RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/190
26 June 2000
(00-2577)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
REVIEW OF LEGISLATION
Responses from Hong Kong, China to Questions Posed by Australia, Canada,
the European Communities and their member States, Japan and the United States
By means of communications from the Permanent Mission of Hong Kong, China, dated 21
June 2000, the Secretariat received the following responses to the questions proposed by Australia;Canada;  the European Communities and their member States;  Japan;  and the United States, as
distributed in documents IP/C/W/177, IP/C/W /184, IP/C/W/178, IP/C /W/173 and IP/C/W/174,
respectively.
_______________
AUSTRALIA
A. C
OPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
1. Are there any significant judicial decisions or other guidance on the application in practice of
the various exceptions and limitations to copyright under Division III of the Copyright Ordinance?
Are there any specific rules or findings concerning exceptions to copyright protection of computer
software?  What mechanisms are available to obta in equitable remuneration from the exploitation of
works such as the public communication of broadcast works?
We have conducted a search of all reported and unreported decisions since July 1997 and
have been unable to locate any which deals with exceptions and limitations to copyright under
Division III of Part II of the Copyright Ordinance (C ap.528) ("CO").  In respect to "other guidance", a
new set of Library Regulations is in the course of drafting.  (The existing Regulations have been
notified).  These new Regulations are based on the UK Regulations.  They have no significant effect
on the construction of the principal Ordinance and certainly neither add to nor diminish from the
exceptions and limitations to copyright based on the "Library exception".
Similarly there are no specific rules or findings concerning exceptions to copyright protection
of computer software.
The Copyright Ordinance has already provided a statutory mechanism, the Copyright
Tribunal, for arbitrating royalty disputes.  The C opyright Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body appointed
by the Chief Executive.  Under Section 173 of th e Copyright Ordinance, the jurisdiction of the
Copyright Tribunal includes, inter alia, the power to determine disputes arising from licensing by the
copyright licensing bodies under the licensing schemes.  This is similar to the practices in other
jurisdictions such as Australia and the UK.
The Tribunal consists of highly qualified persons appointed from a wide spectrum of the
community to ensure that a bala nced view is reached.  Section 169 of the Copyright Ordinance
stipulates that the Copyright Tribunal shall cons ist of a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and seven
members.  It further requires that the Chairman and Deputy Chairman must be persons qualified for
appointments, as District Court j udges (i.e. no less than five years' experience as a barrister orIP/C/W/190
Page 2
solicitor).  The Tribunal has to exercise its ju risdiction in accordance with the Copyright Tribunal
Rules and any possible conflicts of interest have to be declared by its members.
2. To what extent does current copyright protection in Hong Kong, China, cover the use and
dissemination of copyright works on digital networks such as the Internet?  In addition to Section 26
of the Copyright Ordinance, are there any other legal provisions concerning protection and
enforcement of rights in the digital on-line envi ronment, including any significant judicial or
administrative decisions with bearing on this issue?
The copyright regime is not restricted to any particular medium, thus unauthorized
dissemination through an Intranet or the Internet wo uld be as much an infringement, both in civil and
criminal terms, as dissemination through print etc.  Beyond Section 26 of the CO however, no other
statutory provision specifically deals with rights in the on-line environment.
There are no significant judicial or administrative decisions with bearing on this issue.  A
criminal case has been successfully prosecuted, and upheld on appeal, against a defendant who posted
pornographic material on the Internet.  Although decided under a different Ordinance, the court had
no difficulty in finding the material had been "published" by posting on the Internet.  By analogy, the
court would likewise have little difficulty in applyi ng the provisions of Section 26 against anyone who
posted a copy of a work on the Internet.
3. Is there any applicable jurisprudence determining the level/threshold test of "originality"
required for the qualification of a compilation of data for copyright protection?  Please provide any
further information, where possible, on the protection of compilations of data and other material inaccordance with Article 10.2 of the TRIPS Agreement as well as collections of literary or artistic
works under Article 2(5) of the Berne Convention ?  To what extent does it in practice provide
protection for multimedia works?
The first sentence of Article 10.2 of the TRIPS Agreement and Article 2(5) of the Berne
Convention are implemented in section 4(1)(a) of  the CO.  Under the CO, copyright protection is
extended not only to literary material, but also to  compilations of literary and artistic material and
even artistic material alone. The only qualification to be read into section 4(1)(a) is that the
compilations must be original to qualify for protection under section 2(1)(a) of the CO.  Although
originality is not defined in the CO, a substantial body of case law has established that the threshold oforiginality is not high for an original database.  It merely requires that it has not simply been copied
from another database, and that sufficient time, skill and labour have been involved in putting the
database together.
Multi-media works may be protectable under the CO where compilations of data in respect of
literary or artistic works are involved.  They may be protectable as computer programs (which is
included in the definition of "literary work" in se ction 4(1) of the CO) insofar as they consist of
computer program which assembles text, graphics, sound and video in digital form.  Where moving
images are involved, the work may be protectable as a film, which under section 7(1) of the CO is
defined to mean a recording on any medium from which a moving image may by any means be
produced.
4. Please describe the application of the national treatment principle in relation to protection of
broadcasts.
"Broadcast" as a category of copyright work is defined broadly under section 8(1) of the CO
to cover those "capable of being lawfully received by members of the public in Hong Kong orelsewhere; or is transmitted for presentation to members of the public in Hong Kong or elsewhere."
The acts restricted by copyright in a broadcast are: without the owner's permission, to copy
the broadcast; to issue copies to the public; to make  available copies of the broadcast to the public; toIP/C/W/190
Page 3
perform, show or play the broadcast in public; to rebroadcast the broadcast or include it in a cable
programme service; or to make an adaptation of the broadcast; or to do any of the above acts in
relation to the adaptation (section 22 of the CO).
Hong Kong, China adopts an open qualification system as far as copyright works (which
include broadcasts) are concerned. Under this system, WTO Members are accorded no less favourabletreatment in copyright protection than Hong Kong, China's rights-owners.  According to sections 177
and 178 of the CO, copyright subsists not only in broadcasts emanating from Hong Kong, China but
also those emanating from WTO Members, among others, regardless of the domicile, residence or
right of abode of the author; or the place of incorporation in case where the author is a body corporate.
B. 
TRADEMARKS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
5. Are there any specific provisions in Hong Kong, China laws and regulations, or any
significant judicial decisions, with bearing on th e use of trademarks or geographical indications on
digital networks such as the Internet?  Are there any relevant decisions or other legal provisions
concerning the relationship between internet  domain names and trademarks or geographical
indications?
The interrelationship between IP laws and the use of trademarks or geographical indications
on the Internet is the subject of much debate.  Hong Kong, China is watching closely the debates on
this issue in WIPO Standing Committee on th e Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and
Geographical Indications.
However, there are already a number of laws in Hong Kong, China which may be relevant
where trademarks or geographical indications are used on the Internet.
If a person registers a domain name in Hong Kong and uses it for business on the Internet in a
way which deliberately misleads the public that his goods come from the proprietor of a registered
trademark, he would be committing an offence und er the Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Cap.362).
Section 9(1) of that Ordinance makes it an offence to falsely apply  to any goods any trademark or any
mark so nearly resembling a trademark as to be calculated to deceive, unless the defendant proves that
he acted without intent to defraud. Section 6 provides that a person applies  a trademark or mark to
goods if he uses the trademark or mark in any manner likely to be taken as referring to the goods.
Such use would include use by way of the Internet.
The common law of passing-off may also be used where the registration of trademark as a
domain name could be said to be an instrument of fraud.  The United Kingdom case, British
Telecommunications Plc & another v One in A Million Ltd  [1999] FSR 1, is of persuasive authority in
Hong Kong, China.
Under the current Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap.43), the use of a trademark on the Internet (by
way of the registration of a domain name) could be grounds for infringement if it is used in
connection with goods or services so as to suggest a connection in the course of trade.  Under the new
Trade Marks Ordinance ("the new Trade Marks Ordinance"), passed on 31st  May 2000, the definition
of "use" of a trademark will be significantly broadened to include, in particular, use on business
papers or in advertising.  The new Trade Marks Ordinance has not yet been brought into force.
C. PATENTS (INCLUDING PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION )
6. Please provide any further indication, if possible, of the effective extent of the exceptions to
patent rights established under Section 75 of the Pa tents Ordinance.  Are there any judicial findings
or policy statements with bearing on the application of this provision?IP/C/W/190
Page 4
Hong Kong, China's patent law, the Patents Ordinance, was broadly based on the United
Kingdom Patents Act 1977.  The Patents Ordinance section 75 (acts exempted from infringement)corresponds closely to the UK 1977 Act section 60(5).
The similarity in the provisions means that the courts in Hong Kong, China in construing the
acts exempted will regard decisions in the UK c ourts on 1977 Act section 60(5) as highly persuasive
in construing section 75 in Hong Kong, China.
7. Please provide any further information, if available, on the effective scope of the exceptions
to patentability established under Subsection 93(6) of the Patents Ordinance.  Are there any
examination guidelines, or administrative or judicial rulings with bearing on this subsection?
Hong Kong, China's patent law, the Patents Ordinance, was broadly based on the United
Kingdom Patents Act 1977, an Act which conformed to the provisions of the European PatentConvention.  The Patents Ordinance provisions on patentability correspond precisely to those in the
UK 1977 Act.
The similarity in the wording of the law mean s that the courts in Hong Kong, China regard
decisions on patentability and the exclusions to patentability by the EPO, the UK patent office, andthe UK courts as highly persuasive in construing the law in Hong Kong, China.
Hong Kong, China does not have examination guidelines on exceptions to patentability and
there has been no case in the courts in  Hong Kong, China on the exceptions.
8. In what circumstances does the law of Hong K ong, China, permit use of a patented invention
without the authorization of the patent owner, incl uding use by the government?  In what manner is
the patent owner compensated for such use, and how  is the level of compensation determined?  How
many compulsory licenses have been granted, and how  many permits have been granted for State use
of patented inventions?
The circumstances in which the use of a patented product or process is permitted without the
authorisation of the patent owner are stated in the Patents Ordinance section 64 (compulsory licence)
and sections 68 and 69 (Government use). (See para graphs 31.a.0 to 31.a.4 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
The patent owner is compensated for the grant of a compulsory licence by reasonable
remuneration having regard to the nature of the invention (Patent Ordinance section 66(1)(b)).  (See
paragraph 31.h.0 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
The patent owner is compensated for governme nt use (failing agreement of terms between
Government and patent owner) on the basis of the loss resulting from a failure to secure a contract to
supply the patented product or to perform the patented process (Patents Ordinance section 71(1)).(See paragraph 31.h.1 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
No compulsory licences have been granted and no Government use of patented products or
processes has been made under the Patents Ordinance sections 68 and 69.IP/C/W/190
Page 5
CANADA
A. C OPYRIGHT
1. What recourse do right-holders have in respect of wilful trademark counterfeiting or
copyright piracy on a commercial scale, as required by Article 61?
Hong Kong, China has a long established regime of criminal procedures and penalties. A
detailed examination of the offences, penalties and forfeiture proceedings can be found in the answers
to Questions 20 to 25 of the Checklist of Issues on Enforcement (IP/N/6/HKG/1).
2. What is the status of legislation introduced into the Legislative Council on January 26, 2000
on copyright infringement?
The Intellectual Property (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill 2000 was gazetted on
14 January, 2000.  A first reading in the Legislative Council took place on 26 January 2000.  We
expect the Bill to be passed by the Legislative Council by the end of June 2000.
The Bill seeks to:
(a) create the offence of unauthorized possession of video recording equipment in a
cinema or concert venue.  This is necessary because some pirated optical discs have
been made from unauthorized recordings in local cinemas; and
(b) clarify the law to facilitate the prosecution of end-user corporate copyright piracy,
e.g., firms producing their goods or services using infringing copies of computersoftware.
3. What is the status of the Trademark Bill introduced in May 1999 which aims to modernize the
existing Trademark Ordinance?
The new Trade Marks Ordinance was passed by the Legislative Council on 31
 May 2000, but
has not yet been brought into force.  It is intended that the new Ordinance will be brought into force in
2001.
4. What protection does your copyright legislation afford to foreign works?
Hong Kong, China adopts an open qualification system as far as copyright works are
concerned.  Our copyright law protects copyright works of authors from anywhere in the world, or
first published anywhere in the world, or, in the case of a broadcast or cable programme, made or sent
from anywhere in the world.  There is no need for any multilateral or bilateral agreement
(sections 177 and 178 of the Copyright Ordinance).IP/C/W/190
Page 6
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND THEIR MEMBER STATES
A. C OPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
1. Paragraph 11.0 of document IP/N/1/HKG/2/A dd.1 explains that Article 11 of the TRIPS
Agreement has been implemented, in so far as comp uter programs are concerned, by the provisions of
Section 22(1)(c) and Section 25 of the Copyright Ordina nce, but that the provisions of Article 11 have
not been extended to films because there is no widespread problem resulting from the copying of
rented films.  Please explain what analysis it has ma de of pirate films to know that they have not been
copied from rented ones?
Under Article 11 of the TRIPS Agreement, the rental right of cinematographic works is
limited to cases where rental has led to widespread copying which is materially impairing the
exclusive right of reproduction.
We refer to the Copyright Ordinance ("CO").  No  evidence has been put forward by the film
industry to the effect that rental of cinematograph films had led to widespread copying which
materially impaired the exclusive right of reproduction.  Nor has the film industry required that the
right to authorize or prohibit commercial rental of cinematograph films to the public should be
inserted in the CO.  Having taken into account all the relevant circumstances no such provision has
been put in the CO.
2. Section 65 of the Copyright Ordinance states t hat "Notwithstanding section 23, copyright in a
work is not infringed by the making of a transient and incidental copy which is technically required
for the viewing or listening of the work by a member of the public to whom a copy of the work is made
available".  It is noted, however, that nowhere in Section 23 is it made clear that the copy of the work
which is made available to the public should be an authorized copy.  Please explain how Section 65
complies with Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement because legalising transient and incidental copies ofa work made available without authorisation would compound this illegality?
There are certain acts specified in Division III of the CO that are permitted in relation to
copyright works without the necessity of obtaining the permission of the copyright owner.  Section 65
of the CO is an example of such a permitted act.  The primary consideration is that all the permittedacts in Division III have to conform to the standard laid down in Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement
which is incorporated in section 37(3) of the CO, namely, that the permitted acts in Division III do not
"conflict with a normal exploitation of the work by the copyright owner and does not unreasonably
prejudice the legitimate interests of the copyright owner.
Section 65 is consistent with Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement because it can only be
invoked in special cases, i.e. where it is technically required for viewing or listening  to the work by
the person to whom a copy of the work is made available (emphasis added).  Use of the transient and
incidental copy for purposes other than the one in section 65 is prohibited.  The making of a transient
and incidental copy is at present the only way technically that a work may be viewed or listened to on
the Internet.  In most cases an innocent user has no way of knowing in advance whether the work that
is made available on the Internet is an infringing copy or not.  It is necessary to protect normal usersof the Internet from civil infringement action as a result of routine use.  If a work that is available on
the Internet is an infringing work, the copyright owner of the work can take action against the party
who made the unauthorized work available on the Internet.
3. Having regard to Article 7 of the Copyright Ordinance and Article 14.2 of the TRIPS
Agreement, can Hong Kong, China please confirm that copyright can subsist in a sound recording of
a film sound track?IP/C/W/190
Page 7
Hong Kong, China confirms that copyright can subsist in a sound recording of a film
soundtrack.
A soundtrack is the recorded sound accompaniment to a film.  For the purpose of copyright,
under section 7(2) of the CO, a sound track is treated as part of the film which it accompanies.
A film soundtrack may consist of several pre-existing sound recordings each having its
independent copyright.  Such sound recordings may be put together or played one after the other as a
film soundtrack, but the copyright in the original sound recordings is not affected.  Alternatively, it
may be that the soundtrack is recorded at the same time as the film, so there is no pre-existing sound
recording.  However, a sound recording which embodies a film soundtrack, and which is separately
recorded, say, on an optical disc or some other medium, is nevertheless regarded as having its separate
copyright as a sound recording under section 6(1) of the CO.
4. Can Hong Kong, China please explain how sect ion 43 of the Copyright Ordinance complies
with Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement insofar as section 43 provides that the audience at a
performance at an educational establishment can be an extensive one composed, not solely of
teachers and pupils at the establishment (i.e. those directly connected with the establishment'seducational activities), but also the parents and guardians of the pupils.  In particular, where a
charge is made for a performance before such an audience, would the authors of the works performed
be denied a share of the proceeds?
Section 43 of the CO is consistent with Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement.  The exception
provided in Section 43 of the CO is applicable only to limited circumstances, i.e., performing the
work by a teacher or pupil in the course of activities of the educational establishment; or at the
educational establishment for the purposes of instruction. Apart from the teachers and pupils at an
educational establishment, the audience is to include the parents or guardians of the said pupils.  Such
inclusion is necessary as they are directly connected with the activities of the educationalestablishment and their presence is considered a necessary adjunct to the educational process.
In case a charge is made for a performance before an audience of this kind, the court may
consider whether the performance conflicts with a normal exploitation of the work and if it
unreasonably prejudices the legitimate interests of the right holder.  Relevant factors may include thepurpose of the performance, the size of the audience and whether the performance is made for gain or
other purposes.  Section 76 of the CO may also be instructive.  A performance which takes place in a
club, society or organization is not infringing if th e club, society or organization is not established or
conducted for profit and its main objects are charitable or are otherwise concerned with the
advancement of religion, education or social welfar e.  To come within this exception, it is also
necessary to show that the proceeds of any charge for admission to the place of performance should
be applied solely for the purposes of the club, society or organization.
D. G
EOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
5. Paragraph 22.1.0 and 22.1.1 of document IP/N/1/H KG/2/Add.1 explains that a geographical
indication can be applied for as an ordinary trademark.  Please explain how it should be interpreted
in conjunction with Section 9(1)(d) of the TMO.
Section 9(1)(d) of the Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap. 43) ("TMO") provides that a word or
words that have no direct reference to goods or service may be registered in Part A of the Trade
Marks Register provided they are not, inter alia, geographical names according to its ordinary
signification.  Some applications for trademarks are composite marks which involve the use of whatare regarded as geographical indications.  In these cases, the application would be accepted subject to
an imposition of a condition or origin and the total disclaimer of the geographical indication.  Such a
mark must not be deceptive.  Examples of these kinds of registrations are as follows:IP/C/W/190
Page 8
. Condition
"Courvoisier Le Cognac de
Napoleon" for cognac brandy• It is a condition of registration that the
mark shall be used only on Cognac
brandy produced in France.
• The words "Le Cognac de Napoleon"
have been totally disclaimed.
"Champagne de Venoge" for
champagne• It is a condition of registration that the
Trademark shall be used only on
champagne produced in Epernay,
France.
• The words "Cordon Bleu",
"Champagne" and "Brut" appearing inthe mark are disclaimed.
Hong Kong, China passed a new Trade Marks Ordinance ("the new Trade Marks Ordinance")
on 31 May 2000, although this has not yet been brought into force.  Section 3(2) of the new Trade
Marks Ordinance provides that a trademark may consist of "indications".  An application for a
trademark may be refused on the ground that it consists exclusively of signs which, inter alia, serve to
designate the quality or geographical origin of goods (Section 11(1)(c)).  However, such a mark canbe registered if it is proved that before the date of application it has in fact acquired a distinctive
character as a result of use (Section 11(2)).  The registration of a mark may be refused if it is
deceptive (Section 11(4)(b)).  It will also be possible to register a geographical indication as a
certification trademark under the new Trade Marks Ordinance.  A certification mark which consists of
a sign serving, in trade or business, to designate the geographical origin of goods or services may beregistered.
6. Please clarify if an opposition to the registration of a trademark, that contains a geographical
indication, can only be made through Section 12(1) of  the TMO or if the Registrar has the authority to
refuse or invalidate ex officio such a trademark on the basis of Section 9(1)(d) of the TMO.
An opposition to a trademark application contai ning a geographical indication could be made
on the basis of Section 12(1) of the TMO.  An opponent may, in addition, utilize any provision in the
TMO he considers relevant to oppose an application.  One other provision in the TMO is
Section 13(1).  An opponent may argue that a particular trademark applicant is not "entitled to beregistered as the proprietor….".
The Registrar may, ex officio, refuse to register a mark if it breaches Sections 12(1) or 9(1)(d)
of the TMO.  Except in a case of fraud, he has no ex officio power to invalidate a mark, once it is
registered.  Third parties have the right to apply for the rectification of a mark "made on the Registerwithout just cause" or "wrongly remaining on the Register….." (Section 48(1)(a) TMO).  The
Registrar also has the power to apply to the Court of First Instance for a rectification of the Register
where there has been fraud in the Registration (Section 48(1)(c) TMO).
7. Please clarify Section 64(4) of the TMO and provide, if any, examples of geographical names
that were allowed to be used despite the existence of a certification trademark.
Section 64(4) of the TMO is intended to cover established use of geographical names.  It is
similar to paragraph 3(2) of Schedule 2 to the UK Trade Marks Act 1994.  We are unaware of anyIP/C/W/190
Page 9
actual examples of geographical names that are allowed to be used despite the existence of a
certification trademark.
8. Please clarify whether or not Section 12(1) of the TMO provides for the additional protection
under Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Under Section 12(1) of the TMO it is not lawful  to register a trademark which would be likely
to deceive. Section 12(1) may therefore be used to prevent the registration of a trademark, where such
a registration is deceptive. This is true whether the application is for an ordinary trademark or a
certification trademark.
The action for passing-off is also available for anyone who wishes to stop the use of a
geographical indication where the true origin of the goods has been stated or is used with words like"kind", "type", "style", "imitation". See, e.g., J Bollinger v The Costa Brava Wine Co [1961] RPC 116
where an attempt to use the words "Spanish Champagne" led to the granting of an injunction for
passing-off in the face of "Champagne" wine produced in the district of Champagne in France. There
is also the Taittinger v Allbev [1993] FSR 641 where a passing-off action succeeded against
Elderflower Champagne.  Other relevant passing-off cases are : Chocosuisse Union des Fabricants
Suisse de Chocolat v Cadbury Ltd  [1998] RPC 117 and John Walker & Sons v Henry Ost  [1970] RPC
489.  All the cases quoted in this paragraph would be of persuasive authority in Hong Kong.
Reference should also be made to the Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Cap. 362). This makes it
an offence to apply a false description to goods, or to supply or offer to supply any goods to which afalse description is applied. Use of words like "style" etc would not, however, give rise to criminal
offences as the description that the wine is of a named style is unlikely to be false.
9. Please give examples, if any, of conditions or limitations imposed by the Registrar or the
Court pursuant to Section 22 of the TMO in case of homonymous signs.
There are no examples which relate specially to geographical indications.  However, the kind
of limitations or conditions imposed would be that one mark is used on certain goods for one gender
(men's clothing) and the other mark is used for goods of the other gender (ladies' clothing).IP/C/W/190
Page 10
JAPAN
1. Please explain how the protection is provided for works, phonograms, performances and
broadcasts from other WTO Members under the Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of
Hong Kong, China (hereinafter referred to as "Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law").  Please
describe the provisions of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law which provide for the NationalTreatment and Most-Favoured-Na tion treatment as required by Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS
Agreement as well as Article 9.1 of the Agreement which incorporates Article 5(1) of the Berne
Convention.
Hong Kong, China adopts an open qualification system as far as copyright works are
concerned.  Under this system, WTO Members are a ccorded no less favourable treatment in copyright
protection than Hong Kong, China's rights-owners.   According to sections 177 and 178 of the
Copyright Ordinance ("CO"), a work qualifies fo r copyright protection if one of the following
conditions is fulfilled :
(a) its author was at the material time, either an individual domiciled or resident or
having a right of abode in Hong Kong, China or elsewhere or a body incorporatedunder the law of any country, territory or area;
(b) it is published in Hong Kong, China or elsewhere; or
(c) in the case of a broadcast or cable programme, it is made or sent from Hong Kong,
China or elsewhere.
Thus, copyright subsists not only in a work emanating from Hong Kong, China, but also those
emanating from WTO Members, among others, regardless of the domicile, residence or right of abode
of the author; the place of incorporation in the case where the author is a body corporate; the place ofpublication; or the place of broadcasting in the case of a broadcast or a cable programme.
Please also refer to IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1 on Articles 3, 4 and 9.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.
2. Please explain exceptions or exemptions of the National Treatment and Most-Favoured-
Nation Treatment under the Copyright and Neighbou ring Rights Law, if any, as permitted in
Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement.
The one exception to National Treatment and Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment is found in
section 180(1) of the CO.  Under this provision, the Chief Executive in Council may by regulation
restrict the rights conferred by Part II of the CO in relation to works of authors connected with a
country, territory or area, if it appears to the Chie f Executive in Council that Hong Kong, China works
or one or more classes of those works are not adequately protected in that country, territory or area as
a result of any prejudicial treatment.  This exception is consistent with Article 6(1) of the BerneConvention.  However, the provisions in section 180 (4) of the CO mean that this exception cannot be
exercised against any WTO Member.  The Chief Executive in Council has made no regulation under
section 180 to date.
3. Please explain whether and how Hong Kong, China provides retroactive protection to works,
phonograms, performances from other WTO Members,  as required by Articles 9.1, 14.6, and 70.2 of
the TRIPS Agreement which apply, mutatis mutandis, Article 18 of the Berne Convention.  Please
indicate the date to which such protection extends back with respect to each category of subject
matter.IP/C/W/190
Page 11
Article 18(1) of the Berne Convention provides that "This Convention shall apply to all works
which, at the moment of its coming into force, have not yet fallen into the public domain in the
country of origin through the expiry of the term of protection."
The CO has been in force since 27 June 1997.  Schedule 2 to the CO deals with the
transitional provisions and savings.  Paragraph 5 of Schedule 2 to the CO provides that copyrightsubsists in an existing work after commencement (i.e. 27 June 1997) if copyright subsisted in it
immediately before commencement.  This covers all such copyright works including phonograms and
recordings of performances.  The conditions are that the work would qualify for copyright protection
under the CO, had it been made after commencemen t; had it been published after commencement; or
in the case of a broadcast or cable programme, had it been made or sent after commencement; and that
copyright under the pre-existing legislation (the UK Copyright Act 1956, as extended by SI 1972
No. 1724 (as amended by SI 1979 No 910) to Hong Kong, China) in the work would not have expiredhad copyright subsisted in it under that Act.
The protection assured under the transitional provisions in Paragraph 5 of Schedule 2 to the
CO is of a continuing nature.  It does not date back to a point in history.  It is afforded to existing
copyright works which are qualified for protection prior to the commencement of the CO, and which
term of protection has not yet expired at the commencement of the CO.
4. Please explain whether protection of "computer programs" under the Copyright and
Neighbouring Rights Law covers computer programs in both source and object code, as required by
Article 10.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.  Are those computer programs protected as literary works in
accordance with Article 2(1) of the Berne Convention ?
Article 10.1 of the TRIPS Agreement is implemented in section 2(1)(a) of the CO which
extends copyright protection to original literary works.  The definition of a literary work in
section 4(1)(b) of the CO includes a computer program.
There are different forms of manifestation of computer programs, for example, by way of
source code or object code.  Section 29(3) and (4) of the CO are also relevant due to the fact that a
version of a computer program in which it is converted into another computer language, is regarded as
a translation, and as such, an adaptation of the program.  The owner of the copyright in a computer
program has the exclusive right to make an adaptation of the program pursuant to section 29(1) of theCO, read with section 22(1)(g).
Both the source and object code version of a computer program are protected as original
literary works.
5 Please clarify whether "database” under the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law
includes compilation of data in machine-readable form.  Please explain how the Law complies withArticle 10.2 of the TRIPS Agreement in this respect.
The first sentence of Article 10.2 is implemented in section 4(1)(a) which provides that
"literary work" means any work (other than a dramatic or musical work) which is written etc and
includes "a compilation of data or other material, in any form, which by reason of the selection or
arrangement of its contents constitutes an intellectual creation, including but not limiting to a table"."Writing" is defined under section 198 CO of the to include "any form of notation or code, whether by
hand or otherwise and regardless of the method by which, or medium in or on which, it is recorded,
and "written" is construed accordingly".
The only qualification to be read into section 4(1)(a) is that, as a literary work, the
compilation must be original to qualify for protection under section 2(1)(a) of the CO.IP/C/W/190
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General copyright principles provide that copyright in such compilations do not extend to
protect the data itself, which may either be in the public domain, or may itself be subject to copyrightprotection and for which authorisation from the authors thereof has to be obtained.
6 Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention and Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement require
limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to be  limited to certain special cases which do not
conflict with a normal exploitation of the works and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimateinterests of the right holder.  Please explain how Sections 78 and 257 of the Copyright Ordinance of
Hong Kong, China comply with the said Articles of  the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement.
Please also explain how the Ordinance complies with Article 14.6 of the TRIPS Agreement, if the
Ordinance provides limitations and exceptions under the said Article.
Consistent with the requirements of Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement and Article 9(2) of
the Berne Convention, the exceptions in sections  78 and 257 of the CO are allowed only in the
following special cases:
(a) recordings made or used by Radio Television Hong Kong ("RTHK") (which is a
government department) for the purposes of maintaining supervision and control over
programmes broadcast by RTHK; or
(b) recordings made or used by the Broadcasting Authority to perform regulatory
functions under the Broadcasting Authority Ordinance (Cap 391).
As the exceptions are made for specific entities, for specific administrative purposes required
for enforcing protection for public health or morals, they do not conflict with a normal exploitation of
the works and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
Details of Hong Kong, China's compliance with Article 14.6 of the TRIPS Agreement are
contained in paragraphs 14.6.0 through 14.6.3 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1.
7. Please explain how the exception of Section 38 of the Copyright Ordinance of Hong Kong,
China has been strictly interpreted so as to bring them within the permissible limitations on
Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention and Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Under section 38 of the CO, fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study does not
infringe copyright in a work.
Anyone who seeks to rely on this statutory ex ception has to show that the dealing was "fair"
by reference to the considerations contained in subsection (3), namely, the purpose and nature of the
dealing; the nature of the work; and the amount and substantiality of the portion dealt with in relation
to the work as a whole.  The scope of this statutory exception is limited and is within the permissible
limitations under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention and Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement.   One
should also note that the application of the fair dealing provision is subject to the overriding
consideration in section 37(3) of the CO, which mirrors Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention andArticle 13 of the TRIPS Agreement.
8. Please indicate whether compact discs, such  as CD-ROMs, mainly consisted of music and
accompanied by characters, still images, motion pictures or any other types of data than audio are
protected as “database” under the Copyright Or dinance, if such data, including music, can be
retrieved.
Such products may be protected under the CO where compilations of data (section 4(1) of the
CO) in respect of literary or artistic works are involved.  They may be protectable as computer
programs (section 4(1) of the CO) if they consist of a computer program which assembles text,
graphics, sound and video in digital form.  Where moving images are involved, the work may beIP/C/W/190
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protectable as a film as defined under section 7(1) of the CO. Sound recording copyright may also
apply where the product comes within the definition of a sound recording in section 6(1) of the CO.
9.  Please explain the term of protection of a wo rk, such as a work by a body corporate, under
the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, as re quired by Article 12 of the TRIPS Agreement.
There are provisions in the CO of Hong Kong , China which provide for calculations for the
term of protection based other than on the life of a natural person.  These also apply to the position for
a body corporate.  These provisions include section 17(3) (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works
of unknown authorship), section 17(6) (computer-gen erated literary, dramatic, musical or artistic
works), section 18(2) (sound recordings), section 19(4) (films), section 20(2) (broadcasts or cable
programmes) and section 214(2) (performances).  The minimum term of protection of 50 years from
the end of the calendar year of authorized publication or making under Article 12 of the TRIPSAgreement is observed in Hong Kong, China.  The term "made available to the public" is used in the
relevant provisions in the CO instead of "publication" which is used in the TRIPS Agreement.
"Publication" is one form of "making available to the public".
B. T
RADEMARKS
10 Please explain how Sections 27, 27A, 28 and 28A of the Trade Marks Ordinance comply with
Article 16.1 of the TRIPS Agreement when goods and services are similar to those in respect of which
the trademark is registered.
Article 16.1 of the TRIPS Agreement is discussed in paragraphs 16.1.0 to 16.1.2 of
IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1.
The essence of Article 16.1 is that the owner of a registered trademark has the exclusive right
to prevent all third parties from using an identical or similar signs for goods or services which are
identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would
result in a likelihood of confusion.
Sections 27 to 28A of the Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap.43) ("TMO") deal with infringements
of a trademark by reference to the notion of identical or nearly resembling trademarks in respect of
goods or services for which the mark is registered or in relation to goods or services of the same
description.
Article 16.1 of TRIPS refers to similar  goods or services. Sections 27 to 28A of TMO refer to
goods or services of the same description. Hong Kong, China submits that these concepts amount to
the same thing.
The TMO was originally modelled on the United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1938 ("UK 1938
Act").  Two cases ( Jellinek  63 RPC 59 and Floradix [1974] RPC 583) based on the UK 1938 Act laid
down the tests for goods of the same description.  Jellinek  stated that in determining whether goods
were of the same description the following were relevant: (i) the nature and composition of the goods,
(ii) the respective uses of the goods, and (iii) the trade channels through which the goods were bought
and sold.  Floradix  stated that for goods to be of the same description, it is not necessary that all three
criteria ((i) to (iii) above) should be fulfilled.  These cases are of persuasive authority in Hong Kong,China.
There are no guidelines provided in the TRI PS Agreement as to what constitutes similar
goods.  However, Jacob. J considered this question in British Sugar Plc v James Robertson & Sons
Ltd [1996] RPC 281 (in respect of the UK Trade Marks Act 1994) where he considered the following
factors relevant in determining what were similar goods (at page 296) :IP/C/W/190
Page 14
(a) The respective uses of the respective goods or services;
(b) The respective users of the respective goods or services;
(c) The physical nature of the goods or acts of service;
(d) The respective trade channels through which the goods or services reach the market;
(e) In the case of self-serve consumer items, where in practice they are respectively
found or likely to be found in supermarkets and in particular whether they are, or are
likely to be, found on the same or different shelves;
(f) The extent to which the respective goods or services are competitive.  This inquiry
may take into account how those in trade classify goods, for instance, whether marketresearch companies, who, of course, act for industry, put the goods or services in the
same or different sectors.
From the above, it will be seen that the concept of goods of the same description and similar
goods overlap to a large degree.  The same notions apply to services of the same description andsimilar services. In deciding whether or not different services are services of the same description, the
principal factor is whether it is likely that the public would naturally expect the services in question to
be provided by the same service organization. A comparison of the following criteria will assist in
determining whether there is such likelihood:
•  the nature of the services;
• what goods, if any, are involved in the services - if they are both connected with the
same goods this will be of some importance;
• who are the users of the services;
• whether there is a  normal business relationship between the services provided.
Hong Kong, China passed into law a new Trade Marks Ordinance on 31 May 2000 ("the new
Trade Marks Ordinance").  This has not yet been brought into force.  The provisions in the new Trade
Marks Ordinance relating to infringement will refer to the concept of similar goods and services rather
than to goods and services of the same description.
11. Please explain how a well-known trademark is protected in Hong Kong, China as required by
Articles 16.2 and 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement in conjunction with Article 6bis of the Paris
Convention.
There are no specific references to well-known marks in the TMO.  However, there are a
number of ways in which the owner of a well-known service mark may seek to protect his mark.
The current law
Article 16.2 of the TRIPS Agreement
The owner of a well-known service mark (even if unregistered in Hong Kong, China) may
oppose any application by a third party to register the well-known mark.  Such an opposition would
be based on Section 12(1) of the TMO which provides that : "It shall not be lawful to register as a
trademark or part of a trademark any matter the use of which would be likely to deceive….."
The owner of a well-known service mark may seek to protect his mark by registering it under
the TMO.  He would then be able to take infringement action under Section 27A of the TMO where a
competing trademark is identical or nearly resemblin g his mark in respect of services for which theIP/C/W/190
Page 15
mark is registered, or services of the same description.  Section 2(4) of the TMO defines "near
resemblance" as "a resemblance so near as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion".  'Similar
services' and 'services of the same description' are closely related notions.
The owner of a well-known service mark could also register his trademark as a certification
trademark under Section 64(1A) of the TMO.  The owner of such a mark could then take infringementaction under 67A(1) of the TMO.
Finally, the owner of an unregistered well -known service mark could also prevent the
registration and use of that mark by an unauthorized third party through the common law action of
passing-off.  He would have to satisfy the tests set out in Erven Warnik v Townend  (the "Advocaat"
case) [1980] RPC 31.  Basically, the owner would ha ve to show three elements : misrepresentation
(which need not be intentional), reputation and damage.
Article 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement
Article 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement deals with the protection to be given to the owner of a
well-known trademark where the mark is used on dissimilar goods or services.
The TMO (Cap.43) is principally concerned with identical goods and services or goods and
services of the same description as far as infringement is concerned. The owner of a well-known
trademark who has registered his trademark under the TMO could not take infringement action
against a third party under Sections 27 and 27A of the TMO where the use was in respect of dissimilar
goods or services.
However, the owner of a well-known trademark (w hether registered or not) can take out a
passing-off action to prevent the use by a third party of that well-known trademark if it were used on
goods or services which were dissimilar to those on which the owner of the well-known trademark
used his mark.
An owner of a well-known trademark (whether registered in Hong Kong or not) may mount
an opposition to an application for a trademark.  This opposition would be based on Section 12(1) of
the TMO (see para 12.2 post).
The new Trade Marks Ordinance
The new Trade Marks Ordinance includes a number of sections relevant to well-known
trademark.  There is a definition of well-known mark  (see Annex A).  Other relevant provisions are :
Section 63 of the new Trade Marks Ordinance provides as follows:
"(1) Subject to Section 59 (effect of acquiescence),the owner of a trademark which is entitled
to protection under the Paris Convention as a well-known trademark is entitled to restrain by
injunction the use in Hong Kong of a trademark which, or the essential part of which, is
identical or similar to his trademark, in relation to identical or similar goods or services,
where such use is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public."
Section 63 is therefore directly relevant to Article 6 bis of the Paris Convention and
Article 16.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Other provisions of the new Trade Marks Ordinance directly relevant to Article 16.3 of the
TRIPS Agreement are :
• Section 12(4): "Subject to subsection (6), a trademark which is:IP/C/W/190
Page 16
(a) identical or similar to an earlier trademark; and
(b) proposed to be registered for goods or services which are not identical or
similar to those for which the earlier trademark is protected, shall not be registered if,
or to the extent that, the earlier trademark is entitled to protection under the Paris
Convention as a well-known trademark and th e use of the later trademark without due
cause would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or
repute of the earlier trademark."
• Section 18(4) : "A person infringes a registered trademark if:
(a) he uses in the course of trade or business a sign which is identical or similar
to the trademark in relation to goods or services which are not identical or similar to
those for which the trademark is registered;
(b) the trademark is entitled to protection under the Paris Convention as a well-
known trademark; and
(c) the use of the sign, being without due cause, takes unfair advantage of, or is
detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark."
C. G EOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
12. Please explain how legislation of Hong Ko ng, China implements the requirements of
Article 22.3 of the TRIPS Agreement.
The means by which registration of a misl eading geographical indication ("GI") may be
refused or invalidated are to be found in Sections 12(1) and 48(1)(a) of the TMO.  An application for
a GI may be made under the TMO as an ordinary trademark or a certification trademark.  Ordinary
trademarks are those which are capable of distinguis hing goods of one undertaking from another.  A
certification trademark may also be applied  for under Section 64 of the TMO and is one which isadapted in relation to any goods to distinguish in the course of trade goods certified by any person in
respect of origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy or other characteristic, from goods
not so certified.
Where the use of the GI is liable to mislead the public, an application for such a trademark
(whether as an ordinary trademark or as a certification trademark) may be refused, or if already
accepted by the Registrar of Trade Marks may be opposed, under Section 12 of the TMO. Section 12
provides that:
"It shall not be lawful to register as a trademark or part of a trademark any matter the use of
which would be likely to deceive or would be disentitled to protection in  a court of justice or
would be contrary to law or morality, or any scandalous design."
If a misleading trademark has been registered, it is possible under the TMO to remove it from
the Register. This would be done by any party aggrieved applying, under Section 48(1)(a) of the
TMO, either to the Court of First Instance or the Registrar to remove the mark from the Register on
the ground that it was an 'entry made in the register without sufficient cause', or 'an entry wronglyremaining on the register'.  The aggrieved party would point to section 12(1) of the TMO as justifying
the claim that the entry was made without sufficient cause, or wrongly remaining on the register.  The
ground that would be relied on would be based on deception.
Section 3(2) of the new Trade Marks Ordinance provides that a trademark may consist of
"indications".  An application for a trademark may be refused on the ground that it consistsIP/C/W/190
Page 17
exclusively of signs which, inter alia, serve to designate the quality or geographical origin of goods
(Section 11(1)(c)).  However, such a mark can be registered if it is proved that before the date of
application it has in fact acquired a distinctive character as a result of use (Section 11(2)).  Such an
application may also be refused if it is deceptive (Section 11(4)(b)).  This would be the case if the
goods did not have the origin suggested by the mark.  A mark wrongly registered may be removed on
the ground that it is liable to mislead the public as to the nature, quality or geographical origin of thegoods (Section 52(2)(c)), or be subject to a Declaration of Invalidity on the ground that it was
registered in contravention of Section 11.
13. Please explain how Section 12(1) of the Trade Marks Ordinance, which provides that it shall
not be lawful to register as a trademark any matter use of which would be likely to deceive, complies
with Article 23.2 of the TRIPS Agreement which prov ides that the registration of a trademark for
wines and spirits which contains or consists of geographical indication shall be refused orinvalidated.
An application  to register a trademark for wines and spirits consisting of a GI , which does
not have such an origin, is deceptive. Section 12(1) of the TMO could therefore be used by the
Registrar of Trade Marks to refuse to register such a mark, or it could be the basis of opposition
proceedings under Section 15 of the TMO.  Where such a deceptive trademark has been registered,the Register may be rectified under Section 48(1)(a) of the TMO, Cap 43.  Any rectification
proceedings could be based on section 12(1) of the TMO.
D. PATENTS
14. Do protected layout-designs under Section 18 of the Layout-Design of Integrated Circuits
Ordinance include patents for semiconductor technology under Article 31(c) of the TRIPS
Agreements?  If not, please explain how Section 18 of the Layout-Design of Integrated Circuits
Ordinance complies with Article 31(c) of the TRIPS Agreement regarding other use of patents for
semi-conductor technology without th e authorization of the right holder.
The Layout-design (Topography) of Integrated Circuits Ordinance protects layout-designs as
defined in section 3 of the Ordinance.  Section 18 of that Ordinance allows Government use of a
layout-design, without the authorisation of the lay out-design owner, under limitations in Article 31(c)
of the TRIPS Agreement.
Inventions falling outside the definition of layout-design are protectable under the Patents
Ordinance.
The circumstances in which the use of a patented product or process is permitted without the
authorisation of the patent owner are stated in the Patents Ordinance section 64 (compulsory licence)
and sections 68 and 69 (Government use) (See pa ragraphs 31.a.0 to 31.a.4 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
Under the Patents Ordinance a compulsory licence is available only where there has been
abuse of the monopoly rights and only on application to a court (Patents Ordinance section 64).Under the Patents Ordinance Government use arises only in a period of extreme urgency where it is
necessary to maintain or secure supplies and servic es essential to the life of the community (Patents
Ordinance section 68).  It is therefore the case that both the compulsory licensing provisions and the
Government use provisions are limited in a manner consistent with Article 31(c) of the TRIPS
Agreement.
E. P
ROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION
15. As a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical
products which utilize new chemical entities, do es legislation of Hong Kong, China require theIP/C/W/190
Page 18
submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort?
If so, please explain how Hong Kong, China protects such data against unfair commercial use.
The Government of Hong Kong, China is subject to the common law on breach of
confidence. For a detailed discussion of this common law action, see paragraphs 39.2.0 to 39.2.5 of
IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1.
In Hong Kong, pharmaceutical products must be registered with the Department of Health
under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap.138) before sale. For a product to be registered, the
manufacturer concerned is required by Cap.138 to provide the necessary scientific documentation to
substantiate the safety, efficacy and quality of the product.  If the applicant does not provide his own
documentation, the Department of Health will not refer to other sources. Undisclosed documentation
submitted by another manufacturer to the Department of Health in support of the application for
registration of another pharmaceutical product is never referred to, nor is it relied on, by theGovernment examiners so as to protect data contained therein against unfair commercial use.  Any
data supplied in respect of the registration of pharmaceutical products is kept in the Confidential
Registry of the Department of Health.
All agricultural chemical test data supplied to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Conservation is kept confidential indefinitely. The data is viewed only by a limited number of
Government officers on a need-to-know basis for registration and is never used in other registration
applications unless under written authorisation from the supplier of the original data.  The data is
never disclosed to the public.
Article 39.3 is therefore complied with by these administrative measures.
16. Please explain how legislation of Hong Kong, Ch ina regulates the acquisition of undisclosed
information by third parties who knew, or were grossly negligent in failing to know, that such
practices were involved in the acquisition, as required by footnote to Article 39.2 of the TRIPSAgreement.
Protection for undisclosed information is provided by the common law action for breach of
confidence.  The leading case is Coco v Clark [1969] RPC 41, where it was held that three elements
had to be proved for a claim of breach of confidence to succeed: (i) that the information was of aconfidential nature; (ii) that it was communicated in circumstances importing an obligation of
confidence; and (iii) that there was an unauthorized use of the information.
Hong Kong courts have interpreted the second requirement as fulfilled not only where the
originator of the information has communicated the information to the defendant in confidence, but
also where a third party has come by the information, and it is considered that he must, from the
nature of the information, have realized that he was not entitled to use it.  ( Dr Lam Tai Hing v Dr Koo
Chi Ling, Linda  [1993] 2 HKC 1).  It is therefore submitted that Hong Kong, China has complied with
the provisions of Article 39.2.
F. E
NFORCEMENT
17. Please indicate the remedies which the judicial authorities order regarding intellectual
property rights, including injunctions, damages, expen ses, destruction or disposal of infringing goods,
materials or implements for their production. Pl ease explain the criteria for and the way of
calculation to decide the amount of the damages which judicial authorities order to the person who
infringes intellectual property rights to pay to the right holder.
Please see our answer to Question 5 of the Checklist of Issues on Enforcement (document
IP/N/6/HKG/1).IP/C/W/190
Page 19
18. Please indicate title of laws and regulations and their provisions which comply with Article
46 of the TRIPS Agreement regarding disposition of  materials and implements the predominant use of
which has been in the creation of the infringing goods. Furthermore, please indicate title of laws and
regulations and their provisions which comply with Article 46 of TRIPS Agreement regarding
counterfeit trademark goods .
Article 46 is discussed in paragraphs 4 6.0 to 46.2 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1 and answers to
Questions 5(3) and 24 in the Checklist of  Issues on Enforcement (IP/N/6/HKG/1).
Where a person has in his possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or
adapted for making copies of a particular copyright work, knowing or having reason to believe that it
has been or is to be used to make infringing copi es, the owner of the copyright in the work may apply
to the court for an order that the article be delivered up (Section 109 of the CO) and be forfeited ordestroyed (Section 111).
There are also similar provisions in the Regi stered Designs Ordinance (Sections 53 and 54)
and the Layout-design (Topography) of Integrat ed Circuits Ordinance (Sections 8 and 9).
Section 122(1) of the CO empowers authorized officers of the Customs & Excise Department
to seize articles which appears to be specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a particular
copyright work and appears to be intended for use for making infringing copies of any such work.
Any such article seized is liable to forfeiture under Section 131 of the CO.
Under Section 20 of the Prevention of Copyright Piracy Ordinance, any machinery or
equipment seized under Section 18(2) of that Ordinance is liable to forfeiture.
Implements which are the subject matter of an offence under Section 9(1)(c) or (d) of the
Trade Descriptions Ordinance ("TDO") and are seized under Section 15(1)(f)(ii) can be forfeitedunder Section 102 of the Criminal Procedure Ordinance.
The new Trade Marks Ordinance enables infringing goods, material or articles to be disposed
of (Section 25).  Infringing articles are defined as articles "specially designed or adapted for making
copies of a sign identical or similar to a registered trademark"(Section 17(4)).  In deciding whether tomake an order of disposal, the court must, inter alia, be satisfied that the goods, material or articles
will not enter the channels of commerce once the registered trademark has been removed from the
goods, materials or articles (Section 25(4)(a)).  Such infringing goods or articles may be forfeited (see
Section 25(1)(b)).
19. Please indicate titles of laws and regulations and their provisions in which the suspension of
the release of counterfeit trademark of pirated copyright goods is prescribed, as stipulated inArticle 51 of the TRIPS Agreement. Please explain types of intellectual property rights about which
the suspension can be made upon an application by a right holder.
Detention orders may be applied in respect of counterfeit trademarked goods and pirated
copyright goods.
Section 30B of the TDO provides that the propr ietor of a trademark may apply to court for a
detention order where he has reasonable ground for suspecting that the importation of goods that
constitute infringing goods may take place.
Section 136 of the CO provides that the owne r or exclusive licensee of the copyright that
subsists in a work may apply to the court for a detention order where he has reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the importation of an article that constitutes an infringing copy of his work may take
place.IP/C/W/190
Page 20
See also the discussion on Article 51 in paragraphs 51.0 to 51.6 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1 and
the answer to Question 16 in the Checklist of Issues on Enforcement (IP/N/6/HKG/1).
20. Please explain the kind and amounts of crimi nal penalties including imprisonment and fines
regarding intellectual property rights. In particular, are the crimes persecuted only when the injured
party has made a formal accusation? Please also explain whether penalties are consistent withArticle 61 of the TRIPS Agreement which requires the penalties to be sufficient to provide a deterrent,
consistently with the level of penalties applied for crimes of a corresponding gravity.
The Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong, China plays an active role in
investigating and prosecuting copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting offences, both in taking
their own initiatives as well as responding to co mplaints lodged by rights owners.  The maximum
penalties and sentences prescribed by law for the different offences are set out in the answers toQuestions 20 to 25 of the Checklist of Issues on Enforcement (document IP/N/6/HKG/1).  Some
enforcement statistics against intellectual property offences are set out at Annex B.  We believe that
our legal framework with stringent penalties c oupled with vigorous enforcement have provided
adequate protection to intellectual property rights and are consistent with Article 61 of the TRIPS
Agreement.IP/C/W/190
Page 21
UNITED STATES
A. C OPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
1. Section 17 of Hong Kong, China's Copyright Ordinance provides that computer-generated
works are to have copyright protection for a period of 50 years from the end of the year in which the
work was made.  Please define “computer-generated” in this sense and explain whether such a workwould have an author and could be considered an original work.
Section 17(6) of the Copyright Ordinance ("CO")  provides that the copyright of a computer-
generated literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work expires at the end of 50 years from the end of the
year in which the work was made.  The term "computer-generated" that appears in section 17 of the
CO is defined under section 198 of the CO as follows:
"…."computer-generated", in relation to a work, means that the work is generated by
computer in circumstances such that there is no human author of the work."
A computer-generated work would nonethele ss be taken to have an author.  Under
section 11(3) of the CO, the author of a computer -generated literary, dramatic, musical or artistic
work is taken to be the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work areundertaken.
The above-mentioned provisions mirror those contained in the UK Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 at sections 9(3), 178 and 12(3) respectively.  The similarity in the provisions means
that the courts in Hong Kong, China will regard decisions in the UK courts interpreting Sections 9(3),178 and 12(3) of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 as being of persuasive authority.
For computer-generated works to be protected under the CO, they must have the requisite
degree of originality under section 2(1)(a) of the CO.  Generally speaking, the threshold of originality
required so as to give rise to a copyright work, as has emerged from UK precedents, is lower than thatrequired in the US, and therefore certain computer-generated works would qualify.  This is a question
of fact and degree, depending on whether time, skill and labour have been expended in undertaking
the necessary arrangements, e.g. in writing out an appropriate computer program for producing the
work in question.
B. T
RADEMARKS
2. Please describe in detail the manner in which well-known marks are provided protection
under Hong Kong, China's law or rules as required by Article 16.2and 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement.
This answer will discuss by reference to the current Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap.43) as well
as the new Trade Marks Ordinance passed by the Legislative Council on 31 May 2000.
The current law
Article 16.2 of the TRIPS Agreement
The owner of a well-known service mark (even if unregistered in Hong Kong, China) may
oppose any application by a third party to register the well-known mark.  Such an opposition would
be based on Section 12(1) of the TMO which provides that : "It shall not be lawful to register as a
trademark or part of a trademark any matter the use of which would be likely to deceive….."
The owner of a well-known service mark may seek to protect his mark by registering it under
the TMO.  He would then be able to take infringement action under Section 27A of the TMO where aIP/C/W/190
Page 22
competing trademark is identical or nearly resemblin g his mark in respect of services for which the
mark is registered, or services of the same description.  Section 2(4) of the TMO defines "nearresemblance" as "a resemblance so near as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion".  "Similar
services" and "services of the same description" are closely related notions.
The owner of a well-known service mark could also register his trademark as a certification
trademark under Section 64(1A) of the TMO.  The owner of such a mark could then take infringementaction under 67A(1) of the TMO.
Finally, the owner of an unregistered well -known service mark could also prevent the
registration and use of that mark by an unauthorized third party through the common law action of
passing-off.  He would have to satisfy the tests set out in Erven Warnik v Townend  (the "Advocaat"
case) [1980] RPC 31.  Basically, the owner would ha ve to show three elements : misrepresentation
(which need not be intentional), reputation and damage.
Article 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement
Article 16.3 of TRIPS deals with the protection to be given to the owner of a well-known
trademark where the mark is used on dissimilar goods or services.
The TMO (Cap.43) is principally concerned with identical goods and services or goods and
services of the same description as far as infringement is concerned. The owner of a well-known
trademark who has registered his trademark under the TMO could not take infringement action
against a third party under Sections 27 and 27A of the TMO where the use was in respect of dissimilar
goods or services.
However, the owner of a well-known trademark (w hether registered or not) can take out a
passing-off action to prevent the use by a third party of that well-known trademark if it were used on
goods or services which were dissimilar to those on which the owner of the well-known trademark
used his mark.
An owner of a well-known trademark (whether registered in Hong Kong or not) may mount
an opposition to an application for a trademark.  This opposition would be based on Section 12(1) of
the TMO (see paragraph 2.2 above).
The new Trade Marks Ordinance
Hong Kong, China passed into law a new Trade Marks Ordinance on 31 May 2000 (" the new
Trade Marks Ordinance") which has not yet been brought into force.  The new Trade Marks
Ordinance includes a number of clauses relevant to well-known trademark.  There is a definition of
well-known mark (see the answer to question 3 posed by the United States, below).  Other relevant
provisions are :
Section 63 of the new Trade Marks Ordinance provides as follows:
"(1) Subject to Section 59 (effect of acquiescence),the owner of a trademark which is entitled
to protection under the Paris Convention as a well-known trademark is entitled to restrain by
injunction the use in Hong Kong of a trademark which, or the essential part of which, isidentical or similar to his trademark, in relation to identical or similar goods or services,
where such use is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public."
Section 63 is therefore directly relevant to Article 6 bis of the Paris Convention and
Article 16.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.IP/C/W/190
Page 23
Other provisions of the new Trade Marks Ordinance directly relevant to Article 16.3 of the
TRIPS Agreement are:
• Section 12(4): "Subject to subsection (6), a trademark which is:
(a) identical or similar to an earlier trademark; and
(b) proposed to be registered for goods or services which are not identical or
similar to those for which the earlier trademark is protected, shall not be
registered if, or to the extent that, the earlier trademark is entitled to
protection under the Paris Convention as a well-known trademark and the
use of the later trademark without due cause would take unfair advantage of,
or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the earlier
trademark."
• Section 18(4) :  "A person infringes a registered trademark if:
(a) he uses in the course of trade or business a sign which is identical or similar
to the trademark in relation to goods or services which are not identical or
similar to those for which the trademark is registered;
(b) the trademark is entitled to protection under the Paris Convention as a well-
known trademark; and
(c) the use of the sign, being without due cause, takes unfair advantage of, or is
detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the trademark."
3. What criteria are used to determine if a mark is well known?
There is no statutory definition in the TMO of what is a well-known trademark.  However, the
new Trade Marks Ordinance provides criteria to determine what is a well-known trademark.Schedule 2 of the new Trade Marks Ordinance sets out non-binding guidelines (both for the Registrar
of Trade Marks and the Hong Kong Court of First Instance) on what can be considered a well-known
trademark (see attached Annex A).  Schedule 2 is derived from Article 2 of the WIPO Joint
Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks.
C. G
EOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
4. What provisions of Hong Kong, China’s laws or rules provide for the recognition of
geographical indications required by Article 22.2 and 23.1 of the TRIPS Agreement?  Please provide
citations to those laws.
An aggrieved party may institute an action for passing-off under the common law to prevent
the misleading use of a geographical indication ("GI"). Furthermore, the action of "passing-off" ispreserved under Section 36 of the TMO. Thus an y trader misrepresenting his goods as those of
another trader who has acquired a reputation, causing loss to the other trader, faces an action for
passing-off. The plaintiff's goodwill in his business can derive from use of his name, his mark, a
description or the get-up of his goods. The owner of a certification trademark may bring an action
under Section 67 of the TMO in respect of any infringement.
The use of a misleading GI may also constitute an offence under the Trade Descriptions
Ordinance  Cap.362 ("TDO") where it is an offence for someone to apply a false description to any
goods.IP/C/W/190
Page 24
The TDO defines, in Section 2, a "trade description" as, inter alia , "an indication, direct or
indirect, and by whatever means given, of any of the following matters with respect to any goods orparts of goods :...... method of manufacture, produc tion, processing or reconditioning; ...approval by
any person or conformity with a type approved by any person; .... place or date of production; ......
person by whom produced; ...... other history incl uding previous ownership or use."  A trade
description is false if it is false to a material degree. It is an offence, pursuant to Section 7 of the TDO,
in the course of any trade or business, to apply a false trade description to goods, or to supply or offerto supply any goods to which a false trade description is applied, or to possess such goods. Pursuant to
Section 12, it is also an offence to import or export any goods to which a false trade description is
applied.
The relevant provisions of the TDO accordingly exceeds the protection required under
Article 22.2(a) of the TRIPS Agreement in that the criminal offences are not restricted to goods from
a region or locality where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentiallyattributable to its geographic origin, but extends to any false description of origin.
To facilitate the prosecution of importers who import goods bearing a false description of
origin of the goods, Section 24A of the TDO prov ides a presumption whereby evidence that the goods
were imported from a country is prima facie evidence that the goods were produced in that country.Thus, the prosecution would not have the burden of proving where the goods originated, and can
simply rely on the country from which they were imported.
Under Section 12(1) of the TMO, it is not lawful to register a trademark which would be
likely to deceive. Section 12(1) may therefore be used to prevent the registration of a trademark,where such a registration is deceptive as to the geographical origin of goods. This is true whether the
application is for an ordinary trademark or a certification trademark.
5. In determining whether recognition should be given to a geographical indication, what
criteria are considered?
What constitutes a GI is a question of fact to be decided on a case by case basis.  The essence
of a GI is defined in Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.  The link between origin and quality,
reputation or other characteristic of the good  is made.
It is possible to register under the TMO a certification trademark (Section 64) which is
defined as a mark "adapted in relation to any goods to distinguish in the course of trade goods
certified by any person in respect of origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy or other
characteristic, from goods not so certified."  Regulations governing the use of a certificationtrademark must be supplied by an applicant detailing, inter alia, the characteristics to be certified.
Section 2 of the TDO is also relevant.  "Trade description" means : "an indication, direct or
indirect, and by whatever means given, of any of the following matters with respect of any goods or
parts of goods, that is to say:
(h) place or date of manufacture, pro duction, processing or reconditioning;
(i) person by whom manufactured, pr oduced, processed or reconditioned."
Please also see paragraphs 6.2 to 6.9, below.
6. Please describe the manner in which the higher level of protection required for wines and
spirits under Article 23.2 of the TRIPS Agreement is provided and provide examples of such products
and the law under which they are protected.IP/C/W/190
Page 25
Article 23.2 corresponds to Article 22.3, but applies specifically to indications identifying
wines and spirits.
GIs for wines and spirits can be protected under the TMO, the TDO and the common law of
passing-off.
Under Section 12(1) of the TMO it is not lawful  to register a trademark which would be likely
to deceive.  This is true whether the application is for an ordinary trademark or a certification
trademark.  A registered mark which is deceptive, or has become deceptive, may be removed from the
Register under Section 48(1)(a) of the TMO (any "entry made in the register without sufficient cause",
or "any entry wrongly remaining on the register").
The action for passing-off may also be used to restrain the use of a GI which is misleading.
The TDO also makes it an offence to apply a false description to goods, or to supply or offer
to supply any goods to which a false description is applied.
A number of applications for ordinary trademarks (i.e. non certification trademarks) are made
which incorporate a GI.  Such applications are liable to fall foul of Section 9(1)(d) of the TMO whichprovides that a mark to be registrable in Part A must consist of "a word or words having no direct
reference to the character or quality of the goods or services, as the case may be, and not being
according to its ordinary signification a geographical name or a surname".
The Registrar of Trade Marks does not reject such marks, provided there is a distinctive
element in the mark.  In these cases, the Registrar requires that part of the mark which is a GI to be
disclaimed and may also impose a condition of origin (so as to avoid deception).  Examples of these
marks registered in Hong Kong, China are :
Condition
"Courvoisier Le Cognac de
Napoleon" for cognac brandy• It is a condition of registration that the
mark shall be used only on Cognac
brandy produced in France.
• The words "Le Cognac de Napoleon" have
been totally disclaimed.
"Champagne de Venoge" for
champagne• It is a condition of registration that the
Trade Mark shall be used only on
champagne produced in Epernay, France.
• The words "Cordon Bleu", "Champagne"
and "Brut" appearing in the mark are
disclaimed.
GIs for wines and spirits can also be registered as certification trademarks.  In such a case, the
fact that a mark consists of an indication serving to designate geographical origins does not preclude it
from being registered as a certification trademark in Part A of the TMO.  Section 64(3) of the TMO
provides that : "The fact that a mark consists of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to
designate the geographical origin of goods or services shall not preclude it from being registered as a
certification trademark in Part A of the register in respect of those goods or services".
Section 3(2) of the new Trade Marks Ordinance (referred to in paragraph 2.10 above)
provides that a trademark may consist of "indications".  An application for a trademark may beIP/C/W/190
Page 26
refused on the ground that it consists exclusively of signs which, inter alia, serve to designate the
quality or geographical origin of goods (Section 11(1)(c)).  However, such a mark can be registered ifit is proved that before the date of application it has in fact acquired a distinctive character as a result
of use (Section 11(2)).  The registration of a mark may be refused if it is deceptive (Section 11(4)(b)).
It will also be possible to register a geographical indication as a certification trademark under the new
Trade Marks Ordinance.  A certification mark which consists of a sign serving, in trade or business, to
designate the geographical origin of goods or services may be registered.
7. What are the competent authorities where the protection of a geographical indication can be
obtained?
Since one of the main ways in which a GI can be protected in Hong Kong, China is through
trademark law, an application for a trademark should be made to the Registrar of Trademarks (which
is part of the Intellectual Property Department of  the Government of Hong Kong, China).  Other ways
of protecting GIs involve civil action based on the common law of passing-off, and prosecution under
the TDO, which is initiated by the Customs & Exci se Department of the Government of Hong Kong,
China, either on its own initiative or  in response to a public complaint.
D.I NDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
8. Please describe how Hong Kong, China's Regi stered Design Ordinance protects textile
designs and explain how this protection does not unreasonably impair the opportunity obtain suchprotection.
Textile designs are protected in the same manner as other designs.  Certain 'concessions'
apply to textile designs in respect of prior disclosure (Registered Designs Ordinance section 9(1)(c)),
in respect of the statement of novelty in an application for design registration (Registered Designs
Rules section 8(4)), and in respect of samples (Registered Designs Rules section 14) (See paragraphs25.2.0 to 25.2.5 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
The registration procedure for obtaining designs protection is simple.  The examination is of
the formalities of the application only, and not the substantive issue of whether the design is new.
9. Section 6 of Hong Kong, China's Registered Design Ordinance provides that designs are not
registrable if the appearance of the article is not material to the person acquiring or using the article.
Please explain how such a determination is made and based upon what criteria.
Section 6 of the Registered Designs Ordinance sti pulates a two-part test.  First, is the article
of a type for which appearance is a significant factor in the consumers' decision to purchase?Secondly, does the design relate to the aesthetic feat ures of the article?  The tests apply the principle
that the features of a design must be aesthetic and not functional.  The views of purchasers and users
are material in the application of the tests.
10. Please clarify whether Section 31 of Hong Kong, China's Registered Design Ordinance,
which describes the exclusive rights conferred on the owner of a registered design, includes the right
to prevent third parties from importing articles bearing or embodying the design.
Section 31 of the Registered Designs Ordinance gives a registered design owner the right to
prevent third parties from importing articles to which the design has been applied (See
paragraphs 26.1.0 to 26.1.2 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).IP/C/W/190
Page 27
E.P ATENTS
11. Section 93 of Hong Kong, China's Patents Ordinance provides that programs for computers
are not regarded as inventions.  Please explain how this provision is consistent with Article 27.1 of
the TRIPS Agreement.
Consistent with Article 27.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, protection in Hong Kong, China for
computer programmes as such is provided under copy right.  Under Hong Kong, China's patent law, a
computer program alone is not patentable (Patents Ordinance section 93(2)).  To be patentable, an
invention must be more than just a computer progra m.  It must be a computer-related invention that
produces a further technical effect when the program is run on a computer.
What is meant by producing a further technical effect can be illustrated by the decision in
Vicom Systems Inc's Application (T208/84)[1987] OJ EPO 14, 2 EPOR 74, where the invention was
for a method of digitally processing images and an apparatus for carrying out the method.  The furthertechnical effect in Vicom's  invention was the way in which the enhanced image was produced.
If the computer program produces a technical result it is in principle patentable.  But
patentability depends also on whether the software is new and has an inventive step.  If the computer
program only automates a process that was formerly done mentally or manually, it is not patentable.By contrast, if the computer program solves a technical problem it is patentable.
12. Please define “short-term patent” and describe the type of subject matter that would be
protected by a short-term patent.  In addition, please explain the difference between the scope of the
standard patent and the short-term patent under Hong Kong, China's Patent Ordinance.
A short-term patent is a patent granted on an examination of the formalities of the application
only.  Patent examination does not extend to the substantive issue of whether the invention is novel
and inventive.
The term of the short-term patent is eight year s.  The scope of the short-term patent is no
different from the scope of the standard patent and the short-term patent is available for the same
subject matter as the standard patent (See paragraphs 27.1.0 to 28.1.1 of IP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1).
The validity of a short-term patent can be challenged in the courts after grant.
F.P ROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION
13. Please describe in detail the provisions of  Hong Kong, China's laws and regulations that
provide for protection against unfair commercial use of data submitted to obtain marketing approval
for agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals in accordance with Article 39.3 of the TRIPS
Agreement and the nature of the protection afforded?  Please provide citations to those laws.
The Government of Hong Kong, China is subject to the common law on breach of
confidence. For a detailed discussion of this common law action, see paragraphs 39.2.0 to 39.2.5 ofIP/N/1/HKG/2/Add.1.
In Hong Kong, pharmaceutical products must be registered with the Department of Health
under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap.138) before sale. For a product to be registered, the
manufacturer concerned is required by Cap.138 to provide the necessary scientific documentation tosubstantiate the safety, efficacy and quality of the product.  If the applicant does not provide his own
documentation, the Department of Health will not refer to other sources. Undisclosed documentation
submitted by another manufacturer to the Department of Health in support of the application for
registration of another pharmaceutical product is never referred to, nor is it relied on, by theIP/C/W/190
Page 28
Government examiners so as to protect data contained therein against unfair commercial use.  Any
data supplied in respect of the registration of pharmaceutical products is kept in the ConfidentialRegistry of the Department of Health.
All agricultural chemical test data supplied to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Conservation is kept confidential indefinitely.  The data is viewed only by a limited number of
Government officers on a need-to-know basis for the purpose of registration and is never used in other
registration applications unless under written authorisation from the supplier of the original data.  Thedata is never disclosed to the public.
Article 39.3 is therefore complied with by these administrative measures.
G. E
NFORCEMENT
14. Section  227 of the 1997 Copyright Ordinance makes infringement of performers'
reproduction rights actionable under the law.  Please explain how criminal action is available for the
pirated fixation of a performer's performance.
The relevant offences are found in section 118 of the CO.  A "fixation" of a performer's
performance is defined in section 200(2) of the CO to mean "a film or sound recording":
(a) made directly from the unfixed performance;
(b) made from a broadcast of, or cable programme including, the performance; or
(c) made, directly or indirectly, from another fixation of the performance.
A "copyright work" is defined in section 2(2) of the CO as a work in which copyright
subsists.  "Copyright" is in turn defined in section 2(1) of the CO, which includes both film and sound
recordings (section 2(1)(b) of the CO).
By virtue of section 118 of the CO, a person commits an offence if he, without licence,
"makes for sale … possesses for the purpose of trade or business or… for the purpose of trade or
business distributes … an infringing copy of a copyright work."  A copy is an infringing copy if its
making constituted an infringement (section 35 of the CO).  By reason of section 22 of the CO, the
owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to copy the work.  Thus, criminal liabilities arise for
acts done in respect of a pirated copy of a performer's performance as specified under section 118 ofthe CO.
15. Please describe any provision in Hong Kong, Ch ina's laws that allow authorities to order
destruction of implements "predominantly used" in  the production of infringing materials and provide
a citation to that section.
Where a person has in his possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or
adapted for making copies of a particular copyright work, knowing or having reason to believe that it
has been or is to be used to make infringing copi es, the owner of the copyright in the work may apply
to the court for an order that the article be delivered up (Section 109 of the CO) and be forfeited or
destroyed (Section 111).
There are also similar provisions in the Regi stered Designs Ordinance (Sections 53 and 54)
and the Layout-design (Topography) of Integrat ed Circuits Ordinance (Sections 8 and 9).
Section 122(1) of the CO empowers authorized officers of the Customs & Excise Department
to seize articles which appears to be specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a particularIP/C/W/190
Page 29
copyright work and appears to be intended for use for making infringing copies of any such work.
Any such article seized is liable to forfeiture under Section 131 of the CO.
Under Section 20 of the Prevention of Copyright Piracy Ordinance, any machinery or
equipment seized under Section 18(2) of that Ordinance is liable to forfeiture.
Implements which are the subject matter of an offence under Section 9(1)(c) or (d) of the
TDO and are seized under Section 15(1)(f)(ii) can be forfeited under Section 102 of the Criminal
Procedure Ordinance.
The new Trade Marks Ordinance enables infringing articles to be disposed of (Section 25).
Infringing articles are defined as articles "specially designed or adapted for making copies of a sign
identical or similar to a registered trademark"(Section 17(4)).  In deciding whether to make an orderof disposal, the court  must, inter alia, be satisfied that the goods, material or articles will not enter the
channels of commerce once the registered trademark has been removed from the goods, materials or
articles (Section 25(4)(a)).  Such infringing articles may be forfeited (see Section 25(1)(b)).
Please provide statistical information related to civil copyright, trademark, geographical
indication, industrial design, patent, integrated-circuit layout design, and trade secret enforcement for
each of the years 1996 and 1997, including the number of cases filed; injunctions issued; infringing
products seized; infringing equipment seized; case s resolved (including settlement); and the amount
of damages awarded.
No statistical information is available as the Government of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region does not compile and keep such statistical data.
16. Please provide statistical information related to criminal enforcement in the area of copyright
piracy and trademark infringement for each of the years 1996 and 1997, including the number of
raids, prosecutions, convictions, and the amount of fines and/or jail terms (including whether the fines
were paid and whether the jail term was actually served or was suspended) and any other information
establishing that the criminal system operates ef fectively to deter copyright piracy and trademark
counterfeiting.
The relevant data, to the extent available, is included in Annex B.
17. Please describe any new initiatives that the Government of Hong Kong, China plans to
improve enforcement, particular ly criminal enforcement, of intellectual property.
The Intellectual Property Investigation Bureau (IPIB) of the Customs and Excise Department
of Hong Kong, China is one of the strongest teams in the region dedicated to the criminal enforcement
of intellectual property rights.  It has more than doubled its manpower in the six years ending 1998-99
(from 117 in 1994-95 to 285 in 1999-2000).  Moreover, a special task force of some 185 Customs
officers has been set up since June 1999 to further enhance our enforcement efforts against IPRinfringements at the retail level.
Hong Kong, China is pleased to submit that, as a result of vigorous and sustained enforcement
efforts, copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting in Hong Kong, China have been brought under
control.  Some 16 million suspected pirated discs as well as 14 production lines worth more thanUS$48 million were seized in 1999 resulting in more than 2,700 arrests.  Seizures in the first four
months of 2000 amount to more than 3.2 million c opies of optical discs and 4 production lines worth
US$10.5 million.  A year ago, there were an estimated 1,000 retail outlets of pirated optical discs,
each carrying some 5,000 discs and operating over 12 hours a day.  This translates into a market with
the availability of some 5 million pirated optical discs at any one time.  There are now fewer than 100retail outlets of pirated optical discs, each carrying some 1,000 discs and operating fewer than threeIP/C/W/190
Page 30
hours a day.  This represents a decrease of 98% of piracy activities compared to last year.  We will
sustain our vigorous enforcement efforts.
On the legislative front, the Legislative Council has in January 2000 approved amendments to
specify certain IPR offences under the Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance (OSCO), whereby
Customs officers will be able to make use of the enhanced investigative and enforcement powers
under OSCO in combating copyright piracy and counterfeiting activities, for example, confiscation ofproceeds of crimes where criminal syndicates are involved.
The Intellectual Property (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill 2000 was also introduced into the
Legislative Council in January 2000.  The Bill sets out additional legislative measures to prevent
bootlegging and clarifies the law to facilitate prosecution of end-user corporate piracy activities.  We
expect the Bill to be passed by the Legislative Council by the end of June 2000.IP/C/W/190
Page 31
ANNEX A
SCHEDULE 2
DETERMINATION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS
1. Factors for consideration
(1) In determining for the purposes of  section 4 (meaning of "well-known
trademark") whether a trademark is well known in Hong Kong, the Registrar or the court shall
take into account any factors from which it may be inferred that the trademark is well known
in Hong Kong.
(2) In particular, the Registrar or the court shall consider any information
submitted to the Registrar or the court from which it may be inferred that the trademark is, or
is not, well known in Hong Kong, including, but not limited to, information concerning the
following:
(a) the degree of knowledge or recognition of the trademark in the
relevant sectors of the public;
(b) the duration, extent and geographical area of any use of the
trademark;
(c) the duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of the
trademark, including advertising or publicity and the presentation, at
fairs or exhibitions, of the goods or services to which the trademark
applies;
(d) the duration and geographical area of any registrations, or any
applications for registration, of the trademark, to the extent that theyreflect use or recognition of the trademark;
(e) the record of successful enforcement of rights in the trademark, in
particular, the extent to which the trademark has been recognized as a
well-known trademark by competent authorities in foreign
jurisdictions; and
(f) the value associated with the trademark.
(3) The factors mentioned in subsection (2) are intended to serve as guidelines to
assist the Registrar and the court to determine whether the trademark is well known in Hong
Kong.  It is not a pre-condition for reaching that determination that information be submitted
with respect to any of those factors or that equal weight be given to each of them.  Rather, the
determination in each case will depend upon the particular circumstances of that case.  Insome cases all of the factors may be relevant.  In other cases some of the factors may be
relevant.  In still other cases none of the factors may be relevant, and the decision may be
based on additional factors that are not mentioned in subsection (2).  Such additional factors
may be relevant alone, or in combination with one or more of the factors mentioned in
subsection (2).IP/C/W/190
Page 32
(4) For the purpose of subsection (2)(a), "relevant sectors of the public" includes,
but is not limited to:
(a) actual or potential consumers of the type of goods or services to
which the trademark applies;
(b) persons involved in channels of distribution of the type of goods or
services to which the trademark applies; and
(c) business circles dealing with the type of goods or services to which
the trademark applies.
(5) Where a trademark is determined to be well known in at least one relevant
sector of the public in Hong Kong, it shall be considered to be well known in Hong Kong.
(6) For the purpose of subsection (2)(e), "competent authorities in foreign
jurisdictions" means administrative, judicial or quasi-judicial authorities in jurisdictions otherthan Hong Kong that are competent to determine whether a trademark is a well-known
trademark, or in enforcing the protection of well-known trademarks, in their respective
jurisdictions.
2. Factors not required to be established
For the purpose of determining whether a trademark is well known in Hong Kong, it
is not necessary to establish:
(a) that the trademark has been used, or has been registered, in Hong
Kong;
(b) that an application for registration of the trademark has been filed in
Hong Kong;
(c) that the trademark is well known, or has been registered, in a
jurisdiction other than Hong Kong;
(d) that an application for registration of the trademark has been filed in a
jurisdiction other than Hong Kong; or
(e) that the trademark is well known by the public at large in Hong
Kong.IP/C/W/190
Page 33ANNEX B
Prosecution and Sentencing Statistics under the
Copyright Ordinance and Trade Descriptions Ordinance
Copyright Ordinance Trade Descriptions Ordinance
1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
No. of cases 1,473 1,561 3,413 842 811 1,073
No. of arrests 1,568 1,645 2,704 850 760 863
No. of prosecutions 1,659 1,727 1,310 1,532 1,497 948
No. of convictions 1,352 1,485 1,187 1,340 1,341 828
Total value of seizures (US$) $24.02M $199.28M $43.46M $8.47M $6.77M $9.05MIP/C/W/190
Page 34 Customs and Excise Department
Intellectual Property Investigation Bureau (IPIB)
Enforcement Results on Copyright Offences
1997 1998 1999
IPIBSpecial Task
ForceTotal
No. of cases 1,473 1,561 1,235 2,165 3,400
No of arrests 1,568 1,109 1,592 2,701
Quantity of Optical Disc seizures 4,475,685 38,963,361 11,375,543 5,118,256 16,493,799
Value of Optical Disc seizures (US$) $18.42M $123.M $25.67M $12.46M $38.13M
No. of Optical Disc production lines 56 8 1 401 4
Value of production lines (US$) $4.36M $58.21M $8.86M 0 $8.86M
Quantity of other seizures (e.g.
computer game cartridge, TV gamecartridge, etc.)37,819 107,598 12,170 6,836 19,006
Total quantity of seizures 4,514,147 39,036,790 11,390,875 5,125,092 16,515,967
Total value of seizures (US$) $24.02M $199.28M $36.67M $12.9M $49.57MIP/C/W/190
Page 35CUSTOMS AND EXCISE DEPARTMENT
Intellectual Property Investigation Bureau
Enforcement Results on Trademark/Trade Descriptions Offences
(Excluding TM/TD offences relating to textile origin-fraud)
1996 1997 1998 1999
No. of Cases 663 842 811 989
No. of Arrests 691 850 760 780
  Quantity of Seizures
Clothing (pcs.) 218,175 439,933 507,250 286,582
Leather goods (pcs.) 42,448 24,362 37,201 79,617
Watch (nos.) 60,424 300,192 138,773 216,046
Pharmaceutical Products (nos.) 85,756 680,743 23,668 2,568
Miscellaneous (stationeries, foodstuff, electrical appliances,
sportswears)14,139,032 10,269,050 973,418 19,704,303
Total 14,545,835 11,714,280 1,680,310 20,289,116
Value of Seizures (US$M) $10.08M $8.47M $6.77M $7.77M
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