RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/ACC/VNM/3
4 March 1998
(98-0827)
Working Party on the
Accession of VietnamOriginal:  English
ACCESSION OF VIETNAM
Questions and Replies to the Memorandum
on the Foreign Trade Regime
(Document WT/ACC/VNM/2)
In a communication dated 12 January 1995, circulated as WT/L/1, the Government of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam applied for accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) under
the provisions of Article XII of the WTO Agreement.  The terms of reference of the Working Partyare reproduced in document WT/ACC/VNM/1.  In document WT/ACC/VNM/2, Members had been
invited to submit questions in writing concerning the foreign trade regime of Vietnam.  The questions
submitted by Members and the replies thereto provided by the authorities of the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam are reproduced hereunder.
1  The Annexes and Appendices referred to in this document will
be circulated as document WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
Delegations wishing to raise additional questions concerning the foreign trade regime of
Vietnam might inform the delegation of Vietnam (with a copy to the Secretariat) of such questions in
advance of the meeting of the Working Party, so that considered replies can be made available by
Vietnam to Members at the time of the Working Party meeting.
                                                     
1 This document contains replies to questions relating to the foreign trade regime on goods.  Replies to
services questions will be circulated subsequently.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No. Question No.
I. INTRODUCTION 1 1
II. ECONOMY, ECONOMIC POLICIES AND FOREIGN
TRADE
2. Economic Policies
(a) Main directions 1 2-73(b) Monetary and fiscal policies
Monetary, credit and foreign exchange policies 36 74-84
Tax policy 43 85-87
Turnover Tax and Value Added Tax 44 88-93Excise Tax (special sales tax) 46 94-104Profit Tax 50 105-107
Import-Export Tax 52 108-112
Agricultural Land Use Tax 55 113The Tax on Transfer of Land Use Rights 55 114-115Natural Resources Tax 56 116
Income Tax 56 117-120
(d) Investment policy 58 121-159(e) Competition policy 79 160-164
III. FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING AND ENFORCING
POLICIES AFFECTING FOREIGN TRADE IN GOODS
AND TRADE IN SERVICES
1. Powers of Executive, Legislative and Juridical Branches of
Government
(a) National Assembly 81 165
(b) The State President 82 166-167(d) The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's
Office for Supervision and Control 82 168-169
2. Government Entities Responsible for Making and
Implementing Policies Affecting Foreign Trade 83 170-172
3. Powers of the Local Government and Administrative
Committees 85 173-177
4. Regulations on Policy Planning Approval and Ratification 87 178-183
5. Laws and Subordinate Legislation 90 184-1906. Description of Judicial, Arbitr al or Administrative Tribunals
or Procedures93 191-199
IV. POLICIES AFFECTING TRADE IN GOODS
1. Import RegulationsWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page ii
(a) Registration requirements for engaging in importing 99 200-210
(b) Characteristics of the national tariff 103 211-224(c) Tariff quotas and tariff exemptions 111 225-226
(d) Other duties and charges 112 227-235
(e) Quantitative import restrictions, including prohibitions,
quotas and licensing systems 119 236-285
(f) Import licensing procedures 133 286-302
(g) Other border measures 138 303-311
(h) Customs valuation 143 312-327(i) Other customs formalities 150 328-330(j) Pre-shipment inspection 150 331-334
(k) Domestic taxes levied on imported goods 151 335-341
(l) Rules of origin 153 342-345(m-o) Anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguards regime
154 346-348
2. Export Regulations
(b) Customs tariff nomenclature, types of duties, duty rates,
weighted averages of rates, etc. 155 349-351
(c) Quantitative export restrictions 156 352-359
Export quotas 158 360-364
Line management 159 365
(d) Export licensing procedures 160 366-367(e) Other measures 160 368-373(f) Export financing, subsidy and promotion policies 162 374-379
(g) Export performance requirements 164 380
(h) Import duty drawback schemes 164 381-382
3. Internal Policies Affecting Trade in Goods
(a) Industrial policies and subsidies 165 383-392
(b) Technical specifications and standards 169 393-415(c) Sanitary and phytosanitary measures 177 416-422(d) Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) 180 423-431
(e) State-owned enterprises 184 432-442
(f-g) Free zones and free economic zones 189 443-447(h) Trade-related environmental policies 191 448-450(l) Government procurement 192 451-478
(m) Regulation of trade in transit 201 479
4. Policies Affecting Foreign Trade in Agricultural Products
(a) Imports 201 480
(b) Exports 201 481-489WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page iii
(c) Export prohibitions and restrictions 205 490
(d) Export credits, export credit guarantees and export insurance
programmes 205 491-492
VII. INSTITUTIONAL BASE FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC
RELATIONS WITH THIRD COUNTRIES
1. Bilateral or Plurilateral Agreements 205 609
2. Economic Integration, Custom s Union and Free Trade Area
Agreements 206 610-615
Other related issues 209 616-618
Legal documents 210 619-655
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, the information contained in these Answers is valid as of
1 November 1997.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 1
I. INTRODUCTION
Question 1
Please indicate whereabouts in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) information on the three
major economic programmes mentioned in this section - export production, food production
and consumer goods production - can be found.
Answer
In the Memorandum, these programmes were mentioned as a reference to the shift in
economic structure of the period 1986-1990. These programmes have since been adjusted for the
1996-2000 period in line with the new circumstances. A description of these programmes can be
found in section 2(a)(i), pages 5 and 6 of  the Memorandum (document WT/ACC/VNM/2).
II. ECONOMY, ECONOMIC POLICIES AND FOREIGN TRADE
2. Economic Policies
(a) Main directions
Question 2
Paragraph 3, page 5 states that "Non-nationalisati on is granted by laws to enterprises operating
legally in Vietnam". Can Vietnam please explai n what this statement means and provide more
specific detail on the means by which Viet nam ensures national treatment for foreign
enterprises in accordance with the requirements of Article III of the GATT?
Answer
Article 21 of the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam (1996) provides: "...during the
course of investment in Vietnam, capital and assets of foreign investors shall not be requisitioned or
expropriated by administrative measures and enterprises with foreign owned capital shall not be
nationalized".
Vietnam is reviewing its trade regime vis-à-vis the requirements of national treatment for
foreign goods as provided for in Article III of the GATT, e.g., the discriminatory Turnover Tax shall
be replaced by VAT.
Question 3
According to the Memorandum, State-owned enterprises have been restructured under the Law
on State-Owned Enterprises. Should a State-owned enterprise go bankrupt, would it be handled
under the Law on Bankruptcy, as any other enterprise?
Answer
Article 1 of the Law on Business Bankruptcy dated 30 December 1993, provides:  "This Law
shall apply to all forms of business ownership which are established and operated under the laws ofthe Socialist Republic of Vietnam at the time of bankruptcy”.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 2
Question 4
(a) How many State-owned enterprises have gone bankrupt since the enactment of the Law
on State-Owned Enterprises? In what busin ess sectors did they operate? How are the
assets of the State-owned enterprises distributed in bankruptcy?
(b) Does the Law on Bankruptcy allow bankrupt State-owned enterprises to continue
operation through governmental forgiveness of debt or by governmental grants to coveroperating losses?
Answer
(a) Since the promulgation of the Law on Business Bankruptcy, the provincial People's Courts in
Vietnam have received 40 applications for bankruptcy proceedings; the Economic Court has made
bankruptcy orders for 7 cases upon hearing the petitions, out of the 7 bankrupt enterprises, 2 are
State-owned and engaged in tourism.
Among the 40 companies subject to bankruptcy, State-owned enterprises are engaged in
various sectors:  production, import-expor t, tourism and multi-sectoral business.
State-owned enterprises are limited liability legal entities. They thus are liable for their debts
within the amount of assets capitalized by the St ate. There exists no difference in the liquidation
procedures between  State-owned and other forms of enterprises.
The Law on Bankruptcy stipulates in detail procedures of distribution of assets as follows:
(i) during the process of a bankruptcy proceeding, the judge shall order that the pledged or
mortgaged property of the business to be protected and shall organize the valuation of such
property.  When the value of the pledged or mortgaged property is insufficient to pay the
debts of secured creditors, such creditors shall be permitted to participate in the distribution
process of the remaining assets of the bankrupt business together with other unsecuredcreditors.  Where the value of the pledged or mortgaged property is greater than the amount of
debt owed to secured creditors, the difference in value shall be deemed to be part of the
remaining assets of the bankrupt business;
(ii) the distribution of the assets of the bankrupt business amongst the creditors shall be carried
out in the following order of priority:
- fees and costs of the bankruptcy proceeding as determined by the provisions of the
law;
- unpaid wages, allowances for termination of employment and social insurance in
accordance with the provisions of the law and other rights pursuant to a signed
collective or individual labour agreement;
- tax liabilities;
- payment of debts owed to the creditors whose names appear on the list of creditors:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 3
- if the value of the remaining assets of the bankrupt business is sufficient to
cover the debts of all creditors, then each creditor shall be paid in full the
amount owed to him or her;
- if the value of the remaining assets of the bankrupt business is insufficient to
cover the debts of all creditors, then each creditor shall be paid a portion of
the amount owed in accordance with an appropriate ratio.
- if the value of the remaining assets of the bankrupt business exceeds the total
amount of debts owed to all creditors, then the difference in value shall
belong to:
- the owner of the business in the case of private businesses;
- the members of the company in the case where the business is a
company;
- the State treasury in the case of State-owned businesses.
(b) The Government may, based on its financial capacity and the consideration of the enterprise's
role, provide assistance in the form of grants and debt forgiveness. Governmental assistance to
bankrupt enterprises may be provided to Stat e-owned as well as non-State-owned enterprises.
Pursuant to the Law on State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), SOEs are limited liabilities legal
entities for  business within their assets. This mean s that the Government's liabilities as the owner  in
a bankrupt SOE are limited to the assets, capitalized by the Government to that SOE.  Furthermore,
the Government has certain regulations on implementation of this Law in regard to businesses
operating in security, defence industries or important public services.  Pursuant to these regulations in
conformity with the Law on Bankruptcy, the foll owing enterprises, including SOEs and private
businesses subject to overdue debts might be considered by the Government for supporting measuresto recover creditability if necessary:
- manufacturing and maintenance of weapons, military equipment, businesses operating in
economic and defence activities  in strategic areas;
- trading in finances, currencies and insurance;
- power generating and supplying;- transport and public urban services;
- railways and airways transport;
- information and telecommunications;
- management and exploitation of water irrigation works;
- management and exploitation of specialized and national preserved forests.
In practice, labour intensive businesses are taken into consideration by the Government
supporting measures.
Question 5
When did the Law on State-Owned Enterprises and the Law on Bankruptcy enter into force?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 4
Answer
The Law on State-Owned Enterprises entered into force on 30 April 1995.
The Law on Business Bankruptcy entered into force on 1 July 1994.
Question 6
The Memorandum states that the co-operative economic sector is recognized and protected
under the Law on Cooperatives dated 20 March 1996. During the present economic transitional
period, in order to restrict massive changes in ownership and management, the State has
extended guidance and assistance for the stable development of this kind of economic sector.
Please indicate what economic sectors Vietnam is  protecting through its guidance and assistance
to cooperatives.  Please describe the assistan ce that is being provided to the cooperatives.
Answer
Cooperatives, which are mainly found in rural areas, are autonomous economic organizations
uniting labourers. Cooperatives mainly engage in agricultural production, handicrafts manufacturing,
rural transportation and credit fund activities.
Under the Law on Cooperatives issued on 30 March 1996 and Degree No. 15/CP dated
21 February 1997 on "Incentive Development Policies for Cooperatives", measures of support and
assistance  provided by the Government for cooperatives are as follows:
- exemption from land-use fees for agricultural, forestry, agro-, aqua-forestry and
salt-production cooperatives if land is allocated by the State;
- tax exemptions or reductions as stipulated by laws;  and
- reduced tuition fees for managers and directors of the cooperative when they are sent to
public training institutions for study.
Question 7
In  Section II.2(a)(i) of WT/ACC/VNM/2, it is stated that State-owned enterprises are treated in
the same way as any other enterprises, that the Government has been removing the direct
monitoring and administration of enterprises by government agencies, and that State-owned
enterprises have been audited and are being restructured under the Law on State-Owned
Enterprises.
(a) Could Vietnam outline in detail its plan for withdrawing the preferential treatment
currently being given to State-owned enterprises?
(b) Has the direct monitoring and administra tion of enterprises by government agencies
been removed in all areas? If not, could Vietnam provide details of the areas of the
economy that are still subject to direct monitoring and administration by thegovernment agencies and of what that monito ring and administration involves? Could
Vietnam provide details of when monitoring and administration by government
agencies will cease in each of these areas?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 5
(c) Is the audit of Vietnam's State-owned enterprises complete? If not, could Vietnam
provide details of when it will be completed?
(d) Could Vietnam provide details of the sectors where State-owned enterprises
restructuring has begun? What restructuring measures are being implemented in each
of those areas? When will the process of  restructuring in each of those areas be
completed?
(e) Could Vietnam provide details of the sectors of the State-owned enterprises where
restructuring has not begun? Which of these areas are not to be restructured, and which
areas are? What restructuring measures are to be implemented in each area? When will
the process of restructuring in each area be complete?
Answer
In the course of the economic reform, Vietnam has been gradually creating equal environment
to enterprises in any form of ownership.
The privileges given to each type of enterprises shall be abolished as soon as laws on taxation,
banking and financing, and the Commercial Law take effect; the Laws on Companies, on Private
Enterprise, on Encouragement of Domestic Invest ment and on Land are amended or supplemented;
and a common law on enterprise applicable to all kinds of enterprises, foreign-invested and domestic,
is formulated.  All enterprises are thus given the same treatment under the same regulations.
Vietnam is in the process of administrative reform. The linkages between governmental
agencies and State-owned enterprises have been renewed through the decentralization of the State
control. Governmental agencies and provincial People’s Committees no longer have the direct
administration and monitoring over State-owned enterprises. The line management has been removed.
The mechanism under which capital and assets are controlled by the State shifted to businessmechanism on commercial basis. State-owned enterprises have been transferred to limited liability
companies or joint-stock companies. The subsidization and “asking and giving” mechanism is
eliminated.
Yet, in order to strengthen the role and the right of the State ownership, the Law on
State-Owned Enterprise provides that the Government shall uniformly execute its ownership overSOEs, i.e.:
- to establish, dissolute, reorganize and transfer the ownership of SOEs; to make decisions on
objectives and strategic tasks and direction of development of SOEs;
- to issue a SOE's Charter; to provide and allocate capital to SOEs;
- to approve, transfer, lease and mortgage important machinery and warehouses, to capitalize
and/or to make capital contributions to joint-ventures with other enterprises;
- to appoint, dismiss, commend and discipline on key positions of a SOEs, to supervise the
operation.
The Government authorizes the ministries and provincial people's committees to execute
some ownership rights on SOEs, determining relati onship between the relevant ministry, provincial
People’s Committees and Ministry of Finance in  State ownership execution over SOEs. The SOEs
operating in public services are subject to the st ricter control than those operating in the business
sectors. The latter are entitled to more autonomy than the former in respect of transferring, leasing or
mortgaging of enterprises’ assets or making the best use of the resources allocated. The SOEsWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 6
engaged in the business are required to use the allocated capital and resources to do business. The
SOEs in the public service sector are obliged to supply public goods and services at the cost-price
frame fixed by the Government
The restructuring of all SOEs places an emphasis on the permanent process of economic
reform. It will be successfully completed if the business SOEs obtain the economic efficiency and the
public service SOEs achieve the targets that other enterprises are unwilling or unable to do.
The restructuring methods are as follows:
- adjusting investment and setting up new SOEs:  investing in infrastructure, public service and
high technology projects, investing for effective SOEs, strictly controlling the newly
established SOEs in accordance with sectoral, territorial, high technological and
environmental requirements;
- reorganizing the existing SOEs, qualifying SOEs into business SOEs and public service
SOEs, SOEs required or not 100 per cent State ownership, profitable or loss making SOEs
and insolvent SOEs, unrecoverable SOEs;
- strictly proceeding dissolution, merging or bankrupting the SOEs in losses and unrecoverable;
- equitizing, diversifying ownership in SOEs in which 100 per cent State ownership is not
necessary.
The Law on SOEs dated 20 April 1995 stipulates that SOEs are subject to financial report and
auditing.  From 1997 on, SOEs' financial reports are audited by independent and internal auditing.
Question 8
We are aware of a draft report of the Eighth Communist Party Congress which sets a target of
60 per cent government control of the economy. We understand that this target was deleted
from the final version of the report.
(a) Could Vietnam provide information on the in stitutional structure of its economy and the
policies and practices of the Government which are to give effect to this intention?
(b) Could Vietnam provide more precise detail of its intention to preserve the dominant
economic role of the State?
(c) Could Vietnam provide an assurance that the institutional structures and the
Government’s policies and practices will not in any way impair its ability to meet the
range of obligations that it will assume as a WTO Member, including under Article
XVII of the GATT?
Answer
Vietnam is streamlining and re-structuring State-owned enterprises with a view to assuring
their economic efficiency so as to stabilize the national economy. The number of State-owned
enterprises has decreased and in 1996 they accounted for 41 per cent of GDP.
Please refer to the answers to questions 7 a nd 14 and section 2(a)(i) of WT/ACC/VNM/2 on
the restructuring of the State-owned enterprises to preserve the dominant economic role of SOEs.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 7
Question 9
Paragraph 1, page 7 notes policies and regulations on "equitisation of State enterprises" are
under consideration. Could Vietnam please explain what is meant by this term and provide an
update on the current situation with regar d to consideration of such policies?
Answer
Equitization of State-owned enterprises means the transfer, in part or in whole, of
State-ownership in 100 per cent State-owned enterprises to the other business sectors by issuing
stocks and/or mobilizing additional equity capital from the other business sectors. In so doing, the
enterprise is re-registered  pursuant to the Law on Company.
The pilot equitization programme of Vietnam was started in 1992 with the aim that the results
of this experimental stage would be used for larger scale equitization. At the end of 1995,
five State-owned enterprises were equitized. Following this first stage, in May 1995 the Government
of Vietnam promulgated the Decree No. 28/CP on Tran sferring Some State Enterprises to Joint-stock
Companies. So far, 20 State-owned enterprises have been equitized.
The new features of policies and regulations on equitization of State enterprises are as
follows:
- other forms of equitization are added.  They are: selling shares to outsiders in order to
mobilize capital, selling part of the enterprise (reduction or divertissement of State capitalholding in the enterprise), establishing joint-stock companies(s) by splitting certain divisions
from the enterprise(s);
- the decision-making competence of equitization is delegated. The Prime Minister decides on
the equitization of enterprises with capital value more than 10 billion Dong. Minister, Chief
of ministerial level bodies, Chairman of People’s Committee of Provinces or Cities undercentral authority  decide on the equitization of enterprise of capitalized value less than 10
billion Dong;
- incentives are given to the equitized enterprise and their employees.  The incentives are:
reduction of or exemption from profit-tax, extension soft loans for buying stocks, provision of
interest earning stock.
Other policies and regulations are under consideration such as assigning annual equitization
target to ministries and People’s Committees, giving priority to equitization in certain localities,
extending more incentives and supporting poor employees in buying shares.  One-hundred and fifty
State-owned enterprises are planned to be equitized in 1998.
Question 10
The section entitled Economic Programmes of  the Government (page 9 of WT/ACC/VNM/2)
sets out the objectives that should contribu te to promoting Vietnam's economic development.
No mention is made of the specific measures that will have to be taken  to achieve those goals.
Would it be possible to have detailed informat ion on the types of measures envisaged and the
dates on which they could take effect?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 8
Answer
Main policies and measures of Vietnam relating to the objectives of economic development
are presented in sections II.2(a)(iv) and (v), II.2(b), II.2(c), II.2(d), II.2(e) of the Memorandum
(WT/ACC/VNM/2).
Question 11
Are there any circumstances under which partie s other than the Government are allowed to
invest in capital construction? If not, why not? If yes, please provide more details.
Answer
There is no legal restriction on investment in capital construction of non-government sectors.
Foreign investors may invest in BOT, BTO or BT projects and participate in bidding for
construction projects in Vietnam.
Foreign investors are governed by the Law on Foreign Investment of Vietnam, dated
12 November 1996. They are not permitted to invest in some sectors which are specified in theanswer to question 121.
Vietnam also restricts foreign investment in projects which will adversely affect national
security, social order and security, historical heritage and culture, fine custom and tradition, or the
ecological environment.
Question 12
It is stated on page 6 (WT/ACC/VNM/2) that one of the targets underlying economic policies for
1996-2000 is "securing proper protection to dome stic production". How does Vietnam intend to
achieve this objective while respecting WTO rules?
Answer
The Government of Vietnam is undertaking measures, which are similar to that of other
countries, such as tariff and some non-tariff measures in a time-limited fashion. At present, these
measures are reviewed and systematized.  In the accession process, these measures may be adjusted in
conformity with the obligations as set forth in the WTO Agreements. Vietnam will properly observe
its obligations and commitments made upon accession to the WTO.
Question 13
The Memorandum identifies several economic objectives for the years 1996-2000, including
“securing the proper protection for domestic pr otection” and “building up the leading role of
the State-owned economic sector”.
Which economic policies are Vietnam applying to "secure the proper protection for domestic
production"? Which economic sectors does Vietnam most want to protect?  Could Vietnamprovide further details on its future plans to provide this domestic support, particularly as it
relates to domestic agricultural production?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 9
Answer
Economic policies during this period place emphasis on stabilizing macro-economic
environment and curbing inflation and encouraging economic development based on domestic and
foreign trade and foreign investment.
Proper protection of domestic production, selective protection, conditional protection and
protection in the time-limited fashion are applied.
The tariff is used as a major means to ensure domestic production protection.
Quantitative restrictions are used to regulate supply-demand and to protect the domestic
production of potential and infant industries (i.e., electronic, cement, steel and iron and paper
industries or labour or agricultural products intensive industries).
The future plans relating to protection of domestic production mentioned in the question are
under consideration to ensure the decrease in the number of goods subject to quantitative restrictions.
Vietnam will inform the Working Party of new evolution in its programmes and measure foreconomic development as soon as it is able to do so.
Question 14
Please explain in what way Vietnam will focus on the building up of the leading role of the
State-owned economic sector?
Answer
The following policies are adopted to achieve that goal:
- building and publishing a list of the economic sectors where the State retains 100 per cent
ownership;
- setting up State-owned enterprises operating in the key sectors and public services;
- reforming State control with the distinction between capital owners and users;- gradually creating competitive environment that will force State-owned enterprises to
improve their competitiveness and efficiency.
Question 15
The Memorandum states that all enterprises, whether State-owned, private, partnership or
foreign-owned, are recognized and protected under the law.
What differences, if any, are there in recognit ion and protection of State-owned, private,
partnership and foreign-owned enterprises? Plea se describe any differences in the recognition
and protection provided to each of these forms of enterprise. What differences exist between
foreign and domestic enterprises in terms of recognition and protection?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 10
Answer
All enterprises, including State-owned enterp rises, private companies, joint-ventures or
wholly foreign-owned enterprises, are recognized and protected by the law, provided that they are
legally established.  Each type of enterprise is subject to a specific law:
- State-owned enterprises are subject to Law on State-Owned Enterprises, dated 20 April 1990;
- private companies are subject to the Law on Companies and the Law on Private Enterprises,
dated 21 December 1990;
- foreign-invested enterprises are subject to the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam.
However, each type of enterprises subject to a specific law is a phenomena in the transitional
period to a market economy. For the time being, the formulation of a common law governing all types
of enterprises regardless of ownership is under consideration.
Question 16
Please describe all instances in which Stat e-owned enterprises receive more favourable
treatment than private-sector or foreign-owned enterprises with respect to the right to engage in
trade, the right to establish in certain sectors, equal access to land, utilities, and access to factors
of production. Please include reference to any de signated right to conduc t international trade in
certain products, to any exclusive domestic distri bution rights, and to any other benefits granted
only to State-owned enterprises in terms of access to capital, energy, transportation, rawmaterials or other inputs for the production process.
Answer
The Commercial Law provides that: "The State has the exclusive right to conduct commercial
activities in certain fields and regions with respect to certain types of goods and services as stipulated
in lists to be published by the Government".
The lists referred to in the preceding paragraph are not yet formulated. Vietnam will provide
the Working Party with these lists when they are available.
In addition, the State shall invest in terms of finance, physical technical facilities and human
resources for the development of State-owned enterprises which deal in essential goods in order to
ensure the leading role of State-owned enterprises in commercial activities as one of the mechanismsused by the State to regulate supply and demand and to stabilize prices and thereby contribute to the
implementation of national socio-economic policies.
The information relating to the right to conduct international trading activities is provided in
detail in Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
The right to establish and to engage in trade are stipulated in Article 11 of the Law on
Companies, Articles 5 and 22 of the Law on Private Enterprises and Article 3 of the Law on Foreign
Investment.  Under the above provisions, except for the sectors which are prohibited by laws or
subject to prior approval of the Prime Minister, Vietnamese enterprises and foreign-owned enterprises
have the right to establish and engage in business activities in any sector of the economy.  Article 6 ofthe Commercial Law which was approved by the National Assembly in May 1997 and comes into
force on 1 January 1998 provides that "...individuals, legal entities, co-operative groups and family
households satisfying all conditions stipulated by law have the right to conduct commercial activities
in the fields and regions which are not prohibited by laws".  The State, through State-ownedWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 11
enterprises, conducts business activities in the fields relating to national defence, security, national
secrets and in the military and security regions.  The State, through its State-owned enterprises, also
retains monopoly  in respect of import/export of the essential goods such as petroleum and other fields
such as:  postal service, telecommunications, radio and television broadcasting, newspapers
publishing, aviation transport, explosives.  In order to ensure the equilibrium of the economy, some
import/export items are subject to quotas which are allocated to well-established enterprises (themajority of them are State-owned). For reasons of security and preservation of national resources,
certain fields (exploitation of scarce minerals, sea cargo shipment and international tourism) are
subject to prescribed  requirements and the Prime Minister's prior approval. The State-own enterprises
have an advantage over other enterprises in satisfying these requirements as they are more capable
and well-established.
Regarding exclusive domestic distribution rights and access to capital, energy, transportation,
raw materials, or other inputs for the producti on process , the State-owned National Corporations
control the distribution network in some important fields such as petroleum, post and
telecommunications, cement, electricity, clean water supply, etc. and thus has the advantage in thesesectors. Other than that favourable treatment, State-owned enterprises have no preferential treatment
in respect of exclusive distribution right as well as subsidies (for example, the Law on Promotion of
Domestic Investment provides equal treatment for State-owned and private enterprises). On the one
hand, foreign-owned enterprises are subject to lower profit tax rate and import duty exemption for
equipment, machinery, parts, means of transport and materials imported for the purpose of capital
construction to establish the enterprise. On the other hand, they are subject to higher costs of utilities
(electricity and water) and land use right.
 As far as the land use right is concerned, as stipulated in the Law on Land issued in July 1993
and the Law on Foreign Investment, State-owned enterprises, private enterprises and wholly foreign-
owned are all entitled to lease land from the State and land use rights can be used by wholly State-
owned enterprises as capital contribution to joint-ventures. As a legacy of the past, the land used by
State-owned enterprises has been assigned to them for a long time. They thus can obtain quicker
procedures relating to land valuation for their contribution to the joint-ventures.
Unless otherwise indicated in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the answer to question 78, there is no
favourable treatment for State-owned enterprises in terms of access to capital resource, energy,
transport, raw material and other inputs for production process.
Question 17
It is stated that "it is required to construct the common and compatible regime giving equitable
treatment to both foreign and domestic investment with a view to offsetting the currentlyavailable privileges offered to foreign  investors" in section 2(a)(i) of WT/ACC/VNM/2. What
sort of privileges are given to foreign investors?
Answer
The preferential treatment provided by Vietnam to foreign investors in comparison with
domestic investors is illustrated by the following measures:
- Profit tax:
- domestic investment: 3 profit tax rates: 25 per cent for heavy industry, 35 per cent
for light industry and 45 per cent for the service industry. In addition, a surtax ofWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 12
25 per cent for non-government business entities or households and 30 - 40 per cent
for State-owned enterprises may be applied in case revenues exceed specified
ceilings;
- foreign investment: 4 profit tax rates: 10 per cent, 15 per cent, 20 per cent, and
25 per cent shall be applied on  the basis of business type and geographical location
of the enterprise.
- Exemption from or  reduction of profit tax:
- domestic investment:
- maximum possible preference: exemption from profit tax for 2 years
commencing from the first profit making year and a further possible
reduction of 50 per cent for the following 4 years,
- minimum possible preference:  a reduction of 50 per cent in the period of
2 years commencing from the first profit making year;
Domestic enterprises are allowed to carry forward for not exceeding 2 years.
- foreign investment:
- maximum possible preference: exemption from profit tax for 4 years from the
first profit making year and a reduction of 50 per cent in the following 4
years; 8 year-exemption in special cases,
- minimum possible preference: exemption from profit tax for 2 years from the
first profit making year and a reduction of 50 per cent for the following 2
years;
Foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to carry forward their losses in the following
5 years.
- Import duties:
- domestic investment: duty exemption only applies to infrastructure construction
projects, educational development projects and investments in mountainous regions
and offshore islands;
- foreign investment: before the Law on Foreign Investment was amended in 1996,
machinery, equipment and materials for capital construction under foreign investment
projects were exempted from import duty. After the amendment of the new Law on
Foreign Investment in Vietnam dated 12 November 1996, materials are no longer
qualified for the exemption, except those materials imported for implementation of
BOT, BTO, BT or specially encouraged projects.
- Individual income tax:
- Vietnamese citizens:  initial threshold for taxation is 2 million Dong; the highest
marginal tax rate is 60 per cent,WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 13
- foreigners: initial threshold for taxation is 5 million Dong; the highest marginal tax
rate is 50 per cent.
Please refer to the answer to question 105.
Question 18
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam is required to construct the
common and compatible regime giving equita ble treatment to both foreign and domestic
investment, with a view to offsetting the curr ently available  privileges offered to foreign
investors.
What further steps does Vietnam plan to take to harmonize the Law on Private Businesses, the
Law on Companies and the Law on Foreign Invest ment, to effect the policy of treating all
foreign and domestic businesses equally?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 7 and 17 herein which describe the differences in
treatment. The common tendency is to remove all discriminations.
Question 19
Could Vietnam provide information on the "important lines of activities"? Will the industry
sectors in which "large national corporations" operate include Vietnam's foreign trade
activities involving the importation of like-products?
Answer
The full and detailed list of important lines of activities has not yet been finalized.
Large national corporations do operate in sectors involving importation of like-products but
operate in accordance with commercial considerations in those areas unless they possess monopoly
and privileges as presented in the answer to question 14 and Annex 3 to documentWT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1. They must apply for the right to carry out import and export activities as
would any other enterprise in Vietnam.
Question 20
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the State has been abolishing the so-called
“line administration” mechanism, meaning to re move the direct monitoring and administration
of certain governmental agencies imposed on enterprises and the distinction between central
and local economic units.
What is the current relationship between former  "line" ministries and the enterprises they
monitored or administered, now that "line administration" has been abolished? Do any
contracts, projects, expenditures, promotions, or  hiring decisions of these enterprises continue
to require ministry approval? Please describe the line ministries participation and voting rights
on the management boards of the enterprises.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 14
Answer
The line ministries will partly do State-owner function in the enterprises. The enterprises are
empowered to make all decisions in respect of their business activities.
Please refer to the answers to questions 7 and 14.
Question 21
Please list all products, including HS numbers, and services that are subject to price controls in
Vietnam, at the central and local levels. How does Vietnam determine which products and
services will be subject to price controls?
Answer
The following products are subject to price control (HS numbers are currently not available):
- ceiling prices are set for products which have a great effect on the national economy such as:
petroleum, iron and steel, cement, etc.;  and
- minimum prices (which act as guidance prices for a particular period) are set for buying and
exporting some products such as paddy, rice, etc.).
Please refer to Annex 9 on price policies  (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) and the answers to
questions 162, 214 and 215.
The information on services subject to price controls will be sent to WTO Secretariat at an
appropriate time.
Question 22
Paragraph 7, page 7 refers. Could Vietnam please  provide a full list of those products (by
HS tariff line) on which price intervention is still maintained, together with a description of how
the price intervention mechanism op erates in each case?  Please provide details on plans for the
review and eventual elimination of such price intervention.
Answer
The price control mechanism is presented in Annex 9 of document WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1
and the answer to question 42.
Question 23
Please describe how and at what point of sale price controls are applied to domestic articles and
to imports.
Answer
Unless otherwise indicated in Annex 9 on price controls, price control measures, if applied,
are applied at export point (f.o.b. price), at import point (c.i.f. price) and retail points of goods or
services.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 15
Question 24
Paragraph 2, page 8. Could Vietnam please provide information on how regularly price settings
for products subject to price intervention a re reviewed and the criteria which are used to
determine the levels of any minimum, maximum or controlled prices set?
Answer
Reviewing the price, if necessary, is usually done at the beginning of the year or in case of
significant price fluctuation in the market. The price in international and domestic market, current and
forecast, supply-demand relationship are major basis for reviewing.
Question 25
Please confirm that all other prices for goods and services in every sector in Vietnam are
determined by market forces.
Answer
Apart from sectors and specific periods of time as mentioned in the answer to question 21,
where the administration exerts price control, market forces determine prices for goods and services in
Vietnam.
Question 26
Are services under any sort of price control? If so, please provide details of (a) the services
which are subject to price controls and (b) the form of the price control applied.
Answer
Yes. Please refer to the answer to questi on 21 herein and Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Details on services subject to price controls will be presented in the service section which will
be submitted to the WTO Secretariat in due course.
Question 27
Please identify all price controlled products and services for which foreign customers are
charged higher prices than domestic customers.
Answer
Prices of products and services for which foreign customers are charged higher prices than
domestic customers are:  electricity, airways and railways, water supply and sea-port charges.
Question 28
Describe and cite the domestic legal authority to apply the controls, the reasons these controls
are applied, and the conditions under which Vietna m expects to use controls in the future, such
as critical situations, monopolies, protection of consumers or abuse of dominant market position
by firms.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 16
Answer
The Government Pricing Committee is the govern ment agency which is responsible for the
management of prices policy in the domestic market.
At the provincial or city level, the Department of Finance and Pricing of the provincial or city
People's Committee undertakes the price management function.
The price control is aimed at monitoring monopoly and stabilizing the prices of products
having great inter-ministerial effects.
Several matters referred to in the question are under consideration. Vietnam will notify the
Secretariat in detail as soon as possible.
Please refer to Annex 9 on price control (W T/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1)  and the answer to
question 29 herein.
Question 29
Please confirm that after accession, price controls will be applied in a WTO-consistent fashion,
taking account of the interests of exporting WTO Members, as provided for by paragraph 9 of
Article III of the GATT.
Answer
Although goods and services subject to the price control are not numerous, the system of
price controls will undergo continuous reform with a view to reducing the direct intervention of the
Government in market prices and increasing an en terprise's self-determination in pricing practices in
the future.
After accession to the WTO, price controls will be applied consistently with Vietnam’s WTO
obligations.
Question 30
Does Vietnam have a regular schedule for reviewing the price levels set for products and
services? Does Vietnam publish a list of all goods and services subject to price controls, and the
price levels, in an official journal, such as a public gazette? How far in advance of
implementation are new price levels published?
Answer
Goods and services subject to price controls are set out in a list of products and services
subject to price control in Vietnam. The prices are reviewed and adjusted in light of production and
distribution costs and domestic and international prices. When price adjustments are made in respect
of goods and services of significance to public  consumption, the Government organizes a press
conference and makes a public announcement depending on the significance of the adjustment beforeimplementation.
Prices controlled by the Government are not published in the Official Gazette but can be
found in the daily Market and Price Bulletin.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 17
Question 31
Is Vietnam concerned about black market activity resulting from the use of controlled prices?
What is the estimated value of black market attributable to the price control system?
Answer
Generally, black market activities in Vietnam do not exist, or if they exist, are only on a
temporary and negligible scale.
Question 32
Please describe the process for the setting of prices or ceiling prices, for products such as
petroleum and fertilizer. What factors does Vietnam consider in setting the prices?
Answer
The setting of prices or indicative ceiling prices for petroleum and fertilizers, are made on the
basis of import prices and domestic production and distribution costs.
Please refer to the answers to questions 21 and 42.
Question 33
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the State maintains some price intervention
modalities applicable to some very selective items, which are considered sensitive to price shocks
and fluctuations in the market, and may cause undesirable effects to production and social life.
Please identify all items, including HS tari ff numbers, for which the Government maintains
price intervention modalities, whether or not cont rols are currently applied. For which of these
items has the Government made any price interventions in the past three years? Could Vietnam
specify the agricultural products which fall into  this category and provide more specific details
on the modalities employed for each commodity?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 21 and 42  and  also Annex 9
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
The list in HS code is not  available yet.
Question 34
Does the Government of Vietnam impose any restrictions on the importation or exportation of
these products and services in order to control the prices? Please describe any such import and
export restrictions that are used.
Answer
Yes. Please refer to the answers to questions 21 and 43 herein and Annex 9
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 18
Question 35
What modalities are available for the Government to use in making price interventions? Please
describe any modalities that apply to imported products.
Answer
The price stabilization fund applies to selected items. The fund mobilizes part of the price
difference resulting from abrupt and wide fluctuation of prices in international and domestic markets.
Please refer to the answer to questio n 21 and Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 36
Prices Policies of WT/ACC/VNM/2.  Even though the State has limited its intervention in price
setting, it is still free to take certain measures designed "to reconcile the supply-demand
relationship, to secure price stability, and to protect interests of producers and consumers".
How does Vietnam propose to achieve this goal while abiding by the WTO rules?  How much
longer does Vietnam intend to take this type of measure?
Answer
Direction to reform the price control mechanism:
Vietnam shall implement the above-mentioned price mechanism until the year 2000. Then, it
shall gradually reduce the number of items whose prices are directly determined by the Government.
The likely first candidates for the reduction of price control will be iron, steel, cement, paper, etc. Atthe same time, the price supervision shall be streng thened. The differential pricing applied to domestic
and foreign customers (for air fares, train fares, utilities (electricity and clean water costs)) will be
gradually reduced and eliminated.
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 37
Please provide some examples of how the Government of Vietnam has used regulations on the
use of land, natural resources and the State's property to control prices. How are these
regulations applied to foreign-owned businesses which have invested in Vietnam?
Answer
The Government authorities set the list of rent-rates applicable to different categories of land.
On the basis of the guidelines stipulated therein, the provincial-level administration determines the
specific rate of rent for the purpose of collection of rental fees, land use right transfer tax calculation
and compensation for land redemption. Natural resources are subject to natural resources royalties.
Foreign-invested enterprises in Vietnam pay rentals for using land and water surfaces.
Question 38
The Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) describes three forms of measures and modalities that
may be used to control prices at the macro-lev el. These forms include regulations on the use ofWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 19
land, natural resources and State property; minimum prices on certain export products and
maximum prices on selected import products; and control on price movements of some major
and key items which might have a great impact on production and social life.
How are imports subject to the these three form s of price control valued for customs purposes?
Does the customs valuation of these products conform to the price control applied, or is
valuation for customs purposes applied independently from the controlled price at which thegoods circulate in Vietnam's market?
Answer
The customs valuation on export-import goods is carried out in accordance with the Law on
Export-Import Taxation of Vietnam.
Pursuant to this Law, the customs value of export-import goods is the contract price, which is
legal and  in conformity with other relevant documents.
In practice, many trading fraudulent cases detected in prices such as contract declared prices
are much lower than the actual payment to the su pplier, especially for the goods subject to high
export/import duties and in huge volume, avoiding full duties, causing big losses to the State budget
or declared price much higher than actual price for goods contributed to joint-venture on purpose of
increasing shares in investment capital in joint-vent ures.  Therefore, in order to fight against trading
fraudulent practice in prices, the Government determines control over some commodity groups fortaxation purposes (mainly for goods with high duty, huge volume), based on average c.i.f. price and
valid for a certain period of time, adjusted  in accordance with the international average f.o.b. price.
The Ministry of Finance and the General Department on Customs and the Ministry of Trade
together determine the list of commodities subject to  government controlled prices  and issue the list
of minimum check prices on these commodities. The list of government price controlled commodities
to be adjusted time by time in order to meet management objectives set forth.  Previously, 9 groups of
goods were included in the list, then 18 groups, 34 groups and currently reduced to 21 groups  (please
refer to the answer to question 313).  For the import commodities under government controlled prices,
the customs valuation is carried out as follows:
- in principle, the contract price (c.i.f.) is applicable if it is formulated in legal contract and
equal or higher than the minimum import check price in the list;
- the list of minimum check prices issued by the Ministry of Finance will be applicable in case
goods imported without contract, payment made not through the banks or contract price is
lower than fixed in the list of minimum import check prices;
- contract prices of the materials imported for local production, meeting government
regulations can be accepted for taxation purpose.
Valuation for customs purposes is independently applied from the controlled prices at which
the goods are circulated in Vietnam’ market.
Question 39
How does "maximum import pricing" differ from the application of price controls on imports
discussed above?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 20
Answer
According to Article II of the Decree of the Vietnamese Government No. 33/CP On
Government Management of Import-Export Activities dated 19 April 1994, the Ministry of Trade
shall only establish the prices or modalities for setting the minimum price for exported goods and the
maximum prices for imported goods which are of prime importance to the Vietnamese economy or
are of large import-export turnover within a certain period such as fertilizer, petroleum, steel and ironor certain machinery and equipment of great value. This  mechanism of price controls applies just
temporarily on the above-mentioned items, not on all export-import goods of Vietnam.
Question 40
Does the Government of Vietnam impose any restrictions on the importation or exportation of
these products and services in order to control the prices? Please describe any such import and
export restrictions that are used.
Answer
No, Vietnam does not use import restrictions in order to control the prices.
Question 41
Please identify, including HS tariff numbers, all import products that may be subject to
maximum import pricing? Please identify all import products that have been subjected to
maximum import pricing in the past five years. For each item, please describe thecircumstances that precipitated the use of maxi mum import pricing and the period of time that
the products were subject to maximum import pr icing. Please provide the same information for
all export products that may be subject to minimum export pricing.
Answer
Maximum import pricing is stipulated in Decree No. 33/CP of the Government dated
19 April 1994. However, the list of products in HS code was not issued therewith. Please refer to the
answer  to question 42 for more details of actual implementation.
Please refer to Annex 9 of  WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
Question 42
We refer to price controls under which maximum prices are placed in imports (page 8 of the
Memorandum, document WT/ACC/VNM/2). We would appreciate details of:
-  the mechanism for setting ma ximum import prices;  and
-  what these maximum prices are related to?
Answer
According to Article II of Decree of the Vi etnamese Government No. 33/CP On  Government
Management of Import-Export Activities, dated 19 April 1994, the Ministry of Trade shall establish
the prices or modalities for setting the maximum price for certain imported goods which are of primeWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 21
importance to the Vietnamese economy within a certain period. This purely temporary mechanism of
price control does not regularly apply to Vietnam’s import-export trade.
The maximum import prices are imposed on large volume imports of certain products such as
fertilizer, petroleum, iron and steel and certain machinery and equipment.
The maximum import price for urea is based on the international prices and is applied in a
certain period of time (between the low and average international prices) in order to supply farmerswith the necessary urea quantity at reasonable prices.
Please refer to the answer to question 21.
Question 43
Please identify those "major and key items", in cluding HS tariff numbers, that may be subject
to control on price movements. Are imported and domestically-produced goods subject to price
movement controls on the same terms?
Answer
As a general rule, imported and domestically-produced goods are subject to the same price
control mechanism. The HS tariff numbers for these items are currently not available.
Please refer to the answer to questio n 21 and Annex 9 of  WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
Question 44
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Government may establish price
stabilization funds from charges on export/import prices with a view to partly balancing the
differences between international and domestic prices during price fluctuation periods. The
funds are used to cover interest on bank loans or to subsidize prices.
Other than coffee, please identify all products, including HS tariff numbers, that may be subject
to import/export charges for the establishment of price stabilization schemes. Under whatcircumstances can the Government establish the funds and assess import/export charges?
Answer
The price stabilization fund is triggered by abru pt and wide fluctuation of prices. Therefore,
the surcharge is only collected when wide price fluctuation results in abrupt price differences relating
to important goods.
During the last 3 years, the surcharge has been applied on a  time-limited basis to:
- imported products:  petroleum, some types of iron and steel and fertilizer;  and
-  exported products:  coffee, unprocessed cashew nut, rubber.
At the beginning of May 1997, the surcharge only applies to imported iron and steel and
exported unprocessed cashew nuts.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 22
Question 45
Please describe the mechanism for imposing the import and export charges. How is the amount
of these charges determined?
Answer
The Government decides or authorizes the Head of the Government Pricing Committee to
decide the items subject to surcharge and the amount of the surcharge. The applied rate of thesurcharge is normally between 30 to 70 per cent of the price differences.
Question 46
Please describe how the price stabilization schemes cover interest on bank loans. How does the
Government determine which loans will benefit fr om the interest subsidy? Are foreign investors
eligible for these interest subsidies?
Answer
The price stabilization fund finances part of the interest on bank loans for enterprises when
appointed to buy for national reserves with a view to  stabilising certain items' prices. In the last two
years, this fund has been applied to rice, urea and sugar. Currently, financing from the fund is only
provided to rice trading companies which borrow money from the commercial banks to purchase rice
for reserves and price stabilization purposes. The determination of enterprise enjoying interest support
shall be based on the actual requirements of a particular period of time and  region.
Any enterprise engaged in the products concerned can be eligible for interest support on bank
loans.
Question 47
How does the Government use the proceeds of the price stabilization funds to subsidize prices?
Does the Government make payments directly to producers? What terms apply to the grant ofthe price subsidies? Are any of the subsidies provided to producers of export products? Are
there any conditions linking export production to receipt of the subsidies?
Answer
So far, the Fund has been used to grant bank-interest support in a certain period to enterprises
appointed to increase paddy reserves over normal circulating time with a view to stabilising the
market.
Coffee-exporting enterprises, which have contributed surcharges to the fund upon exporting
during the period of international high pricing, coul d be covered part of the losses resulting from the
decrease in world market price. However the total amount to be covered is not in excess of  the pre-
contributed amount.
There is no condition linking export production to receiving support from the fund.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 23
Question 48
How are the import and export charges applied to coffee? Can the stabilization fund proceeds
derived from the coffee import/export charges be used for loan interest and price subsidies for
products other than coffee? Please provide specif ic details on the operation of this system. Does
Vietnam have plans to limit the coverage of this fund to coffee?
Answer
Currently, the surcharge is not applied to coffee as there is no abrupt or wide price
fluctuation.
Please refer to the answer to questio n 24 and Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Up to now, the amount of disbursement for a particular commodity has been limited to the
surcharge revenues collected from the same commod ity. In theory, it is allowed that surcharge
revenues from one commodity can be used to subsidize for another commodity.
Question 49
Does the Government of Vietnam make recommendations to the enterprises listed in
Appendix 5 of the Memorandum (A-Category National Corporations) with respect to the
pricing of their products and services?  To what  extent are the prices of goods produced and
distributed by these corporations controlled?
Answer
Enterprises of all economic sectors (including category A corporations) operating in Vietnam
are free to set the prices for their goods and services, except goods or services which are subject to a
pricing control mechanism.  Please see further details in Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 50
We note that Vietnam intends to introduce a price stabilization fund and reserves the right to
use such devices as price control mechanisms (section II.2(a)(iii) of WT/ACC/VNM/2).
(a) Could Vietnam provide a complete list of the imports and exports on which price
controls are currently imposed?
(b) Could Vietnam provide details of any pl ans it may have to phase out these price 
controls?
(c) Could Vietnam provide details of any plans it may have to impose price controls where
price controls currently do not exist?
Answer
Vietnam currently has no plans to expand the scope of products subject to price controls.
Please refer to the answer to questio n 21 and Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 24
Question 51
Please describe the operation of the price setting mechanism for foodstuffs.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 52  and also Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 52
Could Vietnam provide details of the regulations applying to markets for rice and sugar (page 8
of the Memorandum, document WT/ACC/VNM/2)?
Answer
In respect of rice, Vietnam applies the following measures:
- allocating rice export quota;
- applying tariff;
- allowing all economic sectors to engage in domes tic rice trading and to eliminating wholesale
taxes;
- introducing the indicative price frame applied to rice in the time when price fluctuation
occurs;
- providing preferential credits to some companies in order to purchase paddy rice from farmers
when the market price is lower than the minimum price or in the harvest season when supply
exceeds demand;
- selling certain quantity of paddy rice in State's stock in case of price upsurge resulting from
natural disasters, loss of crops, etc.
In respect of sugar:  In order to protect the interest of the farmers who engage in sugarcane
production, Vietnam maintains a policy encouraging domestic sugar production. Accordingly, import
quotas and tariffs of up to 35 per cent on imported sugar are imposed.
Question 53
What forms of price controls are being used?
Answer
For imports, exports and services, the following measures are being used:
- setting maximum prices for petroleum, cement, iron, steel and newsprint;
- approving the price of goods financed from State budget (currently the bidding mechanism is
applied);
- setting minimum prices for some agricultural products in certain periods of time.
The price control mechanism includes fixed prices, price ranges, maximum and minimum
price.  Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 54
Please provide detailed information on the ti metable foreseen for the elimination of price
controls.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 25
Answer
Direction to reform the price control mechanism:
Vietnam shall implement the above-mentioned price mechanism until the year 2000.
However, it shall gradually reduce the number of  items under price control. The likely first
candidates for the reduction of price control will be iron, steel, cement, paper, etc. At the same time
the price evaluation shall be reinforced. The price difference between domestic and foreign customers(air fares, train fares, utilities charges) will be gradually eliminated.
Question 55
Paragraph 6, page 36 refers to the operation of the Price Stabilisation Fund under which a
"non-tax surcharge"  is applied to selective impo rts and exports. Can Vietnam provide a full list
of the products affected by this measure (by HS tariff line) and comment on the compatibility of
this measure with Article VIII of the GATT?
Answer
The list of products to which a surcharge has been applied during the last 3 years has been
indicated in the answer to question 228. Please  see the information regarding the surcharge
mechanism in Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).  Howe ver, the list of these products by HS tariff
lines has not been collected.
Question 56
(a) What incentives and other measures is the Government of Vietnam using to stimulate a
shift of some agricultural production from  food crops to cash crops and fruit crops?
(b) Please describe the investments that the Government is using to promote intensive
farming, crop restructuring and application of new technologies.
Answer
(a) The Government encourages to maintain firmly rice cultivation areas. Fruit and industrial
crops  are only cultivated in the areas where the rice productivity is unstable and low.
(b) To promote the restructuring of agricultural production, the Vietnamese Government is
applying the following measures:
- determining particular areas where crops other than rice can be cultivated, providing
farmers with guidance on methods and models for upgrading fields for new crops;
- investing in researches on transfer of modern technology;
- providing new seed varieties and breeding stock for experiment before mass
production;
- providing credits to farmers to buy new seed varieties and to upgrade their fields;- investing in infrastructures (roads, irrigation works, etc.);WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 26
- providing credits for promoting the development of food processing industry;
- ensuring the availability of production materials;- investing in pest preventing research;  and- using supporting measures to stimulate the distribution of the surplus harvested
products when it is necessary.
Question  57
What measures are being used by the Government of Vietnam to develop aquaculture, fish
catching and processing facilities? Is Vietnam using the import and export licensing
requirements for aqua-cultural breeds, medicines, vaccines, activating substances, lobsters and
sea cods as measures to foster development of the fish industry?
Answer
The Government of Vietnam has put in place a comprehensive programme to promote the
development of the domestic and aqua-culture industries. The programmes rely to a large extent on
the provision of technical assistance by government experts to the above sectors, including a fisheriesextension system to provide training and to introduce new technology and management methods to
the fisheries sector. The Government has also promoted the development of infrastructure for the
fisheries industry including the construction of refrigerated facilities and facilities for the construction
and repair of fishing boats. The Government has encouraged as well  the introduction of new
technologies through the promotion of inward inve stment from both domestic and foreign sources. It
has also implemented new programmes aimed at improving sanitation and quality controls for
Vietnamese fish products in order to increase thei r marketability in international markets. In recent
two years, the Government has offered long-term loan s to fishermen to build firm fishing boats for the
increased fishing capability.
Vietnamese fishery is very much directed to the development of the fishing industry at the
local and artisanal level and the Government has concentrated its efforts in the area of support and
encouragement to fishermen and cooperatives engaged in the fishery and aqua-culture sectors.
The Government of Vietnam imposes import and export licences for aqua-cultural breeds,
medicines, vaccines, activating substances, lobsters and sea cods. These licensing requirements havebeen put in place for health protection reasons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in the aqua-
culture industry.
Question 58
Please describe the measures the Government is using to develop manufacturing, consumer
goods industries and export production industries. What role do export subsidies, tax
exemptions, interest-free loans and subsidized land and equipment play in this initiative?
Answer
The Vietnamese Government is using preferential tax measures to develop consumer
manufacturing industries and export production industries. In the current Vietnamese tax schedules,
there are provisions providing for reduction of and exemption from tax for a certain period of timeWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 27
commencing from the first operating day in respect of consumer goods manufacturing industries and
export production industries:
Law on Turnover Tax dated 30 June 1990:
- Article 2, paragraph 3:  products for exports are subject to tax exemption,
- Article 18, paragraph 3:  import substitution products are subject to a reduction of 50 per cent
of turnover tax for the period not exceeding 2 years.
Tariff rates usually applied to consumption products are in between 0 - 4 per cent.
Law on Excise tax dated 28 October 1995:
- Article 3: products subject to excise tax but are used for exports shall enjoy excise tax
exemption.
Law on Export-Import Tax, dated 5 July 1995:
- Article 10, paragraph 5: materials imported for the purpose of processing for re-export are
subject to tax exemption,
- Article 14, paragraph 4: materials imported for production of exports are subject to tax 
refunds.
Law on Profit Tax dated 30 June 1990:
- Article 22: enterprises and industries where investment is encouraged are subject to a tax
reduction of 50 per cent;
- Article 25: newly established enterprises are subject to exemption from profit tax for the first
2 years and a reduction of 50 per cent of profit tax for the following 2 years.
Law on Encouragement of Domestic Investment.
List of industries in sectors subject to investment incentives (preferential tax as stipulated in
Article 10 of the Law (Part IV: production for exports, Part V: production of  products forconsumption).
The Commercial Law also stipulates that the Government shall determine restriction
measures applied to imported products which could be produced domestically with a view to saving
foreign currency for importation of advanced equipment and technology.
Question 59
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam has been taking certain measures
to accelerate the privatization of certain State-owned enterprises. However, Appendix 4 to the
Memorandum indicates that the percentage share of total GDP coming from State-owned
enterprises actually increased from 1990 (32.5 per cent) to 1994 (42.2 per cent).
Please describe generally the enterprises and s ectors that have already been privatized. Which
sectors and enterprises does Vietnam ex pect to privatize in the near future?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 28
Answer
Due to inappropriate statistical methods, output  of joint-ventures between foreign companies
and State-owned enterprises is accounted for that of State-owned enterprises.
The Vietnamese Government is implementing a programme of "equitization" of State-owned
enterprises. The programme is in an early phase, 20 State-owned enterprises have been equitized so
far.
The above equitized enterprises are small in activity scale, but their businesses are run with
profits and they have positive development potential in term of capital scope and net income after
being equitized. In the near future the subjects of the equitization are small and medium enterprises.
The list of State-owned enterprises which have been equitized (up to 31 December 1997) is as
follows:
- United Joint-Stock Company - Transport Agency;
- Dong Giao Stone Exploitation Joint-Stock Company;- Hai Phong Bus Joint-Stock Company;
- Hiep An Footwear Joint-Stock Company;
- Refrigeration Equipment Joint-Stock Company;
- Honey Products Joint-Stock Company;
- Binh Dinh Shipyard Joint-Stock Company;- Long An Export-Processing Joint-Stock Company;
- Cattle Feed-Processing Joint-Stock Company;
- Ha Noi Wooden Products Joint-Stock Company;
- Nam Mo Joint-Stock Company (cosmetics);
- Hai Duong Joint-Stock Trading Company;-  Cable and Communications Materials Factory (SACOM);
- Bach Tuyet Paint Company;
- Traditional Medicines Factory of District 5;
- Seaprodex Danang;
- Saigon Cosmetics Company;- Bach Tuyet Cotton Company;
- Saigon Joint-Stock Hotel Company;
- Minh Hai Seafood Joint-Stock Company.
The number of the State-owned enterprises slated for equitization is 78.
In the past, for experiment, equitization of State-owned enterprises was carried out on a
voluntary basis. From May 1996 wi th the Degree No. 28CP on equitization, the equitization is carried
out on a selective basis. In order to speed up the equitization process some additional measures are
under consideration.
At present, the economic sectors or types of enterprises that will undergo equitization have
not yet been defined. Vietnam is planning to classify State-owned enterprises into different categories
including enterprises that can be equitized.
Question 60
What measures have been taken or will be taken to privatize certain State-owned enterprises?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 29
Answer
Prior to 1996, the course of equitization had been carried out for experiment and on a
voluntary basis. From 1996, Decree No. 28/CP has directed to undertake the course on selective basis,
concentrating on small and medium enterprises. Many detailed measures are under consideration.
In March 1997, the ministries, provincial people's committees and cities under the Central
Government  allowed by the Government to decide on equitization of the enterprises with capital lessthan 10 billion Dong (previous figure was 3 billion Dong).
On 1 December 1997, the Government set up two working teams led by one deputy Prime-
Minister for assisting the Government to direct the Master Plan on reorganisation of SOEs in Hanoi
and Ho Chi Minh city, including equitization.
Please refer to the answer to question 59.
Question 61
Privatization plans (WT/ACC/VNM/2). Please supply details concerning the specific measures
that the Government intends to take to speed up the privatization of certain State-owned
enterprises.
Answer
Vietnam is shifting from voluntary equitizat ion to compulsory equitization by defining
equitizing sectors, strengthening the leadership of equitization management boards, offeringincentives to equitized enterprises and their employees.
Please refer to the answers to questions 59 and 60 herein.
Question 62
Please describe the procedures used by Vietnam to implement its programme of privatization.
Are foreigners allowed to participate in this privatization under the same terms and conditionsavailable to domestic investors?
Answer
The procedure to equitize a State-owned enterprise:
Step 1:  Preparatory phase (selecting an enterprise, establishing equitization management board).
Step 2:  Project development.Step 3:  Approval and implementation of the project.
Step 4:  Shareholders meeting for approval, business registration.
The Government is currently considering publishing a pilot regulation on the sale of shares in
equitized enterprises to foreign parties. However, there is no specific regulation on the same terms and
conditions available to domestic investors and foreigners participating in these equitization.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 30
Question 63
Will foreign investors be able to participate in these privatization on an equal footing with
national investors?
Answer
The Government is currently considering publishing a pilot regulation on the sale of shares in
equitized enterprises to foreign parties.
For the time-being, there's no decision or certain plan on this issue.
Question 64
We would appreciate more details on Vietnam’s privatization plans.
Answer
The list of equitized companies is provided in the answer to question 59.
Vietnam is shifting from voluntary to compulsory equitization applicable to profitable SOEs
on a selective basis.  One-hundred and fifty enterprises are to be equitized in 1998.
Please refer to the answers to questions 59, 60 and 61.
Question 65
When State enterprises are privatized, are fo reign investors accorded national treatment?
Answer
National treatment for foreign investment does not depend on equitization and it is under
consideration.
Privatized shares are being sold to foreign parties on trial basis only; no official legal
regulation has been issued yet.
Question 66
Does Vietnam have plans to privatize the Viet nam Southern Food Corporation, the Vietnam
Northern Food Corporation, the Vietnam Nation al Coffee Export-Import Corporation or the
Vietnam National Tobacco Corporation?
Answer
At present, the Government is promoting equi tization of small- and medium-size State-owned
enterprises on an experimental basis. As the above enterprises are large national corporations, there isa plan to privatize some enterprises - members of the Large National Corporations.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 31
Question 67
Paragraph 6, page 11 refers to State interest in constructing large "...national corporations
specialising in certain important lines of activi ties". Can Vietnam explain what sectors would be
affected by such plans and what policies would be involved?
Answer
The main principle pursued by the Government in establishing major national corporations  is
to consolidate resources and at the same time to avoid a monopoly.
In general, the creation of these large national corporations will be achieved through mergers
of corporations which have the same interests and technology. They have great market shares and
trade volume but not all of them operate in the important lines of activities. Major national
corporations are established under Decision No. 91TTg and their members shall be decided by the
Government.
Other corporations operating in different sectors of economy and stabilised on a voluntary
basis by relevant ministries or provincial people's committees are smaller in term of business scale.
Major national corporations operate in the same footing with enterprises of other forms of
ownership except for the sectors which are formulated.
Question 68
We would be grateful if Vietnam could explain the passage in the Memorandum (section
II.2(a)(v), page 11 of document WT/ACC/VNM/2) stating "...the Government advocates to
construct some large national corporations specializing in certain important lines of activities".
(a) Is this a reference to privatization of State-owned enterprises?
(b) Could Vietnam provide information on the "important lines of activities"?
(c) Will the industry sectors in which "lar ge national corporations" operate include
Vietnam's foreign trade activities involving the importation of like-products?
(d) Will these "large national corporations" be government monopolies in their designated
areas of activities or will they be private monopolies?
(e) What means will be used to construct thes e "large national corporations" in each area
of activity?
(f) Could Vietnam provide an assurance that  the means used to construct these "large
national corporations" will be fully consistent with the obligations Vietnam will assume
as a future WTO Member under GATT Article XVII?
Answer
(a) The establishment of Large National Corporations (LNC) is a part of the reorganisation of
State-owned enterprises. The equitization of enterprise members of LNC is under consideration. The
sectors of important lines of activities LNC operate are the driving force of national economy and
require huge investment.
The important lines of activities decided by the Government include infrastructure such as
electricity, post and telecommunication, petroleum,  energy, railways, maritime transport, cement
production and trading, steel and iron, etc.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 32
The full list of important lines of activities has not been formulated. No privilege on foreign
trade is given to these sectors unless otherwise indicated in the Memorandum or answers to other
questions.
(b) Some national corporations operate in areas where State monopolies are maintained such as
electricity supply and postal and telecommunication services. Others operate in areas with
competition with enterprises of other types. The name s of these enterprises are listed in Appendix 5 of
document WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
(c) The main principle pursued by the Government in establishing large national corporations  is
to consolidate resources and at the same time to avoid monopolies. The number of LNCs has been
reduced by  60 per cent compared with that in 1990.
(d) In general, the creation of these large national corporations will be achieved through mergers
of corporations which have similar interests, technology, encouraging traditional and diversifying
business activity. Major national corporations are established under Decision No. 91/TTg and theirmembers shall be decided by the Government. Other corporations operating in different sectors of
economy and stabilised on voluntary basis by relevant ministries or provincial people's committees
are smaller in terms of business scale.
Large National Corporations operate in the same footing as other enterprises except for the
published sectors where a monopoly is retained.
Up to now, there are 18 LNCs only in the following fields:
- electricity;
-c o a l ;
-  cement;
-  marine transport;-  aviation;
-  petroleum;
-  post and telecommunications;
-  rubber;
-  steel;-  coffee;
-  cigarettes;
-  paper;
-  textiles and garments;
-  food (2 LNCs);-  chemicals;
-  gold and precious stones;
-  shipbuilding industry.
(e) The Government of Vietnam intends to fully comply with all of its obligations once it
becomes a Member of the WTO.
Question 69
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Government is planning to construct
some large national corporations specializing in certain important lines of activities.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 33
In what sectors will the new large national co rporations do business? Has the Government yet
determined any of the lines of activities in wh ich these corporations will be engaged? Have any
of the corporations already been created? What  ownership interest will the Government retain
in these corporations? Will the Government provide any concessionary financing to these
corporations? Will foreign firms be allowed to co mpete in the same sectors as the large national
corporations?
Answer
Large national corporations (LNCs) of Group A are listed in Appendix 5 of
WT/ACC/VNM/2.
Large national corporations become not 100 per cent State capital as they also comprise of
joint-ventures and equitized members.
Acting as the owner, the Government could allocate capital or additional capital to the LNCs.
All SOEs using State capital shall pay "capital us e tax" annually with tax rate in between 3.6 -
 6 per cent per year, depending on industries (the proportion of capital contribution to a joint-venture
is excluded).
On the same footing as other enterprises, large national corporations may receive subsidies,
price subsidies or other State preferential schemes if they carry out production and/or supply services
for remote mountainous regions, natural disasters fighting and for the purpose of national defence,
security, public welfare activities, etc. Preference is given also if LNCs face losses in supplyinggoods or services at prices fixed by the Government lower than production costs.
Question 70
It is stated that "the State of Vietnam also recognizes the ownership to fixed assets (except land
ownership) of non-resident foreigners in Vietnam". Do resident foreigners have the right ofownership of fixed assets?
Answer
As stated in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), in principle, the State of Vietnam
recognizes the ownership of fixed assets of foreigners during their residency in Vietnam. These rights
are entailed in the Law on Land dated 14 July 1993.
Question 71
Vietnam has officially recognized the long-term land use right of farmers, including the transfer
of land use rights as provided by law.
Please describe the long term land use rights. What conditions must be satisfied in order to
obtain the long term use rights? Are long term  use rights available to foreigners, under the same
terms and conditions as apply to Vietnamese nati onals? Are long term land use rights available
for investors not engaged in farming?
Answer
Unlike other countries maintaining private land ownership, Vietnamese Law provides that
land belongs to the people and is uniformly managed by the State.  The Government allocates land
use rights to family units, individuals and enterprises. Subject to land use tax, Vietnamese nationalsWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 34
may acquire long term land-use rights. Land use right is not allocated to foreigners. They are
permitted to lease the land only. The Land Law which was adopted on 14 July 1993 and entered into
force from 15 October 1993 provided as follows:
Article 73:
"Land users shall have the following rights:
1. To be issued with a certificate of the right to use land;2. To benefit from the results of their  labour and their investment on the land allocated;3. To transfer the right to use the land in accordance with the provisions of the law;
4. To enjoy the benefits derived from public projects of land protection and improvement;
5. To receive government guidance and assistance in the process of land improvement and
replenishment;
6. To enjoy State protection against the infringement of their legitimate land use rights; to be
indemnified for actual losses incurred in the event th at the land currently used by them is claimed
back;
7. To contribute their land use right for production and business cooperation in accordance with
the law and the purposes their land use right; and
8. To make complaints in respect of, or to denounce conducts which violate their legitimate land
use rights and other conducts which violate the Land Law."
Land users enforce their rights during the period when they enjoy the use of the land allocated
to them and they must strictly comply with the purposes for which the land is allocated to them in
accordance with provisions of the Law on Land and other related regulations.
Article 79:"The land users shall have the following obligations:
1. To ensure that land is used strictly in acco rdance with its intended purpose, that its use is
confined within its allocated boundaries and complies with all other conditions stipulated at the timeof allocation;
2. To ensure land protection and to take necessary measures to increase the benefit capability of
the land;
3. To comply with the regulations relating to environment protection and protect the legitimate
interests of users of adjacent land;
4. To pay taxes for the land use right and for the transfer of the land use right; and to pay
cadastral fees as required by the laws;
5. To pay fees for land use when the land is allocated as provided by the law;
6. To compensate previous users from whom land is withdrawn for reallocation; andWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 35
7. To return the land when there is a decision of the State to claim it back."
Long term land use rights are not applied to foreigners. Allocation of land for rent to foreign
organizations and individuals, international organizations (herein after shall be referred to as
foreigners)  and Vietnamese nationals residing abroad is decided by the Government.
Foreign organizations and individuals lease the land in Vietnam through land lease contracts.Foreign organizations permitted by the Government of Vietnam to lease land shall have the
following rights:
1. To use the land in accordance with the purpose of lease and for the duration of the lease;
2. To construct projects on leased land in accordance with permits issued by competent State
bodies of Vietnam;
3. To own the constructed project on the leased land during the lease period. The ownership for
such projects upon the expiry of the lease period shall be determined by the provisions of the land
leasing contact;
4. To have their lawful rights to use the land protected by the State of Vietnam; and5. To lodge complaints, or to notify authorities in respect of any breach or violation of their
lawful rights to use land.
In addition to the rights referred to above, foreign organizations shall enjoy other rights
conferred to them in international treaties to which the Government of Vietnam and the governmentof the relevant country of origin are signatories, or  any other rights provided for in the land leasing
contract pursuant to the laws of Vietnam.
Article 7:"Foreign individuals, organizations and Vietnamese people residing abroad investing in
Vietnam pursuant to the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam and permitted by the Government of
Vietnam to lease land for agriculture or non-agriculture purpose shall have the following rights:
1. To enjoy the fruits of their investment on the leased land;2. To mortgage at a Vietnamese bank the right to use the leased land and the value of any asset
on that land which they themselves have invested in or constructed during the lease period, in
accordance with the  laws of Vietnam;
3. In cases where foreign organizations or individuals are  permitted to invest in the construction
of  infrastructure in export processing zones and industrial zones, such organizations or individuals
shall have the right to sublease the land on which the completed infrastructure is constructed in
accordance with regulations of the Government of Vietnam;
4. To be entitled to the benefits of public works in respect of  land protection and improvement;5. To enjoy protection of their legal rights to use land by the State of Vietnam;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 36
6. To lodge complaints or to notify authorities in respect of any breach or  violations of  their
lawful rights to use land; and
7. To be given priority upon review of continuation of the lease when the lease period expires (if
they so request)."
Article 8:"Foreign individuals and organizations leasing land in Vietnam shall have the following
obligations:
1. To use the land in accordance with the purpose stated in the land leasing contract and other
relevant provisions;
2. To carry out all financial obligations related to  the leasing of the land in accordance with the
provisions of the law of Vietnam;
3. To comply with all provisions of the laws of Vietnam in respect of construction and
environmental protection, and to avoid carrying out any activity against the interests of the State ofVietnam and which has adverse effects on surrounding land users, to comply with all inspections of
land usage carried out by competent State bodies of Vietnam;
4. To not damage the land or devalue the land;5. To return to the Government of Vietnam an y unused land in accordance with the provisions
of the laws of Vietnam and any agreement reached between the Government of Vietnam and the
lessee."
Please refer to the answer to question 113.
Question 72
Vietnam does not recognize the ownership to land and forestry. Does Vietnam have any plans to
modify this policy in the near future?
Answer
At present, the Vietnamese Government is in the process of considering possible additions
and amendments to the Law on Land dated 14 July 1993. Details of additions and amendments are not
available.
Question 73
Does Vietnam have plan to upgrade its road transportation?
Answer
Vietnam has plan a to upgrade its road transportation according to the economic development
level, particularly  as follows:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 37
During the period from 1996 to 2000: Vietnam will concentrate on improving and upgrading
existing national road networks, specially those in urban and industrial areas. In addition, investment
is made partly to expand asphalt  roads networks to all districts throughout the country.
(b) Monetary and fiscal policies
Monetary, credit and foreign exchange policies
Question 74Please describe how the Government uses its monetary policy to direct funds to sectors where
production and service activities bring high return, generate more employment and contribute
to better economic growth?
Answer
The Government uses monetary policy as a tool to provide capital in the manufacturing and
services industries which bring a high return, generate more employment and contribute to better
economic growth, particularly as follows:
- credit policy is published annually, in order to clearly indicate priority industries which
require greater amounts of  capital or other forms of credits along with obligatory provisions
of credit by commercial banks and borrowers  in order to impose strict credit conditions with
a view to ensuring  more efficient and secure use of bank credits;
- the Government controls credit flows to the economy in order to control inflation. However,
credit limitations are not applied to sectors which are efficient and essential to the economy,
i.e., production, purchasing, processing of  foodstuffs, production for exports and medium-
and long-term credits;
- for large-scale projects in the field of infrastructure which contribute to faster economic
growth, the Government may provide guarantees  or give preferences on lending conditions,
for example, less restrictions on loan amount and  security requirements for loans.
Interest rate policy is also flexible in application in terms of interest rate with reasonable
ceiling limitation. Loans are provided to encourage en terprises to borrow for investment in approved
feasible projects; preferential interest rates for  loans from Government budget resources (0.3 per cent
lower than the market rate/month) are provided for investment projects under the Government's
investment plans or under investment progra mmes under the Law on Encouragement of Domestic
Investment; the ceiling interest rate for rural areas is higher than for urban areas in order to provide
incentives for the commercial banks to increase the lend ing for these areas;  loan rates for the poor are
lower than the market rates in order to contribute to the eradication of hunger and reduction of
poverty.
Question 75
Please describe the system of foreign currency ex change controls that is being used in Vietnam.
How does the Government intend to use the fore ign currency exchange controls to encourage
exports?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 38
Answer
Measures of foreign exchange controls are as follows:
- Vietnamese organizations and individuals can transfer convertible currencies abroad to pay
for imports of goods and services;
- organizations can buy foreign currencies when  there is a requirement for payment of current
account transaction, with the exceptions for certain foreign-invested enterprises which must
balance their foreign currency needs pursuant to the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam
dated 12 November 1996;
- enterprises possessing foreign currency can open and maintain foreign currency accounts in
banks for  overseas payments or sales to the bank according to the enterprise’s requirements.
Question 76
How much debt do government-sector enterprises owe to commercial banks in Vietnam? Please
provide annual statistics for new lending and for debt servicing. Are financial institutions
including insurance companies, required to provide certain minimum amounts of the productsto government-sector enterprises?
Answer
The debts which State-owned enterprises owe to the commercial banks are as follows:
-  1995:  24,078 billion Dong, accounting for 57 per cent of total outstanding debt;
-  1996:  26,809 billion Dong, accounting for 52 per cent of total outstanding debt.
Financial organizations, including insurance companies, are not required to provide loans to
State-owned enterprises. Borrowing and lending to en terprises in all sectors is conducted, de facto and
de jure , on the same footing.
Question 77
How does the Government of Vietnam or the State Bank of Vietnam enforce the prohibition on
commercial lending to enterprises other than  "profit-making enterprises"? Do commercial
banks have to obtain approvals of loan applications from the Government or State Bank of
Vietnam?
Answer
 According to credit rules promulgated by the State Bank of Vietnam, a borrower shall be a
profit-making enterprise,  an enterprise receiving  subsidies or an  enterprise without overdue debts.
Commercial banks, however, may consider resche duling when a borrower could not make scheduled
payments due to objective difficulties.
Lending is based on commercial principles and the law does not  require approval by the
Government or the State Bank of Vietnam.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 39
Question 78
Why are foreign-invested enterp rises required to be self-suffi cient for their foreign currency
needs and domestic enterprises are not? What process must foreign investment enterprises
follow to purchase foreign currency and what documentation are they required to produce?
What deregulation in this area is the Government of Vietnam considering?
Answer
These provisions originate from:
- weak foreign currencies reserve of Vietnam;
- objectives of attracting  foreign investment for the export oriented production in order to
generate foreign currencies, increase foreign currency reserve and assure better debt payment
ability.
Therefore, when the investment licence is granted, based on the type of business of the
enterprise with foreign-invested capital, the Minist ry of Planing and Investment determines in detail
the obligation of self-sufficient in foreign currencies of enterprises with foreign-invested capital in
their investment licences.
Some incentive policies under the provisions of Article 33 of the Law on Foreign Investment
in Vietnam, dated 12 November 1996 and particular cases shall be outlined below.
Procedures for buying foreign currencies of the enterprises with foreign-invested capital:According to existing regulations of the State Bank on the sales of foreign currency to
enterprises with foreign investment, the obligation of self-sufficient in foreign currencies shall be
applied to two categories:
1. Enterprises which specialize in the production of products under import substitution
programmes and products for infrastructure that are on prescribed lists of the Ministry of Planning andInvestment, purchase foreign currency at commercial banks to meet reasonable commercial
requirements.
2. Enterprises with foreign investment, other than those under paragraph 1 above, who are not
meeting their foreign currency requirements may also apply, when facing difficulties, to the State
Bank for foreign exchange sufficient to meet their actual needs. Such applications are considered on a
case-by-case basis and are subject to foreign currency availability.
The file applied for buying foreign currencies shall consist of:
- an application to buy foreign currency;
- a copy of the investment licence;
- a notarized copy of the export/import licence issued by the Ministry of Trade;- a report on foreign currency requirements during the current year;  and
- a report on the implementation of the licensed invested capital.
Based on approval of the State Bank, the commercial banks are permitted to trade in foreign
currency under existing regulations on foreign exchange control.
Banks selling foreign currency to enterprises must  directly transfer the currency to the foreign
bank account of the transferee.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 40
Banks are not permitted to transfer money into domestic foreign currency accounts.
Along with implementation of the policy of gradual liberalization of foreign exchange
restrictions on current account, the Vietnamese Government plans to narrow down gradually and then
eliminate the requirement of self-sufficiency in foreign currencies for enterprises with foreign-
invested capital
Question 79
Under section II.2(b)(i) of document WT/ACC/VNM/2, Vietnam states that it intends to
accelerate the establishment of markets wh ere financial investments can be traded. The
competitive conditions created by well-functionin g capital market should help to efficiently
direct finance to where it is needed in Vietna m' s economy and also complement efforts to
mobilize saving for development.
Could Vietnam be more precise about realistic frames for setting up capital markets?
Answer
Interbank markets for domestic and foreign currency were established in 1993 and 1994, and
the activities of these have now been expanded.
A State Securities Commission was establis hed in November 1996. This Commission is
responsible for the establishment and development of stock markets in Vietnam. It shall also perform
the function of State management and supervision of the activities of stock markets in Vietnam. Adraft Ordinance on Securities and Securities Market has been drafted and is planned to be issued.
Additionally, Vietnam is promoting the establishment of securities companies and
accelerating the equitization process.
Question 80
Please give a more detailed overview on which foreign exchange transactions on the balance of
current account (export, import of goods or services) are freely permitted, to residents and/or to
foreigners, or permitted under which conditions.
Answer
Foreign exchange transactions on current account for export-import transactions of goods or
services are freely carried out except certain enterprises with foreign-invested capital which have theobligation of self-sufficiency in their foreign currencies needs under the Law on Foreign Investment
in Vietnam.  Please refer to the answer to question 78 for additional information.
Direct foreign investment transactions shall be carried out after the investment licence from
the Ministry of Planning and Investment is granted.
Capital borrowing transactions shall be carried out after the document of the State Bank
which confirms the borrowing terms and conditions for the resident is issued.
Residents (Vietnamese nationals and foreigners resident for more than 6 months) are allowed
to open and maintain deposit accounts, payment accounts in Vietnamese Dong and foreign currencies
at banks operating in Vietnam.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 41
Question 81
Do investors face restrictions on cross-border capital movements?Answer
Under Article 22 of the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam foreign investors are
permitted to transfer abroad their investment cap ital.  When the enterprise with foreign-invested
capital is terminated or dissolved, foreign organisation and individuals are allowed to transfer theirinvested and re-invested capital after all debts are liquidated. In case the transferring amount is higher
than the initial invested and re-invested capital, the different amount shall be transferred only after
approved by the issuing investment licence authority.
Question 82
Please give a more detailed overview on which ca pital transactions (foreign direct investment,
portfolio investment, granting of loans, deposit-making, etc.) are freely permitted, to residents
and/or to foreigners, or permitted under which conditions.
Answer
In accordance with the existing Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam, only foreign direct
investment is permitted. No form of portfolio investment is allowed.
(a) Direct investment:
Non-residents are encouraged to invest directly in Vietnam under the Law on Foreign
Investment. Foreign-invested capital is divided into two parts:
- legal capital:  To be contributed by an investor in accordance with investment licence.
- loans: Foreign loans shall be  registered by an enterprise with the State Bank of Vietnam.
Foreign-invested enterprises shall report to the State Bank of Vietnam on disbursement of
invested capital.
Direct investment by residents abroad shall be approved by the Government.
(b) Portfolio investment:
Portfolio investment by non-residents into Vietnam shall be approved by the State Bank of
Vietnam on case-by-case basis.
So far no regulations on overseas portfolio investments by residents have been issued.
(c) Foreign borrowing:1. Enterprises owned by all economic sectors are allowed to contract foreign loans, provided
that they satisfy conditions and are responsible for debt service. A foreign loan contracted by an
enterprise shall be certified by the State Bank of Vietnam that it is under the approved ceiling of total
foreign borrowing.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 42
2. An enterprise contracting a foreign lo an shall satisfy the following conditions:
- it is a legal entity under Vietnam's Laws;
- it is in a sound financial conditions (without tax arrears or overdue debt to banks);
- having feasible project approved by relevant authorities;
- obtaining a bank guarantee (if required by creditor);
- having draft loan contract with acceptable terms and conditions.3. So far no regulations on lending by residents to non-residents have been issued.
(d) Account opening:
Residents and non-residents are allowed to open accounts in foreign currency with foreign-
exchange authorized banks in Vietnam.
Opening of account abroad by residents requires approval from the State Bank of Vietnam.
Regarding direct investment, the Law on for foreign investment and Decree No. 12/CP
provides for transfer of invested capital and banking services as follows:
(e) Transfer of invested capital:
The transfer of invested capital of the enterp rises with foreign investment is stipulated in
details as follows:
Parties to the joint-venture are entitled to tran sfer their share in the joint-venture, but the
preferences should be given to the other parties in th e joint-venture. In case of transferring to parties
other than those in the joint-venture, the conditions on this transfer shall not be more favourable than
those on the transfer to parties in the joint-venture. The transfer shall be approved by other parties in
the joint-venture.
These regulations are also applied on the transfer of rights and obligations of parties to BCC.
1. Conditions on transfer of invested capital only takes effect when the state agency in charge of
foreign investment approves the contract on transfer of invested capital.
2. If there is a profit arisen from transfer, the transferor is subject to profit tax rate of 25 per cent.
If the transferee is a Vietnamese enterprise, the transferor may enjoy tax exemption or reduction.
(f) Loaned capital and other banking transaction:
The enterprises with foreign-invested capital are entitled to conduct banking transaction at
Vietnamese bank, joint-venture bank or branches of foreign bank located in Vietnam. In some
circumstances, if the State bank approves, the transaction may be conducted on the loan account at a
foreign bank for the purpose of receiving loaned capital.
(g) Remittance:
Foreign investors in Vietnam are permitted to transfer aboard the profits derived from
business activities, payment received from the provision technology services, the principal andWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 43
interest on any foreign loan obtained during the c ourse of operation; invested capital and other assets
lawfully owned after fulfilling tax obligation.
Upon termination of enterprises, the foreign organization or individuals may remit invested
capital and re-invested capital after paying all tax.
In case that the amount of remitted capital is higher than the initial invested and re-invested
capital, the difference is only permitted to be transferred if approved by the origination issuinginvestment licence.
Question 83
Can all transfers relating to foreign investments be made in a freely convertible currency
(including remittance of profits)?
Answer
Yes.
Question 84
Page 13 refers. What plans does Vietnam have in respect of international convertibility of the
Vietnamese Dong?  Paragraph 12, page 46 ref ers to consideration being given to making
enterprises "self-responsible" for covering thei r foreign currency needs. Can Vietnam explain
what is meant by this and comment on the co mpatibility of such a policy with the TRIMs
Agreement and Article XI of the GATS?
Answer
Making the Vietnamese Dong convertible for current account transactions is Vietnam's goal.
However, no specific timetable has been finalized.
Article 33 of the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam provides "Foreign-invested
enterprises and foreign partners in business cooperation contract are responsible for foreign currencyneeds in their operations".
The Vietnamese Government, however, guarantees supply of foreign exchange for
infrastructure projects, projects producing essential import-substitution goods and some other
important projects.
For other foreign-invested enterprises, the State Bank of Vietnam may consider partial
support in terms of foreign exchange if they face di fficulties in meeting their foreign exchange needs.
The following is the plan to make the Vietnamese Dong convertible:
- to increase production, maintain high and stable economic growth rate;
- in order to reach such goal that only Vietname se currency to be used for transaction in the
territory of Vietnam, the State bank is promulgating regulations reducing scope oftransactions where foreign currency to be used. In the meantime, increase the foreign
exchange reserves of the Government;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 44
- to decrease the current account deficit;
- the State bank gradually enters and trades in international monetary markets;
- to consolidate inter-bank foreign exchange market with a view to collect necessary
information for the purpose of market-based exchange rate;
- to manage the rate of exchange in the line with  market situation;
- Vietnam is considering to ease current regulations on self-sufficiency for foreign currency,
taking into account of the country's hard currency reserves.
Tax policy
Question 85
Could Vietnam provide information on the areas of the economy where it is considered
necessary or desirable to impose State control a nd taxation of foreign trade, including through
tariff and non-tariff measures?
Answer
The trade policy of Vietnam including tariff and non-tariff measures have been adjusted.
Vietnam will provide the required information to Working party as soon as it is able to do so.
Question 86
What steps does Vietnam intend to take to improve the transparency of the tax system?
Answer
Vietnam had carried out the first phase of tax reform process from 1990 and recently has
moved to the second phase. One of the most important objectives of the current phase is to make the
tax system clear, simple, easy for understanding, implementing and supervising in order to enhance
the transparency of the tax system. The making of new tax regulations to the public in national scale
shall improve the consciousness of the tax payers.
The second phase of tax reform process commenced at the beginning of 1995.
On 5 October 1995 the Vietnamese National Assembly issued:
- the Law on Value-Added Tax (VAT) which shall replace the existing Law on Turnover Tax
issued on 30 June 1990;
- the Law on Corporate Income Tax which shall replace the existing Law on Profit Tax issued
on 30 June 1990.
These two new laws shall come into effect on 1 January 1999. The following works are
proceeded:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 45
- to submit to the National Assembly certain amendments to other tax laws in order to make
them compatible with the Law on Value-Added Tax and the Law on Corporate Income Tax;
- to prepare to submit to the National Assembly a Law on Personal Income Tax which shall
replace the Ordinance on Income Tax for High Income Earners dated 19 May 1994; and
- to modify the existing Ordinance on Natural Resources Tax and thereafter replace it by a law
on natural resources tax.
Question 87
Will Vietnam commit to not apply the retroactive principle in the application of new tax
rulings?
Answer
As usual, when a new tax law is issued and replaces a previous tax law the tax payers shall be
subject to the newly issued law from the date of its coming into force.
Retroactive principle is not applied when new tax rulings enter into force.
Turnover Tax and Value Added Tax
Question 88
What is the current status of the shift from a turnover tax system to a value-added tax system?
When does Vietnam expect to implement the value-added tax system? Will the turnover tax
system remain in place after implementa tion of VAT during a transition period?
Answer
The Law on VAT was adopted by the National Assembly on 10 May 1997 and is planned to
come into force on 1 January 1999. Once the Law on VAT is in force, the turnover tax will no longer
be applied.
Question 89
Does the turnover tax apply to imported products? Are imported agricultural products subject
to the turnover tax? Does the turnover tax apply to imported products subject to excise taxes?
Answer
Under the provisions of the Law on Turnover Tax, imported products distributing in the
domestic market for commercial purposes shall be subject to turnover tax.
Imported agricultural products distributing in the domestic market for commercial purposes
shall also be subject to turnover tax.
Imported products which are subject to excise tax shall be imposed excise tax at the border
and shall be imposed turnover tax when they are distributed  in the domestic market for commercial
purposes.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 46
Question 90
Please describe the procedures used by the tax authorities to exempt the production of export
goods from the turnover tax. Which products are eligible for the turnover tax exemption? Are
refunds made of turnover tax collected on the production of component parts incorporated into
export goods?
Answer
The Law on Turnover Tax will be replaced by the VAT as from 1 January 1999.
Question 91
Do all exported goods qualify for the refund of value added tax? Does the VAT refund for
exported goods apply without regard to the country of destination?
Answer
All exported products are qualified for the refund of VAT regardless of the country of
destination.
Question 92
Please describe any differences in the rates or coverage of the VAT with respect to imported
and domestically-produced products.
Answer
There are four rates of VAT which are applied equally to both imported and domestically-
produced  products in a range of 0 to 20 per cent.
Question 93
We welcome Vietnam's plans to replace the turnover tax by value added tax (VAT). We hope
that the introduction of a VAT will produce a stronger and more transparent tax system and
help generate and mobilize public savings. We al so hope that the VAT will alleviate pressures to
have recourse to trade taxes, particularly in view of the fact that, in accordance with the
obligation Vietnam will assume as a future WTO Member under GATT Articles II and III,
there will be no trade taxes other than customs duties at rates not exceeding Vietnam's bound
rates of duty (other than the exception allo wable in extreme circumstances strictly in
accordance with the relevant pr ovisions of the WTO Agreement).
(a) Given that Vietnam's VAT has been long anticipated and that delays in its introduction
have already experienced in the National Assembly, how realistic is the Memorandum's
forecast that the VAT will be enacted and implemented by 1 January 1998?
(b) Could Vietnam provide more details of its list of proposed exemption for VAT?
(c) Given that the exemptions are temporary, wh en will VAT be applied to each of the areas
on that list?
(d) What is Vietnam meant by "small households with low average turnover"?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 47
Answer
The VAT shall be implemented from 1 January 1999.
VAT exemptions: There are 22 types of goods and services which are not subject to VAT as
follows:
- agricultural production, sales of unprocessed agricultural products by the farmers themselves;
- salt production and trading;- production, import of products which are subject to the excise tax;
- activities involving transfers of land use rights which are subject to the tax for transfer of land
use rights, and sales of State-owned houses to the existing lessees;
- credit, banking and financial services;
- health services;
- education and training services;
- printing, publishing newspapers, magazines and periodicals;- public sanitary and street drainage services;
- public passengers transportation by bus;
- transportation of goods in transit, goods temporarily imported for re-export; and
- importation of aided goods, gifts to social or religious organizations or government agencies;
movable assets of the social or religious organization or government agencies, movable assetsof foreign or organizations and individuals who enjoy diplomatic immunities or immunities
pursuant to international treaties to which Vietnam is a signatory; non-dutiable personal
belongings.
The VAT law specifies the date it shall enter into force but not its expiry date. The law does
not refer to “small-households with low average turnover”, but does refer to “individual familybusiness” which are business on family scale and do not hire employees.
Excise Tax (special sales tax)
2
Question 94Is the excise tax applied to both domestic and im ported goods in the covered categories? Are the
rates applied to similar items equal? If not, please illustrate.
Answer
The excise tax is applied equally to both domestic and imported goods in the covered
categories except for domestically manufactured automobiles.
Question 95
Please identify each item, including tariff lin e number, the applicable rates, for which the
special consumption tax rate for imported pr oducts differs from the rate applicable to
domestically-produced goods or services.
                                                     
2 In these answers, the terms "special sales tax", "s pecial excise tax", "special consumption tax" can be
understood as "excise tax".WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 48
Answer
For referring to the list of items applied excise tax, please see Circular No. 98 TC/TCP dated
30 December 1995 issued by Ministry of Finance. The translated Circular is available in the WTO
Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
The excise tax is applied equally to both domestic and imported goods in the covered
categories except for domestically manufactured automobiles.
Question 96
Please describe all the tax exemptions and reductions available to enterprises using new
technology, to enterprises operating in mountain ous areas, offshore islands, or to newly
established enterprises. Are foreign-owned ent erprises eligible for these tax exemptions and
reductions?
Answer
Excise tax exemptions and reductions shall be applied in the following cases:
- newly-established production units entering into operation from 1993 and which have paid
the excise tax but suffered losses shall be considered for tax reduction on year-by-year basis.
The amount of the reduction shall be in proportion to the losses but the total amount of the
reduction shall not exceed 30 per cent of the amount of the excise tax due for that year. The
period of reduction shall not exceed two year s following the commencement of production
operation;
- enterprises investing and expanding production or applying new technology, and which have
paid the excise tax but suffered losses, shall be considered for tax reduction. The amount of
the reduction shall be in proportion to the losses but the total amount of the reduction shall not
exceed 30 per cent of the amount of the excise tax due to the increased production resultingfrom the expansion of production or application of new technology.
The Law on Excise Tax does not provide separate tax exemptions and reductions for
enterprises operating in mountainous areas or offshore islands. Under this law enterprises with
foreign-invested capital may be considered for tax exemptions or reductions.
Question 97
Please identify, including tariff line number, ea ch item subject to the excise tax and the
applicable tax rate for each item. For each item subject to the special excise tax, please provide
the value of domestic production of the item.
Answer
For referring the list of items applied excise tax, please refer to Circular No. 98 TC/TCP dated
30 December 1995 issued by Ministry of Finance.  The translated Circular is available in the WTO
Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation. The other statistics are not available at
present.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 49
Question 98
Please explain why the excise tax rates for cert ain products, such as tobacco, are shown as a
range (32-70 per cent). Are different tax rates applied to the products at different times or
under different conditions? The automotive tax rate ranges from 30-100 per cent. What
determines the applicable tax rate for automobiles?
Answer
The National assembly shall determine the range of tax rate. Based on the range of tax rate
approved by National Assembly, the demand, supply and purchasing power, the Government will set
forth the specific tax rate. The Law on Excise Tax specifies a range of excise tax rates for each group
of goods. These rates are stipulated in details for each category of taxable goods in Circular
No. 98 TC/TCP dated 30 December 1995 of the Ministry of Finance. The English version of this
Circular is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 99
Please describe the provisions of the Law on Excise Tax which allow a reduction in excise taxes
for production enterprises which face difficul ties arising from an expansion of production
capacity. According to the Foreign Trade Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the excise tax is to
be amended by special excise tax.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 96 herein.
The special sale taxes of Vietnam can be compared with the commodities excise taxes
applying, for example, to alcohol beverage or cigarette in other countries.
Question 100
Please provide the Working Party with a translat ed copy of the Law on Special Excise Tax and
proposed amendments. When does the Government  of Vietnam expect the special excise tax
amendments to be enacted and come into effect?
Answer
Vietnam is gradually reforming its tax system and is in the process of studying the possible
amendments of the Excise Tax Law. Currently, the amendments plan for the Excise Tax Law has notbeen available. The English version of the Excise Tax Law is available in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 101
Please provide a schedule of the products subject to the special excise tax, including HS tariff
numbers, and the excise tax rates that are applied. Please identify the "special services with high
accumulation" that are subject to excise taxation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 50
Answer
Currently a schedule of the products subject to the excise tax have been determined by group
of goods. The HS tariff numbers of products which are subject to the excise tax have not been
available and there are no services subject to  the excise tax. Please refer to Circular No. 98 TC/TCP
dated 30 December 1995 issued by Ministry of Finance for consultation. The translation of this
Circular  is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 102
Are the special excise tax rates applied to the pr oducts the same for imported and domestically-
produced goods? For purposes of levying the sp ecial excise tax, is VAT included in the ex-
factory price for domestically-produced goods?  Is VAT included in the customs-duty-cleared
price for imported goods?
Answer
The excise tax is applied equally to both domestic and imported goods in the covered
categories except for domestically manufactured automobiles. The value added tax is calculated on
the basis of the customs value of the imported goods plus the import tax.
According to the VAT law, that will come into force from 1 January 1999. Production and
import of products  subject to excise tax shall be exempted from VAT tax.
The VAT tax is scheduled to be applied from 1 January 1999, therefore, there are no detailed
regulations on aspects mentioned in the question.
Question 103
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the excise taxes on the import of tobacco,
alcohol and beer are imposed on the dutiable val ue of the product, including import duty.
However, the excise taxes on domestically prod uced products are assessed only on the sales
price.
Please indicate specifically how Vietnam plans to bring its excise tax provisions into conformity
with the national treatment requirements of GATT Article III prior to accession to the WTO?
Answer
Vietnam is gradually reforming its tax system and is studying special excise tax amendments.
The national treatment outlined in Article III of GATT is under consideration process.
Question 104
What is the basis for the domestic taxation of imported goods? We note, for example, that the
special sales tax on automobiles was in creased when import duties were lowered?
Answer
The domestic tax is applied to locally-produced goods as well as imported goods. The excise
tax is imposed on those products that require the orientation and guidance in consumption, i.e.,WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 51
restraint of consumption of luxury goods. For instance, passenger vehicles with less than 24 seats are
subject to the excise tax.  Excise tax is calculated on the basis of the customs value  plus import duty.
Profit Tax
Question 105
Please describe any differences between the t reatment of enterprises with foreign-invested
capital and domestically-owned enterprises under the corporate income tax. What businessareas are likely to receive preferential tax rates?
Answer
The taxable profits of domestic enterprises are governed by the Law on Profit Tax. The
taxable profits of enterprises with foreign-invested capital are governed by the Law on Foreign
Investment of Vietnam of 12 Novemb er 1996. Some details are as follows:
1. Enterprises with foreign investment:
  Four tax rates are applied:  10 per cent, 15 per cent, 20 per cent and 25 per cent.
Tax exemptions are granted in the following cases:
- manufacturing, trade and service enterprises enjoy profit tax exemption from the
profit tax for 1, 2, 4 or 8 years from the date when the business first declares a profit,
and profit tax reduction for 2, 3 or 4  years that followed, depending on type of
business activities;
- profit tax refunds may be made  in part or in full when profits are re-invested.
2. Domestic enterprises:
Three tax rates are applied: 25 per cent, 35 per cent and 45 per cent.
Tax exemptions are granted in the following cases:
- manufacturing, trade and service enterprises shall enjoy profit tax exemption for 2
years after they first declare a profit, and profit tax reduction of 50 per cent of the
total profit tax due for the following 2 years;
- enterprises located in mountainous and offshore islands areas shall be exempted from
profit tax for 3 years and 50 per cent profit tax reduction for the following 4 years;
- for investment projects expanding the production scale, enhancing production
capacity and innovating technology, the profit tax shall be reduced in proportion to
the amount of the invested capital, but not exceeding 50  per cent of the profit tax
due.
The new Law on Corporate Income Tax shall be  applied to both enterprises with foreign
investment and domestic enterprises as from 1 January 1999.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 52
However, enterprises with foreign-invested capital  are still subject to profit as stipulated by
Article 38 of the Law on Foreign Investment.
Please refer to the answer to question 107.
Question 106
What are the profit tax rates applicable to enterprises engaged in the exploitation of scarce,
precious natural resources and oil exploration? Are the same rates applied to foreign-ownedand domestic-owned enterprises?
Answer
Under the Law on Petroleum the profit tax rate applicable to petroleum exploitation is
50 per cent. This rate shall equally be applied to foreign-invested enterprises as well as domestic
enterprises.
In the scarce and precious natural resources exploitation area profit tax rates of domestic
enterprises are governed by the Law on Profit Tax dated 30 June 1990, and those of foreign-investedenterprises are governed by the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam dated 12 November 1996. For
further information please refer  to the answer to question 105.
Question 107
What types of projects currently qualify for the preferential tax rates of 20, 15 and 10 per cent?
Answer
According to Decree No. 12/CP dated 18 December 1997, Article 54, the preferential tax
rates  are applied to the following  projects:
1. 20 per cent applied to the projects with at least one of the following indications:
- animal husbandry, farming and processing of agricultural produce, forestry and
aquaculture;
- to export  of at least 50 per cent of products;
- to employ from 500 persons and up;
- to apply advanced technology, invest in research and development;
- to utilize most of materials and supply  available in Vietnam; to explore and  process
effectively Vietnam natural resources; to produce goods at high content oflocalisation, meeting requirements in certain industry.
This rate is applied during 10 years from the commencing  of business.
2. 15 per cent applied to the projects with at least one of the following indications:
- to export of at least 80 per cent of products;
- to invest in metallurgy, basic chemicals, mechanical engineering, petrochemicals,
fertilizers, electronic, auto-vehicles and motorcycles parts production;
- to construct, explore the infrastructure projects such as bridge, water supply,
electricity, ports, etc.;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 53
- to invest in perennial industrial crops;
- to invest in natural, socio-economically difficult regions (including hotel projects);
- to assignment of assets to the State of Vi etnam after the expiration of the duration of
operation without any compensation (including hotel project).
This rate is applied during 12 years from the beginning of business.
3. 10 per cent applied to the projects with at least one of the following indications:
- to construct, explore the infrastructure projects in regions with difficult natural,
economic, and social conditions;
- to invest in mountainous and remote regions;
- those in the list of projects in which investment is specially encouraged.
This rate is applied during 15 years from the beginning of business.
Import-Export Tax
Question 108Please list by HS tariff numbers, all products subject to export duties and the rates applied.
Why does Vietnam apply export tariffs?
Answer
The current export duties of Vietnam are imposed on raw and simply-processed materials and
some types of aquaculture products in order to protect the national resources, environment and adjustpartially the source of State budget, encouraging enterprises to export finished or higher level
processing products, minimizing export of raw materials, natural resources. Currently, the export-
import tariff nomenclature is under consideration for adjustment. Some items shall be eliminated from
the tariff nomenclature.
The list by HS tariff numbers of export dutiable products is not available.
Question 109
If appropriate, please identify, including HS tariff numbers, those products that receive import
duty reductions or exemptions if they are used in export production. Please describe the
procedures that must be followed to obtain the import duty reductions or exemptions and the
criteria used in determining whether the dut y reductions or exemptions will be granted.
Answer
This regulation are being  applied to all materials and products imported for producing export
products.
The procedure for import tax reduction is outlined in the Law on Import-Export Tax dated
26 December 1991 and its implementing Degree No. 54/CP dated 28 August 1993.
It is stipulated that the import duty of materials imported for the production of export products
shall be refunded in proportion to their percentage in export products.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 54
The procedures for import duty refund for imported materials used for export products are as
follows:
- a request for the refund of paid import duty or suspension of import duty in case the related
products shall be exported within the period when import duty must be paid;
- the export contract signed with the foreign party in which the quantity, standard, quality and
type of exported products are clearly indicated, and the import contract for the materials thatare used for the production of export products;
- customs declaration proving the customs clearance of imported materials has been made at
the Customs Office;
- customs declaration proving the customs clearance of the exported products, and certificate of
export of actual products of the Customs Office;
- receipt of the paid import duty or import duty notice of the Customs Office on the amount of
the import duty due if the relevant products are exported within the period when import dutymust be paid;
- export and import assignment contract, if import and export are carried out by assignment.
If the imported materials used for the production of export products are the capital
contribution of the foreign partner in a enterprise with foreign-invested capital established under the
Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam, the following additional documents shall be required:
- agreement on capital contribution between the enterprise with foreign-invested capital and
foreign partner which has been duly approved;
- certifying by the authorized local tax offi ce that the imported materials being capital
contribution of foreign partner have been recorded in the accounting books of the enterprise
and used for the production of export products;
- enterprises (Vietnamese and foreign-invested) won't pay import duty for materials imported
for producing  export products within 90 days after customs clearance of the 100 per cent
prior import materials the enterprises export products in proportion with material imported.
In case of delayed export out of 90 days, they have to pay just penalty at 0.2 per cent/delayed
day for import duty amount for the remaining quantity of imported materials (after deductingthe actual export within 90 days) or to pay that import duty and then will be refunded until
full export.
Question 110
Paragraph 6, page 16 and paragraph 24 refer to a "profit remittance tax" which applies to
foreign investors seeking to repatriate profits from their investments. Can Vietnam provide
more detail on the operation of this tax, the methods used to determin e the precise percentage
tax levied and the criteria used to grant exemptions from this tax?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 55
Answer
Profits remittance tax is set forth in Article 42 of the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam
1996 and Article 57 of Decree No. 12/CP of the Government as follows:
1. Profits remitting abroad mean profits earned by investment in Vietnam, including profit tax
refunded in respect of any reinvestment and profits earned from assignment of capital to be remitted
or kept abroad.
2. Profits remittance tax shall be applied at the following rates:
- 5 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing no less than
US$10 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation;
- 7 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing from
US$5 million to less than US$10 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-
operation;
- 10 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing less than
US$5 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation.
3. Profits remittance tax shall be collected each time profits are remitted.
4. There  is no exemption from or reduction of profits remittance tax in any circumstance.
Question 111
Paragraph 11, page 20 refer to recent amendments to Vietnam's import duty regime. Can
Vietnam please provide full details on specific plans for  restructuring its tariff regime and the
timetable for implementing these?
Answer
Restructuring tariff regime has just been started in order to apply the VAT on 1 January 1999
and estimated to finish prior to the second session of the Working Party.
Law on export duty and import duty are amended by:
- including 3 duty rates: non-MFN, MFN and preferential rates;
- including provisions providing for temporary duties applying to particular cases (anti-
dumping, countervailing duty, etc.);
- building tariff nomenclature based on the Harmonized System Code (HS 96);- determination of customs valuation based on the WTO’s provisions.
Question 112
On page 35, average tariff rates on certain major imports are provided. Could Vietnam provide
details of the average tariff rates applied to imports of agricultural products?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 56
Answer
The average tariff rate applied to imports of agricultural products is 17.7 per cent (including
agricultural products in Chapters 4, 6, 12, 18, 20 of on-going export and import tariff nomenclature).
This average tariff rate is simple average tariff by tariff line (the average tariff rate referred to in
paragraph 298, page 51 of the Memorandum on the foreign trade regime of Vietnam is simple average
tariff rate by tariff line; the average tariff rate referred to in paragraph 299 is trade weighted averagetariff rate).
Agricultural Land Use Tax
Question 113
There appears to be a garble in the Memorandum paragraph describing the application of the
agricultural land use tax to enterprises operating under the Law on Foreign Investment. Please
describe again how enterprises under the Law on  Foreign Investment are taxed on the use of
land for agricultural production.
Answer
Article 4 of Decree No. 74/CP dated 25 October 1993 on Providing Regulations in Detail on
the Implementation of the Law on Taxation of the Use of Agricultural Land provides that enterprises
with foreign-invested capital and foreign partie s to business cooperation contracts and Vietnamese
parties allowed to make capital contributions in the form of agricultural land use rights do not have topay tax on agriculture land use rights but have to pay the land lease fee as provided in Article 79 of
Degree No. 18/CP dated 16 April 1993.
The Tax on Transfer of Land Use Rights
Question 114
Please describe the six cases of exemption from the tax on transfer of land use rights.Answer
Article 13 and 14 of Degree No. 114/CP dated 5 September 1994 provide the cases of
exemptions and reductions as follows:
1. Exemption:
- exemption shall be granted to households and individuals transferring land use rights for
settlement in new economic zones, mountainous regions and offshore islands in accordance
with the decisions of the authorized State agencies;
- exemption shall be granted to government employees who move for settlement to new
economic zones, mountainous regions and offshore islands in accordance with the job transfer
decision of the authorized agencies;
- exemption shall be granted to government employees who change place of residence resulting
from the fulfilment of their jobs and tasks in new economic zones, mountainous regions and
offshore islands, and their retirement.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 57
2. Reduction of 50 per cent of the tax on transfer of the land use rights for the following cases:
- the head of the household is a war invalid falling within certain categories;
- the head of the household is the relative of a deceased veteran (MIA) who enjoyed a State
subsidy;
- disabled persons without working ability, minority, old persons in loneliness;
- government employees who move for settlement to the areas other than new economic zones,
mountainous, offshore islands in case of job transfer or retirement.
Question 115
Do the foreign investors have to pay tax on transfer land use rights with similar terms and
conditions as domestic investors do?
Answer
Foreign investors are permitted to rent land for a given period of time. The Government of
Vietnam does not grant land use rights to foreign investors. They are thus permitted to transfer landuse rights. Therefore, they are not subject to  the Law on Tax on Transfer of Land Use Rights.
Natural Resources Tax
Question 116
Are foreign natural resource taxpayers subjec t to the natural resource tax under the same
terms and conditions as domestic natural resource taxpayers?
Answer
All foreign and Vietnamese organizations or individuals exploiting natural resources in
Vietnam are subject to the natural resources tax under the Ordinance on Natural Resources Tax dated
30 March 1990. Enterprises with foreign-invested capital and foreign parties to business cooperation
contracts signed before the date when the Ordinance was issued who exploit natural resources andmake the payment for them under the provisions of the Law on Foreign Investment shall proceed with
this payment and shall not have to pay the tax on natural resources.
Income Tax
Question 117
Please describe the differences in income and profit taxation between Vietnamese and foreign
residents in Vietnam. What is the rationale for taxing foreign residents in Vietnam differently
from Vietnamese citizens?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 58
Answer
1. Individual income tax:
The differences in the Progressive Tax Schedule are as follows:
(millions of VND)
Threshold Taxable Income (Vietnamese) Taxable Income (Foreigners) Rate (%)
1 up to 2 up to 5 0
2 from more than 2 to 3 from more than 5 to 12 10
3 from more than 3 to 4 from more than 12 to 30 20
4 from more than 4 to 6 from more than 30 to 50 30
5 from more than 6 to 8 from more than 50 to 70 40
6 from more than 8 to 10 from more than 70 50
7 from more than 10 60
The basis for imposing tax on foreigners residi ng in Vietnam and Vietnamese citizens is the
incomes occurred in Vietnam and incomes occurred outside Vietnam.
2. Profit tax:
- foreign individuals doing business in Vietnam under the Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam shall have to pay the profit tax provided in the Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam dated 12 November 1996 and Degree No. 12/CP dated 18 February 1997;
- others individuals not falling within the above category doing business in Vietnam shall be
subject to income tax provided in the Law on Profit Tax dated 30 June 1990 and Law on its
amendments dated 6 July 1993.
Question 118
What items constitute regular income and what items constitute irregular income?
Answer
Regular incomes are incomes occurred regularly under the following forms:
- wages, salary and remuneration;- bonuses in cash and in kind from different sources;
- other income arising from participation in business associations, Management Board;  and
- individual income arising from participation of production, business and service activities
which are not subject to profit tax such as long-term consultancy contracts, training, teaching,
training for exams, art and culture performances.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 59
Irregular incomes include:
- gifts and presents from overseas organizations or individuals to Vietnamese individuals in
whatever form;
- income from contractual technology transfer including  technology transfer through sale-
purchase transactions, provision of know-how , technological method, trade marks, etc.;
- performing technology consulting and supporting services, transferring the utilization or right
to use of scientific, trade or industrial equipment;
- income in the form of royalties of literature or art works, and income arising from
construction engineering designs, industrial designs and other services and lottery winnings.
Question 119
On individual income tax:  what is the rate of the flat rate to be applied on income from
investment and other income?
Answer
Income tax for irregular income:
- currently income tax is not applied to interest from bank investments and deposits, and
interest on any type of bonds, shares, or money sent from other countries;
- income tax rate for each technology transfer transactions in excess of 2 million Dong is
5 per cent;
- a tax rate of 10 per cent applies to each lottery win in excess of 12.5 million Dong;
- a rate of 5 per cent applies to each gift or present from other countries in excess of
2 million Dong.
Question 120
Has Vietnam moved to Article 8 IMF membership and full current account convertibility?Answer
Vietnam is progressively abolishing restrictions on transactions on current account in order to
eventually adopt Article 8, IMF. Currently the only restriction on transactions on current account is
the requirement to balance foreign currency flows for certain enterprises with foreign-invested capital
under the provisions of the Law on Foreign In vestment in Vietnam dated 12 November 1996.
(d) Investment policy
Question 121
We understand that the National Assembly has just adopted a new Foreign Investment Law.
Vietnam  is requested to submit this docume nt to the Working Party in a WTO language.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 60
It appears that in this new Foreign Investment Law certain sectors will be off limits to
100 per cent foreign-owned enterprises, which will be listed in a Government Decree to be
approved in December 1996.  Does Vietnam intend to change this?  Please provide the Working
Party this upcoming Government Decree.
Answer
As in the preceding Law, the new Law on Foreign Investment provides for some limitations
on 100 per cent foreign-owned enterprises. A translated version of this Law as well as the
Government Decree implementing the Law is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,
Room 1126) for consultation.  At the moment, Vietnam has no plans to amend the Law.
Prohibited and limited activities for foreign investment:
- construction, trading in international and domestic telecommunication (only permitted in the
form of BC);
-  exploitation and processing of Petroleum products, natural resources;- air transportation, railway, sea transportation, public transportation; seaport construction,
airport construction (BOT, BTO, BT project are subject to separate regulation);
- steel and cement production;
- industrial dynamic production;
- afforestation, perennial tree plantation;- group tourism;
- culture, sport, entertainment.
Question 122
The new Foreign Investment Law in Vietnam appears to be restrictive with regard to the
application of income tax exemption on the profits re-invested in Vietnam.
(a) Does Vietnam intend to change this in the future?
(b) We understand that in the new Foreign Investment Law a capital transfer of value
higher than the initial capital attracts a tax e qual to 25 per cent of the difference arising
from the capital transfer except  when capi tal is transferred to a Vietnamese company.
Please comment.
(c) Can Vietnam confirm that, in the new Foreign Investment Law, it is considering
merging the Domestic and Foreign Investment Codes? If so, what is the timetable
foreseen?
Answer
As in the preceding Law, all re-invested profits are exempted from paying tax. Under
Article 42 of the new Law on Foreign Investment  and Article 59 of Decree No. 12/CP, re-invested
profits may be exempted partly or wholly as follows:WT/ACC/VNM/3
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- if the profit tax rate applicable is 20 per cent, 50 per cent of the amount of tax due shall be
exempted;
- if the profit tax rate applicable is 15 per cent, 75 per cent of the amount of tax due shall be
exempted;
- if the profit tax rate applicable is 10 per cent, 100 per cent of the amount of tax due shall be
exempted.
As provided for in Article 34 of the Law on Foreign Investment, a profit tax rate of
25 per cent shall be levied on the profits obtained from transfer of shares to other foreign party/ies. If
the shares are transferred to the Vietnamese enterpri ses, the profit tax shall, if eligible, be exempted
partly or wholly. This regulation is aimed to gradually increase the share of Vietnamese party/ies in
joint-ventures to 100 per cent.
In the drafting of the new Law on Foreign Investment, the harmonization of the Law on
Foreign Investment and the Law on the Encouragement of Domestic Investment was taken intoconsideration so as to create a level playing field for domestic and foreign-invested enterprises. The
harmonization process will be gradually implemented
Question 123
Please describe the exact legal requirements for foreign investments to be approved.
Answer
The approval of foreign-invested projects are mainly based on the following criteria:
- the legal status and financial capability of the foreign and Vietnamese partners;
- consistency of projects' objectives with the national economic and social development
directions and plans;
- benefits to the State of Vietnam and Vietnamese  partners of the joint-ventures (such benefits
include: new production capacity, new sectors and new products, expansion of the market;
employment generation; financial inflows of the projects, etc.);
- technology applied, reasonable use and protection of natural resources and ecological
environment;
- rational use of land, compensation and floor clearing plan, evaluation of assets to be
contributed to the joint-ventures (if any).
The approval procedures for foreign-invested projects is stipulated in the Law on Foreign
Investment dated 12 November 1996 and Decr ee No. 12/CP dated 18 February 1997 providing
detailed regulations for the implementation of the Law on Foreign Investment.
Question 124
What are the requirements for an authorization to  invest in Vietnam, either in form of a new
company or in form of a participation in existing one?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 62
Answer
Foreign investors are allowed to invest in Vietnam in the following investment forms:
- business cooperation on the basis of business cooperation contract;
- joint-venture enterprise;  and
- 100 per cent foreign-invested enterprise.
For joint-ventures between Vietnamese and foreign partners, there is no ceiling limit on the
share of foreign parties in a joint-venture. However, the foreign share in a joint-venture should not be
less than 30 per cent of the total legal capital, unless it is otherwise approved by the Government. In
principle, the legal capital shall account for at least 30 per cent of the total invested capital, except for
special cases approved by the authority in charge.
The transfer of invested capital of the enterp rises with foreign investment is stipulated in
detail as follows: Parties to the joint-venture are ent itled to transfer their share in the joint-venture, but
the preferences should be given to the other partie s in the joint-venture. In case of transferring to
parties other than those in the joint-venture, the conditions on this transfer shall not be more
favourable than those on the transfer to parties in the joint-venture. The transfer shall be approved by
other parties in the joint-venture.
These regulations are also applied on the transfer of rights and obligations of parties to BC.
100 per cent foreign investment enterprises are entitled to transfer their invested capital, but
the preferences should be given to Vietnamese enterprises.
The transfer of invested capital shall take effect upon the approval by State agency in charge
of foreign investment
If  there is a profit arisen from transfer, the transferor is subject to profit tax rate of
25 per cent. If the transferee is Vietnamese enterprises, the transferor may enjoy tax exemption orreduction.
Question 125
The Foreign Trade Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) mentions that the Government’s
investment policy has several goals, among them generating employment and promoting
exports.
What measures is the Government of Vietnam using to encourage investment that generates
employment and promotes exports? Please describe any direct or indirect subsidies that are
being provided to investors whose projects generate employment or promote exports.
Answer
Article II.1 of the Law on Foreign Investment  in Vietnam confirms Vietnam's policy to
encourage foreign investment in certain sectors, including labour-intensive and export-oriented
projects. The encouragement policy is implemented through preferential profit tax rate as stipulated in
Article 54 of Decree No. 12/CP dated 18 February 1997.  Details are as follows:
- tax rate of 20 per cent is applied to the projects which:
- export at least 50 per cent of their products,
- employ 500 or more workers;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 63
- tax rate of 15 per cent applied to the projects which:
- export at least 80 per cent of their products.However, other elements are also taken into consideration. For example, an application of a
project may be rejected if the technology is substantially outdated, though it can generate a great deal
of job opportunities. Or in other case, if a project is initially committed to export 80 per cent of its
output and thus eligible for profit tax rate of 15 per cent, but in fact it is able to export only
60 per cent of its output, the authority is entitled to adjust the applied profit tax rate to 20 per cent.
Question 126
Please provide a detailed list of investment incentives and what investors must do to qualify for
them.
Answer
The investment incentive policies include:
1. The preferential treatment on tariff: Depending on the sector, region, and types of investment,
the enterprises with foreign owned capital shall be subject to:
- Profit tax:
- at a  rate of 25 per cent, and no exemption or reduction of profit tax,- at a rate of 20 per cent where the foreign investment is encouraged, and in addition
may be exempted from profit tax for a maximum period of two years commencingfrom the first profit making year, and may be entitled to a 50 per cent reduction of
profit tax for a maximum period of the two succeeding years,
- at a rate of 15 per cent where the investment satisfies a high number of investment
promotion criteria. In addition may be ex empted from profit tax for a maximum
period of four years commencing from the first profit making year and may be
entitled to a 50 per cent reduction of profit tax for a maximum period of the foursucceeding years,
- at the rate of 10 per cent where the investment is specially encouraged and exemption
from profit tax may be allowed for a maximum period of eight years.
- Tax on Profit Remittance
Foreign investors were allowed to remit their legal profit abroad received from
implementation of investment in Vietnam after withholding tax at rate of 5 per cent, 7 per cent and
10 per cent depending on level of capital contribution of foreign investors in the legal capital of theenterprise with foreign-owned capital.
- Import duties: The enterprises with foreign owne d capital shall be entitled to exemption from
export-import duties with respect of following:
- equipment, machinery and specialised means of transportation  imported into
Vietnam as part of fixed assets of an enterprises or as part of fixed assets for theWT/ACC/VNM/3
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implementation of the business co-operation contract, or specialised means of
transportation used to transport workers,
- components, parts, spare parts, moulds, accessories of the above equipment,
machinery, specialised means of transport,
- raw materials, supplies imported for implementation of BOT, BTO, BT,
- species of lands and animals or specialised agricultural permitted to be imported for
implementation of agricultural, forestry, fishery projects,
- other goods and materials used for projects in which investment is specially
encouraged as stipulated by the Prime Minister,
- raw materials, supplies imported  for exported goods,
- refunding a profits tax paid for profits reinvested: Depending on the sector, region,
form and duration of reinvestment, a foreign investor can be refunded a total or part
of profits tax paid for profits reinvested.
The foreign investor should have preferences when investing in the following sectors and
regions:
- sectors:
- export oriented production,
- livestock, farming agricultural processing, forestry and aquaculture,- utilization of advanced and modern technology, protection of ecological environment
and research and development,
- labour intensive activities, processing raw material and effective exploitation of
nature resources located in Vietnam,
- construction of infrastructure facilities and important industry and production
establishments;
- regions:
- mountainous and remote regions,
- regions with unfavourable economic, social conditions.
Please refer to Decree No. 12/CD dated 18 February 1997 Articles 54, 55, 56 for guiding the
implementation of the Law on Foreign Investment.  The translated Decree is available in the WTO
Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Meeting these above criteria (in an investment project and in the implementation of a business
co-operation contract), a foreign investor should be entitled to a co-relative preferences stipulated in
their foreign investment licence.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 65
Question 127
For each of the past three years, please prov ide the number and value of foreign investments
that were licensed and the number and value of licensed foreign investment that were actually
executed. For each of the past three years, plea se provide information on the foreign investment
projects that were subject to performance requirements, such as domestic content or export
performance.
Answer
Total number of licensed projects:
1995 1996 the first 10 months
of 1997
Number of projects 404 367 336
Total value of investment capital(mil. US$)6616 8528 4453
Total value of disbursement capital of licensed projects:
1995 2652 mil US$
1996 2200 mil US$
the first 10 months of 1997 2950 mil US$
Requirement for localization ratio:
Regarding to production and assembly of electronics appliance, the localization ratio is at
least 20 per cent for the first 2 years and must be increased annually.
Regarding to the production and assembly of automobile, the required localization ratio is
5 per cent after the first 5 years and must be increased to reach the level of 30 per cent after the first
10 years.
Regarding to production and assembly of motorcycle and spare parts, the required localization
ratio is 5-10 per cent after the first 2 years and must be increased to reach the level of 60 per cent after
the first 5 years.
In fact, when applying for investment li cence, many companies commit to realize this
required ratio. However, many companies  have failed to comply with the commitments.
The legal capital of a joint-venture must not be less than 30 per cent of invested capital and
the contributed capital of foreign partners must not less than 30 per cent of legal capital.
In fact in most joint-ventures, the contributed capital of foreign partners makes up more than
50 per cent of joint venture legal capital.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 66
Question 128
For each of the past three years, please prov ide the number and value of foreign investment
projects that were financed by external loans ma de to Vietnamese joint ventures or Vietnamese
national joint ventures.
Answer
The invested capital of joint-ventures consists  of  legal capital and loaned capital. For each
certain  project, the  investors can motivate loaned capital from different capital resources.  The
Government of Vietnam supervises loaned capital of  enterprises with foreign owned capital just only
in the  legal aspects of the loan activities.
The required statistics are not presently collected.
Question 129
How does Vietnam explain the low execution rate  for licensed foreign investments? Are foreign
investors frustrated in their efforts to obtain other governmental approvals, such as approvals
to import and pay for  capital goods and raw materials?
Answer
Vietnam often reviews and seeks more measures in order to attract foreign investments.
Since the promulgation of the Law on Foreign In vestment in Vietnam, the execution rate of
licensed foreign investment is 38 per cent. This rate is equivalent to that of other countries in region.
Question 130
What are "investment areas"?
Answer
"Investment areas" should be understood as investment sector.
"Sector of the economy" should be understood as areas of the economy.Article 13 of Law on Foreign Investme nt of Vietnam stipulates that:
Foreign investors may invest in Vietnam in sectors of its national economy. The State of
Vietnam encourages foreign investors to invest in the following sectors and regions:
1. Sectors:
(a) export oriented production;(b) livestock, farming, agricultural processing, forestry, and aquaculture;
(c) utilization of advanced and modern technology, protection of ecological environment
and research and development;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 67
(d) labour intensive activities, processing of raw materials and efficient exploitation of
natural resources located in Vietnam;
(e) construction of infrastructure facilities and important industrial and production
establishments.
2. Regions:
(a) mountainous and remote regions;(b) regions with unfavourable economic and social conditions.
The State of Vietnam will not license any foreign investment project which will adversely
affect  national security, social order and security, historical heritage and culture, fine custom and
tradition, or the ecological environment.
Based upon the planning and development strategy for each period, the Government shall
stipulate regions in which investment is encouraged and shall issue a list of endorsed projects and
specially endorsed investments, a list of sectors in which investment is conditional, and a list ofsectors in which investment is prohibited.
Private Vietnamese economic organizations shall be permitted to co-operate with foreign
investors in economic sectors, subject to conditions provided for by the Government.
Question 131
If sectors of the economy are meant, what are the precise investment opportunities in each of
the sectors? Are there restrictions on investment in certain sectors?
Answer
There are 3 different kinds of sectors of the economy:
- sectors of the economy subject to general regulations;
- the encouraged sectors subject to encouraging regulations;- the restriction sectors subject to particular conditions, named in the list of sectors in which
investment is conditional, and the list of sectors in which investment is prohibited.
These lists to be stipulated by the Government for each period. These restrictions are
generally applied.
Please refer to the answer to question 130.
Question 132
How is priority given to investments matching development programmes (incentives)?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 125 and 135.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Question 133
How are investments generating employment, etc. encouraged?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 125.
Question 134
What is a large scale investment?Answer
The Law on Foreign investment of Vietnam does not have any formal concept of  large scale
investment. However, it defines projects of Group A which are subject to licensing approval of the
Prime Minister and could be considered as large and important projects, including:
- construction of infrastructure facilities and important industrial zones, export processing
zones, BOT, BTO and BT projects;
- projects with investments of no less than US$40 million in fields such as electricity, natural
exploitation, petroleum, metallurgy, cement production, petrochemical, seaports construction,
airport construction, culture and tourism area, real estate business;
- sea transportation and aviation projects;
- telecommunication projects;
- projects in insurance, finance, auditing and inspection;- projects in exploitation of precious and scare resources;
- projects in national defence and security;
-  projects using no less than 5 ha (for urban land) and 50 ha (for other land categories).
Question 135
What special incentives are given for investments into disadvantageous areas?
Answer
Special incentives which are given to infrastructure construction projects in economically and
socially disadvantaged areas, forestation projects, projects in mountainous and remote areas and
projects subject to special investment encouragement include profit tax rate of 10 per cent, an
exemption from profit tax for a period of four years, a reduction of 50 per cent of profit tax for aperiod of 4 years afterward. The list of encouraged projects to be issued by the Government for
specific period of  time.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 69
Question 136
Are all the incentives and tax breaks given on a non-discriminatory basic to national and
foreign investors?
Answer
There is difference in some policies, but they are not discrimination among investors.
Please refer to the answer to question 17, 105 and 109.
Question 137
Is the treatment in general given to foreign inve stors as favourable or more favourable than the
treatment of national investors? If not, what differences exist?
Answer
Generally, foreign investors receive the same or more favourable treatment than domestic
investors. In the Law on Foreign Investment and Law on Encouragement of Domestic investmentthere are some differences in methods, levels and timing.
Please refer to the answers to questions 105 and 108.
Question 138
Please  provide details of the Public Investment Programme 1996-2000, which we understand
commits Vietnam to invest heavily in upgrading the production capacity in the steel, fertilizer
and cement industries.
Answer
The Public Investment Programme 1996-2000 of Vietnam sets indicators for steel, fertilizer
and cement industries as follows:
- steel industry: coal or gas-fuelled steel complex with estimated capacity of 1.5-2 million tons
is planned. Foreign investment has also been called upon to exploit iron ores in Thach Khe
mine with the annual capacity of 10 million tons;
- cement industry: total cement output is expected to triple from 6 million tons per year to 18-
20 million tons by the year 2000. At present, several joint venture cement factories with thecapacity of 1-2 million tons are under construction. Vietnam has been seeking foreign
investment for new cement  joint venture projects;
- chemical and fertilizer industry: Vietnam is planning to promote petrochemical industry.
There will be an increase in fertilizer output thanks to the expansion of some super phosphatefactories  and the establishment of a new DAP  fertilizer factory and a new fertilizer factory
using gas.
Question 139
Are foreign investors permitted to hire and fire employees when they wish? If so, are there any
penalties imposed on companies when they let workers go? Are there any special incentives forWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 70
companies to hire large numbers of workers? Does the Government of Vietnam require foreign
investors to pay employees compensation at levels higher than domestic enterprises for
comparable jobs?
Answer
Foreign investors are permitted to hire and dismiss employees when they wish, subject to the
provisions of the labour laws, particularly the regulations on the grounds for dismissal.
- if the dismissal is made in compliance with the law, employers are not required to pay the
employees compensation. Otherwise, depending on the seriousness of their violation,
employers are required to pay compensation;
- if the dismissal is not legally justified, employers shall have to withdraw the decision on
dismissal, make public apology and restore the honour and all material interests of the
employee concerned;
- if dismissal is due to mistreatment of employees, self-interest or personal motivations, the
employer may be subject to penalties under the Criminal Code.
Enterprises established under the Law on Encouragement of Domestic Investment dated
22 June 1994 and generating large-scale employment are granted preferential tax treatment.
Enterprises which hire large number of female and disabled employees are also granted preferences
on tax and capital borrowing.
In principle, enterprises with foreign investment and domestic enterprises are equally treated
in relation to all matters including those related to compensation. The Vietnamese Government
determines the minimum wage in foreign-invested ente rprise higher than in other enterprises. Besides
this indicator, labour contract will regulate the relationship between employers and employees.
Please refer to the answer to question 125.
Question 140
To what extent are any such requirements applied only to foreign-invested firms?
Answer
Beside general matters applied equally to domestic enterprises and enterprises with foreign-
invested capital, employment of the latter is still subject to the provisions of the Law on ForeignInvestment of Vietnam dated 12 November 1993, the Decree of the Government of Vietnam
No. 12/CP For Guidance on Implementing the Law on Foreign Investment dated 18 February 1997
and the Decree of the Government of Vietnam No. 72/CP On the Guidance on Some Articles of the
Labour Law Concerning Employment dated 31 October 1995. These documents regulate in detail the
employment procedures for enterprises with foreig n-invested capital. The minimum salary applied to
enterprises with foreign-invested capital is hi gher than that applied to other enterprises.
Question 141
What exactly does "priority given to invest ment matching development programmes" and
"encouraging investments generating employment..." mean?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 71
Answer
In order to make investment activities more efficient, based upon the planning and
development indication for each period, the Government shall stipulate regions and projects which are
encouraged and especially encouraged projects. These lists to be conducted on the basis of socio-
economic  master plan as well as plans of regions and sectors under the general development
programme of the Government. The encouraged and especially encouraged projects will receivepriority consideration and incentives as provided by the Laws.
Encouraging investments generating employment means number of Vietnamese employees to
be employed will be one condition for receiving incentives, especially those enterprises undertake
training courses for Vietnamese employees. All enterprises use no less than 500 workers could enjoy
the profit tax of 20 per cent or less.
Question 142
Does the Vietnamese Government intend to change the difference between the height of the
minimum wages applied to Vietnamese enterprises?  This action refers to an investment
"policy".
Answer
Up to now, the Government of Vietnam has no in tention to change the difference between the
height of the minimum wages applied to State enterprises as set forth in Decree No. 28/CP dated28 March 1997 of the President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.  Currently, the minimum wages
applicable to State-owned enterprises are provided differently from those applicable to foreign-
invested enterprises.
Question 143
What additional incentives are available for the export processing zones (EPZs)and industrial
areas? Please describe the criteria applied to fi rms wishing to locate in these zones and areas?
Please define "industrial area" and describe how industrial areas differ from export processing
zones.
Answer
Foreign investors who invest in industrial zones and EPZs could enjoy the incentives in terms
of profit tax, profit remittance tax and administration measures as follows:
1. Profit tax:
(a) regarding domestic enterprises: enjoying incentives as provided for in the Law on
Encouraging Domestic Investment;
(b) regarding to enterprises with foreign investment capital:
- EPZ enterprises:
- a rate profit tax of 10 per cent and exemption from profit tax for the period of
4 years commencing from the first profit making year shall be applied to
enterprises in production fields,WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 72
- a rate of profit tax of 15 per cent and  exemption from profit tax for the
period of 2 years commencing from the first profit making year shall be
applied to enterprises in services sectors;
- regarding industrial zones enterprises:
- the profit tax rate of 15 per cent and exemption from profit tax for the period
of 2 years commencing from the first profit making year shall be applied toenterprises which export less than 50 per cent of its products,
- enterprises exporting from 50 - 80 per cent of its products may be entitled to
further reduction of 50 per cent of profit  tax for the 2 succeeding years,
- enterprises exporting more than 80 per cent of its products are subject to
exemptions from profit  tax for the period of 2 years and a reduction of
50 per cent of profit  tax for the 2 following years commencing from the first
profits declaring year,
- a rate of profit tax of 20 per cent and exemption from profit tax for 1 year
commencing from the first profit making year shall be applied to enterprises
operating in service sectors;
- regarding enterprises developing infrastructure of industrial zones and EPZs:
- a rate of profit tax of 10 per cent and exemption from profit tax for 4 years
commencing from the first profit making year and a reduction of 50 per cent
of profits taxable in the following 4 years shall be applied.
The above-mentioned rates of profit tax in connection with industrial zones enterprises and
EPZ enterprises is applied for the whole course of operation of project.
2. Remittance tax:
A foreign investor shall, when remitting profits abroad, be subject to remittance tax at rates of
5 per cent of the profits remitted.
3. Import and export duty:
- EPZ enterprises could enjoy exemption from import duty imposed on the goods they imported
from foreign countries and from export duty imposed on goods they export abroad;
- industrial zones enterprises are exempted from import duty imposed on:
- machinery, equipment imported for setting up the fixed assets of the enterprises with
foreign-invested capital;
- specialized means of transportation included in production lines for setting up the fixed assets
of the enterprises with foreign-invested capital and means of transportation used to transport
workers (automobile of from 24 seats and upwards and watercraft);
- components, parts, spare parts, support structures, moulds and accessories of the above
mentioned equipment, machinery, specialized means of transport.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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The exemption of import duties applicable to the above-mentioned equipment, machinery,
means of transport shall also be applied in the case of expansion of a project and replacement
or renewal of technology.
- with respect to raw materials, spare parts, accessories and other supplies imported for the
production of goods for export, import duties must be paid upon being imported into Vietnam
and shall be refunded upon export of finished products in proportion to the quantity offinished products exported.
4. Administration measures:
Activities of enterprises in industrial or EPZ are administrated by "one door service" regime.
Board of administration of industrial zones is authorized by Ministries to carry out some functions of
Ministries in order to handle in time problems arising in industrial zones or EPZ. For example:
granting investment licence, approving export and import plans and issuing C/O, some procedures
related to  land use, customs procedures.  Specialized organs such as Customs Office, TaxAdministration and Banks establish their own offices in industrial zones or EPZs with a view to
solving possible arising matters.
5. Infrastructures:
Industrial zones enterprises or EPZ enterpri ses are titled to rent land with complete
infrastructures elements such as electricity, water system, transportation, telecommunication, etc.
Question 144
Please describe the differences in rules applicable to foreign and domestic investors regarding
prices and freedom of choice in the following areas:  office space; residential quarters; public
utilities such as water, gas and electricity;  domestic and international telecommunications
services; domestic and international airfares; taxes and government fees for companiesproducing similar products and services; hiring  and compensation of employees. Please cite
laws and regulations which authorize discriminato ry treatment of foreign investors in the above
areas.
Answer
In the  system of Vietnamese existing laws there are some differences in the rules applicable
to foreign and domestic investors regarding the following areas:  office space; residential quarters;
public utilities such as water, gas and electricity; domestic and international telecommunications
services, etc.  However, at the present the domestic price of certain services such as water, and
electricity, airfares (mainly monopolized by the Government) differ from domestic and foreign
investors due to State price subsidies granted to Vietnam citizen and enterprises. Where electricity isconcerned, in particular, the price of electricity used for production by enterprises with foreign
investment capital is higher than that of electricity used by domestic enterprises. Similar situation also
occurs with airfreight and airfares. In the future, the Government will withdraw gradually the said
price subsidies to domestic citizen and enterprises, aiming at applying unique price to all buyers.
In terms of tax and fees, there is a difference between profit tax and income tax applied to
domestic and that applied to foreign-invested enterprises. As set forth by the Law on Foreign
Investment in Vietnam in 1996, the popular rate of profit tax applied to foreign-invested enterprises is25 per cent, regarding to domestic enterprises the rate is 35 per cent, 45 per cent and 55 per cent
depending on sectors.  From 1 January 1999, a unique rate of profit tax and income tax of 32 per cent
will be applied to all domestic enterprises, the rate for foreign-invested enterprises shall be remaining
at 25 per cent.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Concerning labour employment, existing laws stipulate that foreigners shall only be recruited
for jobs which require a level of technical and management expertise which a Vietnamese person
cannot satisfy and training of Vietnamese citizens as replacements must be undertaken. The minimum
salary paid to Vietnam workers in foreign-invested enterprises must not lower than that provided for
by Ministry of Labour of Vietnam.
Only projects meet certain standards are permitted to offer for rent for foreigners. The unit
rent price shall be made public.
The salary shall be discussed and agreed between employer and workers provided that it is
not lower than minimum level.
Question 145
What criteria are being applied in the dete rmination of whether or not to approve an
application from a foreign investor to engage in the distribution of products (warehousing,
delivery, local invoicing, and after-sales service)? Are foreign investors permitted to establish insectors where they may compete with domestic providers of goods and services? Do the same
criteria apply to domestic investors seeking to engage in the distribution of products? How
many such applications have been received from  foreign investors in the past three years and
how many have been approved?
Answer
The Government of Vietnam does not encourage foreign-invested enterprises operating
simply in trading services. A foreign-invested  enterprise could conduct business as a agent
distributing products and services produced or supplied by domestic economic organizations, foreign-
invested enterprises, provided that the said products and services are produced legally in Vietnam and
permitted to distribute in Vietnamese markets by competent authorities as well as in conformity with
objectives of  foreign-invested enterprises. If a  fo reign-invested enterprise want to be a agent, it must
conduct a contract with economic organization in need of agent and undertake tax obligations to the
Government. After being accepted as an agent, the enterprises with foreign-invested capital shall
inform the Ministry of Planing and Investment and the people’s committee of the province where the
enterprise allocates its headquarters or branch for control purpose.
Question 146
The paper notes that investment projects receive a tax holiday, paying only 25 per cent profit
tax. What rate is paid by firms that do not receive the tax holiday?
Answer
According to the Law on Foreign Investment of Vietnam dated 12 November 1993, foreign
investment in the form of joint-venture enterprises and enterprises with 100 per cent foreign-owned
capital are normally subject to the profit tax rate of 25 per cent (except for investment projects for
exploitation of petroleum and scarce and precious natural resources of  Vietnam).
When the tax holiday is granted, a 50 per cent tax reduction is provided. For priority projects,
the profit tax rate is lower than 25 per cent (i.e. 20, 15 or 10 per cent) and is applied for the initial
years of operation after investment licences are granted. The above-mentioned Law has been replaced
by the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam  of 6 November 1996.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 75
Please refer to the answer to question 105.
Question 147
Does the preference for certain investments take the form of the special advantages?  If yes,
which ones (a special tax advantage is mentioned) ,  o r  d o e s  i t  a l s o  t a k e   t h e  f o r m  t h a t  o t h e r
investments are not permitted?
Answer
The Law on Foreign investment in Vietnam dated 6 November 1996 and Decree No. 12/CP
dated 18 February 1997 provided tax preference to investment in priority sectors and regions.
Article 72 of the said Decree stipulated some pr eferences in term of foreign exchange control to
special important projects: “...with respect to projec ts for the construction of infrastructure or the
production of essential import substitutes and some special important projects, the State Bank assures
the enterprises with foreign owned capital and foreign parties to business co-operation contracts shall
be permitted to convert Vietnamese currency into foreign currency in order to meet their reasonablerequirements in strict compliance with the regulations on foreign exchange control of Vietnam.
With respect to enterprises with foreign-owne d capital and foreign parties to business co-
operation contracts which are not entitled to the above assistance in meeting their foreign currency
requirements and which encounter difficulties in meeting their foreign requirements, the State Bank
may consider permitting conversion or purchase of foreign currency in accordance with theregulations provided by the State Bank”.
As set forth in the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam, enterprises with foreign-owned
capital could enjoy some preference such as preferential tax rates, or exemption from or reduction of
profit tax in a certain period of time if they invested in  sectors or regions the Government of Vietnam
encourages investments and meets all the conditions defined in the Law. As mentioned above, thepreference is mainly in terms of tax, this preference does not also take the form that other investments
are not permitted.
Restriction on number of investors, if any, will be stipulated clearly in appropriate time.
Question 148
What is the legal situation as regards the repat riation of foreign investments made in Vietnam
and the repatriation of profits stemming therefrom?
Answer
The activities in question are governed by the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam dated
January 1996. Foreign investors can remit profits earned from business activities, payments for
technical services, repayments of loans and interests, invested capital and other money and assetslawfully owned. Depending on the store of capital initially invested, the remittance shall be levied a
tax of 5, 7 and 10 per cent.
Question 149
Please describe the special cases in which foreig n investors are exempted from the tax on profit
repatriation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 76
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 150.
Question 150
What is meant by "recession" on withholding  tax (profit repatriation tax) available to
enterprises manufacturing export g oods or import substitution goods?
Answer
Article 57 of Decree No. 12/CP dated 18 December 1997 providing regulation on
implementation the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam dated November 1996 stipulated in details
the rates as follows:
- 5 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing no less than
US$10 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation;
- 7 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing from
US$5 million to less than US$10 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation;
- 10 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing less than
US$5 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation.
There  is no exemption from or reduction of profits remittance tax in any circumstance.
Question 151
The Government announces every year a list of tax reductions on materials and equipment for
the production of enterprises manufacturing ex port goods or import substitution goods. These
tax provisions appear to  be inconsistent with TRIMs - Article 2 (Please see paragraph 2 of the
Illustrative List). How are these tax reductions determined and notified to investors? Are the
tax reductions available for purchases of imported materials and equipment? How doesVietnam intend to bring these tax provisions into conformity with TRIMs requirements?
Answer
At present, the Government of Vietnam announc es every year a list of import substitution
goods which could be considered for a reduction of sale tax  for enterprises producing them. There is
not a similar list of materials and equipment for the production of enterprises manufacturing exportgoods or import substitution goods. The determination of tax reduction granted to production of
import substitution goods based on the out-put products which included in the list of import
substitution goods issued by the Government each year, no matter the input materials are imported or
domestically produced. The regulations truly reflect the current policy in this field.  VAT applicable
to both imported and domestically produced goods will replace the turnover tax.
Question 152
The fourth sub-paragraph of paragraph 3, page 23 of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2)
says that "...encouraging investments generating employment and promoting exports". Does
this mean that Vietnam has the investment policy  which attaches some conditions to the foreign
investment so as to generate employment and to promote exports?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 77
Answer
Investments generating employment and promoting exports are among those investments to
be encouraged by the Government of Vietnam. By invest in these investments encouraging sectors,foreign investors may subject to tax preference as provided for in the Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam.
Question 153
The sixth  sub-paragraph of the same paragraph says import duty is exempted for capital goods
of joint-venture enterprises.
Is this not the requirement for participation in domestic capital with incentives?Answer
The Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam set forth that “The exemption of import duties
applicable to machinery, equipment specialized means of transportation included in production lines
for setting up the fixed assets of the enterprises with  foreign-invested capital shall or in the case of
expansion of a project and replacement or renewal of technology”. This regulation is aimed at the
attraction of foreign investment in Vietnam.
Question 154The seventh  sub-paragraph of the same paragraph says that import duty reductions and
exemptions are applied to imported materials fo r the purpose of export production. Could this
mean so called "trade balancing requirement" which infringe the TRIMs Agreement, or exportsubsidy?
Answer
This does not refer to a “trade balancing requirement”. Materials imported shall be normally
subject to import duty. However, their paid import duty shall be refunded, if the tax payers can provethat such imported materials have been used for the production of export products and these products
have in fact been exported.
Question 155
When potential investors are denied an inve stment licence, do they always receive an
explanation of the reasons for the denial? What are some reasons that licences have been
denied? What percentage of applications are approved? Must investors already have access to
land before they apply for an investment licence?
Answer
Ministry of Planing and Investment has denied investment licence with a little percentages.
The denial is made by official dispatch sent to investors in which reasons of the denial are always
referred. In many circumstances, the official dispatches provide foreign investors with
recommendations on proper directions in order to invest in Vietnam.
Prior to an application for an investment licence, a foreign investor must reach to an
agreement with Vietnamese relevant agencies on the site where  project will be developed. In such
case that a foreign investor intends to rent land, works or infrastructure in industrial zones and EPZ,WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 78
he also has to get approval dispatch on investments place granted by the local people’s committee as
well as document contains  terms and conditions on land renting agreed with enterprises running
infrastructure in industrial zones or EPZ itsel f prior to application for investment licence.
Question 156
What are the current dispute settlement procedu res for foreign investors? Is there provision for
investor versus government disputes? Does Vietnam allow for dispute to be arbitrated byimpartial courts in third countries (e.g., UNCITRAL, ICSID, etc.)?
Answer
Depending on the subject matter and the parties involved, when a dispute arises, foreign
investors can use different existing Vietnamese juridical institutions with various dispute settlement
procedures in Vietnam or abroad in accordance with Vietnamese law and international treaties to
which Vietnam is a party in the field of trade and investment. Particularly:
- pursuant to Article 24 of the Law on Foreign Investment of Vietnam dated
12 November 1996,  disputes arising between parties to business cooperation contracts or
enterprises with foreign-invested and Vietname se domestic enterprises shall be first to be
resolved amiably; if it is not successful, they shall be referred for settlement before
Vietnamese arbitration institutions or courts provided by Vietnamese laws;
- in addition to the above-mentioned provisions, parties to joint-ventures or business
cooperation contracts can negotiate, in their co ntract, to choose an international arbitration
institution or arbitration institution of a third country to resolve their disputes;
- disputes between the parties to BOT, BTO and BT contracts shall be resolved by the method
agreed by them in these contracts;
- disputes between foreign investors and Vietnamese State: Although Vietnam has not acceded
to the Washington Convention, in each of its agreements on investment protection and
promotion signed with other countries there is a separate clause on the settlement of disputes
between foreign investors and Vietnamese State which generally provide that these disputes
can be resolved by an international arbitration institution in accordance with procedures
selected by the disputing parties. Basically, these procedures are similar to those ofUNCITRAL and ICSID.
In addition to the provisions on dispute settlement, the new investment law also contains a
new Article 64 which provides that foreign investors, enterprises with foreign-invested capital and
parties to business cooperation contracts  have the right to sue or lodge complaints against illegal
decisions or conducts triggering unnecessary bur densome of government employees or government
agencies in accordance with the provisions of Vietnamese laws on the settlement of administrative
disputes.
Question 157
What are Vietnam's regulations regarding repatria tion of profits and invested capital? Is there
any protection against nationalization and appropri ation? Is there any proposal to accede to the
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) provisions?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 79
Answer
Regarding the repatriation of profits and capital abroad by foreign investors:
Article 22 of the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam provides that foreign investors in
Vietnam are permitted to transfer abroad:
- profits derived from business activities;
- payments received from the provision technology and services;- the principal and interest on any foreign loan obtained during the course of operation;
- invested capital;
-  other sum of money and assets lawfully owned.
Article 57 of the Decree 12/CP dated 18 February 1997 provides the remittance tax rates as follows:
- 5 per cent of profit remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing no less than
US$10 million to the legal capital or capital of a business co-operation contract;
- 7 per cent of profit remitted abroad in respect of foreign investors contributing from
5 per cent to  no less US$10 million to legal capital or capital of a business co-operation;
- 10 per cent of profits remitted abroad in respect of foreign investor contributing less than
US$5 million to legal or capital of a business co-operation.
Regarding nationalization and confiscation:
Article 21 of the Law on Foreign Investment provides:During the course of investment in Vietnam, capital and other lawful assets of foreign
investors shall not be requisitioned or expropriated by administrative measures (some specific
exceptions are provided here under), and enterp rises with foreign-owned capital shall not be
nationalized.
The State of Vietnam shall protect industrial property rights and shall guarantee the legal
interests of foreign investors in respec t of technology transfer into Vietnam.
Where the interests of a licensed enterprise with foreign-owned capital or of the parties to a
licensed business co-operation contract are adversely affected by a change in the law of Vietnam, the
State shall take appropriate measures to protect the interests of the investors.
Additionally, in the agreements on investment protection and promotion signed between
Vietnam and other countries there are detailed provisions on compensation for investors in case of
expropriation as follows:
No signatory shall apply any expropriation m easure, nationalization or any deprivation of
possession right which have the same effect of nationalization and expropriation against investors of
other signatories, except in the following cases:
(a) measures are applied for public purposes in lawful manner;
(b) measures are non-discriminatory;
(c) measures are accompanied by the provisions of prompt adequate and effective compensation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 80
The compensation shall be equal to the market  value of the investment immediately before
the expropriation take place or being made known to public and shall be made without any delay. The
compensation shall include the interest calculated from the date of expropriation. The compensation
shall be performed effectively and freely transferred abroad.
Vietnam joined MIGA from November 1994.
Question 158
Is foreign investment protected from expropriation?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 157.
Question 159
Page 23 refers (WT/ACC/VNM/2).  Can Vietnam confirm that there are no sectoral restrictions
on foreign investment.  Please answer with resp ect to services as well as goods.  Are there
restrictions on the form which foreign investme nt can take, e.g. requirement to form a joint-
venture?  Page 23 contains a reference to policies encouraging investments which promote
exports. Can Vietnam provide details on such po licies and comment on their compatibility with
the TRIMs Agreement?
Answer
The Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam st ipulated that the Government shall announce
the list of areas in which investment is conditional and the list of areas in which investment is
prohibited.
Investment restriction is not based on the form  of investment, but on investment sectors.
Please refer to the answer to question 121.
Enterprises with foreign-invested capital may enjoy the profit tax rate of 20 per cent if they
export at least 50 per cent of their production and 15 per cent if they export at least 80 per cent of their
production.
(e) Competition policy
Question 160
Please provide more information on competition policy. In what way is competition regulated in
the various laws and under law documents?
Answer
In Vietnam, there is no specific law on competition. The Vietnamese Government is currently
considering the possibility of adopting such a law. At present, Vietnam is using certain indirect
measures such as prohibiting monopoly by organisa tions or individuals in certain business areas,
prohibiting compulsory fixed price  and permitting organizations and individuals, within the legal
framework, to negotiate and sign economic contracts by themselves.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 81
Question 161
Could Vietnam explain more specifically what "economic areas under sectoral management" in
the first  sub-paragraph (page 24 of WT/ACC/VNM/2) means?
Answer
When the economy was centrally planned, State-owned enterprises dominated in every sector.
In each sector there was a governmental agency controlling all State-owned enterprises operating inthat sector. Such management was referred to in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) as  "sectoral
management".
Nowadays, government agencies have no controlling power over the business activities of
SOEs, but still manage sectoral development policy; therefore called "sectoral management".
Question 162
Please provide the Working Party with a list of all areas under "sectoral management by
specific product and service".  Please identify all government ministries and offices which mustapprove application for an enterprise to operate in each of these areas.
Answer
Other service sectors subject to sectoral management will be provided later.
Question 163
Please provide a list of all enterprises allowed to operate in each sectoral management area by
individual geographic area. Please describe thes e enterprises as State-owned privately-owned,
domestic or foreign, and the year in which the enterprise was approved to operate. Please
further identify and describe any special or exclusive rights that have been granted to these
enterprises to provide goods or services in a particular location or to a particular customer.
Answer
The Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) does not mention the sectoral management according
to geographic areas, so far it is not available such list.  The Vietnamese Government determines the
list of sectoral industries, of regions and technological standards, etc. in priority, encouraged to all
SOES, private and foreign businesses under the Law on Business and Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam.
The list of industries and regions in priority and encouraged for investment is determined in
the Decree No. 29/CP dated 12 May 1995 "Detailed regulations on implementation of the Law on
encouragement of domestic investment". All organisations, Vietnamese nationals, Vietnamese
overseas and foreigners resident in Vietnam are  encouraged and protected by the Government in their
investment.
The incentives for the businesses providing goods and services to the above-mentioned
industries and regions include:  incentives in taxes and others as in Decree No. 29/CP.
Question 164
Does Vietnam in the future intend to i ssue and apply legislation on competition?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 82
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 160 herein.
III. FRAMEWORK FOR MAKI NG AND ENFORCING POLICIES AFFECTING
FOREIGN TRADE IN GOODS AND TRADE IN SERVICES
1. Powers of Executive, Legislative and Juridical Branches of Government
(a) National Assembly
Question 165
The Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) provides an outline of the constitutional basis for policy-
making without reference to the role of the Communist Party of Vietnam. We would appreciate
clarification on the constitutional role of the Communist Party in policy-making in Vietnam. Is
the role of the National Assembly that of giving legislative effect to the policy of the Communist
Party of Vietnam?
Answer
The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam of 1992 states that:
- The Communist Party of Vietnam is the leading force of the State and society. All
organizations of the Party must act within the framework as prescribed by the Constitution
and laws;
- The National Assembly is the highest representative body of the people and the supreme State
authority of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The National Assembly is the sole organ
charged with constitution- and law-making function. The National Assembly determines the
principle policies relating to internal and external affairs, socio-economic tasks, national
security and defence, main regulations for State's organization and functioning, social
relations and activities of citizens;
- The National Assembly exercises the supreme supervisory function over all activities of the
State;
- The Government is the executive body of the National Assembly and the highest
administrative body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Government uniformly
manages the implementation of the tasks of the State relating to political, economic, cultural,social and external affairs, security and defence;
- The People's Supreme Office of Supervision and Control (the People's Supreme Inspectorate)
supervises the rule of law in relation to the activities of the ministries, ministerial-level
agencies of the Government, local authorities, economic and social organizations, People's
arms forces and citizens. It exercises the prosecutor's supervisory function to ensure the strictand uniform observance of laws;
- The People's Supreme Court, local People's courts, military courts and other courts
established by laws constitute the juridical system of Vietnam;
- In summary, the Communist Party of Vietnam plays the leading role in the society by means
of its Political Platform and the activities of its members in social organizations and agencies.
The Communist Party of Vietnam doe s not run or manage the country.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 83
(b) The State President
Question 166
When does the President decide that it is nece ssary for the National Assembly instead of  the
President to ratify international treaties?
Answer
Article 103, item 10 of the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam stipulates
that the State President shall make decisions on the ratification of international treaties except for
those that must be submitted to the National Assembly for ratification. The President himself shall
decide whether it is necessary to submit international treaties to the National Assembly for
ratification. Since the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam came into force, there
has been just one case (i.e the 1982 United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea) in which the
international treaty was submitted to the National Assembly for ratification.
Question 167
Is there anything to stop Vietnam from beginning implementation of its future WTO
commitments before final ratification?
Answer
In the process of integration in the world economy, accession  to the WTO and joining  other
international economic organisations, Vietnam has been doing a lot of preparatory  work to adjust itsinstitutional capacity up to the requirements of  the above mentioned process.  Vietnam will strictly
observe its commitments and obligations  embodied in the Protocol of Accession.
There is no difficulty in implementing the comm itments which is consistent with the existing
laws of Vietnam and under the competence of the Government. Other commitments will be
implemented upon the ratification of the National Assembly.
(d) The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Office for Supervision and
Control
Question 168
In what way is the Head of the Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Control responsible
to the National Assembly?
Answer
According to Article 7 of the Law on Organization of the Supreme People's Office for
Supervision and Control 1992, the Head of Supreme People's Office for Supervision and Control shall
report to the National Assembly, or in between the sessions of the National Assembly to the Standing
Committee of the National Assembly and the State President. In addition, he/she is also responsiblefor answering all questions raised by the Members of the National Assembly.
 At the sessions of the National Assembly, the Head of Supreme People's Office for
Supervision and Control shall submit written report on criminal and law infringement situation and
the results of supervising activities to the National Assembly.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 84
Reports to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and the President of State  may
be made by submitting written reports or making oral hearings, as the case may be.
Question 169
Please explain in what way the President of the Supreme People's Court has to report to the
National Assembly?
Answer
Article 135 of the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and Article 15 of
the Law on the Organization of the People’s Courts dated 10 October 1992 stipulates that:
"The President of the Supreme People's Court shall be responsible and report their
work to the National Assembly and between the sessions of the National Assembly to theStanding Committee of the National Assembly and the State President."
Particularly, at each National Assembly session, the President of the Supreme People's Court
must make reports on the trial of criminal, civil, matrimonial and family, economic, labour,
administrative cases as well as its other professional activities to members of the National Assembly.
At its year-end sessions, the National Assembly  shall consider and discuss matters mentioned in the
reports. At its mid-year sessions, the reports may be submitted if requested by the National Assembly.
In order to draw up a report for submission to th e members of the National Assembly, the President of
the Supreme People's Court has to sum up the work of the Local People's Courts as Article 31 of theLaw on the Organization of the People's Courts date d 10 October 1992 provided that the Presidents of
provincial and municipal People's Courts under the direct control of the Central Government, are
responsible for reporting activities of local People's Courts to the People's Councils at the same level
and to the Supreme People's Court.
In addition, the President of the Supreme People's  Court is also responsible for answering all
questions raised by the Members of the National Assembly concerning the performance of trials and
professional activities of the courts.
2. Government Entities Responsible for Ma king and Implementing Policies Affecting
Foreign Trade
Question 170
Please describe the administrative procedures  followed by the Ministry of Planning and
Investment (MPI) for business registration a nd issuance of investment licences for foreign
enterprises seeking to establish 100 per cent foreign-owned companies or joint-ventures in
Vietnam. Does MPI co-ordinate an inter-ministeria l review, with line ministries, of applications
before granting registration and licences for foreign investment projects? Does MPI grant
registration licences before or after the Ministry of  Trade issues export or import licences to the
foreign enterprise?
Answer
After  receiving the application and the project documents, the Foreign Investment
Department of MPI shall examine and arrange necessary procedures to send those documents to
relevant Ministries and Agencies (or to the Office of the Government and State Council for
Evaluation of Investment Projects if those proj ects belong to A group). The Office for ProjectWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 85
Evaluation of the MPI assure the coordination in evaluating  investment projects.  The Foreign
Investment Department and other functional department s of the MPI also take part in the said process.
Based on  the assessment of Ministries and Agencies, the Office for Project Evaluation
submits the evaluating  results to the Minister of MPI for their approval of issuance or refusal of an
investment licence, or transfer the evaluating resu lts for consideration of the Prime Minister (for A
group projects). In case of approval, the Office for Project Evaluation prepares and submits theinvestment licence  to the Ministers of MPI for their signatures.  Upon receiving the investment
licence, investors can implement follow-up activities such as register for the project head-quarter,
register for import-export activities to Ministry of Trade.
Question 171
Please clarify what is meant by the Ministry of Trade's responsibility "To consider and permit
setting up of the offices in Vietnam by foreign  economic organizations", especially how this
differs from MPI's responsibility to manage bu siness registration and issue investment licences.
Answer
Pursuant to Article 21 of Decree No. 82/CP dated 2 August 1994 on issuing the regulations on
establishment and operation of representative offices of foreign economic organisations in Vietnam,
Ministry of Trade retains the uniform State administrative supervision over the operation of
representative offices of foreign economic organisations in Vietnam.
The Ministry of Trade is authorized to issue and renew licences of make any change relating
to the number of employees, office address for operation fields of representative offices. Ministry of
Trade is entitled to withdrawing or rescinding licences of all representative offices of Foreign
Economic Organizations in Vietnam (except financial and banking institutions which are under the
competence  of the State Bank of Vietnam).
The Ministry of Trade thus acts as a governmental agency on behalf of the State of Vietnam
to monitor the operation of representative offices. The operations of representative offices of foreign
economic organizations are limited in the function of liaison offices for promotional activities (but not
profit making activities within Vietnamese territory), particularly:
- to promote the development of projects, economic and technical co-operation programmes;- to supervise the implementation of the economic and commercial contracts;
- to be not permitted to conduct any direct profit-making activities such as doing business,
services  in Vietnam resulting in money-earning.
The Ministry of Planning and Investment is in  charge of monitoring foreign investment in
Vietnam, granting, renewing, amending or withdr awing investment licences in Vietnam to foreign
economic organisations.
Provincial Departments of Planning and Invest ment which depend on line management of the
Ministry of Planning and Investment and administrative management of provincial people’s
committees are in charge of granting business licences for Vietnamese enterprises.
Question 172
Compliance with WTO rules and responding to  queries from WTO Members on WTO issues
will require a high degree of coordination and cooperation from government ministries. WeWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 86
note that the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) lists a large number of ministries and agencies
at the national and provincial level with responsibilities in drafting and implementing policies
relating to foreign trade.
We would be grateful for advice on any mechan ism which may be in place, or which may have
been proposed, to facilitate coordination and eliminate duplication among government agencies.
Answer
The Government of Vietnam has formed a governmental negotiating delegation led by a
Vice-Minister for Trade for Vietnam's accession to the WTO. The establishment of a governmental
body coordinating international trade policies has been proposed and is under consideration. Such
body will together with the negotiation delegation help ensure efficient co-ordination and
implementation of trade and economic policies.
3. Powers of the Local Government and Administrative Committees
Question 173The Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) states that provincial administrations are authorized to
carry out State management and control over fore ign economic activities within the provinces.
Paragraph XII of GATT Article 24 requires that WTO Members’ central authorities take such
reasonable measures as may be available to en sure observance of the provisions of the
agreement by the regional and local govern ments and authorities within its territory.
When provincial administrations "carry out government management and control over foreign
economic activities within the provinces" how is this actually done? Are provincial
responsibilities and rights delegated by the centra l authorities, or do these local administrations
have the right to conduct foreign economic and trade policies independently from the National
Government?
Answer
The provincial authority has the competence and responsibility to carry out the State
management and inspection on the external economic activities in provincial area when it notices
potential infringements or otherwise finds it necessary to do so. Their activities are subject to the
following principles:
- integrity in State management from the centre to the local levels, in each economic sector as
well as among different economic sectors must be ensured;
- such competence is authorized or delegated by the central authorities;
- activities are in conformity with the socio-economic development plans approved by the
Government;
- consistency and integrity of laws and policies from the central to local levels must be
observed.
In reality, inspection by provincial authority may be done in the following cases:
- to implement the programs of the central authority;
- to ensure the rule of law in necessary cases;
- to exercise the authority given by the central authority.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 87
The provincial authority may implement external cooperation programs which are consistent
with plans approved by the Government.
Question 174
Please provide more details on the division of authority between central and sub-central
governments.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 178 herein.
Question 175
For the activities which require central government approval, must foreign investors also seek
and receive approval from provincial administration? If not, when is provincial approval
required? Are there published regulations covering this subject?  What is the reference?
Answer
According to the project evaluation procedures, before the project being submitted to the
Government for approval, the project  is required to be approved by local authorities in its main lines
together with recommendations that it corresponds to  the local master plan of investment  as for its
location and proposal on the rate of  land-rents.
Question 176
Do local authorities have the right to set taxes on goods?Answer
Local authorities do not have the right to impose taxes on goods. For the time-being, there
are some kind of fees charged by local authorities. Vietnam has been drafting a legal regulation on
fees.
Question 177
Do they (local authorities) have any say in development in trading policy?
Answer
The local authority may:
- propose policy measures in line with regional needs;
- draft sectoral and multi-sectoral economic development plans and implement these plans
when they are approved;
- make guidelines provisions of and in conformity with legal documents issued by higher
authorities for implementation at local level;  and,
- implement the tasks of the Government under the Government's written authorization.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 88
4. Regulations on Policy Planning Approval and Ratification
Question 178
According to Chapter I of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the final Protocol of Accession
of Vietnam to the WTO shall require ratification by either the National Assembly or the
Standing Committee of the National Assembly depending on the final content.
Please describe the factors that will determine wh ether the Protocol will need to be ratified by
the National Assembly or by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. To what extent
can the Government of Vietnam implement chan ges in its trade regime without legislative
intervention or the requirement to formulate new laws?
Answer
In accordance with the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the National
Assembly has the right to "...ratify or rescind inte rnational treaties to which Vietnam is a signatory or
a participant according to the State President's proposal" (Article 84); the State President has the rightto "...make decisions on the ratification of or participation in international treaties, except for cases
that the submission to the National Assembly for its decision is necessary" (Article 103). The National
Assembly's Standing Committee does not have the ri ght to approve international treaties. Therefore,
WTO acceding documents having the nature of an international treaty must be approved by the
National Assembly or the State President.
The Government has the competence to decide on and apply the changes relating to the trade
regime which must comply with legal documents issued by the National Assembly, the Standing
Committee of the National Assembly and the State President. In accordance with the Law on the
Enactment of Legal Documents dated 12 November  1996 (which took effect on 1 January 1997), the
Government documents shall principally be documents guiding the implementation of laws andordinances adopted by the National Assembly and the National Assembly's Standing Committee.
Therefore they shall not include new provisions and shall not be contrary to the regulations of higher
hierarchy. Only certain independent decrees in fields that have not yet been regulated by laws or
ordinances are allowed to introduce new regulations. This provision is aimed at ensuring consistency
and stability in Vietnam's legal system. The Commercial Law adopted by the National Assembly on10 May 1997 provides in details the State management function of Government in commerce.
Question 179
Please describe each step of the legislative pr ocess that will need to be completed to ratify
Vietnam's Protocol of Accession to the World Tr ade Organization. Please note any significant
differences in the process for ratification be tween the National Assembly and the Standing
Committee of the National Assembly.
Answer
In accordance with the Ordinance on the Conclusion and Implementation of International
Treaties, the legislative process of ratifying Vietnam’s protocol of accession to the World Trade
Organization will include the following steps:
- the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jointly recommend the Prime
Minister to submit the Protocol to the State President for his ratification;WT/ACC/VNM/3
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- the State President either ratifies the Protocol or, should he find it necessary, presents the
Protocol to the National Assembly for the latter's ratification;
- after the ratification, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will formally make domestic and
international notification of the Protocol’s entering into force.
The differences in the process for ratification between the National Assembly and its Standing
Committee:
The National Assembly considers and decides on the ratification of international treaties
submitted by the State President.
The National Assembly’s Standing Committee does not have the power to ratify international
treaties to which Vietnam is a participant. Pursua nt to the Law on Enactment of Legal documents, the
National Assembly’s Standing Committee only promulgates Ordinances and resolutions as assigned
by the National Assembly.
Question 180
Who is responsible for the ratification and implem entation procedures of international treaties?
Answer
Pursuant to the 1992 Constitution of the Social ist Republic of Vietnam, ratified (Articles 84
and 103) and the Ordinance of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly On the Conclusion
and Implementation of International Treaties in 1989 (Article 7, item 2), the National Assembly andthe State President shall have the right to ratify Vietnam's international treaties or otherwise submit
them to the National Assembly for ratification.
Under item 3, Article 7 of the Ordinance, the agency in charge and the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs shall jointly propose the international trea ty to the Prime Minister who shall subsequently
submit it to the State President.
Under the above Ordinance (Article 7, item 4; Article 8, item 4; Article 17; Article 18;
Article 19), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is re sponsible for notifying other signatories of the
approval and ratification of international treaties, interested Vietnamese ministries and agencies of the
date when the international treaties come into effect. It shall also be responsible for putting in
archives, copying,  registering and circulating international treaties of Vietnam.
Question 181
For which international agreements is ratificati on required by the National Assembly? Is this
the case for the ratification of the WTO Agreement?
Answer
All international treaties which contain provisions conflicting with the laws of Vietnam must
be ratified by either the State President or the National Assembly. Other treaties which do not contain
provisions conflicting with the laws of Vietnam may be ratified by the Prime Minister.
Please refer also to the answers to questions 166, 178 and 179.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Question 182
What process will be needed to complete national procedures relating to WTO accession? Will
implementing legislation be required?
Answer
Please refer to section II.4 of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) and the answers to
questions 179 and 181.
Question 183
Please provide an up-date on progress of the implementation of the 1992 Constitution of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Law on the Organization of the Government.
Answer
1. Concerning the 1992 Constitution:
(a) In economic aspects: the National Assembly has adopted a series of important laws, such as:
- the Law on Encouragement of Domestic Investment dated 22 June 1994; Pursuant to
this Law, enterprises of all economic sectors shall enjoy the same  incentives;
- the Law on State-Owned Enterprises dated 20 April 1995;
- the Law on Cooperatives, dated 20 March 1996;
- the Law on Bankruptcy dated 30 December 1993;
- the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam (amended on 12 November 1996);It has also established the Economic Court and two non-governmental arbitration institutions:
The Vietnam Economic Arbitration Centre on 5 September 1994 and Non-Governmental Economic
Arbitration on 16 February 1996.
(b) In socio-politic aspects:
- the Civil Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was adopted on 28 October 1995;
- the Labour Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was adopted on 23 June 1994;
and
- the Law On Election of the Members of the National Assembly (1997) and the Law
on  the Election of People's Councils' Representatives were adopted.
(c). In juridical aspects: the Administrative Court, Labour Court and Economic Court have been
established.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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2. Concerning the Law on Government Organization:
- Decree No. 15/CP dated 2 March 1993 On the Duties, Rights and State Management Function
of Ministries and Ministry-Equivalent Bodies;
- Decision No.38/TTg on the Reform of Administrative Procedures in the Activities of State
Management Bodies of 1995;
- restructuring some ministries, for example: merged the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Ministry of Water Irrigati on into the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development. Ministries are no longer responsible for business management. This
management has been transferred to business organizations (e.g., the business management
function is split from the General Post Department to the General Post and
Telecommunications Corporation).
5. Laws and Subordinate Legislation
Question 184Please provide information on the hierarchy of law. Where do international agreements such as
the WTO Agreement fit into the hierarchy of law?
Answer
Pursuant to the Law on the Enactment of Legal Documents dated 12 November 1996, the
Vietnamese hierarchy of law is as follows (in descending order of legal force):
- the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
- legislation issued by the National Assembly including: laws, resolutions;
- legislation issued by the National Assembly 's Standing Committee including ordinances,
resolutions; and
- legislation issued by other authorized State agencies at the central level in order to implement
legislation issued by the National Assembly and the National Assembly's Standing
Committee:
- orders and decisions of the State President;
- resolutions and decrees of the Government and decisions and instructions of the
Prime Minister;
- decisions, instructions and circulars issued by Ministers, heads of ministry-equivalent
bodies and bodies under the Government's direct control;
- resolutions of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court; decisions,
instructions and circulars issued by the Head of the Supreme People's Office for
Supervision and Control;
- resolutions and circulars jointly issued by government authorities, government
authorities and socio-political organizations; andWT/ACC/VNM/3
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- legislation issued by People's Councils and People Committees at different levels in order to
implement the legislation of superior government authorities:
- Resolution of the People's Council; and
- Decisions and instructions of the People's Committees.
Please refer to the answer to question 185.
Question 185
Do international agreements have direct applicability in the national legal system?
Answer
Vietnamese legislation does not contain provisions concerning the position of international
agreements in the legal system. However, it is stipulated in many legal documents that priority should
first be given to the application of international agreements to which Vietnam is a signatory or in
which it participates in the event that those agreements include provisions that conflict with those of
Vietnamese law. After necessary procedure on legal validity are accomplished, internationalagreements shall be applied in the national legal system.
Vietnamese legislation neither provides for direct applicability of international treaties in the
national legal system nor does it ban the direct application of such treaties.
Question 186
Are all new laws, regulations and administrati ve orders published in the Public Gazette?
Answer
As a general rule, as stipulated in Law on the Enactment of Legal Documents dated
12 November 1996, legal documents shall be published in the Public Gazette or made known to the
public through mass media. Legal documents issued by local authorities and provincial People’s
Councils shall be put up in notice in such localities.
Question 187
Is publication a legal obligation?
Answer
Yes.
Question 188
Can laws, regulations or administrative orders take effect before publication? If yes, under
what circumstances? How frequently does this occur?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 93
Answer
In accordance with the Law on the Enactment of Legal Documents, legal documents may
stipulate a retroactive date in sparely applied cases. However, they must not stipulate a retroactive
date in the following cases:
- stipulating new legal liability for an act for whic h, at the time of occurrence of that act, the
Law did not provide for any liability, or
- stipulating a heavier legal liability than that previously existing for the  act.
Question 189
Can laws, regulations or administrative orders reach back and be applied retroactively?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 188.
Question 190
What is the juridical status of Vietnam's econo mic courts and what is their jurisdiction? How
many petitions were filed by foreign investors in the economic courts in each of the past three
years? How many judgments were issued and how many of the judgments were awarded to
foreign investors?
Answer
(a) According to Article 1 and Article 2 of the Law on Organization of the Supreme People’s
Court, Economic Courts are specialised courts belonging to the People’s Courts and are established at
central, provincial or city level.
(b) According to Article 23:3 of the Law on Organization of the Supreme People’s Court,
Article 78:2 of the Ordinance on Economic Di sputes Settlement Procedures and Decision
No. 94/TCCB dated 11 March 1994 of the Chief Justice of Supreme People’s Court on Functions,Responsibilities and Operation Regulations of Economic Court of the Supreme People’s Court, the
functions and responsibilities of the Economic Court of the Supreme People’s Court are as follows:
- reviewing economic cases which have been judged by provincial court in case its decision or
judgment has come into effect but that decisi on or judgment is appealed in conjunction with
provisions of proceeding laws;
- assisting the Chief of Justice to examine and deal with complains which fall into the
competence of Economic Court. Assisting the Chief of Justice to implement the rights of final
appeal to the decisions and judgments of provin cial courts when those decisions or judgments
have come into effect but are appealed in conjunction with proceeding laws;
- preparing reports on economic cases which settling decisions or judgments have come into
effects but are appealed in conjunction with proceeding laws and submit that reports to the
Committee of justices and the Council of Justices of Supreme People’s Court;WT/ACC/VNM/3
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- drafting recapitulating reports and sum-up reports of the Supreme People’s Court on
Economic dispute settlement situation and request for statement of bankruptcy of enterprises.
(c) According to Article 30:3 of the Law on Organi zation of People’s Court, Article 4:1 of the
Law on Bankruptcy, Article 12, Article 13:2 and Arti cle 78:1 of the Ordinance on Economic Dispute
Settlement Procedures, the provincial courts are responsible for:
- serving as preliminary court in some economic cases, such as: disputes arising from contract
between legal persons and legal persons, legal person and natural person who has business
registration (except the cases of which the value is under 50 million Dong. These cases shall
be judged by District Courts), disputes between a company and its members, disputes among
members of a company relating to establishment, operation or dismissing of the company,
disputes relating to credit and bond deals and other economic disputes which are stipulated by
the law.
- serving as Appellate Court in the case of decisions or judgments of lower courts which have
not yet come into effects and being appealed.
- dealing with cases of enterprises bankruptcy as stipulated by the law.
According to Article 32:2 of the Law on Organization of People’s Court and Article 13:1 of
the Ordinance on Economic Dispute Settlement Pr ocedures, District Courts are responsible for
judgement of disputes concerning economic contract of which the value is under 50 million Dong(except the case  where the parties  are  foreigners).
According to reports of 17 out of 61 Provincial Courts (including the courts of the cities under
direct control of the Central Government), there were 95 complains submitted to 7 provincial courts
over the past 3 years relating to foreign investors and 79 cases were tried, from which 74 cases were
awarded to foreign investors.
6. Description of Judicial, Arbitral or Administrative Tribunals or Procedures
Question 191
It has been suggested that forei gn companies are not able to successfully use Vietnam's court
system to resolve a dispute. It has also been suggested that there is a widely-held view among
foreign interests operating in Vietnam that in a dispute with domestic private interests, State-
owned enterprises or the Government, goes to  litigation, then it is already lost.
(a) Is it true that Vietnam' s new Economic Court System is largely unused by foreigners?
(b) We would appreciate advice on the steps th e Government intends to take to ensure that
Vietnam's  juridical system will become both transparent and impartial.
(c) Could Vietnam provide more detail on ho w it plans to improve the transparency and
impartiality of its legal system as it relates to foreign trade and commercial matters
involving foreigners?
(d) Could Vietnam provide an assurance th at the institutional structure and the
Government's policies and practices will not in any way impair its ability to meet the
range of obligations that it will assume as a WTO Member, including under Article
XVII of the GATT?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 95
Answer
In order to meet the requirements of Vietnam and foreign businesses in settlement of
economic disputes in the economic transitional period. Vietnam has been trying to reform andgradually complete the legal framework for the settle ment of economic disputes in term of substantive
laws, procedural laws and laws  on organizational structure.
Economic Courts were established (Law Ame nding and Supplementing Certain Provisions of
the Law on the Organization of the People’s Court dated 28 December 1993 which took effect on1 July 1994).
The procedures for the settlement of economic disputes are outlined in the Ordinance on the
Procedure for the Settlement of Economic Disputes which entered into force from 1 July 1994.
In accordance with the above Law, the Economic  Court is organized in the Supreme Court
and the  Provincial  People's and city under central government courts;  in district courts there are no
economic courts, but there are judges specialised for economic disputes.  The Ordinance shall be
applied to the settlement of economic disputes in Vietnam to which one or more parties is a foreign
individual or legal entity, unless otherwise provided in the international treaties to which Vietnam is asignatory or in which it participate. The provincial People’s Courts have the right to settle economic
disputes with foreign involvement at the first instance. The Economic Court of the Supreme People’s
Court can act as a Court of Appeal.
Article 1 of the Ordinance stipulates that every individual and legal entity has the right to
initiate economic cases before the court in order to protect  their legitimate rights and interests.Although the language used in Vietnamese, the Ordinance ensures (in Article 8) that participants in
the procedures can used their language in both oral and written form by stipulating (in Article 26) that
the court has to appoint interpreter in case the person concerned does not know Vietnamese.
Objectivity and openness in the judicial process are guaranteed by the laws. Foreign parties
have the right to request a lawyer or another person who is a Vietnamese citizen to defend their
legitimate rights and interests. This person have the right to take part in the litigation from the
beginning. Parties to the case, or those who defend their rights and obligations, have the right to
require changes in judges, the jury, Court Secretary, in spector or interpreter if they discover that these
persons may be not impartial in performing of their duties. Parties have the right to appeal, within 10
days, against the judgment, a decision on temporary suspension or complete suspension of the case's
settlement of the court of first instance. If the losing party of the case does not voluntarily implement
the valid judgment within one month from the date  when the decision on the execution of the
judgment is issued, the winning party shall be entitled to ask the executing agency of civil cases toenforce the judgment.
Therefore, the existing regulations of Vietnam provide easy access for foreigners to the Court,
equality for parties involved, Vietnamese as well as foreigners, and objectivity of judicial and
enforcement processes. Who is winning  or losing  party depends on the Courts judgement inconformity with legal regulations.
The establishment of the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre and other non-
governmental arbitration institutions have created a wider range of  tribunal's choice for litigators.
The Vietnamese Government has determined to further strengthen administrative and legal
reforms in three aspects: systematic reform, reform of the administrative apparatus and staff and
judicial reform. In term of systematic reform, the Law on the Enactment of Legal Documents dated
12 November 1996 which took effect from 1 January 1997, is an important step forward which helpsWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 96
to define clearly the competence and the procedures for law making process.  This Law also  ensures
the order in the legislative process, improves  the quality of legal documents and uniformity and
consistency of the legal system. In the judicial field, legal documents served as the foundation of
organizational structure and activities of judicial bodies are being completed (in Vietnam, judicial
bodies include the Courts, the Supreme People’s Office for Supervision and Control, investigating and
executing agencies, barristers, and other judicial supporting agencies and institutions).
The reform of the courts' structure is intended to better implementation of basic judicial
principles such as two level adjudication, the independence of the judges and people's juries on thetrials, the openness of the court proceeding, the availability of adjudication against any legislation
violence, the equality of all citizens before the law.
The jurisdiction of certain courts is to be redefined and the jurisdiction of the District People’s
Court is broadened.
Election of  judges by People’s Committees has been replaced by the appointment of judges
by the State President (1992 Constitution). The professional qualification requirements for the judgeshave been standardized in accordance with the Ordinance of the Standing Committee of the National
Assembly On Judges and People’s Juries dated 15 August 1993.
Professional training centres for judges and other judicial titles (under the Ministry of Justice)
have been established. Courses for upgrading legal knowledge, and comprehension of new legaldocuments and judicial decision making techniques for judges, people’s juries of specialized courts
(civil, criminal, economic, labour courts) have been regularly organized.
Physical and technical conditions for trials and file archives have been gradually improved
and modernized. Strict penalties for infringements or corruption of those working in the judicial areahave been introduced.
All of the above-mentioned measures will contribute to the improvement of the adjudication
quality, the objectivity and impartiality of the court system of Vietnam.
In order to strengthen the openness and equity of the legal system applicable to trade activities
of foreigners, legislative reform has been implemented in the following directions:
- create a level playing field domestic and foreign entities in their business and investment
operation as well as in the settlement of dispute;
- increase the legal force of legal documents to codes, laws and ordinance.
Review and systematize all current law codes and make public through mass media.  National
Assembly session X (November - December 1997)  approved Decision No. 11/1997/QH10 on Laws
and Ordinances drafting schedule for 1998. Many laws and regulation on foreign involvement  in
trade and investment will be issued or prepared in 1998 such as: Law on Amendment of the Law on
Foreign Investment in Vietnam, the Law on  Export-Import (amended), Ordinance on economic
contract, Ordinance on Commercial Arbitration. It is obviously that Vietnam has been hard working
in transparency and equality of commercial arbitration. Draft of the Ordinance on CommercialArbitration is being worked out in consider ation of Uniform law of UNCITRAL and New York
Convention 1958, creating general and unique legal ground for activities of all arbitration centres
(domestic and international). Judicial process will be regulated in this Ordinance and in the Civil
Judicial Procedures Code (being drafted), not as norms in the decrees or decisions of the GovernmentWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 97
at the present. According to this draft, relevant  Courts for execution in Vietnam can consider all
arbitration awards (domestic and international).
The fulfilment of Article XVII shall not be an exception for Vietnam in accession to the
WTO. Currently, the Vietnamese legal system has ensured the equality between State-owned
enterprises and enterprises from other sectors before the laws.
Question 192
Do foreign companies have the right to have disputes settled by an arbitral tribunal?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 191 and 193.
Question 193
Do foreign companies have the same right to init iate and pursue claims in the commercial court
system?
Answer
Foreign companies have the right to initiate and pursue claims in Vietnamese courts in
accordance with Vietnamese legal procedures in the following circumstances:
- Vietnamese law stipulates that the case is under the jurisdiction of Vietnamese court;
- the dispute arises from contracts signed between a foreign party and a Vietnamese party
which are implemented in Vietnamese territory or in which it is stipulated that Vietnamese
courts have the jurisdiction to settle disputes; and
- in accordance with international agreements between Vietnam and a foreign country, the case
is within the jurisdiction of Vietnamese courts.
Question 194
Do foreign exporters and foreign investors have access to all courts and quasi-judicial bodies in
Vietnam?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 192, 193 and 197.
Question 195
It is stated that "one or all parties to a disput e are to file with the Centre a petition accompanied
by other necessary documents and to pay, at the same time, in advance, an arbitration fee
according to the legal provisions". Please expl ain the reasons behind the difference between the
procedures for domestic economic disputes and international disputes. Why, for example, do
parties to an international dispute have to pay in advance?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 98
Answer
The prevailing legal documents governing dispute settlement procedures by arbitration do not
contain any differences between domestic and international dispute.
Arbitration Centres, including the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre and Economic
Arbitration Centres, have the right to settle disputes  falling within their competence as provided bythe law  without considering to nationalities of dispute’s parties.
Arbitration proceedings are uniformly enforced for domestic and international disputes.
However, the Vietnam  International Arbitration Centre issued two regulations dealing with
Arbitration proceedings, one for international disputes and one for domestic disputes. However, there
is no difference in the  principles applicable to and between those regulations.
Concerning arbitration fees, the Decree No. 116/CP dated 5 August 1994 of the Government
stipulates that: “When submitting the request, the complainant must pay in advance arbitration fees”.
Both of Arbitration Proceedings Regulations of the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre provide:
“When submitting the request, the  complainant must pay in advance all arbitration fees”.
In summary, Vietnamese Laws and  the Regulation on the Proceedings of both Arbitration
Centres do not create any discrimination in econom ic dispute settlement procedures applicable
between  Vietnamese parties and  Vietnamese parties versus foreign parties.
The Statutes of the Vietnam International Arbitration Centres (issued in conjunction with
Decision No. 204/TTg dated 28 April 1993 of the Prime Minister, Decision No. 114/TTg dated16 February 1996 of the Prime Minister on Extensi on of Scope of Dispute Resolution Jurisdiction of
the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre, Decree No. 116/CP dated 5 August 1994 of the
Government on Organization and Operation of Economic Arbitration, parties involved economic
disputes have, by mutual consent, the right to make a choice between Vietnam InternationalArbitration Centre or Economic Arbitration Centre to resolve their disputes.
However, according to Article 10 of the Regulation on Organization of the Vietnam
International Arbitration Centre,  arbitration fees are applicable  when resolving  disputes. The
arbitration fees determined by the Board of Directors of the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce andIndustry based on international practices  which are applied by International Arbitration Organizations
in  other countries. According to Article 14 of  the Decree No. 116/CP of the Government on the
Organization and Operation of Economic Arbitration, when submitting the request, the complainant
must pay in advance arbitration fees that  shall be  determined by the arbitration centre in accordance
with the schedule of arbitration fees stipulated by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Justice.The arbitration fees shall be born by the losing party unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
Question 196
How many petitions were filed by foreign investors in people's courts in each of the past three
years? How many judgments were issued and how many of the judgments were awarded to theforeign investors?
Answer
According to reports of 17 out of 61 Provincial Courts (including the courts of the Cities
under direct control of the Central Government),  95 complaints were submitted to 7 provincial courtsWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 99
over the past 3 years, relating to foreign-invested enterprises, from which 79 cases have been tried. In
all, 74 judgements have been awarded to foreign-invested enterprises.
Question 197
What are the procedures for foreign investors to seek administrative relief from the
Government of Vietnam for government actions?
Answer
According to Article 32:5 of the Ordinance on Economic Dispute Settlement Procedures, the
Court shall  reject a request when that request is  already agreed by the parties to be resolved by
arbitration. Whether an economic dispute (either trad e or investment dispute) would be resolved by
the court or not, totally depends on the decision of the parties, including foreign investors.
Consultation, negotiation and mediation are pre-requisitions to resolve economic disputes
(including investment disputes).  Article 12:1 of the Decree No. 12/CP of the Government stipulates:
Disputes among parties who are taking part in join t-ventures, business co-operation contracts must be
first resolved amicably.  The parties may agree to chose an organization or individual to serve as
mediator. Therefore, foreign investors may resolv e disputes through negotiation or mediation and
need not bring the dispute to the court. Negotiation and mediation may be implemented in any stage
of dispute settlement process. The mutually agreed results of negotiations and mediation will be
recorded, implemented and  have the effect of ending any other dispute settlement process.
In the case of failure of the negotiation and/or mediation, the parties may, by mutual consent,
not chose the court but a arbitration centre (either governmental or non-governmental arbitration
centre) to judge the dispute. This is recognized by and provided in Vietnamese Law (such as Civil
Code, Article 239:3 Trade Law, the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam).
According to above mentioned regulations, the pa rties will negotiate to chose an arbitration
organization to judge the dispute if they do not want to bring the dispute to the court. If the name of
that arbitration organization is not provided in contract, the parties shall negotiate on the method of
resolving the dispute or  the choice of  the arbitration organization to judge the dispute.
Question 198
How many disputes involving foreign investors or foreign exporters were resolved in the
Vietnam International Arbitration Centre for each of the past three years?
Answer
During the last 3 years, the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre settled 53 cases (13
cases in 1994, 17 cases in 1995 and 23 cases in 1996).
Question 199
How many disputes involving foreign investors or foreign exporters were resolved in the
Vietnam International Arbitration Centre for each of the past three years?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 198.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 100
IV. POLICIES AFFECTING TRADE IN GOODS
1. Import Regulations
(a) Registration requirements for engaging in importing
Question 200
Please describe the process for obtaining a production enterprise import-export licence, by
completing a response to the WTO  Questionnaire on Import Licensing.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) which provides the requested information
in the format of WTO Questionnaire on Import Licensing.
Question 201
What is the difference between a production enterprise and a non-production trading
enterprise? Are foreign enterprises or enterprise s with foreign-invested capital eligible to be
production enterprises for the purposes of conducting import and export activities? What ismeant by the requirement that the enterprise "o perate in business lines registered initially"?
Answer
Production enterprises conducting export-import activities are enterprises running their own
production facilities  and import and export their products.
Non-production enterprises are enterprises which do not have their own production facilities
and their activities are confined to trading only.
An enterprise may engage in both trading and production at the same time.
Foreign owned enterprises are permitted to import products which meet the needs of their
own production and export their own products.
Upon its establishment, an enterprise must register, which is called "initial registration".
Based on the enterprise's application, the lines of business of an enterprise are defined in this initial
registration. When the enterprise engages in international trade, its import/export activities are also
confined to the initially registered lines of activitie s. The initially registered lines of activities may be
amended or supplemented and the enterprise's import/export activities can thus be amended or
supplemented correspondingly.
Question 202
What is the total number of enterprises that have production enterprises import-export
licences? How many of these enterprises are fore ign-owned? How many of these enterprises are
State-owned?
Answer
Please refer to the last paragraph, section IV.1(a) in the Memorandum on the Foreign Trade
Regime of Vietnam (WT/ACC/VNM/2).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 101
As of 30 November 1997, there are 1,630 of domestic enterprises which have been granted
import/export trading rights, in which:
- broken down by ownership:
- State-owned: 1,361 enterprises
- non-State-owned: 269 enterprises
- broken down by forms of enterprises:
- production enterprises: 867 (of which 219 are non-State-owned)
- trading enterprises: 763 (of which 50 are non-State-owned)
Foreign owned enterprises are automatically granted import-export rights in accordance with
their investment licence.  As of 31 December 1996, investment licences have been granted to a total
of 1,868 foreign-invested projects. The classification of enterprises into production and trading
enterprises is not applied to foreign owned enterp rises. Therefore, statistics broken down by such
classification is not collected.
Question 203
We understand that production enterprises are only granted licences to import products for
their own production in accordan ce with their business plans. This regime for import licensing
for production enterprises appears to be a TRIM  which is inconsistent with the obligations of
general elimination of quantitative restrictions, because the amount of the importation is related
to the volume of local production.
Please explain how this import licensing regi me is compatible with the requirement of the
TRIMs Agreement.
Answer
These measures are not related to the TRIMs Agreement in our point of view.
Question 204
Enterprises in non-production trading are required to “dispose of minimum of its owned
working capital, stated in the prescribed capi tal, in Vietnamese Dong or other currencies
equivalent to US$200,000 at the point of registration for import/export business”.
Please explain what this rule means in practi cal terms. What is meant by the term "owned
working  capital?" Are enterpri ses required to pay the equivalent of US$200,000 to obtain a
licence to conduct import-export activities as "production enterprises"?
Answer
This requirement is only applied to pure non-production trading enterprises.
(a) The required working capital is an amount of Vietnamese Dong equivalent to US$200,000.
(b) The purpose of this requirement is to preclude the incapable enterprises which may dishonour
the signed contracts and, in their doing so, decrease Vietnam's overall prestige in the world market.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 102
This requirement does not mean the enterprises have to pay US$200,000 for the import-export trading
licence. The licensing fee is 1 million Vietnamese dong (which is less than US$100 in the current
exchange rate). The "owned capital" is the capital which the enterprise actually has at its disposal,
excluding loaned capital.
Please refer to the answer to question 210.
Question 205
What is the reason for requiring general trading companies to "dispose of minimum
amount of its own worked  capital equivalen t to US$200,000 at the point of registration"?
Answer
Please refer to section (b) of the answer to question 204.
Question 206
What is the total number of enterprises that have non-production trading import-export
licences? How many of  these enterprises  are foreign-owned? How many of these enterprises
are State-owned?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 202.
Question 207
As of 31 December 1994, there were 1,372 foreign-invested ventures, entitled to export products
of the joint ventures and import materials for production needs of joint ventures.  Is there a
different import and export licensing regime applicable to joint ventures? Are joint venture
subject to performance requirement? Are the requirements for obtaining import and export
licences for joint venture compatib le with the TRIMs Agreement, for example, is the granting of
the licence, or level of imports allowed, tied to local content, production or export levels?
Answer
As of 31 December 1996, investment licences have been granted to a total of 1,868 foreign-
invested projects. The classification of enterprises into production and trading enterprises is not
applied to foreign-invested enterprises. Therefore, statistics broken down by such classification is not
collected.
(a) Import/export activities of the foreign-invested enterprises are subject to separate set of
regulations. Please refer to section E in Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
(b)  Some of the aspects of the licensing regime applied to the foreign-invested enterprises may
not be in conformity with the provisions of th e TRIMs Agreement. Vietnam is examining its regime
vis-à-vis the requirements of the TRIMs Agreement in order to single out the inconsistent measures.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 103
Question 208
General trading companies may only  trade in the goods listed on th e licence. What is the reason
for this restriction? Does Vietnam have a timetable  to remove it?
Answer
The lines of business activities listed on the import-export business licence are based on the
enterprise's application and the practice is thus not considered as a restriction (please refer tosection (c), in the answer to question 201 for information in respect of the lines of business as
specified in the registration licence and the import-export business licence). Therefore, Vietnam has
no intention to eliminate this measure.
The ability of the enterprise is one criteria which will be taken into consideration for the
purpose of business licence issuance and registration of items to be traded.
Question 209
Can domestic or foreign natural persons or joint-ventures engage in trading activities? If so,
under what circumstances? If not, why not?
Answer
Registered Vietnamese natural persons and residents in Vietnam have the rights to participate
in trading activities. The conditions for this oper ation are provided for in the Commercial Law dated
23 May 1997 and other relevant provisions of the applicable regulations in respect of different lines oftrading activities.
Question 210
Paragraph 5, page 33 states that only businesses licensed by the Ministry of Trade can conclude
foreign trade contracts directly.  Can Vietnam provide details on the purpose and operation of
this licensing system, including whether there are other criteria for granting such licence, apart
from the requirement to have working capital of US$200,000?  Are there any restrictions (on
product area or form of business) contained in  the licences granted to engage in foreign trade
activities?  Is the fee for obtaining a licence (m entioned in paragraph 5, page 34) a one-off flat
fee or an annual fee?  What proportion of businesses in Vietnam are currently licensed to
perform foreign trade?  What plans does Vietnam have to ease current licence restrictions?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 of WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
The purposes of the licensing regimes are presented in the answer to question 204.
The fee for import-export business licence is 1 million Dong. It is an one-time fee payable
upon the receipt of the licence and applicable on equal terms to all enterprises.
The planned relaxation on the regulations of import-export business licensing regime are as
follows:
- lowering the minimum capital requirement;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 104
- abolishing the requirements in respect of the qualifications of staff.
Among 32,254 enterprises in the country (as of 31 December 1995), 1,630 enterprises (or
5.1 per cent) have the import-export trading rights.
(b) Characteristics of the national tariff
Question 211
What is the level of average weighted tariff?Answer
The current average trade weighted tariff  is 16.3 per cent.
Question 212
According to the Foreign Trade Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the average tariff rate
collected on imported goods was about 19 per cent in 1995.
How were these average tariff rates calculated? Wh at is the trade-weighted average tariff rate
currently in effect in Vietnam?
Answer
This number is obtained from dividing the real import revenue collected in the year by the
total import value of tariff bearing items (excluding grants, presents and goods for processing, etc.,
which are exempted from customs duties).  Please refer to also the answer to question 211.
Question 213
Which version of the Harmonized System does Vietnam use - 1988, 1992 or 1996?
Answer
Vietnam’s nomenclature of import and export commodities (which is not used for tariff
purposes) is based on the 1996 version of the WCO Harmonized System. Vietnam's tariff schedule
was issued in 1993, based on the 1992 version of the Harmonized System, and has since undergonemany amendments. Vietnam is planning to apply a new tariff nomenclature based on HS 96 and will,
as far as possible, keep the Working Party informed of the developments.
Question 214
Does Vietnam apply the 1996 version of the HS? If not, what version is currently applied and
when will the 1996 version be applied?
Answer
In November 1992, the nomenclature of export-import commodities corresponding to 6 digits
HS nomenclature of the WCO was published.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 105
The nomenclature was then developed to become the Vietnamese nomenclature of export and
import commodities, at 8 digits level, and which was published in January 1997. The Vietnamese
nomenclature is based on the HS 1996 and has been used in the classification for the purpose of
customs declaration and import-export statistics collection for the Government.
However, more preparations are required before the Vietnamese nomenclature can be applied
for tariff collection purposes. In order to meet the immediate needs, Vietnam has developed, in thetransitional period, a tariff schedule in parallel w ith the Vietnamese nomenclature. That evolution has
led to the subsequent discrepancies between the nomenclature and the tariff schedule.
The Vietnam Government is preparing for an early accession to the International Convention
on the HS.
Question 215
Vietnam does not currently have a consolidated tariff schedule and the ad hoc nature of the
current publication system lacks transparency for exporters and for Working Party membersevaluating Vietnam’s trade regime.
Has Vietnam adopted the 1996 changes to the Harm onized Tariff system? If not, when might
that be accomplished, given its importance in providing a framework for negotiations of
Vietnam's goods market access schedule.
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 213 and 329 herein. Vietnam is trying to establish a
new tariff nomenclature as soon as possible.
Question 216
Are there any additional charges (other than tariffs) applied to imports of these products?
Answer
Yes. Please refer to details in Annex 9 (WT/ ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) and the list attached to the
answer to question 228.
Question 217
Please describe the policy granting tariff exemptions or reductions.
Answer
Please refer to Section IV.1(b) of document WT/ACC/VNM/2 and the answers to
questions 17, 96, 105, 128, 146 and 149.
Question 218
Vietnam grants preferential tariff rates to imports from the European Communities pursuant
to a bilateral agreement and is a member of ASEAN, and has undertaken to grant preferentialtariff rates to ASEAN member countries with in the framework of the Agreement on the
Common Effective Preferential Treatment (CEPT).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 106
Please list all products, including HS numbers, imported from the European Communities
which are covered by the bilateral agreement and the applicable preferential tariff  rates. Please
identify and describe all other forms of preferential market access available to imported
products from the European Communities.
Answer
According to the Agreement on Textile and Clothing signed between Vietnam and the
European Communities, 243 tariff lines of textile items of the European Communities imported to
Vietnam are subject to tariff reduction over a 10 years period, starting from 1 January 1996 (the list of
these items was given in the Decree No. 18/CP).
Decree No. 18/CP of 4 April 1996 specified the tariff reduction schedule  for 1996 and 1997
applied to textile imports from the European Communities.
Vietnam does not have any other market access preferences granted to the
European Communities.
Question 219
How does Vietnam intend to amend its bilateral agreement with the European Communities in
order to conform with the requirements of GATT Article I (MFN treatment)?
Answer
So far, Vietnam has no agreement with the European Communities in respect of amending the
bilateral agreement.  However, upon accession to the WTO, Vietnam will respect the MFN principle
as provided for in Article 1 of the GATT. Thus, when Vietnam is acceded to WTO, the preferential
treatment accorded to the European Communities will be multilateralized.
Question 220
Could Vietnam please provide further details as well as the status of implementation of
preferential treatment under ASEAN and CEPT? Do these tariff concessions include
agricultural products? If so, please indicate the commodities affected, as well as the rates of
duty applied to these imports.
Answer
Preferential treatment under ASEAN is divided into 5 categories:
1. Inclusion List (IL): is the list of products fo r immediate inclusion in preferential treatment
implementing the Common Effective Preferential Tariffs (CEPT), starting from 1996. The list of
Vietnamese products in this category now consists of 1,633 tariff lines.
2. Temporary Exclusion List (TEL): Pursuant to the provisions of the CEPT, Vietnam has
published a list of 1,371 products which are temporarily excluded from tariff reduction under theCEPT. The products in this list will be carried forward to the Inclusion List by the end of 1999.
The products in the two above lists will have maximum tariff rates of 5 per cent by the
year 2006.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 107
3. General Exclusion List (GEL): this list includes 213 groups of products which Vietnam
excludes from CEPT implementation. As Vietnam ha s not developed a HS tariff nomenclature, the
number of tariff lines affected by this list is not available.
4. List of sensitive agricultural products: this list, which has 23 tariff lines (at 6 digits level) in
the case of Vietnam, will be totally phased in the  inclusion list by the year 2013 with final bound rate
of 5 per cent.
5. List of highly sensitive products: Vietnam does not have this list.
In Vietnam’s current and future Lists under CEPT included agricultural products.
Question 221
We note that the average tariff on automobiles and motorbikes is 55 per cent and according to
other information sources, automotive tariffs in Vietnam are 200 per cent for new passenger
automobiles and 150 per cent for new mini-vans.  The tariff on unassembled kits is as low as
20 per cent, but the Government may impose an annual quota for kit imports.  In addition, weunderstand that in late 1994 the Vietnamese G overnment introduced a rule requiring any
foreign applicant seeking to import kits to commit to producing 60 per cent of vehicle parts
locally, in an apparent effort to expand its indigenous automotive components production,
which is currently rather limited (i.e., batteries and floor mats).
Please describe in detail the tariff and non-tariff measures that apply to the importation of
automobiles and automobile parts into Vietnam.
Answer
Vietnam is in the process of tariff reform. At present, importation of automobiles and
automobile parts into Vietnam are subject to the following tariffs and non tariff measures:
- Tariffs: Automobiles and automobile parts imported into Vietnam are subject to tariffs
ranging from 0 to 60 per cent. Details are as follows:
HS Description Tariff rate
870200 Public-transport  type passenger  motor vehicles with more
than 24 seats (buses)
87020010 -  Completely assembled 50
87020020 --  SKD 40
87020030 --  CKD1 with painted body 18
87020040 --  CKD1 without painted body 12
87020050 --  CKD2 6
87020060 --  IKD 3
8703 Cars and other vehicles principally designed for the transport
of persons (other than those category No. 8702), including
wagon stations and racing cars:
870310 -  Cars and other vehicles for passenger transportation (other
than those of heading No. 8702):
-  Exceeding 15 seats but not exceeding 24 seats:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 108
HS Description Tariff rate
87031011 -  Completely assembled 55
87031012 --  SKD 40
87031013 --  CKD1 with painted body 30
87031014 --  CKD1 without painted body 25
87031015 --  CKD2 10
87031016 --  IKD 7
-  With from 5 to 15 seats:
87031021 -  Completely assembled 55
87031022 --  SKD 45
87031023 --  CKD1 with painted body 45
87031024 --  CKD1 without painted body 40
87031025 --  CKD2 20
87031026 --  IKD 5
-  With less than 5 seats
87031031 --  Completely assembled 55
 87031032 --  SKD 50
87031033 --  CKD1 with painted body 55
87031034 --  CKD1 without painted body 50
87031035 --  CKD2 30
87031036 --  IKD 5
870320 Motor vehicles designed for transporting both passengers and
goods
87032010 --   Completely assembled 60
87032030 --  CKD1 with painted body 45
87032040 --  CKD1 without painted body 40
87032050 --  CKD2 30
8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods
870410 Dumpers designed 0
-   Automobiles designed with cargo hold, whether or notfitted with self-loading or self-unloading device:
870421 --  G.v.w. not exceeding 5 tons:
---  Motor vehicles designed for light freight transporting,similar to passenger transporting vehicle:
87042111 ----  Completely assembled 60
87042112 ----  SKD 40
87042113 ----  CKD1 with painted body 20
87042114 ----  CKD1 without painted body 16
87042115 ----  CKD2 8
87042116 ----  IKD 4WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 109
HS Description Tariff rate
---  Others:
87042191 ----  Completely assembled 60
87042192 ----  SKD 40
87042193 ----  CKD1 with painted body 20
87042194 ----  CKD1 without painted body 16
87042195 ----  CKD2 8
87042196 ----  IKD 4
--  G.v.w. exceeding 5 tons but not exceeding 20 tons:
---  G.v.w. exceeding 5 tons but not exceeding 10 tons:
87042211 ----  Completely assembled 40
87042212 ----  SKD 20
87042213 ----  CKD1 with painted body 12
87042214 ----  CKD1 without painted body 8
87042215 ----  CKD2 4
87042216 ----  IKD 2
---  G.v.w. exceeding 10 tons but not exceeding 20 tons:
 87042221 ----  Completely assembled 30
87042222 ----  SKD 20
87042223 ----  CKD1 with painted body 12
87042224 ----  CKD1 without painted body 8
87042225 ----  CKD2 4
87042226 ----  IKD 2
870423 --  G.v.w. exceeding 20 tons 10
-  Vehicles designed for the transport of special goods:
870431 --  For petrol, chemicals, etc. 10
870432 --  For cement 10
870433 --  For frozen product 10
870434 --  For money 10
8705 Special purpose  motor vehicles, other than those designed
principally for the transport of persons or goods (e.g.
breakdown lorries, crane lorries, fire fighting vehicles,
concrete-mixer lorries, road sweeper lorries, spraying lorries,mobile workshops, mobile radiological units):
870510 -  Crane lorries 0
870520 -  Mobile drilling derricks 0
870530 -  Fire fighting vehicles 0
870540 -  Concrete-mixer lorries 0
870590 -  Others 0WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 110
- Excise tax: details are as follows:
Description Tax Rate
Automobiles with 5 seats or less 100 %
Automobiles from 6 to 15 seats 60%
Automobiles with from 16 to 24 seats, automobiles for transport of both
passengers and goods, lambro30%
Excise tax is applied to imports of complete automobiles and SKD kits.
- Non-tariff measures:
For the purpose of maintaining a number of cars corresponding to the infrastructure
conditions, Vietnam applies quantitative restrictions on importation of automobiles in CBU, SKD and
CKD1 forms. For more information about these meas ures, please refer to the answer to question 246
and Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Restrictions on importation are applied to vehicles for passengers and goods transportation
only. No quantitative restrictions are applied to  importation of specialized vehicles such as crane
lorries, fire fighting vehicles, public service vehicles, etc.
Question 222
Does Vietnam have a performance requirement for the importation of unassembled kits?
Answer
In the application for the establishment of automobile assembling factory, investors must
provide a feasibility study which specifies the localization plan.
The minimum local content ratio is 5 per cent for the first year of production  but should be
increased to at least 30 per cent by the tenth year. These regulations are applied to all new
investments.
Question 223
Please provide more details about the discretionary tariff exemptions permitted under
Articles 10 and 11 of the Law on Import-Export Duties.
Answer
The Decree of the Government No. 54/CP of 28 August 1993 on the Implementation of the
Law on Import-Export Duties provides in detail the tariff exemptions permitted under Article 10 of
the Law on Import-Export Duties dated 26 December 1991 as follows:
1. Non-refundable aid.
2. Temporary imports and re-exports, temporary exports for exhibitions and re-imports.
3. Goods in transit.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 111
4. Exports and imports of foreign organizations which and individuals who, pursuant to
international treaties to which Vietnam is a signatory or in relation to which it is a participant,
enjoy immunities stipulated by the Government.
5. Materials and raw materials imported for processing and re-export in accordance with a
contract entered into with a foreign party.
The following goods shall be subject to a reduction of applicable duty (Article 11, Law on
Import-Export Duties):
1. Imports for specialized use for security, national defence, scientific, educational, training or
research purposes.
2. Exports and imports of an enterprise with foreign owned capital and of the foreign parties to a
business co-operation in each special case where it is necessary to encourage investment.
3. Gifts of foreign organizations and individuals given to Vietnamese organizations and 
individuals.
4. Imported goods for duty-free shops.
For detailed regulations, please see Decree No. 54/CP of 28 August 1993 which is available
in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 224
We would be grateful for further information about Vietnam's tariff regime.- Is Vietnam's tariff publicly available?
- Could Vietnam provide more information about its intention to reduce and simplify
tariff, in particular which tariff are to be affected, and when?
- What is Vietnam doing to simplify the current array of charges and regulations?
- When does Vietnam expect its fees and charges will be in full conformity with the
relevant provisions of the WTO Agreement?
- Could Vietnam advise whethe r the current import duty exemption for foreign investors
will be maintained and for how long?
Answer
Vietnam's export and import tariffs are publicly available.
The plan for tariff reform and simplification is as follows:
Vietnam has been proceeding the reform on import tariff since 1995. The reform is planned to
be accomplished in 1998. The direction of the reform is that taxes applied to imported goods shall
include customs duty, excise tax (for certain categories of products only) and value added tax.
The current tariff has 27 different rates. It is expected that two rates (7 and 6 per cent) in the
import tariff shall be withdrawn by the end of 1997. Therefore 25 different  duty  rates shall remain
and they shall be gradually reduced in the following years.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 112
Fees and charges: the general policy of Vietnam is to limit the number of fees and charges so
as to reform, step by step, administrative procedures. Currently, Vietnam is studying the
implementation of fees and charges compatible with the WTO regulations.
Import duty exemption for foreign investors:
Article 47 of the Law on Foreign Investment of  Vietnam which was adopted by the National
Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 12 November 1996 and came into force from23 November 1996 (this Law replaces all the previous  foreign investment laws of Vietnam) contains
provisions concerning export-import duties levied on exported and imported goods of enterprises with
foreign-invested capital and parties to business cooperation contracts. It also provides for the import
duty exemptions for  enterprises with foreign-invested as follows:
"Equipment, machinery and specialized means of transportation which are used in
technical process imported into Vietnam for the purpose of forming the fixed assets of an
enterprise with foreign-invested capital, form ing the fixed assets of the implementation of a
business co-operation contract, or to expand the scale of an investment project, and imported
means of transportation used to transport workers shall be exempted from import duty.
The Government may grant exemption from, or reduction of, export and import
duties in respect of other special goods which are subject to investment encouragement."
Therefore, import duty exemptions for foreign investors under the Law on Foreign Investment
in Vietnam dated 12 November 1996 shall continue to be applied.
Please refer also to the answers to questions 17 and 105.
(c) Tariff quotas and tariff exemptions
Question 225
What is the current policy regarding the importation of vehicles by foreign companies for
corporate use?
Answer
Article 63 of Decree No. 12/CP of 17 February 1997 regulating in details the Implementation
of Foreign Investment Laws in Vietnam and pa ssed by the National Assembly on 12 November 1996
stipulates as follows:
Enterprises with foreign investment are exempted from customs duties for the following
imports:
- specialized means of transportation which are used in technical process imported into
Vietnam for the purpose of forming the fixed asse ts of an enterprise with foreign-invested
capital, forming the fixed assets for the implementation of a business co-operation contract, orto expand the scale of an investment project,  and imported means of transportation used to
transport workers (cars with more than 24 seats, maritime transportation means).
In case those duty free imported vehicles are resold in the Vietnamese market, they are
subject to approval by the Ministry of Trade, and payment of import duties and VAT tax
under regulations of Vietnam Laws.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 113
- representative offices and branches of foreign economic organizations based in Vietnam are
allowed to import vehicles for their own use within a limited number set by the Ministry of
Trade. Their imports are subject to import duties and excise tax.
Question 226
Vietnam states that it "...has not adopted the tari ff quota, reserves its right to impose the tariff
quota when it is deemed necessary and possible" (page 36 of WT/ACC/VNM/2).
(a) Under what circumstances would Vietnam deem its claim to such a right to be
"necessary" and "possible"?
(b) How would Vietnam justify the impediments to trade and the administrative burdens
which are created by tariff quotas?
Answer
At present, Vietnam has not fully identified cases where tariff quotas are needed. However,
the possible impediments to trade and the provisions of the WTO will be taken into considerationwhen tariff quotas are applied.
(d) Other duties and charges
Question 227
Vietnam states that the surcharge of 5-10 per ce nt is applied to some exports to support the
Price Stabilization Fund. GATT Article VIII provides that all import and export fees andcharges shall be limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered and cannot be
used for fiscal purposes.
How does Vietnam intend to bring these charge s into conformity with WTO requirements, in
particular the requirement that tariff rate s not exceed bound rates specified in the goods
market access schedule, or that the charge be sp ecifically related to the cost of the service
provided by customs, not the value of the good?
Answer
Under Vietnam's policy, surcharges are not used for budgetary purposes. They are used to
mitigate the effects of international price fluctuations on the domestic prices. However, these
regulations would be refined during the process of formulating and implementing trade policy.
Question 228
Please identify, including tariff line numbers, all products subject to import or export
surcharges. For each item, please provide the ra te of the surcharge and the period for which it
has been imposed. How is the amount of the su rcharge affected by price fluctuations? Is the
surcharge levied on an ad valorem  basis? Does the Government of Vietnam publish the
surcharge rates for individual products?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 114
Answer
Commodities subject to surcharges:
At present, there are 6 items which are subject to surcharges, of which 3 are imports and 3 are
exports as follows:
- import goods:  petrol,  iron and steel, fertilizer;
- export goods:  coffee, rubber and cashew nuts.
Surcharge rates and duration of application of each good:
A. Import goods subject to surcharge:
1. Surcharges on petrol and oil:
Goods Surcharge Rate (%) Time of Application
South North
Gasoline 3 0 1/5/1993
Gasoline production additives 5 0 1/5/1993
Diesel 3 0 1/5/1993
Mazout 3 0 1/5/1993
Kerosene 2 1 1/5/1993
Aviation spirit 3 1 1/5/1993
Gasoline 7 6 1/8/1993
Gasoline production additives 9 8 1/8/1993
Diesel 7 6 1/8/1993
Mazout  7 6 1/8/1993
Kerosene 5 4 1/8/1993
Aviation spirit 7 6 1/8/1993
Gasoline 12 15/5/1994
Gasoline production additives 12  15/5/1994
Diesel 9 15/5/1994
Mazout 7 15/5/1994
Kerosene 9 15/5/1994
Aviation spirit 9 15/5/1994
Gasoline 12 15/7/1994
Gasoline production additives 12 15/7/1994
Diesel 12 15/7/1994
Mazout 0 15/7/1994
Kerosene 15 15/7/1994
Aviation spirit 15 15/7/1994WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 115
Goods Surcharge Rate (%) Time of Application
South North
Kerosene 0 10/11/1994
Aviation spirit 0 10/11/1994
Liquidated oil 10 10/7/1994
Diesel 0 1/1/1995
Liquidated gas 0 20/4/1995
Gasoline 0 10/5/1005
Gasoline production additives 0 10/5/1005
Gasoline 10 22/9/1995
Other products 10 22/9/1995
Diesel 5 22/9/1995
Diesel 0 10/12/1995
Gasoline 0 10/12/1995
Other products 10 10/12/1995
Gasoline 0 15/1/1996
Other products 0 15/1/1996
Gasoline 5 4 20/7/1996
Other products 5 4 20/7/1996
Kerosene 4 3 20/7/1996
Aviation spirit 4 3 20/7/1996
Mazout 4 3 20/7/1996
Diesel 0 15/8/1996
Gasoline 0 15/8/1996
Other products 0  15/8/1996
Kerosene 0 15/8/1996
Aviation spirit 0 15/8/1996
Mazout 0 15/8/1996
Gasoline 6 26/7/1997
Gasoline production additives 6  26/7/1997
Gasoline 6 26/7/1997
Diesel 15 26/7/1997
Kerosene 10 26/7/1997
Aviation spirit 10 26/7/1997
Diesel 0 1/9/1997WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 116
Goods Surcharge Rate (%) Time of Application
South North
Kerosene 0 1/9/1997
Aviation spirit 0 1/9/1997
2. Surcharges on iron and steel:
Goods Surcharge Rates
(%)Time of
Application
CT3 steel round rods diameter  6-65 mm 2 1/5/1993
CT5 steel reinforcement bars, diameter 6-16 mm 2 1/5/1993
CT3, CT3C steel plate 4 1/5/1993
CT3 steel round rods diameter 6-16 mm 10 15/5/1994
CT5 steel reinforcement bars, diameter 6-16 mm 10 15/5/1994
CT3, CT3C steel plate 4 15/5/1994
Welded steel pipe (black or  galvanized), diameter15-100 mm10 1/4/1995
Welded steel pipe (black or  galvanized), diameter 0 20/12/1995
Welded steel pipe (black or  galvanized), diameter
14-114 mm 10 1/10/1997
3. Surcharges on fertilizers:
Goods Surcharge Rates (%) Time of Application
Urea, SA 4 5/11/1993
NPK 4 5/11/1993
DAP 6 5/11/1993
Urea, SA 0 15/11/1993
NPK 2 25/4/1994
DAP 2 25/4/1994
Urea 7 3/5/1995
Urea 0 15/9/1995
NPK 0 15/10/1996
DAP 0 15/10/1996WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 117
B. Export goods subject to surcharge
1. Surcharges on coffee:
Goods Surcharge Rates (%) Time of Application
Coffee 20% 1/9/1994
300 US$/ton 15/11/1994
200 US$/ton 25/11/1994
100 US$/ton 16/12/1994
200 US$/ton 6/3/1995
100 US$/ton 22/6/1995
0% 5/12/1995
2. Surcharges on rubber:
Goods Surcharge Rates (%) Time of Application
Rubber 5 1/9/1994
0 20/7/1995
3. Surcharges on cashew nuts:
Goods Surcharge Rate (%) Time of Application
Cashew nuts 4 20/4/1994
10 10/2/1995
Surcharge rates against price fluctuation level:
Surcharges are collected against  the difference of price. Surcharges do not exceed 70 per cent
of price differences  for imported goods, 50 per cent for exported goods and 30 per cent for
domestically produced and consumed goods.
 Price disparity of imported goods is the difference between the reasonable domestic selling
price of the good in question and the import price including the real import price, freight cost (F),insurance cost (I) to the port of arrival, import duty and  distribution expenses.
 Price disparity of exported goods is the diff erence between the real export price excluding
freight cost (F), insurance cost (I)  against the real export price which includes the purchasing price,
export duty and transport costs to the embarking port.
 Price difference of domestically produced and consumed goods is the difference between the
average actual selling and the  average actual costs which  include  the  production costs, applicable
taxes and the average profit of the industry.
These  are the principles for surcharge calculation.  The specific  applicable surcharge rates
depend on the actual price disparity.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 118
For imported or exported goods, surcharges are calculated on the basis of transaction value
which excludes the added value.
Question 229
Does Vietnam impose any import surcharges ot her than those imposed in order to monitor
prices?
Answer
Other than surcharges for the purpose of price stabilization, Vietnam is not applying any other
kind of import surcharges.
Question 230
Please identify and describe, including amount s, any custom service and processing fees or
charges. Are the fees uniform at all ports?  Do  the amount of these fees and charges exceed the
approximate costs of the services rendered, in accordance with GATT Article VIII?
Answer
The Decree No. 171/HDBT dated 17 May 1991 of th e Council of Ministers (which is now the
Government) and the joint Circular No. 31/TTLB-TC-TCHQ dated 7 April 1993 of the Ministry ofFinance and the General Department of Customs stip ulate that customs fees are payable as follows:
- customs clearance fee is payable when clearance procedures are done, at the request of goods-
owners, at places other than the official venues;
- merchandise fee is payable for goods (including postal packages and parcels), luggage and
means of transport in transit or hiring passage through Vietnam as delegated imports-exportsfor foreigners;
- fee is payable when customs documents of goods and luggage are re-certified or re-issued;
- fees for goods escorting and sealing;- fees for customs warehousing.
These fees are uniformly applied.
Fee rates are defined for each type of fee on the basis of the service rendered.
Question 231
On page 36 it is said that "in addition to import  duties, surcharges might be applied on essential
items". Apart from coffee and urea, are there any products which are considered as essential in
this context? If yes, please indicate the products  (with HS codes) and the level of the surcharges.
Answer
The list of products subject to surcharges and the applicable surcharge rates may vary from
time to time. In the last few years,  the follow ing goods have been subject to surcharges: urea,
petroleum, some  types of steel (for imports) and coffee, rubber, cashew nuts (for exports). At the timeWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 119
of 1 December 1997, surcharges are applying to imported petroleum and some types of steel and
exported raw cashew nuts.
Please refer also to the answer to question 228.
Question 232
Are there any other additional charges other than the Price Stabilization Fund?
Answer
No. At the moment, there is no surcharges other than surcharge for the Price Stabilization
Fund.
Question 233
Under what circumstances are they applied and to which goods?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1)  for detailed information on the list of
goods subject to surcharges and the mechanism of the Price Stabilization Fund.
Question 234
Please provide more detailed information abou t the circumstances under which the surcharge is
levied. For example, how is the level determined? Is it limited to certain times of the year?
Answer
Please refer the detailed information in the answer to question 228 and Annex 9
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 235
Does Vietnam levy any charges for services rendered, e.g. a customs processing fee?  Wharfage
charges?  Storage charges?  If so, please provide details.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 230 for the information relating to customs clearance
fees.  In addition, the following customs fees are applied:
- wharfage charge;
- customs warehousing fees;
- storage and port space rents.
The rates of above-mentioned fees are determined for each type of fee, for example:
- ships embarkation on wharf:  US$/ GRT 0.0035;  anchorage: US$/GRT 0.0012;
-  port passage is US$/passenger 2 (valid for both entrance and exit);
- storage and customs warehousing fee:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 120
- for goods not in container:  US$/MT/day 0.2,
- for 40 feet container:  US$3 and 1.5 per day for loaded and empty container
respectively.
(e) Quantitative import restrictions, including prohibitions, quotas and licensing systems
Question 236
It would appear that most of the restrictions applied by Vietnam to imports described in this
section are inconsistent with the GATT 1994 and other WTO Agreements. In particular, GATT
Article XI prohibits the use of prohibitions or restrictions, other than duties, taxes or other
charges, on the importation of any product from a WTO Member, or on the exportation of any
product to a Member State.
How does Vietnam intend to reform and revise its extensive system of quantitative, licensing,
and other restrictions in order to satisfy the requirements of GATT Article XI concerning
products subject to these restrictions?
Answer
Import restrictions which are inconsistent with the provisions of the GATT and other WTO
Agreements will be examined and eventually addressed during WTO accession negotiations.
Question 237
Please identify all the products listed in Appendix 2 of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2),
export/import commodity control, by tariff line number.
Answer
Please find the requested information in Appendix 7 - List 2 and Annex 3 in document
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 238
Do published criteria exist to determine whether a toy is "morally pernicious", or whether
products are "depraved cultural and reactionary products"?  If so, please outline the criteria
are applied. Are products other than toys covered?
Answer
At present, there is no specific  legal document stipulating those criteria. Competent officials
are authorized to make decisions (for which they are responsible). The official decisions are made
public. This practice is only limited to toys and cultural products (for example: guns with plastic
bullets, water guns, etc.).
Question 239
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), petroleum, urea fertilizer, sugar,
construction, steel and cement, are “...considered  relevant to the general equilibrium of the
national economy” and therefore subject to additional import restrictions.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 121
Please provide a list, by tariff line item numb er, of all products considered relevant to the
general equilibrium of the national economy a nd thereby subject to import restriction. What
criteria are used to add products to this list?
Answer
Every year, the Government issues a list of goods relating to the major balance of the
economy (goods relevant to the general equilibrium of the national economy). In 1996, it coveredpetroleum, fertilizers, cement, sugar and construction steel. In 1997, only petroleum and fertilizer are
included in this list.
The decision to include a particular product in the list is based on the analysis of the economic
ministries concerned on the cross-sectoral impact of the product, the need for protection of the
industry (particular emphasis are laid on labour-intensive, local resources utilization and infant
industries).
Question 240
Please describe the import restrictions applicable to each product relevant to the general
equilibrium of the national economy. Are these products subject to import prohibition or
quantitative restriction? Do the import restrictions apply to imports of these products pursuant
to preferential trade agreements?
Answer
Please refer to Appendix 7 - List 2 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1 which gives the answer to
question 237) for the list of products which are subject to quantitative restrictions. This list also
specifies the restrictions applying to products relating to major balance (or general equilibrium) of the
national economy. In 1997, the products concerned are petroleum and fertilizer which are all subject
to MFN-based quantitative restrictions. Import prohibition is not applied.
Please refer to the answer to question 250.
Question 241
Please explain the significance of sugar to the "general equilibrium of the national economy"
and describe all protection it receives.
Answer
In 1997, sugar is no longer included in this list. It is, however, still subject to import
restriction for the reasons as mentioned in the answer to question 283.
Question 242
Please identify, by tariff line item, each cons umer product (including foods, personal and
household utensils, electronics, electric appliances, optical instruments and personal vehicles)subject to such import limitations. For each it em, please provide the amount of the quantitative
limitation or any other restrictions currently applicable to importation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 122
Answer
Before 1996, the total value of imported consumer goods was limited to 20 per cent of the
total exports value. Since 1997, the Government no longer applies this restriction (except for cars
under 12 seats and motorbikes). However, import licences from Ministry of Trade are still required
for importation of consumer goods.
The Government is planning to replace this licensing regime by tariffs which will be the main
tools for regulating imports of consumer goods.
Question 243
How is the 20 per cent limitation administered? Does the limitation apply at the enterprise
level? It would appear to be a TRIM inconsistent with the obligation of general elimination of
quantitative restrictions (see paragraph 2(A) of th e Illustrative List in the Annex to the TRIMs
Agreement).
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 242 and 266.
Question 244
Are there any other policy measures affecting the importation of these items?
Answer
It is planned that this restriction will be substituted by import tariff for  the majority of those
items. Please refer to the answer to question 242 for the detailed information.
Question 245
Are agricultural and food imports considered "c onsumption imports"? If so, please explain in
further detail how Vietnam controls consumption imports when this limit is reached.
Answer
Only a limited categories of agricultural and food imports are considered as consumer goods.
Please see the detailed information on the measures applying to consumer imported goods in the
answers to questions 242 and 266.
Question 246
What import restrictions are applied to transportation vehicles?Answer
The following quantitative restrictions are applied to transportation vehicles:
- automobiles with less than 12 seats (quota of approximately 3,000 vehicles per year);
- automobiles with more than 12 seats; freight vehicles (quota of approximately
30,000 vehicles per year).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 123
Restrictions are not applied to specialized automobiles which are not used for passengers and
freight transport (e.g., crane lorries, fire-fighting vehicles, road sweeper lorries, water spraying lorries,
etc.).
Question 247
What is the WTO rationale for the prohibition of imports of antiques, drugs of all kinds,
cigarettes, used consumer goods, automobiles and other motor vehicles with left-handed
steering, used spare parts of automobiles, and two-wheel and three-wheel motor vehicles?  Does
Vietnam prohibit the domestic production and sale of these products?  Does Vietnam allow the
importation of any of these products pursuant to preferential trade agreements?  If so, please
identify.
Answer
Antiques are not subject to import prohibition.
Drugs are prohibited for reasons protection of human health.The reasons for import prohibition of cigarette, used consumer goods, used parts of
automobiles and two- and three-wheel vehicles are referred to in the answer to question 281.
Reasons for import prohibition of right-handed dr ive cars are referred to in the answer to
question 284.
All of the above-mentioned goods are prohibited from production and sale in the domestic
market, except for:
- cigarettes (please refer to the answers to questions 271 and 272 for details);
- used consumer goods, used parts of automobiles transport vehicles which are not prohibited
from sale in the domestic market;
- right-handed drive cars for export.
Other restrictions will be considered and addressed in the course of accession negotiations.
Question 248
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam limits the importation of
transportation vehicles in order to limit the de terioration of the environment and traffic system,
to control the pressure of booming demand for transportation vehicles on developmentinvestment and to control foreign exchange savings.
Please provide a detailed list, including HS numb ers, of all transportation vehicles subject to
these limitations and/or the criter ia for application of the restrictions.  Please describe in detail
the nature of the limitations on the importation of transportation vehicles and how the
limitations are applied.  Are there any import  restrictions other than the 55 per cent import
tariff rate?  Does Vietnam have a programme to limit the domestic production of transportation
vehicles for the reasons noted above? What is the current status of the prohibition on the
importation of used motor vehicles?
Answer
Please refer to Appendix 7 - List 2 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for the detailed list, including
HS numbers, of all the restrictions applied.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 124
Question 249
Regarding limitation on import of transportation vehicles which is aimed at limiting the
deterioration of the environment and the traffic system (page 37, WT/ACC/VNM/2) are these
vehicles produced in Vietnam?  If so, does the limitation apply to domestic production?  Are
there any differences in the  contents between import limitations and domestic limitations?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Ad d.1), except the vehicles assembled from
CKD2 and motorcycles from IKD. The transport vehicles assembled locally are subject to quantitative
restrictions similar to import of CBU vehicles.
Question 250
According to paragraph IV.1(f)(3) of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Ministry of
Trade shall announce and grant an import quot a for the whole year to selected enterprise
applicants.
Please provide a list, including HS tariff numbers, of all items subject to import quotas and the
size of the quotas for the past three years.
Answer
Following is the list of products which are subject to import quantitative restriction in 1995,
1996 and 1997:
No. Commodities Unit 1995 1996  1997
1 Petroleum (except lubricants) ton 4,800,000  5,400,000 6,500,000
2 Urea ton 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,500,000
3 Commonly used steel ton 600,000 AAA 500,000
4 Steel ingots ton No restriction No restriction 900,000
Black cement ton 2,200,000 1,400,000 5-700,000
5  Clinker ton 1,100,000
Sugar ton 70,000 AAA AAA
6 Automobiles of all kinds  unit 20,000
7 - with less than 12 seats  unit 6,500
(1,500-2,000
units are locally
manufactured)Subject to
regulations on
importing
consumer goods
(5,000 assembled
units)3,000
- trucks; passenger vehicles unit 30,000
Motorcycles
(including unassembled kits)unit 350,000 350,000 350,000WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 125
No. Commodities Unit 1995 1996  1997
8 Consumer goods not exceeding
20% the total
export value
during the yearnot exceeding
20% the total
export value
during the yearNo quantitative
restriction
applied but
import licence is
required.
9 Construction glass m2 No restriction No restriction  2,000,000
10 Paper (printing paper,
newspapers paper and paper
for writing)ton No restriction No restriction    20,000
AAA: Instead of setting any specific quota, the Government authorized relevant ministries to
determine the market demand and appoint appropriate import channel, with the aim of satisfyingproduction and consumption requirements a nd avoiding wide market fluctuation.
Question 251
What factors does the Ministry of Trade consider  in determining the size of the import quotas
and how they are allocated?
Answer
The quantity of quotas is determined on the basis of supply and demand of the product
concerned. Detailed information is given in the answers to questions 239 and 252.
The information on quota allocation regime is presented in Annex 3
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 252
How is the "supply-demand plan on the national economy scale of the year" determined?
Answer
The supply-demand plan of the year is resulted from comprehensive demand-supply analysis
of each of the major products. It is determined on the basis of the projected aggregate supply
(including production and stocks) and aggregate payable demand (demand for domestic and imported
products) in the year concerned.
Ministry of Planning and Investment, as the focal point, cooperates with Ministry of Trade
and other ministries to determine the aggregate demand and supply of the whole economy for each of
the major products.
Question 253
Are import licence holders permitted to sell their import quotas to other licence holders?  Please
provide details on how much import quota is sold annually, rather than used by enterprises towhich it was allocated for those products where the practice is most wide-spread.
Answer
The transfer of import licence is strictly prohibited and judged by Vietnamese laws.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 126
Question 254
On page 36 it is said that "Vietnam has not yet adopted the tariff quota, but it reserves its right
to impose it, when it is deemed necessary and possible". From page 39 of WT/ACC/VNM/2 we
understand that the responsible ministry is "announcing the yearly quantity under import
quota regulation: the quantity being adjusted according to the supply". Could Vietnam explain
the apparent discrepancy between the two statements, please?
Answer
At present, Vietnam is applying some quota rest rictions. These are quotas, not tariff quotas.
Therefore, the adjusted quota (according supply) does not affect the applied tariff rate.
Question 255
Are the lists of prohibited exports and imports contained in Appendix II of the Memorandum
(WT/ACC/VNM/2) up to date?  Does Vietnam intend to maintain these restrictions after it has
joined the WTO?  If yes, on what grounds?
Answer
The lists of prohibited exports and imports contained in Appendix II of the Memorandum
(WT/ACC/VNM/2) still remain in force (according to Decision No. 28/TTg, dated 13 January 1997 of
the Prime Minister).  Such lists may be subject to changes upon the Prime Minister's decision.  In the
past two years, however, those lists have been unchanged (According to Decision No. 864/TTg dated
30 December 1997 and Decision No. 28/TTg dated 13 January 1997 of the Prime Minister).
Due to national security and environmental protection purposes, Vietnam will continue to
apply the lists of prohibited imports and exports.
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for detailed information.
Question 256
Please provide a full list of products (with HS codes) subject to import quantitative restrictions.
The list should include the type of restriction maintained and the WTO justification for
maintaining the restrictions.
Answer
According to the Decision No. 28/TTg dated 13 January 1997 and Circular No. 02 dated
21 February 1997 of the Ministry of Trade, the following products are subject to quantitative
restrictions:
- export items:
-r i c e ,
- textiles and garments exported to the European Communities;
- import items:
-s t e e l :WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 127
- V/L-shaped beam from 80 mm,
- U(C)-shaped beam from 120 mm,
- I(H)-shaped beam from 120 mm,
- steel sheet of a thickness of less than 3.75 mm.  In which:
- steel sheet used as materials for production of pipes and galvanized
sheet
- galvanized steel, in sheet or rolls used as materials for production of
corrugated steel sheet,
- steel sheet of a thickness from 3.75 mm to 34 mm,
- construction steel used for special purposes,
- steel billets from 45 x 45 mm to 130 x 130 mm;
- steel billets;
- cement;- clinker;
- construction glass (thickness between 3 mm and 12 mm);
- trucks, passenger vehicles and cars;
- paper (printing paper, newspapers paper, writing paper);
- sugar.
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for the detailed list.
Vietnam is in the process of formulating a new tariff nomenclature based on HS version 1996
and it will provide the list of products, with HS codes version 1996, subject to import quantitative
restrictions when the process is completed. Please refer to Appendix 7 - List 2
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) which contains the list of products, with HS in Vietnam's current
nomenclature, which are subject to quantitative restrictions.
The measures inconsistent with the provisions of WTO Agreements will be addressed in the
process of accession negotiation.
Question 257
Could it be correct to understand that Vietnam has no import prohibition measures to protect
its domestic industries?
Answer
Yes.
Question 258
Could Vietnam provide more information about the non-tariff measures which are applied to
protect particular industries, and indicate whether it intends to provide non-tariff protection for
these industries in the future?
Answer
At present, other than tariff, quantitative restrictions and conditional licensing, Vietnam does
not apply any measures to protect domestic industries. However, Vietnam is examining its appliedWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 128
measures vis-à-vis the provisions of the WTO Agreements. Vietnam will notify the Working Party all
inconsistent measures, if any, as soon as possible.
Question 259
Are non-tariff measures being employed to support a policy of import substitution in Vietnam?
Answer
At present, Vietnam applies a number of non-tariff measures for the purpose of protection of
infant and labour-intensive industries.
Question 260
What are the "used consumer goods" which fall under "prohibited imports" (page 39, seventh
and ninth sub-paragraph, page 74, WT/ACC/VNM/2)?
Answer
Please refer to the list in Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 261
Could Vietnam inform us about the exact import restrictions that apply to each of the five
products considered to be "relevant to the general equilibrium of the national economy"?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 239 and 250 for detailed information.
Question 262
What are the import restriction measures for petroleum, sugar, cement, etc. in connection with
the general equilibrium of the national economy (page 36, last paragraph, WT/ACC/VNM/2)
(Contents of each measures, requirements for invocation of such measures etc.)?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 239, 250, 252 and 283.
Question 263
How is the amount of a quota set?
Answer
The quota quantity is determined on the basis of the projected aggregate supply (including
production and stocks) and aggregate payable demand (demand for domestic and imported products)in the planning year.  Thus, quotas are, in most cases, adjusted annually.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 129
Question 264
Is it set at the beginning  of the year for the whole year?
Answer
Yes, quota is set at the beginning of the year for the whole year.
Question 265
Is the quantity adjusted according to  the supply-demand during the year?
Answer
Yes.
Question 266
We note that Vietnam has a policy of restricting imports of finished consumer goods to
20 per cent of export revenue.
(a) Is this policy intended to protect non-competitive local industry?
(b) Could Vietnam provide details of its plans to abandon this policy?Answer
(a) The purpose of this policy is to increase domestic savings, and to ease the current account
deficit.
(b) The restrictions on imported consumer goods was applied in 1995 and 1996. The protective
nature is secondary as many types of consumer goods subject to restriction are not produced inVietnam. For this reason, Vietnam is now planning to replace this quantitative restriction by tariff
measure, i.e., import tariff  shall be the main tool to regulate  imports of consumer goods.
Question 267
Does Vietnam intend to maintain a policy to regulate imports of consumer goods not exceeding
20 per cent of the total export value (page 37, li mitation on import of consumer goods)? If so,
how does Vietnam justify this policy in terms of WTO Agreements?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 266.
Question 268
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), in order to save foreign exchange for
investment development demand and other pressing needs arising out of pre-stage development
economy, to protect small scale and infant domestic industry, imports of consumer goods are
subject to separate regulations.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 130
How would Vietnam justify the use of quantitative restrictions to protect small-scale and infant
industries under WTO rules?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 266. In the overall development policy formulation for
sustainable development, the rules of WTO will be taken into considerations.
Question 269
Characteristics of the National Taxation Syst em (page 34, WT/ACC/VNM/2).  One of the basic
principles followed in setting tariff rates is that they should help to guide domestic consumption.
How is this principle being applied in reality?
Answer
This principle is reflected in the Law on Excise Tax dated 30 June 1990 and the Law on
Export and Import Duties dated 26 December 1991.  These laws provide for higher tax rates
applicable to products which are not essential to livelihood of the people.
Question 270
Vietnam will need to remove all of its quantitative restrictions, including all of its import quotas,
before it can accede to the  WTO. When will Vietnam remove all of its quantitative restrictions?
Answer
Vietnam has unilaterally removed many of its quantitative restrictions over the last few years.
In some cases, however, corresponding to the characteristics of its economic development, Vietnam
may need to maintain quantitative restrictions or apply tariff quotas in some sectors.
Question 271
Import of cigarettes is prohibited (except for personal use in rationed quantities). Given that
Vietnam has a domestic tobacco industry, what is the WTO justification for these restrictions?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 272 herein.
In addition, Vietnam is reviewing is tax regime applicable to the tobacco industry.
Question 272
Is there any control measure in Vietnam with regard to consumption of domestically produced
cigarettes?
Answer
Import prohibition of cigarettes is one of the measures in the anti-smoking programme which
aims at restricting production and consum ption of cigarettes. Other measures are:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 131
- prohibition of establishment of new cigarette production facilities;
- application of high excise tax rate to tobacco;
- prohibition on cigarettes advertisement of any form;
- prohibition of sponsorship by tobacco companies for cultural and sports activities;
- promotion of anti-smoking campaigns.
Question 273
"Mother's milk simulation" (page 40 of WT/ ACC/VNM/2) requires special approval from the
line ministry. Does this mean that milk powd er and condensed milk (under HS heading 0402)
are subject to any import restriction?
Answer
As other mother's milk simulations, milk power and condensed milk may only be imported
into Vietnam after being inspected and granted a certificate confirming that the products meet all food
hygienic criteria by the Ministry of Health.  As  like any other consumer goods, milk power and
condensed milk are also subject to the licensing re gime as referred to in the answer to question 242.
Question 274
Are these restrictions, based as they are on environmental reasons, applied on an MFN basis,
including to other ASEAN Members?
Answer
Yes.
Question 275
Please comment on how these restrictions, which the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) states
have been taken for environmental reasons, sit wi th the policy of the Vietnamese Government to
encourage joint-ventures in the vehicle  manufacture and assembly sectors.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 248 for the requested information.
Question 276
What does Vietnam mean when it states that it regulates "consumption imports ... not exceeding
20 per cent of total export value"?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 266 for the requested information.
Question 277
Upon what basis is the 20 per cent calculated - HS6, HS4, HS chapter heading or another basis?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 132
Answer
This restriction has been abolished since the beginning of 1997. However, imports of
consumer goods are still subject to import licence issued by Ministry of Trade. Vietnam is planning toreplace this measure by tariff and thus tariff will be the sole tool used to regulate imports of consumer
goods.
Question 278
What measures has Vietnam taken or is planning to take to "regulate consumption imports in
this way"?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 266.
Question 279
Does Vietnam have any intention of removing any of these types of import restrictions on
consumption imports?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 266.
Question 280
It would appear from the text that it is some times possible to import goods listed in Annex 2.1
(WT/ACC/VNM/2) as "prohibited". For each of products listed in Annex 2.1, please indicate
the precise circumstances, if any, under which these products may be imported into Vietnam.
Answer
The list is issued by the Prime Minister. If the importer has a legitimate demand and has
obtained approval from the Prime Minister, such g oods can be imported. For example, in recent years,
weapons, ammunition, explosives and military equipment have been imported pursuant to the
decision of the Prime Minister.
Question 281Please explain the reasons the following products  are prohibited for imports: cigarettes, used
consumer goods and used spare parts of automobiles (Appendix 2, WT/ACC/VNM/2). Please
provide the list of used equipment (including sp are parts of components) prohibited for imports.
Answer
Import of cigarettes is prohibited for reasons of human health protection.
Import of used consumer goods is prohibited for environmental and hygienic reasons.
Import of used spare parts of automobiles is prohibited for  reasons of traffic safety.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 133
Currently (in 1997), the following equipment (including spare parts and components), if used,
is not allowed to import:
- equipment for oil and gas processing industry; electric power equipment, cement production
lines; ore separators; metallurgical furnace equipment; equipment used in the production of
basic chemicals, fertilizers and insecticides;
- equipment which are essential to product quality in food processing and pharmaceutical
industries;
- high precision equipment such as measuring, experimental and testing equipment, and
equipment used in the post and telecommunications network;
- equipment that require high safety standards such as boilers, elevators, nuclear reaction
controllers, testing  and safety system for controllers;
- equipment that may have significant environmental impact over a large area such as waste
disposal equipment, water dam gates and equipment used in industrial or other production
lines that may cause accidents resulting in serious environmental impacts.
Question 282
How does Vietnam reach decisions on import quota allocations?
Answer
Different method of allocation is applied for each type of product. However, quotas are
basically allocated to:
- enterprises which are granted import-export trading rights;
- enterprises holding export/import licences for the product in question; and- enterprises which have the financial and other business-related management capability.
Question 283
Discretionary import licensing for sugar (page 38, WT/ACC/VNM/2) is inconsistent with the
WTO Agriculture Agreement. We are concerned that the discretionary licensing appears toimpose quantitative restriction on imports. Could Vietnam provide more information on the
quantitative restrictions applied to sugar?
Answer
The importation of sugar affects a significant number of farmers involved in sugar cane
cultivation. In Vietnam, sugar canes are cultivated in central coastal areas and the Central Highlandswhich are relatively poor areas. People in these areas are therefore subject to the Poverty Alleviation
Programme of the Government. Due to several objective factors (such as cultivation practices, hugecosts incurred due to delayed restructuring in a less developed economy, low productivity and low
rates of sugar extraction from sugar cane due to obsolete technology), Vietnam has to temporarily
impose restrictions on imported sugar for the last 3 years to ensure a market for domestically planted
sugar cane. The  import quota for sugar is set with consideration to (a) local production (i.e. refinery)WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 134
capacity; (b) annual sugar-cane outputs; and (c) domestic demand for sugar, and for the purpose of (i)
ensuring consumption of entire outputs and (ii) covering farmers' production costs.
Question 284
What are the reasons why the "motor vehicles with left-handed steering" are classified as
prohibited import (page 74, eighth sub-paragraph, WT/ACC/VNM/2)?
Answer
Right-hand steering automobiles are prohibited imports because the Traffic Code of Vietnam
stipulates that automobiles have to go on the right-hand side and only left-hand steering automobiles
are allowed to go on roads.
Question 285
Paragraph 3, page 37 refers to a limit on "consumption imports" of 20 per cent of total export
value. Can Vietnam provide details on those products (by HS tariff line) classified as "
consumption imports", and on the way in which this 20 per cent restriction is operated. CanVietnam please comment on the consistency of  this policy with Art XI of the GATT.
Answer
Please refer to the requested list (with HS code) in Appendix 1 to document
WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
For other information, please see the answers to questions 242 and 266.
(f) Import licensing procedures
Question 286
For each product still requiring an import licence, please describe the import licensing
requirements by completing a questionnaire on import licensing.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 287
How does Vietnam intend to bring its licensing and shipment licensing regime into conformity
with the WTO Agreement on Import Licensing?
Answer
The shipment licence (licence required for each consignment) is no longer applied. For
information concerning other types of licence, please refer to the answer to question 236.
The refinery and improvement of import licensing regime is under consideration with due
regard to the provisions of the WTO Agreements.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 135
Question 288
Since 1 February 1996, Vietnam has removed shipment licences from almost all exports.  Please
identify, including HS numbers, all imported products still requiring shipment licences.
Answer
The shipment licence (licence required for each consignment of goods) is no longer applied.
Question 289
Please explain how a shipment licence differs from an import licence.
Answer
The shipment licence (licence required for each consignment) is no longer applied. In the
past, when the customs authorities are not capable of collecting trade data, shipment licences are used
for statistics collection (not for management of imports and exports).
Question 290
For each product still requiring a shipment licence, please describe the import licensing
requirement by completing a questionnaire on import licensing.
Answer
Please refer to the answer to questio n 288 and Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 291
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the import of second-hand machinery and
equipment are subject to regulations issued by the Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment. We have received reports that th e importation of these products is effectively
prohibited.
Please describe in detail the provisions of the regulations that apply to the importation of
second-hand machinery and equipment.
Answer
Please refer to the answer  to questio n 281 and  Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 292
Please describe the import licensing procedures  applicable to the importation of second-hand
machinery and equipment in the form of a response to the questionnaire on import licensing.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 136
Question 293
What are the criteria for permitting the im port of second-hand machinery and equipment?
What is the policy rationale for prohibiting or  requiring governmental approval for the import
of used machinery and equipment?
Answer
For detailed information, please refer to the answer to question 281 and Annex 3
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 294
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the imports of complete equipment
financed by the State budget shall be presented under the section related to governmentprocurement.
Does the State budget finance the purchase of any complete equipment for commercial use?
Does the State budget finance the purchase of any complete equipment for non-Stateenterprises? Please describe any import restrictions that apply to such equipment purchases
financed by the State budget and the applicable import licensing procedures.
Answer
Except for newly established enterprises, the State only provides capital in the form of equity
investment. State-owned enterprises may use either State-financed capital or loaned capital to
purchase complete equipment. State-owned enterprises are required to make feasibility study and
obtain approval for their purchase of complete equipment.
The procedures for approval of complete equipment imports are as follows:
- approval of Ministry of Trade (which must  consult the line-management ministry and
Ministry of Finance) for projects valued less than US$5,000,000;
- approval of the State Appraisal Committee (which comprises of various ministries and is
chaired by Ministry of Trade) for projects valued between US$5,000,000 and 10,000,000;
- approval of the Prime Minister (who shall make  the decision based on recommendation of the
State Appraisal Committee) for projects valued more than US$10,000,000;
The maximum processing period for approval is  30 days. When the approval is obtained, one
licence is issued for the whole purchase contract.
These procedures are under review for adjustment.
Question 295
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), “certain items which may relate to GATT
Article XX require approval from the line ministry before importation”.
Please identify, including HS numbers, all items requiring approval from the line ministry
before importation and the specific criteria these imports must meet to qualify for approval.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 137
Please describe the import licensing procedures for each of these products in the form of a
response to the questionnaire on import licensing.  Where the licensing is non-automatic, list the
specific criteria applied for approval of each imported product.
Answer
The information regarding the licensing regime is presented in Annex 3
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).  For the list (with HS), please refer to Appendix 7 - List 1
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 296
There is a brief description in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) of the administration of the
import quota system for certain products, including sugar.  However, Article IV.2 of the WTO
Agreement on Agriculture prohibits non-tariff me asures, such as import quotas for agricultural
products. How does the Government of Vietnam intend to eliminate these quotas?
Answer
The measures which are not consistent with the provisions of the WTO will be examined and
addressed during the course of accession negotiation.
Question 297
Vietnam is requested to complete the questionnaire on import licensing procedures, which will
form the basis of discussion on this point.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) which provides the information on import
licensing in the format of the Questionnaire on Import Licensing Procedures.
Question 298
Import licensing procedures (page 38, WT/ACC/VNM/2). The Memorandum states that since 1
February 1996, Vietnam has removed shipment licensing for almost all imports.  However, the
regime described is that of 9 April 1992 (Regul ation No. 297/TMDL/XNK).  What regime is in
force?  Please supply a list of goods subject to import licensing.
Answer
At the moment, shipment licence (i.e. licence for each consignment of goods) has been
abolished. Decision No. 297/TMDL/XNK dated 9 April 1992 has been repealed.
For the list of all goods subject to import licensing and the licensing procedures, please refer
to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 299
We refer to the information provided on Vietnam's import licensing procedures under
section IV.1(f) (pages 37-39, WT/ACC/VNM/2).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 138
(a) Could Vietnam provide details of the requirement for prior approval and information
on the basis of which licences are granted or allocated?
(b) Could Vietnam provide details of the rele vant legislation and administrative procedures
required to obtain prior approvals and import licences? What is required under
Ministry of Trade and Touris m's Regulation No. 297/TM/DL?
(c) What is the amount of time for approval requests to be acted upon?(d) What fees are payable for prior approvals? Is the form of such fees a flat-rate or a
percentage?
Answer
Regarding the licensing procedures, please  refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Decision No. 297/TMDL/XNK dated 9 April 1992 has been repealed.
Question 300
Information that we have suggests that obtainin g import and export licences is currently a
difficult and non-transparent process. It also appears to be much easier for State-owned
enterprises to obtain such licences.
(a) Are import and export licences used for monitoring purposes only? Or are they used to
control imports and exports.
(b) Is preference granted to Vietnam's State-owned enterprises. in the grant of import and
export licences?
(c) Could Vietnam outline any plans which it  may have for streamlining the process of
obtaining import and export licences and ma king such licences more freely available?
Answer
In the past, due to the limits and difficulties in terms of information, working facilities, and
administration mechanism (applications for licence are processed manually), the licensing process is
not as transparent and speedy as it may be in other more developed countries. This has led to the
misunderstanding  as to the impediments caused by the licensing regime. In fact, for those enterprises
which have complete the application file as required, it is relatively easy to obtain the import licence.
The licensing procedures have recently been improved significantly.
The import/export business licence which provides the trading rights for the enterprise is
issued, on the basis of the set criteria, once for validity in many years. The purpose of this type of
licence is to preserve the creditability of Vietnam in the world market by minimizing the risks of non-
performance resulting from incapability of implementing the contract. Certification of the specialized
management agencies is applied for reasons of national security, plant, animal and human health,environment protection etc. Regarding the detailed information on each type of licence, please refer to
Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 139
There is no provision in the existing laws which stipulates preferential treatment to State-
owned enterprises in the issuance of export-import licence. The criteria for granting of export-import
licence are uniformly applied to all enterprises, irrespective of their forms of ownership. However, as
the State-owned enterprises have more experience and better understanding of the procedures (the
private sector has been in existence only since the beginning of the 1990s), it may cause to think that
it is relatively easier for State-owned enterprises to obtain the licence.
Question 301
The importation of aqua-cultural feeds requires the prior approval of the Ministry of Aqua-
culture.
Please describe the type of approval that is required from this Ministry prior to importation.
Does Vietnam impose special sanitary, health, or other technical requirements on imports of
aqua-cultural feed products?
Answer
Enterprises that need to import aqua-cultura l feeds must submit their annual import plan to
the Ministry of Aqua-culture. After obtaining the approval of the Ministry of Aqua-culture, these
enterprises shall register for product quality inspection in accordance with the Decision
No. 1184QD/KHCN dated 21 December 1996 of the Ministry of Aqua-culture and then proceed with
the import procedures at the Customs Office.
Question 302
Paragraph 5, page 38 states that Vietnam has removed the requirement for shipment licences
for "almost all imports " from 1 February 1996. Could Vietnam please provide a list (by HS
tariff line) of those products for which shipment licences are still required. Could Vietnam also
please confirm that, apart from those products which appear on the list requested above, any
broader requirement for shipment licences has now been abolished.
Answer
At the moment, the shipment licence (i.e. licence for each consignment of goods) has been
abolished. Decision No. 297/TMDL/XNK dated 9 April 1992 has been repealed.
(g) Other border measures
Question 303
According to paragraph IV.4(g) of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), if duties payable are
under 5 per cent, then the rate of 5 per cent shall be imposed.
Is Vietnam's regime for border trade consistent with the requirement of paragraph 3(a) of
GATT Article XXIV, i.e., that only "frontier traffic" is subject to special regime?
Answer
In the border area, there are two types of trade which co-exist. They are normal (official)
trade and small border trade.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 140
(a) Normal trade encompasses trading activities implemented by enterprises which have been
granted import-export business licence. All the provisions applicable to import and export activities as
presented in the Memorandum and these answers are also applied, without any exceptions, to this type
of trade.
(b) Border trade is the exchange of goods in sma ll scale between residents of the two countries in
the border areas. The term "small scale" is construed to be of value less than 500,000 Dong(approximately US$40 at the current exchange rate) for each trading transaction.
(c) Those who can conduct border trade are:
- in the Vietnam-China border areas: traders residing in border districts; trading
enterprises based in the border provinces which have obtained approval of the
provincial people's committee for their engagement in border trade;
- in the Vietnam-Laos border areas: only residents in the border districts.
(d) The regulation regarding duties as referred to in the question is only applicable to small
border trade. In principle, small border trade is subject to normal tariffs, except the two following
cases:
- if the product is not included in the tariff nomenclature, then the tariff rate of
5 per cent is applied;
- if the product is included in the tariff nomenclature but the applicable tariff rate is less
than 5 per cent, then the tariff rate of 5 per cent is applied.
Duties exemptions are applied as followed:
- duty exemption for transaction valued at less than 500,000 Dong (approximately
US$40/person/week);
- the above duty exemption is only applied to goods with origin from the adjacent
country or exported from Vietnam.
(e) Article XXIV of GATT 1994 allowed MFN exemption for border trade. Vietnam tariff
regime applicable to border trade is thus consistent with GATT rules.
Question 304
Please describe the regime for border trade and identify the specific geographic areas to which
the border trade regime applies, including di stance from the border covered. What other
market access preferences are provided for pr oducts originating in the border trade areas?
Answer
Vietnam has land borders with China, Laos and Cambodia. Trading activities conducted in
the border areas are classified into two types: normal trade and small border trade (please refer to theanswer to question 303).
In principle, the provisions applicable to normal border trade is also applied to small border
trade, except:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 141
(a) those who engage in border trade may not necessarily be licensed importers or exporters
(please refer to section (c), the answer to question 303);
(b) the same tariffs are applied, except for cases as specified in section (d), the answer to
question 303;
(c) border trade is subject to limit on the value of the transaction whereas normal trade is not
(please refer to section (c), the answer to question 303).
Other than the above points, no preferential access is provided to small border trade and
normal trading activities in the border areas.
Question 305
Re. the products arriving in the rest of Vietnam from border trade subject to normal customs
clearance procedures, fees and charges, tariff and restrictions? If so, how are normal
procedures, charges and restrictions applied to these products?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 303 and 304.
Question 306
For each of the past three years, please pr ovide the total value of imports and exports
exchanged in each border trade area. Please id entify the ten product items with the largest
border trade import and export value, by HS tariff numbers, individual import values andprincipal supplying border area.
Answer
Vietnam border trade activities are conducted with 3 countries: China, Laos, Cambodia, in
which trade with China accounts for the major part.  The following figures show the total
import/export turnover and the top-10 import/export commodities in border trade between Vietnamand China in the past 3 years:
Import/Export Commodities Unit 1994 1995 1996
Vietnam-China cross-border export
turnover, principal export commoditiesmillion US$ 207,6  147,9 130,4
Coal 1,000 tons 200 12 5
Rubber 1,000 tons 25,1 66 16
Marine products 1,000 US$ 900 2.700 1.200
Electronics 1,000 US$ 10,000 900 50
Fresh vegetables 1,000 tons 2,400 1,200 1,500
Coconut oil 1,000 tons 8,1 2,0 0,5WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 142
Import/Export Commodities Unit 1994 1995 1996
Metal ores 1,000 US$ 1.330 2.500 980
 Tea 350 300 250
Steel 35
Vietnam-China cross-border import
turnover, principal import commoditiesMillion US$ 271,9  216,2 174
Construction materials 1,000 US$ 500 400 200
Consumer electronics 1,000 US$ 428 373 305
Cement ton 1,052 1,400 470
Electrode coal ton 152,9 233 102,5
Fresh vegetables 1,000 US$ 2,400 1,200 1,500
Insecticides 1,000 US$ 4,100 3,500 3,000
Agriculture machinery 1,000 US$ 200 150 50
Sugar 1,000 US$ 120 200
Silk 1,000 US$ 350 300 150
Construction glass m2 950 1000
Source: Department of Market Administration - Ministry of Trade
Question 307
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the provincial people’s committees and
provincial customs authorities shall be responsible for setting the minimum customs prices for
merchandise not covered by the list of minimum prices in force.
Are the provincial people's committees and pr ovincial customs prices for any imports from
countries not bordering Vietnam?
Answer
The people's committees of provinces and cities and the local customs authorities do not have
the authority to make decisions in respect of the minimum import prices. This is solely under the
power of the Ministry of Finance and the General Department of Customs. For detailed information,
please refer to the answer to question 311.
The Ministry of Finance and the General Department of Customs have the power to set the
minimum import prices for goods from any origins.
Question 308
Would it be possible to have a clarification on the following sentence (page 40,
WT/ACC/VNM/2): "If duties payable are under 5 per cent, then the rate of 5 per cent shall be
imposed"?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 143
Answer
Please refer to section (d), answer to question 303.
Question 309
Does this apply to an MFN basis or only to certain trade (please specify)?
Answer
The provisions concerning tariffs payable for small border trade, except tariff exemption
cases, are applied to goods of all origins. For detailed information, please refer to section (d), the
answer to question 303.
MFN treatment is applied to normal trade in the border areas (please refer to section (a),
answer to question 303).
Question 310
Paragraph 2, page 40 explains that if the duties payable on border trade imports are under
5 per cent then the rate of 5 per cent shall be imposed. Could Vietnam please clarify thiscomment.
Answer
This policy is adopted in order to encourage traders to shift to normal trading activities as
regulated by the bilateral trade agreement between Vietnam and the adjacent country concerned.
Please refer to the answer to question 303.
Question 311
Paragraph 2, page 40 also states, "As for merchandise not covered in the list of minimum prices
in force, issued by the Ministry of Finance,  provincial people's committees and provincial
customs authority shall be responsible for sett ing the minimum prices". Could Vietnam provide
further clarification of the involvement of such  sub-central bodies in setting minimum prices.
Answer
Pursuant to Decision No. 918 TC/QD/TCT date d 11 November 1997 of Ministry of Finance
(which become of effect as from 1 December 1997), the Ministry of Finance and the General
Department of Customs have the power to fix th e minimum import price for the purpose of customs
valuation. The Ministry of Finance fixes the minimum prices for the products which are subject to the
State management in respect of customs valuation prices. The General Department of Customs fixes
(with agreement from the Ministry of Finance) the minimum prices for the following products:
- goods which are not subject to the State management in respect of customs values and for
which the contract values cannot be applied;
- goods imported under special terms which are not normal purchase terms and payment is not
made through banks.
Thus, sub-central bodies have no authority in setting the minimum prices for customs
valuation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 144
(h) Customs valuation
Question 312
Is Vietnam's use of the term of "contract price" synonymous with "transaction value" used in
the WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the GATT?
Answer
The term "contract price" is construed to be the price as indicated in the contract. "Contract
price" is the main criteria on which customs valuation is based. Therefore, the "contract price" is not
exactly a synonym of "transaction value" used in the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of
the GATT.
Question 313
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), customs valuation is based on the price
written on the contract (contracted price) and au thentic commercial invoice in relation to other
relevant documents. However, the State is authoriz ed to issue regulations to supervise prices of
certain groups of merchandise. This is done  in order to limit tax evasion through  fraudulent
pricing practices in relation to certain major im ports and exports which are often traded at high
value and great volume. As of November 1995,  Vietnam defined minimum prices for import
duty valuation for 34 tariff headings.
Please identify, by HS tariff number, the certain groups of merchandise for which the
Government is authorised to issue regulation s to supervise minimum import prices. Please
identify, including HS numbers, the items that  could be subject to minimum import prices
because they are often traded at high value and great volume. Please identify the 34 tariff
headings currently subject to minimum import pricing.
Answer
The list of 34 categories of merchandise subject to government management in terms of
import prices for customs valuation (issued together with Decision of the Ministry of Finance
No. 975 TC/QD/TCT On the Issuance of Mini mum Import Price for Customs Purpose dated
29 October 1996) was replaced by the list of 21 categories of merchandise, enacted by Decision
No. 918 TC/QD/TCT dated 11 November 1997 of the Mi nistry of Finance. The detailed list is as
follows:
No. Items Code
1. Milk powder, condensed milk and fresh milk 0401, 0402, 0403
2. Wheat flour, grain flour, tonic drinks  110100, 110190, 21069020, 21069090
3. Vegetable oil of all kinds from 150700 to 151800
4. Monosodium glutamate 210300
5. Sugar and confectionery 170100, 170200, 1704, 180600, 1905WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 145
No. Items Code
6. Beverages of all kinds 220100, 220200, 20300, 20600, 220400,
220500
7. Cement, plaster 2523
8. Paint and varnishes of all kinds from 3208 to 3210
9. Shampoos, soaps 350510, 340100
10. Plastics and plastic products: 392500, from 3919 to 3921, 391800
-  plastic roofing;
- plastic doors and windows.
- plastic ceiling boards;
- thin plastic layer for packing
purposes.
11.  Tyres and tubes of all kinds 4011, 4012, 4013
12. Papers and boards of all kinds: with HS codes
from 4801 to 4816 and 4818 and tariff rates
of more than 10%.
13. Sanitary porcelain ware, ceramic tiles 9200, 691000, 691100, 91200, 732400,
741800, 61500, 681599, 690100, 90200,690400, 690700, 90800
14. Construction glass 00300, 700400, 700800
15. Iron and steel of all kinds, aluminum
structure72, 7610 except 761020
16. Gas cooker 732100
17. Electric appliances and components
- Electric pump;
-  Electric fans;
- Air conditioners and parts;- Refrigerators and parts;
- Washing machines and parts;
- Electric water heaters;
- Electric cookers;
- Vacuum cleaners;- Speakers;
- Amplifiers;
- Radio cassette and parts;
- CD players and parts;
- LD players and parts;- Television sets and parts;
- VCRs and parts;
- Iron.41350, 841360, 841370, 41381
41451, 841859
from 41510 to 841590 and 84188450
851610
851660
850910
851821, 851822, 51829851840, 8519
52200
52810, 852820, 52100
51640
18. Accumulator, battery from 850710 to 850780, 506
19. Automobiles and components 70200, 8703, 8704, 870600, 70700, 870900,
8715, 8716
20. Motorcycles and parts 71100
21. Chairs and tables, beds and wardrobes of all
kinds40100, 94020030, 940300WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 146
Question 314
What plans does Vietnam have to introduce laws and regulations to govern "inter-company"
prices (is intra-company meant) and sales between related persons?
Answer
At present, Vietnam has no regulations governing price-transferring practices in its customs
valuation legislation. However, this issue has been addressed, in a preliminary manner, in the CircularNo. 74/TC/TCT dated 20 October 1997 of Ministry of Finance making provisions relating to the
taxation regime applied to enterprises which are subject to the Law on Investment in Vietnam.
According to this Circular, if, in the regular inspection or inspection of the enterprise's reports, the tax
authority identifies unjustifiable prices or profit levels in transactions between connected companies,
it may apply the following measures to correct the taxable amount of the enterprise concerned:
- applying the market price to the price of goods and services being traded among the
connected companies;
- determining the buying price based on the selling price in accordance with a formula
established by Ministry of Finance;
- determining the taxable profit based on total costs in accordance with a formula established
by Ministry of Finance.
Question 315
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), there are no specific regulatory provisions
applicable to inter-company pricing or for sales between related persons.
In the absence of regulatory provisions, how are Vietnamese customs authorities currently
valuing inter-company sales and sales between related persons?
Answer
At present, Vietnam has no regulations governing price-transferring practices in its customs
valuation legislation. Therefore, the customs authorities determine the customs values on the basis of
either the contract or the list of minimum import prices.
Question 316
How does Vietnam plan to bring this regime in to conformity with the Agreement on Customs
Valuation prior to WTO accession?
Answer
Vietnam is planning to apply the Agreement on Customs Valuation upon accession to the
WTO. Vietnam is taking preparatory steps in this direction. As the first step, Vietnam has reduced the
products subject to State management in terms of minimum  import price from 34 to 21 groups ofproducts.
Please refer to the answer to question 313.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 147
Question 317
Does Vietnam intend to modify the law on import-export duties or applicable regulatory
provisions to incorporate the Interpretative Notes to the Customs Valuation Agreement?
Answer
Yes, Vietnam is planning to amend its Law on Export and Import Duty. With regard to
customs valuation, please refer to the answer to question 316.
Question 318
Please confirm that Vietnam intend to fu lly implement the WTO Agreement on the
Implementation of Article VII of the GATT 1994 from the date of accession, and that all the
provisions of the Agreement, including the interpretative notes, are, or will be, incorporated in
Vietnamese law and regulation prior to that time.
Answer
Vietnam will implement its commitments properly upon accession to the WTO.
Question 319
Please confirm that Vietnam will fully implement the provisions for the valuation of carrier
media bearing software for data processing equi pment and the provisions on the treatment of
interest charges in customs value of imported goods.
Answer
This issue is under consideration.
Question 320
How does Vietnam intend to eliminate its minimum import pricing practices prior to WTO
accession?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 316.
Question 321
How does the Ministry of Finance determine the minimum prices that are being set? What
criteria is used in this determination? Are the minimum prices uniform for all products
included in a tariff line, or do they differ by country of origin or brand name? Do provincialcustoms officials have discretionary authority to set minimum import prices for items not
included on the list of imported products issued by the Ministry of Finance?
Answer
In the situation of rampant fraudulent trade practices and limited management capacity of
government authorities, Vietnam has to use the minimum prices for the purpose of customs valuation.
The list of minimum import prices for customs purposes is formulated pursuant to the
provisions of the Law on Export and Import Duty: the price used is in c.i.f. terms and is set on theWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 148
basis of data such as imported price of the prestigious companies in a representative period,
international market price and prices of similar products.
The minimum prices for customs valuation are not uniformly applied to all items in a tariff
line. As the prices of the world market vary according to quality which again may be dependent on the
origin of the products, different minimum prices may be applied to a tariff line.
The General Department of Customs is authorized to set (with agreement from Ministry of
Finance) the minimum customs valuation import price for goods which are:
- not in the list of the minimum prices;
- under transactions in which the contract price cannot be used or imported by method other
than normal purchase in which payments are not made through banks.
Question 322
Please describe the process of appeal available to importers seeking to overrule a customs office
determination of value.
Answer
The present process of appeal available to importers seeking to overrule a customs office
determination of value is as follows:
- if the importer does not agree with the decision of the customs offices, he has the right to
appeal to customs offices at higher levels (the Customs Departments of cities and provincesunder the direct control of the central Government);
- Municipal and Provincial Departments of Customs must consider and re-examine the
determination of value determined by customs offices at lower levels and advise the importer
concerned of its decision in writing;
- if the importer does not agree with the above-decision, he has the right to lodge a claim with
the General Department of Customs.  Within twenty days from the date of receipt of the
application for review, the General Department of Customs must fully resolve the matter and
give notice in writing to the importer of the decision;
- if the importer disagrees with the decision of the General Department of Customs, he may
either lodge a claim to the Minister of Finance or bring the case to the administrative court. Ifthe importer opts to lodge a claim to the Minister of Finance, the Minister’s decision shall be
final.  Within thirty days, the Minister of Finance must fully resolve the matter and answer to
the importer.
Question 323
Vietnam is requested to complete the Questionnaire on Customs Valuation, which will provide
the basis for discussion on this issue, and to submit to the Working Party a copy of its Law
relating to Customs Valuation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 149
Answer
Please refer to Annex 4 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 324
Does Vietnam have any intention to abandon the minimum prices, which apply to a number of
products (page 40 of the Memorandum, document WT/ACC/VNM/2)?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 316.
Question 325
Could Vietnam provide copies of its laws governing customs valuation?
Answer
Translations of the Decree No. 54/CP, dated 28 August 1993 and Decision
No. 918/TC/QD/TCT are available in the WTO Secr etariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for
consultation.
Please refer also to the answer to question 327.
Question 326
Vietnam does not appear to envisage the right of appear by an importer ultimately to juridical
authority (as required by Article II.2 of the Agree ment on Implementation of Article VII of the
GATT) but only to Ministerial Au thority. Does Vietnam intend to rectify this and, if so, when?
Answer
If the importer disagrees with the decision of the General Department of Customs, he/she may
either lodge a claim to the Minister of Finance or bring the case to the administrative court. If the
importer opts to lodge a claim to the Minister  of Finance, whose decision will be final.
Question 327
Paragraph 5-7, page 40 refer to the use of minimum prices to determine import duty valuation.
Could Vietnam please provide a full explanation of the operation of this system and comment on
its consistency with the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement.
Answer
The customs valuation regulations of Vietnam:
The legal basis for customs valuation is the Law on Import and Export Duties.
Under the provision of this Law, the value for the purpose of duty calculation shall be the face
value of legitimate contract, commercial invoice and other related documents. The "contract value"
which shall be used for duty calculation is the price actually paid by buyer to seller:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 150
- for exports, export value shall be export price at the border point in f.o.b. terms, which means
freight and insurance costs are excluded;
- for imports, import value shall be import price at the border point in c.i.f. terms, which means
freight and insurance costs are included.
For imports in particular, in order to deal with under-declaration of value and other fraudulent
acts for the purpose of duty avoidance, the Government from time to time sets the minimum importprices for certain groups of goods (which typically have significant import volume, high duty rates
and significant duty revenue). Under the authorization of the Government, Ministry of Finance shall,
in coordination with Ministry of Trade and the General Department of Customs, determine the
minimum prices for these goods. These minimum prices shall be compared to the declared "contract
price", which is higher than chosen for duty calculation.
The minimum import prices are set in c.i.f. terms (which is pursuant to the Law) based on
statistics of average import price of the most creditable enterprises and the international prices in arepresentative period.
The use of minimum import prices is, by its nature, a solution  to prevent under-declaration of
price and other trade fraudulent acts for duty avoidance purposes.
(i) Other customs formalities
Question 328Are importers and exporters able to obtain written determinations of controlled import and
export prices prior to shipment of goods, by writing a letter of request to the general
department or local customs office?
Answer
In Vietnam, customs valuation of the import/export goods can only be obtained after the
customs authority has examined the documents and the goods.
Question 329
When does Vietnam intend to accede to the co nvention establishing the Customs Cooperation
Council and the International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and
Coding System?
Answer
Vietnam acceded into the Convention on the Es tablishment of Customs Cooperation Council
(CCC) (now called World Customs Organization) on 1 July 1993 (and became full member of the
organization since then).
Vietnam is currently completing the procedures for accession into the Convention on
Harmonised System of Descripti on and Coding (HS Convention).
Question 330
We note that Vietnam is to issue regulations to limit losses through fraudulent pricing practices.
Could Vietnam provide details of these proposed regulations?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 151
Answer
Preventing and limiting losses caused by fraudulent pricing practices for dutiable purpose is a
difficult and time-consuming task. In the near future, provisions on fraudulent pricing practices will
be gradually introduced into the Law on Corporate Income Tax, Law on Oil and Gas and documents
guiding the implementation of the Law on Foreign In vestment in Vietnam. In principle, the new
provisions would allow the Ministry of Finance and the taxation authorities to re-determine the valueof transactions or production and business costs according to reasonable market prices.
(j) Pre-shipment inspection
Question 331
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam avails itself to reserve the right to
impose pre-shipment inspection requirements.
Does Vietnam intend to implement a pre-shipment inspection regime? If so, please describe the
proposed regime. Is the proposed regime co mpatible with the WTO Agreement on PSI and
other agreements, such as the WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 334.
Question 332
Does Vietnam intend to implement a pre-shipment inspection regime? If so, please describe the
proposed regime. Is the proposed regime co mpatible with the WTO Agreement on PSI and
other agreements, such as the WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 334.
Question 333
Is Vietnam prepared to undertake that, should it in the future introduce a system of pre-
shipment inspection, this will comply with the relevant WTO rules and in particular the
Agreements on Pre-Shipment Inspection and Customs Valuation?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 334.
Question 334
If Vietnam contracts the services of pre-sh ipment inspection firm s to assist in the
implementation of its customs procedures, will  the Government of Vietnam ensure that the
operations of such firms are cons istent with the relevant WTO Agreements, in particular GATT
Article VIII, the Agreement on PSI and the Agree ment on the Implementation of GATT Article
VII?WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Answer
So far, Vietnam has not adopted any mandatory pre-shipment inspection regulations. In the
course of policy formulation in this area, Vietnam will take into consideration the provisions of the
WTO Agreements.
(k) Domestic taxes levied on imported goods
Question 335Please confirm that the special sales tax described in this paragraph of the Memorandum is the
same as the special excise tax described in paragraph II.2(b)(iii) of the Memorandum
(WT/ACC/VNM/2).
Answer
In the Memorandum WT/ACC/VNM/2, the terms "spe cial sales tax", "special excise tax" and
"special consumption tax"  share the same meaning. This tax is referred in this document as "special
sale tax"
Question 336
Please identify all products, including HS number s, for which the turnover tax rate is different
for sales of imported goods than for sales of  domestically-produced goods. For each product,
please provide the turnover tax rate applicable to imported products and the turnover tax rate
applicable to domestically-produced products.
Answer
The Law on Turnover Tax will be replaced by the new Law on Value-added Tax (VAT)  from
1 January 1999. The Law on Value-Added Tax (VAT) does not discriminate between domestically-
produced products and imports.
Question 337
Please provide a complete list of products which are exempt from the Turnover Tax.
Answer
From 1 January 1999, The Law on Value-Added Tax (VAT) (adopted on 10 May 1997) will
replace the Law on Turnover Tax. VAT-exemption cases are presented in the answer to question 93.
Question 338
Will Vietnam abolish the turnover tax system prior to WTO accession? If the turnover tax
system is still in place, how does Vietnam intend to bring it into conformity with the national
treatment requirement of GATT Article III?
Answer
The Law on Value-Added Tax, adopted by the National Assembly on 10 May 1997, will take
effect on 1 January 1999 and will re place of the Law on Turnover Tax.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Question 339
Please identify all products, including HS numbers, for which the value added tax rate is
different for sales of imported goods than for sales of domestically-produced goods. For each
product, please provide the value added tax rate applicable to imported products and the valueadded tax rate applicable to domestically-produced products.
Answer
When the VAT Law comes into effect, both imported and domestically-produced products
will be subject to the same tax rates.
Question 340
What is the purpose of the "special sales tax" which is only imposed on 6 imported group of
items?  Is the "special sales tax" not also imposed on like products which are produced
domestically?  Is this not a  measure which could infringe Article 3 of GATT which stipulates
national treatment.  What is Vietnam's view?
Answer
The purpose of the "special sales tax" is to regulate the consumption of certain products,
redistribute income and raise tax revenues for the State budget.
The Law on Special Sales Tax was amended and supplemented on 1 January 1996.Special sales tax is imposed on 6 imported group of items.  The tax is uniformly applied to
both domestically-produced and imported goods, except that:
- domestically manufactured and assembled automobiles (in CKD and IKD forms) are not
subject to the tax; and
- cigarettes produced from imported tobacco is subject to 70 per cent tax rate against the rate of
52 per cent applicable to cigarettes using domestic tobacco.
The measures which are inconsistent with Article III of the GATT will be reviewed in due
time.
Question 341
Please provide a full list of products on which ex port duties are levied.  For each product, what
is the level of the export duty? Are export duties applied on an MFN basis?  Does Vietnam
intend to eliminate any of these export duties?
Answer
Export duties are applied on an MFN basis. For the time being, Vietnam applies export duty
on several agricultural and forestry products in order to regulate exploitation, limiting export of scarce
natural resources and protecting natural forests. The main products under export duty are:
- marine products;
- wood and wooden products;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 154
- steel scraps.
At present, Vietnam has no plan to amend and/or eliminate export duties.
The HS list of products subject to export dutie s will be supplied as soon as Vietnam is a
position to do so.
(l) Rules of origin
Question 342According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam uses rules of origin for imports
under CEPT for AFTA countries. There are no legal  documents or specific regulations on rules
of origin for use in non-preferential commercial policy instruments.
In the absence of legal documents or specific regulations, please describe how the Vietnamese
customs authorities are currently determining rules of origin for use in non-preferential
commercial policy instruments.
Answer
The customs authorities are currently determin ing the origin of goods in accordance with
prevalent international practices, such as trade mark of country origin, legal certificate.
Question 343
Please confirm that Vietnam will adopt legal pr ovisions for rules that conform fully with the
requirements of the WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin prior to WTO accession. Pleaseconfirm that Vietnam will administer the WTO-consistent rules of origin for both MFN and
preferential trade prior to WTO accession.
Answer
After WTO accession, Vietnam will properly implement its commitments and obligations
including those related to the  rules of  origin.
Question 344
Does Vietnam intend to adopt the rules of or igin that are being developed in the WTO?
Answer
Yes, the concrete transitional terms will be addressed in the process of negotiation
Question 345
Under section IV.I(1) (page 4, WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Memorandum notes that Vietnam
presently has no specific legislation or regulatio ns on rules of origin and reserves its right to
introduce such legislation and regulations.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 155
(a) We would be grateful if Vietnam could explain how it expects to be able to administer
the obligations it will assume under the WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin when it
accedes to the WTO.
(b) What time frame is envisaged for the development and implementation of legislation
and regulations in the area of rules of origin?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 343 and 344.
(m-o) Anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguards regime
Question 346
Vietnam has no provisions on anti-dumping, countervailing duty or safeguard measures.
Answer
No. However, Vietnam intends to formulate those provisions in the near future.
Question 347
We note that Vietnam has no provisions relating to anti-dumping, countervailing duty and
safeguards measures (section IV.1(m), (n) and (o), page 41, WT/ACC/VNM/2).
(a) Does Vietnam have any intentions of imposing such measures on imports?
(b) What legislation, policies and practices does Vietnam intend to introduce in the areas of
anti-dumping, countervailing duty and safeguards measures? What time-frames areenvisaged for their introduction?
(c) How does the Government of Vietnam intend to proceed to develop an appropriate legal
basis to implement the provisions of the relevant WTO Agreements?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 346.
Vietnam is improving and systematizing the existing legislation. When time-frame is
envisaged for introduction of legislation with regard to each specific sector, Vietnam will immediately
notify the Working Party.
Question 348
Paragraphs 5-6, page 24 and 42. What are Vietnam's intention with respect to legislation on
anti-dumping, countervailing duties and emergency safeguards?
Answer
Legislation on anti-dumping, countervailing dutie s and emergency safeguards would be in the
form of law or ordinance.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Please refer also to the answer to question 111.
2. Export Regulations
(b) Customs tariff nomenclature, types of duties, duty rates, weighted averages of rates, etc.
Question 349
The listing of various rates provides an indication of the range of export tariffs but it does not
help Members of the Working Party to understand how these rates are applied to specific
products. Please identify all products, including HS numbers, subject to export tariffs and
provide the applicable export tariff rate.
Answer
Vietnam's tariff nomenclature is being re-structured according to HS 1996.  The Working
Party will be provided with detailed information as soon as it is available.
Question 350
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), a fundamental principle of export tariff
elaboration is to regulate and reconcile revenue to State budget when price of some exports of
raw materials are much lower then that of the international markets.
Please identify those raw materials whose export prices would be much lower than the prices on
international market. Please explai n why, in the absence of export tariffs, Vietnamese exporters
would sell these raw materials at prices  below international market prices.
Answer
In the 80s when the export tariffs had not yet been introduced, a number of Vietnamese
enterprises had over exploited natural resources for exportation without considering the costs which
the society has to bear.
The data relating to the commodities which export  prices were much lower than international
price had not been collected. For the last few years, such situation never occurred.
Question 351
Please describe the surcharge, including the tax rates, applicable to the exports of cashew nuts
and coffee. How are the amounts of the surcharges determined? What is the purpose of theexport surcharges for these products?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/ Add.1) and the answer to question 228.
(c) Quantitative export restrictions
Question 352For each item described in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), paragraph IV.2(c)(i)
prohibited exports;  IV.2(c)(ii) export quo ta items;  and IV.2(c)(iii) goods under line-WT/ACC/VNM/3
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management,  please describe the procedures to  obtain an export lic ence in the form of a
response to the Questionnaire on Import Licensing.
Answer
The procedures described in paragraphs IV.2(c)(i), (ii), (iii) are identically applied to all
products.
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for details.
Question 353
Please identify all goods, including HS numbers, in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2),
paragraph IV.2(c) for which exporters are required to obtain prior agreement from provincial
governments to support their request for export  licensing. What is the WTO rationale for
requiring provincial approval to support this requests? Please describe the procedures for
obtaining export approvals from provincial governments and line ministries.
Answer
The requirement referred to in the question is only applied to prohibited imports in
section IV.2(c)(i) of the Memorandum.
In case an enterprise wish to export a product in the prohibited list, it has to send an
application, which includes justifications for the exports, to the ministry or people's committee
concerned. If the demand is justifiable, the ministry or people's committee concerned will submit theapplication to the Prime Minister who will make final decision.
Question 354
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), rice exports are subject to minimum export
prices and an annual export quota of about 2 million tons. Please describe in further detail the
operation and administration of this quota system.
Answer
Regarding the information on the allocation of rice quota, please refer to the answer to
question 263.
Question 355
Please indicate how Vietnam believes this system of export control is consistent with WTO
provisions, e.g., Article XI?
Answer
The Memorandum on the Foreign Trade Regime (WT/ACC/VNM/2) reflects the current
foreign trade policies in Vietnam. The consistence with Article XI and other provisions of WTO will
be considered.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Question 356
What is the GATT Article XX rationale for the ex port prohibitions for aqua-cultural breeds,
medicines, vaccines, activating substances and fees?
Answer
The above products are subject to import licensing requirement, not import prohibition.
Please refer to the answer to question 57 for detailed information.
Question 357
What is the GATT Article XX rationale for the expo rt prohibitions for red coral, konojci coral,
leaf-shaped earth worms, round earth-worms, grown batrachian, lobsters, sea cods of variouskinds and awa?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 57.
Question 358
What is the GATT Article XX rationale for the ex port prohibitions for of timber logs, sawn
wood, charcoal, productions made of group 1.(a) and processed plates made of wood of group
1.(a), semi-processed wood products and raw rattan? Why must a request for a permit to export
these products be approved by the Prime Minister?
Answer
Vietnam is applying policies to strictly cont rol logging for the purpose of protecting the
environment. Prohibition on exportation of such above-mentioned products is part of this policy.
Question 359
Please confirm that the voluntary export restra int agreements mentioned apply only to textile
and clothing.
Answer
Yes.
Export quotas
Question 360Vietnam imposes an export quota on rice in the amount of about 2 million tons.
Please describe the process for allocating export quotas for rice. What percentage of the rice
export quota has been allocated to companies which either grow or mill rice? Please identify the
companies that were granted a rice export quota in 1996. Are rice export quota holders
permitted to sell their export quotas to other export licence holders? Please provide details onWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 159
the amount of export quota shares that are sold annually, rather than used by the enterprise to
which it was allocated. How many of the compan ies which receive rice export quota allocations
have directors and managers who are current or former career employees of the line ministry
or Ministry of Trade, or are family members or relations of senior Vietnamese government
officials?
Answer
Please refer to the details in the answer to question 363.
Question 361
Do all of Vietnam's export prohibitions and export quotas apply to products exported to
countries with which Vietnam has preferential trade agreements?
Answer
Yes, for the time being.
Question 362
With regard to exports, it is stated that rice is  subject to an export quota and that cashew nuts
and coffee are subject to surcharges. Are any other agriculture products subject to export
restrictions? Does Vietnam have any intention to  liberalize exports of the said products before
its accession to WTO? Does Vietnam intend to eliminate any of these export duties?
Answer
Except for rice quota, no restriction is applied to agricultural products (forestry products are
not accounted for as agricultural products). The purpose of the surcharge is for price stabilization, not
export restriction.
The Vietnamese Government will consider to adjust its measures imposed on above-
mentioned export products, taking into accounts WTO's rules.
Question 363
Export quotas for rice are set as a function of the overall rice production in relation to food
security concerns. Is there a list of criteria used in determining the quota allocation? If not, how
is the quota allocation achieved? Can quotas be transferred once allocated?
Answer
According to the Decision No. 141/TTg of the Prime Minster On the Administration of Rice
Exports and Fertilizer Imports in 1997 dated 8 March 1997, rice export quotas are allocated to
provincial people's committees based on the output of rice paddy in commercial quantity in each
province. Provincial people's committees, in turn, allocate quotas to enterprises based on their actual
export capacity. Quotas are also distributed to some Central Food Corporations based on theircapacity. In addition, to be eligible for quotas, enterprises must be members of the Vietnamese Foods
Association.
The number of rice export channels is limited at a necessary level to prevent monopoly,
encourage fair competition, and protect interests of producers and the prestige of the country.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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According to the same Decision, any enterprise wh ich is not able to fulfil the allocated quotas
must report promptly and timely to the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development. These two Ministries report to the Prime Minister who would re-adjust the quotas and
transfer to other enterprises which are able of fulfilling the quota. No form of quota sale or transfer is
permitted.
Question 364
When will Vietnam remove its export quota on  rice of about 2 million tons (page 43,
WT/ACC/VNM/2)? Export quotas are inconsistent with GATT Article XI.
Answer
So far, managing the balance between rice paddy and rice export quota are basic policy
measures to stabilize macroeconomic environment and ensure food security.
Line management
Question 365Please identify, including HS numbers, all pr oducts currently under line management. For each
product, please identify the line ministry that has authority to make the policies and describe
the export restrictions that are in effect.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 3 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for the information referred to in the
question.
For the list with HS number, please see Appendix 7 - List 1 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
(d) Export licensing procedures
Question 366
Please indicate how Vietnam believes this system of export control is consistent with WTO
requirements.
Answer
Line management of exports is used for the reasons of national security, natural resources
preservation and environmental protection (in accordance with international conventions such as
CITES), etc. Vietnam therefore believes that the system is consistent with WTO's requirements.
Question 367
Paragraph 5, page 43 refers to export quotas. Does Vietnam intend to maintain its export quota
on rice?
Answer
Yes.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Please refer also to the answer to question 364.
(e) Other measures
Question 368
Does Vietnam set minimum export prices for any crucial products other than rice and crude
oil?
Answer
Minimum export prices only serves as guidance prices, and currently applies to rice and crude
oil only.
Question 369How does the Government of Vietnam determin e the minimum export prices for rice and crude
oil? What is the rationale for using minimum expo rt pricing? Have any export sales been lost or
significantly delayed because the minimum export  price was set higher th an the international
market price?
Answer
The minimum export prices, when necessary, are determined based on prices in the past and
present transactions as well as forecast market price.
Question 370
How does Vietnam intend to eliminate its use of minimum export pricing in order to conform
with GATT Article XI.
Answer
The Vietnamese Government will consider the adjustment of its minimum export price
measures with reference to the WTO's rules.
Question 371
Will Vietnam notify the Textiles Monitoring Body (TMB) the restrictions maintained by WTO
Members on imports of textiles and clothing pr oducts originating in Vietnam that are in force
on the date prior to the date of the accession of  Vietnam to the WTO, as the base levels for the
purposes of application of Article 2 and 3 of the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing?
Answer
It is too early to refer to this issue, in our point of view.
Question 372
Does Vietnam accept that, for the purposes of Vietnam's accession to the WTO, the phrase "day
prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement contained in Article 2:1 of the
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing shall be deem ed to refer to the WTO, and that to these base
levels, the increase in growth rates provided for in Article 2:13 and 2:14 of the Agreement onWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 162
Textiles and Clothing shall be applied, as appropriate, from the date of accession of Vietnam to
the WTO?
Answer
Vietnam will, in the accession to the WTO, undertake to gradually implement all the WTO
Agreements, including the Agreement on Textiles a nd Clothing. It is however still premature  to
decide the beginning date for the calculation of the base volume according to Article 2 and 3 of theAgreement on Textiles and Clothing. The growth rate as provided for in Article 2:13 and 2:14 of the
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing will be decided after the date for calculation of the base level is
set.
Question 373
Aqua-culture breeds can only be traded with the approval of the Ministry of Aqua-culture
(Annex 2.3 of WT/ACC/VNM/2).
(a) Please list all the products (with HS codes) covered by this.
(b) What are the procedures and requirements for seeking this approval?
(c) Is full national treatment and MFN treatment applied?
Answer
(a) The list (HS codes are not available) of breeds under the Ministry of Aqua-culture's control is
attached to the Circular No. 05/TT/NC dated 10 October 1996.
(b) Regulations concerning the export and import of aqua-culture breeds:
- requirements and procedures relating to imports of aqua-culture breeds are stipulated in the
Regulations on Import and Export of Aqua-culture Products under line Management enacted
by Decision 263 QD/KHDT dated 9 June 1997;
- government management system in respect of aqua-culture breeds is uniformly organized at
the central and the local levels as follows:
- the Minister of Aqua-culture is responsible for the implementation of the
management function in respect of aqua-culture breeds in the whole industry;
- provincial and Municipal People's Committees under the direct control of the Central
Government are responsible for State management in respect of aqua-culture breedsin their localities;
- the Ministry of Aqua-culture is responsible for the registration of F, F1, F2 breeds in respect
of aqua-culture breeds throughout Vietnam.
(c) National treatment and MFN treatment:
The two above-mentioned legal documents of Ministry of Aqua-culture do not contain any
provision which discriminates Vietnamese nationals and foreigners or between foreigners of different
nationality.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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(f) Export financing, subsidy and promotion policies
Question 374
According to the Memorandum, producers and export-import businessmen are granted priority
access to financing.
What is meant by priority access to financing? What is meant by requirements on loans are the
same as other economic activities?  Please describe the procedures and preferential financingterms generally available to the producers and export-import businessmen. Do the producers
and export-import businessmen pay interest at rates below commercial rates?
Answer
According to provisions of the Law on Promotion of Domestic Investment and its Guidelines,
producers of export goods, exporters who are holders of  preferential investment certificate could
borrow from State-owned banks the amount needed for their operations, with maturity matching their
business cycle. Normal commercial interest rates are charged on these loans. In case an enterpriseexporting certain agricultural products or importing fertilizer incurs big losses due to price
fluctuations, the Government may consider paying a portion of interest with financing from the Price
Stabilization Fund.
Question 375
Is the provision of the financing to producers and export-import businessmen contingent upon
export performance? Is the availability of th e financing contingent upon the use of domestic
over imported goods? Is priority access to financ ing available to foreign-invested enterprises
under the same terms and conditions as for domestic producers and export-import
businessmen?
Answer
The priority in the provision of the financing to producers of export goods and exporters
depends on financial condition of and demand for loans of those businesses. This is a provision in the
Law on Promotion of Domestic Investment, and thus applies to enterprises governed by this Law
only.
Question 376
What is the total amount of government fina ncing that has been granted to producers and
export-import businessmen? What percentage of this financing is considered non-performing?
Answer
Production and export-import business enterprises must borrow capital from commercial
banks and pay commercial interest at rates as applied to any other business enterprise.
Currently there are no statistics concerning the amount of loans granted to production
enterprises or import-export business enterprises respectively nor any statistics on loan performance.
Vietnam will provide the Working Party the requested information as soon as it is possible.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 164
Question 377
Does  the Government of Vietnam intend to subsidize exports? How does the Government of
Vietnam intend to administer the subsidies it maintains pursuant to the WTO Subsidies
Agreement?
Answer
Currently, the Vietnamese Government does not grant any direct budgetary outlays as
subsidies to exports. However, it has supportive policies to encourage the export of such commodities
as rice, coffee, rubber, cashew nuts, etc. These policies are carried out through some measures such
as:
- establishment of price stabilization funds which assists the buying-in when supply of rice is
higher than demand during harvests;
- provision of credits at preferential interest rates for the purchase of agricultural products at
regulated prices during some specific periods.
The assessment whether other economic measures are direct export subsidies requires
technical assistance, expertise and time.
Question 378
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam does not maintain any subsidies
from the State budget to agricultural production.
Please describe all non-budgetary policy measures used by Vietnam to promote agricultural
exports.
Answer
Non-budgetary policy measures used by Vietnam to promote agricultural exports are:
- facilitation of agricultural exports: all enterprises with import - export trading rights are
allowed to export agricultural products (except rice, timber and wood products, coffee and
natural rubber) in unlimited quantity whether the product is included in the company's
initially registered lines of business or not;
- simplification and improvement of transparency of export procedures for agricultural
products;
- establishment of Export Promotion Centre of the Government which promotes exports,
including agricultural exports.
Question 379
Please confirm that Vietnam does not maintain any export subsidies.
Answer
Although there is no subsidies in the form of budgetary outlays, Vietnam still maintains
export subsidies. The classification of these subsidies measures will be informed to the Working Party
as soon as Vietnam is able to do so.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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(g) Export performance requirements
Question 380
How does Vietnam determine which products qualify as export goods or import substitution
goods, for purposes of providing the 2-year profit tax exemption?
Answer
The regulation referred to in the question is contained in Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam of 1993 which has been replaced by the Law on Foreign Investment of 11 December 1996.
A translation of this Law is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for
consultation.
(h) Import duty drawback schemes
Question 381
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), imports by some Vietnamese enterprises
licensed as distribution and sales agents of foreign goods will be refunded import duties on thebasis of actual sold (exported) goods.
Are foreign-invested enterprises eligible to be licensed as distribution and sales agents of foreign
goods? Please describe the procedures for obtaining a licence to be a distribution and sales
agent of foreign goods? What is the criteria for determining whether an application to be a
distribution and sales agent of foreign goods will be approved?
Answer
Duties are refunded for all imports which are the re-exported. Therefore, imports for re-
exports, conducted by agents or in any other forms, are eligible for duty refund.
Decree No. 54/CP of 28 August 1993 makes prov isions for tariffs applicable to goods and is
not concerned with the trading rights of enterpri ses. Foreign-invested enterprises can operate in
Vietnam in accordance with the provisions of the investment licence.
Question 382
What was the amount of import duties refunded to Vietnamese enterprises as distribution and
sales agents of foreign goods for each of the past three years?
Answer
The statistics are not available.
Please refer to the answer to question 381.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 166
3. Internal Policies Affecting Trade in Goods
(a) Industrial policies and subsidies
Question 383
Article 19 of the 1992 Constitution states: "... the State sector shall be consolidated and
developed especially in key branches and areas and play a leading role in the national
economy". How does Vietnam intend to go about achieving this?
Answer
To strengthen and improve the effectiveness of the State sector, Vietnam has promulgated the
Law on State Enterprises, and intends to restructure the State sector, improve management methods,
and promote equitization (turning State-owned companies into joint stock companies).
Please see also the answers to questions 3, 7, and 59; Other measures, if any, will be informed
to the Working Party in due course.
Question 384
Please describe all tax systems providing minimum tax treatment to prioritized industries.
Please identify all industries currently identified as prioritized industries. Does priority status
mean that no other companies besides those alrea dy doing so will be permitted to operate in
these industries but will not receive the same be nefits? If the answer to these questions is
negative, what are the criteria for additional co mpanies to be authorized to operate in these
industries and to receive the same special benefits?
Answer
Tax systems providing preferential rates to prioritized industries include: turnover tax, profit
tax, export and import duties and natural resources tax. This preferential treatment is applied to all
prioritized industries (which have been elaborated in  details in Part II concerning tax policies of the
Memorandum WT/ACC/VNM/2) not on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, any enterprise operating in
these prioritized industries may benefit from such preferences to the same extent.
Question 385
(a) The first paragraph says that "prioritized industries" are given favourable access to
financing, and, are subject to a minimum tax rate. Could Vietnam explain morespecifically about this policy?
(b) What are the targeted industries under this policy?
(c) What is the "favourable access"?
(d) What are the requirements to be eligible for these favourable measures?
Answer
(b) "Favourable access to financing" refers to activities that are given priority of access to capital
during the time of capital shortage.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 167
(a) and (c) In accordance with the Foreign Investment Law, the following sectors are accorded
preferences:
- cultivation, husbandry and processing of forestry, agricultural and aquatic products;
-  export production;
- industries that utilize advanced technology and modern techniques, protect the environment
or invest in research and development;
- labour intensive industries, industries efficiently processing raw materials or effectively using
domestic natural resources; and
- construction of infrastructure and important industrial production establishments.
Preferences may take the following forms:
- low profit tax rate;
- exemption from and/or reduction of profit tax.
In accordance with the Law on Promotion of Domestic Investment dated 22 June 1994, the
following areas are granted preferences:
- construction of  technical infrastructure;
- processing of agricultural, forestry and marine products;  and
- export production.
Preferences may take the following forms:
- exemption from and/or reduction of profit tax;
- possible duty exemptions for machinery, equipment and accessories imported as capital
investment to set up production establishments;
- possible priority in granting long- and me dium-term credits from Investment Support Funds;
and
-  grants of credit guarantees and export credits (applied to export production only).
Question 386
Please explain what is meant "...by giving prioritized industries favourable access to financing
and subject to minimum tax rate". Please de scribe all tax systems providing minimum tax
treatment to prioritized industries. Please identify all industries currently identified as
prioritized industries. Does priority status mean that no other companies besides those already
doing so will be permitted to operate in these industries but will not receive the same benefits? If
the answer to these questions is negative, what are the criteria for additional companies to be
authorized to operate in these industries and to receive the same special benefits?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 384 and 385.
Question 387
Does the statement that "...the Government of  Vietnam advocates to gradually introduce fair
competition in the domestic market and stimulate the development of the former as a way to
challenge industrial competitiveness" mean that Vietnam's policy is to promote importWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 168
substitution and discriminate against foreign investment or imports in selected industries? If
not, please explain what the statement means.
Answer
For many years, the encouragement import substitution has been a part of Vietnam's policy.
Vietnam has then embarked on building up an export- oriented economy, with a view to introducing
competition. This is a gradual change.
Question 388
At what stage of planning are the two high-tech parks?  Will companies lo cating in these parks
receive special incentives?  If so, please submit a list of these incentives.
Answer
The two high-tech parks at the planning stage are as follows:
- Hoalac high-tech park:  Development of final master plan and feasibility study;
- Ho Chi Minh City high-tech park:  Development of feasibility study.
The companies in these high-tech parks shall receive such special incentives as follows:
- simple administrative procedures as applied to industrial and export-processing zones;
- maximum preferential treatment as prescribed by law for the Vietnamese and foreign
investors (e.g. for high-tech industrial or service enterprises, the profit tax rate applicable is
10 per cent, profit tax exemption for 8 years from the first profit-making year);
- Vietnamese residing overseas, including those Vietnamese holding a foreign nationality and
foreign economic organizations set up or controlled by overseas Vietnamese shall enjoy
preferential treatment in accordance with the provisions in Article 44 of the Law on Foreign
Investment in Vietnam and the related stipulations of the Government.
The policies relating to land, investment, labour and administrative procedures are being
further examined in order to facilitate investment in high-tech parks.
Question 389
In the paragraph labelled "industry" Vietnam describes some priorities for industrial
development.
Please identify any industrial development poli cies that are not yet in compliance with the
requirements WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. How does Vietnam
intend to bring these policies into conformity with the Subsidies Agreement?
Answer
Vietnam is examining its policies in this respect and will provide the answer in due course.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 169
Question 390
According to paragraph IV.3(e) of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), Vietnam had
6,264 State-owned enterprises as of 1 April 1994.
Please provide the total amount of subsidies, as defined in Article 1.1 of the Agreement On
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, granted by the Government of Vietnam to these State-
owned enterprises for each of the past three year s. Of this total amount of subsidies that were
contingent upon export performance or upon the use of domestic over the imported goods.
Please provide the total amounts of any amounts paid to cover operating losses sustained by an
industry or the enterprise. Please provide the total amounts of direct forgiveness of debts or
grants to cover debt repayment for these enterprises.
Answer
The number 6,264 given in the Memorandum is the number of State-owned enterprises.
Vietnam will provide the WTO Secretariat with the requested information as soon as it is
possible.
Question 391
Please provide the list of regulations and measures aimed at protecting small scale and infant
domestic industries (page 39 of WT/ACC/VNM/2).
Answer
Vietnam has no specific regulations concerning the protection of small enterprises. Infant
industries may be protected through import tariffs and some non tariff measures from time to time on
periodical basis. Steel, sugar, cement, construction glass and paper industries are further protected
through quantitative import restrictions.
Question 392
Vietnam is asked to comment on the apparent contradiction between its statement that it
"grants no subsidy to industrial production" with the fact that State-owned enterprises benefit
from low raw material costs (including energy), monopolies of supply, control of distribution
and privileged access to credit.
Answer
Although Vietnam has no subsidies in the form of direct budgetary outlays, some measures,
including those raised in question, would require further study to see whether they have the effect of
subsidies or not. For transparency purpose, these measures have been concretely explained in the
Memorandum, or in the answers herein.
The State-owned enterprises do not enjoy any benefits from raw material costs, as well as
energy.
The State-owned enterprises have monopoly only in the sectors that may affect national
security or that relating to social policy such as telecommunication, electricity and petroleum.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 170
(b) Technical specifications and standards
Question 393
Please explain how each of the following produc tion and services are covered by the provisions
of GATT Article XX:  culture, artistic and cinematographic products, show and performance
and printing equipment; banking facilities; chemicals and chemical-related equipment
requiring safety inspection; and lubricants.
Answer
Restrictions or conditions on the import of cultural, artistic and cinematographic products,
show and performance and printing equipment; banking facilities come from the terms and spirit of
the Article XX of the GATT.
The measures applied to imports of chemicals, chemical-related equipment  and lubricants are
applied in accordance with the provisions of the TBT Agreement.
Question 394
Does Vietnam's standards and inspection regim e conform fully with the requirements of the
TBT Agreement? Please describe in detail any aspects of Vietnam's standards and inspection
regime that are currently deficient and the step s Vietnam will take to remedy the deficiency
prior to WTO accession.
Answer
In general, Vietnam's standards are established with reference to ISO-IEC and EN
international standards. Vietnam is now moving towards full recognition of corresponding
international standards (e.g. application of full translated texts).
For products typical to Vietnam, standards are formulated with reference to relevant
international norms wherever possible.
Vietnam's inspection regime (applied to imported goods that are subject to the compulsory
inspection list) is not yet fully consistent with international practices. Most imported goods are
inspected on a consignment-by-consignment basis.
Vietnam is now taking the following steps to remedy the deficiencies in regulation of
technical standards:
- reviewing and revising the existing standards to ensure consistency with international and
regional standards in the direction said above;
- shifting from the consignment-by-consignment in spection regime to an "offered sample" and
representative sample inspection regime;
- establishing product testing laboratories which meet requirements of Guide 25, and
recognized to be in accordance with procedures and processes of assessment based on ISO
guidelines;
- entering mutual recognition agreements with foreign countries in order to shift from the
inspection at destinations to the pre-shipment inspection regime.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 171
Vietnam believes that its standards and inspection regime conform fully to the requirements
of the TBT Agreement. Anyway, best efforts are made in order to regularly review and improve the
said regime.
Question 395
What practical steps is Vietnam taking/plannin g to take to prepare for applying the TBT
Agreement?
Answer
Vietnam has not so far taken steps to this end. However, in this regard, preparatory work is
implemented.
Please refer to the answer to question 394 for further information.
Question 396
Are the substantive requirements and standards applicable to domestic products  identical to
these for imported goods?
Answer
Yes.  It is also an approach of Vietnam quality management agencies  in order to harmonize
Vietnam standards with the international and/or foreign country's standards and accelerate the process
of quality improvement in Vietnam enterprises and quality control of the products in circulation.
Question 397
Which agencies are responsible for the appl ication of the requirements and standards
applicable to domestic products?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 5 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 398
Please indicate the number of cases, in the past three years, in which the Government of
Vietnam has denied or significantly delayed entry of foreign goods on the ground that the goods
did not satisfy regulations on standards, measurement or quality, or were not correctly
documented under such regulations. Please provid e a general description of the most significant
problems that foreign goods have encounte red in satisfying standards requirements.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 172
Answer
According to available statistics, in the last 3 years, the number of cases where inspected
goods did not meet standards are as follows:
Year 1994 Year 1995 Year 1996
Number of inspected lots 4,500 6,200 8,400
Number of lots not meeting standards 50 80 90
Percentage 1.1% 1.3% 1.1%
Goods that did not meet the set standards are mainly home electric appliances and devices,
food and foodstuffs (wheat flour, cooking oil, milk powder and food additives) and some
consignments of fertilizer and insecticide.
Standards which have not been met are:
- electrical safety requirements;
- food hygienic standards;  and
- standards concerning maximum level of activators (fertilizers, insecticide).
Question 399
Please identify the international norms refer red to in the Memorandum. Are they the norms
outlined by the Codex Alimentarius, Organization Of International Epizootics or the EuropeanPlant Protection Organization?
Answer
International standards referred to in the Me morandum are mainly standards or guidelines of
the International Standardisation Organisation (I SO), the International Electrical Committee (IEC)
and the Codex Alimentarius Commi ssion (CAC) in the following areas:
- product certification (ISO/ CASCO 228 - ISO/IEC Guide 40);
- certification of quality assurance systems (ISO 9000);
- recognition of testing laboratories (ISO/IEC Guide 25 and ISO/IEC Guide 58);
- recognition of inspection organizations (ISO/IEC Guide 39);  and
- certification of food production (Codex 's HCAAP and GMP).
Question 400
Does Vietnam anticipate any difficulties in applying the TBT Agreement in full at the latest
from the date of accession to the WTO?
Answer
The difficulties Vietnam anticipates in applying TBT Agreement from the date of accession to
the WTO would be:
- formulating of internationally compatible standards due to lack of financial resources,
expertise, and foreign language fluency;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 173
- applying international standards due to low level of production technology, low technical
expertise in product inspection and testing;
- applying assessment of conformity to standard regulations due to lack of facilities and
experienced experts, and low supportive technical capacity.
Question 401
Could Vietnam provide an overview of regulations relating to different products and product
areas?  This overview should identi fy for each product/product area:
(a) the applicable standard and legal requirements;
(b) what kind of the testing or certification procedure, if any, is required;
(c) the agency/ministry responsibl e for regulating the product; and
(d) the body which carries out the testing and certification where applicable.
Answer
Technical regulations and standards relating to products are presented in section 1 of Annex 5
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
The State administration of product quality is carried out principally through the two
following measures:
- "Registration of product quality" - applied to domestically-produced goods. Please see
Section  2(b) of Annex 5 for the list of quality registration authorities;
- "State inspection on quality" - applied to exported and imported goods. Please see
Section 2(b) of Annex 5 for the list of State export and import inspection authorities.
The Government of Vietnam promulgated Decree No. 86/CP dated 8 December 1995
Stipulating and Assigning the Responsibilities on State Quality Control Management of Goods among
various governmental agencies.
Ministries have also issued inter-ministerial circulars and regulations concerning various
activities of quality control (testing, certification, issuance of standards, inspection and certification
authorities, etc.).
So far, Vietnam has issued about 4,000 national standards, of which 100 standards are
mandatory. The mandatory standards are those related to environmental hygiene, safety and toproducts important  to the national economy. Governmental agencies are empowered to announce the
mandatory standards as for application to specific products within areas of their management.
Please refer to Appendix 5 of document  WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1 for more details.
Question 402
Are there specific technical regulations and/or sp ecifications on any kinds of shoes, electrical
and electronic goods, construction machinery, processed foodstuffs, chemicals and plastics?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 174
Answer
Yes. Domestic products are subject to Vietnam technical regulations.
Vietnam has developed the national standards (TCVN) and/or other technical regulations for
the goods mentioned in the question in different degree. That means more attention is attached to
goods which, in their usage and consumption, could cause damage or hazard to the people or the
environment; so for these products, more thorough standards and/or technical regulations have beendeveloped.
Question 403
Are the standards used in Vietnam voluntary or mandatory?
Answer
Vietnam's (national) standards have the two forms of application:  voluntary and mandatory.
Mandatory standards used in Vietnam are mainly those relating to safety, sanitary and environmental
protection measures.
Question 404
If standards are mandatory, please explain the reason for this.
Answer
Vietnam's standards are mandatory in order to ensure the safety, human health and
environmental protection.
Question 405
The 25 August 1992 Regulation on Standardization Work specified in its Article 12(b) that all
voluntary standards must be adjusted to become compulsory after a period of time. Please
explain this further.
Answer
Currently, most of standards are voluntary. Vietnam wishes to improve the management by
introducing mandatory standards. The detailed plans, however, are not yet  available.
Question 406
Decisions Nos. 397-QD, 398-QD and 99-TDC co llectively set out testing and certification
procedures for imported goods:  What rules apply to domestic products entering theVietnamese market?
Answer
For goods circulated in the domestic market, quality control is performed mainly through the
quality registration in accordance with Decisions No. 2576-QD dated 28 October 1996 and No. 2577-
QD dated 28 October 1996 of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and specificregulations of line ministries. Re-registration is required every one year for consumer goods and every
two years for industrial materials and equipment. Technical standards are uniformly applied to both
domestic and foreign goods.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 175
Please note that the above-mentioned Decisions Nos. 397-QD and 398-QD have been
replaced by Decisions Nos. 2578-QD-TDC a nd 2579-QD-TDC, whereas Decision No. 88-TDC
(not 99-TDC) has been abolished without replacement.
In addition, quality of goods circulating in the domestic market is subject to inspection by
Market Monitoring Departments at central and local levels and inspectors of specific-sector
ministries.
Question 407
Please provide more in-depth information on the procedures and requirements connected with
the mandatory and/or voluntary system of cer tification. For example: does the Vietnamese
certification system contain the possibility of using a manufacturer's declaration? Does Vietnam
use pre-market certification in any product areas?
Answer
Concerning the certification and recognition system:
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment has issued Decision No. 1479/QD-
TDC regulating Quality Certification and Recogni tion and Decision No. 77/TDC-QD stipulating the
List of Goods Subject to Mandatory Standard Conformation Certification. Up to date, product
certification under the GMP system is applied only to aquatic product export enterprises and to
pharmaceutical production enterprises on the experimental basis. The HACCP system is underconsideration for application to exported aquatic products.
Manufacturer's declaration of standard c onformation is being under consideration for
application in the near future.
Question 408
Does Vietnam accept as equivalent certifications from third country certification bodies?Answer
Up to now, Vietnam has not accepted certifications from third country certification bodies.
However, Vietnam is cooperating with ASEAN c ountries to develop a common approach to this
issues.
Question 409
Has Vietnam developed a quality assurance system?
Answer
Vietnam did not develop its own quality assura nce systems. However, Vietnam is preparing
to apply quality assurance systems with technical assistance by ISO, Codex guides, etc. and by other
countries such as New Zealand (Q-Base), Japan (TQM).
Question 410
Please provide further information on this syst em or on any plans to develop such a system.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 176
Answer
Vietnam will provide the Working Party the required information as soon as it is in a position
to do so.
Question 411
Has Vietnam concluded any bilateral agreements wi th third countries in the field of standards
and certification (e.g. mutual recognition agreements)?
Answer
Vietnam has signed with China an agreement on quality assurance of exports and imports and
on mutual recognition (in respect of certifications).
Question 412
What is the reason for introducing the requireme nt (Please see Ministry of Health Circular of
30 May 1996) on foreign pharmaceutical companies importing products into Vietnam and who
registered more than five years ago, to re-registe r their products to obtain the authorization to
sell their products in Vietnam?
Answer
Based on the current regulations on registration of drugs, a registration granted for a drug is
valid for 5 years; 6 months prior to the expiry of the registration, the drug sponsor must submit an
application for re-registration.
This regulation is similar to practice in other countries where registration of drugs are mostly
time limited, to only as much as 2 years in some cases. Drug sponsors, therefore, are required to
submit application for registration renewal.
A list of drugs which re-registration of foreign companies is not accepted is announced. The
purpose of this measure is to regulate the pharmaceutical market in Vietnam corresponding to the realsituation of local production and utilization and to reasonably protect domestic production.
This policy would be reviewed and adjusted in accordance with Vietnam's trade policy and
development needs.
Question 413
What period of time is given for this re-registration?Answer
Pursuant to the Regulations on Registration of Pharmaceuticals (enacted by Decision
No. 1203/BYT-QD dated 11 July 1996), the period of time given to re-registration of pharmaceuticals
is as follows:
- for application in which there are no changes to the old application, the Ministry of Health
will inform the results of evaluation within 6 months;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 177
- for application in which there are changes to the old application, the Ministry of Health will
inform the results of evaluation within 1 year.
Question 414
Please comment on the other aspect of the sa me Circular, which prohibits the importation of
62 basic molecules into Vietnam and limits to 15 the number of preparations for the same active
ingredient.
Answer
In order to encourage the domestic producers to invest in new production and expand existing
medicament production, as well as encourage the foreign producers bringing the materials, and special
medicament that are unable to produce domestically, the Ministry of Health issued Official Letter
No. 4162/VD dated 30 May 1996 specifying 62 basic molecules which foreign producers are not
allowed to register.
However, in order to stabilize the pharmaceutical market, the Ministry of Health issued the
Official Letter No. 2608/QLD dated 21 April 1997 allowing the foreign companies who had
pharmaceutical products registered in 1991-1992 falling into the list of temporarily non-accepted
active ingredients to submit applications for re-registration. If approved, the registration numbers
issued for those drugs under this category will be valid to the end of 1998.
The issue would be reviewed and adjusted in accordance with its trade policy and
development needs.
Question 415
Paragraph 2, page 28 and paragraph 5, page 45 note the State exercises management of the
"measurement and qualities" of goods. Can Vietnam please provide a list (by HS tariff item) of
products covered by such management and explain the rationale for the application of thissystem to these products?
Answer
In the exercise of State management in respect of imports and exports quality, for reasons of
product safety, human health and environment protection, the Government of Vietnam each year
issues a list of imports and exports which are subject to mandatory quality inspection. This list isreferred to in Annex 5 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
(c) Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
Question 416
Does Vietnam anticipate any difficulties in applying the SPS Agreement?
Answer
Vietnam anticipates that the following difficulties may arise in its application of the WTO's
SPS Agreement:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 178
- difficulties in respect of the application of CODEX standards due to limited facilities,
infrastructures and processing techniques and technology in the agriculture sector;
- lack of experience and facilities in the inspection and control of the subject under the
coverage of the SPS Agreement.
Question 417
Please submit a response to the Questionnaire on Sanitary and  Phytosanitary Measures.Answer
The Questionnaire on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures will be submitted in due course.
Question 418
Please indicate the number of cases, in the past three years, in which the Government of
Vietnam has denied or significantly delayed entry of foreign goods on the grounds that the
goods did not satisfy regulations on sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, or were not
correctly documented under such regulations. Pl ease provide a general description on the most
significant problems that foreign goods have encountered in satisfying the SPS requirements.
Answer
In terms of plant quarantine: From 1994 to 1996, there have been 92 cases in which
Vietnamese plant quarantine agencies found pests in imported goods. The numbers are broken down
as follows:
In 1994:  22 cases in which
Kinds of pest: Tribolium confusum
Trogoderma granaria
 Trogodermaversicolor
Kinds of commodities: Flour, maltImporting Source: China, SNG, France, Australia, Denmark, Belgium
In 1995:  30 cases in which
Kinds of pest: Tribolium confusum
Trogoderma granaria
Trogoderma versicolourAcanthoscelides obtectus
Pomacea canaliculata
Kinds of Commodities: Flour, malt, cocoon, several kinds of bean, sesame, 
hand-luggage.
Importing Source: China, SNG, France, Australia, Belgium, Denmark,
Thailand, Chinese Taipei, Brazil, Holland, Myanmar, Czech 
Republic and Slovakia.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 179
In 1996:  40 cases in which:
Kinds of pest: Tribolium confusum
Trogoderma granaria
Trogoderma versicolour
Trogoderma sp
Acanthoscelides obtectusPomacea canaliculata
Zabrotes subfasciatus
Kinds of commodities: Flour, cocoon, several kinds of bean,
Importing Source: India, China, Japan, Thailand, Ireland, Uzbekistan and Hong Kong,
China.
Regarding animal quarantine: During the past three years, there have been only two cases
which has been denied importation for the SPS reasons. The first is importation of chicken meat fromFrance, importation has been denied since the imported goods did not meet the animal quarantine
standards. The another case is importation of milk powder from the Netherlands since the imported
goods is infected with Clostridium perfringers.
Question 419
Please provide specific details on the sanitary and phytosanitary requirement for all categories
of imported animal and plant products. Also  please provide a list of quarantine pests.
Answer
According to Article 5 in D ecree No. 93/CP dated 27 November 1993 of the Government on
the implementation of the Ordinance on Veterinary, live animals and plants, products originated from
animals and plants to be used for feeding domestic animals are  subject to the control of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development. Therefore, the Ministry is responsible for enacting the
regulations regarding epidemiology and hygiene for the import of the above-mentioned products and
the list of domestic animals that need to be separate for epidemiological control.
Paragraph 3, Article 5 provides that the Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for control and
monitoring the veterinary hygiene for aqua-products.
The Ministry of Health is responsible for controlling the fresh foodstuff which is industrially
processed (not being live animals or plants). The products of this category will not be subject to the
epidemiological control when imported but regulated under the Regulation on State control on quality
of imported foodstuff issued by the Ministry of Health in conjunction with Decision No. 1370/BYT-
QD dated 17 July 1997.
As for the veterinary hygiene regulations for import/export of animals and products made
from animals:
- all products made from animals imported to Viet nam must be originated from healthy animals
and from the non-infected disease areas;
- all products made from animals imported to Vietnam can not be infected with any virus,
bacteria during process of production, transportation and preservation;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 180
The inspection certificate of veterinary hygiene agencies are required for products made from
animals imported to Vietnam.
The regulations on  sanitary - phytosanitary inspections and the list of pests to need be
inspected are provided for in details in Decree No. 92/CP dated 27 November 1993 on Plant
Inspection.
Question 420
Does Vietnam ensure the consistency with the ex isting international standards when Vietnam
introduces the standards for sani tary and phytosanitary measures?
Answer
Vietnam's standards for sanitary and phytosanitary measures are developed with reference to
international standards.
Question 421
(a) Could Vietnam explain the reasons why "transportation vehicles" are subject to
phytosanitary inspection?
(b) Is finished leather included on the list of pr oducts requiring sanitary certification? If so,
does Vietnam have any plans to move it from the list?
Answer
(a) Only vehicles transporting goods subject to phytosanitary inspection are subject to
phytosanitary inspection upon entry into Vietnam.
(b) Leather (including tanned leather) imported to Vietnam is required SPS certificate certifying
the origins of such a leather. Regarding importation of the tanned leather, Vietnamese border SPS
agencies only check the SPS certificates from the origin, except when there are accurate reasons for
thoroughly checking. Vietnam has, so far, no plan for modification.
Question 422
Paragraph 5, page 46 refers. To what extent do Vietnam's current laws and regulations on
sanitary and phytosanitary matters conform to  international practice in these areas? Can
Vietnam please provide information on the process being undertaken to bring them into
conformity with international norms?
Answer
The existing sanitary and phytosanitary regimes are explained in the answer to question 421.
Vietnam is now taking the efforts to bring this re gimes into consistency with international practices
and rules.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 181
(d) Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)
Question 423
Please list all existing measures that are inconsistent with the WTO Agreement on Trade-
Related Investment Measures, listing products subjects to these measures by HS numbers. Will
Vietnam eliminate all TRIMs-inconsistent measures prior to WTO accession?
Answer
As Vietnam’s economy is in the transitional period, there are  TRIMs-inconsistent  measures
and policies.
Please refer to the answers to questions 107 and 222.
Question 424
Are any of the benefits offered to investors contingent upon local content or export performance
requirements? If so, please provide full details.
Answer
Localization policies are formulating. The incentives, particularly incentives on the
import/export duty would be taken into consideration.
The Law on Foreign Investment and Decree No. 12/CP making the detailed provisions for
implementation of the Law on Foreign Investment provide for incentive policy relating to export
percentage (as against production).
General profit tax rate is 25 per cent. However, If more than 50 per cent of production are
exported, the enterprise will enjoy the profit tax rate of 20 per cent; more than 80 per cent the
enterprise will enjoy tax rate of 15 per cent. The enterprises of export production zone export
100 per cent of production will enjoy profit tax rate of 10 per cent.
Enterprises who export more than 50 per cent of production will have the right to set up a
“bonded warehouse” at a factory to facilitate production.
Question 425
Does Vietnam restrict the rights of foreign investors to sell in Vietnam's domestic market?
Please describe any conditions on the ability of foreign investors to import products used in or
related to local production. Please describe any conditions on the ability of foreign exchange to
be used for the importation of the products  used in or related to local production.
Answer
For certain sectors or commodities (in the list of  conditional investment), investment is only
allowed for production to be exported; Regarding investment in production of some goods, Vietnam
encourages the investors to commit to export a reasonable percentage of production.
Foreign investors are allowed to import products in accordance with objective, licence and
feasibility study of the investment project.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 182
In addition, foreign-owned enterprises are abide by Vietnamese laws in respect of technology,
environment protection, import-export procedures, etc.
With regard to exchange control measure, please refer to the answers to questions 75 and 78.
Question 426
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Government is considering adjusting
the regulation providing righ ts of enterprises manufacturing export goods or import
substitution goods to be self-responsible to c over their needs in foreign currencies for their
operation. This provision appears to violate TRIMs Article 2, because it restricts access to
foreign exchange to satisfaction of performa nce criteria (Please see paragraph 2 of the
Illustrative List).
What is the status of the implementation of these regulations? Will these new rights extend to
the right to repatriate investment funds? Please explain how these regulations satisfy TRIMs
requirements, or describe the remedial steps that  Vietnam intends to take to bring them intoconformity.
Answer
In parallel with the process of liberalizing the foreign exchange transactions on current
account, the Government has been deregulating and gradually eliminating the requirements for
foreign-invested enterprises' self-balance of foreign exchange.
Please refer also to the answer to question 78.
Question 427
Incentives related to certain performance requirements are prohibited under the WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs). The TRIMs Agreement
specifically prohibits:  (a) relating imports to export commitments in terms of quantity or value;(b) relating foreign exchange access to forei gn exchange earnings (i.e. export receipts);
(c) relating to allowable local production levels to export targets.
What incentives does Vietnam have for foreign investors and are they compatible with the
TRIMs Agreement?
Answer
Vietnam is reviewing its policy system in order to find out TRIMs-inconsistent measures and
policies. Particularly, Vietnam is evaluating how the following measures are consistent with TRIMs
Agreement:
1. Regulation on self-responsible enterprises to cover needs in foreign currencies. Article 33 the
Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam dated 12 November 1996 providing:
"Foreign-invested enterprises, partners involved in a business cooperation contract
shall self-guarantee demands of foreign currency for their operations.
The Vietnamese Government guarantees to balance foreign currency demands for
projects on the construction of infrastructure works, production of goods to substitute
essential imported goods and other important projects."WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 183
Please refer to the answer to question 78 for more details.
2. Requirements of buying or using local components:
- regarding projects of electronic appliances assembling and manufacturing: The value of local
components, accessories produced in Vietnam in the first two years must represents at least
20 per cent of the value of finished products and annually increase (according to Circular
No. 215 dated 8 February 1995, PLI 3);
- regarding projects of car assembling and manufacturing: The value of local components,
accessories produced in Vietnam must represent at least 5 per cent of finished product value
no later than fifth year since the date of starting production and annually increase to reach the
percentage of 30 per cent at the tenth year of production. (Special privileges will be granted to
projects with high-tech, large scale localization programs - According to Circular No. 215
dated 8 February 1995 PL21.3);
- regarding the projects of motorcycle and motorcycle components manufacturing: The value of
local components, accessories produced in Vietnam must represent at least 5-10 per cent of
finished product value no later than second year since the date of starting production and
annually increase to reach 60 per cent in the fifth or sixth years. (Circular No. 215 dated
8 February 1995 PL 2 II3).
Question 428
Does Vietnam have any trade-related investment  measures which are inconsistent with the
obligation of national treatment provided for in Article III.4 of the GATT 1994? These include
performance requirements relating to local purchase requirement and import entitlement?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 427.
Question 429
What system will Vietnam introduce in order to  notify non-compatible trade-related investment
measures under the TRIMs Agreement provisions? Will this system also encompass sub-
national authorities?
Answer
Vietnam will inform WTO Secretariat all trade-related investment measures not yet in line
with TRIMs Agreement, and work out the programme  for gradually eliminating and adjusting these
measures toward consistence with the Agreement, taking into account the flexibility, and privileges
that may be  granted for developing countries.
The unique central government exercises uniform administration over all economic activities
in general, and investment activities in particular. Therefore, all policies, measures promulgated by
the Government and commitments under international treaties are implemented consistently from the
central to local level. Local authorities are oblig ed to implement the instructions from the central
government, and do not have rights to oppose or do otherwise.WT/ACC/VNM/3
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Question 430
What is the extent of national treatment in te rms of pre-establishment of investment? Are there
any particular regulation by sub-national authorities which favour domestic investors over
foreign investors?
Answer
The national treatment issue is under consideration. Vietnam will provide WTO Secretariat
with the information in this regard as  soon as it is in a position to do so.
The extent of national treatment in terms of pre-establishment is as follows:
1. Investment opportunities:
Both domestic and foreign investors have access to most of the economic sectors except
otherwise clearly indicated as prohibited or conditional sectors and areas. These are the sectors and
areas sensitive (venerable to) to national security, defense, historical, cultural relics, custom, and
environment. The government is in charge of promulgating the list of prohibited or conditionalinvestment sectors and areas.
2. Partners and forms of investment.
Both domestic and foreign investors are free to chose partners and forms of investment in line
with Vietnamese laws and regulations. Foreign investments are only subject to limitations on
investment forms. For details of these limitations , please refer to the answer to question 121.
3. Possibility of capital contribution:
Both domestic and foreign investors are allowed to make contribution by cash (foreign or
Vietnamese currency), equipment, machines, fact ories, warehouses, other facilities, intellectual
property rights, technical know-how. However, domestic investor may contribute by land, water and
sea surface use rights, natural resources use right.
Local authorities are not allowed to grant any additional treatments related to domestic or
foreign investors.
Question 431
It would appear that foreign joint-ventures in the car manufacturing sector are required to
produce a minimum share of their components locally (starting with 5 per cent in the first fiveyears and at least 30 per cent after 10 years) in order to continue to operate.  Is our
understanding on this matter correct?. Does Vietnam intend to maintain this scheme?  Does
Vietnam intend to notify this requirement under the TRIMs Agreement?
Answer
Yes, this understanding is correct. Foreign joint-ventures in the car manufacturing sector are
required to produce a minimum share of their compone nts locally (starting with 5 per cent in the first
five years and at least 30 per cent after ten years), as precondition for continuing their operation.
This scheme will be maintained and applied for the Vietnamese car manufacturing sector.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 185
(e) State-owned enterprises
Question 432
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), certain State-owned enterprises that have
been selected as focal point or  those specialising in some line-management items mentioned in
sections III.1(e) and 2(c)(iii).
Please identify these State-owned enterprise s and the sectors in which they operate. What
activities are required by these enterprises in or der to carry out their responsibilities as "...a
focal point or specialising in some line-management items"?
Answer
At present, only imports and exports of 4 products are conducted by focal point enterprises.
They are: petroleum and fertilizer (for imports only), rice and coffee (for exports only):
Focal point petroleum import-export companies are (5 companies):
- Petro Vietnam;
-P e t r o l i m e x ;
- Saigon Petro;
- Petexchim;
- Aviation Petroleum Company.
There are 31 companies which act as fertilizer import focal points. The major ones are:
- Ladffeco Long An;
- Long An Food Company;
- Dong Thap Agricultural Materials and Food Company;
- Dong Thap General Trading Company;
- An Giang Food Company;- Tien Giang Food Company;
- Vinh Long Food and Foodstuff Company;
- Vinh Long Import Export Company;
- Tra Vinh Food Import Export Company;
- Soc Trang Food and Foodstuff Company;- Can tho Food Company;
- Song Hau Plantation;
- Minh Hai Food Company;
- Ca Mau Food and Foodstuff Import-Export Company;
- Dong Nai Agricultural Materials Company;- Hachimex Haiphong;
- Ha Anh General Material Company of Hanoi;
- Nghe An Agricultural Materials Company.
Sale, transfer of fertilizer quota in any form are prohibited. In case the enterprise is not able to
use up the quota, it must promptly inform the Minist ry of Trade and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development who will then report to the Govern ment for quota allocation to other enterprises.
There are a large number of companies which act as focal points for rice and coffee export.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 186
Question 433
Please identify the State-owned enterprises and the sectors in which they operate. What
activities are required by these enterprises in orde r to carry out their responsibilities as a focal
point or specializing in some line management items? Please identify the items mentioned in
sections III.1(e) and 2(c)(iii). Has the Governme nt of Vietnam conferred any special or exclusive
rights on these enterprises to enable them to meet their objectives of "maintaining and
enlarging their market share, to reinforce their foothold in  the market, while operating".
Answer
Regarding the list of those goods subject to import prohibition in 1996, please refer to the
Memorandum.
Regarding the list of those goods subject to import prohibition in 1997, please refer to the
answer to question 432.
The above-mentioned companies are not given any preferential treatment.
Question 434
Please describe the activities of each of the 19 A-category national corporations, identified in
Appendix 5 of the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), in the form of a response to the
Questionnaire on State-Trading.
Answer
Please refer to Annex 6 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 435
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), pr ivate enterprises are treated on an equal
basis with State-owned enterprises except for fiel ds stated in sections  IV.1(e), IV.2(c) and
Appendix 2.
Please describe how State-owned enterprises and private enterprises are treated differently in
the field stated in sections IV.1(e), IV.2(c) and Appendix 2.
Answer
Under Vietnamese Law in the fields referred to in the question, there are some measures
which are aimed at creating a smooth and stable functioning of the market are applied differently toenterprises based on their performance, not their forms of ownership. These different treatments are
diminishing and transparency is observed.
The Commercial Law provides that the Government will define and make public some of the
fields where the State retains monopoly. In other fields, all enterprises are treated equally.
Question 436
Please describe the mechanism used by the General Department of State-Owned Enterprises
under the Ministry of Finance to monito r and administer State-owned enterprises.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 187
Answer
The mechanism used by the General Department of State-Owned Enterprises under the
Ministry of Finance to monitor and administer State-owned enterprises (referred to as General
Department of Enterprises) is set out in Decr ee No. 34/CP dated 27 May 1996 of the Government.
The mechanism is reflected in the responsibilitie s assigned by the Government to the General
Department of State-owned Enterprises as follows:
1. Formulating laws, ordinances and other legal documents concerning the State management of
State capital and assets in enterprises for the Minister of Finance to submit to the Government for
decision or for the Minister of Finance to issue within his competence.
2. Assisting the Minister of Finance - the legitimate representative of State ownership - to
uniformly monitor and administer the State capital and assets in enterprises, particularly:
- to perform the procedures of capital assignme nt to State-owned enterprises, inspect and
monitor the capital use and conservation;
- to evaluate methods of capital mobilization, investment, and capital contribution by State-
owned enterprises to joint ventures for approval by the Minister of Finance or the Prime
Minister on a case-by-case basis;
- to guarantee foreign borrows of State-owned enterprises pursuant to Prime Minister authority;
- to inspect and monitor the State's capital and other assets in enterprises in cases of division,
merger or dissolution.
3. Proposing transfer, lease or mortgage of the State's assets for approval by the Minister of
Finance in cases where the enterprises are not empowered to do so in accordance with the
Government's regulations.
4. Formulating or participating in the formulation of policies and regulations on financial
management in State-owned enterprises; Directing and giving guidance on the financial and
accounting management in enterprises with State-owned capital.
5. Monitoring, compiling and analysing the situation of the State financial and other assets in
enterprises, and consolidating annual fina ncial reports of State-owned enterprises.
6. Assisting the Minister of Finance to undertake equitization and diversification of ownership
of State-owned enterprises.
7. Issuance, within its competence, of regulation concerning technical aspects of management of
State's capital contributions and other assets in enterprises; requiring enterprises with State capital and
assets to compile periodic  reports on the management of the State's capital and assets, and other
relevant information and data.
Question 437
We note under section IV.3(e) (pages 46-47, WT /ACC/VNM/2) that the State administers State-
owned enterprises doing business independently and monitors its capital contribution in
enterprises.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 188
Do any of these State-owned enterprises have monopoly import or export powers?
Answer
There are so far no definition of monopoly (e.g. what market share would constitute
monopoly) in the provisions of existing Vietname se laws. Details of conditions and methodology of
application of the licensing regimes (in which monopoly may occur) can be found in Annex 3(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 438
Paragraph 4 says that in Vietnam there are 6,264 State-owned enterprises as of April 1994.
About how many enterprises out of 6,264 are subject to notification obligation as State-trading
enterprises with "exclusive or special priv ileges" under Article 17 of the GATT?  In what
circumstances are State-owned enterprises  not regarded as State-trading enterprises?
Answer
Among more than 6,000 State-owned enterprises,  about 2,500 enterprises engage in trading
and service activities.  Most of these enterprises are not provided with any privilege.
The list of State-trading enterprises will be identified after the promulgation of the regulations
implementing the Commercial Law of 10 May 1997 and will be provided to the Working Party.
Question 439
On page 47, the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) states that Vietnam has 6,264 State-owned
enterprises. Please provide a list of State-ow ned enterprises involved in agriculture, with a
description of their activities and privileges.
Answer
The list of State-owned enterprises involved in  agriculture is not fixed. Most of the trading
enterprises are registered as importer-exporter of agricultural products. The list of State-owned
enterprises whose major activities relating to agriculture is enclosed in Appendix 4 to document
WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.
Question 440
Included in the list of nation al (State-owned and controlled ) corporations are the Vietnam
Southern Food Corporation, the Vietnam Nort hern Food Corporation, the Vietnam National
Coffee Import/Export Corporation and the Vietnam National Tobacco Corporation.
Please provide a detailed description of the operation these and other State-run enterprises,
including Vinalivesco, Vinafeco and Vinacafe. Please include details on the nature and extent of
involvement of these enterprises in the import a nd export of food and agricultural commodities.
Answer
The State provides to these enterprises the st art-up capital which they are trust to  maintain
and amplify and is subject to State-capital-use tax. The activities of these enterprises must conform to
the laws, including the Law on State-owned Ente rprises which applies solely to State-ownedWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 189
enterprises. These enterprises can import and export products within their lines of business. More than
95 per cent outputs of food, coffee and tobacco are produced by family households. These enterprises
provide seeds, services and sign contract to purchase products from the households for processing.
Member enterprises of the General Corporations have independent accountability, are
assigned with capital by the State, operate in competition with other enterprises in accordance with
the General Corporation Charter, and are subjec t to the Law on Business Bankruptcy and other
applicable laws.
Question 441
Paragraph 5, page 5 and paragraph 5, page 47 refer to State-owned enterprises. It would be
helpful to have clarification on the operation of  State-owned enterprises, in particular whether
they are required to act solely in accordance wi th commercial criteria, and the extent to which
they have any special linkages wi th central or local government.
Answer
State-owned enterprises are classified into two types: public interest enterprises and profit-
oriented enterprises. All State-owned enterprises are subject to the Law on State-Owned Enterprises
and are governed by other applicable laws. Profit-oriented enterprises which the majority of activities
are aimed at profit making are equal to enterprises of other economic sectors. Public interest
enterprises are those which engage in the production and provision of public services in accordancewith the Government's policies.
In the market economy, profit-oriented State-owned enterprises have to be efficient and
compete on equal footing with other enterprises.
There is no different between centrally managed and locally managed State-owned
enterprises. They are all subject to the Law on State-Owned Enterprises, equal in terms of rights andobligations. They all may go bankrupt or be dissolved in accordance with the Law on Business
Bankruptcy.
Question 442
Paragraph 7, page 47 refers to the establishment of National Corporations. Do any of these
National Corporations engage in importing or exporting activities?
Answer
These Corporations as well as affiliated companies have the right to export and import.
(f-g) Free zones and free economic zones
Question 443
Does Vietnam have any legislation relating to free zones?
Answer
In Vietnam, there are only industrial zones and export-processing zones, not free economic
zones.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 190
Question 444
Please confirm that free zones and free economic zones will be fully subjected to coverage of
Vietnam's future commitments as a WTO Member.
Answer
Vietnam will review this subject when those zones established in Vietnam.
Question 445
Do the export processing zones and industrial parks referred to in this sector benefit from any
special tax and/or tariff regimes?
Answer
Investors operating in these zones can benefit from the preferences in respect of profit tax,
profit remittance tax, tariff and management as follows:
1. Profit tax rate:
(a) Domestic enterprises: preferential rates are accorded as provided for in the Law on the
Promotion of Domestic Investment.
(b) Foreign-invested enterprises:
Enterprises in export processing zones are beneficiary of the following taxation:
- 10 per cent of profits earned by production enterprises and exemption from payment
of profits tax for a period of four years commencing from the first profit-making year;
- 15 per cent of profits earned by service enterprises and exemption from payment of
profits tax for a period of two years commencing from the first profit-making year.
Enterprises in industrial zones:
- 15 per cent of profits earned by production enterprises which export less than
50 per cent of their products, exemption from payment of profit tax for a period of 2years commencing from the first profit-making year; deduction of 50 per cent of
profit tax for another 2 years for production enterprises which export from 50 to
80 per cent of their products; 10 per cent of profits earned by production enterprises
which export at least 80 per cent of their products, exemption from payment of profit
tax for a period of 2 years commencing from the first profit-making year anddeduction of 50 per cent of profit tax for another 2 years;
- 20 per cent of profits earned by service enterprises and exemption from payment of
profits tax for a period of one year commencing from the first profit-making year;
- 10 per cent of profits earned by infrastructure development companies of industrial
and export processing zones and exemption from payment of profits tax for a periodof four years commencing from the first profit-making year and deduction of
50 per cent of profit tax for another 4 years.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 191
The above tax rates are applicable for the whole duration on the project of these companies.
2. Profit remittance tax rate:
5 per cent of the profit remitted.
3. Import and export duty:
Enterprises in export processing zones are exempted from import and export duties for goods
which are imported  from or exported to foreign countries.
For enterprises in industrial zones, the fo llowing items are exempted from import duties:
- machinery, equipment imported for capital construction establishing the joint-venture
enterprise;
- specialized means of transport which are included in the technological line of
production as required to establish the joint-venture enterprise or used for the
transportation of the staff (i.e. cars with 24 seats or more, water-way means of
transport);
- parts, spare parts, optional or supplementary parts accompanying the above
specialized means of transport;
- equipment, machinery, specialized means of transport imported for the expansion,
replacement or renovation of technology of the joint-venture enterprises;
- materials, parts, spare parts used for the production of exports are still subject to duty
payment upon importation and duties are refunded later proportionate with the
amount exported.
Question 446
Do any specific performance requirements apply to the export processing zones or industrial
areas?
Answer
Operations of export processing zones and industrial areas must abide by laws, regulations on
export processing zones and industrial areas and internal regulations of each zone.
Question 447
Are exports of products to any countries with which Vietnam has a preferential trade
agreement subject to export tariff and at the same export tariff rates?
Answer
Yes.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 192
(h) Trade-related environmental policies
Question 448
Please provide more detailed information about the possible restrictions mentioned in this
section, including details of the relevant laws  and regulations where these restrictions can be
found.
Answer
Trade-related environment measures are:
- limitation on import of automobile;
- prohibition of import of used clothes;
-  strict control of import of used equipment, vehicles;
- prohibition or strict control of sub-materials of inferior quality.
Question 449
Are these restrictions applied with full respect  to the national treatment and most-favoured-
nation principles?
Answer
Vietnam has issued the Law on Environment Protection, Decree No. 175/CP dated
18 October 1994 of the Government making the detailed provisions for the implementation of the
Law on Environment Protection, Decree No. 26/CP dated 26 April 1996 of the Governmentstipulating administrative fines for the purpose of environment protection, etc. Vietnam has also
joined a number of international conventions and ag reements on environment.  So far, trade-related
environmental measures are applied with full respect to MFN and national treatment principles.
Question 450
Please see also the questions we have rais ed under section IV.1.(d) (WT/ACC/VNM/2) regarding
import restrictions in the vehicle sector.
Answer
The measures affecting trade in motor-vehicles can be found in Annex 3
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) and the answers to questions 247 and 248.
(l) Government procurement
Question 451
Why does the Government of Vietnam not ap ply the transparency requirements of the
Government Procurement Agreement to the acquisition of services and products for
consumption by governmental agencies?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 193
Answer
At this level of development where the budget is allocated to the government agencies and
localities in a piecemeal manner, Vietnam is not yet in a position to administer centrally all the
government procurement activities.
Question 452
Does Vietnam intend to apply to join the Government Procurement Agreement? If not, why
not?
Answer
As it is a new area, more time is required before Vietnam can come to a decision.
Question 453
Could the Vietnamese Government provide a breakdown of the public sector procurement
market both by contracting entity and by product type?
Answer
These kinds of statistics are not available in Vietnam.
Question 454
What is the overall value of public sector pu rchasing in Vietnam, and which are the major
procuring entities?
Answer
These statistics are not available.
Question 455
What statistics does the Vietnamese Government collect on procurement?
Answer
Government procurement is a new concept in Vietnam.  Thus, the statistics are not collected.
Question 456
Could the Vietnamese Government make these statistics available to the Working Party, as well
as the copy of their most recent Law on Public Procurement?
Answer
Statistics are not available.
An English version of the Decree on Tendering, which is the unique legal document related to
this area, is available in the WTO Secretaria t (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 194
Question 457
What is the  management structure of Vietnam's system of government procurement?
Answer
Government procurement is administered in accordance with the provisions of the applicable
laws such as the Decree on Tendering (Decree No. 43/CP).
Article 43 of Decree No. 43/CP stipulates as follows:
"The Prime Minister shall approve the tendering plans for State funded projects in
Group A (as stipulated in the Regulations on Management of Investment and Construction)
and the results of the selection of tenderers for tender packages for consultants valued at
10 billion or more Vietnamese Dong and tender packages for procurement of materials and
equipment or for construction and installation valued at 50 billion or more Vietnamese Dong
on the basis of the proposal of the Mi nister of Planning and Investment.
Other tender packages shall be approved by ministers, chairmen of people's
committees of provinces and cities under central authority, and heads of competent bodies on
the basis of the proposal of the investors.
The authority making the investment decision for State funded projects in Group B
(as stipulated in the Regulations on Management of Investment and Construction) shall
employ its professional staff and may engage experts for advice in approving the results of theselection of tenderers for tender packages for consultants valued at between 500 million and
10 billion Vietnamese Dong and for tender packages for procurement of materials and
equipment or for construction and installation valued at between 10 and 50 billion
Vietnamese Dong on the basis of the proposal of the investors.  Tender packages for
consultants valued at 10 billion or more Vietnamese Dong and for procurement of materialsand equipment or construction and installation valued at 50 billion or more Vietnamese Dong
must be submitted to the Prime Minister for approval before the tendering results may be
approved.  An authority at the immediately lower level may be authorized to approve other
tender packages valued at lower than the above amounts.
In respect of projects in Group C (as stipulated in the Regulations on the Management
of Investment and Construction), the authority making the investment decision and the head
of the body authorized to make the investment decision shall approve the results of the
selection of tenderers for all tender packages in respect of  a project."
Question 458
How are upcoming tenders notified? Do the requests for tenders specify whether or not foreign
enterprises are eligible to be awarded the contracts? What deadlines are given for submission of
documents? Are specifications based on perf ormance, rather than design, descriptive
characteristics, or trade name?
Answer
The notification procedures, as provided for in Part II, section II of the Circular No. 2/TTLB
dated 25 February 1997 making provisions for the detailed implementation of the Regulations on
Tendering, vary for each form of tendering:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 195
Tender invitation notices.
- tender invitation notices shall be applicable in the case of open tendering. Tender invitation
notices shall be published widely in order to  supply preliminary information to tenderers
wishing to participate in tenders.  Where prequalification is to be conducted, prior to the
official tender, the party calling for tenders must issue prequalification notices.  Forms for
prequalification notices and tender invitation notices are provided in the appendices of theRegulations on Tendering;
- the party calling for tenders must cause the notices to be published in the mass media in a
manner which is appropriate to the scale and nature of the particular tender package (daily
newspapers, audio visual broadcasting media, etc.) provided that the notices are published at
least three consecutive times.  In the case of international tendering, the party calling for
tenders must, in addition to the above requirements, cause notices to be published in at least
one English language newspaper widely published in Vietnam.
Sending tender invitation letters:
- in the case of limited tendering, the party calling for tenders shall send tender invitation letters
directly to each tenderer in the approved list of tenderers to be invited.  The forms of tender
invitation letters for the specific types of tendering are provided in the appendices.
The time-limit for tender submission shall depend on the size and complexity of the relevant
tender package, but must not exceed 60 days in the case of tenders for consultants and procurement of
material and equipment, and 90 days in the case of tenders for construction and installation, as from
the date of issuance of tender invitation documents.
Criteria for evaluation of tendering proposals vary for different types of procurement
(i.e., consultancy services, materials and equipment, construction and installation). However,specifications are generally based on performance. Please refer to sections V, VI and VII, Part II of
the Circular No. 2/TTLB dated 25 February 1997 making provisions for the detailed implementation
of the Regulations on Tendering.
Please also refer to Articles 22 and 33 of Decree No. 43/CP which is available in the WTO
Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 459
Are there any prospects that Vietnam would en act national regulations by which government
procurement of all products and services are covered? If so, what kind of treatment is to be
granted to foreign products and foreign suppliers under such regulations?
Answer
On 16 July 1996, the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam enacted Decree
No. 43/CP which promulgates regulations on tendering. Under these regulations, tendering must be
applied for all government-funded projects valued at 500 million Dong upward.
A domestic tenderer participating in an international tender (as an individual tenderer or in
partnership) shall be given priority in cases where its tender is considered to be equal to the tender of
a foreign tenderer.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 196
Acquisition and purchase of equipment and goods by the administrative bodies is subject to
the Regulations on Tendering enacted by Decision No. 20TC/KBNN on 17 January 1997 of Ministryof Finance.
Question 460
What procedures exist for challenges to the award of contracts and dispute settlement?
According to the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), "...procurement by official loans (ODA) is
often made by open tenders.  Employer and line ministries or provincial people's committee
shall offer open tender in accord ance with international practices".  Please describe the open
tendering procedures that are applied to ODA-funded procurement.  For each of the past threeyears, what proportion of ODA-funded procurem ent were made by open tender?  What is the
criteria for determining whether or not open tendering will be used for ODA-funded
procurement?
Answer
The procedures for contract signing and open bidding applied to ODA-funded procurement
are specified in each loan agreement signed between the Vietnamese Government and the donor
(international organisations or foreign government s). The terms and conditions vary widely on the
case by case basis.
Statistics of  the ratio of ODA funded procur ement made by open tenders are not available.
Question 461
Is it correct to understand that Vietnam has, at present, national regulation regarding
government procurement which relates only to purchase of machinery and equipment by
financing from the government budget?  If so, all institutions which purchase such machinery
and equipment are subject to application of the said national regulation?
Answer
The Vietnamese Government requires that all budget-funded procurement of equipment and
machinery must be implemented through tendering.
The Regulations on Tendering apply to all investment projects which are funded by the State
or have loans guaranteed by the Government.
Question 462
What kind of treatment is granted to foreign products and foreign suppliers when purchase of
machinery and equipment by financing from government budget are conducted throughbidding, etc.?
Answer
According to the Regulations on Tendering  enacted by the Decree No. 43/CP dated
16 July 1996 of the Government of Vietnam, partly or wholly State-funded procurement of
consultancy services, materials and equipment or construction and installation must be implemented
pursuant to the Regulations on Tendering. A foreign tenderer participating in an international tender
organized in Vietnam must undertake to enter into  a partnership with a Vietnamese contractor, or
undertake to use sub-contractors for construction and installation and to procure suitable materials andWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 197
equipment manufactured or produced in Vietnam. A domestic tenderer participating in an
international tender (as an individual tenderer or in partnership) shall be given priority in cases where
its tender is considered to be equal to the tender of a foreign tenderer.
Question 463
Is there a central agency that purchases on behalf of all central government agencies, or do
individual government departments hold their own procurement budgets?
Answer
In Vietnam, there is no central agency which is responsible for purchases on behalf of all
government agencies. The agency responsible for administration of tendering activities is the Ministryof Planning and Investment which assists the Prime Minister in supervising the implementation of the
Regulations on Tendering.
Question 464
How is purchasing managed for local government agencies and for other publicly-controlled
bodies such as State-trading enterprises?
Answer
Article 43 of Decree No. 43/CP stipulates as follows:
"The Prime Minister shall approve the tendering plans for State funded projects in
Group A (as stipulated in the Regulations on Management of Investment and Construction)
and the results of the selection of tenderers for tender packages for consultants valued at
10 billion or more Vietnamese Dong and tender packages for procurement of materials and
equipment or for construction and installation valued at 50 billion or more Vietnamese Dong
on the basis of the proposal of the Mi nister of Planning and Investment.
Other tender packages shall be approved by ministers, chairmen of people's
committees of provinces and cities under central authority, and heads of competent bodies onthe basis of the proposal of the investors.
The authority making the investment decision for State funded projects in Group B
(as stipulated in the Regulations on Management of Investment and Construction) shallemploy its professional staff and may engage experts for advice in approving the results of the
selection of tenderers for tender packages for consultants valued at between 500 million and
10 billion Vietnamese Dong and for tender packages for procurement of materials and
equipment or for construction and installation valued at between 10 and 50 billion
Vietnamese Dong on the basis of the proposal of the investors.  Tender packages forconsultants valued at 10 billion or more Vietnamese Dong and for procurement of materials
and equipment or construction and installation valued at 50 billion or more Vietnamese Dong
must be submitted to the Prime Minister for approval before the tendering results may be
approved.  An authority at the immediately lower level may be authorized to approve other
tender packages valued at lower than the above amounts.
In respect of projects in Group C (as stipulated in the Regulations on the Management
of Investment and Construction), the authority making the investment decision and the headWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 198
of the body authorized to make the investment decision shall approve the results of the
selection of tenderers for all tender packages in respect of  a project."
Question 465
Similarly, how is procurement managed by utilities (entities operating in the oil and gas,
electricity, transportation and water sectors)?
Answer
As it is a new area, Decree No. 43/CP of 16 July 1996 is the major legal document which
governs procurement of utilities.
Question 466
Is there a central agency which controls the application of the legal system or monitors
infringements of procurement law?
Answer
The central agency which monitors the application of the legal system concerning
government procurement is the Ministry of Planning and Investment.
Question 467
Can suppliers who dispute the award of a contract seek redress through national courts or a
tribunal system?
Answer
In accordance with the current regulations, disputes arising from economic contracts between
legal entities (including those who are not economi c organisations) can be settled in economic courts
or arbitration boards.
Question 468
What remedies (for example, damages or re-tendering of contract) are available?Answer
Under Article 45 of Decree No. 43/CP, any acts in breach of the Regulations on Tendering,
shall be deemed to be acts that cause economic losses and shall be dealt with as follows:
- where a tenderer is in breach, it shall be removed from the list of participating tenderers and
shall not be entitled to a refund of the tender guarantee.  If the tenderers conspire in pricing,
they shall be dealt with in accordance with law;
- where the party calling for tenders is in breach, the tendering results shall be nullified and the
authority making the investment decision shall direct the reorganization of the tendering.  The
party calling for tenders shall be liable to reimburse the expenses incurred by the tenderers.  If
any members of a professional organization assisting in a tendering process commit a breach,WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 199
they shall be removed from the organization and shall, depending on the seriousness of the
breach, be dealt with in accordance with law;
- where the person who has, or is delegated with, the authority to approve  tendering results is
in breach, he or she shall, depending on the seriousness of the breach, be dealt with in
accordance with law.
Question 469
Do detailed rules exist on the requirement to publish tender and contract award notices?
Answer
Yes. Please refer to the answer to question 470.
Question 470
If so, what information must this noti ce contain, and where are they published?
Answer
Bidding procedures are stipulated in Decree No. 43 dated 16 July 1996 of the Government
issuing the Tendering Regulations and the Inter-minist erial Circular jointly issued by the Ministry of
Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Trade dated
25 February 1995 governing the implementation of the bidding Regulation.
Section IX.3.1 of this Circular provides that: Following the approval of tendering results by
the competent body, the party calling for tenders must send a written notice of successful tenderer byregistered mail or by telegram, telex or fax to the successful tenderer together with the draft contracts
showing the necessary additions (if any) required by the party calling for tenders.
The party calling for tenders shall also send to the successful tenderer the timetable for
negotiations, deposit of performance guarantee, and signing of the contract.
Question 471
Does the current procurement law stipulate requirements for pre-selection of candidate
suppliers? If so, what are they?
Answer
(a) Pre-selection of potential contractors for construction projects (not applied to bidding for
construction consulting services and equipment procurement) is required in the following cases:
- construction contracts of value more than 100 billion Dong;
- tendering package in which the value of materials and equipment is more than 200 billion
Dong or technologically complex tendering package;
- pre-selection for contracts with a value below the above stipulated levels can also be
undertaken if the bid calling party considers as necessary.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 200
(b) Procedures of the pre-selection:
- preparation of tender invitation documents including the tendering invitation letter, guidance
on criteria for evaluation, and annexes;
- notice or invitation for tendering;
- receipt of bidding proposals;
- evaluation of the bidding proposals;- announcement of the results of pre-selection.
Question 472
Similarly, does the law stipulate procedures and conditions for different forms of contract
award procedures (for example, limited, open or negotiated tendering procedures)? Again, if so,
what are they?
Answer
The law does not stipulate different procedures and conditions for different forms of bidding.
Question 473
How are bids evaluated? Is price the only criterion, or are contracts also evaluated by reference
to an "economically most advantageous offer" approach? If so, under what conditions are the
different evaluation methods used?
Answer
The offered bidding price is not the only criterion for bid evaluation. Besides the rating
method based on a scheme of grades, the Regulations on Tendering also stipulates the price
equivalent method or the "economically most advantageous offer" approach.
After opening bidding packages, the bid calling party undertakes detailed evaluation in which
tendering packages are compared and ranked on the basis of the prescribed requirements and criteriawhich have been approved by competent investment authorities prior to the bidding.
The inter-ministerial circular stipulates detailed criteria for evaluation of bidding for
consulting services, material and equipment procurement and construction.
Question 474
Does Vietnamese Procurement Law make provision for a system of domestic and price
preferences?
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 462, 470 and 476.
Question 475
(a) Are these mandatory or optional? How, precisely, do they operate?(b) How are they managed?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 201
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 476.
Question 476
Offset discrimination of foreigners:
(a) Are there any provisions in Vietnamese Law which discriminate against the
participation of foreigners in public procurement contracts?
(b) Does the Vietnamese Procurement Law make provision for any offset requirements,
such as technology transfer or buy-back arrangements?
Answer
1. Article 7 of Decree No. 43/CP of the Governme nt of Vietnam, stipulates conditions for
international tendering and preferences accorded to domestic bidders as follows:
An investor may only conduct an interna tional tender in the following cases:
- not any, or only one, domestic tenderer satisfies the requirements of the tender
package in respect of the project;
- the project is sponsored with aid from international or foreign organizations pursuant
to an agreement which requires an international tender.
2. A domestic tenderer participating in an international tender (as an individual tenderer or in
partnership) shall be given priority in cases where its tender is considered to be equal to the tender ofa foreign tenderer.
3. The successful domestic tenderer in an international tender shall be entitled to preferential
treatment as provided for in separate regulations of the State.
4. A foreign tenderer participating in an international tender organized in Vietnam must
undertake to enter into a partnership with a Vietnamese contractor, or undertake to use sub-contractorsfor construction and installation and to procure suitable materials and equipment manufactured or
produced in Vietnam.
5. At present, there is no regulation governing buy-back arrangement.
Question 477
Are there any plans to set up such an information technology system with respect to public
procurement (electronic advertising, Internet, etc.)?
Answer
So far, there are no such plans.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 202
Question 478
Does Vietnam have any existing purchasing agreeme nts with third countries? If so, with which
countries? Could the Vietnamese side also prov ide the Working Party with copies of those
agreements?
Answer
No. Vietnam formerly had purchasing agreements with several countries, but this form of
trade has been abolished since 1991.
(m) Regulation of trade in transit
Question 479What is the reason for restricting the nationalit y of carriers able to transport goods in transit
through Vietnam to Vietnam, China, Laos, and Cambodia? Please explain how this restriction
is compatible with WTO rules of national and MFN treatment.
Answer
Under the regulations of Vietnam, only carriers from countries which have signed agreement
on transit with Vietnam (China, Laos and Cambodia have signed such agreement) are allowed totransport goods in transit through Vietnam's territories. If other country signs such agreement with
Vietnam, these rights will also be extended to people from that country.
In the conditions of Vietnam, such regulation is applied to strengthen management against
smuggling.
4. Policies Affecting Foreign Trade in Agricultural Products
(a) ImportsQuestion 480
Please provide additional details on the coffe e stabilization fund that Vietnam administers
during periods of volatility in the international coffee market. Please describe the surcharge to
establish the price stabilizing fund for coffee. Does this surcharge apply to imported coffee?
How is the amount of the surcharge determined for imported products?
Answer
Imported coffee is subject to import duties only.
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) for the price regulating mechanism which
is also applicable to coffee.
(b) Exports
Question 481
Please describe the mechanism used by the coffee stabilization fund for the support of coffee
export prices. Is the amount of fund granted to coffee  producers contingent or conditioned onWT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 203
export volumes? What were the total amount of funds disbursed by the Stabilization Fund to
support coffee export prices for each of the past three years? Does the Government of Vietnam
provide funds directly to the stabilization fund, or are all fund proceeds raised from the coffee
surcharge?
Answer
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1) which provides the requested information.
The amount of fund granted to coffee  producers is  not contingent or conditioned on export volumes.
Question 482
Please provide the information requested in WT/ACC/4 on domestic support and export duties.
Answer
The information relating to domestic support and export duties will be submitted at a later
date in the form of Annex 4 to WT/ACC/1.
Question 483
Under section IV.4(b) (page 49, WT/ACC/VNM/2) Vietnam states that it "...reserves its right to
introduce subsidies in line with the WTO provisions and practices". According to the WTO
Agriculture Agreement, commitments are to be based on current levels which are to be reduced.
It is not intended to provide freedom to introduce such subsidies. As Vietnam indicates that it
does not currently have export subsidies then our expectation is that Vietnam's commitment in
the WTO on export subsidies will be zero.
Could Vietnam complete the questionnaire on agricultural export subsidies and domestic
support in accordance with the WT/ACC/4 format?
Answer
At the present, Vietnam does not provide any export support in the form of direct transfers
from the State budget. Other measures will be informed to the WTO Secretariat in due course.
Vietnam is requesting to be included into List 7 of the Agreement on Agriculture when it accedes to
the WTO.
Question 484
It is stated (on page 4, WT/ACC/VNM/2) that "...2.3 million hectares (are) for other crops, of
which 1.51 (million, we suppose) hectares (are) for long and short term cash crops". Which type
of crops are covered by the expression "cash crops".
Answer
Long term cash crops which include rubber, coffee, tea, pepper, etc., are plants supplying
materials for industries in multiple cultivation.
Short term crash crops are plants such as pea-nut, soyabean, sugar cane, tobacco, jute, cotton,
etc.,  which can be cultivated in only one crop or one year.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 204
Question 485
Also on page 4 (WT/ACC/VNM/2) it is stated that  "...now agricultural production only depends
on the rapport between supply and demand in the market". On the other hand it is said that
rice and sugar are subject to a strict mech anism of price supervision and control, and
stabilization funds are used to subsidized prices for coffee. It is also said that 56 per cent of all
arable land is occupied by rice production, and that it is the Government which is setting the
export price for rice. We would therefore like to know the share (or the percentage) of
agricultural production which is not subject to any State intervention.
Please provide a more detailed explanation on how the "...strict mechanism of price supervision
and control for rice and sugar" operates?
Answer
The Government authorizes the Government Pr icing Committee to collect data and set the
"guidance price" for rice and sugar. The guidance price should cover cost of inputs and reasonablereturns for the farmers. At time of good crops when market price falls below the guidance price,
money from the price stabilization fund would be used to finance part of interest payment of
rice/sugar trading enterprises or rice processing mills/sugar refinery to purchase a set quantity for the
purpose of increasing market price. The Government only  intervenes in situation where market price
falls too low and in practice just applies to rice and sugar. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate the
share of products which is subject to Government's intervention.
Please refer to the answer to question 52.
Question 486
Could Vietnam explain what "rice business" means?  It says that rice businesses receive loans to
purchase rice for stabilising the market price.  Could Vietnam explain more about this? Who
finances the loans?  Is it the Government? How does this relate to rice export policy?
Answer
"Rice business" refers to enterprises who have item "rice" registered in their registration and
business licences.
The Government allows State-owned food enterprises to borrow from the State-owned
commercial banks to purchase rice during certain harvest periods. The preferential margin is covered
by the Price Stabilisation Fund. The policy enables food enterprises to buy up the amount of rice from
farmers for export processing, domestic distribution and State reserves with the aim of domestic
prices stabilisation, protecting interests of producers and consumers.
Question 487
Please describe in detail the system for providing priority loans to rise businesses to purchase
rice in order to stabilize market prices.
Answer
Please refer to the answers to questions 486 and 488 herein and Annex 9
(WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 205
Question 488
Under section IV.4(b) of WT/ACC/VNM/2 there is a reference to rice businesses being given
priority in getting loans at market interest to purchase rice for stabilizing the market price.
How is rice purchased for stabilizing the market price, and disposed of? Is the disposal on a
commercial basis?
Answer
State-owned food enterprises purchase rice directly from farmers or through agents.
Purchases come to an end as soon as the market price has reached the indicative level set by the
Government. Part of the purchased rice may be processed for export and the rest is sold to areas where
there are shortages of rice and to urban areas. Sales are undertaken solely on the basis of the market
mechanism.
The Price Stabilization Fund supports part of the loan interest incurred by enterprises that are
assigned the duty of purchasing rice from farmers at harvest time for export and domesticconsumption, with the objective of stabilizing the market price (not permitting the rice price to fall too
low during the harvest time and rise too high during the pre-harvest time), limiting losses to
producers, hence the reduction of cultivating areas.
Please refer to Annex 9 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 489
We note that under sections V.4(c) and (e) (page 49 of WT/ACC/VNM/2) Vietnam has domestic
support which would be considered as "green box" policies under the WTO Agriculture
Agreement.
Could Vietnam confirm that the Government prov ides assistance either on a product-specific or
non-product specific basis, for example, on rice and sugar?
Answer
Vietnam maintains some measures which would be considered as "green box" policies under
the WTO Agriculture Agreement on both product-sp ecific and non-product specific basis. They are:
(a) Regional support programmes:
- construction of irrigation works;
- assistance for settlement, migration to new economic areas;
- infrastructures construction and clean water programmes for rural areas;
- planting in  barren hills and land;
- restructuring of crops to do away from poppy plants;
- development programmes for the Central Highland, Mekong Delta, Northern Mountainous
Area and Central Area;
- natural disaster relief programmes.
(b) Product-specific assistance:
- scientific and technical researches;
- agricultural and forestry expansion;
- subsidies for transport costs of fertilizers and salts to the mountainous areas, etc.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 206
(c) Export prohibitions and restrictions
Question 490
Will Vietnam notify its rice export quota and its export licensing requirements for aqua-culture
breeds lobsters and sea cods  to the WTO Committee on Agriculture, immediately upon
accession to the WTO, in accordance with Ar ticle 12 of the Agreement of Agriculture?
Answer
Vietnam will notify the requirements for granting export licences with respect to its rice
export quota and aqua-culture breeds, lobsters to the WTO Committee on Agriculture as soon as
possible after the accession to the WTO.
(d) Export credits, export credit guaran tees and export insurance programmes
Question 491
Could Vietnam provide details on the proposed systems that may be implemented in the event
that Vietnam accedes to the WTO?
Answer
Vietnam is considering the experiences of other countries. Vietnam will provide, as soon as
possible, the requested information.
Question 492
Please describe your domestic agriculture policies by submitting a response to WT/ACC/4,
"Information to be provided on domestic product and export subsidies in agriculture".
Answer
The information in the format of WT/ACC/4 questionnaire will be provided in due course.
VII. INSTITUTIONAL BASE FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH
THIRD COUNTRIES
1. Bilateral or Plurilateral Agreements
Question 609
We seek Vietnam’s adherence to the WTO Agreem ent on Trade in Civil Aircraft from the date
of WTO accession.
Answer
Vietnam has been studying the possibility of accession to the WTO plurilateral Agreement on
Trade in Civil Aircraft from the date of  accession to WTO.  The issue will be addressed in the course
of negotiation for Vietnam’s official accession to the WTO.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 207
2. Economic Integration, Customs Union and Free Trade Area Agreements
Question 610
(a) On page 49 of WT/ACC/VNM/2 it is stated that "...within the framework of ASEAN, the
majority of agriculture products are located in tariff concession schedules". We
understand this to mean that ASEAN countries have preferential access to the
Vietnamese market. Is this understanding correct?
(b) If so, could Vietnam provide a complete list of all products (whether or not agricultural)
covered by the preferences, indicating both the MFN rate and the preferential rate(s)
that apply for each product?
(c) What is the WTO justification for maintaining these preferences? Please provide the list
of trade and cooperation agreements which Vietnam will have to implement as a result
of its ASEAN membership.
Answer
As a full ASEAN membership, Vietnam has joined ASEAN Free Trade Area which mainly
aim at implementing Common Effective Preferential Tariff Agreement for realizing AFTA. Under
this Agreement, ASEAN countries commit to grant each other tariff and non-tariff preferences.  At
present, some agricultural items has been included in preferential tariff scheme. Therefore,
agricultural goods from ASEAN shall be treated more preferentially when accessing Vietnamesemarket.
Vietnam is preparing a general list of tariff reduction under CEPT scheme which is planned to
publish.
The establishment of AFTA is consistent with Article  XXIV of the GATT 1994 and
recognized by the WTO as an exception to the MFN rule of GATT/WTO.
The list of ASEAN agreements which Vietnam implement as a ASEAN membership is as
follows:
1. Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled Services among ASEAN
Manila, 13 March 1971;
2. Agreement on ASEAN Preferential Tradin g Arrangements, Manila, 24 February 1977;
3. Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve, New York, 4 October 1979;
4. Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Projects;
5. Supplementary Agreement of the Basic Ag reement on ASEAN Industrial Projects, ASEAN
Urea Project (Indonesia), Kuala Lumpur, 6 March 1980;
6. Supplementary Agreement of the Basic Ag reement on ASEAN Industrial Projects, ASEAN
Urea Project (Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, 6 March 1980;
7. Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Complementation, Manila, 18 June 1981;
8. Protocol to Amend the Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve, Bangkok,
22 October 1982;WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 208
9. Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Jo int Ventures, Jakarta, 7 November 1983;
10. Agreement on the Preferential Short-listing of ASEAN Contractors, Jakarta, 20 October 1986;
11. Supplementary Agreement to Amend the Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Joint-
Ventures Singapore, 16 June 1987;
12. Revised Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Joint-Ventures, Manila, 15 December 1987;
13. Agreement among the governments of Brun ei Darussalam, the Republic of Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, and the Kingdom of
Thailand for the Promotion and Protection of Investment, Manila, 15 December 1987;
14. Protocol on Improvements on Extension of Ta riff Preferences under the ASEAN Preferential
Trading Arrangement, Manila, 15 December 1987;
15. Agreement on the Establishment of the ASEAN Tourism Information Centre, Kuala Lumpur,
26 September 1988;
16. Protocol to Amend the Revised Basic Ag reement on ASEAN Industrial Joint-Ventures,
1 January 1991
17. Agreement on Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade
Area, Singapore, 15 December 1995;
18. Framework Agreement on Services, Bangkok, 15 December 1995;
19. Framework Agreement on Intellectual Property Cooperation, Bangkok, 15 December 1995;20. Basic Agreement on ASEAN Industrial Cooperation, Singapore, 26 April 1996;
21. The ASEAN Agreement on Customs was signed on 1 March 1997 in Phuket, Thailand
Memoranda of Agreement/Understanding
22. Memorandum of Understanding on the ASEAN Swap Arrangements, Kuala Lumpur,
5 August 1977;
23. Memorandum of Understanding on Brand-to-Brand Complementation in the Automotive
Industry Under the Basic  Agreement on AS EAN Industrial Complementation (BAAIC),
Pattaya, Thailand, 18 October 1988.
Question 611
Could Vietnam provide some detail of the MFN treatment granted to non-ASEAN countries
pursuant to bilateral agreement, as mentioned under section VI.4 (WT/ACC/VNM/2)? The
Memorandum states that in essence, Vietnam has not adopted discriminatory treatment to any
specific country or region in implementing governmental policies or tariff and non-tariff
measures. Could Vietnam clarify what is meant here by "in essence". Are there instances where
such discrimination exists and, if so, can details be provided?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 209
Answer
Part IV of Memorandum states that:  "...in essence, Vietnam has not adopted discriminatory
treatment to any specific country or region in implementing governmental policies or tariff and non-
tariff measures". This phrase means:
1. Vietnam will extend MFN status for any countries, which has signed commercial bilateral
agreement with Vietnam, under which the reciprocal MFN exchange is provided for.
2. Where Vietnam joins the Regional Trading Arrangements, the extension of MFN will be
applied in consistence with prov ision of Article XXIV of GATT.
3. In the centrally-planned economy, Vietnam has not applied the tariff schedule with MFN,
non-MFN rate or preferential rate for regional trading arrangement. In the transitional period Vietnam
will restructure the tariff system and apply the MFN and non-MFN rate.
Question 612
Does Vietnam participate or intend to participate in the ASEAN advanced industrial
cooperation scheme, which provides for low tari ffs on the shipment of parts manufactured in
one ASEAN member country to another ASEAN member for use in processing or assembly?
Answer
Vietnam is one of seven ASEAN countries and one of the founders of the ASEAN Industrial
Cooperation Agreement (AICO).  It signed this Agreement on 24 April 1996.  Vietnam is ready toimplement this Agreement when it comes into for ce. The Ministry of Industry is responsible for
review and implementation of this Agreement as well as cooperation with other ASEAN member
countries in this area.
Question 613
Vietnam bound 857 preferential tariff items effective from 1996, pursuant to the CEPT
Agreement, in order to establish the ASEAN Free Trade area. Vietnam will gradually increase
to 2,000 the number of preferential tariff items by the year 2006.
What is the weighted average tariff rates and cust oms duties collected applicable to all imports
from countries that are signatories to the CE PT Agreement? What is the weighted average
tariff rates and customs duties collected applic able to the 857 items currently entitled to
preferential tariffs?
Answer
Products which Vietnam puts into the CEPT Scheme  will be gradually added to the Inclusion
List with tariff reduction schedules. Import tariff for the products which have not been transferred to
the Inclusion List are maintained at the rates applied to non-ASEAN countries. For 857 items on theInclusion List in 1996, the tariff rates have been maintained at the current levels because such applied
rates meet the target of the CEPT Scheme of reductions to the range of 0-5 per cent.
Details on the weighted tariff are not available.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 210
Question 614
How many preferential tariff items are currently bound at zero tariffs? Will all 2,000
preferential tariff items be bound at zero tariffs by the year 2006?
Answer
At present, there are approximately 1000 items with the applied rates of 0 per cent. However,
the rates for any of those items could be increased from 0 to 5 per cent.
By the year 2006, duties on all products imported into Vietnam under the CEPT Scheme are
to be reduced to a range of between 0-5 per cent.
Question 615
Please provide the Working Party with a list of the items, including HS numbers, that Vietnam
excluded from preferential tariff treatment under the CEPT Agreement.
Answer
Vietnam has not completed establishing the HS list in line with the common standard. It will
be provided to countries concerned when  available.
Other related issues
Question 616
The statistics referred to in the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2) date from 1993-1994.  Could
more recent statistics be made available?
Answer
The data is updated in these answers. Plea se refer to Appendix 2 on the social-economic
indicators for 1991-1996 (WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1).
Question 617
We find it difficult to obtain accurate, compreh ensive and up-to-date statistics on Vietnam's
foreign trade. This is an area which will need to be addressed by Vietnam if transparency is to
be improved.
We would appreciate more information on the steps Vietnam is taking to improve the situation
in relation to the collection and available of statistical information.
Answer
From a methodological point of view, collection of foreign trade statistics has been gradually
adjusted to meet international standards of statistical reporting.
The particular steps that Vietnam has taken to improve the situation relating to the collection
and provision of statistical information are as follows:WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 211
In 1990, a preliminary statistical reporting system was developed (based on customs
declarations and commodities lists and custom statistical reporting system were developed.
Subsequently in 1991, the General Statistics Office promulgated a customs statistics reporting
system.
From 1994, the computerization of customs statis tical information was commenced. As of the
end of 1996, there were 26 customs offices at the city and provincial levels that had been integratedinto the statistical information system of the General Statistics Office.
In February 1996, the Government assigned the General Customs Office to take officially
responsibility for the collection and dissemination of data on foreign trade. The General Customs
Office has coordinated with the General Statistics Office, the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of
Planning and Investment to uniform the standard reporting forms for use by governmental and other
agencies. The methodology for the processing and compilation of data is principally based on the
regulations of the “Statistical Reporting System of the Customs Sector”.
The General Statistics Office is currently in the process of improving this methodology and
reorganizing the Vietnamese foreign trade statistics on the basis of the data provided by the General
Customs Office.
The proposed model for organization of work is described now as follows:
- General Customs Office:
Inputs of the data collected into the computer system; examines and processes of data
related to customs techniques and export- import duties. This data will be reported
periodically to statistical focal points.
- General Statistics Office:
Receives the data from the General Statistic Office.  Examines the data related to
statistical techniques; Processes the data and collects data from resources other than the
General Customs Office; Edits and publish statistics of import-export data.
This kind of model is similar to the Australian model of statistical data reporting.
Statistics including methodology, technical equipment and facilities to collect and process
data  should be improved.
Question 618
In the Appendices on imports and exports (WT/ACC/VNM/2), individual European
Communities' Member States are shown. We would like to see the European Communities as an
entity included in the tables as well.
Answer
Please refer to Appendix 6 of  document WT/ACC/VNM/3/Add.1.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 212
Legal documents
Question 619
According to the Foreign Trade Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2), the Law on Import-Export
Duties was recently amended.
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the amended Law on Import-Export
Duties. Are the amendments currently in effect?
Answer
The amended Law on Import-Export Duties dated 26 December 1991 is available in the WTO
Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 620
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the Law on Import-Export Duties.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 621
Please provide the Working Party with a translat ed copy of the Law on Foreign Investment in
Vietnam, adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December 1997.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 622
Are there any joint-venture requirements?
Answer
Please refer to the answer to question 124 and the Law on Foreign Investment dated
12 November 1996 and Decree No. 12/CP dated 18 February 1997. These documents are available in
English in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 623
Please provide the Working Party with a translated copy of the Law on State-owned
Enterprises.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 213
Question 624
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the proposed Law on Value-Added
Tax.
Answer
The Law on Value Added Tax was approved by Vietnam National Assembly in May 1997.
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 625
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the Law on Turnover Tax and a copy
of the Turnover Tax table.
Answer
The Law on Turnover Tax is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,
Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 626
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the Law on Agricultural Land Use
Tax.
Answer
The Law on Agricultural Land Use Tax is available in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 627
Please provide the Working Party with a translated copy of the Law on Land  Use Right.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 628
Please provide to the Working Party a translat ed copy of the Law on Import-Export Duties,
26 December 1991, by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Decree
No. 54/P, dated 28 August 1993, which provides the general principles for customs valuation.
Answer
The translated copies of these Laws are available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 629
Please provide to the Working Party a translated copy of the Law on Excise Tax.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 214
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 630
Please provide the Working Party with a copy of the Law on Private Business/Law on
Companies.
Answer
The Law on Private Enterprises dated 21 December 1990, and Law on Companies are
available in English in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 631
Please provide the Working Party with a translated copy of Law on Company Profits
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 632
Please provide the Working Party a translated copy of Law on Encouragement for Domestic
Investment.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 633
Please provide the Working Party a translated copy of Law on Procedures for Promulgation of
Legal Documents.
Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Questions 634
Please provide the Working Party a translated copy of the Law on Bankruptcy.Answer
The translated copy of the Law is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 215
Question 635
Please provide to the Working Party translated copies of the Law on Profit Tax and the Law on
Foreign Investment in Vietnam.
Answer
The Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam and the Law on Profit tax are available in English
in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 636
Please provide the Working Party the translated copy of Labour Code.
Answer
The translated copy of Labour Code is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 637
Please provide the Working Party with a transl ated copy of the Ordinance On Income Tax.
Answer
The Ordinance on Income Tax for High Income earners dated 19 May 1994, as amended is
available in English in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 638
Please provide to the Working Party translated  copies of the Ordinance on Phytosanitary,
promulgated on 15 February 1993 and Regulations on Phytosanitary issued under Decree
No. 92-CP, dated  27 November 1993. Please identify, including HS numbers, all products
subject to phytosanitary restrictions.
Answer
The translated copy of the Ordinance will be submitted to the WTO Secretariat in the near
future.  The product List with HS number is not available.
Question 639
Please provide the Working Party with a tran slated copy of the Ordinance On Natural
Resource Tax and a copy of the Law On Natural Resource Tax (or the draft amendments to the
ordinance on natural resource tax).
Answer
The translated copy of the Ordinance will be submitted to the WTO Secretariat in the near
future.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 216
Question 640
Please provide the Working Party with a transl ated copy of the Ordinance on Standards of
Merchandise, dated 6 July 1990.
Answer
There is no Ordinance on Standards of Merchandise. There is only the Ordinance on
Measurement dated 16 July 1990 and the Ordinance on Good Quality dated 2 January 1991. Thetranslated copy of the Ordinance on Measurement dated 16 July 1990 is available in English in the
WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 641
Please provide the Working Party with the tran slated copy of the Ordinance on Signing and
Implementing the International Conventions.
Answer
The translated copy of the Ordinance is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 642
Please provide the Working Party the translated copy of the Ordinance on Procedures for
Economic Dispute Settlements dated 1 July 1994.
Answer
The translated copy of the Ordinance is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 643
Please provide the Working Party the translated copy of Decree No. 43/CP dated 16 July 1996
on Biding Producers in Vietnam.
Answer
The translated copy of the Decree is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 644
Please provide the Working Party the translated copy of Decree No. 18/CP dated 4 April 1996.Answer
The translated copy of the Decree is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 217
Question 645
Please provide the Working Party the translated copy of Decree No. 54/CP dated
28 August 1993 on Import-Export Duty.
Answer
The translated copy of the Decree is available in English in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 646
Please provide a list of prohibited exports and economic areas under sectoral management.
Answer
The list of prohibited imports and exports is provided to the working party as Appendix 2 to
the Memorandum (WT/ACC/VNM/2).
The list of imports and exports subject to sectoral management agencies is available in the
WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 647
Please provide the full list of items which require approval before importation?
Answer
Please refer to Division No. 28/TTg dated 13 January 1997 of the Prime Minister and Circular
No. 02/TM/XNK dated 21 February 1997 of the Ministry of Trade. These documents are available inthe WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 648
GATT Article XI provides that import or export licences may not be used to prohibit or restrict
imports or exports. The stringent import licensing procedures used by Vietnam act as a barrier
to trade and appear to violate Article XI.
Please provide to the Working Party a tran slated copy of Decision No. 864/TTg, dated
30 December 1995, by the Prime Minist er, regulating import licensing.
Answer
The translated copy of the Decision is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,
Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 649
Please provided the Working Party with a tran slated copy of Circular No. 98TC/TCP dated
30 December 1995?WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 218
Answer
The translated copy of this Circular is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,
Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 650
Please provide a complete list of products to HS 6 digits that are subject to excise tax. This list
should include the tax rates for both domestically and imported products and-whereappropriate-the unit used.
Answer
The list of products with HS 4 and 6 digit that are subject to excise tax is included in the
Detailed Guidance on Application of Excise Tax that  is an annex to Circular No. 98/TC/TCP dated
30 December 1995 by the Ministry of Finance.  The translated copy of this Circular is available in the
WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 651
Please provide a translated copy of Regulati on No. 296/TMDL/XNK, dated 9 April 1992, by the
Ministry of Trade and Tourism, governing the issuance of export-import business licences, to
the Working Party.
Answer
The translated copy of the Regulation is available in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 652
Please provide to the Working Party a transl ated copy of Regulation No. 297/TMDL/XNK,
dated 9 April 1992, by the Ministry of Trade and Tourism, regulating the shipment of imported
products.
Answer
The translated copy of the Regulation is available in the WTO Secretariat
(Accessions Division, Room 1126) for consultation.
Question 653
Please provide the Working Party with a translated copy of Decision No. 280/TTg, dated
28 May 1994, by the Prime Minister, which governs the export tariff.
Answer
The translated copy of the Decision will be submitted to the WTO Secretariat in the near
future.
Question 654
Please provide to the Working Party a translated copy, in electronic format, of the import and
export tariff schedules.WT/ACC/VNM/3
Page 219
Answer
The tariff schedule shall be translated and provided as soon as completed.
Question 655
Please provide to the Working Party Decree No. 89/CP dated 8 December 1995.
Answer
The translated copy of the Decree is available in the WTO Secretariat (Accessions Division,
Room 1126) for consultation.
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