RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/TPR/G/77/CHE
6 November 2000
(00-4540)
Trade Policy Review Body Original:  French
TRADE POLICY REVIEW
SWITZERLAND AND LIECHTENSTEIN
Report by the Government of Switzerland
Pursuant to the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization), the policy statement by the Government of Switzerland is
attached.  The policy statement by the Government of Liechtenstein is contained
in document WT/TPR/G/77/LIE.
Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the meeting
of the Trade Policy Review Body on Switzerland and Liechtenstein.Switzerland and Liechtenstein WT/TPR/G/77/CHE
Page 3
CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUC TION ................................................................................................................. .....4
II. ECONOMIC ENVI RONMENT.................................................................................................5
III. RECENT ECONOMIC POLICY DE VELOPMENTS AND OBJECTIVES ............................6
(1) Domestic po licy areas....................................................................................................6
(2) Foreign poli cy areas.......................................................................................................8
IV. SWISS POSITION IN A NEW ROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE
NEGOTIA TIONS................................................................................................................... ....9WT/TPR/G/77/CHE Trade Policy Review
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I. INTRODUCTION
1. This report, together with that of Liechtenstein and the Secretariat report on the two countries,
establishes the basis for the review of their trade policy by WTO Members on 4 and
6 December 2000, given the fact that they form an economic and monetary union and Liechtenstein is
an integral part of the Swiss customs territory.
2. International trade plays a key role in the Swiss economy, accounting for a very substantial
proportion of GDP1 and experiencing strong growth in recent years.  The Swiss Government attaches
great importance to the openness of world markets for goods and services, including the area of public
procurement, and to solid protection of intellectual property.
3. The economic policy pursued by Switzerland aims at strengthening its international
competitiveness which is currently well served by a macroeconomic policy geared to budgetary
equilibrium, price stability and balanced growt h, as well as by domestic framework conditions
favourable to investment.
4. The Swiss Government has attempted to improve the economic environment in recent years,
in particular by liberalizing telecommunications and government procurement, and by adaptingnumerous technical standards to those of the EU.  Reforms to achieve greater internal competitiveness
have also been undertaken, particularly in the fields of agriculture, competition law, the railways and
postal services.
5. In the field of European integration, Switzerland concluded seven far-reaching economic
agreements with the EU in 1999.  Within the fram ework of EFTA, Switzerland has also extended its
network of free trade agreements in the Mediterranean and South-Eastern Europe, and is currently
negotiating with several countries outside Europe.
6. Switzerland firmly supports the integration of developing countries, countries in transition
and the least-developed countries into the global economy through trade and investment.  The Swiss
authorities favour the opening up of markets to products from the LDCs and increased technical
assistance to facilitate their integration into the multilateral system and the improvement of their
capacity to reap its benefits.
7. The Swiss Government recognizes the WTO's key role in the gradual liberalization of trade,
the establishment of rules, rights and obligations go verning international trade and dispute settlement.
Switzerland supports the inclusion in the WTO framew ork of new areas closely related to trade, such
as competition and investment.
8. This report starts with a description of the economic environment in which Swiss trade has
evolved since the country's last trade policy review in 1996, and goes on to deal with recent economic
policy developments and their aims. It concludes by pointing to the consequences of
internationalization and growing interdependence,  highlighting the need for the WTO to pursue
existing objectives and expand its scope in the context of a new round of multilateral negotiations.
                                                     
1 Exports and imports of goods and services in 1999 accounted for 41.4 per cent and 36.9 per cent of
GDP respectively.Switzerland and Liechtenstein WT/TPR/G/77/CHE
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II. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
9. In 1997 the Swiss economy entered into a period of recovery after a decade of relatively
disappointing results.  Following a brief slowdown in 1998, caused in part by the impact of the Asian
crisis, the recovery gathered momentum during the second half of 1999 with an annual growth rate ofover 3 per cent.  This trend was confirmed in the course of 2000.  Indeed, during the first two quarters
of 2000, GNP grew by nearly 4 per cent compared wi th the same period of the preceding year.  The
expansion was driven by export growth and sustained by strong domestic demand in the private
sector, consumption and investment.  Employment quickly responded to the accelerated growth of
production;  the unemployment rate fell from its peak of 5.4 per cent in the spring of 1997 to less than2 per cent in the second quarter of 2000.  The upward trend in inflation in 1999 and 2000 was due
mainly to the increase in the price of oil products and was accentuated by the strength of the dollar;
excluding oil products, the inflation rate in the consumer price index was kept below 1 per cent.
10. Swiss merchandise exports
2 increased in value from Sw F 54.7 billion during the first half of
1998 to 61.8 billion (+ 13 per cent) in the course of the first half of 2000.  During the same period, the
value of imports rose from Sw F 53.4 billion to 62.4 billion (+ 17 per cent), in response to strong
domestic and export demand as well as continued import penetration.  The fact that import penetrationis gaining ground, despite normalization of the exchange rate situation in the wake of the 1993-1995
overshoot, appears to be indicative of the continuation of major structural adjustments in Swiss
industry (e.g. concentration on high value-added production, further increase in the use of imported
intermediate products).  The year 2000 has seen strong export growth to North America and, in
particular, to the emerging countries of Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, where domesticdemand recovered sharply following the downturn lin ked to the Asian crisis and the turbulence on
international financial markets.  The biggest increase in imports has come from the emerging
countries of Latin America and Asia, despite the strength of the United States dollar, and from the
OPEC countries as a result of the substantial oil price rise.  Trade with the EU has also shown a
significant upturn, while remaining below the average overall level of export growth.
11. The rapid advance of globalization is also reflected in a further substantial rise in foreign
direct investment (FDI) flows.  FDI by Swiss firms increased from roughly Sw F 18 billion to roughly
Sw F 42.5 billion in 1999.  At the same time, FDI flows into Switzerland increased from
approximately Sw F 4 billion to Sw F 14.1 billion.  Most of the FDI flows go to or come from the EU
and the United States, and they continue to be heavily concentrated in the finance, banking andinsurance industries.
12. Given the poor economic performance figures for much of the 1990s and the costs to the
economy and society, Swiss economic policy has for some years attached high priority to a stable
macroeconomic policy environment.  The new policy framework of the National Bank and current
monetary policy should be largely adequate to ensure price stability and conduce to balanced growth,while at the same time avoiding excessive appreciation against the euro.  Following a serious decade-
long deterioration in public finances, which saw the ratio of debt to GNP increase from 30 to 55 per
cent, a process of fiscal consolidation appears now to be well under way.  A constitutional amendment
should contribute to a broadly balanced budget in 2001;  its aim is to balance the budget during the
business cycle, so as to bring about a reduction over time in the debt ratio and strengthen the
credibility of fiscal policy.
                                                     
2 Commercial transactions excluding precious metals, precious stones and antiques.WT/TPR/G/77/CHE Trade Policy Review
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13. Out of concern not to fall behind in relation to economic policy developments in the EU,
major structural reform projects have been undertaken in recent years or are being planned, with a
view to increasing competition in product markets (example:  see paragraph 15 et seq.).
14. Strong export market growth, sound economi c fundamentals and improved consumer and
business confidence constitute the framework for the continuation of sustained economic growth.
However, given a slight slowdown in the growth of  world markets and the somewhat restrictive effect
of tighter monetary conditions on domestic demand as  a whole, economic growth in Switzerland will
probably decline from roughly 3 per cent in 2000 to roughly 2 per cent in 2001, a rate which  should
be more in line with the current growth potential of the economy.
III. RECENT ECONOMIC POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AND OBJECTIVES
(1) Domestic policy areas
15. Major reforms have strengthened Switzerland's competitiveness over the last four years.
Particular mention should be made of the rules introduced by the new laws concerning competition,
the domestic market, technical barriers to trade and government procurement, as well as the efforts at
liberalization in several areas dependent on infrastructure.
16. Switzerland has endeavoured in particular to strengthen its position as an open economy, a
competitive hub for industry and services, an economic centre with considerable value-added
potential and an innovative centre for training and research.  Some of the key aspects of Swiss
domestic policy relating to competitiveness, future priorities and agriculture are set out below in more
detail.
17. In the field of infrastructure, the liberalization of the telecommunication sector  was
accompanied by a very substantial reduction of prices  with the entry of competitors into the market.
The postal service (1 January 1998:  partial opening of the market) and the federal railways(1 January 1999:  initial opening of the market) have also undergone far-reaching reforms which
should be continued with the additional elimination of obstacles to market access.  Decisive steps
have also been taken to prepare for the deregulati on of the electricity and gas markets, in order to
enable outside enterprises to gain access to the network and to separate the production, transport and
distribution services.
18. In the field of competition , Switzerland has essentially focused, since the entry into force of
the new law in 1996, on action to combat horizontal pr ice cartels or collusion in respect of quantities
and market allocation.  Moreover, a number of unlawful practices based on market dominance have
been outlawed, particularly in sectors undergoing liberalization, such as telecommunications or
energy.  On the basis of the experience acquired, the Swiss Government is preparing a statutoryamendment to strengthen both Government authority  in the area of competition and the preventive
effect of legislation.
19. In the realm of intellectual property , Switzerland affords protection over and above the
minimum standards provided for in the TRIPS Agreement.  Moreover, it is currently bringing the law
relating to patents, copyright and industrial designs into line with the new technologies.  Switzerlandattaches paramount importance to this activity aimed at resolutely promoting efforts at research,
development and innovation in the corporate sector.  Only solid protection in a strict international
framework can justify enormous research costs in a number of sectors concerned, inter alia,  with the
life sciences.  The protection of appellations of origin and geographical indications is also essential
for both agricultural and manufactured products.  Co nsequently, recognition and international respect
for geographical indications is a priority for Switzerland.Switzerland and Liechtenstein WT/TPR/G/77/CHE
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20. Swiss policy on technical barriers to trade  provides for the adaptation of national technical
requirements so as not to create technical barriers to trade, and to make them compatible with those of
our main trading partners.  Moreover, subject to certain conditions and in an autonomous manner,
Switzerland recognizes test reports or conformity certificates issued by foreign bodies.  These effortsgo hand in hand with the negotiation of mutual recognition agreements in this field.
21. Switzerland is currently producing legislation in the area of genetic technology and products
containing genetically modified organisms.  On the basis of two referendums (1992/1998),
Switzerland adopted a regulatory framework for genetically modified organisms and has developed a
strategy based on information, safety, use of precautionary measures, consideration of ethicalarguments, forward-looking regulation open to future developments and respect for international
rules.  The Swiss Government's objective – while gu aranteeing environmental safety – is to strengthen
Swiss industry's position in relation to the new technologies through a set of regulations geared to
future needs, including popular acceptance of these new technologies.  This means that consumers
must constantly be kept informed about production methods and the potentialities of these
technological advances.
22. The Swiss Government pursues a very active policy on environmental protection  and attaches
high priority to sustainable development with th e aim of protecting and improving the environment
for future generations.  In this connection, Switzerland has participated in the negotiation and
contributed to the implementation of most of the multilateral agreements on the environment.
3
Switzerland supports those provisions of environmen tal agreements that have an impact on trade,
provided that they are necessary, are not arbitrary in nature, and do not constitute unjustifiablediscrimination or a disproportionate or disguised restriction on international trade.
23. With regard to labour standards , Switzerland recognizes the key role of the International
Labour Organization (ILO) confirmed at the Social Development Summit in Copenhagen (1995) and
the WTO Ministerial Conference in Singapore (1996).  At the national level, Switzerland has ratified
three core ILO conventions in recent years, dealing with collective bargaining rights, the minimumage for access to employment and the worst forms of child labour.  Switzerland actively supports the
work of the ILO Working Party on the Social Dimens ion of Globalization as well as the conclusions
of the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on social development and
globalization, held in Geneva in June 2000, which called on all States to respect fundamental rights at
work.
24. In the area of agriculture , Switzerland is going through a period of gradual reform driven
simultaneously by the WTO Agreement, its own efforts at rapprochement  with the EU and budgetary
constraints.  An agricultural policy geared to purely national objectives and – since the Second World
War – to food security with price and marketin g guarantees and protection from international
competition, is gradually being abandoned.  Following the introduction of all the elements of the2002 agricultural policy, the State will play hardly any further role in the market.
25. Agricultural reform and the reorganization of agricultural policy are based on Article 104 of
the Federal Constitution adopted by the people and the cantons, by a large majority, on 9 June 1996.
The article lists agricultural tasks and establishes guidelines for agricultural policy;  agricultural tasks
are multifunctional and go beyond the mere production of foodstuffs.  The Confederation ensures that
the farm sector is able to fulfil these tasks by gearing production to both sustainable development
                                                     
3 For example, Montreal Protocol, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, Basle
Convention and Convention on Climate Change.WT/TPR/G/77/CHE Trade Policy Review
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requirements and those of the market.  It provides direct payments for public-interest and
environmental services rendered by farmers, which have no commercial value.
(2) Foreign policy areas
26. In the area of  European integration , Switzerland has in recent years concluded seven specific
agreements with the EU in order to strengthen it s regional integration links with its main trading
partner.4  These agreements concern mutual recognition of tests and certificates, government
procurement, agriculture, free movement of persons, road and air transport, and research.  These new
agreements enable Switzerland, on the one hand, to further open up its economy and improve its
market access to the EU as a follow-up to the 1972 free-trade agreement and, on the other hand, to
strengthen the "eurocompatability" of technical rules under national legislation.
27. Switzerland regards the efforts at integration with the EU as an active preparation for the
achievement of the Federal Council's strategic objective of EU membership. With an eye to that goal,
the Government will continue to undertake reforms in the next few years, in order to enhance
Switzerland's "eurocompatibility".  Switzerland will be able to act independently in some areas (VAT,
for example), while in others (e.g. internal security) negotiations with the EU will be necessary.
28. The Federal Council will determine the timetable for reactivating the request to open EU
accession negotiations, on the basis of experience with the new bilateral agreements concluded with
the EU in 1999 and the state of progress of the in ternal reforms needed to prepare the accession
process.  The Federal Council will also attach great importance to broad political support in the
Parliament.  In the meantime, Switzerland and the EU could continue to deepen their relationship in
respect of matters such as processed agricultural products, training and the environment, or new issues
such as internal security, including asylum and migration policy, customs fraud and taxation of
savings.
29. In the area of free trade , Switzerland and its EFTA partners are pursuing a dynamic policy
and have 15 free-trade agreements to their credit to date.  Switzerland, its EFTA partners and the EU
have improved their free-trade relations with Central and Eastern Europe by means of a number of
agreements establishing a free-trade system (1 January 1997) based on the Pan-European cumulation
of rules of origin;  Turkey joined this system in 2000.  In South-Eastern Europe, a free-tradeagreement was concluded with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 2000, while
negotiations with Croatia are due to open in the very near future.
30. An important objective for Switzerland is to ma intain for its exporters conditions of access to
foreign markets that are equivalent to those afforded to their established competitors, particularly in
the EU.  To that end, Switzerland and its EFTA partners have entered into or are negotiating free-trade agreements with several countries with which the EU has established such relations.  In the
Mediterranean area, Switzerland and EFTA have already implemented free-trade agreements with
Turkey, Israel, Morocco and the Palestinian Authority, and should shortly conclude negotiations with
Jordan.  This strategy has led Switzerland and its EFTA partners to enter into negotiations with
Mexico, prepare for negotiations with Chile, establish contacts with MERCOSUR and express aninterest in initiating negotiations with South Africa.
31. The extension of free-trade relations by Switzerland and its EFTA partners is also being
effected independently of the EU.  Thus, EFTA is currently at an advanced stage of negotation with
Canada.  Switzerland and its EFTA partners have also decided to pay particular attention to the Asian
countries.
                                                     
4 In 1999, the EU accounted for 61.1 per cent of Switzerland's exports and 77.8 per cent of its imports.Switzerland and Liechtenstein WT/TPR/G/77/CHE
Page 9
32. The policy pursued by Switzerland and the EFTA countries is not designed as a substitute for
worldwide trade liberalization.  On the contrary, free-trade agreements should be a force for
complementarity and mobilization, in anticipation of a new round of negotiations in the WTO.
33. In this connection, Switzerland is already participating in the WTO's zero-for-zero initiatives
(pharmaceuticals, ITA etc.) and has proposed that the new round of negotiations should aim at
achieving a zero tariff rate by 2010 for a substantial proportion of tariff headings for manufactured
products.
34. Swiss market access for products from developing or transition countries  is facilitated
through the application of a generous, transparent and predictable scheme of preferences.  Importsfrom developing countries are encouraged by mean s of a special programme (Swiss Import Promotion
Programme – SIPPO).  Switzerland also supports the st rengthening of certain countries' capabilities in
the area of trade policy, and endeavours by various means, frequently in collaboration with the
International Trade Centre (ITC), to reduce the cost burden on transactions between the economic
players.
35. In recent years, Switzerland has directed most of its technical assistance to a limited number
of countries.  It has placed particular emphasis on strengthening their capacity to formulate andimplement trade policies and has developed strategies comprising integrated sets of objectives.
Switzerland has also offered to the WTO missions the services of the Agency for International Trade
Information and Cooperation (AITIC).
5  It strongly supports an increase in the WTO regular budget in
order to provide stable and predictable financing for technical assistance activities.
36. Assistance to the least-developed countries is a priority for Switzerland.  This group of
countries is the main beneficiary of Swiss official development aid.6  In the field of trade, Switzerland
uses its scheme of tariff preferences to grant ample market access for industrial and agricultural
products from these countries.  Instruments like AITIC, or the Swiss contribution to the WTO Trust
Funds, give priority to the LDCs.   At UNCTAD, Switzerland has set up a special facility for support
to the LDCs.  It also finances various programmes in cooperation with the ITC.
37. In multilateral forums, Switzerland is constantly seeking to adapt rules and disciplines in
order to enable governments to respond to the challenges of globalization.  This is the intention
behind Switzerland's efforts in support of a new round of multilateral negotiations with a negotiating
programme broad enough to satisfy all 138 WTO Members.
IV. SWISS POSITION IN A NEW ROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE
NEGOTIATIONS
38. The Swiss Government actively supports the launching of a new round of multilateral trade
negotiations aimed at strengthening the global trading system and better integrating the developing
countries, the countries in transition and the LDCs.  It should deal with market access in the broad
sense of the term, as well as with rules and coherence (trade and …), thereby responding to thegrowing concerns of the general public – not only producers and distributors, but also consumers and
the other social forces – in connection, inter alia , with sustainable development, environmental
                                                     
5 AITIC's task is to help the less-advantaged developing or transition countries to take a more active
part in WTO activities and negotiations.  It provides personalized assistance on international trade issues as wellas specific information on subjects of direct concern to  the less-advantaged countries.  Its services are also
available to countries with no representation in Geneva.
6 In 1999, Swiss development aid amounted to Sw F 1.46 billion.WT/TPR/G/77/CHE Trade Policy Review
Page 10
protection, effective competition and the quality of  food products.  A new round would also serve as
an essential catalyst for establishing new internal reforms and accelerating the reforms under way in
Switzerland and in the economies of the other WTO Members.
39. A new negotiating round should cover a broad area in order to meet the new trade
requirements resulting from the increase in intern ational economic interdependence and to enable all
WTO Members to obtain results in fields of particular interest.  The Swiss Government supports a
new round with continued liberalization in traditional fields and improved integration of the
developing countries, the countries in transition and the LDCs into the global trading system and the
extension of rules and disciplines to new fields.  The main negotiating topics of relevance are the
following:
- Industrial products:   The aim is to continue liberalization in respect of
manufactures, with the elimination of tariffs for a certain percentage of tariff
headings, a substantial reduction in the dut ies applicable to the remaining tariff
headings, and the elimination or substantial reduction of tariff peaks, tariff escalationand the disparity between WTO bound rates and the rates actually applied in the
national tariffs.
- Agriculture:   On the basis of Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture,
Switzerland is prepared to enter into agricultural negotiations in order to continue the
gradual opening of markets and achieve an additional reduction in the level of
domestic support and export subsidies, while taking account of the non-commercialinterests and multifunctionality associated with agricultural activity. These
negotiations are concerned with both rules and the continuation of the gradual
liberalization made possible by the inst ruments developed during the Uruguay Round.
- Services:   In accordance with Article XIX of the General Agreement on Trade in
Services, Switzerland is in favour of new negotiations aimed at achieving a
progressively higher level of liberalization and at reducing or eliminating the effects
of certain measures on trade in services.  Switzerland is participating actively in the
preparatory work which should lead to the presentation of proposals by Members on
rules and market access.
- Intellectual property:   The TRIPS Agreement is an important framework for
guaranteeing respect for intellectual property rights.  This instrument should be
further developed by extending the protection of geographical indications to food
products other than wine and spirits, as well as to specific industrial products, in orderto meet the essential requirements of the producers concerned and ensure the
authenticity of products for the sake of consumers.
- Trade facilitation:   commercial transactions are made subject to complex and costly
administrative procedures concerned in particular with payment arrangements,
insurance, transport and customs transit.  The WTO must seek to integrate the
different procedures by developing a multilateral framework of directives, rules anddisciplines based on the fundamental principles of the WTO, so as to achieve greater
legal certainty, greater predictability and improved market access for economic
operators.  Furthermore, these efforts should prepare the ground for mutual
recognition of national procedures.Switzerland and Liechtenstein WT/TPR/G/77/CHE
Page 11
- Government procurement:   given the limited degree of participation, to date, in the
WTO Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement, the ongoing revision of
which is actively supported by Switzerland, it is essential to develop an instrument
enabling all WTO Members to make commitments in this field.  In fact, thesubstantial volume of public contracts in each country and the considerable savings
achieved by procedures open to competition, as well as the impact on good
governance, are arguments in favour of continued negotiation of an agreement on
transparency based on the principle of non-discrimination.
- Investment:   as trade and investment have in many ways become inextricably linked
in the world economy, international investment should be provided with the
minimum multilateral legal framework which it still lacks.  This aim should be
pursued, concurrently with the strengthening of the national framework conditions in
respect of investment, with a view to increasing legal certainty on the basis of the
fundamental principles of the WTO.
- Competition:  many cases involving cartel restrictions or merger controls have an
international dimension, with ramifications and effects in several countries.  As a
result, a more comprehensive approach, based on a multilateral agreement on
competition, has become necessary to curb anti-competitive practices hampering
market access.  In this field also, the fundamental principles of the WTO shouldprovide a starting point.
- Environment:  this is a field where consistent policies are of vital importance.
Switzerland supports recognition within the WTO of the objectives of sustainable
development and environmental protection.  Furthermore, it is important to avoidconflicts between the WTO and the Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
containing measures which have an impact on trade.  Accordingly, the links between
the WTO rules and those of the MEAs and fundamental environmental principles
7
should be clarified.
- Development:  participation by the developing and least-developed countries in the
multilateral trading system should be enhanced;  the negotiation of new agreements
should take due account of their special situation.  Measures should be adopted to
strengthen technical assistance in order to facilitate incorporation of WTO law in
national legislation and its enforcement;  markets should be opened up to the productsof the least-developed countries in order to increase their export potential.
40. The WTO faces major challenges.  The globalization of relations between and within
enterprises and the rapid growth of markets call for a corresponding improvement in international
trade rules.  The high level of economic interdependence makes it more and more necessary to
establish international rules to deal with problems of increasingly transnational scope.  In this
connection, the WTO world trading system could only benefit from the strengthening of its rules andthe incorporation of regimes concerned with investment and competition, as well as the development
of procedures which will enable trade policy and other policies such as environmental protection to be
mutually supportive.
41. Lastly, it is essential to ensure the internal and external consistency  of WTO activities.
                                                     
7 Fundamental principles:  polluter pays, precautionary principle, etc.WT/TPR/G/77/CHE Trade Policy Review
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42. At the internal level , the parallel development of the various "pillars" of the WTO:  (goods,
services, intellectual property, government procurement) should be ensured.  In addition, equality of
treatment for WTO Members constitutes a guarantee for the Organization's harmonious development.
43. At the external level , the dialogue between WTO Members – at the national and multilateral
level – and the other international organizations (development, health, environment, social affairs,
etc.) is an additional challenge requiring greater efforts.
44. In addition to this discussion, there is the dialogue with and between parliaments, and with
and between NGOs.  Significant progress must be made in this area, too, if current trade policy
objectives are to be achieved in their entirety.
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