WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE
ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO
Centre William Rappard    Rue de Lausanne 154    Case postale    CH - 1211 Genève 21
 Téléphone:  (+41 22) 739 51 11    Fax:  (+41 22) 731 42 06
Internet:  http://www.wto.orgReference:     WLI/100 20 November 2002
MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
DONE AT MARRAKESH ON 15 APRIL 1994
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
CERTIFICATION OF RECTIFICATIONS OR IMPROVEMENTS
TO SCHEDULES OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
TRANSMISSION OF CERTIFIED TRUE COPIES
I have the honour to furnish herewith a certified true c opy of the Certifications of rectifications or
improvements to the Schedules of Specif ic Commitments of the following Members.1
Suriname, effective as of 20 December 1997
Cyprus, effective as of 30 January 1998Barbados, effective as of 20 February 1998Uganda, effective as of 24 December 1998Guatemala, effective as of 12 March 1999Côte d'Ivoire, effective as of 18 March 1999Uganda, effective as of 11 August 1999Kenya, effective as of 11 August 1999Morocco, effective as of 12 October 2000
The completion of procedures for these rectificat ions or improvements is evidenced in documents
S/L/54 (Suriname); S/L/56 (Cyprus); S/L/57 (Barbados ); S/L/66 (Uganda); S/L/69 (Guatemala); S/L/72 (Côte
d'Ivoire); S/L/77 (Kenya); and S/L/78 (Uganda).
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Director-General
02-6361 WT/Let/432
1For ease of reference, the texts of these rectifications  or improvements have also been circulated as documents
GATS/SC/80/Suppl.1 (Suriname); GATS/SC/25/Suppl.1 (Cyprus); GATS/SC/9/Suppl.1 (Barbados); GATS/SC/89/Suppl. 1(Uganda); GATS/SC/36/Suppl.1/Rev.1 (Guatemala); GATS/SC/23/Suppl.2 (Côte d'Ivoire); GATS/SC/89/ Suppl.1/Rev.1(Uganda); GATS/SC/47/Suppl.2 (Kenya); GATS/SC/57/Suppl.2/Rev.1 (Morocco).MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
DONE AT MARRAKESH ON 15 APRIL 1994
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
CERTIFICATION OF RECTIFICATIONS OR IMPROVEMENTS
TO SCHEDULES OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS
WHEREAS drafts containing rectifications or improv ements to certain Members' Schedules of Specific
Commitments were communicated to all Members of the World Trade Organization in documents S/C/W/29 on19 November 1997 (Suriname), S/C/W/34 on 30 Dece mber 1997 (Cyprus), S/C/W/35 on 20 January 1998
(Barbados), S/C/W/53 on 24 September 1998 (Uganda), S/C/W/86 on 9 December 1998 and S/C/W/86/Corr.1
on 18 December 1998  (Côte d'Ivoire), S/C/W/88  on 11  December 1998 (Guatemala), S/C/W/106 on 12 May1999 (Uganda), S/C/W/107 on 12 May 1999 (Kenya) and S/C/W/132 on 14 July 2000 (Morocco).
WHEREAS documents S/L/54, S/L/56, S/L/57, S/L/66, S/L/69, S/L/72, S/L/77 and S/L/78 evidence the
completion of procedures for these rectifications or improvements;
IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the annexed rectif ications or improvements to the Schedules of
Specific Commitments of the following Members are duly established and constitute an integral part of their
Schedules of Specific Commitment s as of the dates indicated:
Suriname, effective as of 20 December 1997
Cyprus, effective as of 30 January 1998Barbados, effective as of 20 February 1998Uganda, effective as of 24 December 1998Guatemala, effective as of 12 March 1999Côte d'Ivoire, effective as of 18 March 1999Uganda, effective as of 11 August 1999Kenya, effective as of 11 August 1999Morocco, effective as of 12 October 2000
This Certification is deposited with the Director-G eneral of the World Trade Organization, who shall
promptly furnish a certified true copy to each Member of the World Trade Organization.  It shall be registered in
accordance with the provisions of Articl e 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
DONE at Geneva on this eighteenth day of November, two thousand and two.
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Director-General
Certified copy:
Director-General1THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
(This is authentic in English only)
This text is inserted as the Telecommunica tion services section in document GATS/SC/80.
20 December 19972SURINAME - SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Lim itations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
COMMUNICATION SERVICES
C. Telecommunications servicesSee attached additional
commitments on regulatorydisciplines.
For public use
- Fixed network infrastructure- Local, domestic, long distance
and international
(a) Voice telephone services
(including public pay telephoneservices, operator and emergencyservices)
(d) Telex services(f) Facsimile services(g) Private leased circuit services(o) Other services
Fixed satellite services(1) Bypass of the duopoly operators is not permitted.
Long distance and international traffic must berouted through the operators that are licensed tosupply long-distance services. Deliberatelyreversing the real directi on of this international
traffic is not allowed.
(2) Long distance and international traffic must be
routed through the operators that are licensed tosupply long-distance services. Deliberatelyreversing the real directi on of this international
traffic is not allowed.
(3) The duopoly operators are granted exclusivity for a
period of five years ending on 1 January 2003.Before the expiration of this period, theGovernment will determine the circumstancesunder which additional operators can be licensed.Foreign equity participation which is applicable asof 1 January 1998 is limited to 40%.(1) None
(2) None
(3) NoneA regulatory body will be
established in 1998.
The Government will
submit to Parliament a newdraft law onTelecommunication. Thislaw will provide thelegislative framework forthe provision of tele-communication servicesreflecting technologicaladvances and pro-competitive practices in thesector.
Duopoly was established to
provide services incompetition. Duopolyoperators have theobligation to provideservices to the underservedpopulation centers.
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures.(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures.
For public use and non-public use on
leased lines only:(1) Bypass of the network facilities of the duopoly
operators is not permitted. Long distance andinternational traffic must be routed through the(1) None3Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Lim itations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
(b) Packet-switched data transmission
services
(c) Circuit-switched data
transmission services
(o) Other services: Internet and
Internet access services (exceptvoice) Teleconferencing servicesoperators that are licensed to supply long distance
and international transmission facilities.
(2) None(3) None, except that bypass of the network facilities
of the duopoly operators is not permitted.
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures
For non-public use:
(a) Voice telephone services(1) Only on network facilities supplied by the
exclusive duopoly operators. Bypass and resale ofexcess capacity are not permitted.
(2) None(3) Only on network facilities supplied by the
exclusive operators. Bypass and resale of excesscapacity are not permitted.
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures
For public use:
(o) Other services:
Mobile services (terrestrial andsatellite based)
- Cellular/mobile telephone
services
- Personal communications services(1) Licenses are granted for a period of five years
ending on 1 January 2003. Before the expiration ofthis period, the Government will determine thecircumstances under which additional operatorscan be licensed. Bypass of the network facilities ofthe duopoly operators is not permitted.
(2) None(1) None4Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Lim itations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
(3) Licenses are granted for a period of five years
ending on 1 January 2003. Before the expiration ofthis period the Government will determine thecircumstances under which additional operatorscan be licensed. Foreign equity participation whichis applicable as of 1 January 1998 is limited to40%.
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures.(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures
For pubic use
(c) Other services:
- Mobile data services
- Paging services- Trunked radio systems services
(excluding phone patching)
- Telecommunications equipment
sales
- Telecommunications equipment,
rental maintenance, connection,repair and consulting services(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated under horizontal
measures5REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic telecommunications services.
Definitions
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers. 
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public telecommunications transport network or service that
(a) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;  and
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a service.
A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation (having regard to
price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as a result of:
(a) control over essential facilities;  or(b) use of its position in the market.
1. Competitive safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone or together,
are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:(a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization; (b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results;  and(c) not making available to other services suppliers on a timely basis technical  information about
essential facilities and commercially relevant information which are necessary for them to provideservices.
2. Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport networks or
services in order to allow the users of one supplier to  communicate with users of another supplier and  to access
services provided by another supplier, where specific commitments are undertaken.
2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the network. 
Such interconnection is provided.
(a) under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications) and6rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its own like services or for like
services of non-affiliated service suppliers or for its subsidiaries or other affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and cost-oriented rates that are tr ansparent, reasonable, having regard to economic
feasibility, and sufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for network componentsor facilities that it does not require for the service to be provided;  and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the majority of
users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary additional facilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection agreements or a
reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have recourse, either:
(a) at any time or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in paragraph 5 below, to resolve
disputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within a reasonable period of time, to
the extent that these have not been established previously.
3. Universal service
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to maintain.  Such
obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are administ ered in a transparent, non-
discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessary for the kind ofuniversal service defined by the Member.
4. Public availability of licensing criteria
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:
(a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time no rmally required to reach a decision concerning
an application for a licence  and
(b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences.The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.75. Independent regulators
The regulatory body is separate from, and not account able to, any supplier of basic telecommunications
services. The decisions of and the procedures used by regulators shall be impartial with respect to all market
participants.
6. Allocation and use of scarce resources
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights of
way, will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. The current state ofallocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed identification of frequencies allocated forspecific government uses is not required.
__________8CYPRUS
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
(This is authentic in English only)
This text is inserted as the Telecommunica tion services section in document GATS/SC/25.
30 January 19989CYPRUS - SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Lim itations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
2.C Telecommunication ServicesNOTE 1A Telecommunications Policy Review Study was
commissioned by the Government which covered theregulatory framework in which CYTA operates and thechanges which have to take place for the gradualliberalization of the market. The Council of Ministers isexpected to decide on the specific measures to be takenwithin 1998.
Domestic and international services providedusing any network technology, in a facilities basedor resale basis, in the following market segments:(a) Voice telephony (CPC 7521)(b) Packet switched data transmission services
(CPC 7523**)(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) Unbound (see note 1 above)(4) Unbound (see note 1 above)(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) Unbound(4) Unbound
(c) Circuit switched data transmission (CPC
7523**)
(d) Telex services (CPC 7523**)(e) Telegraph services (CPC 7522)(f) Facsimile services (CPC 7521** + 7529)(g) Private leased circuit services (CPC 7522,
CPC  7523)
NOTE:The National legislation established Cyprus Telecommunications Authority (CYTA) as the only authorized entity for this ins tallation, operation and maintenance of telecommunications networks in Cyprus as well as for the
procession of all telecommunications services.10Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector Limitations on Market Access Lim itations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
(o) Other
Mobile servicesSatellite servicesPaging services(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) Unbound (see note 1 above)(4) Unbound (see note 1 above)(1) Unbound
(2) None(3) Unbound(4) Unbound11BARBADOS
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
(This is authentic in English only)
This text is inserted as the Telecommunica tion services section in document GATS/SC/9.
20 February 199812BARBADOS - SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector
(GNS/W/120 Coding)Limitations on Market Access Limitations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
2.C. Telecommunications Services Barbados undertakes the
obligations contained in thereference paper hereto
For public use:
a. Voice telephone services (7521)
b. Packet-switched data transmission services
(7523**)
c. Circuit-switched data transmission services
(7523**)
d. Telex services (7523**)e. Telegraph services (7522)f. Facsimile services
(7521**, 7529**)
g. Private leased circuit services (7522**,
7523**)(1) Until 1 January 2012, reserved to exclusive
suppliers.
(2) None(3) Until 1 January 2012, reserved to exclusive
suppliers.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.13Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector
(GNS/W/120 Coding)Limitations on Market Access Limitations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
For non-public use (i.e. closed user groups, on a
non-facilities basis):
a. Voice telephone services (7521)
b. Packet-switched data transmission (7523**)c. Circuit-switched data transmission services
(7523**)
d. Telex services (7523**)e. Telegraph services (7522)f. Facsimile services (7521**, 7529**)(1) Until 1 January 2012, only permitted over networks
of the exclusive suppliers; two-ended break-out notpermitted.
(2) None(3) Until 1 January 2012, only permitted over networks
of the exclusive suppliers; two-ended break-out notpermitted.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.
Value-added services:
h. Electronic mail (7523**)i. Voice mail (7523**)j. On-line information and data base retrieval
(7523**)
k. Electronic data interchange (7523**)l. Enhanced/value-added facsimile services, incl.
store and forward, store and retrieve (7523**)
m. Code and protocol conversionn. On-line information and/or data processing
(incl. transaction processing) (843**)(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.
Other:
- Internet and internet access services(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal14Modes of supply:        1)    Cross-border supply     2)    Consumption abroad       3)    Commercial presence      4)    Prese nce of natural persons
Sector or Sub-sector
(GNS/W/120 Coding)Limitations on Market Access Limitations on National Treatment Additional Commitments
section. section.
- Mobile services (terrestrial and satellite based)
- cellular/mobile telephone services- mobile data services- personal communication services-p a g i n g(1) None as of 1 January 1999
(2) None(3) None as of 1 January 1999(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.
- Fixed Satellite Services
- VSAT services (for non-public use)(1) None, except: two-ended break-out is not
permitted.
(2) None, except: two-ended break-out is not
permitted.
(3) None, except: two-ended break-out is not
permitted.
(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.
- Telecom equipment sales, rental, maintenance,
connection, repair and consulting services(7541, 7545)(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound except as indicated in the horizontal
section.15REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic telecommunications services.
Definitions
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers. 
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public telecommunications transport network or service that
(a) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;  and
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a service.
A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation (having regard to
price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as a result of:
(a) control over essential facilities;  or(b) use of its position in the market.
1. Competitive safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone or together,
are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:(a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization; (b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results;  and(c) not making available to other services suppliers on a timely basis technical  information about
essential facilities and commercially relevant information which are necessary for them to provideservices.
2. Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport networks or
services in order to allow the users of one supplier to  communicate with users of another supplier and  to access
services provided by another supplier, where specific commitments are undertaken.
2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the network. 
Such interconnection is provided.
(a) under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications) and16rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its own like services or for like
services of non-affiliated service suppliers or for its subsidiaries or other affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications) and
cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard to economic feasibility, andsufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for network components or facilities thatit does not require for the service to be provided;  and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the majority of
users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary additional facilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection agreements or a
reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have recourse, either:
(a) at any time or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in paragraph 5 below, to resolve
disputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within a reasonable period of time, to
the extent that these have not been established previously.
3. Universal service
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to maintain.  Such
obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are administ ered in a transparent, non-
discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessary for the kind ofuniversal service defined by the Member.    
4. Public availability of licensing criteria
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:
(a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time no rmally required to reach a decision concerning
an application for a licence  and
(b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences.The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.175. Independent regulators
The regulatory body is separate from, and not account able to, any supplier of basic telecommunications
services. The decisions of and the procedures used by regulators shall be impartial with respect to all market
participants.
6. Allocation and use of scarce resources
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights of
way, will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. The current state ofallocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed identification of frequencies allocated forspecific government uses is not required.18UGANDA
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
(This is authentic in English only)
This text is inserted as the Telecommunica tion services section in document GATS/SC/89.
24 December 199819UGANDA - SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national treatment Additional commitments
2.C. Telecommunications Services*
Facilities based public-switched
telecommunication services on fixednetwork infrastructure:Uganda undertakes the obligations
contained in the reference paperattached hereto.
(a) Basic voice services except over
value-added networks like Internet
(b) Packet-switched data(c) Circuit-switched data(d) Telex services(f) Facsimile services(g) Private leased circuit services
*Excludes video and audio broadcast
services(1) International traffic only carried through
networks of the duopoly major licence holders.
(2) None(3) Existing monopoly anticipated not to go beyond
December 1998. Thereafter, Uganda TelecomLimited (UTL) and Second National Operator(SNO)
1 duopoly exclusivity, subject to Uganda
Government review after 2003. No limitations onforeign investment except that neither UTL norits affiliates shall hold ownership in the SNO orits affiliates and neither SNO or its affiliates shallhold ownership in the UTL or its affiliates.
Company must be registered in Uganda. Bulksale of capacity allowed only to other major orminor licence holders.(1) None
(2) None
(3) NoneThe interpretation of "Major
licence" and "Minor licence" are asby the definitions given by theUganda Communications Act1997.
2
                                                     
1"SNO" means the first public operator other than UTL issued with a major licence.
2i.e. Major licence includes a licence for the provision of local, long distance or international telephone services, trunk capa city resale, rural telecommunications, store and forward messaging, cellular or mobile
services and;  minor licence includes all other licences not being major licences.20Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national treatment Additional commitments
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel except
where Ugandans are or become available. Entry and temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
Private voice & data for closed user groups
(group of people with stable common andlong-term economic interest)(1)        None, except where provider is a commercial
minor licence operator, the first cross-borderaccess alternative should be through theduopoly major licence holder.
(2)                    None(3)        Resale of excess capacity not allowed. 
Company must be registered in Uganda.
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel except
where Ugandans are or become available. Entry and temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.21Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national treatment Additional commitments
(o)  Other
      - Mobile cellular voice and data (1)        Roaming is allowed but cross-border access
permitted only via network of duopoly majorlicence operator.
(2)                     None(3)        One operator existing. Up to 2003 a maximum
of (two) 2 more operato rs to have cellular
mobile licences as a service within majorlicence. Company must be registered inUganda
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel except
where Ugandans are or become available. Entry and temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
      - Data services   TCP/IP (Internet) (1) None
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4) Unbound(1) None
(2) None(3) None(4) Unbound22Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national treatment Additional commitments
      - Paging services (1)        Cross border permitted only via major licence
operator.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4) Unbound(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4) Unbound
      - Private mobile radio      - Trunked mobile radio(1)        Cross-border supply only via a duopoly major
licence operator
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel except
where Ugandans are or become available. Entry and temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
Global mobile personal communications by
satellite operations (1)       None apart from arrangements under GMPCS-
MoU.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4) Unbound(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4) Unbound23REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic
telecommunications services. 
Definitions
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers. 
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public te lecommunications transport network or service
that:
(a) Are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of
suppliers;  and
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a
service.
A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of
participation (having regard to price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as
a result of:
(a) Control over essential facilities;  or(b) use of its position in the market.
Competitive safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone
or together, are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:(a) Engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization; (b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results;  and(c) not making available to other servi ces suppliers on a timely basis technical
information about essential facilities and commercially relevant information which arenecessary for them to provide services.
Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transportnetworks or services in order to allow the users of one supplier to communicate with users of another supplierand to access services provided by another supp lier, where specific commitments are undertaken.242.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the
network.  Such interconnection is provided:
(a) Under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its own likeservices or for like services of non-affiliated se rvice suppliers or for its subsidiaries or other
affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and cost-oriented rates that ar e transparent, reasonable, having regard to
economic feasibility, and sufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for networkcomponents or facilities that it does not require for the service to be provided;  and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the
majority of users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary additionalfacilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly
available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection
agreements or a reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have recourse, either:(a) At any time;  or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in paragraph 5 below, to resolve
disputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within a reasonable period of time,to the extent that these have not been established previously.
Universal service
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to
maintain.  Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are administered in a
transparent, non-discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessaryfor the kind of universal service defined by the Member.
Public availability of licensing criteria
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:
(a) All the licensing criteria and the period of time normally required to reach a decision
concerning an application for a licence;  and
(b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences.The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.25Independent regulators
The regulatory body is separate from, and not accountable to, any supplier of basic
telecommunications services. The decisions of and the pr ocedures used by regulators shall be impartial with
respect to all market participants.
Allocation and use of scarce resources
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scar ce resources, including frequencies, numbers and
rights of way, will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. The currentstate of allocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed identification of frequencies
allocated for specific government uses is not required
.26GUATEMALA
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
Revision
(This is authentic in Spanish only)
This text replaces document GATS/SC/36/Suppl.1 on telecommunication services.
12 March 199927GUATEMALA - LISTA REVISADA DE COMPROMISOS ESPECÍFICOS
Modos de suministro:        1)    Suministro transfronterizo     2)    Consumo en el extranjero       3)    Presencia comercial       4)    Presencia de personas físicas
Sector o subsector Limitaciones al acceso a los mercados L imitaciones al trato nacional Compromisos adicionales
2. SERVICIOS DE
COMUNICACIONES
C. Servicios de telecomunicacionesEl Gobierno de Guatemala adquiere
compromisos adicionales que se expresan enel anexo.
a. Servicios de teléfono (7521)b. Servicios de transmisión de datos
con conmutación de paquetes(7523)
c. Servicios de transmisión de datos
con conmutación de circuitos(7523)
d. Servicios de télex (7523)e. Servicios de telégrafo (7522)1) El tráfico internacional debe ser enrutado a través
de las instalaciones de una empresa con título deusufructo de frecuencia y/o Certificado delRegistro de Telecomunicaciones de laSuperintendencia de Telecomunicaciones.
2) Ninguna1) Ninguna
2) Ninguna
f. Servicios de facsímil
(7521, 7529)
g. Servicios de circuitos privados
arrendados (7522, 7523)
o. Otros
Servicios de radiobúsqueda(75291)Servicios celulares (75213)Servicios de comunicaciónpersonalesServicios móviles de datosServicios por satélite3) Ninguna
4) Sin consolidar, excepto lo indicado en los
compromisos horizontales3) Ninguna
4) Sin consolidar, excepto lo indicado
en los compromisos horizontales28Compromisos adicionales de Guatemala en materia de
reglamentación para facilitar la competencia
Alcance
A continuación figuran definiciones y principios relativos al marco reglamentario de los servicios de
telecomunicaciones básicas.
Definiciones
Por usuarios se entiende los consumidores de servicios de telecomunicaciones.
Por instalaciones esenciales se entiende toda instalaci ón de una red o servicio públicos de transporte de
telecomunicaciones que:
a) sea suministrada exclusivamente o de manera predominante por un solo proveedor o por un
número limitado de proveedores;  y
b) cuya sustitución con miras al suministro de un servicio no sea factible en lo económico o en lo
técnico.
Un proveedor importante es un proveedor que tenga la capacidad de afectar de manera importante las
condiciones de participación (desde el punto de vista de los precios y del suministro) en un mercado dado de
servicios de telecomunicaciones básicas como resultado de:
a) el control de las instalaciones esenciales;  ob) la utilización de su posición en el mercado.
1. Salvaguardias de la competencia
1.1 Prevención de las prácticas anticompetitivas en la esfera de las telecomunicaciones
Se mantendrán medidas adecuadas con el fin de im pedir que aquellos proveedores que, individual o
conjuntamente, sean un proveedor importante, empleen o sigan empleando prácticas anticompetitivas.
1.2 Salvaguardias
Las prácticas anticompetitivas a las que se hace referencia supra  incluirán, en particular, las siguientes:
a) realizar actividades anticompetitivas de subvención cruzada;b) utilizar información obtenida de competidores con resultados anticompetitivos;  yc) no poner oportunamente a disposición de los demás proveedores de servicios la información
técnica sobre las instalaciones esenciales y la información comercialmente pertinente que éstos
necesiten para suministrar servicios.
2. Interconexión
2.1 Este artículo se refiere al enlace con los proveedores que suministren redes o servicios públicos de
transporte de telecomunicaciones, con objeto de que los usuarios de un proveedor puedan comunicarse con los
usuarios de otro proveedor y tener acceso a lo s servicios suministrados por otro proveedor.
2.2 Interconexión que se ha de asegurar
Dentro de los límites en que se permita el acceso al mercado, la interconexión con un proveedor
importante quedará asegurada en cualquier punto técnicamente viable de la red.  Esta interconexión se facilitará:29a) en términos y condiciones (incluidas las normas  y especificaciones técnicas) y con tarifas que no
sean discriminatorias, y será de una calidad no menos favorable que la facilitada para sus propiosservicios similares o para servicios similares de proveedores de servicios no afiliados o para sus
filiales u otras sociedades afiliadas;
b) en una forma oportuna, en términos y condiciones (incluidas las normas y especificaciones
técnicas) y con tarifas que sean transparentes, tengan en cuenta la viabilidad económica, y esténsuficientemente desagregados para que el proveedor no deba pagar por componentes oinstalaciones de la red que no necesite para el suministro del servicio;  y
c) previa solicitud, en puntos adicionales a los puntos de terminación de la red ofrecidos a la
mayoría de los usuarios, a un precio que refleje el costo de construcción de las instalaciones
adicionales necesarias.
2.3 Disponibilidad pública de los procedimientos de negociación de interconexiones
Se pondrán a disposición del público los procedimientos aplicables a la interconexión con un proveedor
importante.
2.4 Transparencia de los acuerdos de interconexión
Se garantiza que todo proveedor importante pondrá a disposición del público sus acuerdos de
interconexión o una oferta de interconexión de refere ncia únicamente durante el período comprendido del 18 de
mayo de 1997 hasta el 18 de mayo de 2000.
2.5 Interconexión:  solución de diferencias
Si dentro de un plazo de 40 días (h ábiles) las partes no llegan a un acuerdo en cuanto al acceso de recursos
esenciales, la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones -S IT- deberá resolver al respecto por el procedimiento
especificado en la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones.
Contra resoluciones originarias de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, únicamente podrá
interponerse recurso de revisión, el cual deberá se re suelto por el Ministerio de Comunicaciones, Transporte y
Obras Públicas.  Contra cualquier resolución derivada de un recurso de revisión dictado por el Ministerio deComunicaciones, Transporte y Obras Pública, pro cederá el recurso del contencioso administrativo.
3. Servicio universal
Todo Miembro tiene derecho a definir el tipo de obligación de servicio universal que desee mantener.  No
se considerará que las obligaciones de esa naturaleza son anticompetitivas per se , a condición de que sean
administradas de manera transparente y no discriminato ria y con neutralidad en la competencia y no sean más
gravosas de lo necesario para el tipo de servicio universal definido por el Miembro.
4. Disponibilidad pública de los criterios de otorgamiento de títulos de usufructo
Cuando se exija un título de usufructo, se pondrán a disposición del público:a) todos los criterios de concesión de títulos de usufructo y los plazos normalmente requeridos para
tomar una decisión relativa a una solicitud de títulos de usufructo;  y
b) los términos y condiciones de los títulos de usufructo individuales.A solicitud del interesado le serán comunicadas las razones de la denegación del título de usufructo.
5. Independencia de la entidad de reglamentación
El órgano de reglamentación será independiente de todo proveedor de serv icios de telecomunicaciones30básicas y no responderá ante él.  Las decisiones del órga no de reglamentación y los procedimientos aplicados serán
imparciales con respecto a todos los participantes en el mercado.
6. Asignación y utilización  de recursos escasos
Todo procedimiento para la asignación y utilización  de recursos escasos, como las frecuencias, los
números y los derechos de pago, se llevará a la práctica de manera objetiva, oportuna, transparente y nodiscriminatoria.  Se pondrá a disposición del público el estado actual de las bandas de frecuencia asignadas, pero noes preciso identificar detalladamente las frecuencias asignadas a usos oficiales específicos.31CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 2
(This is authentic in French only)
This document replaces the financial services section of document GATS/SC/23.
18 March 199932CÔTE D'IVOIRE – LISTE D'ENGAGEMENTS SPÉCIFIQUES
Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
7. SERVICES 
FINANCIERS
A. Services d'assurance et
services connexes
a) Assurance sur la vie
b) Assurances autres que sur
la vie1) Conformément aux dispositions du Code des
assurances de la Conférence Interafricaine desMarchés d'Assurance (CIMA), les contratsd'assurance concernant une personne, un bien ouune responsabilité situés en Côte d'Ivoire, nepeuvent être souscrits qu'auprès des organismesagréés pour pratiquer des opérations d'assurance enCôte d'Ivoire.1) Aucune
2) Non consolidé 2) Non consolidé
3) Les activités d'assurance d'une entreprise
étrangère ne peuvent être exercées que sous formede filiale agréée ou de succursale agréée. L'obtention de l'agrément est conditionnée parl'honorabilité, la qualification, les garantiesfinancières apportées et un examen des besoinséconomiques.3) Aucune
4) Non consolidé sauf pour le personnel employé
par les sociétés d'assurance4) Conformément aux dispositions du Code des
assurances CIMA, le mandataire général d'unesuccursale de société d'assurance étrangère doitavoir son domicile et résider en Côte d'Ivoire depuissix mois.33Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
c) Services de réassurance et
de rétrocession1) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires
2) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires3) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires4) Non consolidé1) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires
2) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires3) Non consolidé pour les cessions obligatoires4) Non consolidé
d) Intermédiation en
assurance:
- courtage et
agence1) - Obligation est faite aux courtiers d'obtenir un
agrément du Ministre en charge du secteur desassurances pour le pl acement des risques de
toutes natures situés en Côte d'Ivoire et dejustifier d'un établissement permanent en Côted'Ivoire.
- Obligation est faite aux agents d'obtenir un
mandat d'une société d'assurance agréée, dejustifier d'un établissement permanent en Côted'Ivoire et d'obtenir une carte professionnelledu Ministre en charge du secteur desassurances.1) Aucune
2) Non consolidé
3) - En ce qui concerne les courtiers, l'obtention de
l'agrément est conditionnée par l'honorabilité,la qualification et les garanties financièresapportées.
- En ce qui concerne les agents, la délivrance de
la carte professionnelle est conditionnée parl'honorabilité et la capacité.2) Non consolidé
3) Aucune
4) Non consolidé 4) Non consolidé34Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
B. Services bancaires et
autres services financiers à
l'exclusion des assurances
a) Acceptation de dépôts et
d'autres fonds remboursablesdu public1) Aucune
2) Les opérations de dépôts à l'étranger (pays hors
de la zone franc) nécessitent l'autorisation préalable duMinistre chargé des finances, exceptés les dépôtseffectués par les banques et établissements financiers, quisont soumis au contrôle de la Banque centrale des étatsde l'Afrique de l'ouest.1) Aucune
2) Aucune
3) L'agrément pour l'exercice d'une activité
bancaire est prononcé par arrêté du Ministre desfinances après avis conforme de la Commissionbancaire.
L'obtention de l'agrément est conditionnée par:- l'honorabilité;
- l'expérience des personnes appelées à diriger,
administrer ou gérer la banque oul'établissement financier et ses agences;
- les garanties financières apportées par les
actionnaires et l'aptitude de l'entreprise àréaliser ses objectifs de développement dansdes conditions compatibles avec le bonfonctionnement du système bancaire et unesécurité suffisante de la clientèle.
Les banques doivent être constituées sous
forme de sociétés anonymes à capital fixe qui ontleur siège social en Côte d'Ivoire.3) Aucune35Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
La collecte de dépôts peut également être
effectuée par des sociétés coopératives oumutualistes à capital variable après agrément duMinistre des finances suite à l'avis conforme de laCommission bancaire.  L'obtention de l'agrément estconditionnée par l'honorabilité, la qualification etles garanties financières apportées.
4) Nul ne peut diriger, administrer ou gérer une
banque ou un établissement financier ou une deleurs agences, s'il n'a pas la nationalité d'un paysmembre de l'Union monétaire ouest africaine àmoins qu'il ne jouisse en vertu d'une conventiond'établissement, d'une assimilation auxressortissants de l'UMOA.  Le Ministre des financespeut accorder sur avis conforme de la Commissionbancaire des dérogations individuelles.
Les personnes physiques ne peuvent accepter
des dépôts du public.4) Aucune
b) Prêts de tout type, y
compris crédit à laconsommation, crédithypothécaire, affacturage etfinancement de transactionscommerciales1) Non consolidé
2) Non consolidé3) Les opérations de crédit de tout type ne peuvent
être effectuées que par les banques et établissementsfinanciers agréés ai nsi que les institutions
mutualistes d'épargne et de crédit.  L'agrément pourl'exercice de ces activités est prononcé par arrêté duMinistre des finances après avis conforme de laCommission bancaire.1) Non consolidé
2) Non consolidé3) Aucune36Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
L'obtention de l'agrément est conditionnée par:
- l'honorabilité;
- l'expérience des personnes appelées à diriger,
administrer ou gérer la banque oul'établissement financier et ses agences;
- les garanties financières apportées par les
actionnaires et l'aptitude de l'entreprise àréaliser ses objectifs de développement dansdes conditions compatibles avec le bonfonctionnement du système bancaire et unesécurité suffisante de la clientèle.
Les banques doivent être constituées sous
forme de sociétés anonymes à capital fixe qui ontleur siège social en Côte d'Ivoire.
4) Nul ne peut diriger, administrer ou gérer une
banque ou un établissement financier ou une deleurs agences, s'il n'a pas la nationalité d'un paysmembre de l'Union monétaire ouest africaine àmoins qu'il ne jouisse en vertu d'une conventiond'établissement, d'une assimilation auxressortissants de l'UMOA.  Le Ministre des financespeut accorder sur avis conforme de la Commissionbancaire des dérogations individuelles.4) Non consolidé37Modes de fourniture: 1)  Fourniture transfrontières 2)  Consommation à l'étranger 3)  Présence commerciale 4)  Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
c) Tous services de
règlements et de transfertsmonétaires, y compris cartesde crédit, de paiement etsimilaires, chèques de voyageet traites1) Non consolidé
2) Non consolidé3) L'exercice de ces activités est dévolu à
l'Administration des postes et aux établissementsbancaires.  Ces derniers doivent obtenir, en sus del'agrément de banque, un agrément en qualitéd'intermédiaire habilité à exécuter des règlementsavec l'étranger, délivré par le Ministre chargé desfinances.1) Non consolidé
2) Non consolidé3) Aucune
En outre, un agrément spécifique du Ministre
est requis pour l'émission de cartes de crédit.
L'obtention de l'agrément est conditionnée par:
- l'honorabilité;- l'expérience des personnes appelées à diriger,
administrer ou gérer la banque oul'établissement financier et ses agences;
- les garanties financières apportées par les
actionnaires et l'aptitude de l'entreprise àréaliser ses objectifs de développement dansdes conditions compatibles avec le bonfonctionnement du système bancaire et unesécurité suffisante de la clientèle.
Les banques doivent être constituées sous
forme de sociétés anonymes à capital fixe qui ontleur siège social en Côte d'Ivoire.
4) Non consolidé 4) Non consolidé38UGANDA
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 1
Revision
(This is authentic in English only)
This text replaces documents GATS/SC/89/Suppl.1 on telecommunication services.
11 August 199939UGANDA – REVISED SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limit ations on national treatment Additional commitments
2.C. Telecommunications Services*
Facilities based public-switched voice
telecommunication services on fixednetwork infrastructure:Uganda undertakes the obligations
contained in the reference paperattached hereto.
(a) Basic voice services, includin g over
value-added networks such asInternet
(b) Private voice network services to
third parties
*Excludes video and audio broadcast
services(1) International basic voice telephony traffic must
be carried through networks of the duopolymajor licence holders and other pre-existinglicence holders, according to the terms of thoselicences..
(2) None(3) SNO inaugurated service 21 October 1998.
Thereafter,  Uganda Telecom Limited (UTL) and
Second National Operator (SNO)
1 duopoly
exclusivity, subject to Uganda Governmentreview after 2003. Neither UTL nor its affiliatesshall hold interests in the SNO or its affiliatesnor shall SNO or its affiliates hold ownership inthe UTL or its affiliates. Company must beregistered in Uganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) NoneThe interpretation of "Major
licence" and "Minor licence" are asby the definitions given by theUganda Communications Act1997.
2
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available.  Entryand temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
                                                     
1"SNO" means the first public operator other than UTL issued with a major licence.
2i.e. Major licence includes a licence for the provision of local, long distance or international telephone services, trunk capa city resale rural telecommunications, store and forward messaging, cellular or
mobile services and;  minor licence includes all other licences not being major licences.40Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limit ations on national treatment Additional commitments
Private voice & data for closed user groups
(group of people with stable common andlong-term economic interest)(1)        None, except cross-border access alternative
for voice should be through the duopolymajor licence holders.
(2) None(3)        Resale of excess capacity not allowed. 
Company must be registered in Uganda.
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available.  Entryand temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
(o)  Other
      - Mobile cellular voice and data (1)        Roaming is allowed but cross-border access
permitted only via network of duopoly majorlicence operator.
(2) None(3)        Two operators existing. Up to 2003 a
maximum of (three) (3)  operators to havecellular mobile licences as a service .  The
third operator will be UTL. Company mustbe registered in Uganda.
(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available.  Entryand temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None
(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.41Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limit ations on national treatment Additional commitments
      - Data services  TCP/IP (Internet) (1)        None, except international voice over Internet,
not permitted during the five year exclusivityperiod of the duopoly major licence holders.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4)        Unbound  except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available.  Entryand temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda .(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound  except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
     - Paging services (1)        Cross border permitted only via networks of
duopoly major licence operator.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4)        Unbound, except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available. Entry andtemporary stay of foreign service supplierssubject to compliance with laws, regulationsand guidelines in force in Uganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.42Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)    Commercial presence      (4)    P resence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limit ations on national treatment Additional commitments
     - Private mobile radio &
     - Trunked mobile radio(1)        Cross-border supply only via networks of
duopoly major licence operator.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4)        Unbound except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available.  Entryand temporary stay of foreign servicesuppliers subject to compliance with laws,regulations and guidelines in force inUganda.(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess.
Global mobile personal communications by
satellite operations (1)       Permitted only with agreement with one or
both duopoly operators as well asarrangements under GMPCS-MoU, to whichUganda is a signatory.
(2) None(3)        Company must be registered in Uganda(4)        Unbound  except for technical personnel unless
Ugandans are or become available. Entry andtemporary stay of foreign service supplierssubject to compliance with laws, regulationsand guidelines in force in Uganda .(1) None
(2) None
(3) None(4)        Unbound except for technical
personnel stipulated under marketaccess43REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic
telecommunications services. 
Definitions
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers. 
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public tel ecommunications transport network or service that:
(a) Are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;  and
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a service.A major supplier is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation
(having regard to price and supply) in the relevant mark et for basic telecommunications services as a result of:
(a) Control over essential facilities;  or(b) use of its position in the market.
1. Competitive safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone or
together, are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:(a) Engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization; (b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results;  and(c) not making available to other servi ces suppliers on a timely basis technical  information about
essential facilities and commercially relevant information which are necessary for them to provideservices.
2. Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport networks
or services in order to allow the users of one supplier to communicate with users of another supplier and to access
services provided by another supplier, where specific commitments are undertaken.
2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the network.
 Such interconnection is provided:
(a) Under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and
specifications) and rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its own like44services or for like services of non-affiliated service suppliers or for its subsidiaries or other affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications)
and cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard to economic feasibility, andsufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for network components or facilities that itdoes not require for the service to be provided;  and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the majority
of users, subject to charges that reflect the co st of construction of necessary additional facilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection agreements
or a reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection:  dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have recourse, either:(a) At any time;  or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known
to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in paragraph 5 below, to resolve
disputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within a reasonable period of time, to theextent that these have not been established previously.
3. Universal service
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to maintain. 
Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are administ ered in a transparent, non-
discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessary for the kind of universalservice defined by the Member.
4. Public availability of licensing criteria
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:
(a) All the licensing criteria and the period of time normally required to reach a decision
concerning an application for a licence;  and
(b) the terms and conditions of  individual licences.The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.
5. Independent regulators
The regulatory body is separate from, and not accountable to, any supplier of basic
telecommunications services. The decisions of and the procedur es used by regulators shall be impartial with respect to
all market participants.
6. Allocation and use of scarce resources
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights of45way, will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. The current state of
allocated frequency bands will be made publicly available, but detailed identification of frequencies allocated forspecific government uses is not required.46KENYA
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 2
(This is authentic in English only)
This Schedule supplements the section on Telecommunications Services on pages 2 and 3 of document GATS/SC/47.
11 August 199947KENYA –- SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS IN BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
2.C. Telecommunications
services (excludesvideo and audiobroadcast services)
For public use:
(a) Voice
telephone service(7521)(1) None, except
International call-backservices are not permitted.(1) NoneKenya undertakes the
obligation containedin the referencepaper hereto.
(b) Telex
services (7523 **)(2) None, except International
call-back services are notpermitted.(2) None
(c) Telegraph
services (7522)
(d) Facsimile
service (7521**,7529**)
(e) Private
leased circuitservices (7522**,7523**)(3) Until 2003, monopoly on
supply of services inNairobi as well as on supplyof International gatewayfacilities services, andresale in monopoly areasonly with permission ofsupplier of underlyingservices and facilities.Foreign investment islimited to 30 per centmaximum.
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(3) None
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.48Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
For public use: (1) None (1) None
(b) Packet -
Switched datatransmissionservices (7523**)
(c) Circuit -
Switched datatransmissionservices (7523**)(2) None
(3) None, except Foreign
investment is limited to 30per cent maximum.
(4) Unbounded, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(2) None
(3) None
4) Unbounded, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.
For non - public use:
Services supplied toclosed users group. (1) None, except through the
network of Telkom Kenya Ltd.Or monopoly.  Internationalcall-back services are notpermitted.(1) None
(a) Voice
telephone services 
(7521)(2) None, except through the
network of licenced telecomoperator.  Internationalcall back services are notpermitted.(2) None49Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
(b) Packet -
switched data 
transmission
services 
(7523**)(3) Only over facilities of
licenced operators breakoutand Resale of excesscapacity are not permitted. Foreign investment limitedto a maximum of 30 per cent.(3) None
(c) Circuit -
switched datatransmissionservices (7523**)(4) Unbounded, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(4) Unbounded, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.
(d) Telex
services (7523 **)
(e) Telegraph
services (7522)
(f) Facsimile
services (7521**,7529**)
Value added services:
(h) Electronic
mail (7523**)(1) None (1) None
(i) Voice mail
(7523**)
(j) On-line
information anddata base Retrieval(7523**)
(k) Electronic
data intercharge(7523**)(2) None
(3) Only over facilities of
licenced network operators. Foreign investment limitedto maximum 30 per cent.
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(2) None
(3) None
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.50Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
(l)
Enhanced/valu
e-added facsimileservices, incl.Store and forward,store and retrieve(7523**)
(m) Code and
protocol conversion
(n) On-line
information and/ordata processing(includingtransactionprocessing) (843**)
Other:
- Internet and
internet accessservices(1) None
(2) None(1) None
(2) None
(3) Only over facilities of
licenced network operators. Foreign investment limitedto maximum 30 per cent.(3) None
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in thehorizontalsection.(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in the
ontal section.
Satellite based
- Mobile Services (1) None, except as provided
for under GMPCS MOU.(1) None51Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
- Cellular/mobile
telephone
- Mobile data
services(2) None, except as provided
for under GMPCS MOU.(2) None
- Personal
communicationsservices(3) None, except foreign
investment is limited to 30per cent maximum(3) None
- Paging
Terrestrial based
- Mobile Services- Cellular/mobile
telephone services(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.
(1) Only through the network
of Telkom Kenya Ltd. andsubsequent licencedInternational gatewayoperator. Internationalcall-back services are notpermitted.(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.
(1) None
- Mobile data
services
- Personal
communicationsservices(2) Only through the network
of Telkom Kenya Ltd. andsubsequent licencedInternational gatewayoperator. Internationalcall-back services are notpermitted.(2) None
- Paging (3) Other than paging services
and PCS, initially theservices will be provided byTelkom Kenya Ltd.  A secondoperator is to be licencedwithin one year.(3) None
(4) Unbound except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(4) Unbound except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.52Modes of supply:        (1)    Cross-border supply     (2)    Consumption abroad       (3)   
Commercial presence      (4)    Presence of natural persons
Sector or subsector Limitations on market access Limitations on national
treatmentAdditional commitments
- Fixed Satellite
Services (forpublic use)(1) Only through the network
of Telkom Kenya andsubsequent licencedinternational gatewayoperator.(1) None
(2) Only through the network
of Telkom Kenya andsubsequent licencedinternational gatewayoperator.(2) None
(3) Foreign investment is
limited to maximum 30 %.(3) None
(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in the horizontalsection.(4) Unbound, except as
indicated in thehorizontal section.53ADDITIONAL COMMITMENTS OF KE NYA ON REGULATORY PRINCIPLES
REFERENCE PAPER
Scope
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic telecommunications
services.
Definition
Users mean service consumers and service suppliers.
Essential facilities mean facilities of a public tel ecommunications transport network or service that:-
(a) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;
(b) cannot feasibly be economically or technically substituted in order to provide a service.A major supplier  is a supplier which has the ability to materially affect the terms of participation (having
regard to price and supply) in the relevant market for basic telecommunications services as a result of:-
(a) control over essential facilities; or(b) user of its position in the market.
1. Competitive Safeguards
1.1 Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone or together,
are a major supplier from engaging in or continuing anti-competitive practices.
1.2 Safeguards
The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:-(a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization;(b) using information obtained from competitors with anti-competitive results; and(c) not making available to other services supplie rs on a timely basis technical information about
essential facilities and commercially relevant information which are necessary for them to provideservices.
2. Interconnection
2.1 This section applies to linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport networks or
services in order to allow the users of one supplier to  communicate with users of another supplier and to access
services provided by another supplier, where specific commitments are undertaken.
2.2 Interconnection to be ensured
Interconnection with a major supplier will be ensured at any technically feasible point in the network. 
Such interconnection is provided.
(a) under non-discriminatory terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications) and
rates and of a quality no less favourable that provided for its own like services or for like services54of non-affiliated service suppliers or for its subsidiaries or other affiliates;
(b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and specifications) and
cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard to economic feasibility, andsufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for network components or facilities thatit does not require for the service to be provided; and
(c) upon request, at points in addition to the network termination points offered to the majority of
users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary additional facilities.
2.3 Public availability of the procedures for interconnection negotiations
The procedures applicable for interconnection to a major supplier will be made publicly available.
2.4 Transparency of interconnection arrangements
It is ensured that a major supplier will make publicly available either its interconnection agreements or a
reference interconnection offer.
2.5 Interconnection: dispute settlement
A service supplier requesting interconnection with a major supplier will have resource, either:-(a) at any time or(b) after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known to an independent
domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as refereed to in paragraph 5 below, to resolvedisputes regarding appropriate terms, conditions and rates for interconnection within a reasonableperiod of time, to the extent that these have not been established previously.
3. UNIVERSAL SERVICE
Any Member has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to maintain.  Such
obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se, provided they are administered in a transparent, non-discriminatory and competitively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessary for the kind ofuniversal service defined by the Member.
4. PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF LICENSING CRITERIA
Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available:-
(a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time no rmally required to reach a decision concerning
an application for a licence and
(b) the terms and conditions of individual licences.The reasons for the denial of a licence will be made known to the applicant upon request.
5. INDEPENDENT REGULATORS
The regulatory body is separate from, and not account able to any suppliers of basic telecommunications
services.  The decisions of and the procedures used by th e regulators shall be impartial with respect to all market
participants.
6. ALLOCATION AND USE OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights of way,55will be carried out in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner.  The current state of allocated
frequency bands will be made publicly available but detailed identification of frequencies allocated for specificgovernment users is not required.56KINGDOM OF MOROCCO
Schedule of Specific Commitments
Supplement 2
Revision
(This is authentic in French only)
This text completes the telecommunications services section contained in pages 4 to 5 of document GATS/SC/57.
12 October 200057MAROC - LISTE D'ENGAGEMENTS SPECIFIQUES1
Modes de fourniture:     1)    Fourniture transfrontières     2)    Consommation à l'étranger    3)    Présence commerciale    4)    Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
2.C. SERVICES DE TELE-
COMMUNICATIONVoir note explicative en
annexe
(non compris la diffusion de
programmes radiophoniqueset télévisuels à l'intention dupublic en général.
a) Service de téléphonie vocale
entre points fixes
d) Service télexo) Réseau numérique à
intégration de services (ISDN)1) Possible à travers le réseau de télécommunication
d'IAM
2
2) Aucune
3) Ces services restent sous monopole d'IAM jusqu'au
31 décembre 2001
Participation étrangère au capital d'IAM:  non
consolidé
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux1) Aucune
2) Aucune
3) Non consolidé
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux- Principes de
réglementation
- Procédures d'octroi de
licences, de blocs denuméros et d'attributiondes fréquences
- Agrément- Interconnexion
                                                     
1     L'entrée en vigueur des engagements repris dans cette liste est conditionnée par l'adoption et la promulgation de la nouvelle l oi sur les télécommunications actuellement en discussion au niveau du Parlement.
2     IAM:  Itissalat Al-Maghrib .58Modes de fourniture:     1)    Fourniture transfrontières     2)    Consommation à l'étranger    3)    Présence commerciale    4)    Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
b) Services de transmission de
données avec commutationpar paquets (TDCP)
o) Services de Frame relay1) Présence commerciale requise: seuls les opérateurs
disposant déjà d'une présence commerciale peuventpar ailleurs offrir des services selon le mode 1.
2) Aucune3) Soumis à une licence d'établissement et
d'exploitation si l'opérateur installe sa propreinfrastructure de transmission
Soumis à déclaration si les capacités de
transmission sont louées à d'autres opérateurs
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux1) Aucune
2) Aucune
3) Non consolidé
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux59Modes de fourniture:     1)    Fourniture transfrontières     2)    Consommation à l'étranger    3)    Présence commerciale    4)    Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
o) Services de téléphonie mobile
o) Services de radiomessagerieo) Les systèmes PCSo) Services mobiles de
transmission de données1) Présence commerciale requise: seuls les opérateurs
disposant déjà d'une présence commerciale peuventpar ailleurs offrir des services selon le mode 1.
2) Aucune3) Réservé à des opérateurs sélectionnés par appel
d'offres (soumission publique) dont le CPS estélaboré par l'ANRT
1
Sujette à une licence d'exploitation etd'établissement.
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux1) Aucune
2) Aucune
3) Non consolidé
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux
                                                     
1     Agence nationale de réglementation des télécommunications:  autorité nouvellement créée et chargée de la réglementation du sect eur.60Modes de fourniture:     1)    Fourniture transfrontières     2)    Consommation à l'étranger    3)    Présence commerciale    4)    Présence de personnes physiques
Secteur ou sous-secteur Limitations concernant l'accès aux marchés Limitations concernant le traitement national Engagements addit ionnels
g) Service par circuits loués
privés1) Présence commerciale requise: seuls les opérateurs
disposant déjà d'une présence commerciale peuventpar ailleurs offrir des services selon le mode 1.
2) Utilisation nécessaire des capacités dis ponibles des
réseaux publics de télécommunications existants
3) Aucune4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux1) Aucune
2) Aucune
3) Non consolidé
4) Non consolidé, sauf comme indiqué dans les
engagements horizontaux61Note explicative
La présente note apporte des précisions sur les aspects de la liste d'engagements du Royaume du Maroc en
relation avec l'organe de réglementation, l'interconnexion, le régime de licences, l'agrément et les mesures desauvegarde contre les pratiques anticoncurrentielles.
Réglementation
Une autorité de réglementation sera créée avant la fi n de l'année 1996.  Cette autorité sera indépendante
des opérateurs de réseaux et des fournisseurs de services de télécommunication.
Elle serait principalement chargée:- d'établir les cahiers des charges fixant les droits et les obligations des opérateurs;- d'instruire les demandes de licences d'établisse ments et d'exploitation suite à l'adjudication par
appel d'offres des opérateurs;
- d'assurer la gestion des ressources rares (gestion du spectre, blocs de numéros, points hauts, ...);
- d'élaborer les normes techniques en concertation avec les différents intervenants dans le secteur
des télécommunications (industriels, opérateurs, prestataires de services, ...);
- de contrôler les tarifs des services sous monopole;- d'instruire les procédures d'arbitrage des conflits entre opérateurs;- de garantir le droit à l'interconnexion pour tous les opérateurs de réseaux de télécommunication.
Interconnexion
En principe, les opérateurs de réseaux négocient l'interconnexion sur une base commerciale dans le respect
des règles d'équité, de transparence et de non-discrimination.
En cas de litige, l'autorité de réglementation arbitre les conflits entre opérateurs.Elle veille notamment à ce que l'interconnexion se fasse dans des conditions techniques transparentes et à
des tarifs orientés vers les coûts.
Les différents opérateurs détenteurs de licences d'établissement et d'exploitation de réseaux publics de
télécommunication sont soumis à l'obligation de:
- participer financièrement aux charges "service public";
- contribuer à la recherche et développement et à la formation dans le domaine des
télécommunications.
Agrément
Les équipements terminaux de télécommunication doivent être agréés avant leur exploitation.  L'agrément
est basé sur les spécifications techniques établies par l'Autorité de réglementation.
Transparence62Le Conseil national, qui regroupe les représentants des associations professionnelles, des utilisateurs et des
opérateurs, donne son avis sur:
- les principes généraux de la réglementation applicable aux télécommunications;- l'adjudication des appels d'offres pour la délivrance des licences d'opérateurs.L'accès aux renseignements et informations en relation avec des aspects et décisions réglementaires est
autorisé dans les limites prévues par la loi.
Mesures de sauvegarde contre les pratiques anticoncurrentielles
Toutes les mesures seront prises pour éviter l'instauration de la position dominante de l'opérateur principal,
la concurrence déloyale et les pratiques de dumping