WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/MIN(03)/ST/67
12 September 2003
(03-4829)
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
Fifth Session
Cancún, 10 - 14 September 2003Original:  Spanish
CUBA
Statement by H.E. Mr Ricardo Cabrisas Ruíz
Minister of Government
At this Conference you will have no difficulty in appreciating just how unreal the concept of
"trade liberalization" is for the Cuban delegation, when our country's right to trade freely has been
denied – for nearly half a century – by the world's most powerful nation, contemptuous of the opinionof the United Nations General Assembly and its near -unanimous censure over the last 11 years of the
economic, trade and financial blockade suffered by Cuba.
What is the scenario of this Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference?  A world economy in crisis,
intensified social problems, increasingly unequal trade flows, serious political conflicts that threatenworld peace and stability.  The world is clamouring for change, but this must start with open
recognition of the problems and their solutions.
This concept of trade liberalization which, even with the Uruguay Round, should have helped
boost the international economy and hence living sta ndards in all the countries involved, has had
results that fall dramatically short of the expectations at that time, for 85 per cent of humanity.
The effects have differed as between the various nations.  These imbalances in trade are
nothing more than a reflection of the yawning gulfs between countries in terms of levels of economic
development.  Addressing the problem from the stand point that it can be solved by simply leaving it
to blind market forces has increased these differences perceptibly, an effect that will amplify with the
passage of time.
Certain indicators for the period 1995-2002, coinciding with the start of the tasks undertaken
by the WTO, provide stark confirmation of the critical situation across the underdeveloped world.
• Total exports of commodities, which are essential to the economies of most of the
underdeveloped nations, have decreased as a proportion of world trade, from 26.5 per
cent in 1980 to 22.1 per cent in 2000.
• The prices of non-oil commodities have declined by an average of 1.3 per cent a year.
For example, in the 1970s the price of a ton of sugar paid for three-and-a-half tons ofoil;  in 2002, it did not even pay for one.  Revenue lost by the five main
underdeveloped raw-sugar exporting countries during the last five years due to priceerosion has totalled around 3.4 billion dollars.  Similarly, the price of coffee has
fallen by 62 per cent from the average price during the 1980s, involving some
30 billion dollars in lost revenues among the underdeveloped producers over the last
five years.WT/MIN(03)/ST/67
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• The volume of exports has decreased compared with the period 1985-1994, while
imports have evidenced an opposite trend.
• 62.8 per cent of world trade in manufactured goods is concentrated in Western
Europe, Canada and the United States.  The corresponding proportions in LatinAmerica and Africa during 2000 were 4.7 per cent and 0.8 per cent respectively.
The path to world free trade continues to be littered with obstacles created by the developed
nations, notably by one great economic power:
• Customs barriers remain, as do other forms of protectionism.
• Agricultural subsidies within the OECD countries are running at 274 billion dollars
per year.
• Extraterritorial application of national legislation.
• And most recently, new restrictions on trade in food products under rules allegedly
designed to combat bio-terrorism, threatening exports from underdeveloped nationsworth over 800 million dollars.
International trade will become a means of stimulating development only with the
disappearance of unequal trade flows and the introduction of fair prices for the underdeveloped
nations' products.
We are confronted by a world situation marked by increasing concentration of financial
resources, in which the rich have got richer and the poor poorer.  These resources feed themselves by
means of parasitic operations which sometimes wipe out in a few days wealth laboriouslyaccumulated for years in the underdeveloped countries.
The last decade has seen neither a sustainable boom nor economic stability.  It has been
marked by a series of financial crises in various parts of the world;  by recession;  by financial
scandals and frauds among large corporations in the main economic centres and even inunderdeveloped countries.
Neoliberal measures in their manifold guises have not only encouraged the movement of
capital towards the major transnationals and the developed world and control by them of natural
resources and scientific/technical discoveries;  they have also become another mechanism forexploiting the underdeveloped nations and the workers of the world, as factors of a near-stagnant
international economy.
Liberalization of financial services is possibly one of the greatest risks facing the
underdeveloped world, with its foreign debt of over 2,200 billion dollars by the end of 2002, despitehaving paid out, between 1990 and 2002, some 3,400 billion in debt servicing.
There is talk of a new, knowledge-based economy, a concept that may prevail in the future.
Nonetheless, the present international economic orde r denies knowledge to the greater part of the
world's population.
The massive accumulation of capital by the rich nations enables them to invest in developing
new technologies, while the underdeveloped world barely subsists with its present level of external
income.  It is vain to believe that, in these circumstances, the poor nations are miraculously to becomeWT/MIN(03)/ST/67
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rich!  If these contradictions are not resolved quickly, all we can expect is greater inequality and a
process of trade liberalization that produces trade flows which merely replicate that inequality.
In the meantime, the real results for living standards in the underdeveloped world, as depicted
in the worsening of the basic social indicators, reveal a scenario that is bleak indeed:
• Of the estimated 826 million starving people, 94 per cent live in the underdeveloped
world.
• Life expectancy at birth is just 48 years in Sub-Saharan Africa;  the average in the
industrialized world is 78 years.
• In 2001, the number of those affected by HIV/AIDS worldwide totalled 40 million, of
whom 95 per cent were in the underdeveloped world.  The rate of infection is 11 men,women and children every minute.
• Healthcare spending at less than $25 per capita applies to 932 million inhabitants of
34 underdeveloped countries.  At the other extreme, the corresponding figure of
$1,000 per capita applies to 840 million people in 23 developed nations, of which
16 are in Europe.
• In the Third World, over 12 million children die every year from diseases that are
largely avoidable.
• Over 250 million people suffer the direct effects of desertification;  one-third of the
world's land mass is threatened.
To sum up, we can conclude that the serious economic and social problems afflicting the most
vulnerable section of humanity, far from easing, are in fact worsening.
The promises of economic expansion made to the underdeveloped nations have not been
fulfilled, while we have been subjected to even greater obligations and conditionalities in the WTO.
Since the Seattle failure and up to the start of this Fifth Ministerial Conference, the delicate
balance achieved through the Doha programme has brought very little progress.  Indeed, only
six months on from Doha, fierce protectionist  attitudes emerged, seriously jeopardizing the
negotiating process undertaken in Geneva.  Examples include the Farm Bill and the duty surcharges
imposed by the United States on certain steel imports.
The preparations in Geneva for this Fifth Ministerial Conference have demonstrated the great
differences of approach and of interests between the main industrialized nations on the one hand and
the countries of the South on the other.
Issues of interest to the underdeveloped nations, including trade in agricultural products;
special and differential treatment;  implementation issues;  treatment of small economies;  market
access;  the links between trade, debt and finance;  trade and environment, as well as trade and
technology transfer, have been undermined by a lack of political will, delaying tactics and occasional
intransigence on the part of the main trading powers, based on their economic pre-eminence.
This scenario makes reaching a consensus at the WTO increasingly difficult and shows the
urgent need to review an alleged equality of opportunity that ignores the wide and growing gulf
between the industrialized and underdeveloped worlds.  Cuba accordingly proposes that the currentWT/MIN(03)/ST/67
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rules be revisited as a matter of the utmost urgency, along with greater transparency in allowing
effective participation by all Member States.
Unity and solidarity among the underdeveloped nations at the WTO are essential to the
prospects for reforming the current rules of interna tional trade.  These should represent a mechanism
for facilitating economic development and relieving poverty:  restructuring of the multilateral trading
system is essential to supporting the key objectives of the nations fighting to eradicate poverty,
develop human resources, raise standards of publ ic health, eliminate pandemics such as AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and similar diseases affecting humanity, correct the imbalance in trade flows and
solve the problem of foreign debt.
To sum up, we must campaign to reach the real dimension of development.  We have no
choice but to seek practical solutions and make radical changes to the prevailing economic and social
order, which is no longer tenable or sustainable.
In this struggle for a better world, Cuba is bringing about a complete revolution in the life of
its society and in awareness.  We are calling it the Battle of Ideas;  after three years' hard work, it hasproduced over 150 social programmes, mainly in th e fields of education and health, and without cost
to the citizen, implementing measures in the fields of general and artistic culture, communication, a
basic restructuring of the school systems, dissemination of political and economic concepts and
issues, involvement in social work and a large number of other ambitious projects that are already
bringing encouraging results.
This mammoth task is being pursued without affecting our commitment to one of our noblest
principles:  internationalist solidarity and aid, basically in the form of supplying doctors and teachers,
who give of their best in any place their services are needed.
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