WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/DCS/W/TUR
24 January 2003
(03-0511)
Trade in Services Original:  English
TURKEY
Draft consolidated Schedule of Specific Commitments1
Attached is a draft consolidated version of the Schedule of Specific Commitments of Turkey
in word format.  This document  does not substitute for the legally binding commitments undertaken
by Turkey in its Schedule of Specific Commitments (GATS/SC/88; GATS/SC/88/Suppl.2;
GATS/SC/88/Suppl.3)
Attached to the draft consolidated schedule is a draft consolidated version of Turkey's
Article II (MFN) Exemption List (GATS/EL/ 88; GATS/EL/88/Suppl.2 and GATS/EL/88/Suppl.3).
The draft consolidated versions of the Schedule and the MFN Exemption List were prepared
by the Secretariat, at the request of Members, to facilitate the process of negotiations, including the
presentation of initial offers.
_______________
                                                          
1 This document has been prepared, in English only, under the Secretariat's own responsibility and without
prejudice to the positions of Members and to their rights and obligations under the WTO.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 2TURKEY – SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
I. HORIZONTAL COMMITMENTS
ALL SECTORS INCLUDED
IN THIS SCHEDULE*1) None
2) None
3) All investment to be made within the
range of $50,000 and $150,000,000by  non-residents (natural or juridicalpersons) through:
- the establishment of incorporated or
limited liability companies;
- the purchase of shares including the
portfolio investment registered underthe Foreign Investment EncouragementLaw No. 6224 (portfolio investment,
according to the Article No. 15-F of the
Decree No. 32 is subject to theregistration within the framework of theLaw No. 6224, if the investor desires toparticipate in the board of directors or
general assembly of the company, as
well as to interfere in the management ofit in any other way);
- the opening of branches; and- the creation of liaison offices, will be
authorized by the General
Directorate of Foreign Capital provided that such activities are beneficial to the economic development of Turkey, are in the areas open to the Turkish private sector and do not entail a monopoly orspecial privilege.  Foreign investment 
above $150 million requires the approval 
the Council of Ministers.  A new Decree removing this limitation is under preparation.  The capital must bebrought in as foreign exchange.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 3Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
Authorization is required for the investments
by established foreign-owned enterprises orjoint ventures in a new line of business and forparticipation or takeover of existingenterprises.  For the investments in the same line of business, proposals are generally
approved as a matter of course.
Real Estate
Foreign firms are permitted to acquire real 
estate in Turkey pursuant to ForeignInvestment legislation provided that the real estate to be acquired is related to the investor's
permitted activities.  However, foreign
controlled enterprises are prohibited fromengaging in real estate trading.
Monopolies
The following sectors are closed to private 
investments because of the public monopolies:
postal services and telecommunicationsrailways; administration of harbour and quay; lotteries in cash, football pools and public utilities.
4) Unbound except for the entry and temporary
stay of natural persons in the followingcategories:4) The professional services which are assigned 
only to Turkish citizens by the specific laws cannot be rendered by foreigners either as service providers.  On the other hand foreign citizens with Turkish origin may work in 
professions which are assigned only to Turkish 
citizens with the permission obtained from the Ministry of Interior.Those professions which are assigned only to Turkish citizens are given below:S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 4Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
A.Administrative and technical
personnel
Work permits for the employment of the
below defined administrative and technicalpersonnel of a foreign service provider in thebranch, subsidiary, affiliate or representative
office are given  by the relevant authorities in
accordance with the Foreign1) Doctors, 2) Pharmacists, 3) Nurses, 4)
Veterinarians, 5) Responsible directors ofthe factories producing medicine, 6) Guides,7) Responsible directors of privatehospitals, 8) Responsible directors oftravel  agencies, 9) Directors of newspaper, 10)
Dentists, 11) Notaries, 12)Those personnel
working in Free Trade Zones other thanmanagers and qualified personnel, 13) Thosepersonnel undertaking coastal commerce andrelated activities, 14) Opticians, 15) Doctors,pharmacists and veterinarians dealing with
laboratory services, 16) Lawyers who
practice in Turkish Courts, 17) Accountants andCertified Public Accountants.
Capital Legislation and the other Lawsconcerning the employment of foreigners.The work permits are valid up to 2 years andsubject to renewal after that.  In addition to the
work permits, the Ministry of Interior gives
residence permits for the same personnelfor the periods of up to 2 years, which can beextended parallel to the work permit-renewals.
Managers-executives
Persons who primarily direct the organization
or one of its departments and who receiveonly general supervision or direction fromhigher-level executives, the board of directorsor the stockholders of the organization.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 5Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
Specialist
Highly qualified persons who, within an
organization, are indispensable for theprovision of a specific service by reason oftheir knowledge at an advanced level ofexpertise in the field of services, research
equipment, techniques or management of the
organization.
B.Service sellers
It is not necessary to obtain work permits andresidence permits for natural persons (servicesellers as defined below) who stay in Turkey
for not more than 30 days, for the purpose of
participating in business meetings, businesscontracts including negotiations for the sale ofservices, entry into contract to sell servicesand visit of business establishments, or other
similar activities.
 
Service sellers
Defined as persons employed or mandated by
an organization and who stay temporarily inanother signatory country in order to concludethe sale of service on behalf of theorganization which employs them or has
mandated them.  Service sellers may not sell
services directly to the general public.
                                                          
  Note: Turkish legislation related to taxation, prudential and pr ofessional competency requirements, immigration policies has n ot been listed separately in this schedule.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 6Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
II. SECTOR SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
1. BUSINESS SERVICES
A. Professional Services
(a) Legal services (advisory
services on foreign and
International Law only)
(CPC 861*)1) None
2) None
3) None
4) None1) None
2) None
3) Representation in the Turkish Courts is
assigned only to Turkish nationals.
4) None 
(b) Accounting, auditing and
bookkeeping services
(CPC 862)1) Unbound
2) None1) Unbound
2) None
3) Authorized financial advisers1 establish their
company among themselves after being amember of the related Chamber.3) Foreign titles and names cannot be used in
the titles of partnerships or corporationsamong Turkish and Foreign Financial
Advisers (this restriction will be eliminated by
an amendment to the related regulation).
4) Unbound 4) Turkish citizenship is required for Accountants 
and Certified PublicAccountants.
(d),(e)Engineering and
Architectural services(CPC 8671, 8672)1)
2None
2)2None
3) 2None
4) 2None1) None
2) None3) None4) None
                                                          
 * Asterisks designate "part of".
1 Foreign financial advisers can be authorized, under reciprocal condition, by the approval of the Prime Minister upon the propo sal of the Ministry of Finance.  Foreign financial advisers 
can perform all the accountancy, tax advisory, financial advisory and auditing services without making certification.
2 Foreigners may engage in these services after becoming a temporary member of the related Union of ChambersS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 7Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
B. Computer and Related
Services
(a) Consultancy services
related to the installation ofcomputer hardware(CPC 841)
(b) Software implementation
services (CPC 842)
(c) Data processing services
(CPC 840)1)
3None
2) None3)
3None
4)3None1) None
2) None3) None4) None 
F. Other Business Services
(a) Advertising services
(CPC 871)
(b) Market research services
(CPC 864)
(c) Management consulting
services (CPC 865)
(q) Packaging services
(CPC 876)1) None
2) None3) None4) None1) None
2) None3) None4) None
(f) Services incidental to
hunting(CPC 881)1) Establishment is required
2) None
3) Only Group A travel agencies may
operate in this field with the
condition of obtaining huntinglicence
4) None1) None
2) According to the decision of Commission
of Hunting by obtaining the hunting licence,foreigners may hunt for 10 days and pay US$50 fee per day.
3) None
4) None
                                                          
3 Computer engineers may engage in these services after becoming a temporary member of the related Union of Chambers.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 8Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(h) Services incidental to
mining(CPC 883, 515)1) Establishment is required
2) None
3)
4None
4) None1) Nationality is required for real person
2) None
3) None
4) None
2. COMMUNICATION
SERVICES
A. Postal Services
(CPC 7511)1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) Unbound1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) Unbound
B. Courier Services
(CPC 7512)1),3)None
2) None
4) None1),3)None
2) None
4) None
                                                          
4 Petroleum and Mining Laws specify that services incidental to mining require an operating licence.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 9Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
C. Telecommunication 
Services5
(a) Voice telephone services
(b) Packet-switched data
transmission services1),3)Türk Telekomünikasyon A.S. is the 
exclusive operator.  Exclusive right will end by 31.12.2005, subject to adoption of the 
relevant legislation by the parliament.
2) None4) Unbound except as indicated in
horizontal section.1),3)None except as indicated in the market
access column.
2) None
4) Unbound except as indicated in horizontal
section.- Independent 
Regulatory
The regulatory body is
separate from and notaccountable to anysupplier of basic
telecommunications
services. Thedecisions of and theproceduresused by regulatorsshall be
impartial with respect
to allmarket participants.
(c) Circuit-switched data
transmission services
(d) Telex services
(f) Facsimile services
(g) Private leased circuit
services1),3)Interconnection between private companies is 
prohibited.  The licenses and permissions are available only for the companies which deal 
with the subject of licence and registered in 
Turkey.  Total Turkish citizens equity should not be less than 51%.
2) None4) Unbound except as indicated in horizontal
section.1),3)None except as indicated in the market access
column.
2) None
4) Unbound except as indicated in horizontal
section.Regulatory and
operationalfunctions are
separated.  The
Directorate General ofCommunicationsestablishedwithin the Ministry of
Transport
and Communicationsis the ResponsibleBody to:- Regulate the required
qualifications for
operators,
- Issue licenses,
- Inspect,
                                                          
5 The scope of basic telecommunications in our final Schedule does not cover any kind of (analog-digital) radio and TV programme  broadcasting services to the public.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 10Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
- Give type approval for
telecommunicationsterminalequipment.
(e) Telegraph services 1) Directorate General of Posts is the
exclusive service provider.
2) None
3) Directorate General of Posts is the
exclusive service provider.
4) Unbound except as indicated in
horizontal section.1) None except as indicated in the market
access column.
2) None
3) None except as indicated in the market
access column.
4) Unbound except as indicated in the
horizontal section.- Public
Availability of
Licensing
Criteria
Where a licence is
required, thefollowing will be
made publicly
available:(a) all the licensing
criteria and theperiod of timenormally required
to reach on
decision
concerningan application for
a
licence and
(b)  the terms and
conditions ofindividual licenses.
(h) Electronic mail
(CPC 7523)1),3)Public monopoly.  Revenue-sharing model
may be applied.
2) None
4) Unbound except personnel at the
establishment stage of the system incase of revenue-sharing applications1),3)
2) None
4) None
i) Voice mail
(CPC 7523)1),3)Public monopoly
2) None
4) Unbound1),3)Public monopoly
2) None
4) UnboundS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 11Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(j) On-line information and
data-base retrieval(CPC 7523)1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) Unbound1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) Unbound
(k) Electronic data interchange
(CPC 7523)1),3)Public monopoly.  Revenue-
sharing model may be applied.
2) None
4) Unbound except personnel at the
establishment stage of the system incase of revenue-sharing applications1),3)None
2) None
4) None
(l) Enhanced/value-added
facsimile services, incl.
store and forward, store and
retrieve(CPC 7523)1),3)Public monopoly.  Revenue-sharing model
may be applied.
2) None
4) Unbound except personnel at the
establishment stage of the system incase of revenue-sharing applications1),3)None
2) None
4) None
(m) Code and protocol 1),3)Public monopoly.  Revenue-
sharing model may be applied.
2) None4) Unbound except personnel at the
establishment stage of the system incase of revenue-sharing applications1),3)None
2) None
4) None
(n) On-line information and/or
data processing(CPC 843)1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) Unbound1),3)Public monopoly
2) None4) UnboundS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 12Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(o) Others
- Mobile services
analog/digital cellular
- Paging services-C a b l e  T V1),3)The Ministry of Transport and
Communications may grant licenceand authorization to privatecompanies for the operation ofnetwork, with licensing criteriapublicly available.  Interconnection
between private companies is
prohibited.  The licences andpermissions are available only for thecompanies which deal with thesubject of licence and registered inTurkey. Total Turkish citizens equity
should not be less than 51%.
2) None4) Unbound except as indicated in
horizontal section.1),3)None except as indicated in the market access
column.
2) None
4) Unbound except as indicated in horizontal
section.
3. CONSTRUCTION AND
RELATED
ENGINEERING
SERVICES(CPC 512, 513, 514+516,517)1)
6None 1) Investor public entities will give priority
to domestic firms in works that they could
not do such as engineering, architectural
and consultancy services in investmentsthat are not subject to patent and could becarried out with the technology used inTurkey except in projects financed by
international institutions.
                                                          
6 Responsible engineers or architects of the firms must be a temporary member of the related Union of Chambers.  Foreign contract ors or foreign establishments which contracted, solely or
jointly with national firms, engineering or architecture-related works with public entities or real and legal persons in the pu blic or private sectors, may employ foreign specialists only for 
these works with approval of the Ministry of Public Works based on the opinion of the Union of Chambers.  Engineers and archite cts in activities other than those mentioned above could 
be employed by the decision of Ministry of Public Works upon the opinion of Administrative Committee of Union of Chambers.  How ever, those brought for advisory works by public 
offices, official and private companies a nd real persons and legal en tities and those who come for technical instruction are no t bound to the above rule.  These persons may not work in 
other activities other than those mentioned above.  The foreign engineers and architects, who want to stay more than one month in Turkey must apply to the related Union of Chambers in 
order to become a temporary member.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 13Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
In Government tenders, the ratio of
discrimination in favour of national companiesis determined by the Ministry accordingly to theDecision of Council of Ministers, advantagecan be obtained up to 15 per cent in favour ofnational companies in determining appropriate
value, however, this issue and ratio (also the
system to be applied if partnership of nationaland foreign companies exists) should bementioned in the bid contract.
2) None3) For Construction Services,
establishing ordinary partnership
under Civil Code (which is not a
legal entity) excluding the ordinarypartnership formed for internationaltenders in Turkey by the non-residents is subject to permission ofthe Ministry to which the
Undersecretariat of Treasury and
Foreign Trade (UTFT) is attached.
4)
7None2) None
3) None
4) None
5. EDUCATION SERVICES
A.,B.,E. Primary, Secondary
and Other Educational
Services
(CPC 921, 922, 929)1),3)Real and legal foreign persons directly or by
establishing partnership with Turkish citizensmay establish international educationalinstitutions (including vocational andtechnical schools) only for foreign students.1) None
2) None
4) Foreign teachers may work in
primary and secondary educationalinstitutions after taking permissionfrom the Ministry of Education2) None
4) None
                                                          
7 Responsible engineers or architects of the firms must be a temporary member of the related Union of Chambers.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 14Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
C. Higher Education Services
(CPC 923)1) None
2) None3) Private universities can only be established by
foundations constituted Under Civil Code withthe permission of the Council of Ministers,provided that the majority of the
administration of such foundations must be
Turkish citizens.
4) None1) None
2) None3) None
4) None
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
A. Sewage Services
(CPC 9401)1) Unbound
2) None3) None4) None1) Unbound
2) None3) None4) None
B. Refuse Disposal Services
(CPC 9402)1) Unbound
2) None3) None4) None1) Unbound
2) None3) None4) None
C. Sanitation and Similar
Services (CPC 9403)1) Unbound2) None3) None4) None1) Unbound
2) None3) None4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 15Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
7.  FINANCIAL SERVICES
1. Turkey undertakes commitments on Financial Services in accordance with the provisions of the "Understanding on Commitments in  Financial Services" (the
Understanding).
2. The market access commitments in respect of modes 1) and 2) appl y only to the transactions indicated in paragraphs 3 and 4 of  the market access section of the
Understanding respectively.
3. The admission to the market of new financial services or produ cts (such as subsectors B/l and B/m-ii) may be subject to the e xistence of, and consistency with, a
regulatory framework aimed at achieving the objectives indicated in Article 2.1 of the Financial Services Annex.
Measures applicable to all sectors in Financial Services
Banking 3) Establishment of a bank which has to be in the
form of a joint-stock company and opening of
the first branch of a foreign bank require
authorization from the Council of Ministers.According to the prevailing circumstances, theUndersecretariat of Treasury may requireadditional conditions, which are determinedby a regulation, for the establishment of a
bank or opening the first branch of a foreign
bank in Turkey.  Following the establishment,operation license from Undersecretariat ofTreasury must be obtained in order to startcollecting deposits or execute banking
operations.3) None
The establishment of additional branches by
the banks is subject to the meeting of thecriteria and ratios required by theUndersecretariat of Treasury.  TheUndersecretariat has the right to limit or
prohibit the additional branch establishment, if
necessary.
According to the Banks Act, lending limits forthe branches of foreign banks are based onbranch capital rather than worldwide capital.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 16Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
The establishment of domestic or foreign
banks as well as the first branch of a non-resident bank are subject to the same amountof minimum capital requirement.Acquisition or transfer of the sharesrepresenting a ratio equal or higher than 5, 20,
33 and 50 per cent of the capital is subject to
the authorization of the Undersecretariat ofTreasury.
Insurance 3) In order to be established in Turkey, insurance
and reinsurance companies have to be foundedin the form of a joint-stock or a mutual
company.  Foreign insurance and reinsurance
companies may operate in Turkey by openingbranches as well.3) None
However, reinsurance companies can do
reinsurance business without fulfilling
establishment conditions mentioned above.
Establishment of insurance and
reinsurance companies or opening ofa branch of a foreign insurance or areinsurance company is subject to prior
permission of the Ministry of State.
Following the establishment, operation licencefrom Undersecretariat of Treasury must beobtained in order to start insurance orreinsurance business.
Acquisition or transfer of sharesrepresenting 10, 20, 33, 50 per cent orhigher of the capital is subject to theauthorization of Undersecretariat ofTreasury.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 17Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
3),4)Engaging of natural persons in brokerage
business or establishment of an insurance andreinsurance broker company or opening of abranch of a foreign insurance and reinsurancebroker company in Turkey is subject to priorpermission and obtaining operation licence
from Undersecretariat of Treasury.  Such a
firm must be founded in the form of a joint-stock or a limited liability company, and mustpossess the required minimum paid-in capital.3),4)NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 18Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
Foreign commercial presence or
presence of foreign natural personsregarding services auxiliary toinsurance is permitted only forconsultancy and risk management.
4) Natural person insurance and
reinsurance brokers have to reside in
Turkey and they must have at least 5years of experience as brokers in theircountries of origin.4) None
Securities market 3) For the establishment of capital market
institutions 8the permission of the Capital
Market Board is required.  If banks orinsurance companies apply to the Board toform a mutual fund or to increase fundcapital, the opinion of the Under secretariat ofTreasury has to be obtained to finalize the
applications.3) None
                                                          
8 According to the Capital Market Law, capital market institutions are specific as follows:
(a) Securities Intermediary Institutions.
(b) Investment Corporations.(c) Mutual Funds(d) Other capital market institutions permitted to operate in th e capital market such as clearing and custodial houses, rating a nd auditing institutions, etc.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 19Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
Establishment of branches and
agencies by securities intermediaryinstitutions established in Turkey alsorequires the Board's permission. The permission of the Board is required for obtaining 5 per cent or more of the capital of 
already established securities
intermediary institutions by one shareholder
(natural or legal persons).  Intermediaryinstitutions, investment corporations, portfoliomanagement companies and rating agenciescan only be established in the form of a
joint-stock company.
Establishment of branches and representative
offices of foreign non-bank intermediaryinstitutions is not permitted.
Additionally, operations of all capital marketinstitutions and banks are subject to thepermission of the Board.  While giving suchpermission, the Board issues "AuthorizationCertificates" for the activities to be carried out
by each institution.
Rating agencies should have a know-how
agreement with an international rating agencyrecognized by the Board.  In case ofpartnership with an international rating agency
recognized by the Board, the share of the
international rating agency shall not be lessthan 25 per cent of the capital of the domesticrating agency.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 20Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
OTHER FINANCIAL
SERVICES
A. Financial leasing service 3) Financial leasing companies (lessors)
can be established (a) in the form of ajoint-stock company, and (b) through
the establishment and opening of a
branch of a lessor, as well as openingof a branch of a foreign lessor.  In thecase of (b), subject to prior permission of theMinistry of State to which theUndersecretariat of Treasury is attached.3) The minimum paid-in capital required for
opening a branch by a foreign lessor ismore than that of establishing a company.
B. Factoring and consumer
credit services3) Factoring companies and consumer credit
companies must be established in the form ofa joint-stock company.
For the establishment of these companies,
prior permission of the Undersecretariat of
Treasury must be obtained.3) None
C. Authorized institutions
(foreign exchange dealers)3) In order to engage in activities as an
authorized institution, the permission of the
Undersecretariat of Treasury must be
obtained.
Authorized institutions must be
incorporated in the form of a joint-stock company.3) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 21Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
D. Precious metals exchange 3),4)Precious metals intermediaries (banks,
authorized institutions, precious metalsintermediary institutions as well as residentand non-resident natural or legal persons)can operate in Istanbul Gold Exchange afterbeing granted the operation licence by the
Undersecretariat of Treasury and being
registered by the Istanbul Gold Exchange.3),4)None
A. Insurance and Insurance-
related Services
(a) Direct insurance
(i) Non-life 1),2)Unbound except:
(a) The hull insurance of aircrafts,
helicopters and ships which arepurchased through a foreign loan orleased through a financial leasingcontract from abroad, provided that
the insurance period is limited to the
term of the credit or leasing contract;1),2)None
(b) marine liability insurance;
(c) transportation insurance of imported
and exported goods;
(d) individual accident, sickness and motor 
vehicle insurance during any travel abroad.
3) None
4) None3) Compulsory traffic insurance of publicly
owned motor vehicles can only be done bythose insurance companies whose majority
of paid-in capital belongs to Turkish
citizens.
4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 22Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(ii) Life 1) Unbound
2) None3) A certain per cent of paid insurance premiums
is deducted from gross wages and corporateincome in order to determine real individualand corporate taxable income. In order to
benefit from this facility, life insurance
policies must be concluded with the insurancecompanies or the branches of foreigninsurance companies established in Turkey.
4) None1) None
2) None3) None
4) None
(b) Reinsurance and
retrocession1),2)Non-life insurance premiums, after holding
the retention, are subject to a certain per cent
compulsory ceding to Milli Reinsurance Co.If the total retention ratio of the insurancecompany reaches to 75 per cent, compulsoryceding is cancelled.
3) None
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(c) Insurance intermediation 1),2)Unbound for dependent
intermediaries (agencies, producers).Dependent intermediaries can act only on
behalf of insurance companies authorized to
operate in Turkey.
3) Insurance and reinsurance brokers
and fully authorized agencies canonly engage in insurance-related business.
4) Unbound except administrative and
technical personnel.1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(d) Services auxiliary to
insurance1),2)None except adjusters and actuaries.
3) None4) None except adjusters and actuaries.1),2)None
3) None4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 23Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
B. Banking and Other
Financial
Services
(e) Acceptance of deposits 1),2)None
3) No natural person or legal entity other than
those authorized under the Banks Act or under
specific regulations may accept deposits.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(f) Lending of all types
(i) Consumer credit 1),2)None
3) Banks and consumer credit companies may
lend consumer credits.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(ii) Factoring 1),2)None
3) Banks and factoring companies can engage in
factoring activities.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(iii) Mortgage credit and
financing of commercial
transactions1),2)None
3) Banks can engage in trading of these
activities.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(g) Financial leasing 1),2)Leasing contracts related to cross-border
leasing transactions must be permitted by theUndersecretariat of Treasury.
3) Lessors can engage in financial
leasing transactions.
4) None1),2)Regarding cross-border leasing
transactions, the annual rent may not beless than the Turkish Lira equivalent of
$25,000.
3) None
4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 24Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(h) All payment and money
transmission services1),2)None
3) Transfers of foreign exchange abroad must be
carried out through the banking system.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(i) Guarantees and
commitments1),2)None except that performance bonds with the
transactions specified in the State Tender Law
must be obtained from a bank operating in
Turkey.1),2) None
3) None
4) None3) None
4) None
(j) Trading for own account or
for account of customer
(i) Money market instruments 1),2)None
3) Banks and securities intermediary institutions
can engage in trading of money marketinstruments.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(ii) Foreign exchange 1),2)None
3) Banks and authorized institutions can engage
in foreign exchange trading.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(iii) Derivative products 1),2)None
3) Banks and related intermediary institutions
can engage in trading of these products.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 25Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(iv) Exchange rate and interest
rate instruments1),2)None
3) Banks and related intermediary institutions
can engage in trading of these instruments.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(v) Transferable securities 1),2)None
3) Banks and securities intermediary institutions
can engage in trading of these products.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(vi) Other negotiable
instruments and financialassets, including bullion1),2)None
3) Banks and related intermediary institutions
can engage in trading of these products. Only
precious metals intermediaries can engage in
trading of bullion in the Istanbul GoldExchange.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 26Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(k) Underwriting and
placement1),2)None
3) Banks and securities intermediary institutions
can provide underwriting and placementservices for the securities to be issued afterbeing registered by the Capital Market Board.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(l) Money broking91),2),
3),4)None1),2),
3),4)None
(m) Asset management
portfoliomanagement1),2)None
3) Banks, securities intermediary institutions and
portfolio management companies can provide
these services.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(i) Collective investment
management1),2)None
3) Mutual funds and investment corporations can
engage in collective investment management.
4) The majority of the members of the board of
directors of an investment corporation musthave Turkish nationality.1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(ii) Pension fund management91),2),
3),4)None1),2),
3),4)None
                                                          
9 This is a new financial service.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 27Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(iii) Custodial, depository and
trust services1),2)None
3) Banks and securities intermediary
institutions operating in capital market canprovide custodial services for their customers'securities, until their buying-selling orders arerealized.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(n) Settlement and clearing
services1),2)None
3) Only Takasbank A.S. can provide securities
settlement and clearing services.
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
(o) Provision and transfer of
financial information1),2)None
3) None4) None1),2)None
3) None4) None
(p) Advisory, intermediation
and other auxiliary services1),2)None
3) None
4) None1),2)None
3) None
4) None
8. HEALTH RELATED AND
SOCIAL SERVICES
A. Hospital Services
(CPC 9311)1) Unbound*
2) None3) Foreigners may establish private hospitals
with the permission of Ministry of Health.
4) Unbound1) None
2) None3) None
4) UnboundS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 28Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL
RELATED SERVICES
A. Hotels and restaurants
(CPC 641-643)1) Unbound*
2)10None
3) None1) None
2) None3) None 
4) After receiving the permission of the Ministry
of Interior based on the affirmative opinion of
the Ministry of Tourism, the hotels andrestaurants with the tourism encouragementcertificate, may employ foreign personnel.But the amount of foreign personnel thatwould be employed in an enterprise should not
exceed 10 per cent of the total personnel.  This
amount could be increased up to 20 per centby the decision of the related Ministry.4) None
B. Travel Agencies and Tour
Operators Services
(CPC 7471)1) Establishment is required
2) None
3) None1) Foreign travel agencies may not organise tours
abroad.
2) None
3) In case of bringing into the country of
US$80,000 foreign exchange income fromthe tours organised by the travel agencies (to Turkey), the temporary operating certificates
of A Class Travel Agencies are changed with 
permanent operating certificate.The amount of foreign exchange stipulated for this transaction is three times more for foreign travel agencies.
                                                          
* Unbound due to the lack of technical feasibility.
10 Turkish citizens may travel abroad without any restriction. Only, they are required to pay, with certain exceptions, a TL amou nt equivalent up to US$ 100 to the Public Housing Fund, for
each exit. The Turkish citizens going abroad for education and health purposes, as well as the ones who are either employed or assigned to permanent official duties in foreign countries, are
exempt from that payment.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 29Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
The amount of guarantees required for
foreign travel agencies is twice as much asnational ones.  Foreign travel agencies andbranches can not benefit from the creditsgiven by Turkish Development Bank todomestic ones.  Foreign Travel Agencies
may only take A class or temporary A
class operating certificates.
The minimum amount of capital to bebrought (to Turkey) by the branches offoreign travel agencies in order to begranted Operation Certificate is
determined by the Ministry of Tourism
with the appropriate opinion of theMinistry of Finance.
4) None 4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 30Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
11. TRANSPORT SERVICES
A. Maritime Transport
Services
(a) Passenger transportation
(CPC 7211)1) None except cabotage
2) None
3)11 In order to fly the Turkish flag, the
shipping companies must have the
majority of 51 per cent Turkish
shareholders.
4) Captain and crew of the Turkish flag
vessels should be Turkish residents.1) Charges taken for port services from foreign
and Turkish ships may differ in favour of
Turkish flag vessels according to the tariffs on
port charges which are determined by the portadministrations.
2) None3) None
4) Turkish nationality is required for captain
and crew. 
(b) Freight transportation
(CPC 7212)1) None except cabotage 1) The vessels flying Turkish flag either bidding
for public cargoes to be shipped to overseas
countries or carrying strategic raw materials arebenefited from the preference given in favour ofthem (i.e.they are entitled to be awarded thebids even though their quotations are up to
10 % higher than the lowest foreign flag vessels
quotations)
The Undersecretariat of Treasury and ForeignTrade is authorized to permit the public entitiesto have their imported goods transported byforeign flag vessels.
                                                          
11 All Turkish ships shall fly the Turkish flag .  A ship shall be regarded as Turkish on ly if its owner (or owners) is/are Turkis h.  However, the following ships shall also be consider ed as Turkish: i) Ships 
which belong to legal persons such as bodies, institutions, associations and foundations set up in accordance with Turkish Law,  the majority of whose Board of Directors are of Turkish nationality.  ii) 
Ships which belong to the trading companie s the majority of whose managerial staff and representatives are of Turkish nationali ty and are registered on the Turkish Trade Register .S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 31Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
Charges taken for port services from foreign
and Turkish ships may differ in favour ofTurkish flag vessels according to the tariffs onport charges which are determined by the portadministrations.
2) None
3)12n order to fly the Turkish flag, the shipping
companies must have the majority of 51 percent Turkish shareholders.
4) Captain and crew of the Turkish flag vessels
should be Turkish residents.2) None
3) None
4) None
(c) Rental of vessels with crew
(CPC 7213)1) None
2) None
3) None
4) None1) Vessels rented by foreigners may not
operate inside the Turkish coastal waters.
2) This kind of vessels are considered as
foreign vessels and do not have to fly theTurkish flag.
3) None
4) None
(d) Maintenance and repair of
vessels (CPC 8868)1) None
2) None3) None
4) None1) None
2) None3) None
4) None
C. Air Transport Services
(a) Selling of air transport
services1) Foreign airline companies may sell their
tickets by opening sales offices in Turkey.
2) None
3) None4) None1) None
2) None
3) None4) None
                                                          
12 All Turkish ships shall fly the Turkish flag.  A ship shall be regarded as Turkish only  if its owner (or ow ners) is/are Turkish .  However, the following sh ips shall also be considered as Turkish: i) Ships
which belong to legal persons such as bodies, institutions, associations and foundations set up in accordance with Turkish Law,  the majority of whose Board of Directors are of Turkish nationality.  ii)
Ships which belong to the trading companie s the majority of whose managerial staff and representatives are of Turkish nationali ty and are registered on the Turkish Trade Register .S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 32Modes of supply: 1) Cross-border supply 2) Consumption abroad 3) Commercial presence 4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Limitat ions on  National Treatment Additional Commitments
(b) Computer reservation
systems1) None
2) None3) None4) None1) None
2) None3) None4) None
(c) Maintenance and repair of
aircraft (CPC 8868)1) None
2) None
3) Authorization from the Ministry of
Transport is necessary to performfunctions for the maintenance andrepair of aircraft.
4) None1) None
2) None
3) None
4) None
E. Rail Transport Services
(CPC 7111, 7112)1) Internal rail transportation is a public
monopoly.
2) None3) Internal rail transportation is a public
monopoly.
4) None1) None
2) None
3) None
4) None
F, Road Transport Services
(a) Passenger transportation
(CPC 7121 + 7122)
(b) Freight transportation
(CPC 7123)1) Unbound
2) None
3) Turkish citizenship or being a legal entity
established under the relevant Turkish lawsare required for obtaining a carrier licencegiven by the Ministry of Transport in order tobecome an international transporter.
4) None1) Unbound
2) None
3) None
4) NoneS/DCS/W/TUR
Page 33TURKEY – FINAL LIST OF ARTICLE II (MFN) EXEMPTIONS
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
ALL SECTORS (a) Extending full national
treatment for the
investments of the nationalsor companies of thesecountries.
(b)( i)Executing the transfers, in
specific periods, of thenationals and companies ofcertain countries whichmade investments inTurkey (Belgium-
Luxembourg, Kuwait).Germany, USA, The 
Netherlands, Belgium, 
Luxembourg, Romania, Bangladesh, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Japan, Kuwait, Tunisia, 
South Korea, Poland, 
China, United Kingdom, Finland, Hungary, Argentina, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, 
Georgia, Jordan, Malaysia, 
Spain, Italy, Norway, Algeria, Russian Federation, Mongolia,Indefinite Desire to create favourable 
conditions for a greater 
economic cooperation between Turkey and mentioned countries and to encourage investments by nationals and companies of one 
country in the territory of the 
other countries.
(ii) Granting foreign
exchange risk guarantee forcertain countries for the
transfers which are not
realized due to thedifficulties in balance ofpayments.Lithuania, France, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Azerbaijan,
Israel, Ukraine.
(c) Covering "trade risk" in
subrogation one country.(Japan).S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 34
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
(d)  The agreements with five
countries, the MFN Articlesof which do not include thederogation paragraphsrelating to the privilegeswhich are accorded to the
investors of the third
countries resulting from itsmembership in orassociated with a free tradezone, an economiccooperation, a customs
union or a common market.
(Japan, Bangladesh,Poland, Germany, SouthKorea).
ALL SECTORS The restriction in the 
transfer of the premiums 
for long-term insurance schemes and the employment of the foreign country workers by foreign companies is waived for 
one country.  (Not applied  
de facto).Libya Indefinite To ensure social security and 
continuous employment of 
Turkish workers in the mentioned country.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 35Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
ALL SECTORS If the amount of the 
consulate duties collected from the Turkish nationals by any country is higher than the amounts written in the tariff list, the amounts 
of consulate duties which 
are collected from the nationals of that country will be increased reciprocally.All countries Indefinite Desire to ensure equal treatment 
to Turkish nationals.
ALL SECTORS On the condition that the 
legal provisions are 
reserved and with the condition of reciprocity, theforeign real persons could own real estates in Turkey 
by acquisition or by 
inheritance.All countries Indefinite To secure the right of Turkish 
nationals to acquire real estates 
in a foreign country.
Professional Services If any foreign country lays 
down legal and administrative conditions 
against Turkish citizens for 
performing arts and supplying services, the similar activities of the citizens of that country could be prohibited in 
Turkey.All countries Indefinite Desire to create favourable 
circumstances for Turkish citizens to perform their 
activities under equal conditions 
in the other countries.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 36
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Telecommunication ServicesTo apply, on the basis of 
reciprocity, reduction in thefees for the transit land connections and the usage of satellite ground stations.Iran, Syria. Indefinite Desire to facilitate 
telecommunication services between Turkey and the mentioned countries.
Postal Services To apply, on the basis of 
reciprocity, reduction in the
prices of letter mail.Iraq, Greece, Iran and 
Pakistan.Indefinite Desire to carry out postal 
services more rapidly and 
economically.
Transportation Services
1The income and corporate tax rates for the foreign road, maritime and air 
transport companies, can 
reciprocally be decreased down to zero or increased to a new rate not exceeding one fold of the existing rate
can be determined, as a 
country by country basis either for each transportation type separately or for all types ofthem.  (As in the case of 
USA, Israel and 
Switzerland).All countries Indefinite Desire to facilitate and to lower 
the costs of transportation services between Turkey and 
other countries.
                                                          
1 This exemption request will be evaluated in the light of developments in the GATS in the field of taxation.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 37Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Transportation Services
1Transit or bilateral transportation services, can be excluded from VAT.  This exception is granted, with the condition of reciprocity, to the related 
countries' tax payers who 
do not have the residence, legal and business centre in Turkey.All countries Indefinite Desire to lower costs and to 
create favourable conditions for the provision of services in this sector.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 38
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Transportation ServicesTo apply, on the basis of 
reciprocity, restrictions, prohibitions, different treatments and different tariffs to the goods and transportation vehicles of 
the countries which apply 
restrictions, prohibitions and different treatments to the Turkish road, air and maritime transportation vehicles.All countries Indefinite Desire to secure the smooth 
functioning of mutual transportation services.
Road Transport Services
2To grant, on the basis of reciprocity, the privileges about the quotas and fees, the exemptions from the permission procedures.Afghanistan, Austria, 
Belgium, Bulgaria, Former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, The Netherlands, Iraq, 
United Kingdom, Iran, 
Sweden, Switzerland, Italy,Kuwait, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, 
Luxembourg, Albania, 
Ukraine, Slovenia, Moldova, Egypt, Lithuania,Macedonia, Lebanon.Indefinite Desire to facilitate road transport
services between Turkey and other countries.
                                                          
2 If the partners of these Road Transport Agreements agree to remove the measures, Turkey will also do so.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 39Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Rail Transport ServicesThe bilateral reduction in 
the renting fees of railway wagons of countries mentioned aside (paragrapha) and the application of national treatment to tariff 
rates on the reciprocal 
transportation of goods with the countries mentioned aside (paragraphb).a) Syria, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon
b) Commonwealth of 
Independent States and the Baltic Republics.Indefinite Desire to facilitate rail transport 
services between Turkey and other countries.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 40
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Financial Services
- BankingShould national banks 
wishing to operate by establishing branches in thecountries whose banks havealready established or will establish branches in 
Turkey, are forced to meet 
stricter conditions which they will besubject to under the legislation of those countries, or which are to 
be made stricter afterwards,
than those imposed in the Turkish Banks Act, foreign banks' compliance with the same conditions and the 
annulment of the 
permissions of those failingto comply with such conditions may  be requiredby Council of Ministers' decision.All countries Indefinite Desire to ensure equal treatment 
to Turkish banks in the other countries.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 41Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
Accounting, Auditing and Book-keeping ServicesIn order to perform the 
services under the title of "financial advisor", the citizens of the countries which have officially codified the principles for 
the profession of financial 
advisory may be authorized, under reciprocalconditions, provided that these persons should have the characteristics required 
for the professional of 
financial advisory in Turkey and should have rights to perform similar services in their own 
countries.All countries Indefinite Desire to create favourable 
conditions for Turkish financial advisors to perform their jobs under equal conditions all over the world.
TelecommunicationServicesMeasures, including the 
application of different accounting rates for different operators/countries covered
by International
Telecommunication Services Agreements between Government of Turkey or Telecommunication 
Company and other 
Governments or various foreign operators.Neighbouring countries 
and/or countries covered byEconomic Cooperation Organization and Black SeaEconomic Cooperation.Indefinite Bilateral agreements between 
Government of Turkey or Telecommunication Company and other governments and/or various foreign operators dealing
with various aspects of 
cooperation.S/DCS/W/TUR
Page 42
Sector or SubsectorDescription of measure
indicating its inconsistency
with Article IICountries to which the
measure appliesIntended durationConditions creating  the need for
the exemption
TelecommunicationServicesTo apply, on the basis of 
reciprocity, reduction in thefees for the transit land connections and the usage of satellite ground stations.Iran, Syria Indefinite Desire to facilitate 
telecommunication services between Turkey and thementioned countries
__________