RESTRICTED WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE
ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIOWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
21 December 2000
(00-5617)
Working Party on the
Accession of ChinaOriginal: English/
anglais/
inglés
COMMUNICATION FROM CHINA
The following documents1, dated 11 December 2000, have been received from the Chinese
delegation with the request that they be circulated to the members of the Working Party:
- draft List of Specific Commitments in Services;
- draft List of GATS Article II Exemptions.
Groupe de travail de
l'accession de la Chine
COMMUNICATION DE LA CHINE
La délégation chinoise a fait parvenir au Secrétariat les documents ci-après1, datés du
11 décembre 2000, en lui demandant de les distribuer aux membres du Groupe de travail:
- projet de liste d'engagements spécifiques concernant les services;
- projet de liste d'exemptions des obligations énoncées à l'article II de l'AGCS.
Grupo de Trabajo sobre la
Adhesión de China
COMUNICACIÓN DE CHINA
Se han recibido de la delegación de China los siguientes documentos1, de fecha 11 de
diciembre de 2000, con el ruego de que se distribuyan a los miembros del Grupo de Trabajo:
- Proyecto de Lista de compromisos específicos sobre servicios;- Proyecto de Lista de exenciones al artículo II del AGCS.
                                                     
1 In English only./En anglais seulement./En inglés solamente.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 2
CHINA – DRAFT LIST OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
(11 December 2000)
NOTE
1. This draft List of Specific Commitments of China is prepared taking into account of the
principles and rules provided in the GATS and reflecting the best offer China has made to members ofthe Working Party in bilateral negotiations.
2. This document may contain technical errors, misprints and/or omissions. China therefore
reserves the right to make amendments and/or corre ctions to this draft List of Specific Commitments
to rectify any errors, misprints and /or omissions.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 3CHINA – SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
11 December 2000
Modes of supply: (1) Cross-border supply (2) Consumption abroad (3) Commercial presence (4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
I.  HORIZONITAL COMMITMENTS
 ALL SECTORS INCLUDED IN
THIS SCHEDULE(3) In China, foreign invested enterprises
include foreign capital enterprises (also referredto as wholly foreign-owned enterprises) and
joint venture enterprises and there are two types
of joint venture enterprises: equity jointventures and contractual joint ventures.
1
The proportion of foreign investment in anequity joint venture shall be no less than 25 per
cent of the registered capital of the joint
venture.
The establishment of branches by foreign
enterprises is unbound, unless otherwise
indicated in specific sub-sectors, as the laws
and regulations on branches of foreignenterprises are under formulation.
Representative offices of foreign enterprises are
permitted to be established in China, but they
shall not engage in any profit-making activities
except for the representative offices under CPC861, 862, 863, 865 in the sectoral specificcommitments. (3) Unbound for all the existing subsidies to
domestic services suppliers in the sectors ofaudio visual, aviation and medical services.
                                                     
1 The terms of the contract, concluded in accordance with China' s laws, regulations and other measures, establishing a "contract ual joint venture" govern matters such as
the manner of operation and management of the joint venture as well as the investment or other contribution of the joint ventur e parties. Equity participa tion by all parties to the
contractual joint venture is not required, but is determined pursuant to the joint venture contract.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 4Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
The conditions of ownership, operation and
scope of activities, as set out in the respectivecontractual or shareholder agreement or in alicense establishing or authorizing the operationor supply of services by an existing foreign
service supplier , will not be made more
restrictive than they exist as of the date ofChina's accession to the WTO.
The land in the People's Republic of China is
State-owned. Use of land by enterprises and
individuals is subject to the followingmaximum term limitations:
(a) 70 years for residential purposes;
(b) 50 years for industrial purposes;
(c) 50 years for the purpose of education,
science, culture, public health and physicaleducation;
(d) 40 years for commercial, tourist and
recreational purposes;
(e) 50 years for comprehensive utilization or
other purposes.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 5Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
 (4) Unbound except for measures concerning
the entry and temporary stay of natural personswho fall into one of the following categories:
  (a) Managers, executives and specialists
defined as senior employees of a corporation of
a WTO Member that has established arepresentative office, branch or subsidiary inthe territory of the People's Republic of China,temporarily moving as intra-corporate
transferees, shall be permitted entry for an
initial stay of 3 years;
  (b) Managers, executives and specialists
defined as senior employees of a corporation ofother WTO Members, being engaged in the
foreign invested enterprises in the territory of
the People's Republic of China for conductingbusiness, shall be granted a long-term staypermit as stipulated in the terms of contractsconcerned or an initial stay of 3 years,whichever is shorter;
  (c) Service salespersons -- persons not based
in the territory of the People's Republic ofChina and receiving no remuneration from asource located within China, and who areengaged in activities related to representing a
service supplier for the purpose of negotiation
for the sale of services of that supplier where(a) such sales are not directly made to thegeneral public and (b) the salesperson is notengaged in supplying the service: entry for
salespersons is limited to a 90-day period. (4) Unbound except for the measures
concerning the entry and temporary stay ofnatural persons who fall into the categoriesreferred to in the market access column.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 6Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
II.  SECTOR – SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
1.  BUSINESS SERVICES
  A. Professional Services
  (a) Legal services
     (CPC 861, excluding     Chinese law practice)(1) None
(2) None
(3) Foreign law firms can provide legal services
only in the form of representative offices in
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen,
Haikou, Dalian, Qingdao, Ningbo, Yantai,Tianjin, Suzhou, Xiamen, Zhuhai, Hangzhou,Fuzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Shenyang andKunming only.
Representative offices can engage in profit-
making activities. Representative offices inChina shall be no less than the numberestablished upon the date of accession. Aforeign law firm can only establish onerepresentative office in China. The above-
mentioned geographic and quantitative
limitations will be eliminated within 1 yearafter China's accession to the WTO.(1) None
(2) None
(3) All representatives shall be resident in
China no less than six months each year.
The representative office shall not employ
Chinese national registered lawyers.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 7Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Business scope of foreign representative
offices:
(a) to provide its clients with consultancy on the
legislation of the country/region where thelawyers of the law firm are permitted to engage
in lawyer's professional work, and on
international conventions and practices;(b) to handle, when entrusted by its clients orChinese law firms, legal affairs of thecountry/region where the lawyers of the law
firm are permitted to engage in lawyer's
professional work;(c) to entrust, on behalf of foreign clients,Chinese  law firms to deal with the Chineselegal affairs;(d) to enter into contracts to maintain long-term
entrustment relations with Chinese law firms
for legal affairs.(e) to provide information on the impact of theChinese legal environment.
Entrustment allows the foreign representative
office to directly instruct lawyers in the
entrusted Chinese law firm, as agreed betweenboth parties.
The representatives of a foreign law firm shall
be practitioner lawyers who are members of the
bar or law society in a WTO member and have
practised for no less than two years outside ofChina. The Chief representative shall be apartner or equivalent (e.g., member of a lawfirm of a limited liability corporation) of a law
firm of a WTO member and have practised for
no less than three years.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 8Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (b) Accounting, auditing
     and bookkeeping     services     (CPC 862)
2 (1)  None
 (2)  None (3) Partnerships or incorporated accounting
firms are limited to  Certified Public
Accountants (CPAs) licensed by the Chineseauthorities.
 (4) Unbound except as indicted in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None.
(4) Unbound except as in dicted in Horizontal
Commitments.Foreign accounting firms are
permitted to affiliate withChinese firms and enter intocontractual agreements withtheir affiliated firms in other
WTO members.
Upon accession to the WTO,
issuance of licenses to thoseforeigners who have passed the
Chinese national CPA
examination shall be accordednational treatment. Applicantswill be informed of results inwriting no later than 30 daysafter submission of their
applications.
Existing contractual joint
venture accounting firms arenot limited only to CPAslicensed by Chinese authorities.
                                                     
2 Accounting firms providing services in CPC 862 can engage in taxation and management consulting services. They will not be sub ject to requirements on form of
establishment in CPC 865 and 8630.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 9Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  Management Consulting
services  (CPC 865)
  Taxation services
  (CPC 8630)(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
    foreign majority ownership permitted.
Within 6 years of China's accession, foreign
firms  will be permitted to establish wholly-foreign-owned subsidiaries.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
d. Architectural Services(CPC 8671)
e. Engineering Services
(CPC 8672)
f. Integrated Engineering
Services(CPC 8673)
g. Urban Planning
Services(except general urbanplanning)(CPC 8674)1) None for scheme design.
  Co-operation with Chinese professionalorganisations is required except scheme design.
2) None
3) Only in the form of joint ventures , with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
  Within 5 years after China's accession to the
  WTO, wholly foreign-owned enterprises will  be permitted.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.1) None
2) None
3) Foreign service suppliers shall be
registered architects/engineers, or enterprises
engaged in architectural/engineering/urban
planning services, in their home country.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitmentsWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 10Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
(h). Medical and Dental Services
(CPC 9312)1) None
2) None3) Foreign service suppliers are permitted to
establish joint venture hospitals or clinics with
Chinese partners with quantitative limitations inline with China's needs, with foreign majorityownership permitted.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments and as follows
Foreign doctors with professional certificates
issued by their home country shall be permittedto provide short-term medical services in China
after they obtain licenses from the Ministry of
Public Health. The term of service is sixmonths and may extend to one year.1) None
2) None3) The majority of doctors and medical
personnel of the JV hospital and clinics shall
be of Chinese nationality.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments
 B. Computer and Related    Services
  (a) Consultancy services related
       to the installation of      computer hardware     (CPC 841)(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4) Certified engineers, or personnel with
Bachelor's degree (or above) and 3 years ofexperience in these fields.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 11Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (b)Software implementation
     services     (CPC 842)
     -  Systems and software   
       consulting services   
       (CPC 8421)
     -  Systems analysis services
       (CPC 8422)(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None
(4) Certified engineers, or personnel with
Bachelor's degree (or above) and 3 years ofexperience in these fields.
      -  Systems design         services         (CPC 8423)
      -  Programming
         services
         (CPC 8424)
      -  Systems maintenance
         services         (CPC 8425)(1)  None.
(2)  None(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  Unbound
(2)  None(3)  None
(4)  Certified engineers, or personnel with
Bachelor's degree (or above) and 3 years ofexperience in these fields.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 12Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (c) Data processing services
     (CPC 843)
      -  Input preparation
         services
         (CPC 8431)(1)  None
(2)  None(3) Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None
(4)  Certified engineers, or personnel with
Bachelor's degree (or above) and 3 years ofexperience in these fields.
      -  Data processing and
         tabulation services
         (CPC 8432)
      -  Time-sharing
         services         (CPC 8433)(1)  None.
(2)  None
(3)  None(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None.
(2)  None
(3)  None(4)  Certified engineers, or personnel with
Bachelor's degree (or above) and 3 years of
experience in these fields.
  (f) Services incidental to     agriculture, forestry,     hunting and fishing     (CPC 881, 882)(1) None
(2) None
(3) Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 13Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (m) Related scientific
     technical consulting     services     (CPC 8675)(1)  None
(2)  None (3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
     -  Offshore oil-field
        services geological,
        geophysical and other        scientific prospecting        services        (CPC 86751)
       Sub-surface surveying
        services        (CPC 86752)(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  Only in the form of petroleum exploitation
in cooperation with Chinese partners.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
      -  Onshore oil-field        services(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  Only in the form of petroleum exploitation
in cooperation with China National PetroleumCorp. (CNPC) in the designated areas approvedby the Chinese government.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3) The foreign service supplier shall furnish
CNPC accurately and promptly with thereports on the petroleum operations, and shallsubmit to CNPC the data and samples as wellas various technological, economic,
accounting and administrative reports related
to petroleum operations.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 14Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
In order to carry out the petroleum contract, the
foreign service supplier shall establish a branch,subsidiary or representative office within theterritory of the People's Republic of China andgo through registration formalities in
accordance with the laws.
The domiciles of the said offices shall bedetermined through consultation with CNPC.
The foreign service supplier shall open its bank
account with a bank approved by the Chinese
authorities to engage in foreign exchangebusiness within the Chinese territory.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.CNPC shall have the ownership of all of the
data records, samples, vouchers and otheroriginal information acquired during theimplementation of the petroleum operations.
The investment of foreign service suppliers
shall be made in US dollars or other hardcurrencies.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
  (p) Photographic services     (CPC 875)(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
  (s) Convention services     (CPC 87909)(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 15Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (t) Translation and
     interpretation services     (CPC 87905)(1) None
(2) None(3) Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None(3) None
(4) Qualifications are as follows: three years
of experience in translation or interpretationand a good command of the working
language(s).
  D. Real Estate Services
  (a) Real estate services
     involving own or leased
     property
   (CPC 821 excluding hotels   which are addressed in   TOURISM AND   RELATED SERVICES )(1)  None
(2)  None
(3) None except for the following:
Wholly foreign-owned enterprises are not
permitted for luxury real estate projects
3, such
as apartments and office buildings.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
                                                     
3 High standard real estate projects refer to the real estate projects with construction costs per unit two times more than the average construction costs per unit in the
same city.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 16Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (b) Real estate services on a
     fee or contract basis     (CPC 822)(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
BUSINESS SERVICES
Maintenance and Repair services
(CPC 63, 6112 and 6122)
Maintenance and Repair services
of office machinery and
equipment including computers
(CPC 845 and 886)
Rental and Leasing Services
(CPC 831, 832, excluding CPC
83202)1) None
2) None
3) Upon accession, only in the form of joint
ventures. Within 1 year after China's accession,foreign majority ownership will be permitted.
Within 3 years after China's accession, wholly-
foreign-owned subsidiaries will be permitted.
For Rental and Leasing services, service
suppliers will have global assets ofUS $ 5 million.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments.1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 17Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
OTHER  BUSINESS
SERVICES
Advertising Services (CPC 871)
Technical testing and analysis
services (CPC 8676) and freightinspection (CPC 749, excludingstatutory inspection services forfreight inspection services)1) Only through advertising agents registered in
China who have the right to provide foreignadvertising services.
2) Only through advertising agents registered in
China who have the right to provide foreign
advertising services.
3) Foreign service suppliers are permitted to
establish advertising enterprises in China only
in the form of joint ventures with foreign
investment no more than 49%. Within 2 yearsafter China's accession, foreign majorityownership will be permitted and within 4 yearsafter China's accession, wholly-foreign-ownedsubsidiaries will be permitted.
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.
1) None
2) None
3) Foreign services suppliers which have been
engaged in inspection services in their homecountries for more than 3 years are permitted to
establish joint venture technical testing,
analysis and freight inspection companies withno less than US $ 350,000 in registered capital.Within 2 years after China's accession, foreignmajority ownership will be permitted and
within 4 years after China's accession, wholly-
foreign-owned subsidiaries will be permitted.
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.
1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 18Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
OTHER  BUSINESS
SERVICES
q. Packaging Services
      (CPC 876)1) None
2) None
3) Upon accession, foreign service suppliers
will be permitted to establish joint venture inChina. Within 1 year after China's accession,foreign majority ownership will be permitted.
Within 3 years after China's accession, foreign
service suppliers will be permitted to establishwholly-owned subsidiaries.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 19Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
2. COMMUNICATION
  SERVICES4 5 6
  Value-added Services  Including the following:
   h. Electronic mail
   i. Voice mail   j. On-line information    and database retrieval
   k. Electronic data
    interchange   l. Enhanced/Value-    added facsimile services    (including    store and forward,
    store and retrieve)
   m. Code and protocol     conversion   n. On-line information    and/or data processing    (including transaction
    processing)2) None
1),3) Foreign service suppliers will be
permitted to establish joint venture value-addedtelecommunication enterprises, without
quantitative restrictions, and provide services in
the cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing.Foreign investment in joint venture shall be nomore than 30%.
Within 1 year after China's accession, the areas
will be expanded to include Chengdu,Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou, Hangzhou,Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shenyang,Shenzhen, Xiamen, Xian, Taiyuan and Wuhanand foreign investment shall be no more than
49%.
  Within 2 years after China's accession, there
will be no geographic restriction and foreigninvestment shall be no more than 50%.
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None (3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.China undertakes the
obligations contained in thereference paper attached hereto.
                                                     
4 China's commitments are scheduled in accordance with the followi ng: Notes for Scheduling Basic Telecom Services Commitments (S /GBT/W/2/REV/1) and Market
Access Limitations on Spectrum Availability (S/GBT/W/3) attached hereto.
5 All international telecommunications services shall go through gateways established with the approval of China's telecommunica tions authorities, which will act as an
independent regulatory authority in accordance with the principles of paragraph 5 of the Reference Paper.
6 Further liberalization of this sector, including with respect to the level of equity participation permitted, will be discusse d in the services negotiations during the new
round of trade talks launched in Seattle.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 20Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Basic Telecommunication
Services
- Paging services2) None
1),3) Foreign service suppliers will be
permitted to establish joint venture enterprises,without quantitative restrictions, and provide
services in and between the cities of Shanghai,
Guangzhou and Beijing. Foreign investment injoint venture shall be no more than 30%.
Within 1 year after China's accession, the areas
will be expanded to include services in and
between Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou,Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao,Shenyang, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Xian, Taiyuanand Wuhan and foreign investment shall be nomore than 49%.
  Within 2 years after China's accession, there
will be no geographic restriction and foreigninvestment shall be no more than 50%.
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.China undertakes the
obligations contained in thereference paper attached hereto.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 21Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Mobile voice and data
Services:
Analogue/Digital/Cellular
Services
Personal Communication
Services2) None
1),3) Upon China's accession, foreign service
suppliers will be permitted to establish jointventure enterprises, without quantitative
restrictions, and provide services in and
between the cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou andBeijing. Foreign investment in the joint ventureshall be no more than 25%.
Within 1 year after accession, the areas will be
expanded to include services in and betweenChengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou,Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao,Shenyang, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Xian, Taiyuanand Wuhan and foreign investment shall be no
more than 35%.
Within 3 years after accession, foreign
investment shall be no more than 49%.
Within 5 years after accession, there will be no
geographic restriction.
 (4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)None
(2) None
 (3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 22Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Domestic services
(a) Voice services(b) Packet-switched data  transmission services(c ) Circuit-switched data
  transmission services
(f) Facsimile services(g) domestic private leasedcircuit services
- International services
(a) voice services
(b) Packet-switched data  transmission services(c) Circuit-switched data
  transmission services
(f) Facsimile services(g) International closed usergroup voice and data services(use of private leased circuitservice is permitted)2) None
1), 3) Within 3 years after China's accession,
foreign service suppliers will be permitted toestablish joint venture enterprises, without
quantitative restrictions, and provide services in
and between the cities of Shanghai, Guangzhouand Beijing. Foreign investment in the jointventure shall be no more than 25%.
Within 5 years after accession, the areas will be
expanded to include services in and betweenChengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou,Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao,Shenyang, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Xian, Taiyuanand Wuhan. And foreign investment shall be no
more than 35%.
Within 6 years after accession, there will be no
geographic restriction and foreign investmentshall be no more than 49%.
4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.1) None
2) None
  3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 23Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES
Videos, including entertainment
software and CPC 83202,
distribution  services
Sound recording distribution
services
Cinema Theater Services1) None
2) None3) Upon accession, foreign services suppliers
will be permitted to establish joint ventures
with Chinese partners with foreign investmentless than 49% to engage in the distribution ofaudiovisual products, excluding motionpictures, without prejudice to China's right to
examine the content of audio and video
products.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments
1) None
2) None
3) Upon accession, foreign services suppliers
will be permitted to construct and/or renovatecinema theaters, with foreign investment nomore than 49%.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments1) None
2) None3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments
1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitmentsWithout prejudice to
compliance with China'sregulations on theadministration of films,upon accession, China will
allow the importation of motion
pictures for theatrical release ona revenue-sharing basis and thenumber of such imports shallbe 20 on an annual basis.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 24Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
B. COURIER SERVICES
Land-based International Courier
Services: All services related toan international shipment being
handled by an express carrier,
except for those currentlyspecifically reserved to Chinesepostal authorities by law.1) None
2) None
3) Upon accession, foreign service suppliers
will be permitted to establish joint ventureswith foreign investment not exceeding 49%.Within 1 year after China's accession, foreign
majority ownership will be permitted. Within 4
years after China's accession, foreign servicesuppliers will be permitted to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitments1) None
2) None
3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in horizontal
commitmentsWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 25Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
 3. CONSTRUCTION
   AND RELATED   ENGINEERING   SERVICES   (CPC 511, 512, 513
7
   514, 515, 516, 517, 5188 )(1) Unbound9
 (2) None
 (3) Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, wholly foreign-owned enterprises will bepermitted. Wholly foreign-owned enterprises
can only undertake the following 4 types of
construction projects.1. Construction projects wholly financed byforeign investment and/or grants.2. Construction projects financed by loans ofinternational financial institutions and awarded
through international te ndering according to the
terms of loans.3. Chinese-foreign jointly constructed projectswith foreign investment equal to or more than50%; and Chinese-foreign jointly constructedprojects with foreign investment less than 50%
but technically difficult to be implemented by
Chinese construction enterprises alone.1) Unbound
9
 (2) None
 (3) None except for the following:
(a) The existing registered capital
requirements for joint venture constructionenterprises are slightly different from those ofthe domestic enterprises.
(b) Joint venture construction enterprises have
the obligation to undertake foreign-investedconstruction projects.
Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, none.
                                                     
7 Including dredging services relating to infrastructure construction.
8 Coverage of CPC 518 is limited only to the rental and leasing services of construction and/or demolition machines with operato r which are owned and used by foreign
construction enterprises in their supply of services.
9 Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 26Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
4. Chinese invested construction projects which
are difficult to be implemented by Chineseconstruction enterprises alone can be jointlyundertaken by Chinese and foreign constructionenterprises with the approval of provincial
government.
 (4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal CommitmentsWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 27Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
4. DISTRIBUTION
  SERVICES  (as defined in Annex 1)
  A. Commission agents’
     Services
  (excluding salt, tobacco)(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) A. Foreign service suppliers who meet the
following initial conditions may set up joint
venture trading companies in the cities ofShanghai and Shenzhen:  -  business volume in the year prior to theapplication be more than US$ 5 billion;
  -  average annual trade volume with China
during the last three years prior to theapplication be more than US$ 30 million;  -  establishment of representative office inChina be more than 3 years; or investment inChina be more than US$ 30 million;
  -  Registered capital of the joint venture shall
be no less than 100 million RMB yuan.Foreign equity share in joint venture tradingcompanies shall be no more than 49%. Thejoint venture trading companies shall notengage in commission agents' business of
domestically produced products.
Within 2 years after China's accession, the joint
venture trading companies may engage incommission agents' business of domesticallyproduced products. Within 2 years after China's
accession to the WTO, foreign majority
ownership will be permitted. Within 3 yearsafter China's accession, there will be noquantitative or geographic, or foreign equityrestrictions.
Unbound for inter-branching.(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) NoneUpon accession, foreign-
invested enterprises arepermitted to distribute theirproducts manufactured inChina, including the  products
listed in the market access or
Sector or sub-sector column,and provide subordinateservices as defined in Annex 1.
Upon accession, foreign service
suppliers may provide the fullrange of related subordinateservices, including after salesservices, as defined in Annex 1,for the products they distribute.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 28Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
   B. Within 1 year after China's accession to
the WTO, foreign service suppliers mayestablish joint ventures, distinct from jointventure trading companies mentioned inparagraph A, to engage in the commissionagents' business of all imported and
domestically produced products, except those
products that immediately follow. For theseproducts, foreign service suppliers will bepermitted to engage in the distribution of books,newspapers, magazines, pharmaceutical
products, pesticides and mulching films within
3 years after China's accession, and to engagein the distribution of chemical fertilizers,processed oil and crude oil as commissionagents within 5 years after China's accession.
   Within 2 years after China's accession to the
WTO, foreign majority ownership will bepermitted and no geographic or quantitativerestrictions will apply. Within 3 years afterChina's accession to the WTO, there will be norestrictions on equity/form of establishment.
None, starting no later than 5 years after
China's accession.
   
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 29Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
   B. Wholesale trade services10
(excluding salt, tobacco)(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) A. Foreign service suppliers who meet the
following initial conditions may set up joint
venture trading companies in the cities of
Shanghai and Shenzhen:  -  business volume in the year prior to theapplication be more than US$ 5 billion;  -  average annual trade volume with China
during the last three years prior to the
application be more than US$ 30 million;  -  establishment of representative office inChina be more than 3 years; or investment inChina be more than US$ 30 million;  -  Registered capital of the joint venture shall
be no less than 100 million RMB yuan.
Foreign equity share in joint venture trading
companies shall be no more than 49%. Thejoint venture trading companies shall notengage in wholesale business of domestically
produced products. Within 2 years after China's
accession, the joint venture trading companiesmay engage in wholesale business ofdomestically produced products. Within 2 yearsafter China's accession to the WTO, foreignmajority ownership will be permitted. Within 3
years after China's accession, there will be no
quantitative or geographic, or foreign equityrestrictions.(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) NoneUpon accession, foreign-
invested enterprises maydistribute their productsmanufactured in China,including the products listed inthe market access or Sector or
sub-sector column, and provide
subordinate services as definedin Annex 1.
Upon accession, foreign service
suppliers may provide the full
range of related subordinateservices, including after salesservices, as defined in Annex 1,for the products they distribute.
                                                     
10 The restrictions on mode 1 shall not undermine the rights of WTO Members to the right to trade as stipulated in Chapter 5 of Ch ina's Protocol of accession to the WTO.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 30Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, the initial conditions listed above will bereplaced by the following:- business volume in the year prior to theapplication be more than US $ 2 billion;- gross asset value in the year prior to the
application be more than US $ 200 million;
- registered capital of the distributionenterprises shall be no less than 40 millionRMB Yuan.
Unbound for inter-branching.
   B. Within 1 year after China's accession to
the WTO, foreign service suppliers may set upjoint ventures, distinct from joint venturetrading companies mentioned in A, to engage in
the wholesale business of all imported and
domestically produced products, except thoseproducts that immediately follow. For theseproducts, foreign service suppliers will bepermitted to engage in the wholesaledistribution of books, newspapers, magazines,
pharmaceutical products, pesticides and
mulching films within 3 years after China'saccession, and to engage in the distribution ofchemical fertilizers, processed oil and crude oilwithin 5 years after China's accession.
   Within 2 years after China's accession to the
WTO, foreign majority ownership will bepermitted and no geographic or quantitativerestrictions will apply. Within 3 years afterChina's accession to the WTO, there will be no
restriction on equity/form of establishment.
None, starting no later than 5 years afterChina's accession.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 31Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  C. Retailing Services
(CPC 61 and 63,  excepting
tobacco)(1) Unbound except for mail order.
(2) None(3) Foreign service suppliers may supply
services only in forms of joint ventures in five
Special Economic Zones (Shenzhen, Zhuhai,Shantou, Xiamen and Hainan) and six cities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Dalianand Qingdao). In Beijing and Shanghai, a total
of no more than four joint venture retailing
enterprises are permitted respectively. In eachof the other cities, no more than two jointventure retailing enterprises will be permitted.Two joint venture retailing enterprises amongthe four to be established in Beijing may set up
their branches in the same city (i.e. Beijing).
Upon China's accession to the WTO,
Zhengzhou and Wuhan will be immediatelyopen to joint venture retailing enterprises.Within 2 years after China's accession to the
WTO, foreign majority control will be
permitted in JV retailing enterprises and allprovincial capitals, Chongqing and Ningbo willbe open to joint venture retailing enterprises.
Foreign service suppliers will be permitted to
engage in the retailing of all products, except
for the retailing of books, newspapers andmagazines within 1 year after accession, theretailing of pharmaceutical products, pesticides,mulching films and processed oil within 3 years
after accession and retailing of chemical
fertilizers within 5 years after accession.(1) Unbound except mail order.
(2) None(3) NoneUpon accession, foreign-
invested enterprises maydistribute their productsmanufactured in China,including those excepted
products as listed in the market
access or Sector or sub-sectorcolumn, and providesubordinate services as definedin Annex 1.
Upon accession, foreign service
suppliers will be permitted toprovide full range of relatedsubordinate services, includingafter sales services, as defined
in Annex 1, for the products
they distribute.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 32Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, there will be no geographic, quantitativerestrictions, equity or form of establishmentrestriction.
However, for chain stores with more than 30
stores distributing motor vehicles, wool andproducts listed above and listed in the Annex 2aof the Protocol of China's WTO Accession,foreign majority ownership will not be
permitted. The foreign chain store operators
will have the freedom of choice of partner,legally established in China according toChinese laws and regulations. Within 5 yearsafter accession, there will be no equityrestriction for chain stores with more than 30
stores distributing motor vehicles.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 33Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  D. Franchising
  E. Wholesale or retail trade
services away from a fixed
location
For all sub-sectors above(1) None
(2) None(3) Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, none.
(1) None
(2) None
(3) Within 3 years after China's accession to the
WTO, none
11.
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None(3) Within 3 years after China's accession to
the WTO, none.
(1) None
(2) None
(3) Within 3 years after China's accession to
the WTO, none.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
                                                     
11 See paragraph of the Working Party Report.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 34Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
5.  EDUCATIONAL
     SERVICES(Excluding special educationservices e.g. military, police,political and party schoo
l
education)
A. Primary education
   services (CPC 921,
   excluding national
   compulsory education
   in CPC 92190)
B. Secondary education
   services (CPC 922,
   excluding national
   compulsory education
   in CPC 92210)
C. Higher education
   services (CPC 923)
D. Adult education
   services (CPC 924)
E. Other education
   services (CPC 929)(1) Unbound(2) None
(3) Joint schools will be established,
with foreign majority ownership
permitted.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments and the
following:
foreign individual education service
suppliers may enter into China toprovide education services when
invited or employed by Chinese
schools and other educationinstitutions.(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) Unbound
(4) Qualifications are as follows:
possession of Bachelor's degree or above and
an appropriate professional title or certificate,
with two years’ professional experiences.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 35Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
 6.  ENVIRONMENTAL
     SERVICES     (excluding environmental     quality monitoring and pollution source inspection)
  A. Sewage Services
      (CPC 9401)
  B. Solid Waste Disposal
     Services(CPC 9402)
  C. Cleaning Services of
     Exhaust Gases (CPC 9404)
  D. Noise Abatement
     Services (CPC 9405)
  E. Nature and Landscape
     Protection Services     (CPC 9406)
  F. Other Environmental
     Protection Services     (CPC 9409)
  G. Sanitation Services
(CPC 9403)(1) Unbound except for environmental
consultation services.
(2) None
(3) Foreign services suppliers engaged in the
environmental services are permitted to provideservices only in the form of joint ventures, withforeign majority ownership permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 36Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
7. FINANCIAL SERVICES
A. All Insurance and Insurance-
Related Services12
(a) Life, health andpension/annuities insurance
b) Non-life insurance
c) Reinsurance
d) Services auxiliary to insurance(1) Unbound except for international marine,
aviation, and transport insurance andreinsurance, and for brokerage for insurance oflarge scale commercial risks and brokerage forreinsurance.
(2) Unbound for brokerage. Other, none.
(3) A. Form of establishment
Foreign non-life insurers will be permitted to
establish as a branch or as a joint venture with51% foreign ownership. Within 2 years afterChina's accession, foreign non-life insurers willbe permitted to establish as a wholly-ownedsubsidiary; i.e., with no form of establishment
restrictions.
  Upon accession, foreign life insurers will be
permitted 50% foreign ownership   in a jointventure with the partner of their choice.
  The joint venture partners can freely agree the
terms of their engagement,     provided theyremain within the limits of the commitmentscontained in this   schedule.(1) None
(2) None
(3) Foreign insurance institutions shall not
engage in the statutory insurance business.
                                                     
12 Any further authorization provided to foreign insurers after accession under more favorable conditions than those contained in  this schedule (including the extension
of grandfathered investments through branching, sub-branching or any other legal form), will be made available to other foreign  service suppliers which so requested.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 37Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
For brokerage for insurance of large scale
commercial risks and brokerage forreinsurance: upon accession, joint venture withforeign equity no more than 50%   will bepermitted; within 3 years after China's
accession, foreign equity share   shall be no
more than 51%; within 5 years after China'saccession, wholly     foreign owned subsidiarywill be permitted.  For other brokerage services: Unbound
Internal branching for an insurance firm will be
permitted consistent with the phase out ofgeographic restrictions.
B. Geographic Coverage
Upon accession, foreign life and non-life
insurers, and insurance brokers will bepermitted to provide services in Shanghai,Guangzhou, Dalian, Shenzhen and Foshan.Within 2 years after China's accession, foreignlife and non-life insurers, and insurance brokers
will be permitted to provide services in the
following cities: Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing,Fuzhou, Suzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, Shenyang,Wuhan and Tianjin. Within 3 years afterChina's accession, there will be no geographicrestrictions.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 38Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
C. Business Scope
Upon accession, foreign non-life insurers willbe permitted to provide "master policy"
13
insurance/insurance of large scale commercialrisks, which has no geographic restrictions.
Foreign non-life insurers are permitted to
provide insurance of enterprises abroad,property insurance, related liability insuranceand credit insurance of foreign-invested
enterprises upon accession. Within 2 years after
China's accession, foreign non-life insurers willbe permitted to provide the full range of non-life insurance services to both foreign anddomestic clients.
Foreign insurers are permitted to provide
individual (not group) insurance to foreignersand Chinese citizens; within 3 years afteraccession, foreign insurers will be permitted toprovide health insurance, group insurance andpension/annuities insurance to foreigners and
Chinese.
Upon accession, foreign insurers will be
permitted to provide reinsurance services forlife and non-life insurance as a branch, JV, orwholly-owned subsidiary, without geographic
or quantitative restrictions on the number of
licenses issued.
                                                     
13 The definition of "master policy" is attached in Annex of Insurance.  China may make changes to the definition and the new one  will be implemented on a national
treatment basis.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 39Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
D. Licenses:
Upon accession, licenses will be issued with noeconomic needs test or quantitative limits onlicenses. Qualifications for establishing aforeign insurance institution are as follows:
- the investor shall be a foreign insurance
company with more than 30 years ofestablishment experience in a WTO member;- it shall have a representative office for twoconsecutive years in China;
- it shall have total assets of more than US $5
billion at the end of the year prior toapplication.
  4) Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 40Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
 B. Banking and Other
   Financial Services   (excluding insurance andsecurities)
  Banking services as listed
below:
(a) Acceptance of deposits and
other repayable funds from the
public;
(b) Lending of all types,including consumer credit,mortgage credit, factoring andfinancing of commercialtransaction;
(c) Financial leasing;
(d) All payment and moneytransmission services, includingcredit, charge and debit cards,travellers cheques and bankersdrafts;
(e) Guarantees and commitments
(f) Trading for own account orfor account of customers: foreignexchange. (1)  Unbound except for the following:
 --Provision and transfer of financialinformation, and financial data processing andrelated software by suppliers of other financialservices;
 --Advisory, intermediation and other auxiliary
financial services on all activities listed insubparagraphs (a) through (k), including creditreference and analysis, investment and portfolioresearch and advice, advice on acquisitions and
on corporate restructuring and strategy.
 (2)  None (3) A. Geographic coverage. For foreign
currency business, there will be no geographic
restriction upon accession. For local currency
business, the geographic restriction will bephased out as follows: Upon accession,Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Dalian;Within one year after accession, Guangzhou,Zhuhai, Qingdao, Nanjing and Wuhan; within 2
years after accession, Jinan, Fuzhou, Chengdu
and Chongqing; within 3 years after accession,Kunming, Beijing and Xiamen; Within 4 yearsafter accession, Shantou, Ningbo, Shenyangand Xian. Within 5 years after accession, allgeographic restrictions will be removed.(1) None
(2) None
(3) except  for geographic restrictions and
client limitations on local currency business
(listed in the market access column), foreign
financial institution may do business, withoutrestrictions or need for case-by-case approval,with foreign invested enterprises, non-Chinese natural persons, Chinese naturalpersons and Chinese enterprises.
Otherwise, none.For financial leasing services,
foreign financial leasingcorporation will be permitted toprovide financial leasingservice at the same time as
domestic corporations.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 41Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
B. Clients. For foreign currency business,
foreign financial institutions will be permittedto provide services in China without restrictionas to clients upon accession.
For local currency business, within 2 years after
accession, foreign financial institutions will bepermitted to provide services to Chineseenterprises. Within 5 years after accession,foreign financial institutions will be permitted
to provide services to all Chinese clients.
Foreign financial institutions licensed for localcurrency business in one region of China mayservice clients in any other region that has beenopened for such business.
C: Licensing. Criteria for authorization to deal
in China's financial services sector are solelyprudential (i.e., contain no economic needs testor quantitative limits on licenses). Within 5years after accession, any existing non-prudential measures restricting ownership,
operation, and juridical form of foreign
financial institutions, including on internalbranching and licenses, shall be eliminated.
Foreign financial institutions who meet the
following condition are permitted to establish a
subsidiary of a foreign bank or a foreign
finance company in China:  --  total assets of more than US $10 billion atthe end of the year prior to filing theapplication.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 42Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Foreign financial institutions who meet the
following condition are permitted to establish abranch of a foreign bank in China:  --  total assets of more than US $20 billion atthe  end of the year prior to filing the
application.
Foreign financial institutions who meet the
following condition are permitted to establish aChinese-foreign joint bank or a Chinese-foreign
joint finance company in
China:  --  total assets of more than US $10 billion atthe end of the year prior to filing theapplication;
Qualifications for foreign financial institutions
to engage in local currency business are asfollows:-- three years business operation in China andbeing profitable for two consecutive years priorto the application;
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 43Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Motor vehicle financing by non-
bank financial institutions(1) Unbound except for the following:
  --Provision and transfer of financialinformation, and financial data processing andrelated software by suppliers of other financialservices;
--Advisory, intermediation and other auxiliary
financial services on all activities listed insubparagraphs (a) through (k), including creditreference and analysis, investment and portfolioresearch and advice, advice on acquisitions and
on corporate restructuring and strategy.
(2) None(3) None
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments. (4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
Other financial services as listedbelow:(k) Provision and transfer of
financial information, and
financial data processing andrelated software by supplier ofother financial services;(l) Advisory, intermediation and
other auxiliary financial services
on all activities listed insubparagraphs (a) through (k),including credit reference andanalysis, investment andportfolio research and advice,
advice on acquisitions and on
corporate restructuring andstrategy.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None (Criteria for authorization to deal in
China's financial services sector are solelyprudential (i.e., contain no economic needs testor quantitative limits on licenses).
Branches of foreign institutions are permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 44Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
   Securities (1)  Unbound except for the following:
Foreign securities institutions may engagedirectly(without Chinese intermediary) in B sharebusiness.
(2)  None
(3)  a. Unbound, except for the following:
Upon accession, representative offices in China
of foreign securities institutions may become
Special Members of allChinese stock exchanges.
   Upon accession, foreign service suppliers will
be permitted to establish joint ventures with
foreign investment less than 33% to conduct
domestic securities investment fundmanagement business. Within 3 years afterChina's accession, foreign investment shall beno more than 49%.
Within 3 years after accession, foreign
securities institutionswill be permitted to establish joint ventures,with foreign minority ownership not exceeding1/3, to engage (without Chinese intermediary)in underwriting A shares and in underwriting
and trading of B and H shares as well as
government and corporate debts, launching andmanagement of funds.
b. Criteria for authorization to deal in China's
financial industry are solely prudential (i.e.,
contain no economic needs test or quantitativelimits on licenses).
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1)  None
(2)  None
(3)  None
(4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 45Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL
RELATED SERVICES
A. Hotels (including apartment
buildings) and Restaurants
 (CPC 641-643)1) None
2) None3) Foreign services suppliers may construct,
renovate and operate hotel and restaurant
establishments in China in the form of jointventures with foreign majority ownershippermitted. Within 4 years after accession,wholly-foreign-owned subsidiaries will be
permitted.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments and as follows:  Foreign managers, specialists including chefsand senior executives who have signed
contracts with joint venture hotels and
restaurants in China shall be permitted toprovide services in China.1) None
2) None3) None
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 46Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
B. Travel agency and  tour
operator (CPC 7471)1) None
2) None3) Foreign services supplier who meet the
following conditions are permitted to provide
services in the form of joint venture travelagencies and tour operators in the holidayresorts designated by the Chinese governmentand in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai,
Guangzhou and Xi'an upon accession. Within 3
years after accession foreign majorityownership will be permitted. Within 6 yearsafter accession, wholly-foreign-ownedsubsidiary will be permitted and geographicrestrictions will be removed.
a) a travel agency and tour operator mainly
engaged in travel business;1) None
2) None3) None except that joint ventures or wholly
foreign-owned travel agencies and tour
operators are not permitted to engage in theactivities of Chinese travelling abroad and toHong Kong, Macao and Taiwan region.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 47Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
b) Annual world-wide turnover exceeds
US$ 40 million.
The registered capital of JV travel agency/tour
operator shall be no less than RMB 4 million.
Within 3 years after China's accession, the
registered capital shall be no less than RMB 2.5million.
The business scope of the travel agency/ tour
operator is as follows:
a) travel and hotel accommodation services for
foreign travellers which can be made directlywith transportation and hotel operators in Chinacovering such operations; b) travel services and
hotel accommodation services for domestic
travellers which can be made directly withtransportation and hotel operators in Chinacovering such operations; c) conducting oftours within China for both domestic andforeign travellers, and d) travellers check
cashing services within China.
Within 6 years after accession, there will be no
restriction on the establishment of branches ofthe JV travel agency/tour operator. And therequirement on registered capital of foreign-
invested travel agency/tour operator will be the
same as that of Chinese travel agency/touroperator.
4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitments.4) Unbound, except as indicated in Horizontal
commitmentsWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 48Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
11. TRANSPORT SERVICES
C.(d). Aircraft repair and
    maintenance services    (CPC 8868)(1) Unbound
14
(2) None
(3) Foreign service suppliers are permitted to
establish joint venture aircraft repair and
maintenance enterprises in China.
The Chinese side shall hold controlling shares
or be in a dominant position in the joint
ventures.
Licenses for the establishment of joint ventures
are subject to economic needs test.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) Unbound14
(2) None
(3) The joint ventures have the obligation to
undertake business in the international
market.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
                                                     
14 Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 49Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Computer reservation
system (CRS) services(1) A. Foreign Computer Reservation System,
when having agreements with Chinese aviationenterprises and Chinese Computer ReservationSystem, may provide services to Chineseaviation enterprises and Chinese aviation agents
by connecting with Chinese Computer
Reservation System.
B. Foreign Computer Reservation System may
provide services to representative offices and
sales offices established in the destination cities
in China by foreign aviation enterprises whichhave the right to engage in business accordingto the bilateral aviation agreements.
C. Direct access to and use of foreign Computer
Reservation System by Chinese aviation
enterprises and agents of foreign aviationenterprises are subject to approval of theGeneral Administration of Civil Aviation ofChina(CAAC).
(2) None
(3) Unbound(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.(1) None
(2) None
(3) Unbound
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 50Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  A. Maritime Transport
     Services
     -  International transport
        (freight and passengers)
        (CPC 7211 and 7212
        less cabotage transport        services) (1)  (a) Liner shipping (including passenger
        transportation): None
     (b) Bulk, tramp and other international
        shipping (including passenger        transportation): None
 (2)  None (1)  (a) None
     (b) None
 (2)  NoneThe following services at the
port are made available tointernational maritime transportsuppliers on reasonable andnon-discriminatory terms and
conditions:
 1.  Pilotage 2.  Towing and tug assistance
 3.  Provisioning, fueling and
watering
 4.  Garbage collecting and
ballast waste disposalWT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 51Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
 (3)  (a) Establishment of registered companies
for the purpose of operating a fleet under thenational flag of the People's Republic of China:
Foreign service suppliers are permitted to
establish joint venture shipping companies.
Foreign investment shall not exceed 49 per cent
of the total registered capital of the jointventure.
The chairman of board of directors and the
general manager of the joint venture shall beappointed by the Chinese side.
(b) Other forms of commercial presence for the
supply of international maritime transport
services: Unbound
 (4)  (a) Ship's crew: Unbound except as
indicated in Horizontal Commitments.
     (b) Key personnel employed by Commercial
Presence as defined under mode (3) (b) above:Unbound except as indicated in HorizontalCommitments. (3)  (a) None
     (b) Unbound
 (4)  (a) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
     (b) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments. 5.  Port Captain's services
 6.  Navigation aids 7.  Shore-based operational
services essential to ship
operations, includingcommunications, water andelectrical supplies
 8.  Emergency repair facilities
 9.  Anchorage, berth and
berthing services.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 52Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  H. Maritime Auxiliary Services
  (a) Maritime cargo-handling     services     (CPC 741)
  (c) Customs clearance services (1)  Unbound
15
 (2)  None
 (3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.
 (1)  Unbound15
 (2)  None
 (3)  Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments. (1)  Unbound 15
 (2)  None
 (3)  None
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
 (1)  Unbound15
 (2)  None
 (3)  None
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
                                                     
15 Unbound due to lack of technical feasibility.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 53Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
  (d) Container station and
     depot services
  (e) Maritime agency services (1)  Unbound16
 (2)  None
 (3)  Only in forms of joint ventures, with
foreign majority ownership permitted.
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.
 (1)  None
 (2)  None (3)  Only in forms of joint ventures, with
foreign equity share no more than 49%.
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments. (1)  Unbound
16
 (2)  None
 (3)  None
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
 (1)  None
 (2)  None (3)  None
 (4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
  B. Internal Waterway
    Transport Services
  (b) Freight transport
     (CPC 7222) (1)  Only international shipping in ports open
to foreign vessels shall be permitted.
 (2)  None
 (3)  Unbound (4)  Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments. (1) Limitations as indicated under market
access column.
 (2)  None
 (3)  Unbound (4)  Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
                                                     
16 Unbound due to lack of feasibility.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 54Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
TRANSPORT SERVICES
Freight Transportation by rail
(CPC7112)
Freight Transportation by road in
trucks or cars (CPC7123)
b) Storage and warehousing
services (CPC742)1) None
2) None3) Only in the form of joint ventures, with
foreign investment not to exceed 49%.
For rail transport, within 3 years after China's
accession, foreign majority ownership will bepermitted and within 6 years after China's
accession, wholly-foreign-owned subsidiaries
will be permitted.
For road transport, within 1 year after China's
accession, foreign majority ownership will bepermitted. Within 3 years after China's
accession, wholly-foreign-owned subsidiaries
will be permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.
1) Unbound
2) None
3) Upon accession, only in the form of joint
ventures, with foreign investment not to exceed49%. Within 1 year after China's accession,foreign majority ownership will be permittedand within 3 years of China's accession,
wholly-foreign-owned subsidiaries will be
permitted.
(4) Unbound except as in dicated in Horizontal
Commitments.1) None
2) None3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.
1) Unbound
2) None
3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in
Horizontal Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 55Sector or sub-sector Limitations on market access Lim itation on national treatm ent Additional commitments
Freight Forwarding agency
services (CPC 748 and 749excluding freight inspection)1) None
2) None3) Upon accession, foreign freight forwarding
agencies which have at least 3 consecutive
years experience are permitted to set up freightforwarding agency joint ventures in China, withforeign investment not to exceed 50%; within 1year after China's accession, foreign majority
ownership will be permitted. Within 4 years
after China's accession, wholly-foreign-ownedsubsidiaries will be permitted.
The minimum registered capital of the joint
venture shall be no less than US $ 1 million.
Within 4 years after accession, national
treatment will be accorded in this respect.Operation term of the joint ventures shall notexceed 20 years.
After one year operating in China, the joint
venture can set up branches when the registered
capital of both sides has been provided.Another US$ 120,000 shall be added to theoriginal registered capital of the joint venturefor the set-up of each branch. Within two yearsafter China's accession to the WTO, this
additional registered capital requirement will be
implemented on the national treatment basis.
A foreign freight forwarding agency may set up
a second joint venture after its first joint venture
has been in operation for 5 years. Within two
years after China's accession to WTO, thisrequirement will be reduced to 2 years.
4)Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.1) None
2) None3) None
4)Unbound except as indicated in Horizontal
Commitments.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 56
ANNEX 1
2104
Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications 24 April 1996
REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic
telecommunications services.
Definitions
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers.
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public telecommunications transport network or service that
(a) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;
and
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a
service.
A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation
(having regard to price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as a
result of:
(a) control over essential facilities;  or
(b) use of its position in the market.
1. Competitive safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone
or together, are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:(a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization;(b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results;  and(c) not making available to other services suppliers on a timely basis technical
information about essential facilities and commercially relevant information which
are necessary for them to provide services.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 57
2. Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport
networks or services in order to allow the users of one supplier to communicate with users of anothersupplier and  to access services provided by another supplier, where specific commitments are
undertaken.
2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the
network.  Such interconnection is provided.
(a) under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its
own like services or for like services of non-affiliated service suppliers or for itssubsidiaries or other affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard
to economic feasibility, and sufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not payfor network components or facilities that it does not require for the service to be
provided;  and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the
majority of users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessaryadditional facilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly
available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection
agreements or a reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have recourse, either:
(a) at any time or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in paragraph 5
below, to resolve disputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within
a reasonable period of time, to the extent that these have not been established previously.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 58
3. Universal service
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to
maintain.  Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are
administered in a transparent, non-discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more
burdensome than necessary for the kind of universal service defined by the Member.
4. Public availability of licensing criteria
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:
(a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time normally required to reach a decision
concerning an application for a licence  and
(b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences.
The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.
5. Independent regulators
The regulatory body is separate from, and not accountable to, any supplier of basic
telecommunications services. The decisions of and the procedures used by regulators shall be
impartial with respect to all market participants.
6. Allocation and use of scarce resources
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers
and rights of way, will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory
manner. The current state of allocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed
identification of frequencies allocated for specific government uses is not required.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 59
RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE S/GBT/W/2/Rev.1
16 January 1997
ORGANIZATION
(97-0173)
Group on Basic Telecommunications
Note by the Chairman
Revision
It has been suggested by a number of delegations  that it might be helpful to produce a brief and
simple note on assumptions applicable to the schedul ing of commitments in basic telecoms.  The
purpose of the attached note is to assist delegati ons in ensuring the transparency of their commitments
and to promote a better understanding of  the meaning of commitments.  This note is not intended to have
or acquire any bind ing legal status.
NOTES FOR SCHEDULING BASIC TELECOM SERVICES COMMITMENTS
1. Unless otherwise noted in the sector column, any basic telecom service listed in the sector
column:
(a) encompasses local, long distance and international services for public and non-public
use;
(b) may be provided on a facilities-basis or by resale;  and(c) may be provided through any means of technology (e.g., cable
1, wireless, satellites).
2. Subsector (g) --private leased circuit services -- involves the ability of service suppliers to sell or
lease any type of network capacity for the supply of services listed in any other basic telecom service
subsector unless otherwise noted in the sector colum n.  This would include capacity via cable, satellite
and wireless network.
3. In view of points 1 and 2 above, it should not be necessary to list cellular or mobile services as a
separate subsector. However,  a number of Memb ers have done so, and a number of offers have
commitments only in these subsectors.  Therefore, in order to avoid extensive changes in schedules, it
would seem appropriate for Members to mainta in separate entries for these subsectors.
                                                     
1 Including all types of cable.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 60
RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE S/GBT/W/3
3 February 1997
ORGANIZATION
(97-0415)
Original:  English
Group on Basic Telecommunications
CHAIRMAN'S NOTE
Market Access Limitations on Spectrum Availability
Many Members have entries in the market access column of their schedules indicating that
commitments are "subject to availability of spectrum/ frequency" or similar wording.  In light of the
physical nature of spectrum and the constraints inhe rent in its use, it is understandable that Members
may have sought to rely on these words to adequa tely protect legitimate spectrum management policies.
There is, however, doubt that words such as "subject to availability of spectrum/frequency" as listed in
the market access column of many Members' schedules achieve that objective.
Spectrum/frequency management is not, per se , a measure which needs to be listed under
Article XVI.  Furthermore under the GATS each Member has the right to exercise spectrum/frequency
management, which may affect the number of service suppliers, provided that this is done in accordance
with Article VI and other relevant provisions of  the GATS.  This includes the ability to allocate
frequency bands taking into account existing and future needs.  Also, Members which have made
additional commitment in line w ith the Reference Paper on regulatory principles are bound by its
paragraph 6.
Therefore, words such as "subject to availa bility of spectrum/frequency" are unnecessary and
should be deleted from Members' schedules.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 61
ANNEX 2
DISTRIBUTION SERVICES
Distribution trade services are comprised of four main sub-sectors:
1) commission agents services,
2) wholesaling,
3) retailing,
4) franchising,
The principal services rendered in each subsector can be characterized as reselling merchandise,
accompanied by a variety of related subordinated services, including inventory management;
assembly, sorting and grading of bulk lots; breakin g bulk lots and redistributing into smaller lots;
delivery services; refrigeration, storage, warehousing and garage services; sales promotion, marketing
and advertising, installation and after sales services including maintenance and repair and training
services. Distribution services are generally covered by CPC 61, 62, 63 and 8929.
COMMISSION AGENTS' SERVICES consist of sales on a fee or contract basis by an agent, broker
or auctioneer or other wholesalers of goods/merchandise and related subordinated services.
WHOLESALING consist of the sale of goods/merchan dise to retailers to industrial, commercial,
institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated
services.
RETAILING SERVICES consist of the sale of goods/merchandise for personal or household
consumption either from a fixed location (e.g., store, kiosk, etc.) or away from a fixed location andrelated subordinated services.
FRANCHISING SERVICES consist of the sale of the use of a product, trade name or particular
business format system in exchange for fees or royalties. Product and trade name franchising involves
the use of a trade name in exchange for fees or royalties and may include an obligation for exclusive
sale of trade name products. Business format franchising involves the use of an entire business
concept in exchange for fees and royalties, and may include the use of a trade name, business plan,
and training materials and related subordinated services.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 62
ANNEX 3
Insurance: Definition of "Master Policy"
Master policy is the policy that provides blanket coverage for the same legal person's property and
liabilities located in different places. Master policy may only be issued by the business department of
an insurer's head office or that of its authorized province-level branch offices. Other branches are not
allowed to issue master policy.
(I) Master policy business with the state key construction projects as its subject-matter insuredIf investors on the state key construction projects (i.e., projects that are so listed and annually
announced by the State Development and Planning Commission) meet either of the following
requirements, they may purchase master policy from insurers that are located in the same place as the
investors' legal persons do.
1. The investment on the subject-matter insured is all from China (including the reinvestment
from the foreign-invested enterprises in China), a nd the sum of investment of the investor accounts
for over 15% of the total investment.
2. The investment is partially from abroad, and partially from China (including the reinvestment
from the foreign-invested enterprises in China), a nd the sum of investment of the Chinese investor
accounts for over 15% for the total domestic investment.
For those projects that draw investment all from abroad, every insurer may provide coverage in the
form of master policies.
(II) Master policy covering different subjects-matter insured of the same legal person
For those subjects-matter insured located in different places and owned by the same legal person
(excluding financial, railway, and post and telecommunications industries and enterprises), master
policy may be issued on the basis of either of the following conditions.
1. For the sake of payment of premium tax, insurance companies incorporated where the legal
person or accounting unit of the insurance applicant is located are allowed to issue master policy.
2. If over 50% of insurance amount of the subject-matter insured is from a larger or medium
sized city, then insurers in that city are allo wed to issue master policy, no matter whether the
insurance applicant's legal person or accounting unit is located in the city.
Motor insurance, credit insurance, employer liabilities insurance, statuary insurance, and other
insurance business excluded by the CIRC can not be underwritten or co-insured by insurers located
other than where the subject-insured are located, or covered under a master policy.WT/ACC/SPEC/CHN/3
Page 63LIST OF ARTICLE II EXEMPTION FOR CHINA
Modes of supply: (1) Cross-border supply (2) Consumption abroad (3) Commercial presence (4) Presence of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sectorDescription of Measures Indicating
its Inconsistency with Article IICountries to Which
the Measures
AppliesIntended
DurationConditions Creating the Need
for the Exemption
 Maritime Transport
 International Transport
 Freight and PassengersThe parties concerned may, through
bilateral agreement, establish entities to
engage in usual business in China either
as joint ventures or wholly-ownedsubsidiaries subject to the Chinese laws
on joint ventures and on foreign capital
enterprises for ships owned or operated
by carriers of the parties concerned.Unspecified. Unforeseeable. According to present state of
trade between signatories.
Agreements of cargo sharing. Algeria, Argentina,
Bangladesh, Brazil,
Thailand, USA,Zaire.Subject to the
effective duration
of the agreementsconcerned.According to present state of
trade between signatories.
__________