expansion of
industrial and service bases, through adoption of a coordinated approach between industry and the
environment to ensure sustainable development.
105. The Secretariat TPR of Slovakia (WT/TPR/S/91) notes that Slovakia bans the imports of
GMO food and meat treated with growth-promoting hormones.  Imported cars older than 10 years are
also prohibited for health and environmental reasons.
106. Slovakia supports the views on multifunctionality of agriculture as contributing to
environmental, social and other functions.  At the same time, agricultural assistance may also have
adverse environmental effects.  Marginal land in industrial regions has been shifted into intensive crop
production, so that 150,000 to 180,000 hectares (or 7 per cent of Slovakia's total agricultural land) hasbeen damaged or endangered by soil erosion.  A further 80,000 to 100,000 hectares of farmland has
been damaged by emissions, and thus contaminated by heavy metals.  However, Slovakia intends to
change its agricultural policies to gradually change the support scheme (from 2001) of less favoured
areas by moving to multi-level support, which means separating support oriented at maintenance of
the landscape;  fulfilment of environmental tasks and suitable agricultural production for these areas;and other support (for all areas) for environmental programmes (among other objectives).
107. In the mining sector, environmental standards set to operate by 2006, will limit the use of
brown coal for power generation to about 1.6 million tonnes, which will accelerate the contraction of
the Slovak coal industry, since its coal has a high sulphur content and is environmentally polluting.
108. Energy efficiency is a high priority for Slovakia.  Slovakia adopted a new energy policy in
2000 aimed at further preparing for its integration into the EU and promoting sustainable
development, in addition to ensuring continued energy supplies.  The objective is to eliminate all gas
and electricity subsidies to consumers, including cross subsidies, by 2003 at the latest.
109. State aid in Slovakia is defined in the legislat ion to cover national budgetary assistance in any
form, direct and indirect, such as subsidies, realization and provision of State guarantees, loans andthe provision of services below cost.  State aid legislation permits assistance to manufacturing
industries for specified purposes, including environmental improvements, subject to certain limits.
State aid legislation does not cover assistance to agriculture, forestry, fisheries and water
management.  A proposed amendment to the State Aid Act is expected to remove the exclusion of
water and fisheries management.
110. The Government TPR of Slovakia (WT/TPR/G/ 91) mentions environmental requirements,
among other goals, in pursuing quality in the fiel d of production, trade and consumption.  This is done
by increasing general awareness and quality management, increasing the quality of SMEs, as well as
in the services sector, organization of prestigious quality contests, and by providing a system of
protection of public health.
111. The Secretariat TPR of Uganda (WT/TPR/S/93) notes that, amongst the trade policies and
practices in Uganda, most non-tariff restrictions are maintained for moral, health, security and
environmental reasons.  Import licensing has been  abolished except for items in a "negative list",
including imports banned under international agreements to which Uganda is a signatory.  Imports
under the negative list require a prior authorization, which must be obtained from the Ministry of
Tourism, Trade and Industry.  For wild endangered species, permission of the national Management
Authority for CITES must be obtained.  For items covered by international conventions to whichUganda is a signatory, such as certain wild animals and their trophies, prior authorization must beWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 18
obtained from the Uganda Wildlife Authority;  this is granted only if the exporter can satisfy the
authorities that the export item does not endanger the conservation of the species.
112. The Ministry of Water, Lands and the Environment is one of the many ministries involved in
trade policy formulation.  The Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (MTTI) makes
recommendations on trade policy formulation to the Cabinet.  The Uganda National Bureau of
Standards (UNBS) and the Ugandan Wildlife Au thority (UTB) are one of the many statutory
institutions affiliated to the MTTI.
113. Regional cooperation is important in Uganda's environmental protection strategy as well as in
standard setting.  The Inter-governmental Authority for Development (IGAD), of which Uganda is a
Member, was formed in 1977.  The initial aim of IGAD was to combat drought and desertification,
but its mandate has been expanded to include new priority areas, such as economic cooperation,
conflict prevention, resolution, management and humanitarian affairs.
114. In May 1995, Uganda enacted the National Envir onment Statute, which is a framework law to
be complemented with subsidiary laws.  In this context, the Government has, since 1996, formulated a
number of guidelines, codes of conduct, and regulations, some of which have trade implications.  The
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines (1997) and Regulations (1998) and the
Environment Audit Guidelines (1999) provide a framework for assessing the likely impact of
proposed developments, including establishment of processing facilities and the likely environmentalimpact of new imports or export processes.  Th e National Environment (Standards for Discharge of
Effluent into Water and on Land) Regulation (1999), the Waste Management Regulations (1999), and
the Regulations on Management of Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Materials (1999) prohibit the
import of wastes, and the disposal of imported wastes and imported goods damaged in transit.
115. Under the National Environment Statute, the National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) and lead agencies recently developed regulations to control access to genetic and biological
resources in Uganda.  The draft regulations on Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources and
the draft Biosafety Policy Framework provide a framework for the management of imports and
exports of biodiversity resources and biotechnology.  The regulations cover the sharing of benefits
with local communities, biological resource owners, research institutions and the Government forplants and plant products or by-products from Uganda.
116. NEMA is the statutory authority mandated through the National Environment Statute to
formulate environment standards in a number of priority areas.  Five such standards have been
considered for development, including discharge of effluent into water or land, air quality, soil, and
noise and vibration pollution.  The development of  environment standards is aimed at protecting
environment quality and public health;  building and strengthening the credibility of environmental
requirements nationally, regionally and internationally;  ensuring fairness to all the regulated
communities so as to minimize social conflicts;  and reducing costs and liability by making polluters
shoulder the short-term costs to attain long-term benefits economically and ecologically.
Environmental standards are for sustainable development purposes.
117. The Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture, released in August 2000, has as an objective the
promotion of sustainable use and management of natural resources.  Bananas, the most abundantly
cultivated food crop in Uganda and accounting for 15 per cent of world production, provide, among
other functions, soil surface cover and prevent soil erosion.
118. Total forest estates cover about 14 per cent of Uganda's land area and forestry accounts for
about 6 per cent of GDP.  Uganda approved a National Forestry Policy in 2001 to address concerns
about the loss of forest cover in recent years, caus ed by clearance for agriculture, the over-harvesting
and degradation of forests, the encroachment of Government reserves, and the degazetting of forest
reserves for alternative purposes.  Forestry management in Uganda has been heavily biased in favourWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 19
of forests in protected areas.  The public sector has exercised exclusionary management of these
resources.  Farm forestry and forests outside of protected areas receive little attention and few
resources;  little has been done except for projects funded by donors.  The new policy forms part of a
larger process, the 1999 Forest Sector Umbrella Prog ramme, which will include legal and institutional
changes.  Control of forestry resources, however, has been decentralized to local governments, and
this presents a challenge for future policy implementation.  As part of a strategy to encourage value-added products, exports of raw timber are prohibited.
119. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) by the National Environment Management
Authority are required before a license for a fish-processing plant is issued.  The Authority also has to
approve an EIA in the mining sector, which must th en be presented to the Department of Geological
Survey and Mines before a mineral exploration license is issued.
120. A capacity building programme, supported by the World Bank and other donors, is being
undertaken for development of the mining sector.  It includes an environmental information system,as well as management and sustainability of small-scale and artisanal mining.  Uganda has put in
place a National Mineral Policy and is revising its Mining Statute.  The Statute also proposes to
regulate the commercial exploitation of industrial minerals, such as clays, sand, murram, and building
stones to promote environment protection, among other objectives.
121. Uganda is well positioned to take advantage of the tourist industry due to its cultural and
historical heritage, along with an endowment of bi ological diversity.  An Integrated Tourism Master
Plan, developed by the Department of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (DTWA), in cooperation
with the UN Development Program in 1993, emphasizes the conservation of wildlife, among other
objectives.  The DTWA is charged with developing a competitive and sustainable tourist industry
consistent with the protection and conservation of environmental and cultural values.
122. The Secretariat TPR of the United States (WT/TPR/S/88) notes that US law authorizes the
enforcement of environmental regulations in relation to imports under various statutes, as detailed in
previous Reviews.  In particular, domestic environmental provisions governing the use of marine
resources have been enforced, in a number of cases, through trade measures.  In 1991, under the
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), an embargo was placed on tuna imports from countriesfailing to protect dolphins when fishing in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  The import ban, which
was successfully challenged in the GATT, has been removed on imports from countries found by the
United States to be in compliance with the Inte rnational Dolphin Conservation Programme (IDCP).
Under the MMPA as amended in 1997 to implemen t the international agreement on the IDCP, a
country may export yellow fin tuna to the United States if it submits evidence that it participates in theIDCP and takes certain other conservation measures.  Since 1999, two countries have been certified as
meeting the requirements.  Imports of yellow fin tuna from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean must be
accompanied by evidence supplied by the exporting country that dolphin mortality limits permitted
for the exporting country have not been exceeded.  Exporting countries are also required to be, or to
have taken steps to become, a member of the In ter-American Tropical Tuna Commission.  Producers
meeting these requirements may label their product s as dolphin-safe tuna.  The import ban currently
applies to Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Spain,Vanuatu, and Venezuela, although some of these countries are in the process of completing the
requirements for lifting the ban.
123. Section 609 of Public Law 101-162 Relating to the Protection of Sea Turtles in Shrimp Trawl
Fishing Operations, enacted in 1989, provides, inter alia , that shrimp harvested with technology that
may adversely affect certain sea turtles may not be imported into the United States unless theharvesting nation has been certified to have a regulatory programme, and an incidental take-rate
comparable to that of the United States, or that the particular fishing environment of the harvesting
nation does not pose a threat to sea turtles.  All shipments of shrimp and shrimp products into the
United States must be accompanied by a declaration attesting that they have been harvested eitherWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 20
under conditions that do not adversely affect sea turtles or in waters subject to the jurisdiction of a
nation currently certified pursuant to Section 609.  Since January 1999, revisions have been issued to
the guidelines implementing Section 609.14
124. All shrimp-harvesting nations are subject to the import ban, but the United States has certified
sixteen nations as having sea turtle protection programmes comparable to that of the United States,
and twenty-five nations as having fishing environments that do not pose a danger to sea turtles.15
125. In 1996, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, and Thailand brought a joint complaint to the WTO
against the import prohibition under Section 609.  The Appellate Body found that the measure was not
justified under Article XX of GATT 1994 (on exceptions to the Agreement).16  In November 2000,
Malaysia brought a complaint against US implementation of this ruling.17  The original panel was
reconvened and found in favour of the United States.18
126. The Pelly Amendment to the Fisherman's Protective Act of 1967 authorizes the US Secretary
of Commerce to certify a country for activities that diminish the effectiveness of an internationalfishery conservation programme.  A certification triggers a process for the President to consider the
imposition of import restrictions against the country, to the extent such restrictions are sanctioned by
the WTO.  In September 2000, the Secretary of Commerce certified Japan under the Pelly
Amendment for undermining international efforts to protect whales.  Certification was based on
Japan's decision to kill two additional species of whales under its research programme in the NorthPacific.  In December 2000, the President sent a letter to Congress stating that he did not believe that
import prohibitions would further US objectives at that time, but directing certain Executive agencies
to keep Japan's whaling activities under active review.
127. The United States notified, for Members to comment upon, 45 technical regulations in 1999
and 32 in 2000, including new energy efficiency regulations on air conditioners, water heaters, andother machinery, mostly implemented by the Department of Energy.  Regulations were proposed by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the use of the gasoline additive methyl tertiary-butyl
ether (MTBE).
128. The United States has made the most notifications to the WTO concerning sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, with over 500 notifications and addenda as of 4 May 2001, reflecting asystematic process of notification to the WTO of all proposed changes in domestic SPS measures.
The number of annual notifications has increased sizeably in recent years, from about 80 in 1999 to
over 200 in 2000 and 100 as of 9 May 2001 (including addenda).  The increase largely reflects the
notifications relating to tolerance levels for residues of chemicals in food products notified by the
Environmental Protection Agency.  The EPA's mission is to protect human health and to safeguard thenatural environment, notably by reducing environmental risk.  In regard to measures applied to protect
plant and animal health, the Department of Agricu lture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) has regulatory responsibility to safeguard US and animal and plant resources from exotic
pests and diseases.
19
129. Several federal agencies regulate agricultural biotechnology.20  APHIS regulates the field-
testing of genetically engineered plants and certain microorganisms.  APHIS also approves and
licenses veterinary biological substances that may be the product of biotechnology, including animal
                                                     
14 Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Section 609 of Public Law 101-162, Federal Register
Vol. 64, No. 130, 8 July 1999.
15 65 Federal Register 25785 (27 April 2000).
16 WT/DS58/AB/R, 12 October 1998.
17 WT/DS58/18, 8 November 2000.
18 WT/DS58/RW, 15 June 2001.
19 Recently published APHIS rules and notices are posted online at:  http://aphis.usda.gov/ .
20 See International Trade Administration information at: http://www.ita.doc.gov/NewsFrameset.html .WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 21
vaccines.  In addition, the Food and Drug Administ ration (FDA) has recently proposed a requirement
for the submission of data and information regarding plant-derived bio-engineered foods.21  The EPA
regulates most genetically-altered microorganisms under the Toxic Substances Control Act.
130. Testing of biotechnology-derived plants requires prior APHIS approval.  Generally, before a
genetically-engineered crop can be produced on a wider scale and sold commercially, its creators
must petition APHIS for a "determination of non-regulated status", i.e. for the new plant to be treatedlike any other plant.  All petitions  are published in the Federal Register for public comment.  APHIS
has granted approval to over 5,000 field trials si nce 1987.  About 40 new agricultural products have
completed all the federal regulatory requirements (from all relevant agencies) and may be sold
commercially.  They range from longer-lasting tomatoes to pest-resistant corn.
22  Biotech soybean,
cotton, and corn acreages have increased dramatically since the introduction of these crops in the mid-
1990s.  They accounted for 20-44 per cent of acreage planted in 1998.23
131. As the world's largest producer and exporter of foods derived from biotechnology
(i.e. containing genetically modified organisms (GMO s)), the United States may be affected by import
measures targeting these products, including special approval procedures and mandatory labelling
requirements already imposed or proposed by a number of WTO Members on foods derived from
biotechnology.24  In the WTO, the United States submitted a proposal in the context of the agriculture
negotiations, seeking to ensure that processes covering trade in products developed through newtechnologies are transparent, predictable, and timely.
25  The United States has also provided a list of
all notifications made by WTO Members regarding genetically modified agri-food products.26
132. The United States is a party to most international environmental agreements.  Exceptions
include the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal, and the Bonn Convention on the Conser vation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
Before the United States can formally ratify the Basel Convention, domestic legislation must be in
place to implement all of the Convention's requirements.  For example, while US law already requires
the written consent of an importing country before hazardous waste is exported from the
United States, there are no provisions for ensuring that waste sent without proper authorization is
repatriated, a requirement under the Basel Convention.  The Administration is in the process ofpreparing to implement legislation to allow the United States to ratify this Convention.  The United
States is also in the process of developing implementing legislation to ratify the Rotterdam
Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC ) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade, and the recently concluded Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs).
133. The United States signed the December  1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change, but has announced that it will not ratify the Protocol "because it
exempts 80 per cent of the world, including major population centres such as China and India, from
compliance, and would cause serious harm to the US economy."
27  The United States has expressed
                                                     
21 G/SPS/N/USA/384, 24 January 2001.
22 USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) recently released the first government data on acreage of
biotechnology-derived crops.  The ERS report is available at:  http://www.econ.ag.gov/whatsnew/issues/biotech ,
and http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib762/ .
23 A listing of US laws that use import restrictions to encourage foreign governments to comply with
US environmental standards is available online at:  http://www.itds.treas.gov/EnvImp.html .
24 Mandatory labelling for GMOs is in place for example in the EU, and has also been introduced or
will soon take effect in Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Japan, Switzerland, and other countries.
25 G/AG/N/W/15, 23 June 2000.
26 G/TBT/W/115/Add.1, 18 October 2000.
27 Letter of 13 March 2001 from President Bush to Senators Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Chuck
Hagel of Nebraska, Pat Roberts of Kansas, and Larry E. Craig of Idaho.  For the status of ratification of theKyoto Protocol see UNFCCC Secretariat online information at:  http://www.unfccc.int/resource/conv/ratlist .WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 22
its intent to work with other nations to develop new technologies, market incentives and other
approaches to addressing climate change.
134. The United States participated in the negotiations to conclude the Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity  (CBD), but has not signed or ratified it.28  This is
partly because the United States has not ratified the CBD and therefore cannot sign the Cartagena
Protocol.  The Protocol addresses trade in living modified organisms (LMOs), a small subset ofGMOs.  The Protocol will enter into force after the deposit of the 50
th instrument of ratification.
135. In December 2000, USTR and the Council on Environmental Quality released guidelines for
the environmental review of trade agreements.29  Environmental reviews are required for three types
of trade agreement:  comprehensive multilateral trade rounds, bilateral or plurilateral free-trade
agreements, and major new trade liberalization agreements in the natural resources sector.  In
April 2001, USTR announced that it would proceed with an environmental review of the current
WTO negotiations on agriculture and services.  Environmental assessments of trade liberalizationagreements are also a focus of US efforts in the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.
136. The Trade Promotion Authority framework released as part of the 2001 International Trade
Agenda was based on the premise that, in the trade and economic sphere, inter alia , the
US Administration can promote environmental protection; this would include actions such as those
included in an illustrative list provided in a "Labour and Environmental Toolbox".
30
137. The Government TPR (WT/TPR/G/88) of the United States highlights trade liberalization as
supporting protection of the environment and promoting other social goals, through improving
economic and social conditions.  This, in turn, helps countries to improve the environment, enhance
observance of labour standards, and make progress on other critical social issues.  Trade liberalization
has to be supplemented by appropriate environmental policies.  The report lays emphasis onidentifying and pursuing areas where trade liberalization holds particular promise for yielding both
trade and environmental benefits.  Three areas that hold such promise are the reduction or elimination
of trade distorting measures in the agriculture sector;  the elimination of subsidies that contribute to
overfishing;  and opening markets for environmental goods and services.
138. Actions to promote environmental protection range from cooperation and support for
multilateral institutions to focusing US aid and trade promotion programs on projects that encourageand are consistent with environmentally sound policies .
139. Environmental services is one of the eleven service sectors in which the United States has
presented proposals for further liberalisation under current negotiations on an expanded frameworkfor trade in services.
140. The Secretariat TPR of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)-WTO Members
(WT/TPR/S/85) notes that environmental taxes on returnable glass and plastic containers are applied
in all countries.  Dominica also imposes an environmental charge on gasoline, and on domestic
appliances, electric heaters, and television receivers.  In Grenada, an environmental levy is charged on
a range of imported electrical appliances, and on imported vehicles.  Prohibited and restricted exports
in each OECS Member are listed either in a schedule of the Customs Act or in a Trade RegulationOrder.  Certain exports are prohibited in accordance with CITES and with respect to hazardous goods.
                                                     
28 Further information on the Cartagena Protocol can be found in WT/CTE/M/24, 19 September 2000.
29 For further information see http://www.ustr.gov/releases/2000/12/guides.pdf .
30 See USTR online information at:  http://www.ustr.gov/toolbox.pdf .WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 23
141. There is no OECS-level common policy concerning standards or technical regulations.  All
OECS Members have established their own independen t bureau of standards.  Only the activities of
the St.Lucia Bureau of Standards have been notified to the WTO.
142. The Government TPR of OECS-WTO Members (WT/TPR/G/85) notes that environmental
levies are used to enable OECS countries to assist in solid waste disposal and protection of the
environment.
143. TPRs of the six Members of the Organization of  Eastern Caribbean States are covered below.
144. The Secretariat TPR of Antigua and Barbuda (WT/TPR/S/85/ATG) notes that imported
beverages in glass and plastic containers are subject to an environmental (returnable) tax of
EC$0.25 per container.  Import prohibitions are applied on certain products, generally for health,
security, moral, or environmental reasons.  There are phased reduction schedules for ozone-depleting
substances based on the Montreal Protocol.  Among these substances are CFCs, which are used
predominantly in the air-conditioning and refrigerating industry.  In compliance with the MontrealProtocol, the Government has applied quantitative restrictions on imports of R
12, R 11, and R 502.
Imports of reconditioned vehicles from Japan and Korea are restricted;  according to the authorities,this is because quality problems have been encountered.  Imports of vehicles using Freon in their air-
conditioning system are prohibited;  they may, however, be imported once the air-conditioning system
has been changed.
145. Exports of birds (HS 01.06.99) are prohibited, as well as exports of any live or dead wildlife
or their parts.
146. The Antigua and Barbuda Bureau of Standards (ABBS) is the national standards body, with
the sole responsibility for the preparation and promulgation of standards, and for dealing with
standards-related matters, such as metrology and quality.  Standards are formulated generally byconsensus between the Bureau, the concerned parties, and the consumer.  The mandate to prepare a
standard generally comes from the Standards Council as a request from the general public, or as a
result of a development in the commercial environment that would impact negatively on the health
and safety of the consumer or the environment, or that could have adverse effects on trade, and hence
require the adoption of a standard.
147. The Government TPR of Antigua and Barbuda (W/TPR/G/85/ATG) lists the following
elements of its environmental policy:  maintenance of costal areas and natural habitats, especially
watersheds, mangroves, reefs, beaches;  mandatory  Environmental Impact Assessments;  pollution
control, waste management and recycling;  strengthening and enforcing of the legislative framework;
and renewable energy generation;  biodiversity conservation.
148. The Secretariat TPR of Dominica (WT/TPR/S/85/DMA) notes that, as part of its programme
of structural reform, the Government has undertaken to upgrade infrastructure through the Public
Sector Investment Programme, including projects to improve the water and sewage infrastructure, to
protect coastal areas, and to develop eco-tourism.  In general, foreign direct investment is encouraged
for production that, in addition to other objectives, does not harm the environment.
149. Dominica imposes an environmental surcharge on certain goods when imported into, or
manufactured and sold, in Dominica.  In this resp ect, a charge of EC$0.25 per container is levied on
non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages included in HS Chapter 22.  A charge of EC$0.12 per gallon is
applied on gasoline, and a 5 per cent charge is levied on some domestic appliances, electric heaters,
and television receivers.
150. Exports of any live or dead wildlife or parts thereof are prohibited, in accordance with
Section 32 of the Forestry and Wildlife Act to protect and conserve wildlife in Dominica.WT/CTE/EDB/1
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151. The Protection of New Plant Varieties Act No. 14 of 1999 grants breeder's rights in respect of
plant varieties that are new, distinct, homogeneous, stable, and given a denomination that is
acceptable for registration.  A variety is considered new if it has not been sold or otherwise disposed
in Dominica for longer than a year before the application for protection is filed; and, outside of
Dominica, for longer than six years before the effective filing date in Dominica in the case of trees or
vines or longer than four years in the case of other plants.  A variety is considered distinct if it isclearly distinguishable from any other variety;  homogeneity is defined by a variety showing the same
expression of the same characteristics;  and a variety is considered stable if its relevant characteristics
remained unchanged after repeated propagation.
152. Applications for the grant of breeder's rights may be filed by citizens of Dominica, of a
Contracting Party to the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, or any
other States that grant reciprocity of treatment to  Dominica.  Breeder's rights include production or
reproduction of the variety, conditions for the purpose of propagation, offering for sale, marketing,exporting, importing, and stocking.  Breeder's rights are not extended to acts concerning material of
the protected variety.  The period of protection is 25 years for vines, forest, ornamental and fruit trees,
and 20 years for all other species.
153. Efforts have been undertaken to position Dominica as an eco-tourism destination, mainly
through the declaration of the Marne Trois Pitons National Park as a World Heritage Site, and thedeclaration of the Marne Diablotin as a national park in January 2000, bringing the area of protected
land to some 41,000 acres.
154. On 5 September 2000, the International Maritime Act of 2000 was passed by Parliament,
which established an International Ships Registry and improved the standards to be observed by ships
flying the Dominica Flag, particularly in areas of safety and environmental protection.  Dominica is amember of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and participates in a number of
international maritime conventions that deal with maritime safety or environmental protection.
Dominica does not participate in any maritime convention for liabilities and compensation;  all other
OECS Member States, with the exception of St. Lu cia, participate in some of these conventions.
However, Dominica is in the process of acceding to the major conventions regarding liabilities,compensation, and oil pollution.
155. The Government TPR of Dominica (WT/TP R/G/85/DMA) notes that Dominica has a
landmass of 751 square kilometres with 65 per cent of its land area under forest cover.  Dominica is
reputed to have the largest rain forest in the Lesser Antilles and is the most mountainous of the eastern
Caribbean Islands.  These factors combine to make the island an ideal eco-tourism destination.  Themajor strategic medium-term objective of the Government is to facilitate the accelerated emergence of
modernized, more diversified and resilient economic structures, which will be more compatible with
the imperative of ecological sustainability.  Environmentally acceptable productions systems are part
of a strategy that aims to support the continuing transformation of the banana industry into one that is
capable of competing in the market place.  Invest ments in infrastructure include the establishment of
an environmental management unit to monitor progress on the introduction of sustainable production
processes consistent with new initiatives in organic farming .
156. The Secretariat TPR of Grenada (TRR/W/S/85/GRD) notes that an environmental levy per
container is charged on imported water and all types of beverages in plastic and glass bottles, and in
other containers.  The levy was implemented through the Environmental Levy Act No.5 of 1997, and
amounts to EC$0.50 per plastic or glass container, and EC$0.25 in the case of other containers.  TheComptroller of Customs collects the environmental levy upon importation into the country.  The
objective of the levy is to protect the environment in the wake of an increase in imports of beverages
in plastic and glass bottles:  75 per cent of the levy is refunded within six months of its payment on
satisfactory proof to the Comptroller of Customs, by the importer, of the re-export of the container or
of its disposal in a manner that is acceptable to the Grenada Solid Waste Management Authority.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 25
Similarly, an environmental levy of 1 per cent of the c.i.f. value is charged on a range of goods
including fans, air conditioning machines, refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing
equipment, clothes dryers, dish washing machines, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, floor
polishers, kitchen waste disposers, and television receivers (including video monitors and projectors).
An environmental levy is also charged on imported vehicles;  new vehicles are charged a levy
equivalent to 2 per cent of the c.i.f. value;  the same levy is applied on imported used vehicles lessthan five years old, except trucks.  A levy of 30 per cent of the c.i.f. value is charged on imported
vehicles over five years old.  In the case of importe d used trucks over five years old, the levy is 5 per
cent of the c.i.f. value for trucks between 1 and 10 tonnes, 10 per cent for trucks between 11 and
20 tonnes, and 20 per cent for trucks of 21 tonnes and over.
157. A number of agricultural products are subject to import controls.  The authorities have noted
protection of the environment as one of the reasons for controls on some of these products.  Export of
wild birds (HS 0106.99) is prohibited in accordance with the Birds and other Wild Life (Protection)
Act, Cap. 34 of the Laws of Grenada.  Export of other birds requires a written licence as mandated by
the Prohibition of Bird Exportation Act No. 9 of 1991.
158. The Government TPR of Grenada (WT/TPR/G/85/GRD) states that improving environmental
management is a medium-term objective of the Government in the context of repositioning the
Grenadian economy as a more diversified, competitive and knowledge-based economy, therebyensuring that the quality of life of all its citizens is enhanced.
159. The Secretariat TPR of St. Kitt's and Nevis (WT/TPR/S/85/KNA) notes that St. Kitts and
Nevis is the only OECS country that is not a member of the International Maritime Organization
(IMO).  However, St. Kitts and Nevis participates  in the International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) , the International Convention on the Establishment of an
International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution  (FUND), and the International Convention on
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC).
160. The Secretariat TPR of St. Lucia (WT/TPR/S/85/LCA) notes that the 1999/2000 Budget
introduced a number of fiscal measures designed to enhance revenue collection, including the
introduction of an environmental levy on a group of imported goods.  Restricted exports are listed inPart III of the Third Schedule of the Customs Act of 1990.  Restricted exports include rare or
threatened plants and animals unless accompanied by a permit issued by the CITES authorities.  The
authorities noted that this Schedule is out of line with current practice, and needs to be updated.
161. The Government TPR of St. Lucia (WT/TP R/G/85/LCA) states that the Five-Year
Agricultural Sector Policy developed by the Government for 2000-2005 has, among its objectives, the
sustenance of the country’s national resource base and biodiversity, through the adoption of a Systems
Approach to the conservation of terrestrial and marine eco-systems.
162. The Secretariat TPR of St. Vincent and the Grenadines (WT/TPR/S/85/VCT) notes that
exports of birds (HS 01.06.99) are prohibited and, in general, restrictions under the CITES are
followed.  Export of a number of products is restricted and subject to licensing requirements,
including coral, turtle shells, live sheep and goats, lobster and conch, and coconuts.  Temporary bans
apply for the export of lobster under the Oysters (Closed Season) Order of 1939, as amended in 1944.The lobster-closed season is from 1 May to 31 August, during which lobster capture and sale
(including for export) is forbidden.  The closed season for turtles is from 1 March to 31 July.  In the
case of conch, size regulations apply to their sale or export;  the closed period is determined by
regulation.  The collection of coral from St. Vincent and the Grenadines' waters requires written
permission from the Chief Fisheries Officer.  Under the Export (Sea Foods) Regulations of
21 November 1967, a licence is required for the export of more than 500 lb. of fish, turtle, lobster,
conch, whelk, sea eggs, and oysters.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 26
Table 1:  Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/BEL/11 Belgium Royal Order concerning the
establishment of a grant scheme forthe promotion and installation of lowpropane gasoline systems in vehiclesTo combat acidification and
tropospheric ozone
G/TBT/N/BEL/14 Belgium Belgian standards NBN EN 228 and
590 for motor fuelsTo place on the market
products which are moreenvironmentally friendlyand make them more
attractive to consumers by
way of a tax cut
G/TBT//N/BEL/17 Belgium Preliminary draft Royal Decree
setting out regulations for coffins and
shrouds upholstery should be madeexclusively from natural,biodegradable materials including
requiring that shrouds should also be
made exclusively from natural,biodegradable materialTo implement Article 12 of
the Act of 20 July 1971 on
cemeteries and undertakingservices under which theCrown also has the authority
to define the conditions to
be met by coffins andshrouds
G/TBT/N/BEL/18 Belgium Proposal updating the forest
protection measures in the BelgianForestry Code by including damagecaused by the spillage of oil,
hydraulic fluid and grease during
forestry operations and requiring theuse of lubricant products approved bythe executory decisions of the
Walloon GovernmentTo limits serious pollution in
the event of spillage oraccidental loss duringforestry operations through
the use of biodegradable
lubricants
G/TBT/N/BEL/27 Belgium Preliminary draft law concerning
various fiscal provisions relating to
eco-taxes and eco-rebatesTo make the end-consumer
aware of the need to use
beverages that produce the
least possible amount ofpackaging waste
G/TBT/N/BRA/27 Brazil Government Act No. 3871, laying
down labelling registrationrequirements for packaged foodproducts containing or produced with
genetically modified organisms.To protect the environment,
health and the consumer
G/TBT/N/CAN/9 Canada Proposed amendment to the Pest
Control Products Regulations to
implement language requirements for
labelling of pest control products(pesticides) under the Pest Control
Products Act (PCPA) that comply
with requirements of the Official
Languages Act (OLA)To protect human health and
safety and the environment
G/TBT/N/CAN/10 Canada Proposed Order adding toxic
substances, namely ammonia,
nonylphenol and its ethoxylates (NP
and NPEs), textile mill effluents(TMEs) and inorganic chloramines toSchedule 1 of the Canadian
Environmental Protection ActTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/CAN/11 Canada Proposed amendment to the Ozone-
Depleting Substances Regulations
(1998) in order to eliminate the
current exemption for the use of CFCsin human or animal health careproducts and establish a phase-out
schedule that will eliminate the use of
CFCs in metered dose inhalers byJanuary 1, 2005To protect the environmentWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/CAN/15 Canada Proposed Order adding two additional
substances: benzidine and its salt(benzidine dihydrochloride), and
hexachlorobenzene to Schedule 1 of
the Canadian EnvironmentalProtection Act, also includingconditions specific to
hexachlorobenzeneTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/CAN/20 Canada Proposed Order adding toxic
substances to the Canadian
Environmental Protection Act 1999To protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/CAN/23 Canada Regulation fixing maximum limits on
concentration of sulphur in diesel fuel
for use in on-road vehiclesTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/CHL/16 Chile Establishment of requirements for
Class A1 diesel fuel and unleadedpetrolTo control air pollution
G/TBT/N/CHL/17 Chile Ban on mixing kerosene with other
fuels and establishment ofrequirements for kerosene for
domestic and industrial use stored,
distributed and marketed in theMetropolitan 5
th, 6th, 7th and 8th
regionsTo control air pollution
G/TBT/N/CHL/18 Chile Amendment to the Decree of the
Ministry of Health No. 977 of 1996establishing a labelling system for
transgenic foodstuffsTo provide consumers with
information
G/TBT/N/CHL/23 Chile Draft revision of the Plan for the
prevention and reduction of pollution
in the Metropolitan region
establishing the maximum permittedemission levels of CO, HC, NOx, andMP from heavy vehicles (lorries):
EPA 98 and EURO III standardsTo reduce polluting
emissions in an area
saturated with air pollution
G/TBT/N/CHL/24 Chile Draft revision of the Plan for the
prevention and reduction of pollution
in the Metropolitan region
establishing the maximum permittedemission levels of CO, HC, NOx, andMP from buses of the official public
transport system:  EPA 98 and EURO
III standardsTo reduce polluting
emissions in an area
declared saturated with air
pollution
G/TBT/N/CHL/25 Chile Draft revision of the Plan for the
prevention and reduction of pollution
in the Metropolitan regionestablishing the maximum permittedemission levels of CO, HC, NOx, and
MP from light and medium-sized
vehicles:  TIER1 (California) andEURO III standardsTo reduce polluting
emissions in an area
declared saturated with airpollution
G/TBT/N/COL/6 Colombia Draft Resolution making non-
mandatory certain mandatory
Colombian official technicalstandardsTo protect against radiation
and dangerous substances
G/TBT/N/COL/10 Colombia Draft Resolution establishing
standards and maximum permissibleemission limits for solid and liquidmultiple-chamber incinerator residueTo protect the environment
G/TBT/N/CRI/1 Costa Rica Technical regulations RTCR 69:2000
on minimum standards of quality,packaging and labelling for domestic
or imported dried onionsTo protect the environmentWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 28
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/CUB/1 Cuba MINCEX/SIME Joint Resolution of
16 July 2001 establishing minimumtechnical requirements for air-
conditioning machinery and
equipmentTo reduce the environment
impacts and establishparameters for energy
efficiency and noise levels
G/TBT/N/CZE/2 Czech Re public Draft Act on Packaging laying down
the rights and obligations of legal and
natural persons authorised forbusiness activities and competenciesof state authorities in production of
packaging, in placing the packaging
and packed products on the market ortheir circulation, during re-use ofpackaging, system of collection of
packaging, recovery and use of
packaging waste, reprocessingTo reduce the mass, volume
and harmfulness of
packaging and chemicalsubstances of  packaging onenvironment
G/TBT/N/CZE/4 Czech Re public Draft Act (which replaces Act No.
125/1997 Coll. on wastes) dealing
with the management of wastes
including of municipal, dangerous andselected wastes, includingclassification and evaluation,
collection, purchase and energy
utilisation, management, removal anddisposal of wastes in such a way toprevent negative impacts on all
components of environmentTo ensure a high level of
health and environmental
protection and attainment of
sustainable development(among others)
G/TBT/N/CZE/7 Czech Re public Decree of the Ministry of
Environment laying down principles
of good laboratory practice,
procedures for verifying theirobservance, procedures for issuingcertifications and procedures of
checking compliance with principles
of good laboratory practice.  For nonclinical tests of safety of industrialchemical substances, substances of
natural or biological origin
respectively of living organismsTo obtain data on properties
of these substances or their
safety with respect to human
health or environment
G/TBT/N/CZE/23 Czech Re public Draft Order No 2001 Coll. on
technical requirements for products
with respect to noise emissionsTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/EEC/3 European
CommunitiesDraft Commission Decision
concerning the non-inclusion of
parathion as active substance inAnnex I to Directive 91/414/EECproviding for withdrawal of
authorisations for plant protection
products containing parathionTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/EEC/4 European
CommunitiesDraft Commission Decision
concerning the non-inclusion of
chlorfenapyr (pesticide) as an active
substance in Annex I to Directive91/414/EEC and the withdrawal ofauthorisations for plant protection
products containing this active
substanceTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/EEC/6 European
CommunitiesProposal for a regulation of the
European Parliament and of the
Council laying down a centralisedprocedure for safety assessment andauthorisation of GM food and feed
(cfr products covered) as well as
comprehensive labelling requirementsTo protect health,
environment and the
consumer and preventdeceptive practicesWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 29
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/EEC/7 European
CommunitiesProposal for a regulation of the
European Parliament and of theCouncil laying down a Community
system for the traceability and
labelling of GMOs and traceability offood and feed products produced fromGMOs at all stages in the marketTo protect health,
environment and theconsumer and prevent
deceptive practices
G/TBT/N/HKG/2 Hong Kong, China Consultation paper on labelling of
genetically modified food invitingviews on certain proposals on GM
foodsTo facilitate consumer
information
G/TBT/N/HKG/4 Hong Kong, China Voluntary draft energy efficiency
labelling scheme for multifunction
DevicesTo promote consumer
awareness of energy
efficiency
G/TBT/N/HKG/5 Hong Kong, China Voluntary draft energy efficiency
labelling scheme for passenger carsTo promote consumer
awareness of energyefficiency
G/TBT/N/HKG/6 Hong Kong, China Voluntary energy efficiency labelling
scheme for electric rice-cookersTo promote consumer
awareness of energyefficiency
G/TBT/N/JPN/8 Japan Enactment of the Cabinet Order and
the Ministerial Ordinance of the Lawfor Promotion of Effective Use of
ResourcesTo ensure effective use of
resources and environmentalprotection
G/TBT/N/JPN/15 Japan Amendment introducing the
provisions for mandatory labelling for
GM agricultural products to indicate
the changed composition or nutrientcontent and to state that they are GM.This applies to products which are not
equivalent to corresponding existing
ones in their composition ornutritional value, and processed foodsmainly made of such agricultural
productsTo protect consumers
G/TBT/N/JPN/20 Japan Partial amendment to the safety
regulations for road vehicles, and
others establishing standards of
vehicle emission for trucks, buses,diesel passenger vehicles, andrestricting the use of motor vehicles in
specific areas (metropolitan districts
with heavy environmental pollution)To prevent environmental
pollution by nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and particulate matter
(PM) in metropolitandistricts
G/TBT/N/JPN/31 Japan Amendment of the regulation relating
to the production, coordination, stock
and package of the designated seedsand seedlings to introduce a provisionthat GM varieties which are not
certified as safe under the Food
Sanitation Law shall not be containedin the processing stage and finalproductsTo ensure the quality of
distributed designated seeds
and seedlings
G/TBT/N/KOR/4 Korea Emission standards for automobiles To protect the environment
G/TBT/N/KOR/25 Korea Basic environmental testing
proceduresIn accordance with Article 5
of the Electric Appliances
Safety Control Act
G/TBT/N/NLD/7 Netherlands Draft General Administrative
Regulation establishing regulations
with regard to the building of
buildings from the point of view ofsafety, health, usability, energyefficiency and the environmentTo protect the environment
(among others)WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 30
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/NLD/9 Netherlands Amending the Working Conditions
Regulation on activities involvingcontact with volatile organic
substancesTo protect health,
environment and theconsumer
G/TBT/N/NLD/23 Netherlands Decree regulating wood preserved by
means of copper compoundsTo protect the environment
G/TBT/N/NLD/26 Netherlands Regulation banning the manufacture
or, whether or not processed in apreparation or product, import into the
Netherlands, use or the having
available of 1,1 (isopropylidene) bis
[3,5-dibromine-4 (2,3-dibrominepropoxy) benzene]To protect the environment
G/TBT/N/NLD/29 Netherlands Draft Decree implementing Directive
2000/53/EC of the EuropeanParliament and the Council of18 September 2000 on end-of-life
vehiclesTo prevent or limit the
emergence or disposal ofvehicle waste
G/TBT/N/NLD/31 Netherlands Decree regulating the transport of
dangerous goods by airTo implement international
obligations on safety
G/TBT/N/NLD/33 Netherlands Decree on the rules limiting the
environmental effects of clay pigeonshooting banning the use and having
at one's disposal, lead and zinc shot
cartridges and the use of clay pigeonswhich contains levels of substancesexceeding a certain limitTo protect the environment
(against the emergence ofserious soil pollution)
G/TBT/N/NLD/34 Netherlands Regulation on the issue and
characteristics of closed leg-rings andother markings for bred birds
belonging to protected indigenous
animal species and bred birdsbelonging to protected exotic animalspecies, insofar as these have been
included in Annexe A to the CITES
Basic RegulationTo ensure that the marking
of bred birds by means ofleg-rings and other markings
is carried out in accordance
with the obligation laiddown in Article 36 of theCITES Implementing
Regulation
G/TBT/N/NLD/35 Netherlands Regulation on the designation of
protected animal and plant species
under the Flora and Fauna ActTo designate the protected
indigenous and exotic
animal and plant species
G/TBT/N/NLD/36 Netherlands Regulation on the administration of
the possession of and trade in
protected animal and plant speciesTo monitor compliance with
the Flora and Fauna Act and
CITES
G/TBT/N/NLD/37 Netherlands Regulation on the exemption of
protected animal and plant species
under the Flora and Fauna Act, takingaccount of the provisions of theCITES Basic and Implementing
RegulationsProtection of plants and
animals in the wild
G/TBT/N/NZL/2 New Zealand Proposed measures to prevent the
accidental import of GM sweet cornseed into New Zealand that are not
approved under the Hazardous
Substances and New Organisms Act1996To ensure that GM sweet
corn seeds are notaccidentally released into the
environment through
imports of contaminatedconventional sweet cornseed
G/TBT/N/NZL/3 New Zealand Legislation to restrict for two years
consideration and approval by therelevant agency of applications to
release GMOs into the environmentTo allow for research into
the impacts of GMOs, and toimplement enhancements to
the legislative framework
governing release of neworganismsWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 31
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/NZL/4 New Zealand Regulations requiring products of the
specified classes to meet minimumenergy performance standards, or
carry an energy efficiency label (as
appropriate) in accordance with therelevant standards if sold in NewZealandTo improve energy
efficiency of householdappliances
G/TBT/N/NIC/6 Nicaragua Mandatory technical standard for
hydrocarbon supply establishingregulations covering the methods,
techniques, analyses or tests necessary
to ensure that quality standards aremet by finished petroleum productsTo protect the environment
G/TBT/N/NIC/9 Nicaragua Mandatory technical standard for the
environmental control of sanitarylandfills for harmless solid wasteestablishing the general and specificcriteria, as well as the environmental
and technical specifications and
parameters, for the location, design,operation, maintenance and closure offacilities for the disposal of harmless
solid waste in sanitary landfillsTo protect the environment
G/TBT/GEN/POL/1 Poland Regulation on the introduction into
mandatory use of standards
concerning environmental protection
and forestry of Sept. 1999To protect the environment
and forestry
G/TBT/N/ZAF/5 South Africa (Draft) Regulations governing the
labelling of foodstuffs obtained
through certain techniques of geneticmodification prescribing requirementsrelating to labelling as regards the
making of claims relating to non-
genetically modified, enhancedcharacteristics or GM-freeTo provide consumers with
information relating to GM
foods
G/TBT/N/SWE/4 Sweden Ordinance prohibiting the use of
ammunition containing lead andprohibiting the offering for sale andtransfer of ammunition containing
lead shotTo protect human health and
the environment
G/TBT/N/SWE/7 Sweden Regulation (1985:19) for the
prevention of pollution from shipsTo reduce pollution
G/TBT/N/THA/49 Thailand Labelling of food obtained through
certain techniques of GM/Genetic
EngineeringTo protect consumers
G/TBT/N/THA/50 Thailand Proposal to enforce TIS 2064-
2544(2001) concerning fittings for
water-closet flushing cisterns as amandatory standardTo protect the environment
(water conservation)
G/TBT/N/THA/51 Thailand Proposal to enforce TIS 2065-
2544(2001) on types and dimensionsof flush valves for water closets andtypes and sizes of flush valves for
urinals as a mandatory standardTo protect the environment
(water conservation)
G/TBT/N/THA/52 Thailand Proposal to enforce TIS 2066-
2544(2001) concerning showers as a
mandatory standardTo protect the environment
(water conservation)
G/TBT/N/THA/53 Thailand Proposal to enforce TIS 2067-
2544(2001) concerning faucets for
sanitary ware as a mandatory standardTo protect the environment
(water conservation)WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 32
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/TBT/N/USA/3 United States Energy Conservation Program for
Consumer Products proposingchanges to test procedures for central
air conditioners and heat pumpsTo test these products to
measure energy efficiencyand use
G/TBT/N/USA/13 United States Control of emissions from non-road
large spark ignition engines and
recreational engines that cause or
contribute to air pollution but thathave yet to be regulated by theEnvironmental Protection AgencyTo maintain or even
improve the performance of
products when producing
engines and equipmentmeeting the proposedstandardsWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 2:  Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SPS/N/AUT/2 Austria Regulation laying down additional
requirements for imports of woodpacking material or iginating in China
(except Hong Kong, China), Korea,
Taiwan and the USA in order to prevent
the dissemination of the Asian longhornbeetlePlant protection
G/SPS/N/CHL/74 Chile Regulations establishing rules and
procedures for authorizing theimportation into Chile of geneticallymodified plant propagation materialPlant protection
G/SPS/N/EEC/134 European
CommunitiesDraft Directive establishing maximum
levels (maximum level relative tofeedstuffs for animals with a moisture
content of 12 per cent for
polychlorinated dibenzo- para -dioxins
(PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs)  as part of an
overall comprehensive strategy to
reduce the presence of dioxins inenvironment, food and feedFood safety
G/SPS/N/EEC/135 European
CommunitiesDraft Directive establishing action
levels (action level relative to afeedstuff with a moisture content of 12per cent for polychlorinated dibenzo-para -dioxins (PCDDs) and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
as part of an overall comprehensivestrategy to reduce the presence ofdioxins in environment, food and feedFood safety
G/SPS/N/EEC/136 European
CommunitiesDraft Directive establishing action
levels in meat and meat productsintended for human consumption for
polychlorinated dibenzo- para -dioxins
(PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs)  as part of an
overall comprehensive strategy to
reduce the presence of dioxins in
environment, food and feedFood safety
G/SPS/N/EEC/137 European
CommunitiesDraft Directive establishing action
levels in meat and meat products
intended for human consumption forpolychlorinated dibenzo- para -dioxins
(PCDDs) and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs)  as part of an
overall comprehensive strategy toreduce the presence of dioxins inenvironment, food and feedFood safety
G/SPS/N/EEC/146 European
CommunitiesDraft Commission Regulation
withdrawing the authorization ofnifursol on the basis of Article 9 of
Council Directive 70/524/EEC, which
provides for the withdrawal of theauthorization of an additive inparticular if it represents a risk for
human or animal health or the
environmentFood safetyWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 34
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SPS/N/JPN/77 Japan Amendment introducing mandatory
requirement for safety assessment offeed and feed additives produced by
recombinant techniques, and
establishing the procedure for safetyassessment of such feed and feedadditives, the standard for
manufacturing such feed and feed
additives, and the maximumpermissible amount (1%) of presence ofnot approved feed in Japan that finished
a safety assessment by a foreign
government.  Feed and feed additivesproduced by recombinant DNAtechniques that have not finished safety
assessment shall be neither imported
nor sold in JapanAnimal health
G/SPS/N/KOR/94 Korea Public Notice establishing on a
voluntary basis appropriate guidelines
relating to the data review procedures
on risks to the agricultural environmentwhich may be caused by GMOs eitherdomestically produced or importedPlant protection and protection of
territory from damages from pests
G/SPS/N/KOR/98 Korea Tentative phytosanitary measures
(import prohibition) to prevent theintroduction of sudden oak death and
Alder diseasePlant protection
G/SPS/N/MEX/170 Mexico Emergency Official Standard NOM-
EM-002-RECNAT-2000 establishing
guidelines for phytosanitary
requirements to be met by forestryproducts and by-products, wheneverthey have not been established by a
specific Official StandardTo protect territory from other
damage from pests
G/SPS/N/MEX/172 Mexico Changes to Official Standard NOM-
005-FITO-1995 establishing external
quarantine to prevent the introduction
of the Khapra BeetleTo protect territory from other
damage from pests
G/SPS/N/MAR/13 Morocco Order Regulating the importation of
plants and parts of plants susceptible to
being infested by certain harmfulspecies of animal and plant pestsPlant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/33 New Zealand Generic import health standard stating
the requirements for the importation ofall Pinus radiata seeds for sowing into
New Zealand including biosecurity and
quarantine (among others)Plant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/35 New Zealand Generic import health standard stating
the requirements for the importation of
all Pseudotsuga menziesii  seeds for
sowing into New Zealand includingbiosecurity and quarantinePlant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/65 New Zealand Draft import health standard proposing
that all used vehicles for export to New
Zealand must be inspected externallyand internally and all used vehiclesarriving in New Zealand must be
accompanied by a phytosanitary
certificate issued by the national plantprotection organisation of the countryof export confirming that import
requirements have been metTo protect New Zealand's native
and introduced flora from the
entry, establishment or spread ofgypsy moth and related speciesWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SPS/N/NZL/143 New Zealand Draft import requirement summary
revising the phytosanitary requirementsfor the importation of fresh table grapes
(Vitis vinifera ) from the US (California)
to mitigate the risks of Homalodisca
coagulata  (glassy-winged sharpshooter)
and Xylella fastidiosa  (Pierce’s disease)
which may be present in the pathwayPlant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/158/Rev.1 New Zealand Import risk analysis of Cordyline  and
Dracaena  cut flowers and branches for
the development of a generic import
health standard encompassing the pestlist, pest categorisation, risk assessmentand risk mitigationPlant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/159 New Zealand Draft import health standard for cut
flowers and branches of Cordyline  and
Dracaena  from all countries describing
the phytosanitary requirements for
importing these commoditiesPlant protection
G/SPS/N/NZL/160 New Zealand Legal document temporarily
suspending the export trade in
Californian table grapes so that pest risk
analyses can be undertaken on theexotic spiders asso ciated with this
pathway, particularly Latrodectus  sppTo protect human health and the
environment from pests
G/SPS/N/NZL/161 New Zealand Legislation amendments restricting for
a period of two years consideration andapproval by the relevant agency of
applications to release GMOs into the
environment. and applying toapplications to import GMOs forrelease, and to applications to release
GMOs from containment with
provision for exceptionsTo protect territory from other
damage from pests
G/SPS/N/PER/23 Peru Regulations providing for the
introduction by SENASA of the "Pest-
free Area Maintenance Plan" to avoidpropagation of citrus pestsTo protect territory from other
damage from pests
G/SPS/N/PER/25 Peru Resolution abolishing the rules
governing the importation of vegetableproducts hosting Thrips palmi  and other
Thrips  imported from ColombiaPlant protection and to protect
territory from other damage frompests
G/SPS/N/SVN/7 Slovenia Plant Health Act prepared on the basis
of Council Directive 2000/29/EC onprotective measures against the
introduction into the EC of organisms
harmful to plants or plant products andagainst their spread within the ECPlant protection
G/SPS/N/SVN/12 Slovenia Regulation on protective measures on
preventing the introduction, spread andsuppression of harmful organisms onplants, plant products and otherregulated objectsPlant protection and to protect
territory from other damage frompests
G/SPS/N/ZAF/9 South Africa (Draft) Regulations governing the
labelling of foodstuffs obtained throughcertain techniques of genetic
modification - Notice No. R.366 of 4
May 2001Food safetyWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 3:  Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures31
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SCM/N/48/CYP
(update of notificationcontained inG/SCM/N/38/CYP)Cyprus • A grant scheme to assist
manufacturing industries to
establish pollution control
systems
• Grant
• Scheme effective since 1994 for
a period of five years
• Manufacturing firms who were
in operation prior to 1January1993To assist manufacturing
industries to install systemsfor the minimization ofpollution in the environment
G/SCM/N/71/EEC European
Communities• Accompanying measures of the
Rural Development Programmes,
European Agriculture andGuidance Fund (EAGGF) –guarantee section
• Grants
• 2000-2006
• Aid is co-financed with the
Member states who are
responsible for implementation
of the programme and theselection of individual projectsAgro-environmental
measures and afforestationof agricultural land (among
others)
• Aid to the coal industry under
Commission Decision No.3632/93/ECSC
• Direct and indirect measures or
support by public authorities
linked to production, marketing
and external trade; allocation, forthe direct or indirect benefit ofthe coal industry, of the charges
rendered compulsory as a result
of State intervention as well asaid elements contained infinancing measures taken by
Member States in respect of coal
undertakings which are notregarded as risk capital providedto a company under standardmarket-economy practice
• 1994-2002
• Coal industryTo help the coal industry
adjust to environmentalprotection standards (amongothers)
• Financial Instrument of Fisheries
Guidance (FIFG) – structuralmeasures in the fisheries andaquaculture sectorTo contribute to achieving a
sustainable balance between
fishery resources and their
exploitation (among others)
                                                     
31 The description of the Measure or programme is arranged (wherever possible) as follows:
• Title of the measure or programme;
• Form of assistance, if mentioned;
• Indicative duration of programme if mentioned in a notification (if time is not mentioned in the table, the notification
contains no reference to the duration of a measure or it says that the measure is not limited in time); if a programme or
measure has been discontinued or terminated but is still not notified, that means there were some pending liabilities
(payments, collectibles, interest rate subsidies, guaranties,  losses to be covered etc.) spilling over the next periods;
• Principal beneficiariesWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 37
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Aid to fishing fleets, aquaculture,
processing and marketing
circuits, port facilities and socio-
economic measures
• 2000-2006
• Shipowners, enterprises,
producer organizations, public
and private bodies, professional
organizations, cooperatives,fishermen
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.1 European
Communities forAustria• Guidelines on the Granting of
Aid to the National Industries for
Environmental Protection
Measures
• Non-repayable cash grants
• EnterprisesTo provide economic
assistance to environmentalprotection measures carriedout by enterprises, no matter
what the type of industry is,
which the pertinent recipientbelongs to
• Guidelines on the Granting of
Aid to the Waste Water
Management in industrial
Enterprises
• Non-repayable cash grants
• EnterprisesTo provide economic
assistance to waste watermanagement projects carriedout by enterprises, no matter
what the type of industry is,
which the pertinent recipientbelongs to
• Guidelines on the Granting of
Aid to the Management ofAbandoned Polluted Sites
• Non-repayable cash grants
• Enterprises and to local
authorities in favour of themanagement of abandonedpolluted sitesTo provide economic
assistance to measuresaiming at the rehabilitationof contaminated sites.
Priority is given to those
contaminated sites which areregistered in the nationalregister of contaminated
sites
• Special Programme for the
Strengthening of the Tyrolean
Economy ("Impact PackageTyrol")
• Non-repayable cash grants
• 26 May 1999 -31 December
2006
• Primarily to small and medium-
sized enterprises, but also to
larger enterprises in both the
manufacturing industries and theservice-related industriesTo promote investment
projects carried out
especially by small and
medium-sized enterprises inthe fields of research anddevelopment, environmentalprotection, energy-saving
(among others)
• Assistance to the Industrial
Waste Water Management by
means of the Region of Styria
• Non-repayable cash grants up to
a maximum amount of ten per
cent of the volume of the eligible
gross investment costs
• 24 January 2000 – 31 D ecember
2006
• EnterprisesTo provide economic
assistance to the waterprotection measures carriedout by enterprises in the
manufacturing industries
• Assistance by Guarantees for
Credits and Loans
• Deficiency guarantees for credits
and for loans without any
charges
• Enterprises both in the
manufacturing industries and in
the service-related industriesTo enable investment
projects carried out in thefields of innovation and
technology, environment
and ecology (among others)WT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.2 European
Communities forBelgium• Deduction for investment,
Articles 68 to 77 CIR92
• Deduction for investment
allowing for a share of the
amount of investment made
during the taxable period to bededucted from the basic taxableamount
• Deduction for investment has
been "deactivated" forinvestment made after
27 March 1992.  This means that
the rate is now zero, except forthe sectors mentioned under"Policy objective"
• Firms or natural persons who
declare gains or profits are
eligibleTo facilitate investment in
R&D and energy-savingsectors, as well as in SMEs
• Brussels – Capital Region: Aid
for Economic Growth
• Financial aid is granted in the
form of a non-recoverable
investment premium
• SMEsTo promote economic
growth by granting financial
aid to industrial enterprises
in Brussels if they invest insaving energy, water or rawmaterials protecting theenvironment and adapting to
European standards (among
others)
• Economic Adjustment Law of 4
August 1978
• Interest subsidy (for investment
financed through credit orleasing); capital premium (forinvestment financed by the
enterprise's own funds);
exemption from tax on incomefrom immovable assets and loanguarantee by the Flemish region
• Small industrial, commercial and
non-industrial enterprises, small
enterprises in the tourism or
services sectors and independentor professional occupationsclosely linked to the economicactivities of small enterprisesTo promote the economic
growth of small and
independent enterprises inthe Flemish region andtaking into account
relocation for ecological
reasons or the favourableimpact on the environmentfor the purpose of
calculating amount of the
interest subsidy and thecapital premium
• Decree of 15 December 1993 to
promote economic growth in the
Flemish region
• Investment premium; exemption
from tax on income from
immovable assets; loanguarantee by the Flemish region;interest-free repayable credit
• Medium and large industrial,
commercial, and non-industrial
enterprises, as well as to medium
and large enterprises in thetourism or services sectorsTo promote the economic
growth of medium and largeenterprises in the Flemish
region .  Investment
premium for medium
enterprises is granted for
investment projects thathave a favourable impact onthe environment (amongothers)WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 39
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Aid for agricultural investment
and new enterprise Flemish
• Agricultural Investment Fund
• Interest rate subsidies on loans
granted for agriculture andhorticulture; premiums oninvestments for young farmers/
horticulturalists; guarantees for
loans granted for agriculture andhorticulture
• Farmers and market gardeners
and their organizations andcooperativesTo encourage all operations
which increase theproductivity of agricultural
and horticultural enterprises,
maintain and improve theirprofitability and reduce cost(investment in environment
is a major category of
operation for which aid isgranted)
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.3 European
Communities forDenmark• Environmental grants to freight
transport by rail
• Grants
• Railways
• Distributed for 2000To secure a more
environmentally sustainablefreight transport
• Energy Package (CO2 and SO2
taxes)
• Tax reimbursement
• EnterprisesTo support international
endeavours to reduceemissions of carbon and
sulphur and to conform
nationally andinternationally to agreedenvironmental targets
• Agricultural investments with the
aim of protecting and improving
the environment
• Grants to farmers investing in
storage facilities sufficient to
meet the requirements
concerning the spreading andutilisation of manure in the fields
• FarmersTo protect and improve the
environment
• Guarantee for loans for
agricultural investments with theaim of protecting and improvingthe environment
• Investment guarantee for loans
taken by farmers investing in
storage facilities sufficient to
meet the requirementsconcerning the spreading andutilisation of manure in the fields
• FarmersTo protect and improve the
environment
• Environmentally friendly
farming
• Grant
• FarmersTo encourage
environmentally friendly
extensive cultivation of theareas and to minimise therisks of pollution of the
ground water resources
• Establishment of shelter belts To prevent sand drift and
through allocation of
subsidies to obtain economic
as well as planning,preservation andenvironmental purposesWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 40
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Organic farming
• Financial assistance
• 1994 – 1999 – financial
commitments for up to 5 yearshereafter
• Farmers, research projects and
projects, which makeinformation on organic farmingmore accessibleTo facilitate the transition
and improve the conditionsfor organic farming
• Product Development Scheme
for Forestry and Wood Working
Industry
• Subsidies or loans
• Forestry and wood-processing
industriesTo make the forestry and
wood-processing industriesmore competitive and less
sensitive to market
fluctuations with a view toobtaining satisfactoryutilisation of natural
resource wood, which is an
environmentally friendlyraw material
• Subsidy scheme for cleaner
products.  (Succeeds the subsidyscheme for cleaner technology.
stated in the Environmental
Protection Act, No. 698 of 22July 1998 )
• Grants
• 1999-2002
• Projects aiming at reducing the
environmental impact from
development, production,marketing, sales andconsumption including the waste
treatment in the product life-
cycleTo reduce the environmental
impact of products that mayoccur in all phases of theproduct life-cycle
• Development Programme for
Renewable Energy
• Grant scheme
• Development projects, renewable
energy plants and renewable
energy centresTo reduce CO2 emissions
form the energy production
sector through development,demonstration andimplementation ofrenewable energy
technologies
• Subsidy to the Hydrogen
Programme (New technologiesfor renewable energy).
• Grants
• 1998-2006.  Grants are limited to
3 years for each project
• Projects in the energy sectorTo promote the use of
hydrogen in the energy
sector, primary in transport
• The Electricity Supply Bill
involving promotion of particular
sustainable energy applications
• Ensure consumers access to
inexpensive electricity and
continue to provide them with
influence on the administrationof the assets of the electricitysector
• EnergyTo promote in particular
sustainable energyapplication, including byenergy savings and the use
of combined heat and power
plants, renewable andenvironmentally benignenergy sources, while also
ensuring efficient use of
financial resources andcreating competition onmarkets for production of
and trade in electricityWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 41
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Bill on CO2 Quotas for
Electricity Production
• Exemption from The Act
• Producers generating electricity
exclusively through theapplication of CO
2-free or CO2-
neutral energy sources shall be
exemptedTo secure cost-effective
regulation of CO2 as well as
reduced CO2 emission from
fuels used for electricity
production in Denmark
• Grant scheme for investment in
converting or expanding districtheating plants to the use ofbiomass fuels for heat or
combined heat and power
generation
• Grants
• Until 2002
• District heating plantsTo reduce CO
2 emissions by
converting or expanding
district heating plants to the
use of biomass fuels for heator combined heat and powergeneration
• Subsidies for Electricity
Production
• State subsidy as a compensation
for the CO2 tax and the tax on
electricity
• First 6 years of operation to
industrial combined heat andpower plants, 8 years if thecapacity of these plants is 4 MW
or less
• Environmentally friendly power
generationTo reduce the CO
2 emission
by increasing the share of
co-generation, reduce the
power production based oncoal and promote theproduction of electricity
based on renewable sources
• LFC listing fee
• Grants
• 15 September to 25 November
2000
• ShopsTo promote the energy label
and to encourage theprocurement of a variety of
good and cheap LFC thereby
reducing CO
2  emissions
• Subsidy for converting electrical
heating systems in residencesand public buildings to combinedheat and power and natural gas
• Grants
• 1998-2008To promote the connection
to district heating and
natural gas in order toreduce CO
2 emissions
• Grants scheme for development,
marketing, procurement andutilisation of electricity savingappliances and equipment.  In
2000 the scheme included
fridges/ freezer, washing anddrying clothes and ventilation inschools
• Grants
• Public and private householdsTo promote electricity
savings in public and private
households in accordance
with socio-economic andenvironmentalconsiderationsWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 42
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Governmental subsidy to
promote the connection to
combined power and heat
distribution systems based oncoal (Law No. 420 of 1 June1994)
• Grants as compensation for the
increased coal tax
• 1 October 1994 to 2000
• District heating companies who
distribute heat produced on CHPbased on coalTo promote the connection
to district heating suppliedby combined heat and power
plants (CHP) based on coal
in order to reduce CO
2
emissions
• Governmental subsidy for
substituting of old heatingsystems in residences to
combined heat and power (Law
No. 5 of 3 January 1992)
• Grant
• Until 2002
• Residences built before 1950 that
are heated by gas radiators,kerosene or electric ovens, where
central heating and hot water is
to be installedTo reduce the air pollution
in the cities and create moreemployment
• Governmental subsidy for
product oriented savingprogramme (Law No. 129 of25 February 1998)
• Grants
• Households and public
institutionsTo promote energy efficient
products so as to reduce CO
2
emissions
• Subsidy scheme for energy
savings in private companies
• Financial assistance calculated as
a percentage of the costs
• Private companiesTo support measures that
ensure better energy
efficiency or energy savingsin private companies toreduce CO
2 emissions
• Grant scheme for reimbursement
of CO2 tax expenses to
enterprises with a high-energy
consumption
• Grants
• Private companiesTo reduce the emissions of
CO2 from private companies
with a high energy
consumption
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.4 European
Communities for
Finland• Environment loan programme
for SMEs (Finnvera plc)  soft
loans for environmental
investments
• Loans with inadequate collaterals
(in comparison to market terms),interest rate subsidy
• Manufacturing enterprises and
tourism industryTo promote environment
protection, energy saving,
circulation of raw materials
• Energy grants
• Grant
• 1996-2003
• Enterprises and communitiesPromotion of energy
conservation, energy
efficiency and the use ofrenewable energy; reductionof negative environmental
impacts associated with
energy production and usageWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 43
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Aid measures connected to
energy taxation
• Grant
• Plants producing electricity from
wood and wood-based fuels, forsmall power plants, for windpower as well as for electricity
produced from the waste gas of
metallurgic processesTo promote the use of
renewable energy
• Grants for the promotion of
environmental protection
• Grant
• Enterprises, local authorities,
joint municipal boards and other
corporations for development,experimentation and investmentprojects, which promote
environmental protectionTo protect the environment
• Waste oil management financed
by waste oil charges
• Grant
• Enterprises, which have made a
contract on waste oilmanagement with the Ministry of
EnvironmentTo protect the environment
• Investment aid for businesses
processing agri-based products
• Grant
• Until the end of 2001
• Businesses processing agri-based
productsTo improve the processing
and marketing conditions for
agricultural products
(including reducing theharmful environmental
impact on production )
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.6 European
Communities for
Germany• Promotion of efficient use of
energy; programme section"promotion of technologicaldevelopment (REN/TE)
• Grant
• 2-3 years for projects subsidised
in 2000
• Companies in the fields of
energy technology, the energyindustry and commercial andindustrial energy users in North-
Rhine/WestphaliaTo develop new products
and processes for the
efficient use of energy andraw materials and for the useof renewable energies that
have a pilot character
beyond individualcompanies
• State aid for R&D in the sector
of biotechnology
• Grant
• Until 2000
• IndustryTo contribute to
strengthening research in
biotechnology to encourage
preventive research in thefields of environment,health, nutrition and energy
and raw materials supply
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.7 European
Communities for
Greece• Subsidies to private investment
for the economic and regional
development of the state
• Grants, interest contributions,
leasing payment, tax exemptions
• CompaniesTo contribute to the
protection of the
environment and energy
savingWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 44
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.8 European
Communities forIreland• National Scheme of Investment
Aid for Control of Farm
Pollution
• Capital grant
• Ceased 31 January 2001
• Smaller farmersTo assist smaller farmers to
control pollution through theprovision of farm waste
storage, winter housing for
cattle and sheep, silagestorage and ancillaryfarmyard facilities
• Scheme of Premiums for
Maintaining Pure Bred Kerry
Herds of Cattle
• Grant
• Breeders of Pure Bred Kerry
CattleTo maintain Pure Bred
Kerry herds of cattle inIreland for the purposes of
environment and heritage
conservation
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.9 European
Communities forItaly• Support to the Reduction of
Energy Consumption
• Grant
• In 1992 possibility to submit
requests under this scheme isceased
• Public and private companies
and related consortia, operatingin industrial and service sectorsTo promote energy
efficiency, research andtechnological innovation
• Contribution to the realization of
the National Energy Plan aimed
at Rationalizing the Use of
Energy and Renewable EnergySources
• Grant
• Public and private companies,
and related consortia, operating
in industrial and service sectorsTo promote energy
efficiency, research anddevelopment, technologicalinnovation, environment
protection
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.10 European
Communities for
Luxembourg• System of Aid for the Protection
of the Environment and theRational Utilisation of Energy
• Capital Subsidy
• EnterprisesTo promote investment to
protect the environment and
implement new techniques
for the rational use of energyand new and renewablesources of energy
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.11 European
Communities forThe Netherlands• Subsidy scheme, Economy,
Ecology and Technology
• Grant
• Companies, Research institutes
and UniversitiesTo stimulate strategic
cooperation in R&D insustainable industrial
production processes,
ecodesign, transport,renewable raw materials andrenewable energy
• Test Programme reference
projects environmental
technology
• Monetary awards upto 25% in
case of a first application of the
technology and to 50% in thecase of measurementprogrammes
• Extended up to 2001 from 2000
• SMEsTo encourage SMEs to
apply new environmentaltechnologies that contribute
to the reduction of
environmental cost ofproduction
• Credit Scheme for Environment-
Oriented Product Development
• Loan covering 40% of the total
project cost available only if the
company is unable to finance theproject by its own means
• 1998 – 2000
• SMEsTo facilitate product
development with technical
risk in order to achieve
considerable reduction in theenvironmental impact and tostimulate the use of such
technology in product
developmentWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 45
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Scheme for surveying energy
efficiency and environmental
pollution in order to establish
cleaner production
• Subsidy towards 50% of total
costs for surveying the energy-efficiency or the environmentalpollution of buildings and/or
industrial processes
• Until 2000
• SMEs and non-profit
organisationsTo encourage SMEs and
non-profit organisations tolist which improvements
(against what costs) are
possible on energyefficiency and/orenvironment of buildings,
products, installations and
processes
• Law on environmental taxes –
tax on groundwater
• Tax concession in the form of
tax exemption for the use ofrinsing water for companies that
extract the groundwater
themselves.  Companies thatobtain water from a drinkingwater company get a restitution
• CompaniesTo provide exemption and
the restitution for the use ofgroundwater to rinsereusable packaging like
deposit-return bottles is
motivated by environmentalreasons
• Law on environmental taxes –
tax on waste
• Tax exemption
• Exemption provided for de-
inking residue (landfilling)To exempt de-inking residue
because taxing this waste
would make recycling moreexpensive than thealternative of using primary
material
• Law on environmental taxes –
regulatory energy tax
• Tax concessions
• Renewable energy, such as wind
energy, solar energy, small-scalewaterpower and biomassTo promote renewable
energy in the interests of the
environment
• Regulation to stimulate the use
of modes of urban transport, both
passengers and goods, which areless harmful to the environment(economical, silent and clean
techniques)
• Subsidy on extra cost for extra
costs by exploitation
• Research projectsTo stimulate research on,
and development andapplication of transportation
and traffic techniques in
order to contain air pollutionin the urban environmentcaused by traffic
• (BSE) Decision on subsidies to
energy programmes
• Grant
• To enterprises and non-profit
organisations for R&D
disseminationTo promote the rational use
of energy and the use ofrenewable energy
• Energy equipment in non profit
and other sectors
• Grant
• To non-profit organisations,
water utilities and Schiphol
Airport for investments in energysaving and renewable energy, aswell as to private persons whobuy a wind turbineTo stimulate investments in
energy saving and
renewable energyWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 46
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Subsidy scheme for
environmental technology
• Grant
• To organisations and enterprises
for the development and widerapplication of new and advancedenvironmental technologyTo encourage the
development and widerapplication of new advanced
environmental technology
• CO 2 Reduction Scheme
• Grant
• EnterprisesTo reduce CO 2 emissions
• The regulation on environmental
investment deduction 2000
• Tax measure
• EnterprisesTo stimulate investments in
environmental friendly
capital equipment madepossible by applying areduction in the tax base
which compensates a part of
the costs
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add 12. European
Communities for
Portugal• Energy Programme
• Grants and zero interest rate
loans
• No time limits for grants, zero
interest rate loans granted for 2-3
years and repayable in 5-9 years
• Enterprises and MunicipalitiesTo reduce the oil
dependency by promoting
the natural gas, fostering theuse of renewable energyresources and promotingenergy efficiency in all
sectors of the economy
activity
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add 13 European
Communities for
Spain• Development of non-energy
mining
• Non-repayable subsidy
• 1997 – 2001
• Enterprises, associations of
enterprises or institutions whoseobject is to promote and develop
the use of non-energy mining
raw materialsEnvironmental rehabilitation
of former mining sites
(among others)
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add 14 European
Communities for
Sweden• Energy Research Programme
• Grants or Loans with conditional
repayment
• Universities, institutes of
technology, cooperative research
institutes (i.e. institutes financedjointly by the government andindustry) and to firmsTo establish fundamental
competence and expertise, to
facilitate the transformationof the Swedish energysystem in order to reduce the
environmental and climatic
effects of energy systems
• The Energy Technology Fund
• Grants, soft-loans and guarantees
• Users of the new technique,
mainly small-scale private
energy producers and publicutilities in the energy sectorTo provide aid for R&D
with a focus on newtechnology for energy
production and for
environmental protection
• Grant for New Energy
Technology
• Grant
• Industrial research projectsTo provide aid to R&D with
a focus on developingtechnology for the use ofsustainable energy sourcesWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 47
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Transport and Communication
Research through the Transport
and Communications Research
Board
• Grants
• Universities and Research
Institutions.  Regional authorities,
municipalities and companies
can be granted aid if they areengaged in pre-competitivedevelopment or demonstration
projectsTo provide aid primarily for
R&D but also forenvironmental aid and
support for energy saving
• Support to Demonstration of
Electrical and Hybrid Vehiclesthrough the Transport andCommunications Research
Board
• Grants
• 1 July 1993 – 31 December 2000
• Private firms, technological
research institutes and co-
operative research institutesTo provide aid primarily for
R&D but also for
environmental aid and
support for energy saving
• Support to Energy Maintenance
in the south of Sweden
• Grants
• 15 May 1999-31 D ecember 2000
• Private firms, technological
research institutes andcooperative research institutesTo provide aid to R&D with
a focus on developing
technology for the use ofsustainable sources of
energy .
• Grant for Local Investment
Programmes for Ecologically
Sustainable Development
• Grants
• February 1998 – February 2001
• Municipalities and firmsTo obtain higher levels of
environmental protectioncompared to what is
demanded by international
standards
• Investment Grant for Certain
Investments within the Energy
Sector
• Grants
• February 1998 – February 2003
• To investments in combined
power and heating plants forbiofuel, wind power stations and
small-scale hydroelectric power
stationsTo encourage use of
sustainable sources of
energy within electricity
production
• Support to Small Scale
Electricity Production
• Grant to production costs
• 1 November 1999 – 31
December 2001.  Prolongation of
the scheme planned for 2002
• Small-scale energy facilitiesTo ensure viability for small
scale producers of electricity
sourcing fromenvironmentally friendlyand renewable energy
production, i.e. windmills,
hydro power and combinedheat and power plants
• Support to Wind Power
Production
• Tax reduction
• Until 31 December 2001.
Prolongation of the scheme
planned for 2002
• Producers of wind energyTo ensure viability for
producers of wind energyWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 48
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Energy Tax Concession
• Tax reduction
• EnterprisesTo reduce emissions of CO 2
• Waste Tax Concession
• Tax reductionFor environmental reasons.
In cases where, according topresent technology, it is not
possible to process or
recycle waste in order toavoid deposition, a taxreduction has been deemed
as an appropriate measure
• Investment aid for processing
and marketing
• Grant
• 2000 – 2006
• The processing industryTo develop economically
viable enterprises in the
sector and assist structural
improvements, includinginvestments to improveproduct quality and reduce
pollution)
• Investment aid for protection of
coastal waters
• Grant
• 2000 – 2006
• Public institutions or bodies
designated for that purpose bythe competent authoritiesTo achieve a sustainable
balance between resources
and their exploitation
• Aid for temporary cessation of
fishing activities
• Grant
• 2000 – 2006
• Fishing enterprisesTo achieve sustainable
balance between resourcesand their exploitation
• Governmental subsidy for fish-
stocking
• Grant
• 1 January 1998 – 31 December
2000To enhance stocks of eel and
salmonids for thecommercial fisheries incoastal and inland waters
G/SCM/N/71/EEC/Add.15 European
Communities for
the United
Kingdom• Energy Efficiency Best Practice
Programme
• Grant
• Enterprises and Research
OrganisationsTo encourage the
development and take-up of
energy efficient technologies
and techniques
• Environmental Technology Best
Practice Programme
• Provision of information and
limited payment to firms which
agree to co-operate in technology
transfer activity and for R&Dsupport
• 1994 – 1997
• SMEs with technology transfer
projects received up to 10% aidTo promote the adoption of
best practice inenvironmental technology
by potential users and
suppliers
• Environmental Technology
Innovation Scheme
• Grant
• Final project was completed in
1998 – 1999
• Closed to new applications –
September 1993To promote innovation and
competitiveness in
environmental technology
• Highlands And Islands
Enterprise
• Consultancy, grants, loans,
acquisitions
• EnterprisesTo improve the environment
of the Highlands and Islandsof Scotland (among others)WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 49
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Scottish Enterprise
• Consultancy and practical
assistance, grants, loans,guarantees, etc.
• FirmsTo improve the environment
(among others)
• UK Coal R&D Programme
• Grant
• Companies and organisations
(including research
organisations)To encourage R&D leading
to the more economic and
environmentally acceptableuse of coal
• UK New And Renewable Energy
Programme
• Grant
• Researchers and manufacturers
of alternative energy equipmentand also fundamental researchTo promote R&D in the
renewable energies field,
with the intention of
producing compatible,economic and feasiblesources of energy for the
benefit of the environment
G/SCM/N/60/JPN/Suppl.2 Japan • Fund for the Projects
Implemented by Regional
Governments for PromotingSustainable Fisheries
• Financial assistance
• Determined and provided based
on every fiscal year
• Programs implemented by
prefectural governmentsTo implement
comprehensive programs for
the promotion of sustainable
fisheries, and thereby toensure stable, safe andefficient supply of food topeople
• Fund for the Activities
Implemented by NGO for
Promoting Sustainable Fisheries
• Financial assistance
• Determined and provided based
on every fiscal year
• Comprehensive programmes
implemented by NGOsTo implement
comprehensive programs forthe promotion of sustainable
fisheries, and thereby to
ensure stable, safe andefficient supply of food topeople
G/SCM/N/71/KOR Korea • Automobile Low Emission
Technology Development
support
• Government contribution
• 1998 – 2001
• Research institutionsTo reduce air pollution
• Support for R&D of
Environmental Technology
Development Projects
• Government contribution
• Government invested research
institutions, universities, research
institutions and private
enterprises that participate in theEnvironmental TechnologyDevelopment ProjectTo obtain internationally-
competitive environmentaltechnology and to promote
environment industry and to
provide financial support toresearch institutes, investedjointly by private investors
and the government and
dedicated to R&D on highenvironmental technology
G/SCM/N/71/LVA Latvia • Environmental Protection Fund
• Financial assistance
• General Infrastructure projects
managed by municipalities and
recycling activities by enterprisesTo pay for utilizing or
recycling goods andproducts harmful to the
environment, to finance and
credit measures and projectsof environmental protectionof non-commercial characterrelated to infrastructureWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 50
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
• Investment Promotion Incentives
• Tax concessions such as
exemption/reduction corporateincome tax, exemption/reduction
of import duties on machinery,
reduction of import duties on rawmaterials, and special deductionof certain expenditures
• Wide range of activities covering
primary, secondary, and tertiarysectors are eligible for
investment promotion incentivesTo promote the
establishment of industriesto accelerate the country’s
industrialization process and
encouraging regionaldevelopment(includes relocation of
industries facing
environmental problems)G/SCM/N/71/THA Thailand
• Machinery Upgrading Financing
• Loan
• Exporters whose plans to
renovate/upgrade theirmachinery are approved by
bodies authorized by the
Ministry of Industry (MOI)To strengthen the
competitive edge of Thai
exporters and encourage the
renovation/upgrading of thetechnology ofproduction/quality of
products of Thai exports,
including investments forenergy and environmentalconservation
G/SCM/N/38/TUNG/SCM/N/48/TUNG/SCM/N/60/TUN
G/SCM/N/71/TUNTunisia • Promotion of Technology, R&D
and Energy Saving
• Exemption from duties and taxes
on capital goods and financial
assistance from the National
Renewable Energy Agency
• All industrial enterprises wishing
to make energy-saving
investmentsTo encourage companies to
make energy savings andconduct research into and
develop renewable sources
of energy as well asgeothermal energyWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 51
Table 4:  Agreement on Agriculture32
Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
G/AG/N/ARG/15 Argentina
(2000)(under Article
16.2)• Technical assistance
provided through the
Argentine Horizontal
Cooperation Fund (FO-AR)to some Latin American andCaribbean countriesTo provide technical assistance for:
energy, the environment, fishery,forestry, natural resources (among
others)
G/AG/N/ARG/17 Argentina
(1998)"Green box"
measures
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Special Fund for Tobacco:
Programme designed to
carry out tasks related to theimprovement of the soil,favouring conservation in
tobacco growing areas in
Tucuma´n
G/AG/N/AUS/32/Rev.1 Australia
(1999 – 2000)
(under Article16.2)• Australian Agency for
International Development(AusAID):Bilateral andRegional Programmes
• Technical and financial
assistance
• Australian Centre for
International AgriculturalResearch (ACIAR) Bilateral
Programmes
• Specific research activities
• LDCs and NFIDCsTo improve agricultural productivity
and sustainability, agricultural storage,
forestry and fisheries, environmentalmanagement, management of waterresources, the provision ofinfrastructure related to food security
and to assist countries adjust to thenew trading environment
To underpin government policy aimed
at encouraging trade and agriculturaldevelopment, and the efficient use and
preservation of agricultural and natural
resources (including land and water,fish and forest resources); in animal
sciences  leading to more productive
livestock for smallholder farming
systems through disease and parasite
control; in crop sciences  through
developing higher yielding food cropsthrough the use of genetically superior
cultivars, the control of diseases, and
the development of environmentallysafe methods to combat pests andweeds; in fisheries  through
conservation and responsible
utilisation of wild marine andfreshwater fisheries to ensure moreproductive and sustainable
aquaculture; in forestry  through
identification of suitable fast-growingtree species; in land and water
resources  by enhancing crop
production through better methods of
improving soil fertility and structure,
                                                     
32 The description of the Measure or programme is arranged (wherever possible) as follows:
• Title of the measure or programme;
• Form of assistance, if mentioned;
• Indicative duration of programme if mentioned in a notification (if time is not mentioned in the table, the notification
contains no reference to the duration of a measure or it says that the measure is not limited in time); if a programme ormeasure has been discontinued or terminated but is still not notified, that means there were some pending liabilities
(payments, collectibles, interest rate subsidies, guaranties,  losses to be covered etc.) spilling over the next periods;
• Principal beneficiaries
The column on Members also refers to the notification time-period and the type of measure or Article under which the
notification is made.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 52
Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
conservation of soil and water
resources, including erosion and water
management, ameliorating salinity of
soil and water, and conservingagricultural land through bettercultivation practices and landmanagement systems (among others)
• Land and Water Resources
Research and DevelopmentTo support and manage research and
development into the sustainable use
of Australia’s land, water andvegetation resourcesG/AG/N/AUS/36 Australia
(1 July 1999 – 31
June, 2000)"Green Box"measures
(a) general services• Red Meat Research and
DevelopmentTo carry out research to further the
sustainable use and management ofnatural resources (among others)
• Rural Industries Research
and DevelopmentTo provide support for R&D
programmes for the rural sectorfocussing on new and emerging plant
and animal industries and generic
programmes, such as agribusiness,rural education and climate change
• Tobacco Research and
DevelopmentTo carry out research into improving
sustainability (among others)
• National Feral Animal
Control StrategyTo reduce the damage caused to
agriculture and the environment byferal animals by improving theeffectiveness of techniques used in
their control
• National Weeds Program To reduce the detrimental impact of
nationally significant weeds on thesustainability of Australia’s natural
ecosystem and production capacity
• Wildlife and Exotic Disease
Preparedness ProgramTo deal with an outbreak of exotic
animal disease by developing practical
field strategies to eradicate and control
wild animals
• R&D in New South Wales To develop technologies and practices
which increase the efficiency andsustainability of food and fibreproduction
• R&D in Queensland Natural
Resources Management
ProgrammeTo carry out research and data
collection on land, water and nativevegetation – including nutrients, salt,
agri-chemicals and pesticides – to
minimize land degradation, identifyimpacts on crops, predict movementsthrough the environment, and developways of understanding, recognizing
and achieving long-term viability
• R&D in Tasmania  Rural
Industry AdjustmentDevelopment FundTo carry out funding of research
programmes which develop and
improve efficient and sustainablepractices in agriculture
• R&D in Western Australia-
Rural Industry AdjustmentDevelopment FundTo carry out research and development
into production processing, marketingof agricultural production, sustainableland management and pest and disease
controlWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 53
Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Pest and disease Control:
Victoria –Rabbit
ManagementTo minimize the economic,
environmental and social impacts
caused by rabbits by encouraging
farmers to implement integrated rabbitcontrol programmes, particularly thosethat maximize the gains from theintroduction of the rabbit Calicivirus
• Pest and disease Control:
Victoria Pest Animal
ManagementTo provide advisory services to
minimise the economic, environmentaland social impact on all lands in
Victoria of actual and potential animal
pests (rabbits excluded)
• Pest and disease Control:
Victoria Pest PlantManagementTo provide research and advisory
services for the effective management
of identified pest plants
• Training services in New
South WalesTo train on farm management,
productivity enhancement and
sustainability for agriculturalproducers
• Training services in South
Australia Community
LandcareTo provide training and development
in whole farm planning andsustainable natural resourcemanagement (among others)
• Extension and Advisory
Services in Queensland
Natural ResourcesManagement programmeTo help increase awareness about the
sustainable management of naturalresources through activities and
information for the community
• Extension and Advisory
Services in South AustraliaTo support sustainable land resource
development and management in theprimary industries sector
• Extension and Advisory
Services in Western
AustraliaTo provide extension and advisory
services to agricultural producers toenhance production practices, promote
ecologically sustainable development
and pest and disease control
• Infrastructure services in
Northern Territory WaterProgrammeTo enhance land and water resource
management on pastoral properties by
encouraging sound planning of stock
watering facilities
• Infrastructure services in
TasmaniaTo provide assistance in the provision
of rural infrastructure and associated
services to ensure the continueddevelopment of efficient andsustainable agriculture
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Commonwealth
Government: National
LandcareTo pay states for the purpose of
natural resource management
• Commonwealth
Government: Bushcare – theNational VegetationInitiativeTo provide assistance to community
groups to reverse the long-term
decline in the quality of native
vegetation cover
• Commonwealth
Government: National
Rivercare ProgrammeTo provide assistance for community
groups to contribute towards thesustainable management, rehabilitation
and conservation of rivers outside the
Murray darling Basin and to improvethe health of these river systemsWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 54
Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Commonwealth
Government: Murray-
Darling 2001To promote and coordinate effective
planning and management for the
equitable, efficient and sustainable use
of the water, land and otherenvironmental resources of theMurray-Darling Basin
• State/Territory
Governments: Australian
Capital TerritoryTo provide assistance to community
groups for sustainable production andconservation of biodiversity andnatural resource management
• State/Territory
Governments: New SouthWalesTo provide funding for programmes
for preventing and mitigating
degradation of land and waterresources associated with agriculturalproduction
• State/Territory
Governments: Northern
Territory Water ProgrammeTo enhance land and water resource
management on pastoral properties byencouraging sound planning of stock
watering facilities
• State/Territory
Governments: Northern
Territory - Land ResourceConservationTo identify land resources and to
evaluate their opportunities and
constraints in order to ensure
appropriate use and facilitatesustainable development;  develop,promote and ensure land managementpractices which conserve, enhance,
and where appropriate, rehabilitate
land resources including the pastoralestate and to promote and supportcommunity landcare
• State/Territory
Governments: South
Australia - RevegetationTo help communities initiate
revegetation projects through Ruraltree planting grants
• State/Territory
Governments: SouthAustralia - National HeritageTrustTo provide technical and coordination
support and grants to community
National Heritage Trust group projects
• State/Territory
Governments: TasmaniaTo provide services to agricultural
producers to limit environmentaldamage and to encourage sound
practices to minimise soil erosion,
salination and water damage
• State/Territory
Governments: WesternAustraliaTo provide environmental services for
all agricultural industries
(h) regional
assistanceprogrammes• Commonwealth
Government: RuralPartnership ProgrammeTo achieve long-term change and to
encourage:  profitable and self-reliantrural sectors which operatecompetitively and which can adapt tochanging market, economic and
resource conditions; sustainable
management of the natural resourcebase; more robust, equitable andprosperous rural communities
G/AG/N/AUS/37 Australia
(under Article18.3)• National Weeds Programme
• Financial assistance
• 1997-2003
• States, local government and
landholdersTo manage the impact of weeds on the
environment and agriculturalproductionWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Australian Agency for
International Development
(AusAID): Bilateral andRegional Programmes
• Technical and financial
assistanceTo improve agricultural productivity
and sustainability, agricultural storage,
forestry and fisheries, environmental
management, management of waterresources, the provision ofinfrastructure related to food securityand to assist countries adjust to the
new trading environmentG/AG/N/AUS/39 Australia
(2000 – 2 001)
(under Article
16.2)
• Australian Centre for
International AgriculturalResearch (ACIAR): BilateralProgrammes
• Specific research activities
• LDCs and NFIDCsTo underpin government policy aimed
at encouraging trade and agricultural
development, and the efficient use and
preservation of agricultural and naturalresources (including land and water,fish and forest resources); in animal
sciences  leading to more productive
livestock for smallholder farmingsystems through disease and parasitecontrol; in crop sciences , through
developing higher yielding food crops
through the use of genetically superiorcultivars, the control of diseases, andthe development of environmentally
safe methods to combat pests and
weeds; in fisheries  through
conservation and responsibleutilisation of wild marine and
freshwater fisheries to ensure more
productive and sustainableaquaculture; in forestry  through
identification of suitable fast-growing
tree species; in land and water
resources  by enhancing crop
production through better methods ofimproving soil fertility and structure,
conservation of soil and water
resources, including erosion and watermanagement, ameliorating salinity ofsoil and water, and conserving
agricultural land through better
cultivation practices and landmanagement systems (among others)
G/AG/N/BRB/7 Barbados
(1995-1999)"Green Box"
measures
(a) general services• Regulatory To provide the regulatory basis for the
protection of the environment from thepotentially dangerous side effects of
the production of agriculture crops
using modern technology.
G/AG/N/BRB/11 Barbados
(1999-2000)"Green Box"
measures
(a) general services• Regulatory To provide the regulatory basis for the
protection of the environment from thepotentially dangerous side-effects of
the production of agriculture crops
using modern technology
G/AG/N/BGR/4 Bulgaria
(1997 – 1999)"Green Box"
measures
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Aid for forestry measures
and conservation of genetic
resources in agricultureProtection of the environment and
preservation of the countryside;control of soil erosion
G/AG/N/BRA/18 Brazil
(1997 – 1998)"Green box"measures• Research in connection with
environmental programmes
(among others)
• Budgetary expendituresWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Infrastructural services
including infrastructural
works associated withenvironmental programmes(among others)
• Provincial Research -
Quebec program "Institut de
recherche enagroenvironnement" (amongothers)Canada(1997)"Green box"
measures
(a) general services
• Provincial extension and
advisory services - Support
for the Autonomy and Self-
sufficiency of ConsultationStructures component andAlberta Environmentally
Sustainable AgricultureG/AG/N/CAN/37/Rev.1
(j) environmental
programmes• Mainly management of soil
and water and manure in
Quebec but also includingthe Soil Conservationprogramme
G/AG/N/CAN/42 Canada
(1999 – 2000)(under Article
16.2)• Canadian Partnership Branch
• Development programmes
and projects with people andorganisations of developing
countries
• Organisations, academic &
research institutions, private
sector firms, internationalNGOsTo support development needs of
LDCs and NFIDCs
• Federal, Federal-Provincial
Research and Provincial –Programme
agroenvironnemental de
soutien à la strate'giephytosanitaire and theAlberta Environmentally
Sustainable Agriculture
Programme (among others)Canada
(1998)
"Green box"measures(a) general services
• Extension and advisory
services including theAlberta EnvironmentallySustainable Agriculture
Program-Farm Based and
Resource MonitoringComponents (among others)G/AG/N/CAN/43
(j) environmental
programmes• Mainly management of soil
and water and manure inQuebec but also including
the Soil Conservation
programme and FarmEnvironmental StewardshipProgramme (New
Brunswick)
G/AG/N/CAN/44 Canada
(under Article
18.3)• Farm Environmental
Stewardship Program (NewBrunswick)
• Financial assistance
• 1997 – 1999
• FarmersTo assist farmers in the adoption of
technology and management practices
to minimize the impact of agricultural
practices and activities on theenvironmentWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Programme
agroenvironmental de
soutien à la Stratégiephytosanitaire  (Québec)
• Financial assistance
• June 8,1998-March 31, 2003
• Collective pilot projects that
aim at promoting
development and technology
transfer activities that focuson reducing pesticideamounts and environmentalrisks linked to the use of
pesticides as part of
integrated pest managementsystemsTo protect, preserve and promote the
Saint Lawrence River, as well as to
introduce agricultural environmental
pest management practices, to reducethe use of agricultural pesticides by50% and to apply integrated pestmanagement control to 70% of crop
areas
• Agri-Food Research and
Development Initiative(ARDI) – Manitoba
• Financial assistance
• 1 April 1997 – 31 March
2003
• Agricultural R&D projectsTo fund agricultural R&D projects
related to value-added processing,
diversification, new technologies and
market opportunities in Manitoba.Programme areas includingbiotechnology; and, sustainability of
the resource base and the environment
(among others)
• Alberta Environmentally
Sustainable Agriculture
• Funding and technical
assistance
• Agriculture and processing
sectorsTo enhance adoption of
environmentally sustainable practices
by the agriculture and processingsectors, including a broad range ofenvironmental issues including soil,
water and air quality and biodiversity
G/AG/N/CHL/13 Chile
(2000)
"Green box"
measures(a) general services• R&D Centres To generate, adapt and disseminate
scientific and technological knowledge
and products that contribute to the
sustainable (social, economic andenvironmental) development of thecompetitiveness of the various actors
involved in the agricultural sector
G/AG/N/CYP/10 Cyprus
(1999)
"Green box"
measures(a) general services• Research services including
research in connection withenvironmental programmes(among others)
• Infrastructural services:
development of livestock
areas and zones and other
infrastructural works forlivestock (including worksfor environmental protectionsuch as treatment of waste)
(1999)Measures under"development
programmes"• Subsidies for soil
conservation works
• Financial assistanceWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
G/AG/N/CZE/34 Czech Re public
(2000)
"Green box"
measures(j) environmentalprogrammes• Maintenance of agricultural
land – calcification with help
of limestone powder; supportfor bee-keeping; support forecological agriculture;
fertilization of agricultural
parcels with arable land byorganic fertilizer;establishment of the
elements of the territorial
systems of landscapeecological stability; supportfor cattle, sheep, goat and
horse farming on permanent
grasslands
• Fertilization of agricultural
parcels with arable land by
organic fertilizers
• Financial assistanceTo enrich soil by organic substances,
to prevent the process of soildegradation and to minimize the use of
mineral fertilizers
• Crop production
restructuring through
grassing
• Financial assistanceTo protect soil against erosion and to
support the extensification of farmproduction
• Crop production
restructuring through the
planting of fast growing
trees
• Financial assistanceTo support biological diversity in the
landscape and to promote the use ofrenewable energy sourcesG/AG/N/CZE/35 Czech Re public
(under Article18.2)
• Establishment of the
elements of the territorial
systems of landscapeecological stability
• Financial assistance
• Activities involved in
landscape maintenance and
supporting less-favouredareaTo support the development of
ecological stability and to reduce theuse of pesticides
G/AG/N/EEC/30 European
Communities(1998-1999)"Green box"
measures
(j) environmental
programmes• Protection of environment
and preservation of thecountryside, control of soil
erosion, extensification, aid
for environmentally sensitiveareas; support and protectionof organic production by
creating conditions of fair
competition; aid for forestrymeasures in agriculture;conservation of genetic
resources in agriculture
G/AG/N/IDN/26
G/AG/N/IDN/26/Corr.1Indonesia
"Green box"measures(2000)
(a) general services• Agribusiness development
programmes includingenvironmental impact
assessments (EIA) and
resource developmentpolicies and models
G/AG/N/JPN/61 Japan
(1998)"Green box"measures
(a) general services• Research in connection with
environmental programmesWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Research: promotion of soil
conservation and low-input
farming including extensionand advisory services
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Payments for conversion
from rice productionTo maintain paddy fields in an
environmentally sound conditionthrough growing any plants other thanrice and appropriate management
G/AG/N/JPN/62 Japan
(under Article18.3)• Support Programme for
Reduction of Environmental
Burden Due to Dairy
Farming
• Payments
• Diary farmers
G/AG/N/KOR/30 Korea
"Green box"measures(1999)
(a) general services• Research in connection with
the agricultural environment,
genetics, farm management,
livestock disease control,rural community planningand safety of pesticides, etc.
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Payments for the prevention
of soil erosion, soil
acidification, and for the
purification of livestockexcretions for prevention ofwater pollution, and direct
payments for
environmentally-friendlyfarming
G/AG/N/MAR/20 Morocco
(1999)"Green box"measures• Pilot project for the recyling
of waste water,environmental management
programme
G/AG/N/NAM/14 Namibia
"Green box
measures"
(1999-2000)(a) general services• Agricultural research To carry out research on technical
issues related to crop and livestock
suitability
New Zealand
(year ending June2000)"Green box"
measures
(a) general services• Disease and post-emergency
response servicesTo maintain a capability to diagnose
and respond to detection ofunrecorded, unwanted organisms thatpose a threat to animal, plant or forest
populations, and the purchase of
services in relation to an actualresponseG/AG/N/NZL/29
(j) environmental
programmes• East Coast Afforestation
Grants
• Agricultural producers and
othersTo provide funding to agricultural
producers and others to plant trees,primarily as a means of erosion control
G/AG/N/NZL/30 New Zealand
(2000-2001)(under Article16.2)• Financial Assistance
• GrantTo provide assistance for forestry
plantation projects, forestry erosioncontrol, fisheries management andorganic training for farmers (among
others)
G/AG/N/NOR/30 Norway
(1999)
"Green box"
measures
(j) environmental
programmes• Subsidy to Ecological
Production to research on,
and to farmers changing to,ecological productionmethods
• FarmersTo research on ecological production
methodsWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Subsidy to producers who
refrain from field work on
areas exposed to erosion inautumn
• Subsidy to Summer Dairy
Operations in Mountainous
Regions
• Subsidy to Production on
Steep Areas
• Fixed Area Support to
Ecological Production
G/AG/N/POL/37 Poland
(c) other services• Structures and
Infrastructures –modernisation of ruralinfrastructure andenvironmental protection
G/AG/N/SVK/30 Slovak Republic
(2000)"Green box"
measures
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Ecological procedures
Slovenia
(1995)"Green box"measures
(i) structural
adjustment• Assistance provided through
investment aids
• Sustainable development of
the countryside and eco-sociological development of
village (among others)G/AG/N/SVN/4/Rev.3
(j) environmental
programmes• Reduction of substantial
environmental damage andcontrol of damage sources,support of environmental
projects
Slovenia
(1996)"Green box"
measures
(i) structuraladjustment• Sustainable development of
the countryside and eco-
sociological development ofvillage (among others)G/AG/N/SVN/5/Rev.2
(j) environmental
programmes• Reduction of substantial
environmental damage and
control of damage sources,
support of environmentalprojects
G/AG/N/SVN/8/Rev.2 Slovenia
(1997)"Green box"measures
(i) structural
adjustment• Sustainable development of
the countryside, eco-sociological development of
village (among others)
(j) environmental
programmes• Reduction of substantial
environmental damage andcontrol of damage sources,support of environmental
projects
G/AG/N/SVN/12/Rev.2 Slovenia
(1998)
"Green box"
measures(i) structuraladjustment• Sustainable development of
the countryside, eco-
sociological development ofvillage (among others)WT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
(j) environmental
programmes• Reduction of substantial
environmental damage and
control of damage sources,support of environmentalprojects
G/AG/N/SVN/18 Slovenia
(2000)"Green box"
measures
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Subsidy for ecological
production methods,
financial support to steeparea pasture, forest tendence,preventive forest protectionsubsidy for production on
steep areas
G/AG/N/SVN/19 Slovenia
(under Article
18.3)• Direct payments within
national agri-environmentalprogramme
• All producers which meet
the accepted environmentalstandardsTo foster:  (i) protection of nature
against the negative impacts of
farming;  (ii) preservation of soil
fertility and water quality by usingenvironment-friendly cultivation andprocessing methods;  (iii) preservation
of biodiversity for habitats;  (iv)
preservation of cultural landscape withtraditional farming methods; and (v)preservation of national parks
• Resource Conservation and
Environmental ManagementTo promote sustainable utilisation of
natural agricultural resources (soil,water resources and vegetation) and to
protect the environment
• Auxiliary and Associated
ServicesTo render auxiliary services associated
with soil conservation activities
(among others)South Africa
(1999)"Green Box"
measures
(a) general services
• Agricultural Engineering
ServicesTo render services associated with soil
conservation activities (among others)
(c) structural
adjustment• Conversion of marginal
landsTo finance essential soil conservation
works to improve and protect soilG/AG/ZAF/37
(d) environmental
programmes• Soil conservation works To finance essential soil conservation
works to improve and protect the soil
G/AG/N/TUN/18 Tunisia
"Green box"
measures
(1999)(a) general services• Environmental conservation
through land and
afforestation works
G/AG/N/USA/36 United States
"Green box"measures(1998)(a) general services• Agricultural Research
Service - AgriculturalResearch Service, Buildings
& Facilities, Miscellaneous
Contributed FundsTo conduct research on a wide variety
of topics including soil and waterconservation (among others)
• Tennessee Valley Authority
Agricultural institute;
National fertilizer
development; Agriculture 21
Farming SystemsTo conduct research on problems
related to environmental quality
(among others) and to provideinformation about family farming andprofitability using sustainable and
environmentally friendly methods
(among others)
• Tennessee Valley Authority
Pollution prevention/model
site demo (Research
programme)To help chemical dealers and farmers
prevent ground water contaminationWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 62
Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Tennessee Valley Authority
Waste management
programmeTo conduct research on the
development of efficient wetlands and
of organic plant food and cattle feed
from agricultural wastes (broiler litter)and other creative waste managementmethods
• National Resource
Conservation service
Conservation OperationsTo promote conservation of soil and
water
• Resource Conservation and
DevelopmentTo assist individuals and localities to
develop area-wide plans for resourceconservation and development
(j) environmentalprogrammes• Farm Service Agency
Agricultural Conservation
Programme
• Cost share agreementsTo conserve soil and water
• Farm Service Agency
Emergency Conservation
ProgrammeTo assist in funding emergency
conservation measures necessary to
restore farmland damaged by naturaldisasters
• Farm Service Agency: Soil
and Water Loans Programme
• Low interest loans and loan
guaranteesTo assist farmers to use sound soil and
water conservation practices
• Farm Service Agency:
Wetland Reserve
ProgrammeTo conserve and restore wetlands
through long term agreements
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service: Great
Plains Conservation
Programme
• Cost share contracts for 3 to
10 yearsTo help landowners implement long
term conservation measures
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service:
Colorado River Basin
Salinity Control
• Information/ cost sharingTo enhance water quality for
downstream users
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service: Water
Bank ProgrammeTo conserve wetlands
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service:
Wetland ProgrammeTo conserve and restore wetlands
through long term agreements
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service: Farms
for the Future
• Loan guarantees and Interest
assistance to State Trust
FundsTo help finance programs to protect
and preserve parkland
• Natural Resource
Conservation Service:
Wildlife Habitat Incentives
Programme
• Technical assistance and
cost-share assistance
• LandownersTo develop habitat for uplands
wildlife, wetland wildlife, endangered
species, fish and other wildlife
• Commodity Credit
Corporation: Farmland
Protection ProgrammeTo protect topsoil by limiting
conversion to agricultural useWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Symbol Member Measure or programme Objective
• Commodity Credit
Corporation: Conservation
Programme Technical
Assistance
• Technical and financial
assistance
• Commodity Credit
Corporation: Environmental
Quality Incentives
Programme
• Farmers and RanchersTo adopt practices that reduce
environmental and resource problems
G/AG/N/USA/37 United States • Wildlife Habitat Incentives
Programme
• Cost sharing of up to 75% to
implement habitat
improvements under 5 – 10
year contracts
• 1996 – 2002To protect and restore wildlife habitatWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 5: Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/LIC/N/3/ATG/1 Antigua and
BarbudaChemicals controlled by the Montreal
ProtocolTo implement the Montreal
Protocol
G/LIC/N/3/TCD/2 Chad Certain products and/or materials
containing or using substances that
can harm the ozone layer and listed inAnnex A to the Montreal ProtocolTo implement the Montreal
Protocol and protect the
ozone layer
G/LIC/N/3/CZE/1 Czech Re public Waste and dangerous chemical
productsTo protect health, safety and
security (among others)
G/LIC/N/3/GEO/1 Georgia Chemical facilities for plant
protection, wild animals and birds,
fish, bones of extinct animals, hooves,wild plants, seeds of wood species offorest and similar materials; industrial
waste (the import of non-toxic
industrial wastes is allowed only forthe purpose of industrial processing.Import of toxic radioactive industrial
wastes for the purpose of their
utilisation, safe disposal, intermentand any other purposes is prohibited)To protect the environment
and ensure food safety
Ozone-depleting substances including
pesticides containing methyl bromideTo protect the environment
Import licensing system for
endangered species of animals and
plants listed in Appendices I and II ofCITES and medicines containing orclaiming to contain ingredients madefrom endangered animal speciesTo protect endangered
species and to prevent them
from over-exploitation inaccordance with CITESG/LIC/N/3/HKG/5 Hong Kong, China
Import control on waste To fulfil international
obligations under the BaselConvention and to ensure
environmentally sound
management of waste
Live animals and plants including
those listed in CITES (among others)To protect public and animal
health and welfare and
prevent the introductioninto, and spread within, theterritory of destructive plant
diseases and pestsG/LIC/N/3/MAC/3G/LIC/N/3/MAC/3Macau, China
Ozone-depleting substances To comply with and abide
by the rights and obligations
in the Montreal Protocol
All used goods, waste and scrap Health and environmental
reasons and in terms of the
Basel Convention
Chemicals Health and environmental
reasons
Radioactive chemical elements andradioactive isotopesHealth and environmental
reasonsG/LIC/N/3/ZAF/3/Rev.1 South Africa
Cobalt, cadmium antimony,
manganese diromium, geranium,vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium,rhenium and thalliumHealth and environmental
reasonsWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 6:  Agreement on Safeguards
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
G/ADP/N/1/HRV/1
G/SCM/N/1/HRV/1G/SG/N/1/HRV/1Croatia
(notification oflaws andregulations under
Article 18.5, 32.6
and 12.6 of theAgreements)The Government may determine that
the wholesale trade of certain goods iscarried on only in special premises orwholesale warehouses including
special requirements with regard to
the conditions for storing goods thatenable the protection of human lifeand health and environment
(Article 10(a) of the Law on Trade)
The Government may state which
goods are not to be temporarily
imported, as they would be a threat to
environment (among others)(Article 29 of the Law on Trade)
Export-import licenses required forcertain goods(Article 46 of the Law on Trade)To protect the environment
(among others)
Possible suspension of a foreign tradetransaction by decision of anauthorized inspector if danger to theenvironment (among others) from the
execution of the transaction is
established(Article 64 of the Law on Trade)
The Government may impose exportquotas for the purpose of conservationof exhaustible natural resources if itprescribes in parallel the appropriatemeasures to limit trade of those goods
in CroatiaTo comply with
international agreementsentered into by Croatia
Table 7:  Agreement on Customs Valuation
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
Provision for special relief fromimport duties may be introducedunder agreements concluded withother countries and providing for
common measures for the protection
the environment (among others)
Provision for goods and the
declarant’s sample to remain at the
custom office, under customssupervision, if analysis for reasons ofenvironmental protection (among
others) is required until the result of
the analysis is availableG/VAL/N/1/ALB/1 Albania
Provision for destruction of goods in
case of pollution (among others)WT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 8:  State Trading Enterprises
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
Special privileges on export or import
of some ores of metals and rare earthsto State Trading EnterprisesTo ensure conservation and
proper utilization of someores of metals and rareearthsG/STR/N/7/IND India
Possible restriction on quantities
available for exports of minerals andore productsTo conserve exhaustible
natural resources (amongothers)
Table 9:  Regional Trade Agreements33
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
WT/REG 116/1 Turkey and Latvia General exceptions for the protection
of health and life of humans, animalsor plants and of environment or rulesrelating to the conservation ofexhaustible natural resources (among
others)
WT/REG 117/1 EFTA States and
the former
Yugoslav Republic
of MacedoniaGeneral exceptions for the protection
of health and life of humans, animals
or plants and the environment and or
rules relating to the conservation ofexhaustible natural resources (amongothers)
WT/REG 121/1 Georgia and
UkraineThe right of any Side to take
Governmental regulation measures,adopted in international practice, in
the sphere of foreign economic
relations that are considered to benecessary for fulfilment ofinternational agreements, participant
of which the Side is or intends to be,
if such measures concern protectionof environment (among others)
WT/REG 122/1 Georgia and
TurkmenistanThe right of any Side to implement
the measures adopted in internationalpractice that are considered to benecessary for protection of the Side's
fundamental interests and that are
essential for fulfilment ofinternational agreements, participantof which the Side is or intends to be,
if these measures concern the
protection of human health, plants,animals and the environment (amongothers)
                                                     
33 The provisions or issues referred to in the regional agreements are an extraction only and are not
exhaustive;  the full context of the measures can be found in some of the source documents.
The column on Members refers to some countries that are not Members of the WTO.WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 67
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
WT/REG 120/1 Georgia and
AzerbaijanThe right of any Side to implement
measures adopted in internationalpractice that are considered to be
necessary for protection of the Side's
fundamental interests and that areessential for fulfilment ofinternational agreements if measures
concern protection of human health,
animals, plants and environment
WT/REG/123/1 Georgia and
KazakhstanThe right of any Side to implement
the measures adopted in international
practice that are considered necessaryfor protection of the Side'sfundamental interests and that are
unconditionally essential for
fulfilment of internationalagreements, participants of which thisSide is or intends to be, if suchmeasures concern the protection of
human health and the environment
(among others)
WT/REG 124/1 Israel and Mexico General  exception relating to the
conservation of exhaustible natural
resources (among others)
WT/REG 125/1 Chile and Mexico Preamble includes resolution to
undertake some of the objectives ofthe Free Trade Agreement in amanner consistent with environmental
protection and conservation and
promote sustainable development
Provision that specific trade
obligation set out in the following
MEAs – CITES, the MontrealProtocol and the Basel Conventionshall prevail to the extent of the
inconsistency between these and the
Free Trade Agreement, provided thatwhere a Party has a choice amongequally effective and reasonably
available means of complying with
such obligations, the Party choosesthe alternative that is the leastinconsistent with the other provisions
of this Agreement
Undertaking within a year after this
Agreement comes into force, to
identify, in terms of tariff item and
nomenclature under their respectivetariffs, the measures, restrictions orprohibitions on the importation or
exportation of goods for reasons of
preservation of wildlife, theenvironment, standards, labels, andinternational commitments (amongothers).  Requirement to update the
information and communicate it to
the Committee, whenever necessary
Conditions governing the recognition
of Pest or Disease-Free Areas and
Areas of Low Pest or DiseasePrevalence under Chapter on Sanitaryand Phytosanitary measuresWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 68
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
Obligation to work jointly to enhance
the level of protection of theenvironment (among others) and to
the greatest extent practicable make
their standards-related measurescompatible without reducing the levelof protection of the environment
(among others), without prejudice to
the rights of either party under theChapter on standards-relatedmeasures and taking into account
international standardization activities
Environmental conditions as a factor
(among others) to be taken into
account by a party while conducting a
risk assessment under the Chapter onstandards-related measures
Preamble includes resolution to foster
environmental protection and
conservation and to promotesustainable developmentWT/REG 126/1 EFTA States and
Mexico
General exception relating to the
conservation of exhaustible naturalresources (among others)
WT/REG 128/1 Hungary and
EstoniaPreamble includes determination to
implement the Free Trade Agreementwith the objective of preserving andprotecting the environment and to
ensure an optimal use of natural
resources in accordance with theprinciple of sustainable growthWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 10:  Agreement on TRIPS
Symbol Member Measure or product Objective
IP/N/1/LKA/C/1
IP/N/1/LKA/I/1Sri Lanka Non-patentability of plant or animal
varieties or essentially biologicalprocesses for the production of plantsor animals, other than micro-
biological processes and the products
or such processes
IP/N/1/CZE/P/1 Czech Re public Protective rights to plant varieties
including those obtained through
transformation by genetic engineeringmethods
IP/N/1/CZE/P/2 Czech Re public Patentability of biotechnological
inventions are patentable if theyconcern:  (a) biological material,which is isolated from its natural
environment or produced by means of
a technical process, even if itpreviously occurred in nature;  (b)plants or animals, if the technical
feasibility of the invention is not
confined to a particular plant
) or
animal) variety; or (c) microbiological
or other technical process and a
product, other than a plant or animal
variety, obtained by this way
Non-patentability of plant and animalvarieties or essential biological
processes for the production of plants
or animals (among others)
IP/N/1/POL/I/2 Poland Non-patentability of plant or animal
varieties or essentially biological
processes for the production of plantsor animals (this provision does notapply to microbiological processes or
the products thereof)
Authorisation to exploit a patented
invention of another person (a
compulsory license) where it is
necessary to protect the naturalenvironment (among others)
IP/N/1/VEN/1 Venezuela Decision regulating member
countries' access to genetic resources
and products thereof, for a variety ofpurposes, and pursuant to the
principles and provisions contained in
the CBDTo promote the use and
sustainable development ofgenetic resources (amongothers)
Law laying down guiding principles
for the conservation of biological
diversity pursuant to the principlesand provisions of the Convention onBiological Diversity with its general
provisions including (a) classification
of biological diversity as comprisinglegally protected environmental assetsof fundamental importance to life, and
their conservation and sustainable use
as being of public interest; (b) theexercise of sovereign rights over thoseresources by the State; (c) the
recognition and protection of the
traditional knowledge of indigenousand local communitiesWT/CTE/EDB/1
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Table 11:  Quantitative Restrictions
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
Non-automatic licensing for motor
cars and other motor vehicles,tractors, trailers and semi-trailersmotor cycles, and parts and
accessories thereofTo protect the environment
(among others)
Prohibition for used motor cars andother motor vehicles, tractors,
motorcycles, and parts and
accessories thereofTo protect the environment
(among others)Macau, China
Global quota for CFCs, halons, other
fully halogenated CFCs, carbon
tetrachloride, methyl chloroform,bromomethaneTo fulfil obligations under
the Montreal Protocol
Morocco Non-automatic licensing for
Compressors used in refrigeratingequipment, refrigerators and freezersof chest and upright typeTo fulfil obligations under
the Montreal Protocol
Table 12:  Agreement on Government Procurement
Symbol Member Provision or issue Objective
GPA/49 Bulgaria Additional requirements to contract
performance, such as conditions
relating to the solution of
environmental issues may be includedin the decision for inititaion of apublic procurement procedure by the
procuring entity
GPA/W/131 Japan Promotion of eco-friendly goods
and services by the state and other
entities (The Law On Promoting
Green Purchasing)To establish the necessary
provisions: (a) to encourage
the State, independent
administrative institutions,etc. and local governmentsto procure eco-friendly
goods; (b) to provide
information on eco-friendlygoods; and (c) to encouragea shift in demand towards
eco-friendly goods, etc.;
To establish society whichcan enjoy sustainabledevelopment with a lower
environmental impact and
To contribute to a sound andcultural lifestyle for citizenstoday and in the futureWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 71
ANNEX I
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED NOTIFICATIONS:
SEARCH WORDS
- Basel Convention
-B i o
- Carbon
-C a r t a g e n a
-C F C s
-C I T E S- Clean
- Climate
- Conservation
- Conserve
- Desertification- Diversity
- Eco-label
-E c o l o g y
- Emissions
- Endangered- Energy
- Environment
-E r o s i o n
- Extinct
- Fauna-F i s h
-F l o r a
- Forest
- Genetic
- GHGs- Green (house)- Hazardous
- HCFCs
- Indigenous
- Kyoto Protocol
- Modified organism
-M a r k i n g- Montreal Protocol
- Natural resources
-N o v e l
-O r g a n i c
- Ozone- Package(ing)
- Pollution
- Preservation
- Preserve
- Recycle- Renewable
-S a v i n g
- Soil erosion
- Species
- Sustainable-T o x i c
-T r e e
- Waste
- Wildlife
- WoodWT/CTE/EDB/1
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ANNEX II
ABBREVIATIONS
AMS − Aggregate measurement of support
Cartagena
Protocol− Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
CBD − Convention on Biological Diversity
CFCs − Chlorofluorocarbons
CGP − Code of Good Practice, Annex III of the TBT Agreement
c.i.f. − Cost, insurance and freight
CITES − Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CO 2− Carbon dioxide
EEA − European Economic Area
EIA − Environmental Impact Assessment
FAO − Food and Agriculture Organization
FIFG − Financial Instrument of Fisheries Guidance structural measures in the fisheries and
aquaculture sector in the European Communities
GMOs − Genetically modified organisms
HCFCs − Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
IDB − Inter-American Development Bank
ICCAT − International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
ITTO − International Tropical Timber Organisation
Kyoto
Protocol− Kyoto Protocol to the United Nation s Framework Convention on Climate Change
LDCs − Least-Developed Countries
LMOs − Living modified organisms
MEAs − Multilateral environmental agreements
Montreal
Protocol− Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
NFIDCs − Net Food-Importing Developing Countries
NGOs − Non-governmental organizations
PESCA − Community Initiative concerning the Restructuring of the Fisheries Sector
R&D − Research and development
ODSs − Ozone-depleting substances
SMEs − Small and medium-sized enterprises
SO 2− Sulphur dioxide
SPS − Sanitary and phytosanitary
TBT − Technical barriers to trade
TPR − Trade Policy Review
UNEP − United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC − United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 73
ANNEX III
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED NOTIFICATIONS (1997-2001)
(Total number of notifications under each agreement is indicated in brackets)
GATT 1994 AND
WTO A GREEMENTS1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
A.  TBT A GREEMENT 89 (794) 98 (648) 84 (1162) 97 (651) 67 (601)
B.  SPS A GREEMENT 9 (300) 21(300) 12 (450) 27 (468) 26 (763)
C.  SCM A GREEMENT 22 (100) 36 (90) 27 32 (133) 21 (198)
D.  A GREEMENT ON
AGRICULTURE20 (230) 22 (190) 28 (220) 40 (229) 40 (235)
E.  A GREEMENT ON
ANTI-DUMPING4 (18) 1 (12) 3 0 0
F.  A GREEMENT ON
IMPORT LICENSING
PROCEDURES15 (50) 20 (60) 10 (66) 17 (70) 7 (57)
G.  A GREEMENT ON
SAFEGUARDS0 1 (30) 1 1 (87) 1(130)
H.  A GREEMENT ON
CUSTOMS VALUATION0 1 (13) 1 (58) 3 (36) 1(44)
I.  S TATE TRADING 0 1 (30) 0 0 1 (39)
J.  R EGIONAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS6 (14) 26 24 16 10 (15)
K.  TRIPS
AGREEMENT0 1 3 5 (328) 5 (227)
L .   G A T S 01000
M.  Q UANTITATIVE
RESTRICTIONS- 3252
N .   T R I M S 00000
O.  U NDERSTANDING
ON THE BALANCE -OF-
PAYMENTS
PROVISIONS OF GATT
19941  ( 2 3 ) 0000WT/CTE/EDB/1
Page 74
GATT 1994 AND
WTO A GREEMENTS1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
P.  AGREEMENT ON
TEXTILES AND
CLOTHING00000
Q.  A GREEMENT ON
PRESHIPMENT
INSPECTION00000
R.  AGREEMENT ON
RULES OF ORIGIN00000
PLURILATERAL
AGREEMENTS
S.  A GREEMENT ON
GOVERNMENT
PROCUREMENT20002  ( 9 )
T.  I NFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
AGREEMENT00000
U.  O THER
NOTIFICATION
PROVISIONS00010
__________