Risk Management Proposal  
 
Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae 
(Live Animals and Semen)  
ZOOUNGLE.SPE  
 
 
 
 
[Document Date]   
  
 
 
Disclaimer  
This risk management proposal does not constitute, and should not be regarded as, legal advice. While every 
effort has been made to ensure the information in this document is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries 
does not accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever for any error o f fact, omission, interpretation or opinion 
that may be present, however it may have occurred.  
© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contact for further information : 
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI)  
Biosecurity New Zealand  
Animal Imports  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
Email: animal.imports@mpi.govt.nz  
Telephone:  04 890 0134  
 Risk Management Proposal:  Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae (Live Animals and Semen)  [Document Date ] 
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 1 Contents  
1 Purpose  3 
2 Background  3 
3 Objective  3 
4 Options assessme nt 3 
5 General requirements for all importations of zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae (live 
animals and semen)  4 
5.1 Live animals  4 
5.2 Semen  4 
6 Recommendations for identified risk org anisms  5 
6.1 Alcephaline gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV -1) 5 
6.2 Anaplasma marginale  and Anaplasma  centrale  (bovine anaplasmosis)  6 
6.3 Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)  7 
6.4 Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BHV 1)  8 
6.5 Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) 2 and BVDV 3  10 
6.6 Brucella abortus  and Brucella melitensis  (brucellosis)  12 
6.7 Coxiella burnetii  (Q fever)  13 
6.8 Crimean Congo haemo rrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV)  15 
6.9 External Parasites  16 
6.10  Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus  16 
6.11  Internal parasites  18 
6.12  Lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus  19 
6.13  Mycobacterium bovis  (Bovine tuberculosis)  21 
6.14  Mycoplasma capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae  (Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia)
 24 
6.15  Pasteurella multocida  (haemorrhagic septicaemia)  25 
6.16  Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)  26 
6.17  Rabies  lyssavirus (rabies)  28 
6.18  Rift Valley fever phlebovirus  29 
6.19  Seeds  31 
6.20  Trypanosoma  spp. (surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis)  31 
Appendix 1 – Document History  34 
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 3 1 Purpose  
(1) The purpose of this document is to:  
a) Show how options for the management of risk o rganisms have been assessed.  
b) Provide recommendations for import requirements.  
2 Background  
(1) The Zoo and Aquarium Association request ed the development of an import health standard to import  zoo 
Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae (live animals and semen) into New Zealand zoos.  
(2) Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae (live animals and s emen)  are considered  a risk commodity, with 
the potential to harbour exotic viral and bacterial diseases  as well as  carry  parasites and seeds . In March 
2021 , the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) completed a n Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for  Zoo Bovidae, 
Giraffidae and Tragulidae and Semen . In April 2021 , work commenced on developing the Import Health 
Standard  (IHS) for Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae (Live Animals and Semen)  based on that 
analysis.  
(3) In accordance with MPI processes, the IHS contains generic import requirements. These requirements 
manage the biosecurity risk of importing  zoo Bovidae, Gi raffidae and Tragulidae (live animals and semen)  
from Australia, Canada, Europe (not limited to the European Union), Japan, Singapore, South Africa, 
United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the United States of America (USA) . The generic IHS serves as the basi s 
for country -to-country (bilateral) negotiations of country -specific veterinary certificates.  MPI will issue  a 
guidance document , and this will provide commodity -specific guidance information including samples of 
country -specific bilaterally -agreed veteri nary certification for trade in  zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and 
Tragulidae (live animals and semen) . 
(4) MPI will agree  on country -specific veterinary certificates with an exporting country’s Competent Authority 
once MPI is satisfied with the exporting count ry’s export systems. Negotiations will take into account the 
verifiable health status of the exporting country, the national systems, legislation and import standards in 
the exporting country for regulatory oversight of the  zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae (live animals 
and semen)  industry, and the capabilities and preferences of the exporting country’s Competent Authority. 
The assessments will be based on the World Organisation  for Animal Health  Code (the Code ) section 3, 
Quality of Veterinary Services . 
3 Objective  
(1) The objective is to effectively manage biosecurity risks associated with the import of zoo Bovidae, 
Giraffidae and Tragulidae (live animals and semen)  consistent with New Zealand’s domestic legislation 
and inter national obligations.  
4 Options assessment  
(1) The World Trade Organisation’s Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 
(the SPS Agreement), Article 3.3, requires that risk management measures which provide a level of 
protection greater  than provided by international standards may be imposed only when they can be 
scientifically justified on the basis of a risk assessment.  
(2) For a detailed analysis of hazards and their risks , please refer to the supporting document , Import  Risk 
Analysis  Zoo Bovidae , Giraffidae , Tragulidae  and Semen  which contains the relevant risk assessment and 
an analysis of management options f or each risk organism.  
(3) The IRA: Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae and Semen  concluded that risk management measures 
were justified for the following hazards in imported zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae , live animals 
and semen :  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 4  
a) Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (wildebeest -associated malignant catarrhal fever)  
b) Anaplasma m arginale and A. centrale (bovine anaplasmosis)  
c) Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)  
d) Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 ( BHV 1) 
e) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVD) 2 and 3  
f) Brucella abortus  and Brucella melitensis  (brucellosis)  
g) Coxiella burnet ii (Q fever)  
h) Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus  (CCHFV)  
i) External parasites  
j) Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus  
k) Internal parasites  
l) Lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus   
m) Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis)  
n) Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (contag ious caprine pleuropneumonia)  
o) Paste urella multocida (haemorrhagic septicaemia)  
p) Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)  
q) Rabies lyssavirus ( rabies)  
r) Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (Rift Valley fever)  
s) Seeds  
t) Trypanosoma spp. (surra and tsetse fly associated tryp anosomosis)  
5 General requirements for all importations of zoo Bovidae, 
Giraffidae, Tragulidae (live animals and semen)  
5.1 Live animals  
(1) Animals must be  resident  in an approved, licensed or registered zoo or wildlife park in the  exporting 
country since birth or for at least the 12 months  before export  unless otherwise approved by MPI.  
(2) The premises of origin (zoo or wildlife park) must provide separation from other  animal populations, be 
under veterinary supervision and have a documented health monitoring program me that would be 
effective in monitoring for diseases of biosecurity concern . 
(3) Animal must be  held in pre -export isolation for 30 days.  
(4) The animals must show  no signs of infectious or contagious disease during PEI and on the day of 
shipment.  
(5) Animals transit ing through a third  countr y during exportation must : 
a) have p re-approv al from  MPI; or 
b) be transported in a vector protected crate.  
(6) Animals must be  transported to a transitional facility and containment facility in New Zealand  that meet the 
requirements of the Facility Standard: Zoo Animals Transitional Facilities , dated December 2018  and the 
Standard for Zoo Containment Facilities , dated April 2018, respectively.  
5.2 Semen  
(1) The semen must be  collected, processed and stored in a hygienic manner.  
(2) The donor animal s must be  resident in an approved, licensed or registered zoo or wildlife park  in the 
exporting country since birth or for at least the 12 months prior to semen  collection, unless otherwise 
approved by MPI .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 5 (3) The premises of origin (zoo or wildlife park) must provide separation of the donor animal s from other 
animal populations, veterinary supervision and a documented health monitoring  programme that would be 
effective in monitoring for diseases of biosecurity concern . 
(4) The donor animal s must not have been  not under quarantine restriction for the collection period or the 90  
days immediately prior.  
(5) The donor animal s must show no signs of i nfectious or contagious disease during the collection  period 
and for the 30 days immediately after . 
6 Recommendations for identified risk organisms  
6.1 Alcephaline gammaherpesvirus 1  (AlHV -1) 
 
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  
- Connochaete s gnou (black 
wildebeest)  
- Connochaete s taurinus  
(common wildebeest)  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.1.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021 IRA  
Option 1  
(1) Animals of the genus Connochaetes  may not be imported.  
Option 2  
(1) There have been no reported cases of confirmed or suspect wildebeest -associated malignant catarrhal 
fever at the facility of origin in the  last 5 years; and 
(2) The animal s were resident at the facility of origin for at least 12 months; and 
(3) There have been no new introductions of Connochaetes  spp. in the previous 12 months.  
6.1.2 Discussion  
(1) Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV -1) is the causative agent of wildebeest -associated malignant 
catarrhal fever (WA -MCF) . 
(2) WA-MCF is not an OIE -listed disease.  
(3) WA-MCF caused by AlHV -1 has not been reported in New Zealand and is not a notifiable disease.  
(4) AlHV -1 is not identified as a hazard in semen, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.  
(5) Animals of the genus Connochaetes  are at high risk of being carriers of AlHV -1, and testing is unreliable . 
(6) AlHV -1 is identified as a hazard in Bovidae of the genus Connochaetes . There are two species within  the 
genus Connochaetes eligible for importation  under MPI’s proposed  zoo ruminant import health standard:  
Connochaetes  gnou  (black wildebeest)  and Connochaetes  taurinus  (common wildebeest) . Measures 
apply to these two species  only. 
(7) Incubation periods can be up to 9 months, and wildebeest are subclinically infected. A 5 -year period is 
sufficient to allow for new introductions of wildebeest to mate and give birth and potentially transmit 
disease to susceptible zoo ruminants.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 6 6.1.3 Recommenda tion: live animals ( Connochaetes gnou  and Connochaetes taurinus  only)  
(1) There have been no reported cases of WA -MCF at the zoo of origin in the last 5 years; and 
(2) There have been no new introductions of Connochaetes at the zoo of origin in the previous 12 months.  
6.2 Anaplasma marginale  and Anaplasma  centrale  (bovine 
anaplasmosis)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.2.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for bovine anaplasmosis ( Anaplasma  marginale and Anaplasma  centrale ); and 
(2) The animal s were resident in bovine anaplasmosis -free countries since birth; and 
(3) The animal s showed no clinical signs of bovine anaplasmosis on the day of export.  
Option 2  
(1) The animal s showed no clinical sign of bovine anaplasmosis on the day of export; and  
(2) The animal s were resident since birth in a zone known to be free from bovine anaplasmosis  for the 
previous 2 years; and 
(3) The animal s were treated with an acaricide and, if necessary, a repellent against biting  insects prior to 
export and were completely free of ticks.  
This option is similar to the OIE Code recommendations for the importation of cattle from countries  
infected with bovine anaplasmosis.  
Option 3  
(1) The animal s were resident since birth at premises where no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of 
bovine anaplasmosis ( A. marginale  and A. centrale ) has occurred during the 2 years p rior to export; and 
(2) The animal s showed no clinical signs of bovine anaplasmosis on the day of export; and 
(3) The animal s were subjected to an MPI -approved test for bovine anaplasmosis ( A. marginale and A. 
centrale)  within 30 days prior to export, with negative results; and 
(4) The animal s were treated with an acaricide and, if necessary, a repellent against biting  insects prior to 
export and were completely free of ticks.  
6.2.2  Discussion  
(1) A. marginale  and A. centrale  are the  causative agents of bovine anaplasmosis.  
(2) Bovine anaplasmosis is an OIE -listed disease of cattle.  
(3) Anaplasmosis ( Anaplasma spp.) is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 
2016.  
(4) A. marginale  and A. centrale  are not identified  as hazards in semen and species within the Giraffidae and 
Tragulidae families.  
(5) A. marginale  and A. centrale  are identified as hazards in species within the Bovidae family.  
(6) According to the WAHIS interface, bovine anaplasmosis has never occurred in Singapore or the UK.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 7 (7) In Australia, the disease is restricted to parts of the country where the vector, Rhipicephalus microplus , is 
present. In other regions of Australia, which are tick -free areas, bovine anaplasmosis is a notifiable 
disease.  
(8) Bovine anapla smosis is an arthropod -borne disease transmitted by approximately 20 different species of 
ticks worldwide.  None of these tick species are present in New Zealand. Haemaphysalis longicornis , which 
is present in New Zealand  was not found to be a competent vec tor. 
(9) The absence of a competent vector and t he fact that imports consist of  a small  and infrequent  number of  
animals  into a containment  facility does not warrant measures other than stringent tick control . 
6.2.3 Recommendation  
(1) Measures other than for external parasites (see clause 6.9) and the absence of clinical signs  of bovine 
anaplasmosis  during pre-export isolation and  on the day of shipment are not justified.  
6.3 Bacillus anthracis  (anthrax)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.3.1 Risk  management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for anthrax; and 
(2) The animal s were resident in anthrax -free countries since birth; and 
(3) The animal s showed no clinical signs of anthrax on the day of export.  
Option 2  
(1) The animal s were kept for the 20 days prior to export in an establishment where no case of  anthrax was 
officially declared during that period; and 
(2) The animal s showed no clinical signs of a nthrax on the day of export.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for importation of ruminants, equids and  pigs. 
6.3.2 Discussion  
(1) Bacillus anthracis  is the causative agent of anthrax.  
(2) Anthrax is an OIE -listed disease affecting multiple specie s. 
(3) Anthrax was last detected in New Zealand in 1954, and it is  a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity 
(Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) Anthrax has never occurred in the UAE or Singapore and is restricted to certain zones/regions in Australia, 
South A frica and the USA.  
(5) Anthrax is assessed to be a risk in captive wild Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae. However, only a small 
number of zoo ruminants will be imported into New Zealand, and imports will be infrequent , so the risk 
analysis assessed the likelihood of importation of an  infected  animal as very low.  
(6) The incubation period is very short (1 to 14 days) and  the 30-day pre-export isolation  period  is considered 
a sufficient risk mitigation measure.  
(7) The OIE Code  considers semen a safe commodity.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 8 6.3.3 Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae Tragulidae)  
(1) The animals must remain clinically healthy during the pre -export isolation period. No further measures are 
required, which is consistent with other current zoo  standards.  
6.4 Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 ( BHV 1 ) 
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  Susceptible  
(except Tragulidae 
semen)  
6.4.1 Risk  management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for bovine alphaherpesvirus 1  (BHV 1)  (strains not present in New Zealand); and 
(2) The animal s/donor male s were resident in BHV 1  (strains not present in New Zealand) -free countries 
since birth; and 
(3) The animal s/donor male s showed no clinical signs of disease on the day of export or semen  collection.  
This option allows animals to circumvent testing requirements. Residency since birth is recommended  due 
to unknow n periods of latency and carrier states.  
Option 2  
Animals:  
(1) For 180 days immediately before export, the animal s were continuously resident at the  premises where no 
clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of BHV 1  (strains not present in  New Zealand) occurred during 
the previous 12 months; and 
(2) In the 30 days immediately before export, blood samples from the animal s were tested  (using an MPI -
appro ved test) for BHV 1  (strains not present in New Zealand) twice at an  interval of no less than 21 days. 
The test results were negative.  
Semen:  
(1) The semen was tested by a virus isolation or real -time RT -PCR for BHV 1  (strains not present  in 
New Zealand ), with  negative results; or  
(2) Donor male s were held in isolation during the period of collection and for the 30 days  following collection 
and were subjected to an MPI -approved test for BHV 1  (strains not present  in New Zealand) on a blood 
sample taken at least 21 days after collection of the semen, with  negative results.  
This option is similar to the recommendations of the OIE Code for the importation of cattle destined for  
herds free from IBR/IPV and the importation of frozen semen.  
Option 3  
(3) For 180 days immediately prior to export or collection of semen, the animal s/donor male s were part of a 
captive wild animal collection where no clinical, epidemiological or other  evidence of BHV 1  (strains not 
present in New Zealand) occurred during the previous 12  months; and 
(4) For 180 days immediately prior to export or collection of semen, the animal s/donor male s were part of a 
captive wild animal collection subject to a documented BHV 1 screening  program me. The screening 
program me must include:   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 9 a) Diagnostic testing of a ll captive wild bovids in the collection, performed prior to the  animals entering 
the collection. The diagnostic tests must be of a type approved by MPI. The  testing regime must be 
able to identify infected or healthy carrier animals; and 
b) The collection mu st have been a closed herd during that time.  
This option allows animals to circumvent pre -entry isolation testing requirements if the exporting  
facility can prove BHV 1 freedom in the captive wild animal collection.  
6.4.2 Discussion  
(1) BHV 1  is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis 
(IBR/IPV).  MPI presumes that all BHV 1 -infected animals are likely to progress into latency or chronic 
infections, which is a characteristic of alphaherpesviruses.  A carrier status similar to the carrier status of 
cattle has been demonstrated in wildebeest.  
(2) IBR/IPV is an OIE -listed disease of cattle . 
(3) There are three  subtypes of BHV 1 . These are  BHV 1.1, BHV 1.2a and BHV 1.2b. Subtype BHV 1.2b is 
present in New Zealand.  
(4) Transmission of BHV 1 occurs mainly through the airborne (close contact between animals) and venereal 
routes.  
(5) BHV 1 causing IBR abortion is a notifiable disease under the Biosecur ity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 
2016.  
(6) BHV 1 is assessed to be a risk in captive Bovidae, Giraffidae and their semen.  
(7) BHV 1 is not identified as a hazard in species within the Tragulidae family and their semen  
(8) According to  the WAHIS interface, IBR/IPV has never occurred in Singapore and only BHV 1.2b is present 
in Australia.  
(9) The Code  gives recommendations for the importation of cattle destined for IBR/IPV -free herds and it is 
reasonable to apply these in a modified form to zoo ruminants . 
6.4.3 Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae and Giraffidae only ) 
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a  country that MPI agrees is free from  BHV 1  (excluding BHV 
1.2b) and showed no clinical signs  of IBR/IPV  on the day of shipment; or  
(2) For the 6 months prior to shipment each animal  resided at zoo premises where no clinical, epidemiological 
or other evidence of BHV 1 (excluding BHV 1.2b) occurred during the previous 12 months ; and  
a) In the 30 days before shipment whilst in pre -export isolation, blood samples from each animal  were 
tested  twice for BHV 1 (excluding BHV 1.2b) at an interval of no less than 21 days, with  negative 
results ; or 
(3) For the 6 months prior to shipment, each animal  resided at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of BHV 1 (excluding BHV 1.2b) occurred during the previous 12 months. 
A screening programme must be in place and include MPI -approved testing of all animals in the collection, 
performed prior to the animal s entering the collection. The diagnostic tests must be able to identify 
infected or healthy carrier animals; and the collection must have been a closed herd during that time.  
6.4.4 Recommendation: s emen (Bovidae and Giraffidae only)  
(1) Each donor male ha s been resident since birth in a in a BHV 1(excluding BHV 1.2b) -free country as 
agreed by MPI  and showed no clinical signs of IBR/IPV on the day of semen collection; or 
(2) The semen was tested by a virus isolation or real -time RT -PCR for BHV 1  (excluding BHV 1.2b) , with 
negative results; or  
(3) Each donor male was  held in isolation during the period of collection and for the 30 days following 
collection; and    
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 10 a) Was subjected to an MPI -approved test for BHV 1 (excluding BHV 1.2b) on a blood sample taken at 
least 21 days after collection of the semen, with negative results; or 
(4) For the 6 months prior to semen collection, each donor male resided at a zoo premise where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of BHV 1 (excluding BHV 1.2b) occurred during the previous 12 months. 
A screening programme must be in place and include MPI -approved testing of all animals in the collection, 
performed prior to the animal s entering the collection. The diagnostic tests must be able to identif y 
infected or healthy carrier animals; and the collection must have been a closed herd  during that time.  
6.5 Bovine viral diarrhoea virus  (BVDV)  2 and BVDV 3  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Not susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  
(except Girrafidae 
semen)  
6.5.1 Risk manageme nt options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for  bovine viral diarrhoea  virus es 2 and 3  (BVDV 2 and BVDV 3 ); and 
(2) The animal s/donor male s were resident in BVDV 2  and BVDV 3 -free countries since birth;  and 
(3) The animal s/donor male s showed no clinical signs on the day of export or semen collection.  
Option 2  
Animals:  
During pre -export isolation:  
(1) A whole blood sample from the animal s was tested b y RT -PCR. The test result was negative  for BVDV; 
and 
(2) A haired skin sampled (ear notch or caudal tail fold) from the animal s was tested by an  antigen -capture 
ELISA test. The test result was negative; and 
(3) A serum sample from the animal s was tested by virus n eutralisation. The test result was  negative.  
Semen:  
(1) The semen was tested by a virus isolation or real -time RT -PCR for BVDV, with negative  results; or 
(2) Donor male s were tested by the above animal protocol during collection. Semen may only be  exported if 
all test results are negative.  
Option 3  
(1) For 180 days immediately prior to export or collection of semen, the animal s/donor male s were part of a 
captive wild animal collection where no clinical, epidemiological or other  evidence of BVDV (strains not 
present  in New Zealand) has occurred during the previous 12  months; and 
(2) For 180 days immediately prior to export or collection of semen, the animals/donor males  were part of a 
captive wild animal collection subject ed to a documented BVDV screening  program me. The screening 
program me must include:  
a) Diagnostic testing of all captive wild bovids in the collection, performed prior to the  animals entering 
the collection. The diagnostic tests must be of a type approved by MPI.  The testing regime must be 
able to identify i nfected or persistently infected  animals; and 
b) The collection must have been a closed herd during that time.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 11 6.5.2 Discussion  
(1) BVDV 1, BVDV 2 and BVDV 3 are the causative agents of bovine viral diarrhoea . BVDV 1 is enzootic in 
New Zealand and is not included in th is RMP . 
(2) Bovine viral diarrhoea  is an OIE -listed disease of cattle.  
(3) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus comprises cytopathic and non -cytopathic biotypes.  
(4) Persistently infected animals will shed the virus for life and act as a reservoir of infection.  
(5) BVDV  2 and  BVDV 3 are not identified as hazards in species within the Giraffidae family and their semen.  
(6) BVDV  2 and  BVDV 3 are identified as hazards in species within the Bovidae and Tragulidae family and 
their semen.  
(7) BVDV  2 and  BVDV 3 have not been reported in Australia or Singapore.  
(8) Natural infection in cattle due to BVDV 3 has been reported in Asia, Europe and South America.  
(9) Due to the unreliability of test results and lack of validation of tests for wildlife species, a combination of 
various tests is recommended  in the risk analysis . A single test may not identify persistently infected 
animals. Samples for all three  tests can be obtained at one time  to reduce the number of times the 
animals are handled and/or anaesthetised . 
6.5.3 Recommendation : live animals  (Bovidae and Tragulidae  only) 
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a BVDV 2 and BVDV 3 -free country as agreed by MPI  and 
showed no clinical signs of bovine viral diarrhoea  on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) For the 6 months  prior to shipment,  each animal  resided at zoo premises  where  no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of BVDV 2 and BVD 3 occurred in the previous 12 months . A screening 
programme must be in place and include  MPI-approved d iagnostic testing of  all animals in the collection 
prior to animal s entering the collection. The diagnostic tests  must  be able to identify  persistently infected  
animals  and t he collection must be a closed herd ; or 
(3) During pre -export isolation  each animal was subjected to the followi ng three tests :  
a) A whole blood sample was tested by RT -PCR  with negative results ; and  
b) A haired skin sample (ear notch or caudal tail fold) was tested by an antigen -capture ELISA test  with 
negative  results;  and  
c) A serum sample was tested by virus neutralisation  with negative results . 
6.5.4 Recommendation: semen  (Bovidae and Tragulidae only)  
(1) Each donor male has been resident since birth in a BVDV 2 and BVDV 3 -free country as agreed by MPI 
and showed no clinical signs  of bovine viral diarrhoea  on the day of semen  collection ; or 
(2) For the 6 months prior to shipment, each donor male resided at  a zoo premis e where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of BVDV 2 and BVD V 3 occurred in the previous 12 months. A 
screening programme must be in place and include MPI -approved diagnostic testing of all animals in the 
collection prior to donor male s entering the collection. The diagnostic tests must be able to identify 
infected and persistently infected animals and the collectio n must  be a closed herd; or 
(3) The semen was tested by a virus isolation or real -time RT -PCR for BVDV; or  
(4) Each donor male was  tested by the following protocols during semen collection:  
a) A whole blood sample was tested by RT -PCR , with negative results ; and  
b) A haired skin sampled (ear notch or caudal tail fold) was tested by an antigen -capture ELISA test , 
with negative results ; and  
c) A serum sample was tested by virus neutralisation , with negative results .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 12 6.6 Brucella abortus  and Brucella melitensis  (brucellosis)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  
6.6.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for brucellosis ( Brucella  abortus  and Brucella  melitensis ); and 
(2) The animal s/donor male s were resident in brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis )-free countries since 
birth or for at least 2 years immediately prior to export or semen collection;  and 
(3) The animals/donor males showed no clinical signs of brucellosis on the d ay of export or  semen collection.  
Option 2  
Animals:  
(1) The animals were resident since birth or for 12 months immediately prior to export in a  facility where no 
clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) has occu rred in any 
species during the previous 2 years and the disease is  compulsorily notifiable in the country; and 
(2) The animals showed no clinical signs of brucellosis on the day of export; and 
(3) The animals was tested with an MPI -approved test for brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) within 30 
days of export. In the case of post -parturient females, the test was  carried out at least 30 days after giving 
birth. The test result was negative.  
Semen:  
(1) The donor males were resident since birth or for 12 months imm ediately prior to semen  collection, in a 
facility where no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of brucellosis  (B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) 
has occurred in any species during the previous 2 years and the  disease is compulsorily notifiable; and 
(2) The donor males showed no clinical signs of brucellosis on the day of semen collection; and 
(3) The donor males were subjected to an MPI -approved test for brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) 
within the 30 days imm ediately after collection. The test result was negative;  and/or  
(4) A straw from each semen sample was tested for brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) with an MPI -
approved test with negative results.  
6.6.2  Discussion  
(1) Brucellosis (infection with B. abortus , B. melitensis  and B. suis) is an OIE -listed disease affecting multiple 
species.  
(2) Bovine brucellosis ( B. abortus ) and caprine and ovine brucellosis ( B. melitensis ) are notifiable diseases 
under the Biosecurity (Notifia ble Organisms) Order 2016.  
(3) According to the OIE , brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) has never occurred in Singapore and has 
been eradicated from the UK and Australia.  Canada, Japan, and several countries in western and northern 
Europe are also free  from brucellosis.  
(4) B. abortus  and B. melitensis  are zoonotic organisms that cause serious disease of humans.  
(5) Transmission is via direct and indirect contact with fluids and tissues and vertically in utero and through 
milk. 
(6) Brucellosis is assessed to be a risk in captive wild Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae and their semen.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 13 (7) While brucellosis is likely to be notifiable in all  of the countries considered in the 2021 risk analysis, the 
requirement for compulsorily notification in the country of export has been  taken out as pre-export isolation  
requirements and testing of the animals and semen  is sufficient to mitigate any risk . 
6.6.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae and Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each animal has resided, since birth or for at least  the 2 years prior to shipment, in a brucellosis               
(B. abortus  and B. melitensis )-free country as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs  of brucellosis  
on the day of shipment; or 
(2) Each animal : 
a) Was kept since birth or for the 12 months prior  to shipmen t at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) occurred in any 
species during the previous 2 years ; and 
b) Showed no clinical signs of brucellosis on the day of shipment; and 
c) Was tested with an MPI -approved test for brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) with negative 
results, within  the 30 days of export. For post -parturient females, the test was carried ou t at least 30  
days after giving birth.  
6.6.4 Recommendation: semen  (Bovidae and Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each donor male was resident since birth or for at least  the 2 years prior to semen collection in a 
brucellosis ( B. abortus and B. melitensis )-free count ry and showed no clinical signs  of brucellosis  on the 
day of collection; or 
(2) Each d onor male:  
a) Was kept since birth or for  the 12 months prior to semen collection  at a zoo premise  where no 
clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of brucellosis ( B. abortu s and B. melitensis ) has occurred 
in any species during the previous 2 years; and  
b) Showed no clinical signs of brucellosis on the day of semen collection; and 
c) Was subjected to an MPI -approved test for brucellosis ( B. abortus and B. melitensis ) within the 30 
days after collection with negative results ; or 
i) A straw from each semen sample was tested for brucellosis ( B. abortus  and B. melitensis ) 
with an MPI -approved test with negative results.  
6.7 Coxiella burneti i (Q fever)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  Susceptible  
(except for 
Giraffidae and 
Tragulidae)  
6.7.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021  import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for Q fever; and 
(2) The animals/male donors were resident in Q  fever -free countries since birth prior to export ; and 
(3) The animals/male donors showed no clinical signs of Q fever on the day of export.  
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 14 Option 2  
(1) For 12 months immediately prior to export the animals/donor males was continuously  resident at the 
premises where no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of Q fever has  occurred in any animal 
species during the previous 5 years; and 
(2) The animals/donor males were  tested for Q fever by PCR and/or ELISA prior to entering this  premises and 
was neg ative; and 
(3) The animals/male donors showed no clinical signs of Q fever on the day of export or semen  collection; 
and 
(4) The animals were treated with an acaricide prior to export and were completely free of  external parasites.  
Option 3  
(1) For 12 months immediate ly before export, the animals/donor males were continuously resident at  the 
exporting premises, and no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of Q fever occurred at the  premises 
in any animal species during the previous 2 years; and 
Animal:  
(1) Within 30 days prior to export, the animals were tested for C. burnetii  with an MPI -approved  test (PCR and 
ELISA) with negative results; and 
(2) The animals were treated with an acaricide prior to export and were completely free of  external parasites.  
Semen:  
(1) Within 30 days following semen collection, donor male(s) were tested for C. burnetii  with an  MPI-approved 
test (PCR and ELISA) with negative results; or 
(2) A straw of semen from each collection batch was tested for C. burnetii  with an MPI -approved  test 
(microagglutination test or indirect immunofluorescence assay or PCR) and was negative.  
6.7.2  Discussion  
(1) Coxiella burnetii  is the causative agent of Q fever.  
(2) Q fever is an OIE -listed disease affecting multiple species.  
(3) Q fever is a notifiable diseas e under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) Q fever is a zoonotic disease.  
(5) Singapore is the only approved country where Q fever has never occurred.  
(6) Coxiella burnetii  is not identified as a hazard in species within the Giraffidae and Tragulid ae families and 
their semen.  
(7) Coxiella burnetii  is assessed to be a risk in zoo Bovidae and their semen.  
(8) The incubation period of Q fever is approximately 2 to 4 weeks.  
(9) Transmission occurs horizontally via direct and indirect contact with infected animals a nd contaminated 
animal products. Vertical and venereal transmission may also occur.  
(10) As ticks may also be involved in the transmission of Q fever, in addition to the below, animals must  also be 
treated for ticks and deemed free of ectoparasites  (see clause 6.9). 
6.7.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae only)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a Q fever -free country as agreed by MPI  and showed no 
clinical signs of Q fever on the day of shipment; or 
(2) Each animal :   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 15 a) Was resident for at least the 12 months prior to shipment  at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of Q fever has occurred in any animal species during the previous 
2 years; and 
b) Was tested for Q fever  within the 30 days prior to exp ort, with an MPI -approved test with negative 
results.  
6.7.4 Recommendation: s emen (Bovidae only)  
(1) Each donor male has been resident since birth in a Q fever -free country as agreed by MPI  and showed no 
clinical signs  of Q fever  on the day of collection; or 
(2) Each donor male : 
a) Was resident for at least the 12 months prior to collection at a zoo premise where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of Q fever occurred in any animal species during the previous 2 
years; and 
b) Was tested for Q fever with an MPI -approved test with negative results within 30 days following 
semen collection, or 
i) A straw of semen from each collection batch was tested for Q fever with a microagglutination , 
indirect immunofluorescence assay or PCR test with negative results . 
6.8 Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.8.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus ( CCHF ); and 
(2) Animal s were resident in CCHF -free countries since birth.  
Option 2  
(1) There have been no reported case s of CCHF in animals or personnel at the exporting facility  during the 6 
months prior to export; and 
(2) Animals were in pre -export isolation for at least 28 days; and  
(3) Animals were treated with an acaricide for external parasites prior to export (at the start  of thepre -export 
isolation period); and 
(4) Animals were examined for external parasites (at the end of the pre -export isolation period)  and deemed 
free of parasites; and/or  
(5) Animals are treated with an acaricide on arrival at their destination.  
6.8.2 Discussion  
(1) Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of CCHF . 
(2) CCHF is an OIE -listed disease.  Whilst it is an OIE listed disease, there is no Code chapter. It is only briefly 
mentioned in the bunyaviral disease chapter.  
(3) CCHF has never occurred in animals in Australia, Singapore, the USA, Canada and the UK.  
(4) Transmission is via the principal tick vector ( Hyalomma  spp.) . Currently, all reported competent tick 
vectors of CCHFV are absent from New Zealand .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 16 (5) The IRA  suggest s a viraemic period of up to 2 weeks  and therefore th e proposed  30 day  pre-export  
isolation period would be twice the suggested viraemic period.  
(6) CCHFV is not identified as a hazard in semen . 
(7) CCHFV is identified as a hazard in Bovidae, Giraffidae, T ragulidae.  
6.8.3 Recommendations : live animals  (Bovidae Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a CCHFV -free country as agreed by MPI and showed no 
clinical signs  of CCHFV on the day of shipment; or 
(2) For the 6 months prior to shipment, each  animal  resided at zoo premises  where n o cases  of CCHF have 
been reported. In addition,  ectoparasite requirements as per section 6.9 must be met . 
6.9 External Parasites  
6.9.1 Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk  analysis  
(1) The animals must be treated with an MPI -approved ectoparasiticide 7 to 10 days prior to entering pre -
export isolation; and 
(2) Within 48 hours of entering pre -export isolation, an MPI -approved ectoparasiticide should be  applied to the 
predilection sites of external parasites, e.g. axilla and ear; and 
(3) Ten days after entering pre -export isolation, the animals must be physically examined for  external 
parasites. If still infested, the treatment must be repeated, and the anima ls inspected  again 10 days later.  
Treatments must be repeated until the animals are free from evidence of external parasites.  
6.9.2  Discussion  
(1) Zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae can be affected by numerous species of ticks, mites, lice  and 
fleas.  
(2) External parasites are not identified as hazards in the semen of zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.  
(3) Not all external parasites are absent from New Zealand or are a biosecurity risk. However, the broad -
spectrum risk management measures stated in the IRA are lik ely to mitigate the entry of external parasites 
that are assessed as risks in the commodity as well as those that are not. Measures also prevent the entry 
of vectors of infectious diseases.  
6.9.3 Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) To be consistent with other current import health standard conditions for zoo animals,  each animal must  
be treated twice with an effective insecticide/acaricide 14 days apart,  the pre -export isolation environment 
must be kept free of external parasites, an d each animal must be examined and certified external parasite -
free prior to leaving the pre -export isolation premises.  
(2) The timing of the external parasite  examination will be flexible so that this can be done at the same time  
as, and not as an additional examination to , other inspections . 
6.10 Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 17  
6.10.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country/zone freedom for  foot and mouth disease  (FMD); and 
(2) Animals/donor males were resident in FMD -free countries/zones since birth.  
Option 2  
(1) Country/zone freedom for FMD; and 
(2) The following apply for animals and/or semen:  
Animals:  
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs of FMD on day of shipment; and 
(2) were resident since birth or for at least 6 months in a n FMD -free country/zone where  vaccination is not 
practised; and 
(3) If transiting an infected zone, were not exposed to any source of FMDV during transportatio n to the place 
of shipment.  
This option is in accordance with the OIE Code chapter 8.8 and recommendations for the importation  of 
FMD-susceptible animals from FMD -free countries or zones where vaccination is not practised or  FMD -
free compartments. The longer timeframe for residency has been included due to extended  carrier states 
in wildlife ruminants.  
Semen:  
(1) The donor mal es showed no  clinical signs of FMD on the day of semen collection  and for the following 30 
days; and 
(2) The donor males were resident for at least 6 months prior to collection in an FMD -free country or zone 
where vaccination is not practised.  
This option is in accordance  with the OIE Code chapter 8.8 and recommendations for the importation  of 
domestic ruminant and pig semen from FMD -free countries or zones where vaccination is not  practised or 
FMD -free compartments. The longer timeframe for residency has been included due  to extended carrier 
states in wildlife ruminants.  
 
Option 3  
Semen:  
(1) The donor males showed no clinical signs of FMD on the day of semen collection  and for the following 30 
days; and 
(2) The donor males were resident since birth or for at least 6 months at a facility where no  animal had been 
added in the 30 days before collection and where no FMD had occurred  within a 10 -kilometre radius of the 
facility for the 30 days before and after collection; and 
(3) A straw from each semen sample was subjected to an MPI -approved test for FMDV with  negative results; 
and 
(4) Semen was stored in the country of origin for a period of at least one month following  collection, and 
during this period, no animal at the facility where the donor males were kept  showed any sign of FMD.  
This option is similar to the recommendations of the OIE Code for the importation of frozen semen  from 
domestic ruminants and pigs from FMD -infected countries and zones.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 18 6.10.2  Discussion  
(1) Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of FMD . 
(2) FMD is an OIE -listed disease.  
(3) It is widely recognised that FMD V mainly affects members of the order Artiodactyla (cloven -hooved 
mammals).  
(4) Transmission routes include direct contact, contact with contaminated fomites, artificial insemination and 
inhalation of aerosols.  
(5) The incubation period is reported as 2 –14 days.  
(6) Australia, Singapore, the USA, Canada and the UK are FMD -free where vaccination is not practised.  
(7) South Africa, the UAE and various countries in Europe are affected by FMD. See the OIE list of FMD -free 
count ries: https://web.oie.int//eng/Status/FMD/en_fmd_free.htm .  
(8) FMD V is assessed to be a risk in Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae and their semen.  
6.10.3  Recommendation : live animals  (Bovidae Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each  animal ha s been resident since birth in a country  that is officially  free from FMD in accordance with 
the Code  and showed no clinical signs  of FMD  on the day of shipment ; or 
a) Each animal has been  resident since birt h or for at least the 6 months  prior to export  in an FMD -free 
country  in accordance with the Code  or an MPI -approved  FMD -free zone  and showed no clinical 
signs of FMD on the day of shipment; and  
(2) If transiting an infected zone,  animals were  not exposed to any source of FMDV during transportation to 
the place of shipment.  
6.10.4  Recommendation: s emen  (Bovidae Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each d onor male has been resident since birth in a country that is officially free from FMD in accordance 
with the Code  and showed no clinical signs  of FMD  on the day of semen collection; or 
(2) Each donor  male : 
a) Showed no clinical signs of FMD on the day of semen collection and for the following 30 days; and 
b) Was resident for at least the 6 months prior to collection in an FMD -free country in accordance with 
the Code  where vaccination is not practise d or in an FMD -free zone as approved by MPI .; or 
(3) Each donor male:                                                                                    
a) Showed no clinical signs of FMD on the day of semen collection  and for the following 30 days ; and  
b) Was reside nt since birth or for at least 6 months at a facility where no animal had been added in the 
30 days before semen collection and  no FMD had occurred within a 10 -kilometre radius of the facility 
for the 30 days before and after collection ; and 
i) A straw from e ach semen sample was subjected to an MPI -approved test for FMDV with 
negative result s and the semen was stored in the country of origin for a period of at least one 
month following  collection . During  this period, no animal at the facility where the donor males 
were kept  showed any sign of FMD . 
6.11 Internal parasites  
6.11.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
(1) The animals must be treated with an MPI -approved endoparasiticide that cov ers nematodes,  cestodes 
and trematodes , 7 to 10 days prior to entering pre -export isolation; and 
(2) The animals must be treated twice with an MPI -approved endoparasiticide that covers  nematodes, 
cestodes and trematodes during pre -export isolation; and  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 19 (3) All dun g should be removed regularly during pre -export isolation; and 
(4) Fresh faecal samples from the animals should be tested using an MPI -approved test to  determine faecal 
egg counts, with zero egg counts.  
6.11.2   Discussion  
(1) Internal parasites (affecting mammals) that a re OIE -listed include Echinococcus granulosus , 
Echinococcus multilocularis , Taenia solium  (cestodes) and Trichinella  spp. (nematode).  
(2) Internal parasites of the classes Cestoda (tapeworms)  and Trematoda (flukes) and the phylum Nematoda 
(roundworms) have been identified  as hazards in zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.   
(3) Internal parasites are not identified as hazards in the semen of zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.  
6.11.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) An efficacious treatment against cestodes, nematodes and trematodes must be given twice during the pre -
export isolation period, with an interval of not less than 14 days. These measures are consistent with 
current import health standard conditions for live horses and sheep, and zoo species.  
6.12 Lumpy skin disease  (LSD)  virus   
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  Susceptible  
(except Tragulidae 
semen)  
6.12.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
Animals:  
(1) Country freedom for lumpy skin disease ( LSD); and 
(2) The animals were resident in LSD -free countries since birth or at least 3 months; and 
(3) The animals showed no clinical sign s of disease on the day of export.  
Semen : 
(1) Country freedom for LSD; and 
(2) The donor males showed no clinical signs of disease on the day of collection; and 
(3) The donor males were resident in LSD -free countries since birth or at least 28 days prior to  collection  of 
semen.  
This option is in line with the recommendations in the OIE Code for import ing bovine and water  buffalo and 
their semen from countries or zones free from LSD.  
Option 2  
Animals:  
(1) For 180 days immediately before export, the animal was continuously resident in a country  where no 
clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of LSD occurred during the previous 3  years, where the disease 
is compulsorily notifiable and where vaccination against lumpy skin disease virus ( LSDV ) has not occurred  
in the previous 3 years; and  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 20 (2) The animal showed no clinical signs of LSD during pre -export isolation; and 
(3) The animal has not been vaccinated against capripoxviruses in the previous 3 years (LSDV,  sheeppox or 
goatpox strain vaccines).  
Semen:  
(1) For 180 days im mediately before semen collection, the donor male(s) were continuously  resident in a 
country where no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of LSDV occurred  during the previous 3 
years, where the disease is compulsorily notifiable and where  vaccinati on against LSDV has not occurred 
in the previous 3 years.  
Option 3  
Animals:  
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs of LSD on the day of shipment; and 
(2) The animals were resident since birth, or for the past 180 days prior to shipment, in an  epidemiological 
unit where no case of LSD occurred during that period; and 
(3) The animals were kept in pre -export isolation for the 28 days prior to shipment, during which  time they 
were subjected to an agent identification test with negative results.  
These recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for importation of bovine and water  buffalo 
from countries or zones not free from LSD.  
Semen:  
(1) The donor males showed no clinical sign of LSD on the day of collection and the following 28  days; and 
(2) The do nor males were kept for the 60 days prior to collection in a facility where no case of  LSD occurred 
during that period; and 
(3) The donor males were subjected to a serological test to detect antibodies specific to LSDV,  with negative 
results, at least every 28  days throughout the collection period and one test 21  days after the final 
collection for this consignment; and 
(4) The donor males were subjected to agent detection by PCR conducted on blood samples  collected at 
commencement and conclusion of, and at least e very 28 days during, semen  collection for this 
consignment, with negative results; and 
(5) A straw from each semen sample to be exported was subjected to LSDV detection by PCR.  
These recommendations are similar to the recommendations of the OIE Code for import ation of bovine 
and water buffalo semen from countries or zones not free from LSD.  
6.12.2  Discussion  
(1) LSDV is the causative agent of LSD.  
(2) LSD is an OIE -listed disease of cattle.  
(3) LSD is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) Of the approved countries listed in the IRA, Australia, Singapore, the USA, Canada  and the UK have 
never reported LSD.   
(5) LSDV is not identified as a hazard in species within the Tragulidae families and their semen . 
(6) Lumpy skin disease virus is assessed to be a risk in captive wild Bovidae, Giraffidae and their semen.  
(7) Incubation period may be up to 25 days in wildlife ruminants.  
(8) The principal mode of transmission is proposed to be arthropod vectors. Transmission via direct contact is 
assessed to be insignificant, and indirect transmission via fomites is unknown.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 21 (9) Infected bulls have been shown to excrete the virus in the semen, however transmission of LSD via 
infected semen has not been demonstrated.  The IRA states that L SDV-spiked semen has result ed in the 
infection of naïve heifers.  
(10) The proposed measures are in line with other MPI import health standards including  those for  live sheep 
and goats and bovine  germplasm . 
6.12.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae  and Giraffidae only)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth or at least the three months prior to export in an LSD-free 
country as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs  of LSD  on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) For the 6 months prior to shipment, each animal  was continuously resident in a country where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of LSD occurred as agreed by MPI during the previous 3 years, where 
the disease is compulsorily notifiable and where vaccination against LSDV has not occurred in t he 
previous 3 years ; and 
a) Each animal showed no clinical signs of LSD during pre -export isolation, and has not been 
vaccinated against Capripoxviruses in the previous 3 years ; or 
(3) For the 6 months prior to shipment each animal resided at zoo premises as agre ed by MPI where no case 
of LSD occurred during that period, and in the 28 days prior to shipment during pre -export isolation ; and 
a) Each animal was subjected to an MPI -approved test with negative results  and showed no clinical 
signs of LSD on the day of ship ment . 
6.12.4  Recommendation: semen  (Bovidae  and Giraffidae only)  
(1) Each donor male has been resident since birth or for at least the 28 days prior to the collection of semen  
in an LSD -free country as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs of LSD on the day of collection; or 
(2) For the 6 month s prior to semen collection each donor male was continuously resident in a country where 
no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of LSD occ urred  as agreed by MPI during the previous 3 
years, where LSD is compulsorily  notifiable and where vaccination against LSDV has not occurred in the 
previous 3 years ; or 
(3) Each donor  male:   
a) Was kept for the 60 days prior to collection in a zoo as agreed by MP I where no case of LSD 
occurred during that period; and 
b) Showed no clinical sign of LSD on the day of collection and the following 28 days; and  
c) Was subjected to a serological test to detect antibodies specific to LSDV, with negative results, at 
least every 28 days throughout the collection period and one test 21 days after the final collection for 
this consignment ; and 
d) Was subjected to agent detection by PCR conducted on blood samples collected at commencement 
and conclusion of, and at least every 28 days du ring, semen collection, with negative results ; and 
i) A straw from each semen sample to be exported was subjected to LSDV detection by PCR .  
6.13 Mycobacterium bovis  (Bovine tuberculosis)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  
6.13.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country/zone freedom for bovine tuberculosis ( BTB); and 
(2) The animals/donor males were resident in BTB -free countries or zones since birth; and  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 22 (3) The animals/donor male s showed no clinical signs of BTB on the day of export.  
Option 2  
Animals:  
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs of infection with BTB on the day of export; and 
(2) The animals were resident, since b irth, at a facility that is free from infection with BTB, in a  country or zone 
free from infection with BTB; or 
(3) The animals were resident, since birth, at a facility that is free from infection with BTB, and  are tested with 
an MPI -approved test, within 30 days prior to export, with negative results; or 
(4) The animals have been isolated for at least 6 months prior to export, including protection from  contact with 
any reservoir of BTB, and all isolated animals showed negative results to at least  2 consecutive MPI -
approved tests carried out at a 6 -month interval, with the second test  performed within 30 days prior to 
export.  
This option is similar to the recommendations of the OIE Code for the importation of bovids or cervids  for 
breeding or rearing.  
Semen:  
(1) The donor males showed no clinical signs of infection with BTB on the day of semen  collection; and 
(2) The donor males were resident, since birth, at a facility that is free from infection with BTB, in  a country or 
zone free from infection w ith BTB; or 
(3) The donor males were resident, since birth, at a facility that is free from infection with BTB  and were tested 
for BTB, within 30 days prior to semen collection, with an MPI -approved test,  with negative results.  
This option is similar to the re commendations of the OIE Code for the importation of semen of bovids.  
Option 3  
Animals:  
(1) For 12 months immediately before export, the animal has not resided on any premises where  clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of BTB has occurred during the pre vious 5 years  and the disease is 
compulsorily notifiable; and 
(2) The animals for export were each subject ed to a test for BTB performed between 210 and 72  days 
immediately before export, with negative results.  
a) The test must be a tuberculin skin test ( TST) or comparative tuberculin skin test  
 (CTST ). The test must be read 72 hours post -inoculation, with  negative results; or 
b) The test must be performed on a blood sample taken during this period and tested using  either a 
gamma interferon assay or a serological  test approved by MPI, with negative  results.  
Semen:  
(1) For 12 months immediately before collection, the animals from which the semen for export  was collected 
did not reside on any premises where clinical, epidemiological or other evidence  of BTB has occurred  
during the previous 5 years and the disease is compulsorily notifiable;  and 
(2) The donor males  were each subject ed to a test for  BTB performed between the 210 and 72 days 
immediately before semen collection.  
a) The test must be TST or CTST. The test must be read 72 hours post -inoculation, with  negative 
results; or  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 23 b) The test must be performed on a blood sample taken during this period and tested using  either a 
gamma interferon assay approved by the department or a serological test  approved by the 
department, wi th negative results; or 
c) At least 3 straws from each collection batch of semen from each donor animals must be  tested via 
polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) for BTB, with negative results . 
Option 4  
Animals:  
(1) For 12 months immediately before export, the animals for export have not resided on any  premises where 
clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of BTB has occurred during the  previous 3 years and the 
disease is compulsorily notifiable; and 
(2) For 12 months immediately before export, the animals for export we re part of a collection  subject ed to a 
documented tuberculosis screening program me. As part of the screening program me: 
a) There must be diagnostic testing of all captive wild bovids in the collection, performed a t least 
annually. The diagnostic tests must be of a type approved by the department (e.g.  TST, CTST, 
approved gamma interferon, approved serological test).  
b) The collection must have been a closed herd during that time.  
c) The collection must contain at least 4 captive wild bovids.  
d) Full post -mortem investigations were conducted on any dead ungulate species to  determine the 
cause of death.  
Semen:  
(1) For 12 months immediately before collection, the animals from which the semen for export  was collected 
have not resided on any premises in the country of exp ort where clinical,  epidemiological or other 
evidence of BTB has occurred during the previous 3 years and the  disease is compulsorily notifiable; and 
(2) For 12 months immediately before export the animals for export were part of a collection  subject ed to a 
documented tuberculosis screening program me. As part of the screening program me: 
a) There must be diagnostic testing of all captive wild bovids in the collection, performed at  least 
annually. The diagnostic tests must be of a type approved by the department (e. g. TST, CTST, 
approved gamma interferon, approved serological test).  
b) The collection must have been a   during that time.  
c) The collection must contain at least 4 captive wild bovids.  
d) Full post -mortem investigations were conducted on any dead ungulate species  to determine the 
cause of death ; or 
(3) At least 3 straws from each collection batch of semen from each donor animals were tested  via PCR for 
BTB, with negative results.  
6.13.2   Discussion  
(1) Mycobacterium bovis  is the causative agent of  BTB.  
(2) It is an OIE -listed infect ion affecting multiple species.  
(3) BTB was last reported in Australia in 2002 and in Singapore in 2016. The disease has never been 
reported in the UAE. BTB is present in the UK, the USA, Canada, Europe and South Africa . 
(4) Mycobacterium bovis  is an endemic organism that is subject ed to an official control programme in New 
Zealand. MPI cannot impose biosecurity measures that are more restrictive than its domestic controls . The  
small increase in risk posed by limited importations into a containm ent facility make no significant 
difference to the overall biosecurity risk.  However, in order mitigate any minute risk associated with the 
importation of zoo bovids and their semen it is justifiable to require a documented control for programme 
to be in p lace at the exporting zoo for those countries where  Mycobacterium bovis  is present . Testing  has 
been added as an alternative option. Any additional t esting requirements are for the importing zoo to 
decide and arrange with the exporter.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 24 6.13.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a Mycobacterium bovis -free country as agreed by MPI and 
showed no clinical signs of BTB on the day of shipment; or 
(2) For the 12 months prior to shipment, each animal resided at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of Mycobacterium bovis  has occurred in the previous 5 years . During 
this time  the animals have been protected from contact with any reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis  and 
showed no clinical signs  of BTB  on the day of shipment; or 
(3) Each animal destined for export was subjected to MPI -approved testing for Mycobacterium bovis  with 
negative results.  
6.13.4  Recommendation: s emen  (Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae):  
(1) Each donor male has been resident since birth in a Mycobacterium bovis -free country as agreed by MPI 
and showed no clinical signs  of bovine tuberculosis  on the day of semen collection; or  
(2) For the 12 months prior to semen collection, each donor male resided on a premise  where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of Mycobacterium bovis  has occurred during the previous 3 years. 
During this time the donor males have been protected from contact w ith any reservoir of Mycobacterium 
bovis  and showed no clinical signs  of bovine tuberculosis  on the day of semen collection; or 
(3) Each donor male was subjected to MPI -approved testing for Mycobacterium bovis  with negative results ; or 
a) At least 3 straws from each collection batch of semen from each donor animal were tested via PCR, 
with negative results.  
6.14 Mycoplasma capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae  (Contagious 
caprine pleuropneumonia)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.14.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP ); and 
(2) The animals showed no clinical signs of CCPP on the day of export; and 
(3) The animals were resident in CCPP -free countries since birth; or 
(4) The animals were kept in a pre -export isolation for at least 45 days immediately prior t o export.  
This option is similar to OIE recommendations for the importation of wild goats from CCPP -free countries.  
Option 2  
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs of CCPP on the day of export; and 
(2) The animals were kept for at least 45 days immediately prior to export in a quarantine statio n where:  
a) No case of CCPP occurred during that period; and 
b) The quarantine station was not situated in a CCPP -infected zone; and 
c) The animals were not vaccinated for CCPP.  
This option is similar to OIE recommendations for the importation of wild goats from countries infected with 
CCPP .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 25 6.14.2   Discussion  
(1) Mycoplasma agalactiae , Mycoplasma bovis , Mycoplasma capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae  and 
Mycoplasma mycoides  subsp. mycoides SC are the causative agents of contagious agalactia, M. bovis  
infections, contagio us caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia 
(CBPP), respectively.  
(2) Of the 4 Mycoplasma  species that were assessed in the IRA, only M. capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae 
had demonstrable evidence of infections in wildlife Bovidae s pecies covered within the scope of the IRA.  
(3) CCPP  (M. capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae ) is an OIE -listed disease of sheep and goats.  
(4) CCPP , primarily affecting sheep and goats, is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable 
Organisms) Order 2016.  
(5) The UAE is the only approved country with a known presence of CCPP in animals.  
(6) M. capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae  is not identified as a hazard in semen or live Giraffidae and 
Tragulidae. It is identified as a hazard in Bovidae.  
(7) There is no evidenc e to demonstrate the presence of M. capricolum  subsp. capripneumoniae  in the semen 
of wildlife ruminant species covered in this IRA or transmission via artificial insemin ation  in these species.  
(8) The incubation period is set at 45 days by the OIE but can var y from 10 to 41 days.  
6.14.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae only)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth in a CCPP -free country as agreed by MPI and showed no 
clinical signs  of CCPP  on the day of shipment; or 
(2) Each animal was kept in pre -export isolation for at least the 45 days prior to shipment and showed no 
clinical signs  of CCPP on the day of shipment.  
6.15 Pasteurella multocida  (haemorrhagic septicaemia)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.15.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for haemorrhagic septicaemia  (Pasteurella multocida  B:2 and E:2); and 
(2) The animals were resident in haemorrhagic septicaemia  (P. multocida  B:2 and E:2)  free countries since  
birth or for the previous 180 days immediately prior to export; and 
(3) The animals showed no clinical signs of haemorrhagic septicaemia  on the day of export.  
This option is similar to recommendations of the OIE code for the importation of cattle and buffaloes from HS -free 
countries or zones.  
Option 2  
(1) Country freedom for haemorrhagic septicaemia  (P. multocida  B:2 and E:2); and 
(2) The animals were resident in haemorrhagic septicaemia  (P. multocida  B:2 and E:2) -free countries since  
birth or for at least 12 months immediately prior to export; and 
(3) The animals showed no clinical signs of haemorrhagic septicaemia  on the day of export.  
This option takes into consideration extended carrier periods.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 26 Option 3  
(1) For 12 months im mediately prior to export, the animals were part of a captive wild animal collection where 
no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of haemorrhagic septicaemia  (P. multocida  B:2 and E:2) 
occurred during the previous 12 months; and 
(2) The animal was vacc inated against haemorrhagic septicaemia  (P. multocida  B:2 and E:2) with an MPI - 
approved vaccine.  
This option will ensure the facility of origin had no cases of haemorrhagic septicaemia  in the last 12 
months, and animals from  a haemorrhagic septicaemia  affected country would be protected via 
vaccination.  
6.15.2   Discussion  
(1) P. multocida  is the causative agent of haemorrhagic septicaemia.  
(2) Haemorrhagic septicaemia  is an OIE -listed disease of cattle.  
(3) Haemorrhagic septicaemia is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016 
primarily affecting cattle.  
(4) P. multocida  is not identified as a hazard in the semen of captive wild Bovidae, Giraffidae or Tragulidae.  
(5) P. multo cida is identified as a hazard in live Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.  
(6) According to  WAHIS, haemorrhagic septicaemia  has never occurred in Australia, the UK, Japan or 
Canada. haemorrhagic septicaemia  was last reported in Singapore in 1930 and in the USA in 1969 . 
(7) The incubation period is 1 to 3 days.  
(8) Transmission occurs directly via contact between susceptible and infected animals or indirectly via fomites 
and aerosols.  
6.15.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each animal has r esided, since birth or for at least  the 6 months prior to shipment, in a P. multocida  (B:2 
and E:2) -free country as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs  of haemorrhagic septicaemia  on the 
day of shipment; or 
(2) Each animal was  resident for at least the 12 months prior to shipment , at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of P. multocida  (B:2 and E:2) occurred during the previous 12 months  
and where animals are vaccinated against P. multocida  (B:2 and E:2) with an MPI -approved vaccine.  
6.16 Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  
6.16.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) ; and 
(2) The animals/donor males w ere resident in peste des petits ruminants ( PPR)-free countries since birth; and 
(3) The animals/donor males showed no clinical signs of disease on the day of export or semen  collection.  
 
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 27 Option 2  
Animals:  
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs suggestive of PPRV infection for at least 21 days prior  to export; and 
(2) Within 21 days of export, the animals w ere tested for PPR with negative results; and 
(3) The animals w ere kept in pre -export isolation for at l east 21 days.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of wild ruminants from  
countries or zones infected with PPRV.  
Semen:  
(1) The donor males showed no clinical signs suggestive of PPRV infection for at least 21 days  prior to 
collection of semen and during the following 21 days; and 
(2) The donor males were kept, for at least 21 days prior to collection, in an establishment where  no case of 
PPR was reported during that period, which was not situated in a PPR  infected zone and t o which no 
animals had been added during the 21 days prior to collection;  and 
(3) The donor males w ere tested for PPR with negative results, at least 21 days prior to collection of  semen; 
or 
(4) A straw of semen from each collection batch was tested for PPRV with an MPI -approved test  and was 
negative.  
These recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of semen of domestic  
sheep and goats from countries or zones infected with PPRV . 
6.16.2  Discussion  
(1) PPRV is the causative agent of PPR.  
(2) PPR is an OIE -listed disease of sheep and goats.  
(3) PPR is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, and inhalation of aerosols are the most common 
routes of transmission while indirect transmission via contaminated bedding, feed and water troughs may 
occasionally occur.  
(5) An incubation period of 12 to 17 days has been reported in wildlife ruminants . 
(6) PPRV is identified as a hazard in zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae and th eir semen.  
(7) In terms of the approved countries, Australia, Singapore, the USA, Canada, South Africa and the UK are 
officially peste des petits ruminants  free (OIE, 2020c).  
(8) There is currently no published evidence to demonstrate the presence of  PPRV in semen. Authors of 
various studies state that the virus  is found in all secretions and excretions, and the OIE considers 
germplasm to be a risk commodity.  
6.16.3  Recommendation : live Animals  (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae ) 
(1) Each animal has been resident si nce birth in a  PPR-free country as agreed by MPI  and showed no clinical 
signs  of PPR on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) Each animal was subjected to an MPI -approved test for PPRV within the 21 days prior to shipment  with 
negative results and  showed no clinical sig ns of PPR during pre - export isolation.  
6.16.4  Recommendation: s emen  (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each d onor male  has been resident since birth in a PPR-free country as agreed by MPI and showed no 
clinical signs of PPR on the day of semen collection; or  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 28 (2) Each donor  male : 
a) Was kept, for at least 21 days prior to collection, at a zoo  premis e where no case of PPR was 
reported during that period, which was not situated in a PPR infected zone and to which no animals 
had been ad ded during the 21 days prior to collection; and 
b) Showed no clinical signs of PPR for at least 21 days prior to collection of semen and during the 
following 21 days; and 
c) Was tested  with an MPI -approved test  for PPRV with negative results, at least 21 days pr ior to 
collection of semen; or 
i) A straw of semen from each collection batch was tested for PPRV with an MPI -approved test 
and was negative.  
6.17 Rabies lyssavirus (rabies)  
 
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.17.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for rabies; and 
(2) The animals were resident in rabies -free countries or zones since birth or for at least 6  months; and 
(3) The animals showed no clinical signs of disease on the day prior to or on the day of export.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of domestic and captive  
wild mammals from countries or zones free from infection with the rabies virus.  
Option 2 
(1) The animals showed no clinical signs of disease on the day prior to or on the day of export;  and 
(2) The animals were kept for the 6 months prior to shipment in an establishment where  separation from 
susceptible animals was maintained and where there was no case of rabies  for at least 12 months prior to 
shipment.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of wildlife from  countries 
infected with rabies.  
6.17.2  Discussion  
(1) Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) is the causative agent of rabies.  
(2) Rabies is an OIE -listed disease affecting multiple species.  
(3) Rabies is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) Transmission results from bites, licking mucous membranes or shallow skin wounds and abrasions, and 
ingestion or inhalation of infected material.  
(5) Wild and domestic carnivores are regarded as maintenance hosts. Cases of rabies in other animals are 
usually a result of spill -over from carnivores.  
(6) There is no evidence in the literature demonstrating the pres ence of RABV in semen of domestic or 
wildlife ruminants or the transmission of rabies to a naïve dam if inseminated with RABV -contaminated 
semen . 
(7) RABV is identified as a hazard in zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 29 (8) New Zealand recognises Singapore and  Australia as countries free from rabies.  
6.17.3  Recommendation : live Animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae):  
(1) Each animal has resided  since  birth or for at least 6 months in a rabies -free county as agreed  by MPI and 
showed no clinical signs  of rabies  on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) For the 6 months  prior to shipment  each animal was kept at zoo premises where separation from 
susceptible animals was maintained and where there was no case of rabies for at least 12  months prior to 
shipment ; and  
a) Showed no clinical signs of rabies on the day of shipment.  
6.18 Rift Valley fever phlebovirus  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  Susceptible  
(except for 
Tragulidae semen)  
6.18.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for  Rift Valley fever (RVF) ; and 
(2) The animals/donor males were resident in RVF -free countries or zones since birth or for at  least 14 days 
prior to export or semen c ollection; and 
(3) The animals/donor males showed no clinical signs of disease on the day of export or semen  collection, 
and 
(4) The animals/donor males did not transit through an area experiencing an epizootic during  transportation to 
the place of export; or 
(5) The animals/donor males were protected from vector attacks when transiting through an  area 
experiencing an epizootic.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of ruminants from  countries 
or zones free from RVF.  
Option 2  
Anim als: 
(1) The animals showed no sign of RVF on the day of export; and 
(2) The animals did not originate from the area of the epizootic; and  
(3) The animals were held for at least 14 days prior to export in a vector -protected quarantine  station, which is 
located in an area of demonstrated low vector activity outside the area of the  epizootic. During this period 
the animals showed no sign of RVF; and 
(4) The animals did not transit through an area experiencing an epizootic during transportation to  the place of 
export; or 
(5) The animals were protected from vector attacks when transiting through an area experiencing  an 
epizootic.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of ruminants for  importation 
from countries or zones infected with RVFV d uring an epizootic.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 30 Semen:  
(1) Donor males showed no sign of RVF within the period from 14 days prior to and 14 days  following 
collection of the semen; and 
(2) Donor males were tested via paired serum samples, and results demonstrated that  seroconversion did not 
occur between semen collection and 14 days after.  
The recommendations are similar to those of the OIE Code for the importation of semen of ruminants  from 
countries or zones not free from RVF.  
6.18.2  Discussion  
(1) Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is the causative agent of R VF. 
(2) RVF is an OIE -listed disease affecting multiple species.  
(3) RVF is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) Order 2016.  
(4) RVF is identified as a hazard in zoo Bovidae, Giraffidae and their semen.  
(5) RVF has not been reported in Tragulidae species.  
(6) According to the IRA 2021 RVF has never occurred i n Australia, Singapore, the USA, Canada, Japan, the 
UK and Europe . 
(7) Transmission of RVFV is via mosquito vectors (Aedes and Culex) and direct and indirect contac t with 
infected animal tissues, bodily fluids and fomites.  
(8) The incubation period in wildlife ruminants may be 1 to 2 days . 
(9) Diagnostic tests include virus isolation  in cell culture, RT -PCR, antigen detection, histopathology, ELISA 
and PRN.  
6.18.3  Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae only)  
(1) Each animal has been resident since birth  or for at least 14 days  prior to shipment  in an RVF-free country 
as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs of RVF on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) Each animal :  
a) Showed no clinical signs of RVF during pre-export  isolation  and on the day of shipment ; and 
b) Does  not originate from an area of the epizootic; and 
c) Was held at least 14 days prior t o export in vector protected pre-export isolation. The premises are 
located in an area of demonstrated low vector activity . 
(3) If transit of animals is through a country experiencing a  RVF epizootic, the animals must be in a vector 
protected crate.  
6.18.4  Recommendation: semen  (Bovidae, Giraffidae only)  
(1) Each donor male has been resident since birth or for at least 14 days prior to semen  collection in  a      
RVF-free country as agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs  of RVF on the day of collection; or 
(2) Each donor male : 
a) Showed no  clinicals  signs of RVF within the period from 14 days prior to and 14 days following 
collection of the semen ; and  
b) Was tested via paired serum samples  with an MPI -approved test.  Results demonstrated that 
seroconversion did not occur between semen collection and 14 days after .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 31 6.19 Seeds  
6.19.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
(1) Prior to export, ruminants should be fed a diet not contaminated with seeds; and/or  
(2) The pre -export isolation facility should be free of seeds; and/or  
(3) Bedding used for animals during pre -export isolation and transport should be free of seeds;  and/or  
(4) During pre-export isolation, animals must be physically examined and free of any seeds from  hair/coat; 
and/or  
(5) The faeces and bedding of the imported animals should be collected and treated during the  first 10 days of 
post-arrival quarantine.  
6.19.2  Discussion  
(1) The follo wing points have been considered when drafting options to manage the risks associated with 
introduction of seeds:  
a) Seeds could be introduced by zoo ruminants attached to hair, within skin folds or in faeces.  
b) Seeds are likely to be able to survive harsh env ironmental conditions.  
c) Seeds are unlikely to be present on the animal’s  hair or in their faeces unless seeds have been 
present in the premises where the zoo ruminants are held prior to export or in food eaten by the  zoo 
ruminants  prior to export.  
d) The examination of the zoo ruminant’s skin for the presence of seeds may require the administration 
of a tranquillizer or anaesthetic. This is likely to be stressful and compromise the animal’s welfare, so 
the timing of the examination should be flexible to minimise the need for repeated anaesthesia . 
6.19.3  Recommendation   
(1) Feed and bedding material in pre -export isolation must be free from evidence of seeds . 
(2) Prior to departure to New Zealand each animal must be certified as free from visible con tamination with 
plant material. On arrival in New Zealand the animals must be held in a transitional facility for a period of 1 
week, during which time all dung is collected and destroyed. These measures are consistent with other 
zoo import standard s, and more stringent than  livestock  standards . 
(3) The timing of the examination will be flexible to minimise the need for repeated anaesthesia.  
6.20 Trypanosoma  spp. (surra and tsetse fly associated 
trypanosomosis)  
Bovidae  Giraffidae  Tragulidae  Semen  
Susceptible  Susceptible  Susceptible  Not susceptible  
6.20.1  Risk management options presented in the 2021 import risk analysis  
Option 1  
(1) Country freedom for surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis; and 
(2) The animals were resident in surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis -free countries  since birth;  
and 
(3) The animals showed no clinical signs of disease on the day of export.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 32 Option 2  
(1) The exporting country had no clinical, epidemiological or other evidence of surra or tsetse fly associated 
trypanosomosis in any animal species in the previous 2 years ; and  
(2) Surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis are compulsorily notifiable in the country ; and  
(3) The animals w ere resident in the exporting country for at least 6 months ; and  
(4) During the pre -export isolation, a blood sample was drawn from a peripheral vein of the  animals and 
tested using the haematocrit centrifuge technique, and a card agglutination test ( CATT ) was performed.  
The test was negative for Trypanosoma spp. 
6.20.2  Discussion  
(1) Trypanosoma evan si is the causative agent of surra . 
(2) T. brucei , T. brucei gambiense , T. brucei rhodesiense , T. congolense , T. vivax  are the causative agents of 
tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis.  
(3) Surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis  are OIE-listed disease s. 
(4) Trypanosomosis ( Trypanosoma  spp.) is a notifiable disease under the Biosecurity (Notifiable Organisms) 
Order 2016.  
(5) Trypanosoma spp. (causing surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis) are identified as hazards in 
captive wild Bov idae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae.  
(6) Trypanosoma  spp. are not identified as hazards in semen . 
(7) According to the WAHIS interface, tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis has never occurred in Australia, 
the UK, the USA, Canada, Singapore or the UAE and surra is abs ent from Australia and has never 
occurred in the UK, the USA, Canada, Singapore, Japan or S outh Africa. 
(8) Surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis are arthropod -borne diseases.  The most significant route 
of transmission is via haematophagous flies. Bot h T. evansi  and other trypanosomes can be transmitted 
by tabanids and Stomoxys  spp. Tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis is also transmitted by tsetse flies.  
(9) Tabanus  spp. flies are not present in New Zealand, however in the warmer parts of New Zealand 
Stomoxys calcitrans  is present and this may be a competent vector . Tsetse flies are not present in New 
Zealand.  
(10) Experimental transmission of T. evansi  has been demonstrated by Aedes  spp. and Anopheles  spp. These 
arthropod vectors are present in New Zealand . 
(11) The incubation period in surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis is 4 to 60 days.  
(12) Recommendations should include country freedom or alternatively a nimals to be imported could come 
from zoo premises that have no known history of surra  and tsetse fl y associated trypanosomosis . The 
premises of origin must be under veterinary supervision and the health of the animal s monitored  so that 
incidents of disease and death are identified promptly and  Trypanosoma spp. are excluded as the cau se 
during the preceding 2 years . While the IRA recommends  that Trypanosoma spp. must also be notifiable 
in the exporting country this requirement has been take n out as testing during pre -export isolation and the 
requirement of a surveillance programme at the  exporting zoo  sufficiently mitigates the risk associated  
with importing zoo ruminants . 
6.20.3   Recommendation : live animals (Bovidae, Giraffidae and Tragulidae)  
(1) Each animal has resided  since birth in surra and tsetse fly associated trypanosomosis -free countries  as 
agreed by MPI and showed no clinical signs of trypanosomosis  on the day of shipment ; or 
(2) Each animal : 
a) Was resident , for at least 6 months prior to shipment,  at zoo premises where no clinical, 
epidemiological or other evidence of surra or tsetse fly  associated trypanosomosis has occurred in 
any animal species  in the previous 2 years ; and  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 33 b) During the pre -export isolation, a blood sample was drawn from a peripher al vein of the animal s and 
tested  for Trypanosoma  spp using the haematocrit centrifuge technique, and a card agglutination 
test, with negative results.  
 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Page 34 Appendix 1 – Document History  
Date First Issued  Title Shortcode  
18 March 2022  
External  Consultation  Risk Management Proposal: Zoo Bovidae, 
Giraffidae and Tragulidae (Live Animals and 
Semen)  RMP ZOORUMIN.GEN  
Date of Issued A mendments  Title