WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
7 October 2002
(02-5400)
Committee on Trade and Environment
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT 1995-2002
Note by the Secretariat
Addendum
I. ITEM 1 ............................................................................................................................... .............................................2
A. G ENERAL ............................................................................................................................... .......................................2
B. M ULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEA S) ............................................................................................4
1. The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Mo vement of Hazardous Wast e and their Disposal........................ 4
2. The Biosafet y Protocol ....................................................................................................... .................................... 4
3. The Convention on Bi ological Diversity....................................................................................... .......................... 5
4. The Convention on International Trade in Endange red Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ..................... 5
5. The United Nations Framework Convention on  Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol .................................... 6
6. The Montreal Protocol on the Subst ances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ......................................................... .....8
II. ITEM 2 ............................................................................................................................... .............................................8
III. ITEM 3 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................10
A. I TEM 3 (A) .............................................................................................................................. ....................................10
B. I TEM 3(B) .............................................................................................................................. .....................................11
IV. ITEM 4 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................13
V. ITEM 5 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................13
A. G ENERAL ............................................................................................................................... .....................................13
B. E NVIRONMENTAL CASES ............................................................................................................................... .............15
1. US-Tuna ...................................................................................................................... ......................................... 15
2. US-Shrimp .................................................................................................................... ........................................ 15
3. EC-Asbestos .................................................................................................................. ....................................... 16
VI. ITEM 6 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................16
A. G ENERAL ............................................................................................................................... .....................................16
B. S ECTORAL APPROACH ............................................................................................................................... .................17
1. Agriculture .................................................................................................................. ......................................... 17
2. Forestry ..................................................................................................................... ........................................... 17
3. Fisheries.................................................................................................................... ........................................... 18
VII. ITEM 7 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................18
VIII. ITEM 8 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................18
IX. ITEM 9 ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................19
X. ITEM 10 ............................................................................................................................... .........................................20
XI. OTHER ............................................................................................................................... ..........................................21
A. T RADE AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................... ..........21
B. I NTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY .................................................................................................22This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own
responsibility and without prejudice to the positions of Members
and to their rights and obligations under the WTO.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 2
I. ITEM 1
The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading
system and trade measures for environmental purposes, including
those pursuant to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs)
A. GENERAL
(a) Books and Special Studies
Houseman,  R. et al . (eds.) (1995)  THE USE OF TRADE MEASURES IN SELECTED MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS , Geneva: UNEP, 330 p.
Neumayer, E. (2002) M ULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS , TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT :
ISSUES AND POLICY OPTIONS CONCERNING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT , Jaipur: CUTS,
35 p.
OECD (1999) T RADE MEASURES IN MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS , Paris: OECD,
214 p.
Stilwell M. and E. Turk (1999) T RADE MEASURES AND MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS : RESOLVING UNCERTAINTY AND REMOVING THE WTO C HILL FACTOR , Gland:
WWF, 22 p.
UNCTAD (1997) P OSITIVE MEASURES TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , PARTICULARLY
IN MEETING THE OBJECTIVES OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS , Geneva:
TD/B/COM.1/EM.3/2, 19 p.
Vaughan, S. and A. Dehlavi (1998) P OLICY EFFECTIVENESS AND MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS , Geneva: UNEP, 172 p.
Von Moltke, K. (2001) W HITHER MEA S? T HE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT IN THE TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT AGENDA , Winnipeg: International Institute
for Sustainable Development, 53 p., availabl e at www.iisd.org/pdf/trade_whither_meas.pdf.
Ward, H. (1996) T RADE MEASURES AND MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS :
BACKWARDS OR FORWARDS IN THE WTO?, Gland: WWF, 32 p.
Werksman , J. (1997) F IVE MEA S, FIVE YEARS SINCE RIO: RECENT LESSONS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS , FIELD Paper, Rio+5 Special Focus
Report, 16 p., available at www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/english/field.htm.
Wiers, J. (2002) T RADE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE EC AND THE WTO: A L EGAL ANALYSIS ,
Groningen: Europa Law Publishing, 502 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Carr, C.L. and Gary L. Scott (1999) "Multilateral Treaties and the Environment: a Case Study in the
Formation of Customary International Law" 27 D ENVER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND POLICY  313.
Charnovitz, S. (1996) "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Rules"  26
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 163.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 3
Condon, B. (2002) "Multilateral Environmental Ag reements and the WTO: Is the Sky Really
Falling?" 9 T ULSA JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL LAW 533.
Emmenegger, B.A. (1997) "Conflicts Between International Trade and Multilateral Environmental
Agreements" 4 A NNUAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 74.
Fletcher, C.R. (1996) "Greening World Trade: Reconciling GATT and Multilateral Environmental
Agreements within the Existing World Trade Regime", 5 J OURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW
AND POLICY 341.
Foster, M.E. (1998) "Trade and Environment: Making Room for Environmental Trade Measures
Within the GATT" 71 S OUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW  393.
Hudec, R.E. (1996) "GATT Legal Restraints on the Use of Trade Measures Against Foreign
Environmental Practices", in J.N. Bhagwati and R.E. Hudec (eds.), F AIR TRADE AND
HARMONIZATION : PREREQUISITES FOR FREE TRADE ? Cambridge: MIT Press.
Neumayer, E. (2000) "Trade Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements and WTO Rules:
Potential for Conflict, Scope for Reconciliation" 55 A USSENWIRTSCHAFT 403.
Nissen, J.L. (1997) "Achieving a Balance between Trade and the Environment: the Need to Amend
the WTO/GATT to Include Multilateral Environmental Agreements" 28 L AW AND POLICY IN
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 901.
Oxley, A. (2001) "Managing the relationship between MEAs and the WTO: Addressing the real
problem", July 2001 I NTERNATIONAL TRADE STRATEGIES , 12 p., available at
www.apec.org.au/docs/oxley2001a.pdf.
Prieur M. (1998) "Environmental Agreements: Legal Aspects" 7 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 301.
Runge, C.F. (2001) "A Global Environment Organization and the World Trading System" 35
JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE  399.
Sampson, G.P. (2001) "Effective Multilateral Environment Agreements and why the WTO Needs
them" 24 W ORLD ECONOMY  1109-1134.
Winter, R.L. (2000) "Reconciling the GATT and WTO with Multilateral Environmental Agreements:
Can we have our Cake and Eat it too?" 11 C OLORADO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY  223.
World, C. (1996) "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the GATT: Conflict and Resolution",
26 E NVIRONMENTAL LAW 841.
Young, O.R. (1999) "Hitting the Mark: Why Are Some International Environmental Agreements
More Successful Than Others?" 41 E NVIRONMENT  20.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 4
B. MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEA S)
1. The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their
Disposal
(a) Books and Special Studies
Ferri, G., L.-G. Liu and G. Majnoni (2000) H OW THE PROPOSED BASEL GUIDELINES ON RATING -
AGENCY ASSESSMENTS WOULD AFFECT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , Washington, D.C.: The
World Bank, 31 p.
Krueger, J. (1999) I NTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE BASEL CONVENTION , London: Earthscan, 133 p.
Kummer, K. (1995) I NTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES : T HE BASEL
CONVENTION AND RELATED LEGAL RULES , New York: Oxford University Press, 455 p.
OECD (1997) E XPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF TRADE MEASURES IN THE BASEL CONVENTION ON THE
CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL ,
OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, Paris: OECD
(COM/ENV/TD(97)41/FINAL) , 51 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Choksi, S. (2001) "The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal: 1999 Protocol on Liability and Compensation" 28 E COLOGY LAW
QUARTERLY 509.
Tsimplis, M. (2001) "Liability and compensation in the international transport of hazardous wastes by
sea: the 1999 Protocol to the Basel Convention" 16 I NTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE AND
COASTAL LAW 295.
Wirth D.A. (1998) "Trade Implications of the Basel Convention Amendment Banning North-South
Trade In Hazardous Wastes" 7 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 237.
2. The Biosafety Protocol
Bernasconi-Osterwalder, N. (2001) "The Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety: A Multilateral Approach
to Regulate GMOs" in J.H. Jackson and E.B. Weiss (eds.), R ECONCILING ENVIRONMENT AND
TRADE , New York: Transnational Publishers Inc.
Charnovitz, S. (2000) "The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules"
13 T ULANE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL  271.
Eggers, B. and R. Mackenzie (2000) "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety" 3 J OURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 525.
Gaston, G.L. R.S. Abate (2000) "The Biosafety Pr otocol and the World Trade Organization: Can the
Two Coexist?" 12 P ACE INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW  107.
Grosko, B. (2001) "Genetic Engineering and Internat ional Law: Conflict or Harmony? An Analysis of
the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement" 20
VIRGINIA ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL  295.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 5
Gupta, A. (2001) "Advance Informed Agreement: A Shared Basis for Governing Trade in Genetically
Modified Organisms?" 9 I NDIANA JOURNAL OF GLOBAL LEGAL STUdies 265.
Jacob, T. (2001) "The Cartagena Protocol: A Fi rst Step to a Global Biosafety Structure?" 14
TRANSNATIONAL LAWYER 79.
Katz, D. (2001) "The Mismatch Between the Biosafety Protocol and the Precautionary Principle" 13
GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  949.
Phillips, P.W.B. and W.A. Kerr (2000) "Alternative Paradigms: The WTO Versus the Biosafety
Protocol for Trade in Genetically Modified Organisms" 34 J OURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 63.
Safrin, S. (2002) "Treaties in Collision? The Bi osafety Protocol and the World Trade Organization
Agreements" 96 A MERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 606.
Saphen, S. (2001) "The Bio-Safety Protocol: A Landmark International-Environmental Trade
Agreement" 10 M ICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY -DCL J OURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 63.
3. The Convention on Biological Diversity
(a) Books and Special Studies
OECD (1999) H ANDBOOK OF INCENTIVE MEASURES FOR BIODIVERSITY : D ESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION , OECD: Paris, 125 p.
Swanson, T. (1997) G LOBAL ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY : AN INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR
IMPLEMENTING THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY , London: Earthscan, 208 p.
Ten Kate, K. and S.A. Laird (1999) T HE COMMERCIAL USE OF BIODIVERSITY : ACCESS TO GENETIC
RESOURCES AND BENEFIT -SHARING , London: Earthscan, 398 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Chaytor, B., R. Gerster and T. Herzog (2002) "The  Convention on Biological Diversity: Exploring the
Creation of a Mediation Mechanism" 5 J OURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  157.
Damodaran, A. (2002) "Conflict of Trade-Facilitating Environmental Regulations with Biodiversity
Concerns: The Case of Coffee-Farming Units in India" 30 W ORLD DEVELOPMENT  1123.
Prakash, S. (2000) "WTO Rules: Do they Conserve or Threaten Biodiversity" 3 J OURNAL OF WORLD
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  155.
Rest, A. (1999) "Enhanced implementation of the Biological Diversity Convention by Judicial
Control" 29 E NVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 32.
Tinker, C. (1995) "A 'New Breed' of Treaty: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity"
13 P ACE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  191.
4. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
(a) Books and Special Studies
Cox, A., M. Stubbs and L. Davies (1999) S OUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA AND CITES: A N ECONOMIC
PERSPECTIVE , Canberra: ABARE, 84 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 6
Hutton, J. and B. Dickson eds. (2000) E NDANGERED SPECIES , THREATENED CONVENTION : THE
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF CITES, London: Earthscan, 202 p.
Reeve, R. (2002) T HE CITES T REATY AND COMPLIANCE : POLICING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
ENDANGERED SPECIES , London: Earthscan, 224 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Gillespie, A. (2002) "Forum Shopping in International Environmental Law: The IWC, CITES, and the
Management of Cetaceans" 33 O CEAN DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 17.
Granadillo, E. (2000) "Regulation of the Internat ional Trade of Endangered Species by the World
Trade Organization" 32 G EORGE WASHINGTON JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW &
ECONOMICS  437.
Sand, P.H. (1997) "Whither CITES?  The Evolution of a Treaty Regime in the Borderland of Trade
and Environment" 8 E UROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 29.
Yeater M. and J. Vasquez (2001) "Demystifying the Relationship Between CITES and the WTO" 10
REVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 271.
5. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
(a) Books and Special Studies
Assunção, L. (1999) T RADE RULES AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY : SOME ISSUES OF SYNERGY AND
CONFLICT , 13 p., available at www.ictsd.org/dlogue/2000-11-20/20-11-00-Assuncao.pdf.
Brown, S. et al.  (1999) E CONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL : ACCOUNTING FOR THE
THREE MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASES , Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, Canberra: ABARE, 131 p.
Grubb, M., C. Vrolijk and D. Brack eds. (1999) T HE KYOTO PROTOCOL : A GUIDE AND ASSESSMENT ,
London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Energy and Environmental Programme:
Earthscan, 256 p.
International Energy Agency (1997) E NERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE : AN IEA S OURCE -BOOK FOR
KYOTO AND BEYOND , Paris: OECD/IEA, 96 p.
International Energy Agency (2000) T HE ROAD FROM KYOTO : CURRENT CO2 AND TRANSPORT
POLICIES IN THE IEA, Paris: IEA, 169 p.
Jackson, T., K. Begg and S. Parkinson (eds.) (2001) F LEXIBILITY IN CLIMATE POLICY : MAKING THE
KYOTO MECHANISMS WORK, London-Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, 242 p.
OECD (1998) E NSURING COMPLIANCE WITH A GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENT , Paris:
OECD, OECD Information Pape r (ENV/EPOC(98)5/REV1), 78 p.
OECD (1999) A CTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE : THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND BEYOND , Paris:
OECD, 138 p.
OECD (1999) N ATIONAL CLIMATE POLICIES AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL , Paris: OECD, 87 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
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OECD (1999) R ESPONDING TO NON-COMPLIANCE UNDER THE CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME , Paris:
OECD,  OECD Information Paper (E NV/EPOC(99)21/FINAL), 31p.
OECD (2000)  KEY FEATURES OF DOMESTIC MONITORING SYSTEMS UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL ,
Paris: OECD,  OECD and IEA Information Paper (C OM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2000)4), 45 p.
OECD (2001) K YOTO MECHANISMS , M ONITORING AND COMPLIANCE : FROM KYOTO TO THE
HAGUE , Paris: OECD (COM/E NV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2001)9),  OECD and IEA project for the
Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC, 56 p.
OECD (2002) I MPLEMENTING DOMESTIC TRADEABLE PERMITS : R ECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND
FUTURE CHALLENGES , Paris: OECD, 276 p.
Polidano C. et al  (2000) T HE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : IMPACTS AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR MECHANISM DESIGN , Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, Canberra: ABARE, 104 p.
Stewart, R. (2000) T HE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM : BUILDING INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC -
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL : T ECHNICAL , FINANCIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES , New York-Geneva: United Nations, UNCTAD, 101 p.
World Customs Organization (1999) R EVISED KYOTO CONVENTION : HANDBOOK : INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION ON THE SIMPLIFICATION AND HARMONIZATION OF CUSTOMS PROCEDURES ,
Brussels: WCO, 4 vol.
Yu, Z. (2001), A S TRATEGIC TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ARGUMENT FOR THE KYOTO
PROTOCOL , Nottingham: University of Nottingham, Leverhulme Centre for Research on
Globalisation and Economic Policy, Research Paper, 18 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Babiker, M., J.M. Reilly, H.D. Jacoby (2000) "T he Kyoto Protocol and Developing Countries" 28
ENERGY POLICY  525.
Bishop, K. (1998) "Liberalized Trade and International Environmental Law and Policy: Australia's
Negotiations under the Kyoto Protocol" 36 C ANADIAN YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
181.
Boom, J.-T. (2001) "International Emissions Trading under the Kyoto Protocol: Credit Trading" 29
ENERGY POLICY 605.
Brunnee,  J. (2000)  "A Fine Balance: Facilitation and Enforcement in the Design of a Compliance
Regime for the Kyoto Protocol" 13 T ULANE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL 223.
Cameron, P. (2000) "From Principles to Practice: the Kyoto Protocol" 18 J OURNAL OF ENERGY AND
NATURAL RESOURCES LAW 1.
Cosbey, A. (1999) "Trade Implications of the Kyoto Protocol Policy Matters"  Spring  IUCN
COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENT , ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY NEWSLETTER  5 p.
Halsnæs, K. (2002) "Market Potential for Kyoto Mechanisms: Estimation of Global Market Potential
for Co-operative Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Policies" 30 E NERGY POLICY 13.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 8
Springer, U. (2000) "GATS and the Kyoto Mechanisms: Open Markets for Climate Change
Mitigation Services?" 55 A USSENWIRTSCHAFT  65.
Voon T. (2000) "Sizing Up the WTO: Trade-Environment Conflict and the Kyoto Protocol" 10
JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW & P OLICY  71.
Woerdman, E. (2000) "Implementing the Kyoto Prot ocol: Why JI and CDM Show More Promise than
International Emissions Trading" 28 E NERGY POLICY  29.
Zhang, Z.X. (2000) "Estimating the Size of the Potential Market for the Kyoto Flexibility
Mechanisms" 136 W ELTWIRTSCHAFTLICHES ARCHIV  491.
6. The Montreal Protocol on the Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
(a) Books and Special Studies
Benedick, R.E. (1998) O ZONE DIPLOMACY : NEW DIRECTIONS IN SAFEGUARDING THE PLANET ,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 512 p.
Brack, D. (1996) I NTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL , London: Earthscan,
118 p.
OECD (1997) E XPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF TRADE MEASURES IN THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON
THE SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER , OECD Joint Session of Trade and
Environment Experts, Paris:  OECD (OECD(97)230), 40 p.
UNEP (1999) M ONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER : REPORT
OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT PANEL , Nairobi: UNEP, 2 vol.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Rutgeerts, A. (1999) "Trade and Environment: Reconciling the Montreal Protocol and the GATT" 33
JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE  61.
Szell, P. (1996) "Implementation Control: Non-compliance Procedure and Dispute Settlement in the
Ozone Regime" in THE OZONE TREATIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE BUILDING OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGIMES , Special Issue: Oesterreichische aussenpolitische
Dokumentation, Vienna: Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
Usuki, T. (2000) "Measures to Ensure Compliance with the Montreal Ozone Protocol" 43 J APANESE
ANNUAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 19.
II. ITEM 2
The relationship between environmental policies relevant to trade
and environmental measures with significant trade effects and the
provisions of the multilateral trading system
(a) Books and Special Studies
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) (2000) S TRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT , Paris: ECMT, 91 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
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European Environment Agency (EEA) (2001) L ATE LESSONS FROM EARLY WARNINGS : THE
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE , 1896-2000, Copenhagen: EEA, 211 p., available at
http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_ issue_report_2001_22/en/Issue_Report_No_22.pdf.
Freestone, D. and E. Hey eds. (1996) T HE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW:
THE CHALLENGE OF IMPLEMENTATION , The Hague-London: Kluwer Law International, 274 p.
Lofdahl, C.L. (2002) E NVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE : A S YSTEMS
STUDY , Cambridge, Mass.-London: MIT Press, 253 p.
Morris, J. (ed) (2000) R ETHINKING RISK AND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE , Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 320 p.
OECD (1999) M ETHODOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TRADE LIBERALISATION
AGREEMENTS , Paris: OECD (COM/TD/ENV(99)92/FINAL), 27 p.
OECD (2001) E NVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS : ACHIEVEMENTS IN OECD C OUNTRIES ,
Paris: OECD, 126 p.
OECD (2002) U NCERTAINTY AND PRECAUTION : IMPLICATIONS FOR TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT ,
Paris: OECD, 63 p.
OECD (1st and 2nd Cycle) E NVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS , By country, Paris: OECD.
O'Riordan, T., J. Cameron and A. Jordan eds. (2001) R EINTERPRETING THE PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE , London: Cameron, 284 p.
Perrin, M. (1999) I NITIATING AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TRADE LIBERALISATION IN THE
WTO, Gland: WWF, 25 p.
Robertson, D. and A. Kellow (eds.) (2000) G LOBALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT : R ISK
ASSESSMENT AND THE WTO, Cheltenham-Northampton, Mass.: E. Elgar, 262 p.
Sheate, W. (1996) E NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT : LAW AND POLICY – M AKING AN
IMPACT  II, London: Cameron May, 300 p.
UNECE (1996) C URRENT POLICIES , STRATEGIES AND ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT , New York, Geneva: UN, 74 p.
UNECE-Committee on Environmental Policy, E NVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS , By
country, New York-Geneva: UN.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Bohanes, J. (2002) "Risk Regulation in WTO Law: a Procedure-Based Approach to the Precautionary
Principle" 40 C OLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 323.
Cameron, J. (1999) "The Precautionary Principle", in G.P. Sampson and W.B. Chambers (eds.)
TRADE , ENVIRONMENT AND THE MILLENNIUM , Hong Kong: United Nations University Press.
Christoforou, T. (2000) "Settlement of Science-Base d Trade Disputes in the WTO: A Critical Review
of the Developing Case Law in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty" 8 N EW YORK UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL  622.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 10
Fisher, E. (2001) "Is the Precautionary Principle Justiciable?" 13 J OURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
315.
Gray, K.R. (2000) "International Environmental Impact Assessment: Potential for a Multilateral
Environmental Agreement" 11 C OLORADO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY  83.
Majone, G. (2002) "The Precautionary Principle and its Policy Implications" 40 J OURNAL OF
COMMON MARKET STUDIES  89.
McNelis, N. (2000) "EU Communication on the Precautionary Principle" 3 J OURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 552.
Victor, M. (2001) "Precaution or protectionism? The precautionary principle, genetically modified
organisms, and allowing unfounded fear to undermine free trade" 24 T RANSNATIONAL
LAWYER  295.
III. ITEM 3
A. ITEM 3 (A)
The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading
system and charges and taxes for environmental purposes
(a) Books and Special Studies
Chaytor, B. and J. Cameron (1995) T AXES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSES : THE SCOPE FOR
BORDER TAX ADJUSTMENT UNDER WTO R ULES , Gland: WWF, 17 p.
European Environment Agency (EEA) (1996) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES : IMPLEMENTATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS , Copenhagen: EEA, 65 p.
European Environment Agency (EEA) (2000) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES : RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
TOOLS FOR INTEGRATION , Copenhagen: EEA, 92 p.
Fauchald, O.K. (1998) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND TRADE DISCRIMINATION , London, The Hague:
Kluwer, 439 p.
OECD (1995) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN OECD C OUNTRIES , Paris: OECD, 99 p.
OECD (1996) I MPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES , Paris: OECD, 94 p.
OECD (1997) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND GREEN TAX REFORM , Paris: OECD, 57 p.
OECD (1999) E CONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT IN OECD C OUNTRIES : A S URVEY , Paris: OECD (ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)
35/REV1/FINAL), 115 p.
OECD (1999) E NVIRONMENTAL TAXES : RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA AND OECD C OUNTRIES ,
Paris: OECD, 327 p.
OECD (2000) G REENING TAX MIXES IN OECD C OUNTRIES : A P RELIMINARY ASSESSMENT , Paris:
OECD (COM/ENV/EPOC/DAFFE/CFA(99)112/FINAL), 30 p.
OECD (2001) C ONSUMPTION TAX TRENDS : VAT/GST, E XCISE AND ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES , Paris:
OECD, 78 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 11
OECD (2001) E NVIRONMENTALLY RELATED TAXES IN OECD C OUNTRIES : ISSUES AND STRATEGIES ,
Paris: OECD, 142 p.
Westin, R.A. (1997) E NVIRONMENTAL TAX INITIATIVES AND MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS :
DANGEROUS COLLISIONS , The Hague, London: Kluwer, 274 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Bosquet, B. (2000) "Environmental Tax Reform: Does It Work? A Survey of the Empirical Evidence"
34 J OURNAL OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS  19.
Ekins, P. and S. Speck (1999) "Competitiveness and Exemption from Environmental Taxes in
Europe" 13 E NVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCES ECONOMICS 369.
B. ITEM 3(B)
The relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading
system and requirements for envi ronmental purposes relating to
products, including standards and technical regulations, packaging,
labelling and recycling
(a) Books and Special Studies
Appleton, A.E. (1997) E NVIRONMENTAL LABELLING PROGRAMMES : INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
IMPLICATIONS , London, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 254 p.
Deere, C. (1999) E CO-LABELLING AND SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES , Cambridge-Rome: IUCN-FAO,
32 p.
Lehtonen, M. (1997) C RITERIA IN ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING : A C OMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA IN SELECTED LABELLING SCHEMES , Geneva: UNEP, 148 p.
Morris, J. (1997) G REEN GOODS ? CONSUMERS , PRODUCT LABELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT , London:
Institute of Economic Affairs, 109 p.
OECD (1997) P ROCESSES AND PRODUCTION METHODS (PPM S): C ONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND
CONSIDERATIONS ON USE OF PPM-B ASED TRADE MEASURES , Paris: OECD
(OCDE/GD(97)137), 52 p.
OECD (1997) E CO-LABELLING : A CTUAL EFFECTS OF SELECTED PROGRAMMES , Paris: OECD
(OCDE/GD(97)105), 81 p.
OECD (1999) T RADE ISSUES IN THE GREENING OF PUBLIC PURCHASING , Paris: OECD
(COM/TD/ENV(97)1 11/FINAL), 36 p.
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1997) T RADE EFFECTS OF
ECO-LABELLING , Proceedings of a seminar held in Bangkok, 17-18 February 1997, New York:
United Nations, 164 p.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1998) E AST-WEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS AND LABELS , New York, Geneva: United Nations, 247 p.
Vitalis, V. (2001) E CO-LABELLING AND WTO R ULES : W HAT NEEDS TO BE DONE, Paris: OECD,
10 p., available at http://www .oecd.org/pdf/M00019000/M00019433.pdf.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 12
Zarrilli, S., V. Jha and R. Vossenaar eds. (1997) E CO-LABELLING AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,
Houndmills: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 376 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Appleton, A.E. (1999) "Environment and Labellin g Schemes: WTO laws and Developing Country
Implications" in G.P. Sampson and W.B. Chambers (eds.) T RADE , ENVIRONMENT AND THE
MILLENNIUM , Hong Kong: United Nations University Press.
Bartenhagen, E.P. (1997) "The Intersection of Tr ade and the Environment: An Examination of the
Impact of the TBT Agreement on Ecolabelling Programmes" 17 V ANDERBILT
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL 51.
Chang, S.W. (1997) "GATTing a Green Trade Barrier-Eco-Labelling and the WTO Agreement on
Trade Barriers to Trade" 31 J OURNAL OF WORLD TRADE  137.
Charnovitz, S. (2002) "The law of Environment "PPMs" in the WTO: Debunking the Myth of
Illegality" 27 Y ALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 59.
Dröge, S. (2001) "Ecological Labelling and the World Trade Organisation" 56 A USSENWIRTSCHAFT
99.
Howse, R. and D. Regan (2000) "The Product/Process Distinction - An Illusory Basis for Disciplining
'Unilateralism' in Trade Policy" 11 E UROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 249.
Hudec, R.E. (2000) "The Product-Process Doctrine in GATT/WTO Jurisprudence", in M. Bronckers
and R. Quick, N EW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF
JOHN H. J ACKSON : Boston: Kluwer.
Lind, S.N. (1996) "Eco-Labels and International Trade Law: Avoiding Tr ade Violations while
Regulating the Environment" 8 I NTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSPECTIVES  113.
Okubo, A. (1999) "Environmental Labeling Programs and the GATT/WTO Regime" 11
GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 599.
Runge, C.F. (2000) "Labelling, Trade and Genetica lly Modified Organisms: A Proposed Solution" 34
JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE  111.
Staffin, E.B. (1996) "Trade Barrier or Trade Boon ? A Critical Evaluation of Environmental Labeling
and its Role in the 'Greening' of World Trade" 21 C OLUMBIA JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW 205.
Suranovic, S. (2002) "International Labour and Environmental Standards Agreements: Is this Fair
Trade?" 25 W ORLD ECONOMY 231.
Subedi, S.P. (1999) "Balancing International Trad e with Environmental Protection: International
Legal Aspects of Eco-Labels" 24 B ROOKLYN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 373.
Tietje, C. (1995) "Voluntary Eco-Labelling Programmes and Questions of State Responsibility in the
WTO/GATT Legal System" 29 J OURNAL OF WORLD TRADE  123.
Ward, H. (1997) "Trade and Environmental Issues in Voluntary Eco-Labelling and Life Cycle
Analysis" 6 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
139.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 13
Zedalis, R.J. (2001) "Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods: the Limits of GATT Rules" 35
JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 301.
IV. ITEM 4
The provisions of the multilateral trading system with respect to the
transparency of trade measures used for environmental purposes andenvironmental measures and requirements which have significant
trade effects
OECD (1999) N
ATIONAL TRANSPARENCY CASE STUDIES : R OUND 2, Paris: OECD
(COM/TD/ENV(99)94/FINAL), 24 p.
OECD (1999) T RANSPARENCY AND CONSULTATION ON TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT : NATIONAL
CASE STUDIES VOLUME I, Paris: OECD (COM/T D/ENV(99)26/FINAL), 60 p.
OECD (2000) N ATIONAL TRANSPARENCY CASE STUDIES : R OUND 2, Paris: OECD
(COM/TD/ENV(99)94/FINAL). 24 p.
V. ITEM 5
The relationship between the dispute settlement mechanisms in the
multilateral trading system and those found in MEAs
A. GENERAL
(a) Books and Special Studies
OECD (1995) D ISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS AND OTHER LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS , Paris: OECD, 17 p.
Rao, P.K. (2001) E NVIRONMENTAL TRADE DISPUTES AND THE WTO, Lawrenceville, N.J.: Pinninti
Publishers, 129 p.
Victor, D.G. K. Raustiala and E.B. Skolnikoff (eds.) (1998) T HE IMPLEMENTATION AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS : T HEORY AND
PRACTICE , MIT Press, Cambridge, 737 p.
Weiss, E.B. and H.K. Jacobson (2000) E NGAGING COUNTRIES : STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACCORDS , Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 640 p.
Weiss, E.B. and J.H. Jackson (eds.) (2001) R ECONCILING ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE , Ardsley- N.Y.:
Transnational Publishers, 820 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Ala'I, P. (1999) "Free Trade or Sustainable Devel opment? An Analysis of the WTO Appellate Body's
Shift to a More Balanced Approach to Trade Liberalization" 14 A MERICAN UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW 1129.
Bernazani, J.A. (2000) "The Eagle, the Turtle, the Shrimp and the WTO: Implications for the Future
of Environmental Trade Measures" 15 C ONNECTICUT JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 207.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 14
Bowen B.L. (2000) "The Worl d Trade Organization and Its Interpretation of the Article XX
Exceptions to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, in Light of Recent Developments"
29 G EORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 181.
Bree, A. (1998) "Article XX GATT: Quo Vadis? The Environmental Exception After the
Shrimp/Turtle Appellate Body Report" 17 D ICKINSON JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 99.
Churchill R.R. and G. Ulfstein (2000) "Autonomous  Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral
Environmental Agreements: a Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law" 94 A MERICAN
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 623.
Craik, N. (1998) "Recalcitrant Reality and Chosen Ideals: The Public Functions of Dispute Settlement
in International Environmental Law" 10 G EORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW REVIEW 551.
Deere, T.A. (1998) "Balancing Free Trade and the Environment: a Proposed Interpretation of GATT
Article XX's Preamble" 10 I NTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSPECTIVES  1.
McRae, D.M. (2000) "GATT Article XX and the WTO Appellate Body", in M. Bronckers and
R. Quick, N EW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF JOHN
H. J ACKSON , Boston: Kluwer.
Gaines, S. (2001) "The WTO's Reading of the GATT Article XX Chapeau: a Disguised Restriction on
Environmental Measures" 22 U NIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC LAW 739.
Gunther, H. and D.  Eberhard (1997) "Compliance Control Mechanisms and International
Environmental Obligations" 5 T ULANE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
29.
Guruswamy, L.D. (1998) "Should UNCLOS or GATT/WTO Decide Trade and Environment
Disputes?" 7 M INNESOTA JOURNAL OF GLOBAL TRADE 287.
Howse, R. and R. Quick (2001) "The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Trade, Environment and
the Role of the NGOs" 4 J OURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  277.
Jackson, J.H and Weiss E.B. (2001) "The Framework for Environment and Trade Disputes"  in J.H.
Jackson and E.B. Weiss (eds.), R ECONCILING ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE , New York:
Transnational Publishers Inc.
Kalas, P.R. (2001) "International Environmental Dispute Resolution and the Need for Access by Non-
State Entities" 12 C OLORADO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY  191.
Lavranos, N. (2002) "Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Who Makes the Binding Decisions?"
11 E UROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  44.
Marceau, G. (1999) "A Call for Coherence in International Law – Praises for the Prohibition Against
'Clinical Isolation' in WTO Dispute Settlement" 33 J OURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 87.
Marceau, G. (2001) "Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: the Relationship Between the
WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties" 35 J OURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 1081.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 15
Meier, M. (1997) "GATT, WTO, and the Environment: To What Extent Do GATT/WTO Rules
Permit Member Nations to Protect the Environment When Doing So Adversely Affects Trade"
8 COLORADO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY  241.
Rinceanu, J. (2000) "Enforcement Mechanisms in International Environmental Law: Quo Vadunt?"
15 J OURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LITIGATION  147.
Rest, A. (1998)  "The Indispensability of an International Environmental Court" 7 R EVIEW OF
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 63.
Sands, P. (1999) "International Environmental Litigation and Its Future" 32 U NIVERSITY OF
RICHMOND LAW REVIEW 1619.
Széll, P. (1996) "Decision Making under Multilateral Environmental Agreements" 26
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 210.
Széll, P. (1997) "Compliance Regimes for Multilateral Environmental Agreements: a Progress
Report" 27 E NVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 304.
Weiss, E.B. and H.K. Jacobson (1999) "Getting Count ries to Comply with International Agreements"
41 E NVIRONMENT  16.
Wofford, C. (2000) "A Greener Future at th e WTO: the Refinement of WTO Jurisprudence on
Environmental Exceptions to GATT" 24 H ARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  563.
Wold, C. (1996) "Multilateral Environmental Agr eements and the GATT: Conflict and Resolution?"
26 E NVIRONMENTAL LAW 841.
B. ENVIRONMENTAL CASES
1. US-Tuna
Miller, C.J. and J.L. Croston (1999) "WTO Scrutiny v. Environmental Objectives: Assessment of the
International Dolphin Conservation Program Act" 37 A MERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL  73.
Parker, R.W. (1999) "The Use and Abuse of Trade Leverage to Protect the Global Commons: What
We Can Learn From the Tuna-Dolphin Conflict" 12 G EORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 1.
2. US-Shrimp
Ahn, D. (1999) "Environmental Disputes in the GA TT/WTO: Before and After US - Shrimp Case" 20
MICHIGAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 819.
Appleton, A.E. (1999) "Shrimp/Turtle: Untangling the Nets" 2 J OURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC LAW 477.
Bree, A. (1998) "Article XX GATT: Quo Vadis? The Environmental Exception After the
Shrimp/Turtle Appellate Body Report" 17 D ICKINSON JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 99.
Chambers, P.E. and R.E. Kohn (2001) "Environmental Barriers to Trade: the Case of Endangered Sea
Turtles" 9 R EVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS  123.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 16
Cheyne, I. (2000) "Law and Ethics in the Trad e and Environment Debate: Tuna, Dolphins and
Turtles" 12 J OURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 293.
Dailey, V. (2000) "Sustainable Development: Re-eva luating the Trade vs. Turtles Conflict at the
WTO" 9 J OURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW & P OLICY  331.
Howse, R. (2002) "The Appellate Body Rulings in the Shrimp/Turtle Case: A New Legal Baseline for
the Trade and Environment Debate" 27 C OLUMBIA JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 491.
Mavroidis, P.C. (2000) "Trade and Environment after the Shrimps-Turtles Litigation" 34 J OURNAL OF
WORLD TRADE  73.
Neuling, B. (1999) "The Shrimp-Turtle Case: Imp lications for Article XX of GATT and the Trade
and Environment Debate" 22 L OYOLA OF LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE
LAW REVIEW  1.
O’Brien, P. (2001) "Unilateral Environmental M easures after the WTO Appellate Body Shrimp-
Turtle Decision" in J.H. Jackson and E.B. Weiss (eds.), R ECONCILING ENVIRONMENT AND
TRADE , New York: Transnational Publishers Inc.
Stewart, T.P. and M.M. Burr (1998) "Trade and Domestic Protection of Endangered Species: Peaceful
Coexistence or Continued Conflict? The Shrimp-Turtle Dispute and the World Trade
Organization" 23 W ILLIAM AND MARY ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY REVIEW  109.
3. EC-Asbestos
Musselli, I. and Simonetta Zarrilli (2002) "Non-Tr ade Concerns and the WTO Jurisprudence in the
Asbestos Case: Possible Relevance for International Trade in Genetically Modified
Organisms", 5 J OURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  373.
Palmer, A. (2001) "World Trade Organization, European Communities: Measures Affecting Asbestos
and Asbestos-Containing Products, Repo rt of the Appellate Body" 10 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 340.
Van Calster, G. and K.U. Leuven (2001) "Health  Protection and International Trade: Back on the
Right Track after Appellate Body Intervention in Asbestos" 10 E UROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW REVIEW  163.
VI. ITEM 6
The effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in
relation to developing countries, in particular to the least-developed
among them, and environmental benefits of removing trade
restrictions and distortions
A. GENERAL
(a) Books and Special Studies
Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America  (2002) T HE ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE , Papers Presented at the North American Symposium on Assessing
the Linkages between Trade and Environment, Montreal: Commission for Environmental
Cooperation of North America, 460 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 17
Fontagné, L., F. von Kirchbach and M. Mimouni (2001) A F IRST ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENT -
RELATED TRADE BARRIERS , Paris: Centre d'études prospectives et d'informations
internationales, 40 p.
OECD (1998) I MPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH REDUCING SUBSIDIES – PART I: SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS – PART II: A NALYSIS AND OVERVIEW OF STUDIES , OECD: Paris, 168 p.
OECD (2000) I MPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH REDUCING SUBSIDIES – PART III: C ASE
STUDIES , 272 p.
United Nations Environment Programme (1999) T RADE LIBERALISATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT :
LESSONS LEARNED FROM BANGLADESH , CHILE, INDIA , PHILIPPINES , ROMANIA AND UGANDA
– A S YNTHESIS REPORT , New York-Geneva: United Nations, 88 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Bagwell, K. and R.W. Staiger (2001) "The WTO as a Mechanism for Securing Market Access
Property Rights: Implications for Global  Labor and Environmental Issues" 15 J OURNAL OF
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES  69.
Esty, D.C. and D. Geradin (1997) "Market Access, Competitiveness, and Harmonization:
Environmental Protection in Regional Trade Agreements" 21 H ARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW REVIEW  265.
B. SECTORAL APPROACH
1. Agriculture
Moss, C.B., et al.  (eds.) (2001) A GRICULTURAL GLOBALIZATION , TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ,
Boston-London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 542 p.
OECD (2000) D OMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL
TRADE LIBERALISATION , Paris: OECD (COM/AGR /ENV(2000)75/FINAL), 43 p.
Wohlmeyer, H. and T. Quendler (eds.) (2002) T HE WTO, A GRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT , Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 364 p.
2. Forestry
Bourke, I.J. and J. Leitch (1998) T RADE RESTRICTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN FOREST PRODUCTS , Rome: FAO.
Brack, D., G. Hayman and K.R. Gray (2002) C ONTROLLING THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
ILLEGALLY LOGGED TIMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS , London: Royal Institute of International
Affairs (RIIA), 73 p., available at www.riia.org/pdf/research/sdp/tradeinillegaltimber.pdf.
Chalifour, N. (2000) "Global Trade Rules and the Wo rld's Forests: Taking Stock of the World Trade
Organization's Implications for Forests" 12 G EORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW REVIEW 575.
FAO – Committee on Fisheries (1998) I SSUES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE , ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT ; F ISHERIES MANAGEMENT , S UBSIDES AND
INTERNATIONAL FISH TRADE , Rome:  FAO (COFI:FT/VI/198/4), 4 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 18
FAO (2001) S TATE OF THE WORLD ’S FORESTS  2001, Rome: FAO, 181 p.
Tarasofsky, R.G. (1999) A SSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL FOREST REGIME , Gland-Cambridge-Bonn:
IUCN, 160 p., available at www.iucn.org/th emes/law/pdfdocuments/EPLP37EN.pdf.
3. Fisheries
Chaytor, B. (1999) "An examination of trade and environment policy responses to the challenge of
fisheries subsidies" 8 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 275.
FAO (2000) T HE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE  2000, Rome: FAO, 142 p.
Onestini, M., K. Dahou and M. Dème (2002) F ISHERIES SUBSIDIES AND MARINE RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT : LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDIES IN ARGENTINA AND SENEGAL , Geneva:
UNEP, 54 p.
Porter, G. (2002) F ISHERIES SUBSIDIES AND OVERFISHING : TOWARDS A STRUCTURED DISCUSSION ,
Geneva: UNEP, 46 p.
Stone, C.D. (1997) "Too Many Fishing Boats, Too Few Fish: Can Trade Laws Trim Subsidies and
Restore the Balance in Global Fisheries?" 24 E COLOGY LAW QUARTERLY 505.
VII. ITEM 7
The issue of exports of domestically prohibited goods (DPGs)
Consumer Unity & Trust Society – Centre for International Trade, Economics and Environment
(CUTS-CITEE)) (2001) D OMESTICALLY PROHIBITED GOODS , TRADE IN TOXIC WASTE AND
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER : ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS , Jaipur: CUTS-CITEE, 80 p.
Wilson, J.S., T. Otsuki and M. Sewadeh (2002) D IRTY EXPORTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION : DO STANDARDS MATTER TO TRADE ?, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 34 p.,
available at http://econ.worldbank.org/files/13167_wps2806.pdf.
Winqvist, T. (1999) Trade in Domestically Prohibited Goods, Winnipeg: IISD, 35 p., available at
www.iisd.org/tkn/research/country/viet_dpg.pdf.
VIII.  ITEM 8
The relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
(a) Books and Special Studies
Cameron, J. (1995) T HE UN B IODIVERSITY CONVENTION AND THE WTO TRIPS A GREEMENT :
RECOMMENDATIONS TO AVOID CONFLICT AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,
Gland: WWF, 31 p.
D'Auria, G., N. Tynan, C. Gillespie and J. Thomas (eds.) (1999) P ROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT , London: Institute of Economic Affairs Studies on the Environment No. 13,
55 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 19
Dhar, B., S. Chaturvedi an d R.V. Anuradha (2001) R EGIME OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
PROTECTION FOR BIODIVERSITY : A D EVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE , New Delhi:
Research and Information System for the Non- Aligned and Other Developing Countries, 152 p.
Drahos, P. and M. Blakeney ed. (2001) IP IN BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURE : REGULATING THE
BIOSPHERE , London: Sweet and Maxwell, 160 p.
Dutfield, G. (2000) I NTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS , TRADE AND BIODIVERSITY : SEEDS AND
PLANT , London: Earthscan, 238 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Chaytor, B. and R. Gerster and Theresa Herzog (2002) "The Convention on Biological Diversity :
Exploring the Creation of a Mediation Mechanism" 5 J OURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY  157.
Dutfield, G. (2001) "Biotechnology and Patent s : What can Developing Countries do About
Article 27.3(b)?" 5(9) B RIDGES  17.
Holwick, S. (1999) "Trade and the Environment: Developing Nations and the Agreement on Trade-
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights" 1998 C OLORADO JOURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY  49.
Jain, M. (1999) "Global Trade and the New Millennium: Defining the Scope of Intellectual Property
Protection of Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge in India" 22 H ASTINGS
INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW  777.
Mishra, J.P. (2000) "Biodiversity, Biotechnology a nd Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for
Indian Agriculture" 3 J OURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  211.
Prakash, S. (1999) "Towards a Synergy between Bi odiversity and Intellectual Property Rights" 2
JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 821.
IX. ITEM 9
The work programme envisaged in the Decision on Trade in Services
and the Environment
(a) Books and Special Studies
Andrew, D., S. Zucchini and E. Falloon (2002) "S ervices Trade Liberalization: Assessing the
Environmental Effects" in THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE , Papers Presented at
the North American Symposium on Assessing the Linkages between Trade and Environment,
Montreal: Commission for Environmen tal Cooperation of North America.
Epler Wood, M. (2002) E COTOURISM : PRINCIPLES , PRACTICES & P OLICIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY ,
Paris: UNEP, available at www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/documents/ecotourism/part-one.pdf,
32 p.
Juda, N. and S. Richardson (2001) P RELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
EFFECTS OF LIBERALISATION IN TOURISM SERVICES , Gland: WWF, WWF International
Discussion Paper, 79 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 20
OECD (1997) F REIGHT AND THE ENVIRONMENT : E FFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND
TRANSPORT SECTOR REFORMS , Paris: OECD (OCDE/GD(97)213), 14 p.
OECD (1997) L IBERALIZATION AND STRUCTURAL REFORM IN THE FREIGHT TRANSPORT SECTOR IN
EUROPE , Paris: OECD, 45 p.
OECD (1997) L IBERALIZATION IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN NORTH AMERICA , Paris: OECD, 25 p.
OECD (1999) F UTURE LIBERALISATION OF TRADE IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES :
ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS WELL AS ECONOMIC BENEFITS , Paris: OECD
(COM/TD/ENV(98)37/FINAL), 63 p.
OECD (2001) E NVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES , THE BENEFITS OF FURTHER GLOBAL TRADE
LIBERALIZATION , Paris: OECD, 116 p.
OECD (2002) A SSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION : A
METHODOLOGY , Paris: OECD (COM/TD/ENV(2000)123/FINAL), 15 p.
OECD/Eurostat (1999) T HE ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS & S ERVICES INDUSTRY , MANUAL FOR DATA
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS , Paris: OECD/Eurostat informal Working Group on the
environment industry, 68 p.
Poynter, R.M., S. A. Holbrook-White (2002) " NAFTA Transportation Corridors: Approaches to
Assessing Environmental Impacts and Alternatives" in THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
FREE TRADE , Papers Presented at the North American Symposium on Assessing the Linkages
between Trade and Environment, Montreal: Commission for Environmental Cooperation of
North America.
World Bank (2000) W ATER SUPPLY & S ANITATION BLUE PAGES , THE WORLD BANK SECTOR
GUIDE  2000, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 19 p.
World Tourism Organization, Sustainable De velopment of Tourism Section (2002) V OLUNTARY
INITIATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM : W ORLDWIDE INVENTORY AND COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS OF 104 E CO-LABELS , AWARDS AND SELF-COMMITMENTS , Madrid: World Tourism
Organization, 158 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
MacMillan, F. (2001) "The World Trade Organisation and the Regulation of Trade in Environmental
Services" 7 I NTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND REGULATION  127.
X. ITEM 10
Input to the relevant bodies in respect of appropriate arrangements
for relations with intergover nmental and non-governmental
organizations referred to in Article V of the WTO
(a) Books and Special Studies
Lipschutz R. and J. Mayer (1996) G LOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
GOVERNANCE : THE POLITICS OF NATURE FROM PLACE TO PLANET , Albany: SUNY Press,
365 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 21
OECD (2000) NGO C ONSULTATION AND SUMMARY RECORD , Paris: OECD
(COM/ENV/TD/M(2000)83), 15 p.
OECD (2000) T RANSPARENCY AND CONSULTATION ON TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT IN FIVE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS : CEC, OECD, UNCTAD, UNEP AND WTO, Paris: OECD
(COM/ENV/TD(99)96/FINAL), 29 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Bombay, P. (2001) "The Role of Environmental NGOs in International Environmental Conferences
and Agreements: Some Important Features" 10 E UROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
REVIEW  228.
Bombay, P. (2001) "The Role of NGOs in Sh aping Community Positions in International
Environmental Fora" 10 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 163.
Bothe, M. (1997) "Compliance Control Beyond Diplomacy – The Role of Non-Governmental Actors"
27 E NVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 293.
Charnovitz, S. (1997) "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance" 18
MICHIGAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 183.
Chasek, P.S. (2001) "NGOs and State Capacity in International Environmental Negotiations: The
Experience of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin" 10 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 168.
Raustalia, K. (1997) "States, NGOs, and International Environmental Institutions" 43
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 719.
Yamin, F. (2001) "NGOs and International Environmental Law: A Critical Evaluation of their Roles
and Responsibilities" 10 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 149.
XI. OTHER
A. TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT
(a) Books and Special Studies
Dean, J.M. (ed.) (2001) I NTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT , Aldershot; Burlington, Vt:
Ashgate, 569 p.
Fijalkowski, A. and J. Cameron (eds.) (1998)  TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT : BRIDGING THE GAP,
London: Cameron May, 190 p.
Macmillan, F. (2001) WTO AND THE ENVIRONMENT , London: Sweet & Maxwell, 368 p.
Rugman A.M., J.J. Kirton and J.A. Soloway (eds.) (1998) T RADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT :
ECONOMIC , LEGAL AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES , Cheltenham-Northampton: Edward Elgar Pub,
585 p.
Sampson, G.P. and W.B. Chambers (2002) T RADE , ENVIRONMENT , AND THE MILLENNIUM , Tokyo-
New York-Paris: UNU Press, 450 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 22
Tussie, D. (ed.) (2000) T HE ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS :
DEVELOPING COUNTRY STAKES , Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 263 p.
UNEP (2000) E NVIRONMENT AND TRADE – A H ANDBOOK , Hartfordshire-Winnipeg: UNEP-IISD,
84 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Charnovitz, S. (2000) "World Trade and the Environment: A Review of the New WTO Report" 12
GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  523.
Driesen, D.M. (2001) "What is Free Trade? The Real Issue Lurking Behind the Trade and
Environment Debate" 41 V IRGINIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 279.
Hudec, R.E. (1997) "GATT Legal Restraints on the Use of Trade Measure against Foreign
Environmental Practices" in J.N. Bhagwati & R.E. Hudec (eds.), F AIR TRADE AND
HARMONIZATION : PREREQUISITES FOR FREE TRADE ? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, vol.2.
Lane, K.A. (2001) "Protectionism or Environmental Activism? The WTO as a Means of Reconciling
the Conflict Between Global Free Trade and the Environment" 32 U NIVERSITY OF MIAMI
INTER -AMERICAN LAW REVIEW  103.
Lang, W. (1997) "Trade and Environment: Progress in the World Trade Organization?" 27
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 275.
Martin L. (2000) "World Trade Organization and Environmental Protection: Reconciling the
Conflict" 9 C URRENTS : INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW JOURNAL 69.
Mungkalarungsi, T. (2002) "The Trade and Environment Debate" 10 T ULANE JOURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 361.
Quick, R. (2000) "The Community's Regulation on Leg-Hold Traps: Creative Unilateralism Made
Compatible with WTO Law through Bilateral Negotiations?" in M. Bronckers and R. Quick
(eds.), N EW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, The Hague: Kluwer.
Sand, P.H. (1996) "International Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development: Sticks, Carrots
and Games" 2 I NDIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.
Schoenbaum, T. (1997) "International Trade and the Protection of the Environment: The Continuing
Search for Reconciliation" 91 A MERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 268.
Shaffer, G.C. (2001) "The World Trade Organiza tion under Challenge: Democracy and the Law and
Politics of the WTO's Treatment of Trade and Environment Matters", 25 H ARVARD
INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW  1.
Steinberg, R.H. (1997) "Trade-Environment Negotiations in the EU, NAFTA, and WTO: Regional
Trajectories of Rule Development" 91 A MERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 231.
B. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY
(a) Books and Special Studies
Birnie, P.W. and A.E. Boyle (2002) I NTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT , Oxford: Oxford
University Press , 2nd ed., 798 p.WT/CTE/W/49/Add.1
Page 23
Guruswamy, D., G.W.R. Palmer, B.H. Weston, and J.C. Carlson (1999) I NTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND WORLD ORDER : A P ROBLEM -ORIENTED COURSEBOOK , West
Group, 2nd ed., 1297 p.
Hunter, D., J. Salzman and D. Zaehlke (1998) I NTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY ,
New York: Foundation Press, 1564 p.
Kiss, A. and D. Shelton (2000) I NTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, Ardsley-N.Y.: Transnational
Publishers, 2nd ed., 720 p.
Revesz, R.L. P. Sands, R.B. Stewart (eds.) (2000) E NVIRONMENTAL LAW, THE ECONOMY AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : T HE UNITED STATES , THE EUROPEAN UNION , AND THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 448 p.
Sand, P.H. (1999) T RANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: L ESSONS IN GLOBAL CHANGE ,
The Hague-London-Boston: Kluwer  Law International, 385 p.
Sands, P. (1995) P RINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: FRAMEWORK , STANDARDS
AND IMPLEMENTATION , Manchestor-New York: Manchester University Press, 773 p.
Weiss, E.B., S.C. McCaffrey, D.B. Magraw, P.C. Szasz and R.E. Lutz (1998) I NTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY , Gaithersburg-New York: Aspen Law & Business, 1205 p.
(b) Articles and Book Chapters
Andreen, W.L. (2000) "Environmental Law and International Assistance: The Challenge of
Strengthening Environmental Law in the Developing World" 25 C OLUMBIA JOURNAL OF
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 17.
Barton, C. (2001) "Aiming at the Target: Achieving the Objects of Sustainable Development in
Agency Decision-Making" 13 G EORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW
837.
Cameron, J. (1999) "Globalization and the Ecological State" 8 R EVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 243.
Thomas, W.L. (2001) "The Green Nexus: Financiers and Sustainable Development" 13
GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW  899.
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