WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/CTE/W/129
2 February 2000
(00-0400)
Committee on Trade and Environment
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED LITERATURE
CONCERNING THE USE OF TRADE MEASURES
IN MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS (MEAs)
Note by the Secretariat
This Note has been prepared in response to requests from delegations for background
information relevant to trade and environment.  This Note contains an annotated bibliography of
selected literature concerning the use of trade measures in multilateral environmental agreements
(MEAs).  The Secretariat has also prepared select bibliographies on trade and environment in general,
contained in WT/CTE/W/49 and WT/CTE/W/72.  Listed below are articles and books which discussissues relevant to the relationship between the rules of the multilateral trading system and the trade
measures contained in MEAs, and between their dispute settlement mechanisms (Items 1 and 5 of the
CTE's work programme).  This body of literature has been selected based on its usefulness in the
Secretariat's research which aims to improve an understanding about MEAs that contain trade-related
provisions.  In this respect, the Secretariat's on-going research is available for consultations byinterested delegations.
The document has been divided into references for materials concerning  specific MEAs and
general references for materials on MEAS and trade-related measures.  Materials are listed according
to the most recent date of publication.  By way of general reference information for consultation by
delegations , Annex I contains a list of CTE documents relevant to Items 1 and 5, and Annex II lists
several websites which contain information on  trade and environment.
I. THE BASEL CONVENTION ON THE TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE AND THEIR DISPOSAL
Title
International Trade and the Basel Convention
Author and Publishing Information
Jonathan Krueger, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Trade and Environment
Series, 1999.
Physical Description
133 pages including appendix and tables.
Abstract
This book examines the interaction of international trade and the Basel Convention.  The author
examines the trade provisions of the agreement prior to the Ban Amendment, and the controversial
provisions of the Ban.  There is a recommendation that the Convention should focus on efforts for theimplementation of environmentally sound management in developing countries.  The report also has a
focus on other areas of the Convention, such as improving compliance and moving toward cleaner
production.  The report concludes that MEAs are the best instruments to strike the proper balance
between trade liberalization and sustainability, and are not incompatible with the multilateral trading
system.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 2
Title
The Basel Convention and  Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
Author and Publishing Information
Jonathan Krueger, London:  The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Briefing Paper No. 45,
May 1998.
Physical Description
9 pages including bibliography and tables.
Abstract
This short article provides a useful update on the development and current status of the
Basel Convention.  There is discussion of the Ban Amendment and the criticism surrounding the
controversial decision to ban the export of hazardous waste that is destined for recovery.  Information
regarding the possible negative economic effects of the ban is provided.  The concerns of this ban forthe multilateral trading system are briefly mentioned.
Title
The Effects on Trade of the Basel Convention on the Control of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
Author and Publishing Information
Laura B. Campbell, 1998 ( Mimeo , study available with the Secretariat).
Physical Description
73 pages and bibliography.
Abstract
This study examines the trade measures in The Basel Convention and includes a discussion on
incentives (technical assistance and capacity building).  The trade measures are looked at in terms of
their relationship and effectiveness in achieving the Convention's environmental goals, including
"environmentally sound management of hazardous wa ste".  The Conference of the Parties' decisions
which affect trade measures are also discussed in the study, including the Ban Amendment.  The
study links trade measures to environmental objectives and explains their importance to the workingof the Convention.
Title
Experience with the use of Trade Measures in the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
Author and Publishing Information
OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, Paris: OECD, 1997
(COM/ENV/TD (97) 4/FINAL).
Physical Description
51 pages including bibliography.
Abstract
This report was prepared for discussion at the meeting of the OECD's Joint Session of Trade and
Environment Experts in April 1997.  It is a deta iled document providing information as to the
estimated effectiveness of the Basel Convention.  There is also a discussion of the Ban Amendment,
to the Basel Convention and a copy of the amendment is included in the report. The paper examines
the trade-related measures as well as non-trade measures within the Convention.
II. THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)
Title
Experience with the Use of Trade Measures in CITES
Author and Publishing Information
OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environmen t Experts, Paris:  OECD, 1997(OECD/GD(97)106).
Physical Description
68 pages including bibliography.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 3
Abstract
This document is the first in a series on the use of trade measures in multilateral environmental
agreements by the OECD's Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts.  Trade measures in
CITES are reviewed and the three Appendices of the Convention are outlined in detail.  Examples of
national legislation implemented due to CITES are prov ided from five Parties.  The report provides a
discussion of the objectives of the trade measures.  The problems associated with the Convention are
also explored, such as illegal trade in wild flora and fauna and how this is combated through
international policing and customs.  The report then assesses the effectiveness of the trade measures
though various factors such as compliance and reporting done by the parties.
Title
Whither CITES?  The Evolution of a Treaty Regime in the Borderland of Trade and Environment
Author and Publishing Information
Peter H. Sand, European Journal Of International Law 8 (1997), 29-58.
Physical Description
29 pages.
Abstract
The author, who was the Secretary-General of CITE S from 1978 to 1981, presents an overview of the
evolution of the regime of regulation wildlife mana gement through the control of trade in endangered
species.  The Conference of the Parties of CITES has adopted 190 recommendations over the 25 years
of the Convention's existence which has given shape and form to CITES.  The author identifies that
there is insufficient national implementation among many of the parties, gaps in national reportingand lack of capacity building for some developing countries.  Future challenges of CITES are
discussed in the conclusion of the paper.
III. THE UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) AND
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
Title
Trade Implications of the Kyoto Protocol
Author and Publishing Information
Aaron Cosbey, Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1999.  This article
appeared in the Spring 1999 Issue of Policy Matters, IUCN Commission for Environment, Economic
and Social Policy newsletter.
Physical Description
5 pages.
Abstract
This article summarizes the potential conflicts with WTO rules that parties may face when
WTO Members nationally implement their Kyoto obligations.  The paper provides examples ofproblems that may arise with WTO rules though the implementation of carbon tax and border tax
adjustment, product standards, incentives for carbon reduction (subsidies) and green government
procurement.
Title
Trade Rules and Climate Change Policy:  Some issues of synergy and conflict
Author and Publishing Information
Lucas Assunção.  Paper presented at 'Implementing the Kyoto Protocol' Conference;  London:  The
Royal Institute of International Affairs, 14-14 June 1999 (paper available with the Secretariat).
Physical Description
13 pages including bibliography.
Abstract
This article examines the potential conflicts and synergies between WTO rules and the Kyoto
Protocol. Issues of relevance to the linkages between these two regimes are domestic subsidies,WT/CTE/W/129
Page 4
carbon taxes and border tax adjustment, government procurement and eco-labelling.  Article 3.5 of the
UNFCCC and Article 2.3 of the Kyoto Protocol urge that measures taken to combat climate change
should not be a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or disguised restriction on
international trade.  This language may need to be strengthened to enhance the coherence between
trade, development and climate change policies.  A joint WTO/UNFCCC working group isrecommended by the author with a view to achieving this greater coherence.
IV. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Title
Experience with the Use of Trade Measures in the Montreal Protocol on the Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer
Author and Publishing Information
OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environmen t Experts, Paris:  OECD, 1997 (OECD(97)230).
Physical Description
40 pages including bibliography.
Abstract
This report is the second in the OECD series which examines the use of trade measures in multilateral
environmental agreements.  The report summarizes the trade measures taken under the Protocol until
1997.  There is information relating to the environm ental effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol in
controlling the production and consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).  The
non-compliance mechanism is discussed in detail as it is an innovative process which adds to theoverall success of this agreement in ensuring compliance.
V. MEAS AND TRADE-RELATED MEASURES
Title
A Call for Coherence in International Law – Praises for the Prohibition Against "Clinical Isolation"
in WTO Dispute Settlement
Author and Publishing Information
Gabrielle Marceau,  Journal of World Trade, 33(5): 87-152, 1999.
Physical Description
65 pages.
Abstract
The influence of MEAs and principles of public international law in Panel and Appellate Body
interpretations of WTO environmental provisions are examined by looking at recent WTO Appellate
Body decisions, including Shrimp/Turtle.  The article explains that in the absence of agreement by
WTO Members on how to resolve trade and environment issues, the Dispute Settlement Body of the
WTO will have to develop rules on a case-by-case basis on the application of Article XX and otherenvironmental provisions.  The author explores the relationship between WTO provisions and those
of other treaties, including MEAs, and suggests how WTO provisions could be interpreted coherently
and consistently with other rules of international law.
Title
Environmental Treaties and Trade: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the Multilateral
Trading System
Author and Publishing Information
Duncan Brack, in Gary P. Sampson and W. Bradnee Chambers eds., Trade, Environment, and the
Millennium, Japan:  United Nations University Press, 1999.
Physical Description
27 pages including endnotes.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 5
Abstract
The author notes that the failure to resolve the potential conflict between the legal regimes of
international environment and international trade could lead to actual conflict.  This article concludes
that a new WTO side agreement for MEAs would provide a solution to this conflict and the author
explains the status and the substance of a side agreement for MEAs and the WTO.
Title
Policy Effectiveness and Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Author and Publishing Information
Scott Vaughan and Ali Dehlavi, Geneva:  UNEP Economics, Trade and Environment Unit, 1998.
Physical Description
172 pages.
Abstract
This is the most recent edition to UNEP's Environment and Trade Series.  This report attempts to
analyse the effectiveness of MEAs containing trade measures.  The focus is on the three main
agreements which incorporate a range of trade measures: the Basel Convention, the Montreal Protocol
and CITES.  The main research for the report was provided by five independent analytical studiescommissioned by UNEP from various organizations such as IUCN and the Center for International
Environmental Law, as well as academics in the field of trade and environment.  The effectiveness of
the agreements is looked at with the following fa ctors in mind: implementation of MEAs by States,
quantitative changes in environmental quality, success of controlling a targeted pollutant, facilitation
of measures such as capacity building and technological assistance and others.  Non-compliancemeasures are discussed as are the different types of measures used in the three MEAs from quotas to
incremental funding.
Title
Trade Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements:  Synthesis Report of Three Case Studies
Author and Publishing Information
OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, Paris: OECD, 1998
(COM/ENV/TD(98)127).
Physical Description
76 pages including endnotes, tables, annexes and a bibliography.
Abstract
The OECD has produced three case studies on MEAs, examining in detail the Montreal Protocol,
CITES and the Basel Convention.  This report is the final in the series and it compares all three case
studies and looks at the effectiveness of their trade-related provisions.  The study states the
environmental objectives of the three agreements, and then analyses the trade measures and their role
in achieving these environmental objectives.  Prov ided within the Executive Summary is a list which
highlights the factors that contribute to the success of these MEAs, as well as a list which shows thefactors that limit their success.
Title
Trade and Environment:  Bridging the Gap
Author and Publishing Information
Agata Fijalkowski and James Cameron, eds.  London: Cameron May, 1998.
Physical Description
190 pages, including introduction by the editor.
Abstract
This book is a compilation of eleven articles from a Round Table Conference on MEAs held in the
Hague, Netherlands in September 1997.  The topics discussed include environmental law, dispute
settlement, and articles on specific MEAs such as the Basel Convention and the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as an analysis on the development of the
Biosafety Protocol to the Conv ention on Biological Diversity.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 6
Title
Positive Measures to Promote Sustainable Development, Particularly in Meeting the Objectives of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Author and Publishing Information
UNCTAD.  Geneva:  26 August 1997,  (TD/B/COM.1/EM.3/2.9).
Physical Description
19 pages.
Abstract
Incentives for parties of MEAs, especially af ter UNCED in 1992, have become of increasing
importance.  This report provides a description of the range of incentives used, including capacity
building, financial mechanisms and technology transfer.  These measures are shown within the
context of various MEAs.  There is also a discussion regarding additional or innovative financialmechanisms, for example, private sector funding for the creation of investor pools.
Title
International Trade and the Protection of the Environment:  The Continuing Search for
Reconciliation
Author and Publishing Information
Thomas Schoenbaum, American Journal of International Law, 1997 (Vol. 91, No. 2) 268.
Physical Description
45 pages.
Abstract
This paper provides a good review of the core GATT articles and relevant cases with environmental
issues.  Also provided is an analysis of GATT Article XX, the general exceptions and the chapeau.
Important trade and environment cases before the panel and the Appellate Body are discussed in
detail.  This discussion provides insight into how the tests have evolved in Article XX(b) and (g) and
the development of the tests in the chapeau, especially in the U.S Gasoline Standards  report of the
Appellate Body. Multilateral Environmental Agreements and their conformity to the Multilateral
Trading System is looked at, and the author prov ides suggestions for harmonizing the two systems.
Other trade and environment matters, such as eco-labelling and PPMs are also discussed.
Title
Multilateral Environmental Agreements  and the GATT:  Conflict and Resolution
Author and Publishing Information
Chris World, Environmental Law, 1996 (Vol. 26, No. 3) 841.
Physical Description
60 pages.
Abstract
This article is similar in content to the UNEP book, The Use of Trade Measures in Select Multilateral
Environmental Agreements .  This author, in fact, wrote the CITES chapter in the UNEP report.  This
article discusses the issues with more brevity and focuses on the three main MEAs which have
trade-related provisions, CITES, the Basel Convention and the Montreal Protocol.  Import and export
restrictions are looked at, as well as provisions in the MEAs that may place quotas or quantitative
restrictions on trade.  There are also examples of technology transfer and the use of economicincentives in the three international agreements.  Article XX of GATT 1994 and the related
environmental disputes are analysed as well.
Title
International Economic Instruments For Sustainable Development:  Sticks, Carrots And Games
Author and Publishing Information
Peter H. Sand, Indian Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, January 1996.
also available at http://www.jura.uni-muenche n.de/tel/materials/economic_instruments.html
Physical Description
7 pages.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 7
Abstract
The author examines the types of economic instruments found in MEAs to implement sustainable
development.  According to the author, there are thre e types:  disincentives such as quantitative limits
to trade, incentives such as financial contributions from the GEF or the Multilateral Fund and a third
type of instrument which is not beneficial to any particular party at first, but may have net beneficialresults.  The example given of this third type of trade measure is Joint Implementation under the
Climate Change regime.  These types of instruments hold a level of uncertainty for the countries
involved, leading the author to label them 'games'.
Title
GATT Legal Restraints on the Use of Trade Measures Against Foreign Environmental Practices
Author and Publishing Information
Robert E. Hudec in Jagdish N. Bh agwati and Robert E. Hudec eds., Fair Trade and Harmonization:
Prerequisites for Free Trade? Cambridge:  MIT Press, 1996.
Physical Description
79 pages including endnotes.
Abstract
This article looks at unilateral trade measures taken by governments for environmental purposes,
which mostly encompass concerns regarding the mistreatment or killing of animals.  MEAs with
trade-related measures are also discussed in passing as a preferable approach to unilateral actions.
The article explores the fact that there may be situations where unilateral trade sanctions are needed to
promote sudden change for immediate and irreparable environmental harm.  There is disagreementbetween countries as to the size of these sanctions, and in what cases they are justifiable.  The author
provides the views of environmental advocates and then contrasts them with the views of the trade
policy advocates.  This article provides thought-provoking discussion in a contentious area of the
trade and environment debate.
Title
The Use of Trade Measures in Select Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Author and Publishing Information
Robert Houseman  et al , eds. Geneva:  UNEP, 1995.
Physical Description
330 pages.
Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive view on trade measures in MEAs.  There are chapters focusing
in detail on the main MEAs including the Montre al Protocol, the Basel Convention, the Convention
on Biological Diversity, CITES and the Framewor k Convention on Climate Change.  Each of the
chapters provides a description of the MEA and its significance for environmental protection. As well,
an analysis of the trade measures contained within the MEA and its relationship with the MultilateralTrading System is provided.  Trade with parties to the agreement and trade with non-parties is
discussed.  The final chapters look at the legal principles to resolving conflicts between MEAs and the
WTO and various proposals on how the two systems can be successfully integrated.WT/CTE/W/129
Page 8
ANNEX I
RELEVANT WTO DOCUMENTS ON MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS
WT/CTE/W/4 Approaches to the relationship between the provisions of the multilateral
trading system and trade measures pursuant to Multilateral Environmental
Agreements - Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/12 Trade measures for environmental purposes taken pursuant to Multilateral
Environmental Agreements:  recent developments - Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/15 Trade measures for environmental purposes taken pursuant to multilateral
environmental agreements:  recent developments - Note by the Secretariat -
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
WT/CTE/W/18 Convention on Biological Diversity: recent developments - Note by the
Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/19 Trade measures for environmental purposes taken pursuant to multilateral
environmental agreements: recent developments - Seventh meeting of the
Parties to the Montreal Protocol - Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/20 Item 1:  The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading
system and trade measures for environmental purposes, including thosepursuant to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) - Submission by
New Zealand
WT/CTE/W/31 The relationship between trade measures pursuant to MEAs and the
WTO Agreement – Proposal by Japan
WT/CTE/W/39 The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system
and trade measures for environmental purposes, including those pursuant to
multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) – Proposal by ASEAN
WT/CTE/W/44 Multilateral environmental agreements:  recent developments – Note by the
Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/48 Results of the ad hoc Intergovernmental Panel on Forests - Note by the
Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/55 Recent trade-related developments in the Basel Convention - Communication
from the Basel Convention Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/57 The Montreal Protocol and trade measures - Communication from the
Secretariat for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
WT/CTE/W/58 Nature and extent of GEF projects in assisting in the implementation of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements - Communication from the
GEF SecretariatWT/CTE/W/129
Page 9
WT/CTE/W/59 The proposed Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPS) Conventions - Communication from UNEP Chemicals
WT/CTE/W/60 Nature and extent of projects supported by the Multilateral Fund -
Communication from the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of theMontreal Protocol
WT/CTE/W/61 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -
Communication from the UNFCCC
WT/CTE/W/62 The 1994 Agreement relating to the implementation of part XI of the 1982
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea - Communication from theUnited Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of
Legal Affairs
WT/CTE/W/63 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora - Communication from the CITES Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/64 The Convention on Biological Diversity and its relation to trade -
Communication from the Executive Secretary of the CBD
WT/CTE/W/68 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - recent
developments – Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/71 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora – Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/74 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – Note by the
Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/84 Communication from the Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Forum on
Forests (IFF)
WT/CTE/W/86 Recent developments in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) –
Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/87 Communication from the Secretariat of the International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
WT/CTE/W/88 Communication from the Secretariat of the UN/ECE Convention on Long-
Range Transboundary Air Pollution
WT/CTE/W/89 Communication from the Secretariat of the International Tropical Timber
Organization
WT/CTE/W/90 Communication from the Secretariat of the Basel ConventionWT/CTE/W/91 Communication from the Secretariat of UNEP Chemicals (IRPTC)
WT/CTE/W/92 Communication from the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD)
WT/CTE/W/95 The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
(ICCAT) - Communication from BrazilWT/CTE/W/129
Page 10
WT/CTE/W/104 The Montreal Protocol on the Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer -
recent developments – Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/112 Draft International Legally  Binding Instrument for Implementing
International Action on Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) – Noteby the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/113 Communication from The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resources
WT/CTE/W/115 Communication from the Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and the
Montreal Protocol, UNEP
WT/CTE/W/116 Communication from the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity
WT/CTE/W/117 Convention on Biological Dive rsity (CBD), Draft Protocol on Biosafety,
Recent Developments  - Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/119 Communication from the Secretariat of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
WT/CTE/W/120 Communication from the Secretariat of the International Tropical Timber
Organization (ITTO)
WT/CTE/W/122 Communication from the Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Forum on
Forests (IFF)
WT/CTE/W/123 Communication from the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
WT/CTE/W/124 Convention on Biological Divers ity (CBD) – Draft Protocol on Biosafety -
Note by the Secretariat
WT/CTE/W/128 Recent Developments in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) –
Note by the Secretariat
Non-Papers submitted under Items 1 and 5 of the CTE's work programme
Non-paper (19 February 1996) Submission by the European Community on Item 1Non-paper (20 May 1996) Submission by Switzerland on Item 1Non-paper (12 June 1996) Submission by Korea on Item 1Non-paper (23 July 1996) Submission by Hong Kong on Item 1Non-paper (23 July 1996) Submission by India on Items 1 and 5
Non-paper (11 Sept. 1996) Submission by the United States on Multilateral Environmental
AgreementsWT/CTE/W/129
Page 11
ANNEX II
 WEBSITES RELEVANT TO TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT AND MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
OECD Environmental Issues homepage
http://www.oecd.org/env/
UNEP Multilateral Environmental Agreements: includes the Basel Convention, the Montreal
Protocol, UNFCCC, CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversityhttp://www.unep.ch/index.html
UNEP  Information Unit for Conventions:  includes a newsletter on environmental treaties,
Synergies
http://www.unep.ch/iuc/index.html
UNEP  Trade and Environment
http://www.unep.ch/trade.html
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/voltoc.html
Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators (ENTRI) for MEA country searches and Convention
texts on-line
http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/pidb-home.html
International Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentTrade and Sustainable Development homepage
http://iisd1.iisd.ca/trade/trdhom.htm
Multilaterals Project – Comprehensive collection of MEAs
http://www.tufts.edu/fletcher/multilaterals.html
Sustainable Development Gateway
http://sdgateway.net/noframe/start.htm  (go to TRADE under site index)
United Nations Treaty Collection Web site
http://www.un.org/Depts/Treaty/
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