RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/C/W/94
9 February 1999
(99-0511)
Council for Trade in Services
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SERVICES TRADE
- OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT  -
Background Note by the Secretariat
I. INTRODUCTION
1. This Background Note has been requested by the Council for Trade in Services at its meeting
on 14 and 15 December 1998.  It is intended to assist the Council in its assessment of trade in services
mandated under Article XIX:3 of the GATS and builds on material prepared by the Secretariat for the
Information Exchange Programme.1  Where relevant, new sources have been included.
2. At the outset, it may be useful to recall the constraints hindering detailed empirical
assessments of services trade.  Data-related constraints have been discussed in document S/C/W/27;
only limited improvements have been made since.  In addition, there is a more general analytical
problem of attributing changes in economic indicato rs to individual determinants.  Trade flows may
be affected by a wide range of factors, including overall macroeconomic trends and developments inuser industries, which are difficult to divorce from the effects of legal and institutional changes.
Further, for an empirical assessment of the Urug uay Round, it would need to be clarified whether
such changes have been implemented autonomously or as a result of commitments undertaken under
the GATS.
2  These problems may also explain why, to the knowledge of the Secretariat, there is not a
single empirical study analysing on a comprehensive basis – across countries, sectors and modes – the
effects on services trade attributable to scheduled commitments.3  It needs to be borne in mind,
however, that the non-availability of such studies does not imply that there are no empirical effects.
3. Given these difficulties, this Note does not attempt to relate developments in services trade to
domestic regulatory changes or the entry into fo rce of the GATS.  Rather, it seeks to summarize
recent developments on the data side (Section II ) and, based on previous sectoral Background Notes,
identify policy changes which might have affected services trade under any of the four modes of
supply (Section III).  In this context, the Note does not attempt to carry out the assessment of trademandated by Article XIX of GATS, that is the task of the Council.  It rather aims to present the
information available, partial as it is, as helpfully as possible.  Providing a broad overview of the
                                                     
1 See documents S/C/W/26 and Add.1, S/C/W/27, S/C/W/37-40, S/C/W/43-47, S/C/W/49-52,
S/C/W/59-62 and S/C/W/72-75.
2 In areas such as basic telecommunications and financial services, important regulatory reforms may
still be awaiting implementation.
3 Delegations may remember previous Secretariat docum ents and studies circulated in the wake of the
Uruguay Round containing estimates of the effects of tariff reductions on merchandise trade.  See GATT(1994), "The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Market Access for Goods andServices", Geneva;  document MTN.TNC/W/122 and GNG/W/30 of 29 November 1993 ("An Analysis of the
Proposed Uruguay Round Agreement, with Particular Emphasis on Aspects of Interest to Developing
Countries");  and document COM.TD/W/512 of 10 November 1994 ("Developing Countries and the Uruguay
Round:  An Overview").S/C/W/94
Page 2
current structure of commitments under the GATS, the final Section raises policy questions Members
may find useful to address in the context of their assessment of services trade.
II. TRENDS IN TRADE FLOWS
4. This Section should be read in conjunction with the Secretariat Notes on services statistics
circulated as documents S/C/W/5 and S/C/W/27.  Its first part updates information on Balance of
Payments (BOP) data;  the second part presents new statistics on Foreign Affiliates Trade (FATS);and the final part contains recent data on transactions associated with the presence of natural persons.
Sector- and mode-specific material is also contained in the Background Notes circulated in the
context of the Information Exchange Programme (see Annex I for an overview).
1. Balance of Payments data
5. As explained in a previous Note, the only comprehensive source of information on services
trade on a global basis are the IMF balance of payments statistics (S/C/W/27).  These statistics arereported by central banks and national statistical offices and reproduced in the IMF Balance of
Payments Yearbooks.  This information suffers from certain shortcomings, however.  In particular,
BOP statistics do not cover "foreign affiliates trade" as balance of payments statistics only register
transactions between residents and non-residents.  According to BOP conventions, if factors of
production move to another country for a period longer than one year (sometimes flexiblyinterpreted), a change in residency has occurred.  In this case, the output generated and sold in the
host market is not recorded as trade in BOP statistics. The implications are likely to vary by sector,
depending on the relative importance of individual modes.  Sectors like  distribution or financial
services may be particularly affected.  Moreover, the classification system currently used (the 5
th
edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (1993), hereafter referred to as BPM-5) is far less
disaggregated than the Sectoral Classification List generally used for scheduling purposes under the
GATS4.  Finally, there is a lack of concordance between some of the IMF categories and those
contained in the Classification List.  These issues are discussed in greater detail in document
S/C/W/27.
6. Table A1 shows the number of countries reporting trade data for specific services sectors to
the IMF.5  Delays in reporting partly account for the downward trend in the major sectors over time.
In general, a much larger number of countries report at the more aggregated sectoral level, i.e. for
transportation, travel and other business services, than for the individual sub-sectors within these
categories.
7. According to BOP statistics, world trade in co mmercial services accounts for about one-fifth
of total world trade in goods and services, with no significant changes in recent years (Table A2).
However, there are important regional variations.  The contribution of services to total trade tends to
be higher in North America and Western Europe than in Latin America, Asia and Africa.  This mayreflect, in part, the tendency for the share of services in economic activity (production and
consumption) to increase with the level of development.
8. Growth of world trade in commercial services slowed down for a second successive year in
1997, but still matched that of merchandise trade (Chart 1, and Tables A3 and A4).  Exports of
commercial services were estimated at US$1310 bill ion in 1997, an increase of 3 per cent over the
previous year.  The evolution in 1997 was shaped mainly by differences in regional growth rates and
major exchange rate changes, principally of the U.S. dollar vis-à-vis  Western European and Asian
                                                     
4 MTN.GNS/W/120.
5 Unless otherwise indicated, the Tables have been drawn from WTO (1998), Annual Report,
International Trade Statistics.S/C/W/94
Page 3
currencies.  Available price information, although patchy, points to a fall in the dollar price of
commercial services.  These data are, however, too limited to be used for the calculation of volume
growth rates.
9. Western Europe experienced a decline of imports of commercial services in 1997, and its
export growth was also sluggish.  The United Kingdom was a notable exception, thanks mainly to ahealthier economy and the strength of the Pound Sterling vis-à-vis  other European currencies.  In
Asia, services exports slowed down;  stagnation or contraction in export values were reported by
Hong Kong-China, Australia, Thailand and New Zealand, in contrast to the high growth rates
recorded by the Republic of Korea and China.
6  Asia's services imports also registered a marked
slowdown, which may be attributed to stagnating expenditure in Japan, the Republic of Korea,
Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and New Zealand.  Africa's growth in commercial services exports was
largely driven by the expansion of the services receipts of its two largest exporters, Egypt andSouth Africa, which more than compensated for the poor performance of Tunisia and Morocco.  The
exceptional growth reported by Egypt for imports contrasts with stagnation in all other African
countries.  North American trade grew more than tw ice as fast as global services trade in 1997, but
exhibited nevertheless a slight deceleration.  Latin America continued to be the most dynamic region
in terms of both import and export growth, largely thanks to strong expansion in countries such as
Brazil, Chile and Venezuela.
10. In the longer run, between 1990 and 1997, Asia recorded the largest increase in both exports
and imports of commercial services, with China showing the most dramatic expansion.  Latin and
North America ranked next, while Western Europe a nd Africa registered only modest increases.  The
share of North America and Europe in world exports  of commercial services declined from 73 per
cent in 1990 to around 65 per cent in 1997;  the share of Asia increased from 17 to 23 per cent over
the same period (Table A3).  The picture on the import side is similar (Table A4).
11. Travel and transportation services are the leading international services sectors on a BOP
basis.  Travel services account for one third and transportation services for around one quarter of all
trade in commercial services, with "other commercial services" contributing the rest (Chart 2 andTable A5).  In 1997, travel services experienced the lowest growth and the most significant
                                                     
6 Methodological changes in data collection may have played a role in establishing the growth rates for
Korea and China.Chart 1:  Annual grow th of w orld  serv ices trad e (commercial serv ices), 1990-97
024681012141618
1990-97 1995 1996 1997
Yea rAnnual percentage changeAll commercial services
  Transportation
  Travel
  Other commercial
servicesS/C/W/94
Page 4
deceleration of the three categories.  One reason for the relative strength of transportation services
trade was an improvement in sea transport, which benefitted from a higher volume of crude oil trade.
12. Table A6 lists the leading importers and exporters of commercial services in 1997.  The
degree of concentration is high, with the top 15 exporters and importers accounting for, respectively,
around 70 and 67 per cent of world exports and imports , but slightly lower than in 1995.  Tables A8 to
A10 present data on the top 15 traders in individual services categories.  The leading exporting and
importing countries tend to be the same, though their relative importance may differ.  A more
disaggregated picture of trade concentration can be obtained from Table A7, which presents the shares
of the top five and top ten traders, respectively.  Conclusions are difficult to draw, however, as the
sectors exhibiting higher concentration are also those with the lowest numbers of reporting countries.
13. Tables B1 and B2 provide 1996 BOP export and import statistics, respectively, for all IMF
member countries by the ten main services components contained in the BPM-5.  Comparisons suffer
from significant gaps in reporting.
2. Foreign Affiliates Trade (FAT) Statistics
14. Until recently, the United States was the only country which regularly collected statistics on
Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS).7  In November 1997, however, the OCED published the
results of a joint OECD/EUROSTAT survey on the activities of domestic firms and of foreign
affiliates8  Eleven countries participated in this survey, a number of which provided information on
the major statistical aggregates.
15. The survey defines foreign affiliates as firms in which the majority of the capital or voting
stock is foreign-owned.  The statistical variables surveyed are turnover, employment (number ofemployees), value added, total imports and exports of goods and services.  The sectoral classification
is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC,
rev.3).  The survey focused on three forms of activity, namely those of:  (i) all firms, including foreign
                                                     
7 S/C/W/25 presented 1994 U.S. data on FATS trade.  More recent data can be found in "Survey of
Current Business", United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, October 1997.
8 The questionnaire is described in the OECD document COM/DSTI/STD(97)1/REV2, and the results of
the survey in DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP(98)16.Chart 2:  Share of world trade in all commercial serv ices by category, 1997
  Travel
33%  Other commercial 
services
43%  Transportation
24%S/C/W/94
Page 5
affiliates, in the respondent country;  (ii) foreign affiliates located in the respondent country (inward
investment);  and (iii) domestic firms' affiliates abroad (outward investment).  Tables C1 to C3
present the main results for parts (i) and (ii) of the survey.  Responses to (iii) were relatively scarce.9
16. The results shed light on the contribution of foreign affiliates to domestic economic activity in
a number of countries.  Table C1 and Chart 3 show that foreign affiliates represent 2.5 per cent of the
value added of all services firms in the United States, 7.3 per cent in France, 9.3 per cent in theCzech Republic and 8.2 per cent in Finland.  Table C2 reveals that the corresponding employment
share is lower for all countries except the United States.  Moreover, according to Table C3, in each of
the countries covered, the foreign affiliates' share in turnover for total services tends to exceed their
share in value added.
10  One possible explanation is that foreign affiliates frequently subcontract to the
parent or affiliated companies.  In extreme cases, the local representative offices may be the final
vendors of services produced by the parent company abroad which, in turn, accounts for most of value
added.  An example is the sale of tickets in the air transport sector.  The figures provided should,however, be interpreted with caution since work on FATS statistics is still at a preliminary stage in
most countries.  Also, country comparability is limited by the use of diverging concepts and
classifications.
11  A more detailed description of these limitations is given in the relevant OECD
document.
3. Transactions associated with presence of natural persons.
17. No comprehensive statistics exist to date on the extent of trade taking place through Mode 4,
i.e through the presence of natural persons.  However, there are certain indirect indicators.
                                                     
9 It needs to be kept in mind that comparisons of FATS with BOP statistics are affected by the fact that
BOP transactions are mainly classified by type of service, whereas data on sales by foreign affiliates are broken
down according to the primary sector of activity of the affiliate, measured in terms of sales.  This might beparticularly misleading in sectors such as professional services.  Furthermore, these statistics may underestimatethe importance of commercial presence since minority-owned foreign affiliates escape registration, and a numberof such affiliates are presumably controlled by the foreign parent company.
10 In the case of the United States, data for value added on the one hand, and for turnover and employment
on the other hand, are for different years (1995 and 1992, respectively) and come from different sources.
11 For example, U.S. data include restaurants under "wholesale and retail trade".Chart 3:  Share of foreign affiliates' turnov er (T/O), v alue ad ded (VA) and  employment, 
ov er all firms, total serv ices
0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.0
United States (1992
VA; 1995 other
variables) France Czech Republic FinlandT/O
VA
Em ploymentS/C/W/94
Page 6
18. Transactions by natural persons operating as independent service suppliers in a foreign
market are captured by BOP statistics for periods of stay of less than one year.  Similarly, the
compensation of persons employed by a foreign service supplier is an (unidentifiable) ingredient of
the BOP category "compensation of employees".  This category includes the earnings of all natural
persons established abroad for up to one year, regardless of the sector.  There is no record in the BOP
statistics of the activities of natural persons who are residents for longer periods, except that theirinternational transfers are recorded under workers' remittances.  FATS statistics contain some useful
information such as the number of employees, but these statistics do not distinguish between nationals
and foreigners.
19. Table D1 presents recent data on the compensation of employees in the leading creditor and
debtor countries.  No major changes have taken place with respect to previous years.
III. POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
20. There have been significant policy changes in services sectors over recent years.  Overall, the
sectoral Background Notes prepared in the context of the Information Exchange Programme paint a
relatively bright picture of policy regimes becoming increasingly responsive to market trends and
preparing scope for private participation by both domestic and foreign suppliers.  A closer look
reveals, however, important differences in policy motivation and orientation across countries and
sectors.  While genuine deregulation and liberalization measures have been negotiated under theGATS, significant reforms have also been undertaken autonomously.  They may have been stimulated
by internal financial constraints, advocated by international support agencies or requested by domestic
users (with the potential threat of industrial relocation), and may also be reflected in scheduled
commitments.  Other major initiatives have been pursued in the context of regional integration
projects, including the European Union's Internal Market programme;  elements have been extendedto foreign services suppliers and, in various cases, bound under the GATS as well.
21. Liberalization cannot simply be equated with the abolition of regulation.  The background
papers recount many instances of governments reco gnizing the need for new, pro-competitive rules
and guidelines in order, for example, to ensure appropriate levels of service quality and reliability in
an open environment, and protect the integrity and resilience of core infrastructural sectors.  There arealso instances where changing consumer preferences, including increased sensitivity to ecological
concerns, have sparked off new regulatory efforts which, in turn, may have created new opportunities
for investment and trade.  A closer reading of the Background Notes also points to various private
regulatory initiatives, substituting (more flexible) industry standards or codes of good practice for
(rigid) government requirements.
22. Drawing directly on the Background Notes, the following points seek to trace the wider
context within which recent policy changes have occurred.
12 This necessarily entails the risk of over-
generalization:  reforms are normally undertaken for a variety of reasons, and apparently similar
moves in various countries may have been motivated (or required) by different objectives and
constraints.  Nevertheless, Members might find this a useful starting-point for a closer assessment of
recent policy developments.
                                                     
12 Given the focus of this paper, no attempt was made to compile cases where domestic or international
efforts have been less successful in promoting reform.  Such cases would include, for example, proposals from
the tourist industry to replace bilateral air traffic a rrangements with more open (and economically efficient)
regimes (S/C/W/51, p.8).S/C/W/94
Page 7
Developments directly related to negotiations under the GATS
(i) External liberalization combined with internal deregulation and privatization in core
infrastructural sectors
With the entry into force of the Fourth Protocol of the GATS in February 1998, the vast bulk of the
world telecommunications market, measured in revenue terms, was open for the supply of basic
services on the basis of simple resale or over a supplier's own infrastructure.  The national monopolieswhich have dominated the industry in almost all countries are now facing competition and in many
countries are being privatised.  This process was reflected in, and stimulated by, the commitmentsmade in the GATS negotiations.  In emerging economies where commitments on wire-based
infrastructure and public voice services are often to be phased in later, new providers of liberalized
wireless services are increasing the pace of entry into local service markets, supplying service toconsumers who have been waiting for fixed lines to be installed (S/C/W/74, p.1/2).
Many market access restrictions on trade in financial services have been removed or relaxed during
the successive negotiations at the WTO, both unilaterally and through negotiations at the regional or
multilateral levels.  As countries are bringing dow n trade restrictions under the GATS, remaining
obstacles to free trade in financial services are expect ed to stem from various differences in prudential
or non-prudential domestic regulation (S/C/W/72, p. 12/13).
(ii) External binding of existing, essentially open policy regimes
It has been stated that OECD countries had substantially liberalized their financial services regimes
prior to the GATS negotiations , and that most of the progress, in particular for commercial presence,is reflected in the commitments made.  The scheduling of Additional Commitments relating toregulatory principles or guidelines would appear to refl ect a shift in policy focus on non-
discriminatory measures in domestic regulation, including prudential measures and licensing
requirements and procedures (S/C/W/72, p.13).
The number of commitments on tourism is greater than for any other sector under the GATS, indicating
the desire of most Members to expand tourism trade, increase inward FDI and promote economic
growth.  In the view of the World Tourism Organization, the tourism sector was already highlyliberalized before the Uruguay Round negotiations;  few major obstacles remain (S/C/W/51, p.7).
Other policy-driven developments
(iii) Regional integration projects leading to the development of common regulatory structures
and/or frameworks for mutual recognition.  R ecognition initiatives have been particularly
frequent in the European Union and, to an increasing extent, NAFTA.
Legal services:  A recent EC Directive (95/5/EC) a llows a foreign lawyer from one Member State to
practice host country law immediately, after simply proving registration as a lawyer in another
Member State.  There are no limitations on the scope of practice and there is no supervision by locallyqualified lawyers.  Lawyers who are not European citizens and ha ve qualified outside the European
Union (and EEA) cannot invoke the Directives. (S/C/W/43, p.11).
Accountancy services:  The European Communitie s has instituted procedures for the mutual
recognition of diplomas.  In almost all cases, an aptitude test is still required to cover the specificities
of national law.  Under the North American Free Trade Agreement, professionals from NAFTAcountries are required to be give n non-discriminatory access to cer tification and licensing procedures.
In this connection, the three participating countries have agreed to try to eliminate all residency and
citizenship requirements for certification to practice accountancy.  The Protocol on Trade in Services
to the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA), concludedin July 1996, establishes as a basic principle the right of a person registered to practice an occupationin one of the two countries to practice an equivalent occupation in the other country  (S/C/W/73, p.10).S/C/W/94
Page 8
Efforts to facilitate access for foreign architects and engineers have made substantial progress in recent
years.  The European Union and the European Economic Area introduced the principle of free movement
of professionals and the mutual recognition of diplomas.  The NAFTA contains certain disciplines, suchas objectivity and transparency, pertaining to the licensing and certification of professionals, and acommitment to eliminate any citizenship or permanent residency requirement maintained for the licensingor certification of professional service providers of another party (S/C/W/44).
The European Commission has developed frameworks for single European markets in the electricity
and gas sectors.  The first stage was completed in 1992 with the adoption of Directives on the transit of
electricity and natural gas, and on price transparency.  Further stages aimed at the completion of the
internal market in these sectors, by introducing common rules on market opening and competition.  A
draft Directive on the internal market in natural gas establishes common rules for the transmission,
distribution, supply and storage of natural gas (S/C/W/52, p.12/13).
Air transport: From 1 April 1997 the European Union has created a single market permitting
Community air carriers to exercise traffic rights in all Member States, thus obviating the need to
negotiate any specific routes among them (S/C/W/ 59, p. 20-22).  Land transport (interurban passenger
traffic): In the European Co mmunity, shuttle services, occasional services and cabotage were
liberalized in the context of constructing a single transport market.  Passenger transport was includedin the model bilateral agreement of the European Conference of Transport Ministers which bringstogether the countries of Western and of Central and Eastern Europe.  This constitutes a first step
towards the multilateralization of  bilateral agreements.  Similarly, passenger road transport falls
within the scope of NAFTA, with limited reservati ons mainly concerning cabotage (S/C/W/60, p.9).
(iv) Liberalization and privatization as a result of
- domestic financial constraints and/or user pressure
Faced with a growing deficit, at the end of the 1970s, governments tried to improve the traditional rail
transport model.  This led first  to free fixing of pr ices (for example, in the United States, railways were
authorized to conclude confidential contracts with shippers), often followed by the creation of
specialized departments as profit-making centres.  In parallel, there was growing concern to identify
more clearly the public service constraints and a consensus emerged that governments should be
called on to finance the obligation to provide regular train services in a clearly-defined way.  In a thirdphase, a new model separating operating activities fr om infrastructure management and maintenance
gradually started to be imposed.  The theoretical inspiration is similar to the models for thetelecommunications, electricity and gas sectors (S/C/W/61, p.6).
Observers have pointed out an increasing trend in certain Latin and Central European countries to
decentralize and/or commercia lize the health sector in a bid to c ontain cost pressures.  Some countries
have preferred to retain the public insurance monopoly but allow for competition between private and
public health care providers  (S/C/W/50).
- external advice and assistance in the event of sectoral or macroeconomic crises
It has been claimed that in the last months of the extended financial services negotiations under the
GATS, the movement toward s increased financial opening has been encouraged and accelerated under
IMF-supported programmes.  This movement has continued since.13
In road freight transport, there has been liberaliz ation of quantitative regulat ory and pricing systems,
especially at the instigation of th e World Bank.  This has affected countries as different as Mexico,
Papua New Guinea and the sub-Saharan African States (S/C/W/60, p. 11).
                                                     
13 See, for example, Dobson, Wendy and Pierre Jacquet (1998), Financial Services Liberalization in the
WTO , Washington D.C.;  Lane, Timothy, et al. (1999), IMF-supported programs in Indonesia, Korea and
Thailand: a preliminary assessment, Washington D.C.,  International Monetary Fund.S/C/W/94
Page 9
Technology and industry driven developments
(v) The emergence of new technologies and services defying entrenched regulatory regimes
In the audiovisual sector it has been observed that Governments may need to modify regulatory
structures to accommodate new mu ltimedia services.  According to  the OECD, "with the greater
number of channels available for br oadcasting which digital terrestrial  over-the-air, satellite and cable
technologies allow, the new environment makes a re strictive approach increasi ngly difficult to justify."
Deregulation policies in the 1980s resulted in the increasing emergence of private television channels.
With liberalization of telecommunications in many major markets, telephone and cable operators areexpected to enter the televisi on transmission market (S/C/W/40) .
The potential for advanced telecommunication services to overcome geographic and regulatory
barriers to trade in user industries, including health services (telediagnosis) and education services
(distance learning), has been discussed in sever al Background Notes (for example S/C/W/49 and 50).
(vi) Industry initiatives at national or international level towards establishing an agreed body of
sound regulatory principles such as objectivity, transparency and necessity.
Legal services:  In June 1998, the International Bar Association adopted General Principles for the
Establishment and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and encouraged their adoption by its institutional
members or, for those members who have no regulatory powers, by the competent authorities in the
respective jurisdictions (S/C/W/43).
Accountancy services:  At the bila teral level, competent professional associations in the United States
and Canada in 1991 concluded an agreement on "Principles of Reciprocity". The agreement was a
recommendation to state boards of accountancy (Un ited States) and provincial  authorities to permit an
abbreviated examination intended to demonstrate satisfactory knowledge of relevant local and national
legislation, standards and practices in the jurisdiction being entered (S/C/W/73, p.10).
To address public concerns and, certainly, to ease pressure for further regulatory action, the
advertising industry - agencies and customers - has developed their own guidelines. The rules currently
in place in many countries – a recent publications lists 38  cases – may serve either to fill legal voids
or complement existing government regulation.  While self-regulation may be less effective in ensuring
compliance, it may prove a cheaper and faster instrument than formal legal action for complainants to
express concern and seek redress (S/C/W/47, p.5)
New regulatory challenges
(vii) Regulatory response to changing policy priorities
New ways have been found to cr eate markets for envi ronmental services. Increasingly stringent
government regulations designed to control pollution, as well as growing consumer sensitivity, are
creating strong private incentives to purchase environmental services.  Where markets still do notexist, governments are choosing to contract out the provision of services to the private sector.  At thesame time, natural monopolies are being delineated as narrowly as possible and an effort made tointroduce greater competition in services which are not inextricably linked to the monopoly (e.g.sewage collection).  Even where monopolistic market structures cannot be avoided, regulated private
ownership is being preferred to public ownership (S/C/W/46, p.2).
In 1995, the World Travel and Tourism Council, the World Tourism Organization and the Earth
Council released a joint environment plan for tourism.  The plan covers such issues as waste
utilisation, energy and non-re newable resource conservation, water management, local community
involvement customer awareness and staff education and training.  Also included are mechanisms forthe development of consultative arrangements betw een government, industr y, local communities and
environmental interests. An example of initia tives at the government level is the ECoNETT
environmental communications network of the European Community (S/C/W/51, p.8).S/C/W/94
Page 10
(viii) Need for pro-competitive regulation and regulatory safeguards in liberalized sectors
In many liberalized areas of telecommunication, given the dominant market position of many
incumbents and their control over  essential infrastructure, effective regulatory safeguards will be
indispensable to ensure competiti on and cost-oriented interconnection.   The need  for pro-competitive
regulation may extend beyond the fixed, wireline infrastructures to include large cellular networkoperators and internet access providers.  Other impor tant functions of  telecom regulation will need to
be recast to complement a comp etitive environment:  finding new m echanisms to meet universal service
objectives;  streamlining licensing practices and procedures;  and improving data collection and cost
calculation methods to enable regulators to safeguard competitio n and operators to make sound
business decisions (S/C/W/74).
Regulation of the financial sector has moved, on the one hand, towards market-based decision-making,
e.g. through the removal of interest-rate controls and the liberalization of portfolio allocation rules,
and on the other, towards strengthened prudential regulation, e.g. through higher capital requirementsand transparency rules (S/C/W/72).  Some countries have now moved to (i) reorganize the regulatory
structure and shift to regulation by function, applic able to all types of entities that supply identical
services;  and (ii) create a "super-regulator" whic h can exercise effective supervision over various
types of financial institutions.  At the international level, efforts are being made through international
organizations and direct cooper ation between national authorities to improve regulatory and
supervisory standards across countries.
The competitive environment for public postal services is also changing, as privat e suppliers begin to
expand into the correspondence market (in particular business-to-private bulk mailings and direct mail
advertising).  While corporatization and/or privatization of postal service monopolies is beginning
gradually to take hold, only a very few countries, such as Finland, New Zealand and Sweden, have
fully ended monopoly rights for the supply of public  postal services.  A variety of significant postal
sector reforms are, however, under consideration, including in the European Union and the United
States.  Most often, consideration of liberalization of postal services centres on where to draw the linebetween reserved and non-reserved services (S/C/W/39, p.1).
IV. BUILDING ON URUGUAY ROUND COMMITMENTS
23. From the perspective of liberalizing countries, the Uruguay Round may have served several –
complementary – purposes.  On the one hand, it offered WTO Members an opportunity to negotiateparallel liberalization and deregulation moves which, in turn, might have helped to gain domestic
political support.  Policy co-ordination might be deemed to ease adjustment burdens within
participating countries (the concept of "burden sharing") although, from a strictly economic
perspective, it could be argued in many cases that the status quo would be the most costly alternative
to either unilateral or internationally co-ordinated liberalization.
14  On the other hand, bindings
undertaken in the GATS have the effect of protec ting liberalization policies, regardless of their
underlying rationale, from slippages and reversals and, thus, improve domestic conditions for
investment, trade and growth.  This seems to be particularly relevant in core infrastructural sectors
whose performance and resilience may have economy-wide implications.  As noted elsewhere, the
                                                     
14 The costs and risks of policy change may depend on complementary regulatory initiatives and the
existence of sound macroeconomic framework conditions.  For example, a Secretariat overview of empirical
studies of past liberalization policies notes in several coun tries a persistent trend of declining bank profits which
ultimately culminated in severe financial crises. This phenomenon was often related to the banks holding largeshares of bad loans.  Some banks also appear to have responded to falling profits, due to lower interest margins,by expanding their loan portfolios with little regard to the hazards involved.  The rise in imprudent lending is
possibly the most serious risk for deregulation policies that are pursued in the absence of adequate banking
supervision and prudential control (S/C/W/26/Add.1, p.5).S/C/W/94
Page 11
value of bindings for economic operators, in terms of transparency and predictability, is the higher the
closer they reflect the regimes actually in place.15
24. The level and depth of current GATS commitments can be assessed in at least three ways:
from the perspective of the Members involved, the sectors covered, and the modes liberalized.  A
cursory look at current schedules reveals significant disparities, regardless of the perspective adopted:
(i) Members:  Of the 160 odd sectors covered the Sectoral Classification List generally
used by Members for scheduling purposes, one-third of Members have committed on
20 sectors and less, one-third on between 21, and 80 and the remaining third on
between 81 and 145 (Table 1).
(ii) Sectors:  Among the eleven aggregate sectors identified in the Classification List,
tourism has drawn by far the highest number of bindings, 123, followed by business
services and financial services (prior to the entry into force of the fifth Protocol).Health and education services trail behind with 43 and 41 entries, respectively
(Chart 4).
(iii) Modes:  Although it is difficult to find indicators properly reflecting the state of
liberalization across Modes, the number of horizontal limitations may give a roughapproximation:  slightly more than 20 limitations for Mode 2 compare with 100 such
cases for Mode 4 (S/C/W/75).
Table 1
Sectoral coverage of schedules
Sectors
committedNumber of
MembersWTO Members
≤20 44 Angola, Bahrain, Barbados, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo (Republic), Costa Rica,Cyprus, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, St. Kitts &
Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka,Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia
21-40 23 Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti,
Dominica, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Kenya, Macau,Mongolia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Senegal, SierraLeone, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zimbabwe
41-60 10 Antigua & Barbuda, Belize, Cuba, India, Morocco, Netherlands Antilles,
Nicaragua, Pakistan, Trinidad & Tobago, United Arab Emirates
61-80 12 Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, Hong Kong (China), Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait,
Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Venezuela
81-100 12 Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic Dominican Republic, Indonesia,
Lesotho, New Zealand, Panama, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa,Turkey
101-120 7 Australia, Bulgaria, Gambia, Canada, Philippines, Switzerland, Thailand
≥121 24 EC (15), Iceland, Japan, Columbia, Korea (Rep. of), Malaysia, Mexico,
Norway,   Hungary, USA
                                                     
15 See Kono, Masamichi, et al.  1997, Opening Markets in Financial Services and the Role of the GATS ,
Geneva.S/C/W/94
Page 12
Chart 4
Commitments by sector  (number of Members)
123
98 9792
79
69
58
49 4743 41
25. Against this backdrop, the liberalization mandate contained in Article XIX may be given
operational meaning.  In broad terms, it could be interpreted as committing negotiators to reducing the
current imbalance in commitments across countries, sectors and modes.  This "rebalancing exercise",
in turn, would need to be governed by the relevant objectives of the Agreement, including those
providing for the increasing participation of, and ensuring appropriate negotiating flexibility for,
developing country Members (Articles IV:1 and XIX:2 of the GATS).  Moreover, paragraph 6 of theAnnex on Article II Exemptions requires all MFN exemptions to be included in any trade-liberalizing
round.
26. The developmental implications of GATS commitments can be viewed from at least two
angles:  from an individual country's point of vi ew – with a focus on access abroad and/or domestic
liberalization – and from the perspective of the system as a whole.  Chart 5 seeks to trace a broad
relationship between GATS bindings, based on the number of sectors committed, and the level of
economic development.  In statistical terms, this  relationship is relatively weak;  the individual
observations are scattered widely around the regression line.
27. The absence of a strong link in Chart 5 might be attributed to various factors.  For example,
the indicators used may be flawed:  per-capita incomes may not adequately reflect levels of (social
and economic) development, or the number of sectors committed – regardless of any limitations on
market access and national treatment – may not be a reliable proxy for the degree of liberalizationbound.  More substantially, however, there may be significant differences in policy orientation among
otherwise comparable countries.  In particular, gove rnments' views are likely to vary on the desirable
balance between a country's income (or development) level and the scope of its GATS commitments
and, in this context, the economic benefits of bound access conditions for individual services sectors
and modes of supply.S/C/W/94
Page 13
28. The forthcoming Council meetings may provide an  occasion to discuss these views, improve
Members' mutual understanding of their national policy objectives and constraints and, on that basis,
develop negotiating guidelines and procedures for the new round.Chart 5
Relationship between level of economic development and WTO commitments
y = 0.9306x
R2 = 0.488
020406080100120140160180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Level of economic developmenta
a WTO Members are ranked according to per-capita income (purchasing power parity).
Uruguay Round Participants
Recent AccessionsS/C/W/94
Page 14
ANNEX I
Relevant statistical information contained in the Background Notes prepared for the Information Exchange Programme
Legal services
S/C/W/43
p. 23 Table Trade in legal services, 1990-1997IMF, "Balance-of-payments Statistics Yearbook";
OECD, "Services Statistics on InternationalTransactions";  Statistics Canada, "Canada'sInternational Trade in Services"
p. 24 TableWorld's 20 leading law firms by number of partners (total and foreign offices and
lawyers), 1988Moody's Investors Service – United Nations Centre
on Transnational Corporations, "Directory ofWorld's Largest Services Companies", Series I,
December 1990
Architectural and en gineering services
S/C/W/44
p. 13 Table 1 International trade in architectural and engineering services, 1994-1996United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, "Survey of Current Business",October 1997;  Statistics Canada, "Canada'sInternational Trade in Services, 1996";EUROSTAT, "International Trade in Services, EU,
1986-1995"
p. 14 Table 2a Sales to foreign persons by foreign affiliates of U.S. companies, 1994-1995
p. 14 Table 2b Sales to U.S. persons by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies, 1994-1995United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, "Survey of Current Business",October 1997
p. 15 Table 3 Billings of the top 200 internatio nal design firms by regional market, 1994-1996Engineering News Record, "The 1997 International
Construction Sourcebook"
Computer and related services
S/C/W/45
p. 21 Table A1a U.S. computer services trans actions with unaffiliated foreign persons,1996
p. 21 Table A1bU.S. computer services transactions with unaffiliated foreign persons:  Comparison
with total receipts for business and professional services and all private services,
1986, 1991 and 1996
p. 22 Table A1cU.S. computer services transactions with unaffiliated foreign persons, by country or
region, 1993 and 1996
p. 22 Table A1dSales of computer and data processing services by U.S. and Foreign Affiliates, 1994-
1995United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, "Survey of Current Business",
October 1997S/C/W/94
Page 15Advertising services
S/C/W/47
p. 11 Table A2The top five advertising agencies in individual EU countries, Poland, South Africa
and Switzerland, 1997"Advertising Age International", June 1998
p. 12 Table A3 Multinational agencies with offices in more than 40 countries, 1994European Commission (ed.), "The Single Market
Review.  Impact on Services:  Advertising",Luxembourg, 1997
Telecommunication services
S/C/W/74
p. 21 Table A4 Top 20 public telecommunication operators, ranked by 1997 revenueInternational Telecommunication Union Web-site
(http://www.itu.org)
p. 22 Table A5 Top 25 international carriers, ranked by 1997 international revenue"Communications Week International", 23
November 1998
p. 23 Table A6 Top 20 fixed telephone lines operators, ranked by 1997 main telephone lines
p. 24 Table A7 Top 20 mobile cellular operators, ranked by 1997 subscribersInternational Telecommunication Union Web-site
(http://www.itu.org)
Audiovisual services
S/C/W/40
p. 12 Table 3 Top 10 countries' shares of the world music market by sales, 1995
p. 13 Table 4 Market shares of US films in Europe, 1989-1994
p. 14 Table 5Japanese film market: Releases and annual revenue (domestic and western films),
1983-1993OECD, "Content as a New Growth Industry",
DSTI/ICCP/IE(96)6/FINAL, 1998
Construction and related  engineering services
S/C/W/38
p. 9 Table 1Revenues of the top 225 international contractors in construction services by regional
markets, 1994-1996Engineering News Record, "International
Construction Sourcebook", 1997
Distribution services
S/C/W/37
p. 24 Table 3A Sales of services to foreign persons by foreign affiliates of U.S. companies, 1995
p. 24 Table 3B Sales of services to U.S. persons by U.S.-based affiliates of foreign companies, 1995United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, "Survey of Current Business",
October 1997
p. 25 Table 4ANumber of enterprises (national and non-national) in the wholesale and retail sector in
selected EU countries, 1995 (or most recent year)
p. 25 Table 4BNumber of persons employed in the whol esale and retail sector in selected EU
countries (national and non-national enterprises), 1995 (or most recent year)
p. 26 Table 4CTurnover in the wholesale and retail sectors in selected EU countries (national and
non-national enterprises), 1995 (or most recent year)Statistical Office of the European Communities,
"Presentation to the Task Force on FATS", Meetingof 19 November 1997, Doc. S11/97/13.EN.LuxembourgS/C/W/94
Page 16
p. 26 Table 4DValue-added at factor cost in the wholesal e and retail sector in selected EU countries
(national and non-national enterprises), 1995 (or most recent year)
p. 27 Table 5 The world's top 20 retailers by sales, 1994
Education services
S/C/W/49
p. 20 Table 3Ten leading exporters of education services  (consumption abroad) in the world at the
tertiary level, 1995/1996 (or most recent academic year)
p. 20 Table 4Origin of students consuming education services in the four main supplier countries,
1995/1996 (or most recent academic year)UNESCO, "Statistical Yearbook", 1997
Environmental services
S/C/W/46
p. 23 Table 5A Environmental industry trade balances for selected countries, 1992OECD, "The Global Environmental Goods and
Services Industry", 1996
p. 23 Table 5B U.S. environmental trade, 1996
p. 25 Table 7 Top 50 environmental companies in the world by revenue, 1995Environmental Business International, Inc. "The
Global Environmental Market and United States
Environment Industry Competitiveness", San
Diego, California, 1997
Financial services
S/C/W/72
p. 24 Table 4Cross-border trade in financial services – Receipts and expenditure, 1985, 1990, 1995
and 1996IMF, "Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook,
Part I, 1997", 1997;  WTO, "Opening Markets inFinancial Services and the Role of the GATS",
1997
p. 25 Table 5Financial services:  U.S., Canada and EU cross-border exports, imports and trade
balances, 1993-1996
p. 26 Table 6Financial services transactions by majority-o wned affiliates: U.S. sales, purchases and
balances, 1991-1995United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, "Survey of Current Business",October 1997;  Statistics Canada, "Canada'sInternational Trade in Services, 1996";EUROSTAT, "International Trade in Services, EU,1986-1995"
p. 28 Chart 1a Foreign market share in life insurance services, OECD countries, 1996
p. 28 Chart 1b Foreign market share in non-life insurance services, OECD countries, 1996OCED, "Insurance Statistics Yearbook", 1998
p. 30 Table 8Number of banking entities from 61 developing and transition economies in selected
OECD host countries, 1996UNCTAD, "World Investment Report 1998:
Trends and Determinants", 1998S/C/W/94
Page 17Tourism services
S/C/W/51
p. 16 Table 3International tourism receipts as a percen tage of Gross National Product, 1985, 1990
and 1995
p. 19 Table 6 International tourism and fare receipts and expenditure, 1995
p. 20 Table 7International tourism balance of account expenditure (excluding fare receipts), 1985
and1995
p. 21 Table 8International tourism balance of account expenditure(excluding fare receipts and
expenditure), 1985 and 1995
p. 22 Table 9 International tourism and fares balance of account, 1995World Tourism Organisation, "Tourism Economic
Report", 1998
Maritime transport services
S/C/W/62
p. 4 Chart 1 World sea-borne trade by country groups, 1996
p. 5 Table 1 The 35 most important maritime countries and territories, 1996Lloyd's Maritime Information Services Ltd.,
London, in UNCTAD, "Review of MaritimeTransport", 1997
Air transport services
S/C/W/59
p. 26 Figure 4Percentage distribution of scheduled air tr affic according to region of registration of
airline (total tonne-kilometres performed), 1996
p. 27 Table 4Top 30 scheduled air carriers in 1996 and their ranking in 1995 and 1987 in terms of
total (international and domestic) scheduled air traffic carriedInternational Civil Aviation Organization, "Civil
Aviation Statistics of the World, 1995", December1996;  International Air Transport Association,"World Air Transport Statistics", No. 41 WATS6/97, 1997
p. 55 Annex 3Scheduled and non-scheduled traffic at the world's major airports (top 25 airports
ranked by total passengers), 1995-1996International Civil Aviation Organization, "Civil
Aviation Statistics of the World, 1995", December
1996
Energy services
S/C/W/52
p. 25 Table 6 The ten largest energy companies in Europe, 1994 DABLE, "Fortune 500"
p. 26 Table 7 Largest independent power producers, July 1996 "Independent Power Report"S/C/W/94
Page 18
Presence of Natural Persons (Mode 4)
S/C/W/75
p. 19 Table 1 Top ten payers of worker's remittances, 1990-1996
p. 20 Table 2 Top ten recipients of workers' remittances, 1990-1996
p. 21 Table 3 Annual average growth rates of workers' remittances, 1980-1996Butkeviciene, J. "Market Access for the Movement
of Natural Persons as Service Suppliers",
UNCTAD, 1998
p. 22 Table 4 Top ten payers of labour income, 1990-1996
p. 23 Table 5 Top ten recipients of labour income, 1990-1996IMF, "Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook,
Part I, 1997", 1997
p. 24 Table 6 Direction of labour-related transfers and income-flows, 1980-1990UNCTAD – World Bank, "Liberalizing
International Trade in Services.  A Handbook",
1994
p. 25 Table 7 Labour earnings and merchandise exports for selected countries, 1996IMF, "Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook,
Part I, 1997", 1997
p. 26 Table 8Inflows of skilled workers as a percentage of total temporary workers in selected
OECD countries, 1992-1996OECD, "Trends in International Migration.  Annual
Report 1997", 1998S/C/W/94
Page 19
Table A1:  Coverage:  Number of countries reporting trade data for specific services sectors,
1994-96
Exports Imports
Code Service description 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total services 154 142 128 110 155 143 128 110
1 Transport 149 138 124 107 154 142 127 110
1 . 1 S e a  t r a n s p o r t 5 25 85 75 45 86 36 2 5 9
1.1.1 Passenger transport on sea 16 21 24 25 22 24 29 29
1.1.2 Freight transport on sea 39 43 45 46 50 53 53 52
1.1.3 Supporting, auxiliary and other sea 
transport services36 39 39 38 35 37 38 37
1 . 2 A i r  t r a n s p o r t 6 16 46 25 85 96 26 1 5 7
1.2.1 Passenger transport by air 49 52 52 51 52 53 54 52
1.2.2 Freight transport by air 34 40 46 45 33 40 43 42
1.2.3 Supporting, auxiliary and other air 
transport services39 38 41 39 33 35 39 40
1 . 3 O t h e r  t r a n s p o r t 4 85 14 84 64 54 64 1 4 0
1.3.1 Passenger on other transport 27 30 28 28 25 27 24 26
1.3.2 Freight on other transport 34 36 37 36 31 32 31 33
1.3.3 Other of other transport 30 33 33 34 29 32 29 32
2 Travel 148 138 124 108 151 139 125 109
2.1 Business travel 33 35 36 36 43 47 47 45
2.2 Personal travel 48 57 54 48 57 64 64 58
2.2.1 Health-related expenditure 10 13 15 13 18 21 24 23
2.2.2 Education related expenditure 20 23 23 19 31 34 35 30
2.2.3 Other personal travel 36 41 39 34 45 49 49 43
3 Communications services 76 86 81 73 75 83 81 74
4 Construction services 39 45 42 48 45 50 52 54
5 Insurance services 111 103 97 83 141 128 112 96
6 Financial services 45 48 49 51 51 54 57 55
7 Computer and info rmation services 26 32 38 43 28 35 40 41
8 Royalties and license fees 62 60 55 54 84 82 77 68
9 Other business services 145 135 119 104 151 142 127 109
9.1 Merchanting and other trade-related 
services41 43 39 38 37 38 39 40
9.2 Operational leasing services 30 34 34 35 34 38 41 43
9.3 Miscellaneous business, professional and 
technical services77 80 77 70 77 82 79 71
9.3.1 Legal, accounting, management and 
public relations services16 20 22 19 25 28 31 21
9.3.2 Advertising, market research and public
opinion polling16 18 19 20 17 20 21 22
9.3.3 Research and development services 9 13 15 15 10 13 15 14
9.3.4 Architectural, engineering and other 
technical consultancy11 14 14 15 14 17 14 17
9.3.5 Agricultural, mining, and on-site 
processing7 7 10 10 8 10 11 13
9.3.6 Other miscellaneous business, 
professional and technical services48 49 51 37 49 49 52 38
10 Personal, cultur al and recreational
services29 31 35 39 37 40 43 44
10.1 Audio-visual and related services 15 17 20 26 20 24 26 30
10.2 Other personal, cultural and recreational 
services19 21 24 26 23 23 29 29
Source:  Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance of Payments statistics, January 1999.S/C/W/94
Page 20
Table A2:  Share of goods and commercial services in the total trade of select ed regions and economies,
1996
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Exports Imports
Value Percentage share Value Percentage share
Total Goods Commercial
servicesTotal Goods Commercial
services
World 6580 80.7 19.3 6460 80.4 19.6
North America 1062 77.1 22.9 1153 84.8 15.2
Canada 234 87.8 12.2 210 83.0 17.0
United States 828 74.2 25.8 943 85.2 14.8
Latin America 309 84.8 15.2 317 82.4 17.6
Argentina 27 88.6 11.4 28 80.4 19.6
Brazil 54 89.2 10.8 67 79.2 20.8
Chile 19 82.4 17.6 20 82.1 17.9
Colombia 14 74.0 26.0 17 76.6 23.4
Mexico 107 90.0 10.0 99 90.0 10.0
Venezuela 25 94.3 5.7 15 68.0 32.0
Western Europe 2852 79.2 20.8 2659 78.9 21.1
Austria 91 61.4 38.6 94 67.6 32.4
Belgium-Luxembourg 189 81.7 18.3 179 81.5 18.5
Denmark 67 75.6 24.4 58 74.4 25.6
Finland 48 84.9 15.1 38 77.5 22.5
France 364 77.3 22.7 333 80.3 19.7
Germany 601 86.9 13.1 578 78.1 21.9
Greece 15 38.9 61.1 25 84.8 15.2
Ireland 55 89.8 10.2 47 71.4 28.6
Italy 321 78.5 21.5 258 74.1 25.9
Netherlands 225 78.3 21.7 199 77.5 22.5
Norway 64 78.2 21.8 50 73.5 26.5
Portugal 34 75.8 24.2 41 84.2 15.8
Spain 147 70.1 29.9 143 83.2 16.8
Sweden 101 83.6 16.4 85 78.0 22.0
Switzerland 122 78.5 21.5 109 85.9 14.1
Turkey 45 71.6 28.4 49 87.7 12.3
United Kingdom 338 77.4 22.6 345 81.7 18.3
Africa 152 82.3 17.7 155 76.8 23.2
Angola 5 95.8 4.2 4 54.0 46.0
Côte d'Ivoire 5 88.4 11.6 4 64.7 35.3
Egypt 14 34.5 65.5 18 73.7 26.3
Morocco 9 76.9 23.1 10 85.7 14.3
Nigeria 15 95.7 4.3 10 58.6 41.4
South Africa 34 87.1 12.9 33 82.5 17.5
Tunisia 8 68.6 31.4 8 86.5 13.5
Asia 1733 83.6 16.4 1741 80.0 20.0
Australia 78 77.0 23.0 79 77.1 22.9
China 172 88.0 12.0 154 85.5 14.5
Hong Kong, China 218 82.9 17.1 221 90.2 9.8
India 41 81.5 18.5 54 80.4 19.6
Indonesia 57 88.6 11.4 59 75.0 25.0
Japan 467 85.8 14.2 445 71.1 28.9
Korea, Rep. of 153 85.2 14.8 174 83.3 16.7
Malaysia 91 84.7 15.3 90 81.4 18.6
New Zealand 19 75.3 24.7 19 73.4 26.6
Philippines 33 61.4 38.6 41 77.2 22.8
Singapore 156 80.9 19.1 143 86.5 13.5
Taipei, Chinese 132 87.7 12.3 122 80.5 19.5
Thailand 71 76.5 23.5 83 76.8 23.2
Memorandum item:
European Union (15) 2596 79.5 20.5 2422 78.5 21.5
It is likely that for most economies trade in commercial services is understated. See the Technical Notes in WTO (1998),
Annual Report, International Trade Statistics.S/C/W/94
Page 21
Table A3:  World exports of commercial services by selected region, 1990-97
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
World1310 100.0 100.0 8 15 7 3
North America259 19.7 19.8 8 11 9 7
United States 230 17.3 17.5 8 11 8 7
Latin America5 1 3 . 7 3 . 9 8759
Mexico 11 0.9 0.9 6 -5 12 5
Brazil 8 0.5 0.6 11 25 -4 37
Western Europe598 52.9 45.6 5 15 4 1
European Union (15) 531 47.0 40.5 5 15 5 0
United Kingdom 85 6.8 6.5 7 15 7 12
France 80 8.4 6.1 3 11 -1 -3
Germany 75 6.5 5.7 6 27 5 -4
Italy 72 6.2 5.5 6 16 6 4
Africa28 2.4 2.1 6 10 8 3
Egypt 10 0.6 0.7 10 7 10 6
South Africa 5 0.4 0.4 5 12 3 11
Asia298 16.8 22.7 12 18 9 5
Japan 68 5.2 5.2 7 13 4 3
Hong Kong, China 37 2.3 2.8 11 10 9 0
Singapore 30 1.6 2.3 13 30 0 2
Korea, Rep. of 25 1.2 1.9 16 36 2 12
C h i n a 2 5 0 . 7 1 . 9 2 31 31 21 9
Australia 18 1.2 1.4 9 15 15 1S/C/W/94
Page 22
Table A4:  World imports of commercial services by selected region, 1990-97
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
World 1295 100.0 100.0 7 16 5 2
N o r t h  A m e r i c a 1 8 6 1 5 . 4 1 4 . 46976
United States 150 12.0 11.6 6 10 7 7
Latin America 66 4.2 5.1 10 5 7 18
B r a z i l 1 90 . 8 1 . 51 63 4 63 6
Mexico 12 1.2 0.9 2 -27 11 16
Western Europe 557 48.4 43.0 5 16 4 -1
European Union (15) 516 43.3 39.8 6 16 3 -1
Germany 120 9.7 9.3 6 21 1 -5
I t a l y 7 0 6 . 1 5 . 45 1 735
United Kingdom 69 5.5 5.3 6 11 7 9
France 62 6.2 4.8 3 15 2 -5
Africa 39 3.3 3.0 5 10 0 8
Egypt 7 0.4 0.6 12 -16 4 52
South Africa 6 0.5 0.5 6 19 -8 4
Asia 356 22.0 27.5 10 21 7 2
Japan 122 10.3 9.4 5 15 6 -5
C h i n a 3 00 . 5 2 . 33 35 6 - 93 4
Korea, Rep. of 29 1.2 2.2 16 39 15 0
T a i p e i ,  C h i n e s e 2 4 1 . 7 1 . 98 1 232
Hong Kong, China 23 1.3 1.8 11 12 4 6
Singapore 19 1.1 1.5 12 28 10 1
Table A5:  World exports of commercial services by category, 1990-97
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
All commercial services 1310 100.0 100.0 8 15 7 3
Transportation 320 28.4 24.4 5 13 2 2
Travel 430 33.1 32.8 7 15 7 1
Other commercial services 560 38.5 42.9 9 16 9 6
Note:  Exports of transportation services are significantly under-reported.  See the Technical Notes in WTO "Annual
Report, 1998, International Trade Statistics", 1998.S/C/W/94
Page 23
Table A6:  Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 1997
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Exporters Importers
Rank Value Share1996/1997
percentagechange Rank Value Share1996/1997
percentage
change
1 United States 229.9 17.5 7 1 United States 150.1 11.6 7
2 United Kingdom 85.5 6.5 12 2 Japan 122.1 9.4 -5
3 France 80.3 6.1 -3 3 Germany 120.1 9.3 -5
4 Germany 75.4 5.7 -4 4 Italy 70.1 5.4 5
5 Italy 71.7 5.5 4 5 United Kingdom 68.6 5.3 9
6 Japan 68.1 5.2 3 6 France 62.1 4.8 -5
7 Netherlands 48.5 3.7 -1 7 Netherlands 43.8 3.4 -2
8 Spain 43.6 3.3 -1 8 Canada 35.9 2.8 1
9 Hong Kong, China 37.3 2.8 0 9 Belgium-
Luxembourg32.1 2.5 -3
10 Belgium-
Luxembourg34.0 2.6 -2 10 China 30.1 2.3 34
11 Singapore 30.4 2.3 2 11 Korea, Rep. of 29.0 2.2 0
12 Canada 29.3 2.2 2 12 Austria 27.4 2.1 -10
13 Austria  a 28.5 2.2 … 13 Spain 24.3 1.9 1
14 Switzerland 25.6 2.0 -2 14 Taipei, Chinese 24.1 1.9 2
15 Korea, Rep. of 25.4 1.9 12 15 Hong Kong, China 22.7 1.8 6
16 China 24.5 1.9 19 16 Sweden 19.5 1.5 4
17 Turkey 19.2 1.5 49 17 Singapore 19.4 1.5 1
18 Australia 18.2 1.4 1 18 Brazil 19.0 1.5 36
19 Sweden 17.6 1.3 5 19 Russian Fed. 18.7 1.4 0
20 Taipei, Chinese 17.0 1.3 5 20 Australia 18.2 1.4 0
21 Denmark  a 16.5 1.3 ... 21 Thailand 17.2 1.3 -11
22 Thailand 15.8 1.2 -5 22 Malaysia 16.8 1.3 0
23 Philippines 15.1 1.2 17 23 Indonesia 16.1 1.2 9
24 Malaysia 14.5 1.1 4 24 Ireland 15.0 1.2 12
25 Norway 14.3 1.1 2 25 Denmark  b 14.7 1.1     ...
26 Russian Fed. 13.5 1.0 4 26 Norway 14.5 1.1 8
27 Mexico 11.2 0.9 5 27 Switzerland 14.1 1.1 -8
28 Poland  a 10.1 0.8     ... 28 Philippines 14.1 1.1 50
29 Egypt 9.7 0.7 6 29 Saudi Arabia 13.9 1.1 11
30 Greece  a 9.4 0.7     ... 30 Mexico 11.5 0.9 16
31 India  a 8.8 0.7     ... 31 India  b 11.0 0.9     ...
32 Israel 8.3 0.6 5 32 Israel 10.9 0.8 5
33 Brazil 7.9 0.6 37 33 Turkey 8.1 0.6 34
34 Portugal 7.5 0.6 -8 34 Finland 8.1 0.6 -6
35 Czech Rep. 7.0 0.5 -13 35 Egypt 7.2 0.6 52
36 Finland 6.8 0.5 -6 36 Poland  b 6.5 0.5     ...
37 Indonesia 6.8 0.5 5 37 Portugal 6.1 0.5 -6
38 Ireland 6.0 0.5 8 38 South Africa 6.0 0.5 4
39 Ukraine 4.9 0.4 3 39 Argentina 6.0 0.5 12
40 South Africa 4.9 0.4 11 40 Czech Rep. 5.3 0.4 -14
Total of above 1204.2 91.8 3 Total of above 1175.2 90.7 2
World 1310.0 100.0 3 World 1295.0 100.0 2
a  Secretariat estimates. … Not available.
Note:   Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and
rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies and by limitations in cross-country
comparability. See the Technical Notes in WTO "Annual Report, 1998, International Trade Statistics", 1998.S/C/W/94
Page 24
Table A7:  Share of top five and top ten exporters and importers of individual commercial services, 1997
(Percentage and number, balance of payments basis)
Exports Imports
Service sector Top 5 in % Top 10 in % Number of
countries
reportingTop 5 in % Top 10 in % Number of
countries
reporting
Commercial services (Services
excl. government services)43 61 113 42 58 113
Transportation, credit 41 63 110 41 58 112
Travel, credit 46 61 111 46 61 112
Communications services,
credit43 64 76 61 77 77
Construction services, credit 63 89 50 67 85 56
Insurance services, credit 56 75 86 45 61 99
Financial services, credit 75 91 54 65 82 57
Computer and information
services, credit64 94 45 66 90 43
Royalties and license fees,
credit88 96 56 60 80 70
Other business services, credit 38 60 107 37 54 112
Personal, cultural and
recreational services, credit76 91 40 63 87 45S/C/W/94
Page 25
Table A8:  Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 1997
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
ValueShare in world
exports/importsAnnual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
Exporters
United States 49.9 17.0 15.6 4 11 3 4
Japan 21.8 7.5 6.8 4 11 -4 1
Netherlands 19.9 6.0 6.2 6 15 5 -2
France 19.3 7.3 6.0 2 19 -2 -4
German y 18.9 6.6 5.9 4 17 1 -5
United Kin gdom 18.3 6.3 5.7 4 11 6 3
Italy 16.0 4.6 5.0 6 16 2 5
Hong Kon g, China  a 13.1 3.1 4.1 9 7 5  ...
Korea, Re p. of 11.0 1.4 3.4 19 26 -5 26
Belgium-Luxembour g 9.3 3.3 2.9 3 4 -5 -3
Norwa y 9.0 3.8 2.8 1 14 5 2
Denmark  a 7.2 1.8 2.2 8 10 6  ...
Spain 6.8 2.1 2.1 5 17 14 1
Canada 6.0 1.9 1.9 5 7 9 5
Sweden 5.7 2.1 1.8 3 13 3 12
Above 15 232.2 74.8 72.7 5 13 2 2
Importers
United States 46.7 13.5 12.2 4 6 4 6
Japan 31.1 9.8 8.1 3 13 -6 -7
Italy 24.8 5.4 6.5 8 25 1 5
German y 23.1 6.5 6.0 4 19 0 -7
United Kin gdom 21.3 5.7 5.6 5 7 10 12
France 19.7 6.6 5.1 2 18 -3 -5
Netherlands 13.6 4.3 3.6 3 4 0 -1
Korea , Rep. of 10.3 1.5 2.7 14 36 6 1
China 10.2 1.2 2.7 18 25 8 -1
Canada 8.3 2.2 2.2 5 4 1 2
Brazil 7.9 1.1 2.1 15 35 -11 55
Belgium-Luxembour g 7.6 2.3 2.0 3 1 -2 -1
Spain 7.1 1.8 1.9 6 24 8 3
Thailand 6.9 1.4 1.8 10 33 1 -12
Denmark  a 6.6 1.5 1.7 8 12 6  ...
Above 15 245.3 64.9 64.0 5 15 1 1
a  Includes Secretariat estimates.
… Not available.S/C/W/94
Page 26
Table A9:  Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 1997
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Share in world
Value Exports/imports Annual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
Exporters
U n i t e d  S t a t e s 8 5 . 2 1 8 . 4 1 9 . 8 9896
Italy 29.7 6.3 6.9 9 16 4 -1
France 27.9 7.8 6.5 5 11 3 -2
Spain 26.7 7.1 6.2 5 18 8 -3
United Kingdom 20.7 5.4 4.8 6 25 1 7
Germany 16.5 5.5 3.8 2 20 -2 -6
Austria 12.3 5.1 2.9 -1 11 -4 -12
C h i n a 1 2 . 1 0 . 7 2 . 8 3 21 91 71 8
Hong Kong, China  a) 10.9 2.0 2.5 11 16 13  ...
Australia 9.1 1.6 2.1 11 20 15 0
Canada 8.8 2.4 2.0 5 13 9 2
Thailand 8.1 1.7 1.9 9 33 13 -10
Switzerland 8.0 2.8 1.9 1 13 -5 -11
Mexico 7.6 2.1 1.8 5 -3 12 10
T u r k e y 7 . 0 1 . 2 1 . 6 1 21 51 42 4
Above 15 290.6 70.2 67.6 7 14 6 1
Importers
U n i t e d  S t a t e s 5 3 . 4 1 4 . 7 1 3 . 4 5567
Germany 46.0 13.1 11.6 4 15 -2 -10
Japan 33.0 9.1 8.3 5 20 1 -11
United Kingdom 28.2 6.9 7.1 7 11 3 11
I t a l y 1 6 . 6 4 . 0 4 . 2 7675
France 16.5 4.8 4.2 4 18 8 -7
Hong Kong, China  a) 12.1 1.8 3.0 14 22 9 ...
C a n a d a 1 1 . 3 4 . 2 2 . 8 0192
Austria 10.7 3.0 2.7 5 23 1 -9
Netherlands 10.2 2.9 2.6 5 24 -1 -11
China  b) 10.2 0.2 2.6 55 21 21 …
Russian Federation 10.1 2.0 2.5 10 64 -11 -2
Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5 2.1 2.1 6 19 4 -12
Taipei, Chinese 8.2 1.9 2.1 7 11 -4 1
Korea, Rep. of 7.0 1.1 1.8 14 41 18 -7
Above 15 282.1 71.7 71.0 6 15 3 0
a  Includes Secretariat estimates.
b  As a result of the implementation of the fifth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual in 1997, the data for 1997and 1996 are not comparable.  See the Technical Notes in WTO "Annual Report, 1998, International Trade Statistics", 1998.… Not available.S/C/W/94
Page 27
Table A10:  Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, 1997
(US$ billion and percentage, balance of payments basis)
Share in world
Value Exports/importsAnnual percentage change
1997 1990 1997 1990-97 1995 1996 1997
Exporters
United States 94.8 16.7 16.9 9 15 11 10
United Kingdom 46.5 8.3 8.3 9 11 11 18
Japan 42.0 7.1 7.5 10 16 6 3
Germany 40.0 7.4 7.1 9 37 10 -3
France 33.1 9.8 5.9 2 7 -3 -3
Italy 26.0 7.2 4.6 2 15 11 8
Netherlands 22.4 4.1 4.0 9 7 4 2
Belgium-Luxembourg 19.1 4.5 3.4 5 -12 3 3
Singapore 18.9 1.9 3.4 18 39 2 10
Switzerland 15.0 3.1 2.7 7 17 5 1
Canada 14.5 2.6 2.6 9 11 14 1
Austria  a) 13.4 2.6 2.4 8 24 15  ...
Hong Kong, China  b) 13.3 1.9 2.4 13 9 9  ...
Philippines 12.4 0.7 2.2 28 43 39 13
Spain 10.0 1.4 1.8 13 17 16 4
Above 15 421.4 79.3 75.1 8 15 9 4
Importers
Japan 58.0 11.9 11.3 8 14 19 0
Germany 51.0 9.6 9.9 9 28 5 0
United States 50.0 8.3 9.7 11 20 10 10
Italy 28.7 8.6 5.6 2 17 4 5
France 25.9 7.0 5.0 3 11 1 -5
Netherlands 19.9 3.6 3.9 9 9 0 3
United Kingdom 19.1 4.0 3.7 7 13 11 3
Canada 16.3 3.7 3.2 6 6 9 -1
Belgium-Luxembourg 16.0 4.3 3.1 3 -12 -1 1
Austria 15.1 1.8 2.9 17 49 12 -12
Spain 12.6 2.1 2.5 11 18 12 4
Korea, Rep. of 11.7 1.1 2.3 20 42 22 3
Ireland 10.8 0.9 2.1 22 39 26 16
China 9.6 0.1 1.9 58 123 -34 27
Philippines 9.5 0.2 1.8 47 48 32 62
Above 15 354.3 67.3 68.9 9 19 8 3
a  Growth rate in 1997 is affected by changes in the methodological treatment of unallocated flows.
b  Includes Secretariat estimates.
… Not available.S/C/W/94
Page 28Table B1:  Exports of services, all IMF Member countries, ten main sectors, 1997
(US$ million, balance of payments basis)
Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
informationRoyalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Albania 52 12 27 11 1 1
Argentina 2941 1084 1476 271 3 80 1 6 20
A r m e n i a 9 75 12 01 4 2 2 1 5 3
Aruba 799 49 689 5 6 4 1 0 44
Australia 18407 5025 9082 795 44 628 401 328 295 1451 358
Austria 26307 4079 11073 316 750 653 592 79 185 8370 210
Bahamas 1573 53 1416 104
Bangladesh 266 91 62 36 3 1 12 1 0 60 0
B e l a r u s 9 1 9 4 9 6 2 5 2 9 1 0 42122 2 5 8
Belgium-
Luxembourg33431 9336 5275 1249 899 754 4801 1368 650 8712 387
Belize 124 7 95 8 2 13
Bolivia 180 79 66 19 17
Brazil 6765 1963 1070 413 3319
Bulgaria 1308 449 368 26 106 19 81 259
B u r u n d i 321 0 1
Cambodia 150 50 68 22 10
Canada a) 29290 6008 8762 1385 56 2717 838 1243 495 7654 128
C a p e  V e r d e7 95 31 5 3 3 0 4
Chile 3592 1391 1039 52 124 83 904
China 24516 2968 12074 271 590 174 27 84 55 8263 10
Colombia 4053 1631 955 557 61 849
Congo 45 26 3 17
Costa Rica 1490 227 741 3 519
Côte d'Ivoire 577 192 111 274
Croatia 3994 665 2529 800
Czech Rep. 7033 1317 3620 61 371 37 186 39 34 1250 118
Denmark 15105 6808 3156 5141
Ecuador 689 298 290 10 77 14
Egypt 9096 2524 3727 181 78 38 43 5 54 2436 11
El Salvador 276 47 102 70 16 42
Estonia 1314 658 473 12 59 2 12 7 1 90 0
Ethiopia 318 211 22 25 9 1 4 0 46 0
Finland 7097 1959 1902 147 275 -123 27 958 93 1859
France 80269 19291 27882 636 3947 1414 1683 553 2046 21407 1410
Gambia 97 9 75 11 0 2
Germany 74722 18873 16466 1923 4696 1887 2568 2133 3168 22862 146
Greece 9224 176 3773 26 5249
Guatemala 542 77 266 49 1 6 7 1 135
Guinea 70 47 0 10 4 1 0 0 6 0
Honduras 328 66 146 82 7 1 0 26S/C/W/94
Page 29Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
informationRoyalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Hong Kong,
China a) 9637289 13098 10922 13269
Hungary 4825 502 2587 51 60 27 294 79 100 1064 61
Iceland 713 363 173 24 8 4 1 135 5
India 8679 1924 2890 226 12 3626
Indonesia 6792 6648 144
Ireland 6020 1149 2578 110 2183
Israel 8338 2075 2906 236 29 187 2905
Italy 71729 15987 29714 687 3348 1988 3769 235 490 15066 444
Jamaica 1428 238 1131 2 4 1 33 7 11 1
Japan 68136 21824 4329 1363 7861 346 1849 1414 7303 21614 234
Jordan 1717 390 774 4 548
Kazakstan 833 495 289 38 2 0 9
Kenya 764 334 385 24 15 4 2
Korea, Rep. of 25439 11005 4731 652 -2 159 3 252 8633 5
Kuwait 1513 1223 188 69 33
Kyrgyz Rep. 40 9 7 9 5 0 9 1
Lao People's
Dem. Rep.73 18 54 1 0
Latvia 1027 716 192 31 11 40 8 0 28 0
L i t h u a n i a 1 0 2 0 4 4 3 3 6 0 4 1 7 7 1 7631 7 0 1
Malaysia 14868 3000 3741 7 8120
Maldives 308 20 286 1 1
Mali 62 23 26 3 10
Malta 1089 263 647 13 45 0 0 121
Mauritius 914 221 490 0 203
Mexico 11214 1417 7593 1159 350 130 561 5
Moldova, Rep.
of1 2 7 6 0 3 9821110 1 7
Morocco 2203 440 1446 89 30 4 193
N a m i b i a 3 5 6 3 3 68112007
Nepal 795 55 146 595
Netherlands 48529 19865 6219 595 3288 177 489 796 2085 14560 456
New Zealand 3905 1157 2093 -3 658
Nicaragua 124 24 77 20 3
Nigeria 786 91 55 3 637
Norway 14256 9016 2096 201 13 400 55 33 85 2264 94
Oman 18 18
Pakistan 1463 821 103 304 8 33 2 2 168 22
Panama 1382 790 374 1 21 77 119
Peru 1447 296 825 168 114 44
Philippines 15130 357 2341 27 24 18 12363
Poland 8969 3112 2297 386 700 807 121 20 27 1451 48
Portugal 7523 1326 4559 235 221 147 179 42 26 683 106
Romania 1398 486 526 86 35 29 47 3 126 60
Russian Fed. 13898 3539 7165 627 91 127 176 2173S/C/W/94
Page 30Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
informationRoyalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Rwanda 42 17 17 08
Samoa 58 2 38 0 18
Saudi Arabia 4484 4484
Seychelles 231 82 143 6
Singapore 30379 5159 6359 445 18416
Slovak Rep. 2151 740 545 29 133 14 91 13 17 533 38
Slovenia 2032 465 1188 23 76 1 11 32 5 221 10
Solomon
Islands6 437 0 5 5
South Africa 4882 1217 2865 460 73 267
Spain 43570 6810 26748 551 491 658 936 1414 211 5404 347
Sri Lanka 850 389 209 30 223
Sudan 30 1 4 1 21 0 2
Swaziland 110 18 40 2 0 11 0 39
Sweden 17584 5724 3572 988 2337 366 1000 3597
Switzerland 96 26225 2476 8956 535 1431 6307 6519
Syrian Arab
Republic1366 214 1035 117
Taipei, Chin. a) 17021 3777 3403 613 127 471 722 28 237 7620 23
Tanzania,
United Rep.460 60 339 19 11 1 12 3 14
TFYR
Macedonia1 2 7 5 4 1 4 1 681202 2 9 1
Thailand 15619 2417 7660 205 40 71 44 5181
Tunisia 2427 644 1543 15 23 38 1 161 3
Turkey 19193 2193 7002 2455 43 347 4928 2225
Turkmenistan 269 134 33 4 98
Uganda 165 22 135 8
Ukraine 4937 4029 270 114 50 33 441
United
Kingdom91300 17859 22586 1634 379 5806 10283 1944 6901 22708 1200
United States 231896 47805 84292 4005 4083 2391 11064 33676 40846 3734
Uruguay 1465 419 759 66 11 82 128
Venezuela 1290 336 869 12 2 32 39
Yemen 164 34 66 65
Source: IMF;  a) includes national data.S/C/W/94
Page 31Table B2:  Imports of services, all IMF Member countries, ten main sectors, 1997
(US$ million, balance of payments basis)
Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
information.Royalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Albania 93 55 5 11 21 1
Argentina 6104 2750 2680 190 205 2 240 37
Armenia 157 92 41 3 2 11 1 3 3
Aruba 557 235 156 17 24 32 2 4 86
Australia 18406 6462 6136 857 871 248 220 1074 2088 451
Austria 24804 2924 10124 374 478 788 581 156 691 8441 247
Bahamas 791 183 250 1 75 65 10 205 2
Bangladesh 1184 850 178 11 1 81 22 1 8 32 1
B e l a r u s 3 5 4 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 37542 5 6
Belgium-
Luxembourg31606 7627 8275 485 926 655 3086 769 1099 8044 641
Belize 100 40 34 0 8 0 1 17
Bolivia 379 246 57 39 5 32
Brazil 17612 6477 5446 338 5351
Bulgaria 1153 500 222 35 14 29 76 277
B u r u n d i 3 32 01 0 1 0 2
Cambodia 182 92 13 12 40 8 18
Canada a) 35944 8319 11319 1311 96 3527 1174 680 1998 7425 94
C a p e  V e r d e6 63 71 7 0 1 01 0
Chile 3854 1983 863 54 140 53 761
China 30063 10248 10166 290 1209 1045 325 231 543 5962 44
Colombia 4171 1282 958 730 51 1125 24
Congo 553 238 51 19 246
Costa Rica 1135 482 334 63 25 231
Côte d'Ivoire 1186 594 186 406
Croatia 1972 399 521 1051
Czech Rep. 5305 630 2355 55 353 80 194 39 78 1310 211
Denmark 14936 6741 4121 4074
Ecuador 1089 574 227 8 183 64 4 29
Egypt 5813 1912 1347 20 170 26 6 365 1946 21
El Salvador 354 208 75 39 32
Estonia 649 340 120 15 21 14 10 9 5 113 3
Ethiopia 378 220 40 6 12 20 0 2 78 0
Finland 8180 1931 2193 193 70 94 20 679 504 2496
France 62086 19669 16506 667 1844 1176 1607 517 2476 15808 1816
Gambia 60 33 16 5 3 2
Germany 118144 23084 46025 2906 6084 1957 1146 2964 4694 26720 2565
Greece 4196 1219 1327 211 58 1381
Guatemala 627 328 119 5 10 27 16 2 121
Guinea 204 124 23 7 1 7 0 1 41
Honduras 359 216 62 22 10 3 4 5 35 4S/C/W/94
Page 32Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
information.Royalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Hong Kong,
China a) 9622733 5286 12093 5353
Hungary 3634 426 1154 41 67 87 257 80 192 1292 38
Iceland 787 265 324 25 24 13 2 125 9
India 12277 6813 1342 650 150 3321
Indonesia 16214 5400 2411 40 509 7854
Ireland 15032 2016 2213 188 4140 6476
Israel 10867 3822 4024 320 291 183 2228
Italy 70146 24810 16631 1055 1249 1789 4984 592 1004 16943 1089
Jamaica 1146 525 181 0 5 79 2 0 28 326 0
Japan 122079 31111 33009 1714 5456 2025 2684 3483 9620 31891 1086
Jordan 1241 685 398 82 76
Kazakstan 1081 391 445 13 11 222
Kenya 731 366 194 6 86 2 39 39
Korea, Rep. of 29037 10310 6988 865 162 74 66 2414 8022 137
Kuwait 4302 1642 2558 66 36
Kyrgyz Rep. 169 91 4 9 7 13 0 0 45 0
Lao People's
Dem. Rep.112 40 21 1 35 5 10
Latvia 637 201 326 23 31 6 15 2 1 32 0
L i t h u a n i a 8 5 0 3 6 0 2 7 7 4 3 7 5 1 8635 5 6 7
Malaysia 17363 5469 2478 9416
Maldives 86 42 38 4 3
Mali 324 224 42 5 53
Malta 764 326 191 11 112 3 13 106 3
Mauritius 678 252 177 27 222
Mexico 11813 1695 3892 401 4043 313 501 963 5
Moldova, Rep.
of1 8 2 1 0 3 4 8241200 2 2
Morocco 1267 571 315 28 40 123 190
Namibia 494 170 99 0 7 44 1 12 4 157
Nepal 216 62 103 50
Netherlands 43812 13646 10232 577 1757 682 522 683 2455 12725 535
New Zealand 4893 2038 1451 164 1239
Nicaragua 229 77 65 3 6 78
Nigeria 4694 744 1816 110 2024
Norway 14460 5189 4452 168 14 632 58 116 336 3278 218
Oman 1166 488 47 54 577
Pakistan 2413 1727 352 21 43 60 19 178 12
Panama 1154 762 164 1 78 71 15 65
Peru 2190 901 421 66 160 58 80 504
Philippines 14073 2673 1935 511 110 158 8686
Poland 5681 1590 589 234 378 840 188 86 175 1544 57
Portugal 6148 1689 2155 116 153 298 159 100 285 1047 145
Romania 1998 664 681 23 21 36 60 11 29 411 62
Russian Fed. 19082 3080 10113 354 789 388 11 4347S/C/W/94
Page 33Country Total Transport Travel Communic. Construction Insurance Financial Computer &
information.Royalties &
licence feesOther
businessPersonal, cult. &
recreational
Rwanda 151 64 71 11 5
Samoa 39 19 5 2 0 1 0 12
Saudi Arabia 13927 235 11573
Seychelles 115 56 30 7 1 22
Singapore 19422 6318 6137 1000 5967
Slovak Rep. 2062 342 439 27 102 39 89 29 85 870 40
Slovenia 1439 365 544 26 51 2 22 50 52 300 27
Solomon
Islands9 069 3 0 7 2
South Africa 6050 2748 1947 507 258 589
Spain 24264 7142 4491 454 177 1011 640 848 1565 6689 1248
Sri Lanka 1270 760 180 78 252
Sudan 168 126 33 2 4 0 0 2 0
Swaziland 224 31 37 2 1 7 0 1 39 105
Sweden 19462 4700 6579 764 2443 228 957 3790
Switzerland 96 15387 3832 7533 727 158 3137
Syrian Arab
Republic1302 668 545 89
Taipei, Chin. a) 24112 6488 8198 530 235 459 877 75 1148 5902 200
Tanzania,
United Rep.706 206 407 12 4 21 0 0 55
TFYR
Macedonia2 6 6 1 3 2 2 725 4 4312 4 9 2
Thailand 17126 6872 3416 128 257 892 804 4757
Tunisia 1014 504 234 5 68 36 4 154 10
Turkey 8085 1881 1716 160 41 505 984 2798
Turkmenistan 669 153 125 12 240 11 127
Uganda 693 242 137 27 287
Ukraine 2268 476 305 115 192 80 1100
United
Kingdom71837 21795 28462 2146 234 981 288 640 6332 10079 881
United States 152448 47184 52730 8652 345 5208 3906 9411 24805 207
Uruguay 903 477 264 48 45 21 7 41
Venezuela 5213 1512 2515 43 73 98 956 16
Yemen 555 296 81 178
Source: IMF;  a) includes national data.S/C/W/94
Page 34Table C1:  Value added of foreign affiliates, value added of all firms, and share of foreign affiliates, by industry
(US$ million and percentage)
United States Japan France UK Czech Republic Finland Norway
1995 1995 1994 1996 1994 1995 1995 1994
All Foreign All Foreign All Foreign Foreign All Foreign All Foreign All
Industries firms Affiliates Share Firms affiliates firms affiliates Share affiliates firms affiliates Share firms affiliates Share firms
All Activities 7,035,800 326,955 4.6 2,947,833 55,126 605,774 68,999 11.4 - 38,488 3,064 8.0 67,219 5,862 8.7 110,995
Agriculture, hunting and forestry;  fishing 111,000 650 0.6 9,039 - 3,311 120 3.6 - 1,961 6 0.3 1,003 0 0.0 3,147
Mining and quarrying 99,800 8,978 9.0 9,470 - 4,751 203 4.3 - 1,079 13 1.2 331 x - 14,699
Total manufacturing 1,286,300 178,071 13.8 982,724 37,043 242,536 47,180 19.5 - 12,703 1,376 10.8 26,356 2,771 10.5 14,211
Electricity, gas and water 202,000 2,530 1.3 63,994 - 33,619 6 0.0 - 2,582 2 0.1 2,075 x - 3,083
Construction 286,400 3,427 1.2 368,317 - 31,396 423 1.3 - 3,431 104 3.0 3,705 227 6.1 4,256
Total services 5,308,100 133,299 2.5 1,122,152 16,765 290,161 21,067 7.3 - 16,732 1,563 9.3 33,738 2,753 8.2 71,600
Wholesale and retail trade;  repair of 1,203,800 68,765 5.7 - - 99,713 12,110 12.1 11,121 5,917 798 13.5 11,264 1,739 15.4 12,581
 motor vehicles and personal goods
          Trade and repair of motor vehicles 61,100 163 0.3 - - 11,899 1,681 14.1 213 538 52 9.6 1,550 148 9.6 1,984
          Wholesale trade 484,400 44,488 9.2 347,856 - 53,216 9,260 17.4 6,541 3,229 639 19.8 5,588 1,540 27.6 10,598
          Retail trade 658,300 24,114 3.7 349,922 - 34,598 1,169 3.4 4,367 2,150 107 5.0 4,126 51 1.2 -
Hotels and restaurants 60,600 4,624 7.6 33,987 - 9,020 580 6.4 1,242 570 49 8.6 1,506 x - 1,568
Transport, storage, communications of
which:372,800 23,904 6.4 284,079 - 75,494 1,087 1.4 - 2,436 77 3.2 7,814 258 3.3 12,078
          Total transport 228,700 15,022 6.6 - - 26,702 334 1.3 537 1,072 15 1.4 4,369 117 2.7 7,636
                  Land transport - - - 170,805 - 22,414 249 1.1 - 1,065 13 1.3 3,063 x - 4,316
                  Water transport 10,800 279 2.6 16,590 - 569 40 7.1 - 3 0 4.4 x x - 2,697
                  Air transport 54,900 9,409 17.1 - - 3,719 45 1.2 - 4 1 27.5 x x - 623
          Telecommunications 144,100 8,882 6.2 - - 22,475 93 0.4 436 - - - 1,429 x - 1,704
Financial intermediation of which: 289,000 11,467 4.0 - - 2,556 172 6.7 - 3,604 332 9.2 - - - 5,463
          Monetary intermediation - - - - - - 24 - - 2,837 282 9.9 - - - 3,616
          Other financial intermediation 115,300 2,910 2.5 - - -4 5 - -8 74 4 5 0 . 8 - - - 6 6 5
                    Financial holding companies -3,200 -314 9.8 - - -- -- 00- --- -
          Insurance financial intermediation 173,600 8,557 4.9 - - - 80 - - 662 12 1.9 - - - 1,183
          of which:
                    Life insurance - - - - - -- -- 4 11 2 . 9 - 0- 2 6 0
                    Pension funds - - - - - -- ----- - 0- 2 5
                    Auxiliary insurance activities - - - - - - 73 - - 62 3 5.1 - - - 48
Real estate, renting and business services of
which:1,422,400 18,979 1.3 - - 80,280 6,585 8.2 - 3,174 220 6.9 6,015 502 8.3 15,571
          Real estate 842,700 5,574 0.7 108,058 - 14,075 280 2.0 - 325 13 3.9 817 24 2.9 9,915
          Computer and related services - 2,675 - - - 9,039 913 10.1 1,781 349 27 7.6 1,027 226 22.0 671
          of which:
                    Software - - - - - 3,138 396 12.6 - - - - 607 179 29.5 -
          Research and development - 426 - - - 1,360 101 7.4 290 77 0 0.5 53 x - 356
          Other business activities of which: - 10,304 - - - 48,385 4,520 9.3 6,003 2,291 180 7.8 3,941 202 5.1 4,301
                    Legal, accounting,
                    bookkeeping etc-- - - - 15,975 1,285 8.0 169 - - - 1,633 50 3.1 1,018
                    Advertising - 1,227 - - - 1,145 83 7.2 952 - - - 283 30 10.6 307
Other community and personal services 1,729,800 5,560 0.3 - - 23,097 533 2.3 - 566 83 14.6 2,852 55 1.9 24,338
          Motion picture and video activities 25,900 2,212 8.5 - - 2,761 33 1.2 - - - - 74 1 1.9 -
Not allocated -28,100 0 0.0 - - -- ----- x x- -
x  Data not published for confidentiality reasons.
Source:  OECD "Joint OECD/EUROSTAT Survey on the Activity of Domestic Firms and of Foreign Affiliates in the Services Sector.  First Results", DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP(98)16, Nov. 1998.S/C/W/94
Page 35Table C2:  Employment by foreign affiliates, employment by all firms, and share of foreign affiliates, by industry
(Thousands and percentage)
United States Japan Germany France UK Czech Republic Finland Norway
1992 1995 1995 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1995 1994 1995
All Foreign Foreign All Foreign Foreign All Forei gn Foreign All Foreign All Foreign All Foreign
Industries firms affiliates Share Affiliates firms Affiliates affiliates firms affiliates Share affiliates Firms affiliates Share Firms affilia tes Share firms affiliates
All Activities 91,902 4,843 5.3 4,928 43,608 227 750 11,317 812.3 7.2 - 3,827 194.0 5.1 1,096 79.7 7.3 1,867.6 94.7
Agriculture, hunting & forestry;
fishing3,802 19 0.5 - 209 - 1 80 1.8 2.3 - 51 0.0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 27.8 -
Mining and quarrying 638 63 9.8 - 106 - 4 58 1.9 3.3 - 96 0.0 0.0 4 x - 25.9 6.0
Total manufacturing 18,205 2,338 12.8 - 13,602 175 478 3,648 469.7 12.9 - 1,439 105.0 7.3 391 37.9 9.7 283.5 27.5
Electricity, gas and water 915 34 3.7 - 209 - 1 196 0.1 0.1 - 87 0.0 0.0 14 x - 20.6 -
Construction 4,668 59 1.3 - 5,698 - 12 851 7.3 0.9 - 392 9.0 2.3 77 4.3 5.5 87.6 5.8
Total services 63,674 2,331 3.7 2,426 19,196 46 255 6,484 331.5 5.1 - 1,762 80.0 4.5 589 36.4 6.2 1,422.1 54.0
Wholesale and retail trade;  repair of
motor vehicles and personal goods24,199 1,048 4.3 1,215 - - 155 2,173 155.2 7.1 344.7 710 46.0 6.5 194 19.2 9.9 269.2 27.7
       Trade and repair of motor
       vehicles1,756 71 4.0 - - - 8 299 11.6 3.9 75.0 48 1.0 2.1 29 1.6 5.6 34.4 1.0
       Wholesale trade 5,791 451 7.8 - 4,962 - 112 874 113.8 13.0 181.9 234 31.0 13.2 72 16.5 23.0 234.8 22.6
       Retail trade 18,407 597 3.2 - 6,858 - 36 1,000 29.8 3.0 87.9 428 14.0 3.3 93 1.0 1.1 - 4.1
Hotels and restaurants 8,037 243 3.0 - 667 - 19 343 16.5 4.8 29.2 136 7.0 5.1 41 x - 53.4 2.1
Transport, storage, communications
of which:4,634 193 4.2 360 3,537 - 16 1,260 19.5 1.5 - 331 2.0 0.6 134 4.1 3.0 173.4 3.6
       Total transport 3,340 175 5.2 - - - 11 628 6.3 1.0 7.8 231 1.0 0.4 71 2.0 2.8 100.7 1.1
               Land transport 1,462 66 4.5 - 2,526 - 10 558 5.2 0.9 - 230 1.0 0.4 55 x - 39.5 -
               Water transport 171 2 1.2 - 129 - 1 12 0.4 3.4 - 0 0.0 - x x - 49.7 0.6
               Air transport 707 106 15.0 - - - 1 58 0.6 1.1 - 1 0.0 0.0 x x - 11.4 -
       Telecommunications 1,294 18 1.4 - - - 2 167 1.6 0.9 10.1 - - - 16 x - 17.2 -
Financial intermed. of which: 5,278 338 6.4 194 - - 21 568 1.7 0.3 - 82 5.0 6.1 53 0.8 - 50.7 6.8
       Monetary intermed. 2,100 128 6.1 - - - 11 388 0.1 0.0 - 61 2.0 3.3 37 0.3 - 31.1 -
       Other financial intermed. 852 57 6.6 - - - 0 - 0.2 - - 4 0.0 0.0 3 0.4 - 3.9 5.3
                Fin. holding comp 1,734 1 0.0 - - - 0 - - - - 0 0.0 - x x - - -
       Insur. fin. intermed. of which: 2,152 153 7.1 - - - 9 - 1.2 - - 15 2.0 13.3 11 x - 15.8 1.5
                 Life insurance 609 45 7.4 - - - - - 0.1 - - 1 1.0 100.0 x 0.0 - 4.0 -
                 Pension funds 34 - - - - - - - - - - 1 0.0 0.0 x 0.0 - 0.3 -
                Aux. insurance act. 636 - - - - - - - 0.8 - - 0 0.0 - 0 x - 1.5 -
Real estate, renting and business
services of which:6,774 390 5.8 658 - - 38 1,694 125.8 7.4 - 351 18.0 5.1 115 7.4 6.4 116.2 9.1
       Real estate 1,231 38 3.1 - 1,050 - 1 186 2.0 1.1 - 33 1.0 3.0 18 0.4 2.0 8.9 0.7
       Computer & related serv
       of which:886 34 3.9 - - - 6 165 8.5 5.1 43.6 30 1.0 3.3 16 2.9 18.9 10.7 2.2
                Software 131 - - - - - - 53 3.1 5.8 - - - - 10 2.3 23.2 - -
       R & D 408 8 1.8 - - - 1 26 1.0 3.8 7.5 9 0.0 0.0 1 x - 7.6 -
       Other business act. of which: 1,742 310 17.8 - - - 19 1,266 109.2 8.6 334.3 271 16.0 5.9 78 3.9 5.0 84.7 5.1
                 Legal, accounting,
                 bookkeeping etc1,466 5 0.3 - - - - 259 24.3 9.4 193.9 - - - 22 0.6 2.9 17.6 -
                 Advertising 196 19 9.7 - - - - 29 1.6 5.7 18.1 - - - 5 0.4 7.3 4.8 0.5
Other community and perso. serv 3,130 112 3.6 - - - 5 446 12.9 2.9 - 69 2.0 2.9 53 1.0 1.9 759.2 4.3
       Motion picture and video act. 354 44 12.4 - - - - 22 0.1 0.5 - - - - 1 0.0 2.6 - -
Not allocated 11,622 7 0.1 - - - - - - - - - - - x x - - 1.5
x  Data not published for confidentiality reasons.
Source:  OECD "Joint OECD/EUROSTAT Survey on the Activity of Domestic Firms and of Foreign Affiliates in the Services Sector.  First Results", DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP(98)16, Nov. 1998.S/C/W/94
Page 36Table C3:  Turnover of foreign affiliates, turnover of a ll firms, and share of foreign affiliates, by industry
(US$ million and percentage)
United States Japan Germany France U.K. Czech Republic Finland Norway
1992 1995 1995 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1995 1994 1995
All firms Foreign
affiliatesShare Foreign
affiliatesAll firms Foreign
affiliatesForeign
affiliatesAll firms Foreign
affiliatesShare Foreign
affiliatesAll firms Foreign
affiliatesShare All
firmsForeign
affiliatesShare All firms Foreign
affiliates
All Activities 13,599,053 1,333,867 9.8 1,561,879 15,784,581 166,207 354,546 2,394,698 294,282 12.3 - 115,776 9,654 8.3 225,867 23,606 10.5 207,7 03 42,984
Agriculture, hunting &
forestry;  fishing165,377 2,193 1.3 - 45,824 - 279 10,543 436 4.1 - 5,755 12 0.2 2,669 0 0.0 6,114 -
Mining and quarrying 162,095 14,168 8.7 - 35,945 - 558 12,652 428 3.4 - 3,255 25 0.8 881 - - 19,234 7,875
Total manufacturing 3,004,723 493,680 16.4 - 4,334,243 109,965 184,914 812,791 164,566 20.2 - 48,856 5,406 11.1 87,013 8,800 10.1 48,000 7,460
Electricity, gas and water 311,502 3,475 1.1 - 196,978 - 279 63,800 14 0.0 - 8,731 12 0.1 6,765 - - 4,123 -
Construction 581,630 15,848 2.7 - 1,807,718 - 2,233 91,217 1,340 1.5 - 12,170 388 3.2 10,893 936 8.6 13,567 1,007
Total services 9,373,724 804,503 8.6 838,522 8,281,868 53,839 166,353 1,403,696 127,498 9.1 - 37,010 3,810 10.3 117,622 13,549 11.5 116,665 26,122
Wholesale and retail trade;
repair of motor vehicles andpersonal goods5,199,067 496,233 9.5 559,816 - - 136,208 757,987 93,497 12.3 157,817 13,158 1,985 15.1 78,328 10,985 14.0 20,858 17,709
       Trade and repair of
       motor vehicles800,041 97,245 12.2 - - - 18,631 97,805 19,400 19.8 26,155 1,320 102 7.7 11,183 1,646 14.7 3,433 1,855
       Wholesale trade 3,249,874 419,070 12.9 - 4,744,800 - 108,715 440,906 67,271 15.3 114,557 7,137 1,596 22.4 43,038 9,090 21.1 17,425 14,576
       Retail trade 1,949,193 77,163 4.0 - 1,877,593 - 8,862 219,276 6,825 3.1 17,106 4,700 287 6.1 24,107 249 1.0 - 1,279
Hotels and restaurants 271,202 11,452 4.2 - 83,112 - 1,326 20,623 1,268 6.1 2,689 1,792 128 7.2 4,173 x - 3,484 145
Transport, storage,
communications of which:573,263 29,754 5.2 72,035 720,310 - 5,931 147,520 4,666 3.2 - 6,836 325 4.8 16,426 993 6.0 25,384 1,191
       Total transport 341,414 26,135 7.7 - - - 2,442 62,050 1,101 1.8 1,684 3,521 45 1.3 8,729 225 2.6 17,163 427
               Land transport 228,804 9,406 4.1 - 356,397 - 1,954 45,369 866 1.9 - 3,470 38 1.1 5,017 x - 6,901 -
               Water transport 29,524 950 3.2 - 63,406 - 279 4,935 153 3.1 - 16 2 12.4 X x - 8,222 311
               Air transport 83,085 15,779 19.0 - - - 209 11,746 81 0.7 - 35 6 16.9 X x - 2,040 -
       Telecommunications 231,849 3,619 1.6 - - - 1,326 31,466 363 1.2 1,354 - - - 2,419 x - 2,853 -
Financial intermed. of which: 1,708,387 208,547 12.2 133,223 - - 10,327 256,785 8,801 3.4 - 5,002 537 10.7 - - - 7,544 4,444
       Monetary intermed. 532,163 101,895 19.1 - - - - 99,243 3,384 3.4 - 3,651 365 10.0 - - - 4,945 -
       Other financial intermed. 246,994 30,765 12.5 - - - 70 - 299 - - 414 109 26.4 - - - 883 3,417
                 Fin. holding comp. 72,396 3 0.0 - - - 70 - - - - 0 0 - - - - - -
       Insur. fin. intermed.
       of which:856,833 75,887 8.9 - - - 10,188 155,812 4,926 3.2 - 840 46 5.5 - - - 1,715 958
                 Life insurance 378,402 32,175 8.5 - - - - - 493 - - 65 8 13.0 - 0 - 451 -
                 Pension funds 6,085 - - - - - - - - - - 25 3 10.6 - 0 - 69 -
                Aux. insurance act. 60,734 - - - - - - - 850 - - 123 5 4.4 - - - 68 -
Real estate, renting and
business services of which:538,733 40,552 7.5 73,448 - - 11,723 173,612 17,766 10.2 - 7,625 656 8.6 13,461 1,202 8.9 23,041 2,136
       Real estate 229,294 15,021 6.6 - 361,694 - 977 30,792 560 1.8 - 927 52 5.6 2,627 45 1.7 12,145 122
       Computer & related serv.
       of which:104,650 4,726 4.5 - - - 1,326 17,082 1,938 11.3 4,013 718 71 9.8 2,048 553 27.0 1,476 500
               S o f t w a r e 2 0 , 8 2 0---- -- 5 , 5 9 9 7 9 8 1 4 . 3---- 1 , 1 9 2 4 3 1 3 6 . 1--
        R & D 22,910 880 3.8 - - - 140 3,978 158 4.0 614 171 1 0.7 87 x - 553 -
       Other business act.
       of which:182,997 19,925 10.9 - - - 4,466 108,504 13,640 12.6 16,460 5,542 520 9.4 8,284 492 5.9 8,335 1,209
              Legal, accounting,
              bookkeeping etc145,634 925 0.6 - - - - 44,132 8,811 20.0 290 - - - 3,638 116 3.2 1,518 -
              Advertising 22,673 2,784 12.3 - - - - 1,875 139 7.4 3,929 - - - 445 42 9.5 1,339 205
Other community and perso.
serv.77,799 14,438 18.6 - - - 907 47,169 1,499 3.2 - 1,582 168 10.6 5,234 137 2.6 36,354 415
       Motion picture & video
       act.4 5 , 6 6 3 1 0 , 4 9 9 2 3 . 0-- -- 4 , 1 3 4 1 1 7 2 . 8---- 1 6 8 1 7 1 0 . 3--
Not allocated 1,005,275 3,527 0.4 - - - - - - - ---- X x-- 4 9 2
x  Data not published for confidentiality reasons.
Source:  OECD "Joint OECD/EUROSTAT Survey on the Activity of Domestic Firms and of Foreign Affiliates in the Services Sector.  First Results", DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP(98)16, Nov. 1998.S/C/W/94
Page 37
Table D1:  Compensation of employees by originating and host country, 1995-97
(US$ million)
Credit Debit
Rank Country 1995 1996 1997 Rank Country 1995 1996 1997
1 Philippines 4928 4306 5742 1 Switzerland 7054 6764 …
2 Belgium-Luxembourg 4481 4491 3917 2 Germany 5509 5503 4787
3 Germany 4507 4310 3775 3 United States 3851 4023 4327
4 France 2652 2605 2365 4 Belgium-Luxembourg 2491 2578 2438
5 Italy 1934 2189 1844 5 Italy 1447 1668 1697
6 Thailand 1695 1806 1658 6 United Kingdom 1866 1277 1513
7 United Kingdom 1399 1421 1649 7 Israel 931 1383 1402
8 Switzerland 1232 1164 … 8 France 1649 1252 1146
9 Austria 1012 984 919 9 Netherlands 1084 1006 945
10 Korea, Rep. of 774 745 706 10 Russian Fed. 469 508 568
11 Mexico 695 725 681 11 Norway 505 534 552
12 Netherlands 666 695 656 12 Australia 309 420 417
13 South Africa 370 528 529 13 South Africa 413 387 370
14 Australia 431 507 527 14 Sweden 302 387 355
15 Japan 1151 257 353 15 Greece 300 319 342
16 Ireland 347 362 314 16 Japan 1820 257 341
17 Brazil 61 193 248 17 Austria 346 346 341
18 Greece 304 185 246 18 Malaysia 131 220 340
19 Spain 158 175 240 19 Czech Rep. 100 302 340
20 Syrian Arab Republic 339 313 238 20 Ecuador 274 278 288
Source:  Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments statistics, January 1999.
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