WT/TPR/M/442  
19 July 2023 
(23-4883) Page: 1/100 
Trade Policy Review Body  
5 and 7 June 2023   
 
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
EUROPEAN  UNION 
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Saqer Abdullah Almoqbel (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN  UNION  ...............  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ..............  10 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  14 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF EUROPEAN  UNION AND ADDITION AL 
COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  90 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by the European  Union  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 442/Add.1  and will be available 
online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The 15th Trade Policy Review of the European  Union was held on 5 and 7  June 2023. The 
Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Saqer  Abdullah  Almoqbel (Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia) welcomed the delegation 
of the European  Union, headed by H.E.  Ms Sabine  Weyand Director -General, Directorat e-General for 
Trade, European  Commission ; H.E. Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado , Permanent Representative of 
the European  Union  to the WTO; the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand) . 
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership.  The 
Chairperson informed Members that, in agreement with the European  Union, a group of students 
from the University of West Indies who were visiting the WTO would attend the first day of the 
meeting.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The Report by the European  Union  is contained  in document WT/TPR/G/ 442, and that of 
the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 442. 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Guatemala; United  Kingdom; Canada; Ecuador; Philippines; Thailand; Australia; Japan; Singapore; 
Chinese  Taipei; Norway; Hong  Kong,  China; Russian  Federation; China, Colombia, Israel, 
Brunei  Darussalam; Argentina; Chile; Mauritius; New  Zealand; Dominican  Republic; Costa  Rica; 
United  States; Switzerland; Brazil; Ukraine; and India.  The follo wing delegations submitted written 
questions after the deadline: Honduras, Republic of Korea, Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia, Paraguay, 
Türkiye, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Iceland, El  Salvador, Malaysia, Indonesia, Uruguay, 
South  Africa, and Tunisia . 
1.5.  The C hairperson first recalled some elements of  the European  Union's previous Review and 
developments since then, as well as by identif ied some key issues arising from the advance written 
questions submitted by Members for t he current  TPR.  
1.6.  At the time of the  previous TPRB meeting on 18 and 20  February  2020, Members had 
commended the European  Union for its leadership role and strong support to the multilateral trading 
system. They also highlighted its efforts to further facilitate and liberalize trade through an  extensive 
RTAs' network as well as non -reciprocal trade arrangements that support exporters in developing 
economies. Members further noted that the EU is the most important trading partner for some 
80 economies.  
1.7.  At that time, Members acknowledged the man y initiatives aimed at further harmonizing the 
single market, but also pointed to areas where policies continued to be divergent. Members raised 
some concerns regarding some SPS and TBT measures, developments in investment policies, and 
the usage of trade remedies. Regarding agricultural policies, Members highlighted positive 
developments, such as the movement towards more market orientation and the elimination of export 
subsidies, while referring to the continued high levels of domestic support.  
1.8.  The Europ ean Union's agricultural policies remained a topic of interest in the current Review. 
Energy and environmental policies, also discussed at the time of the previous Review, also attracted 
significant interest  by Members this time, in particular the adoption  of the European Green Deal. 
In this regard, Members sought further information about its implementation and related legislative 
proposals such as the adoption of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The new trade 
strategy entitled "An Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade Policy", has also raised great interest 
among Members in the current Review.  
1.9.  In the advance written questions for th e current  Review, Members sought information regarding 
notably the proposal for a new generalized scheme of  tariff preferences (GSP), a regulation to 
counteract economic coercion by third countries and the recently enacted regulation establishing a 
mechanism to address foreign subsidies.  
1.10.   Members also showed keen interest in a wide range of trade and investment  issues including 
the implementation of the EU common framework for the screening of FDI; the ratification of the WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies; WTO reform; the deepening of RTAs; EU digital Partnerships; 
the current GSP; rules of origin; the implementa tion of the electronic customs systems, excise 
duties; export controls for dual -use goods; export credits; trade remedies; the new Common 
Agricultural Policy; the proposed Regulation on deforestation -free products;  State Aid; emissions 
trading and energy s ubsidies; the Digital Services Act; and gender - and trade -related policies.  
1.11.   In total, the European  Union received over 1,600 advance written questions from 
41 delegations for th e current  Review, out of which 1,321 questions from 28  delegations were sent 
within the established deadline. Prior to th e meeting, the European  Union provided written replies 
to questions submitted within the established deadline.  
1.12.   The meeting w as a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. The Chairperson looked 
forward to a fruitful exchange  
1.13.   The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing the European  Union a very 
successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
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  2  OPENING STATEME NT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN  UNION 
(H.E.  SABINE  WEYAND)  
2.1.  It is an honour for me to lead the EU delegation at the 15th Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union today. On behalf of the EU, I would like to thank Ambassador H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok 
Pitfield (Thailand) for acting as discussant for this review, as well as the Chair of the Trade Policy 
Review Body, Ambassador H.E.  Mr Saqer Abdullah Almoqbel  (Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia) also for the 
setting the scene. I would like to extend our ap preciation to the WTO Secretariat for their hard work 
on the Secretariat Report.  
2.2.  The EU attaches great importance to the monitoring and transparency functions of the WTO for 
which the Trade Policy Review Mechanism is a key tool. It is an intensive process for the Member 
under review. I don't need to repeat the figures already mentioned by Ambassador  Almoqbel. Just 
to reassure you that in addition to the 1 ,200 questions we already replied to, we will of course 
respond to the questions received after the dead line. 
2.3.  The European project started almost 70 years ago to bring peace and prosperity to a group of 
countries that had often been in conflict. The Treaty drafters opted to use economic instruments to 
bring member States together into a common market without  internal borders. The pursuit of a 
single, common trade policy was one of its most important features and this remains the case to 
this day.  
2.4.  The economic integration brought about by the EU's single market, and its openness to the 
world has benefit ed not just EU member States, companies , and citizens, but all of our trading 
partners as well. In the same way that our member States are anchored in the EU, the rules -based 
multilateral trading system remains a strategic anchor for the EU's trade policy.  
2.5.  Today, despite the challenging trading environment, EU trade policy continues to be driven by 
the principle of openness. Openness keeps the EU competitive and is the bedrock of our long -term 
competitiveness and prosperity.  
2.6.  Let me illustrate our openness with s ome figures . EU trade with the rest of the world represents 
over 16% of world trade, counting both goods and services. This is more than the EU's share in 
global GDP, meaning we punch above our weight in the area of trade. The EU is the world's largest 
single trading entity and the number one trading partner for 53  countries around the world that 
represent almost half of the world's GDP. We are the first partner of Asia as a whole, Africa, the US, 
the Western Balkans and the EU's Neighbourhood.  
2.7.  Despite a ri sing tide of protectionism around the world, the EU maintains very low tariffs: the 
average weighted tariff on our imports is below 4%. These low tariffs are complemented by a wide 
network of preferential trade agreements and arrangements that continued to  grow during the 
review period and will go on growing.  
2.8.  The EU is the world's largest investor abroad, with 34% of the global total. It is also the most 
attractive destination for investments, hosting a stock of investments of more than EUR 10 trillion, 
or 28% of the global stock.  
2.9.  Openness is a key feature of other policies too. The EU practices openness in international 
public procurement markets and is one of its main advocates.  
2.10.   This open trade policy is underpinned by unparalleled strict disciplines on s ubsidies within the 
EU providing a safeguard against market distortions.  
2.11.   The commitment to openness extends also to our approach to supporting development.  
2.12.   For five decades, the EU Generali zed Scheme of Preferences has supported vulnerable 
countries to grow in a sustainable manner by giving them preferential access to the EU market.  Our 
GSP system is the most comprehensive in the world in terms of market access offered. The EU 
currently grants partial or full tariff reductions for two -thirds of tariff lines to 19  countries under its 
GSP and GSP+ schemes. The Everything But Arms (EBA) arrangement, gives Least Developed 
Countries (LDCs) tariff -free, quota -free access to the EU market for all products except arms and WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  ammunition. Forty-six Least Developed Countries benefit ed from the EU's EBA in 2022. Thanks to 
EBA, only 5% of EU imports from LDCs actually paid a tariff in 2021. In the review period, the EU is 
revamping its GSP system to make it more sustainable, more flexible and to focus t he advantages 
on those most in need.  
2.13.   To support developing countries' integration into the world economy, poverty reduction and 
sustainable development, Aid for Trade is a crucial tool. The EU and its member States collectively 
constitute the world 's larg est Aid for Trade donor, accounting for around 40% of global Aid for Trade.  
2.14.   To bridge investment gaps beyond European borders, the EU launched Global Gateway. Our 
aim is to mobilize EUR  300 billion by 2027 in smart, clean , and secure links in digital, ene rgy and 
transport sectors and to strengthen health, education , and research systems across the world.  
2.15.   During the experienced serious external shocks, which have impacted the global economy and 
revealed weaknesses in international supply chains.  
2.16.   The Russia n Federation 's unprovoked, unjustified , and brutal invasion of Ukraine brought war 
once again to our continent, resulting in an unspeakable loss of life and devastating destruction. 
The EU will stand with Ukraine as long as it takes. For trade relations th at means the EU has granted 
temporary trade liberali zation – the suspension of all remaining customs duties, quotas and trade 
defence measures on Ukrainian exports to the EU.  
2.17.   We provide massive financial support, including macro -financial assistance of EU R 18 billion 
this year to cover the budgetary needs of Ukraine and we provide EUR  1 billion for fast recovery to 
re-build critical infrastructure. As the most important sign of our political commitment, the EU 
decided to grant candidate country status to U kraine – this is also a logical step economically to start 
closer integration of Ukraine into our Single Market.  
2.18.   We are now discussing our 11th package of sanctions against the Russia n Federation , in 
coordination with international partners. Our sanctions  are designed and targeted carefully at the 
Russia n Federation 's military and industrial capacity to wage its barbaric war.  
2.19.   Since this is also a war of disinformation, let me clearly dispel any confusion: EU sanctions do 
not target food or fertilizers and they are not the cause of the looming food crisis around the globe. 
On the contrary, the EU created the Solidarity Lanes to continue to support Ukraine and preserve its 
capabilities to export its grains. Ukrainian production is critical to feed the world a nd keep food prices 
down, in face of the huge challenges posed by the Russian aggression.  
2.20.   EU trade policy had to react to the major external shocks that we are experiencing. As a 
result, it has become more assertive, while remaining fully consistent with t he law and spirit of the 
WTO. We have taken legislative action to better protect the Single Market from unfair practices. 
The International Procurement Instrument will strengthen reciprocity in public procurement. Our 
new Foreign Subsidies Regulation creat es a framework to deal with unfair subsidies affecting 
operations, procurement, and mergers in the EU's Single Market.  
2.21.   But this is not enough.  In the current geostrategic environment of increased uncertainty and 
risks, marked by systemic rivalry, there is a growing need for a comprehensive economic security 
strategy that brings together in a coherent fashion internal and external action and deepening our 
understanding of the risks we face. These include notably the risk of economic coercion and more 
broadly  the risk of weaponization of dependencies.  
2.22.   We are therefore assessing our strategic dependencies and we are in the process of adopting 
an anti -coercion instrument.  
2.23.   More broadly, the Commission will publish later this month a Communication on economic 
security which will continue to be anchored in the WTO and stress the need for a well -functioning 
rules-based trading system.  
2.24.   The EU has despite the challenges remained during the review period steadfast in its 
commitment to openness and multilateralism.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  2.25.   For instance, during the pandemic, we managed the shocks better thanks to openness and 
diversification. For every dose of vacc ine distributed inside Europe, one dose was shipped abroad. 
Our vaccine export authorization scheme was fully transparent and provided exceptions in favour of 
the most vulnerable countries. Further, we have increased our support to the development of 
manuf acturing capacity in other parts of the world.  
2.26.   But economic openness is of course not confined for us to internal and autonomous measures, 
or to just our own choices. It is about cooperation with partners and globally, too, rooted in the 
rules-based intern ational order.  
2.27.   The rules -based multilateral system governs the majority of EU trade and remains our best 
guardrail against global economic fragmentation. The EU has a fundamental strategic interest in a 
strong and reformed WTO. This is why we put the mult ilateral trading system at the centre of our 
trade strategy during the review period.  
2.28.   However, there is no rules -based system without an ability to enforce those rules. A fully 
functioning Dispute Settlement System by 2024 that preserves the core characte ristics of the system 
put in place in 1995 – binding, two -tier and independent adjudication – is the most critical goal that 
the Organi zation has to achieve . This will be the key issue for MC13 . 
2.29.   In the meantime, the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration A rrangement (MPIA) preserves a 
fully functioning Dispute Settlement System among its participants. The EU invites WTO Members 
to join the MPIA as the best interim solution until a permanent one is found.  
2.30.   The EU plays a proactive and positive role in the WT O in other areas too. The Secretariat 
Report highlighted the EU's key contributions in the run up to and at MC12 across the full range of 
topics, promoting a more effective multilateral trading system. We have tabled proposals and 
submissions on WTO reform , trade and health, e -commerce, fisheries subsidies, food security, and 
trade -distorting policies in agriculture.  
2.31.   Moreover, the EU participates actively in the intensive work of Joint Statement Initiatives on 
E-Commerce, Investment Facilitation for Develo pment and Services Domestic Regulation. These 
open, flexible, plurilateral initiatives are vital for the negotiating function of the WTO. They 
demonstrate that the WTO can deliver on issues that are pertinent for modern trade.  
2.32.   In this vein, we also look forward to the renewal of the WTO's E-Commerce Work Programme 
at MC13, and to the continuation of the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions. 
Together with the JSI on E-Commerce, this is important to make a time ly contribution to the digital 
transition we all have to deal with.  
2.33.   The EU will continue its leadership in the agricultural negotiations calling for solutions to food 
security challenges, improved transparency, as well as reforms of agricultural policies towards less 
trade distortion and towards more environmentally sustainable approaches.  
2.34.   The EU is also keen on promoting the positive contribution that the WTO can play in the fight 
against climate change and environmental degradation. We are actively parti cipating in three 
plurilateral initiatives, namely, the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions, 
the Dialogue on Plastic Pollution, and Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform.  
2.35.   The EU also proudly co -leads political level dialogue on trade, cli mate and development in the 
Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate. Conscious of the need for all to be involved in what is the 
global challenge of our age, we are also now feeding the multilateral debate on this through a 
revitali zed Committee on Trade a nd Environment.  
2.36.   During the last Ministerial Conference, the EU was instrumental to find the necessary solutions 
on fisheries subsidies. Now we are working to give effect to what was agreed. The internal EU 
procedure for the acceptance of the Fisheries Subs idies Agreement is finali zed. The EU stands ready 
to contribute to the to the WTO Fisheries Funding Mechanism to assist developing countries to 
implement the new disciplines, and as you are aware some EU member States have already 
announced contributions.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  2.37.   MC12 put the WTO back on track because it delivered on specific files that matter, but also 
because Members were ready to acknowledge the need to reform. MC13 must confirm that we are 
on our way to a more effective Organization. This requires first and for emost a fully and 
well-functioning Dispute Settlement Mechanism , as well as other concrete outcomes in the process 
of WTO reform.  
2.38.   A second focus must be for the WTO to tackle the critical topics for global trade today. If the 
WTO is unable to respond to th e challenges of our time, there is a serious risk of the erosion of the 
system and loss of credibility.  
2.39.   This is why the EU has submitted recently its Communication on "Reinforcing the deliberative 
function of the WTO to respond to global trade policy chal lenges". This communication covers the 
areas of state support, environment , and inclusiveness.  
2.40.   Taking deeper policy deliberation forward as part of WTO reform could not only reinforce the 
WTO as the key international forum for global trade governance but could also help Members when 
designing their domestic policies in response to these global chall enges.  
2.41.   The most pressing challenge we are all facing is how to drive the green and digital twin 
transitions with the development of the right policy framework.  
2.42.   Climate change – magnified by environmental degradation – is the civilizational challenge of 
our time. We must tackle it as a global community. And we must act now.  
2.43.   Openness and sustainability have to go hand in hand.  
2.44.   The EU is fully engaged internationally and domestically to create the drivers of the green 
transition and climate neutrality.  
2.45.   The E U's "Net Zero" goal is our central policy objective responding to this challenge, and our 
trade policy is playing its role here.  
2.46.   The EU has laid out the path towards climate neutrality by 2050 through the ambitious 55% 
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions  goal by 2030 under the European Green Deal.   
2.47.   The Green Deal comprises many policy actions tackling reduction of carbon footprint and 
halting biodiversity loss from a number of angles. Boosting circular economy, creating sustainable 
food systems, greening of our Common Agricultural Policy, investing in renewable energy are just a 
few examples of the policy initiatives taken in this context.  
2.48.   The European Green Deal is not only our plan to fight climate change and to become the 
first climate -neutral continen t. It is also our growth model for a prosperous, responsible , and resilient 
economy.  
2.49.   To this end, we also need a regulatory environment that allows us to scale up the clean energy 
transition quickly. Driving the green transition at the EU level helps us p revent the fragmentation of 
the EU internal market and maintaining this EU Single Market benefits EU and third country traders 
alike.  
2.50.   The Repower EU communication, the European Critical Raw Materials Act, the  reform of the 
electricity market design , the  Net-Zero Industry Act are key enablers of the EU industry's 
contribution to the global green transition.  
2.51.   Drawing on the lessons learnt from the COVID -19 pandemic and the energy crisis sparked by 
the Russia n Federation 's war on Ukraine, these measures will hel p increase the resilience of Europe's 
clean energy supply chains, while diversifying partnerships to support others in their green 
transitions.  
2.52.   We were pleased to see your interest in the new reformed common agricultural policy, which 
became applicable in January this year. Our moderni zed policy is expected to contribute to the efforts WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  in the green transition. It also continues on the path towards market orientation and away from 
trade -distorting support.  
2.53.   We have received a lot of questions on the EU policy  framework related to the green transition. 
Individual measures belonging to the European Green Deal package such as the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism, Farm  to Fork and our measures against deforestation are followed closely 
by many WTO Members.  
2.54.   Let's be clear , domestic policy -making is essential to deliver on the Paris  Agreement 
commitments we all made. Non -action is not an option. And addressing the climate challenge is 
obviously not something that the EU can do on its own. The question is not "if",  but how we design 
policies while ensuring their WTO compatibility and minimi zing the negative spill -over effects.  
2.55.   As we all act to reduce our carbon footprints, we must acknowledge that there might be some 
impact on trade. This is why the EU is committed  to full transparency and non -discrimination when 
it comes to designing our measures and when it comes to implementation of these measures. As we 
have done during the review period, we will continue full engagement and cooperation with our 
trading partners  in the context of this TPR exercise, in appropriate WTO bodies, including in the 
Committee on Trade and Environment, as well as bilaterally.  
2.56.   The EU is taking a pro -active stance on the implementation of the Green Deal. Our outreach 
is aimed to ensure that  measures can be implemented in a manner that avoids unnecessary impacts 
on trade. We will continue to facilitate implementation through guidelines and cooperative 
instruments. Addressing concerns of our developing and least developed partners is a priorit y area 
within the capacity building, and the technical assistance we provide. We are also deploying funding 
streams through Global Gateway to help plug the global investment gap in this area.  
2.57.   Let me be very clear , we will not succeed in this transition if  we do not succeed in the 
coordination of our national measures.  
2.58.   So, I would like to stress, the adoption of EU legislation like CBAM or the deforestation 
instrument will go together with an intensification of our efforts to cooperate with our trading 
partners in responding to fundamental global challenges both in the WTO and bilaterally.  
2.59.   Now turning to other Single market developments that has attracted the interest of other 
WTO Members.  
2.60.   Digital transformation is another key priority for the EU. During t he review period, the EU 
made strides in the implementation of the Digital Single Market strategy.   
2.61.   We are updating our regulatory toolbox to reflect the increased socio -economic importance of 
the digital economy and to ensure safe, fair, transparent , and contestable digital markets.  
2.62.   To this end, we have adopted the Digital Services Act, which aims to make the Internet safer 
and protect fundamental rights, and the Digital Markets Act, with the objective of injecting greater 
competition and innovation into digital markets.  
2.63.   We have also put forward proposals on data, artificial intelligence , and cyber resilience in 
order to strengthen the policy framework and enhance trust in and safety of the digital market, 
foster innovations and help create a level playing  field.  
2.64.   Government support to industrial sectors is increasingly a sign of our times and it is necessary 
to drive the green and digital transitions. Such intervention must however always be well -designed 
and non -discriminatory to ensure healthy competition and to minimi ze negative spill -overs on other 
WTO Members.  
2.65.   In the EU, our subsidy policies have been temporarily adapted to the current circumstances, 
for example in order to accelerate the green transition. But we are doing this while maintai ning the 
key features of state aid disciplines: we remain WTO -consistent; we ensure that subsidies are limited 
to the strictly necessary; and minimi ze the impact on trade and competition.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  2.66.   As we have stated in our submission on reinforcing the deliberative  function, the WTO is the 
place to establish the international consensus on what are the acceptable parameters for countries' 
interventions in support of industrial sectors and their impact on trade. We propose to launch a 
deliberative track at MC13. Minis ters would then take decisions on the way forward at MC14.  
2.67.   In order to maintain societal support for open trade, it is indispensable that the benefits of 
trade are distributed in an equitable manner. To achieve that, we need an active social policy and 
trade policy that contributes to this.  
2.68.   Trade policy can play a role in promoting social justice, participation of women in trade and 
facilitate trade for SMEs. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism provides a good opportunity for WTO 
Members to exchange experiences on policies that facilitate inclu sive trade.  
2.69.   A key for inclusiveness is transparency and dialogue with stakeholders. Transparency is 
engraved in the fabric of our overall policy making. The EU's Better Regulation practices ensure 
evidence -based and transparent EU law -making with an open p ublic consultation available also to 
non-EU citizens, businesses and stakeholders, as well as to all WTO Members. We also publish all 
key documents of trade negotiations. This is all to ensure that those who may be affected by a policy 
of the EU can  be hea rd.  
2.70.   The EU has pursued these objectives in bilateral trade agreements and in the WTO, and we 
want the WTO to go further. We would support multilateral work on the theme of trade and 
inclusiveness, on the one hand to better understand the distributional im pacts of trade, and on the 
other to better cover social and developmental aspects.  
2.71.   To conclude, we very much welcome this Trade Policy Review as an opportunity to engage 
with Members on the whole range of our policy developments that are relevant to our t rading 
partners. We look forward to showing that the EU remains committed to openness and to rules -based 
trade. We are ready on this basis to continue to work with you towards a more effective WTO that 
can help us all in delivering on the trade challenges that we face.  
  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  First and foremost, I would like to thank the European  Union for giving me an honour to serve 
as a discussant for this 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
3.2.  I would like to extend my warmest welcome to the delegation of the European  Union, headed 
by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand , Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade  of the 
European  Commission and my good colleague, Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado , and his team in 
Geneva.  
3.3.  I would also like to thank Mrs  Sabine Weyand  again for providing comprehensive overviews of 
the trade and economic policies of the European  Union during the period under review. Also thanks 
the WTO Secretariat and the EU delegation for the informative reports which I enjoyed reading very 
much.  
3.4.  Before I get into the substance, I must say that the EU has always held a special place in my 
heart since the days that I served as Director of Office of Commercial Affairs of Thailand in Brussels 
between 2011 -15. I have also known Ambassador  Machado  since 2000 when he headed the EU 
services negotiation delegation to the WTO and later as Chief Negotiator for the EU -Thailand FTA 
Negotiations. Ambassador  Machado, put it simply, is one of my role models as trade negotiator.  
3.5.  I will organize my statement t oday in three broad sections. First of all, I will begin by discussing 
the general observations of the EU economic growth and trade. This will be followed by a discussion 
on the latest development and some notable areas of success of the trade policies of the 
European  Union since her previous review in 2020. I will then touch upon some topics that might 
require further attention regarding the EU's trade and economic policies. My statement will end by 
highlighting other Members' key issues and areas of inter est on the TPR of the EU this year.  
General observation of the EU's economic growth and trade  
3.6.  During the period as short as three years since 2020, the world has undergone significant 
challenges, including the COVID -19 pandemic, conflict in Ukraine, food and energy crises, and high 
inflation.  
3.7.  Despite all those challenges, significant economic clout of the EU on the global stage still 
remains intact. The EU is the world's largest single market, with a population of approximately 
450 million people. The EU i s the world's largest trade bloc in both goods and services, the second 
largest economy after the United  States, accounting for about 15% of the global GDP, and the largest 
exporter after China . 
3.8.  During the period under review, the GDP of the EU declined by  5.7% in 2020. However, because 
of the effective response to the pandemic and the successful vaccine roll -out campaign, the GDP 
bounced back at 5.4% in 2021, just enough for the economy to recover to levels seen before the 
COVID -19 pandemic.  
3.9.  With respect to trade, the EU is, without a doubt, a major player in international trade. It is the 
world's largest trader of goods and services with the total trade value of EUR  6.28 trillion or 16.2% 
of the global trade value, well ahead of China and the Unit ed States. The EU is itself the largest 
export market for 80  countries. However, I have noted that the share of the EU in world trade has 
fallen to 14.7% in 2021, the lowest in the last two decades.  
3.10.   Extra -EU goods trade has recovered from the COVID -19 pand emic with EUR  5.6 trillion 
in 2022 compared to EUR  4.1 trillion in 2019. As for the merchandise export market, however, the 
EU highly depends on the United  States (18%) and the United  Kingdom (13%) which account for 
almost one -third (31%) of its total expo rt value. Regarding merchandise imports, China stands out 
as the EU's top import source with almost one quarter (22%) of the total import value, well ahead 
of the United  States (11%) in 2021. This reflects the EU's strong trade ties with both sides of the 
Pacific.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  3.11.   The EU is the world's largest trader of services, accounting for one quarter of the total world. 
However, the EU's trade in services has not quite recovered to the levels seen in the pre -pandemic 
period, attributable to the travel sector which has  yet to recover.  
3.12.   As the share of GDP, total EU's trade in goods and services account for 43% in 2021 and has 
been growing steadily over the last decade, indicating the high degree of trade openness of the EU's 
economy. Having said that, the extra -EU export s as a share of all exports by EU countries fell to  38% 
in 2022 from 41% in 2020 and its peak at 43% in 2013, implying that the EU economy has become 
more inward looking in the last decade, particularly under the period under review.  
Latest development and  notable areas of success  
3.13.   Over the review period where the world has experienced unprecedented challenges, we have 
increasingly heard several key words linked to trade policy of the EU: sustainable, digital, 
enforcement, resilience, autonomous, and opennes s. These keywords correspond to the areas of 
focus of the EU's New Trade Policy Strateg y 2021 which, in my view, is the most significant shift in 
the EU trade policy during the review period. I would like to address them as key aspects of the EU 
current tr ade policy.  
3.14.   Openness: openness is in fact always at the heart of the EU's trade policy, aiming to maintain 
a free, fair, and rules -based global trading system. But since openness was already addressed by 
the Head of the EU delegation, M rs Sabine  Weyand , I just want to point out one aspect of the EU 
openness – the RTAs negotiations. Currently, the EU has maintained the largest network of trade 
agreements in the world with 44  agreements and more than 70  trade partners. In this sense, to 
borrow Ambassador Mac hado's words in his discussion on the 15th TPR of Japan, the EU is another 
"best" friend of Article  XXIV. But while the EU pursues and maintains the ever -growing network of 
regional trade agreements, I wish to point out that the EU remains active and is co mmitted to the 
multilateral trading system based on the WTO system.   
Sustainability  
3.15.   This is one of the highlights of the EU new trade policy, aiming to ensure that trade and 
investment contribute to sustainable development, fairness and inclusiveness, and respect labour  
rights, protect the environment, and combat climate change. The EU ha s been pushing for more 
ambitious environmental and sustainability provisions in its trade agreements, as well as initiatives 
to address deforestation, promote circular economy principles, and reduce carbon emissions. By the 
same token, the shift of the po licy has also been reflected in the EU's active participation in the 
WTO, not least on its communication on the WTO reform , titled: Reinforcing the Deliberative Function 
of the WTO to Respond to Global Trade Policy Challenges proposing three areas for re -invigorating 
the WTO's deliberative function, namely trade policy and state intervention in support of industrial 
sectors, trade and global environmental challenges, and trade and inclusiveness . 
3.16.   Under this new policy direction, an impressive number of regulations, standards, and 
strategies have been put in place, some are inevitably controversial. Notable examples include those 
under the European Green Deal – CBAM, Fit for 55  package, Biodiversity strategy for 2030, 
Zero Pollution Action Plan, and Circu lar Economy Action Plan, and Farm  to Fork strategy, to name 
but a few. While the EU's high regulatory standards are often adopted as benchmarks by other 
countries and regions, potentially influencing global norms and regulations, I believe that 
Membership would like to hear view from the European  Union how it ensures that any trade -related 
measures by the EU to promote sustainability are implemented in a fair and non -discriminatory 
manner and not a disguised trade restriction and how the EU engages and incr ease cooperation with 
trading partners to collectively tackle these global challenges. Moreover, how does the EU ensure 
the balance between economic growth and environmental preservation it holds dear.  
3.17.   Assertiveness: during the time of increasing geopolit ical tensions, it is no surprise that the EU 
seeks to be more assertive in safeguarding its economic interests and ensuring a levelled playing 
field. This includes measures to address unfair trade practices, such as subsidies, forced technology 
transfers, and market access barriers. The EU has also been working on enhancing its tools for 
enforcing trade rules and addressing challenges related to intellectual property rights, state -owned 
enterprises, and public procurement. An interesting question I believe Membership would like to ask 
the EU delegation today is how the EU ensures the balance between addressing its "own" concerns 
on the one hand and understanding and accommodating the others' concerns on the other.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  3.18.   Based on the new trade policy of the EU, it is no surprise that the EU has made continuous 
contributions to improving the multilateral trading system and pushing forward the WTO Reform in 
all three functions – dispute settlement, negotiation, and deliberation and monitoring which I believe 
has been well-received by the membership.  
3.19.   Trade and development – it would be a remiss of me not to mention the enormous contribution 
of the EU to promote development. The EU has always been a generous preference -granting Member 
to LDCs. Sixty-six percent of all g oods imported from LDCs or about EUR  22 billion use Everything 
But Arms (EBA) preferences. According to Global Trade Alert, LDCs are also relatively less exposed 
to the EU's restrictive trade measures and more exposed to the EU trade reforms. The EU and it s 
member States are also the largest Aid for Trade donors where 13% of which goes to the LDCs.  
Challenges and areas for improvements  
Trade and Environment  
3.20.   The first area I would like to discuss regarding the challenges surrounding the EU's trade 
policy is its trade -related environmental policy. Chief among them is the European Green Deal, which 
is an integral part for the implementation of the UN  2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development and 
is a cornerstone of the EU's agenda for sustainable growth.  In the WTO, Members have recognized 
and appraised the EU strong commitment and its ambition to address climate challenge and 
environmental sustainability to reach climate -neutral target with net -zero greenhouse gas emissions 
by 2050.  
3.21.   During the review per iod, the EU environmental policies and trade -related measures including 
the Fit -for-55 package are guided by the overall objectives of the European Green Deal. Against this 
backdrop, many Members have posed questions and expressed interest particularly in the 
implementation of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), deforestation regulation, and 
due diligence regarding on how the EU visions the principle of "Common but Differentiated and 
Responsibilities (CBDR)" to be incorporated within its policy as well as a mechanism to support 
countries to adjust to EU environmental measures.  
3.22.   While it is true that trade and environmental policies have become inextricably intertwined, 
I believe that trade policy should demonstrate complementary characteristics to en vironmental 
objectives and trade -related measures should conform to multilateral trade rules, mutually support 
the green transition, and do not serve as a tool to restrict trade or create trade disruption in global 
supply chains.  
Agriculture  
3.23.   Agriculture is another outstanding issue that the EU could have done more in its new trade 
policy direction.  During the review period, the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has undergone 
the reform process towards further market orientation, reducing t he trade -distorting supports, and 
greater environmental sustainability. The new CAP was finally adopted in 2021 and the new 
legislation has just been fully applied as from 1  January  2023. Therefore, there were no substantial 
changes during the review perio d (2021 -2022) where the transitional legislation was put in place 
and it remains to be seen how far the new CAP and the implementation thereof, ensues. It is worth 
mentioning that the EU has removed all export subsidy provisions from its regulations. This means 
that the EU no longer has any legal basis for granting any export subsidies in the agricultural sector, 
although the process of certifying the EU's revised schedule, regarding the elimination of annual 
export subsidies commitment levels, remains pend ing. 
3.24.   In terms of the market access, the EU's agricultural sector continues to stand out due to its 
high tariffs and tariff peaks, with the overall tariff averages (14.9%), more than three times higher 
than industrial ones (4.3%). Numerous tariff quotas and  complex tariffs (i.e. specific, compound, 
mixed, agricultural components) also remain prominent in the agricultural sector with the EU's 
continued use of agricultural special safeguards for certain products, such as poultry and egg 
products, during the re view period.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  Digital trade  
3.25.   Besides the green transformation, digital transformation is also at the core of the EU's trade 
policy. To that end, the European  Union adopted a Digital Strategy to maximize the benefits of 
technological progress. The EU's Digita l Strategy comprises several acts but the most relevant ones 
to trade are the Digital Services Act and Digital Market Act. While these two acts aim to tackle some 
of the major issues facing the EU's digital market at the moment to create safer digital spac e and 
ensure level playing field, it goes without saying that the implementation of these two laws will be 
challenging and contentious, with implications for international trade relations and the EU's internal 
market alike.  
Questions and areas of interest of members  
3.26.   As I mentioned earlier, the EU is the largest trade bloc and one of the largest economies in 
the world and plays a critical role in the world trading system, it comes as no surprise that its TPR 
has received considerable attention by Members, 42  of whom have submitted more than 1,600 
advance written questions for this review. The questions unsurprisingly cover wide variety of issues, 
some of which are new and the others remains from the last TPR. I, therefore, will just briefly 
summarize the main  topics that Members are interested about the EU trade policy.  
3.27.   I believe that there are four key areas which Members have shown interest to and seek 
clarifications from the EU.  
3.28.   First and foremost, it is the EU's trade policy relating to sustainability tha t is of the greatest 
interest to Members. The questions centre around the policies on climate change and 
decarbonization, fairness, gender equality, and inclusiveness as well as the Farm to Fork strategy.  
3.29.   Secondly, the topics of enforcement and responding  to trade distortive practices and how to 
EU goes about in defending its interest and values also received much attention from wide 
Membership.  
3.30.   The third area of issues is measures affecting production and trade, particularly, standards 
and technical requi rements, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, intellectual property rights, and 
competition policy.  
3.31.   Last but not least, Members are also interested in other trade matters that the EU pursues 
including the EU's policies on bilateral trade agreements, the W TO Reform as well as agriculture, 
fisheries and service sectors.  
Concluding Remarks  
3.32.   To conclude, one thing was very clear to me while reading the TPR reports, that during the 
period under review, the EU has demonstrated its outstanding leadership in setting the course of its 
trade and economic policy in a forward -looking and strategic manner. And the policy direction the 
EU has taken will have a significant influence both within its borders and globally due to its economic 
size and posit ion. However, as the EU advances its new trade policy to address contemporary trade 
challenges such as digital trade and sustainability issues, I hope that it will seek a good balance 
between economic growth, sustainable objectives, and increasing multilat eral cooperation. However, 
as the EU has always been a staunch supporter of a rules -based multilateral trading system and 
main proponent to reform the WTO, I am strongly confident that the EU will lead by example to 
ensure that the EU's objectives are met in the spirit of multilateralism and cooperation. With that, 
I conclude my statement and I wish the EU all the success in its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
GUATEMALA  
4.1.  On behalf of Guatemala, I would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation led by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at the European  Commission, and to 
H.E. Ambassador Mr  João Aguiar  Machado.  
4.2.  We would like to draw attention to the quality of the work done by the WTO  Secretariat, which 
is reflected in the Report it has presented on the European  Union's trade policies. The valuable 
information in the Report gives us a detailed insight into relevant aspects of the general situation 
under the economic and trade framework of such an important trading partner to  us as the 
European  Union.  
4.3.  We also extend our thanks to the Ambassador of Thailand, Ms  Pimchanok  Pitfield, for her 
presentation, which we thought very objective and direct.  
4.4.  In view of this, it is important to state how vital to us it is to have trade relat ions with an 
economic and trading bloc as large as the European  Union. That importance was highlighted by the 
signing of the Association Agreement between the European  Union and Central America that led to 
an extensive programme of cooperation in various d evelopment areas and a favourable trade 
regime.  
4.5.  In 2022, Guatemalan imports from the European  Union stood at USD  2,178.8  million, whereas 
Guatemalan exports to European countries amounted to USD  1,531.4  million. Guatemala's leading 
exports to the European  Union include crude palm oil, green coffee, ferro -nickel and fresh bananas. 
Additionally, our imports from the European  Union include products such as ricins, urea, medicines 
for human use and unroasted malt.  
4.6.  However since 2017 Guatemala has repeatedly rai sed concerns about changing maximum 
pesticide residue limits (MRLs) without a pre -defined risk analysis, a move that has a serious impact 
on our export production sector.  
4.7.  We extend our thanks to the European  Union for its readiness to agree to the space fo r technical 
dialogue held on 17  March this year; it involved a frank and constructive exchange of information 
and questions that was necessary to the process. We note with regret that the European  Union was 
unable to proffer solutions to the concerns raise d; however, we are open to continuing the dialogue 
in order to reach technical solutions that provide a level playing field to producers in both regions.  
4.8.  Guatemala has raised a series of questions concerning the Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union, w hich were submitted in timely fashion, and we express our thanks in advance for 
the replies.  
4.9.  Generally speaking, we recognize the European  Union's efforts in important areas and hope 
that those efforts will enable it to move progressively towards attaining  its objectives.  
4.10.   Lastly, we wish the European  Union and the delegation visiting us today a successful 
conclusion to this Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.11.   May I warmly welcome the EU 's delegation, led by Director -General for Trade , 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand , to their 15th Trade Policy Review and thank our discussant, 
Ambassador  Pimchanok Pitfield, and you, Chair, for your insightful comments.  
4.12.   Let me acknowledge the uniqueness of this moment. It w ill not  escape the notice of my 
ever-observant colleagues  that for the first time, the UK is participating in this Trade Policy Review 
not as a member State of the EU, but as an independent WTO Member. And although we may no 
longer sit next to each other in this chamber, we remain close allies not just at the WT O, but indeed 
on the wider global stage, fostering a relationship built on shared values, and cooperation across 
our shared interests.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.13.   Despite the change in our relationship, and some of the challenges we have worked on 
together in that process, we are ful ly committed to maintaining a strong partnership that benefits 
both our citizens and the global community.  
4.14.   The trade relationship between the EU and UK is one of the world 's great economic 
partnerships. Total trade between the UK and the EU was worth more than GBP 730 billion last year. 
Member States of the EU are still the largest overseas investors in the British economy, and Britain 
is one of the biggest investors in member States of the EU, with thousands of British and continental 
European companies an d millions of jobs relying on ties between our markets.  
4.15.   Challenges to trade exist of course, but together we can – and must – overcome them. And 
we are making progress. Our Trade and Cooperation Agreement is the E U's biggest and broadest 
FTA to date, and a  cornerstone of our bilateral relationship. And the recently agreed Windsor 
Framework marks a turning point in how the UK and the EU will work together collaboratively to 
fully exploit the potential of this agreement and maximi ze the relationship between u s. 
4.16.   This close partnership is what allows us to tackle shared priorities including trade, energy, 
security, migration, and climate. And it has of course underpinned our consistent collaboration 
against President Putin 's brutal invasion of Ukraine. Together,  we sanctioned the Russian economy 
by delivering bans on goods and services trade to restrict the funding of the Russian war machine. 
We welcome our close co -ordination of sanctions packages with the EU, including through the new 
Enforcement Coordination M echanism.  
4.17.   The EU 's leadership and influence within the WTO are instrumental to shaping the future of 
global trade. We are committed to working with our EU allies and partners to address the challenges 
we face and harness fresh opportunities for growth.  
4.18.   And we have already seen the fruits of our close collaboration. We worked together throughout 
the pandemic, whether that be in promoting the widely supported Trade and Health Initiative, the 
Declaration on Food Insecurity at MC12, and in the WTO Co mmittee on Market Access, which has 
created a rich resource for future policy makers addressing crises in the future. We appreciate the 
EU's promotion of open trade principles in negotiations on Fish eries and E-Commerce and welcome 
the EU 's recent proposal  for WTO dialogues on State Intervention . We must carry this spirit of 
collaboration into all our shared challenges, such as strengthening trade resilience through 
diversifying supply chains, which the Director -General and the G7 have also called for.  
4.19.   Howe ver, as we set our sights on the future, we must not lose sight of the pressing need to 
reform the WTO. We all know that this institution has faced significant challenges in recent years. 
Its ability to address emerging trade issues and disputes has been c alled into question. To safeguard 
the benefits of free trade and ensure that it remains an enabler of global growth and prosperity, we 
must reinvigorate the WTO and adapt it to the realities of the 21st century.  
4.20.   In this endeavour, we look to the EU as a ke y partner. EU leadership and influence within the 
WTO are instrumental in shaping the future of global trade. We encourage the EU to continue its 
efforts to promote transparency, inclusivity, and effectiveness within the Organi zation, and its deep 
and valu able engagement on Dispute Settlement Reform . 
4.21.   On this World Environment Day, we welcome the EU 's ambition on climate and the emphasis 
placed on open trade through its Green  Deal Industrial Plan. However, the global challenges we face 
cannot be resolved thr ough unilateral action alone, and we must ensure that the green transition 
does not come through acting at each other 's expense or at the expense of our rules -based 
international system. The UK and EU have mutual trade obligations under the TCA and WTO. We  
must work together to avoid a subsidy race that could distort trade or negatively impact emerging 
sectors.  
4.22.   The UK shares the EU 's concerns about carbon leakage risks, which could undermine our joint 
efforts to reduce global emissions. The UK has strongly advocated and supported international 
solutions to carbon leakage risk. We have an ambitious Emissions Trading Scheme and Carbon Price 
Support mechanism which we expect the EU to take into account when implementing its own Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanis m. WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.23.   The UK shares the EU 's ambition of identifying effective approaches to shortage management 
in future crises, however we have questions over the trade impacts of the EU 's Single Market 
Emergency Instrument. The framework seems to be an overly inward -looking response to managing 
supply chains in a crisis, which risks trade with third countries at a time of potential global shortage. 
We submitted written questions about the SMEI, and we encourage the EU to pursue closer 
coordination with third countries as part of planning for future crises.  
4.24.   The UK recogni zes that the complexity and variety of semiconductors makes it impossible for 
any country to address the challenges of semiconductor supply chain resilience alone. We also 
submitted written questions to understand the trade implications of the EU 's approach. We want to 
work with the EU and other partners to pursue a coordinated, multilateral approach to this issue. 
Our vision is that a coordinated approach will work in tandem with industry to  increase the resilience 
in key sectors.  
4.25.   We also encourage the EU to ensure its digital sovereignty agenda maintains fair market 
access for British businesses, in keeping with the UK 's high data protection standards and upholding 
our shared interests in digital trade and competitiveness.  
4.26.   As we navigate the uncharted waters of the green transition and the digital revolution, it is 
imperative that we reinforce our commitment to one another. We must collaborate to leverage our 
collective strengt hs, and work tirelessly to reform the WTO. Together, we can protect and promote 
free and open trade, ensuring a prosperous future for all. In that critical endeavour, we look to the 
EU as a formidable and crucial ally.  
CANADA  
4.27.   I would like to extend a warm welcome to the EU delegation and to my colleague 
H.E. Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado. I would also like to thank H.E. Ambassador  
Pimachok  Pitfield (Thailand) and the Secretariat for their preparations for today.   
4.28.   Canada appreciates the EU 's continued commi tment to rules -based multilateral trade in 
context of the WTO, as one of the most active voices for reform and advancement of fresh ideas. 
We are deeply glad to have the EU 's participation in the Ottawa  Group, and to have partnered with 
the EU on several i nitiatives, including the Trade and Health Declaration and the MPIA. We look 
forward to working with the EU to advance discussions at the WTO on industrial policy, climate, and 
inclusiveness.  
4.29.   Last year marked the fifth anniversary of the Canada -EU Compreh ensive Economic and Trade 
Agreement (CETA). While the increase of our bilateral trade resulting from this agreement, and its 
resilience to the effects of COVID -19, have been impressive, CETA represents more than just a trade 
agreement: it is a platform for  partnership on a wide range of economic and strategic issues, 
including sustainable and inclusive trade, and the foremost example of our joint commitment to a 
rules-based trading system. Canada welcomes further progress towards the implementation and 
ratification of CETA by all EU member States.  
4.30.   Turning to the review itself, we wish to seize this opportunity to raise questions about 
developments during the review period with respect to the EU 's sanitary and phytosanitary 
regulatory requirements. While we r ecognize the EU 's right to adopt measures to achieve legitimate 
health and food safety objectives, such measures must be implemented in a way that does not 
unjustifiably restrict international trade.  
4.31.   Canada is concerned that the EU has begun to integrate consideration that are unrelated to 
the health and safety of the people who use or are exposed to a product in their Maximum Residue 
Limit and import tolerance setting processes. This has far -reaching implications that have not been 
fully addressed, is pot entially in conflict with well -established international trade rules, and is likely 
not the most effective approach to addressing important global environmental objectives.  
4.32.   The implementation of the EU Circular Economy Action Plan is also of keen interest  for Canada, 
as we prepare to host the World Circular Economy Forum in Toronto from 29 September to 1 October  
this year. Canada is also following closely the implementation of the EU 's Regulation on WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  deforestation -free products to ensure that the rules will be applied equally and fairly to both EU and 
foreign producers.  
4.33.   Lastly, although the newly -approved European Green Deal falls outside the scope of this Trade 
Policy Review, Canada welcomes this opportunity for t he EU to elaborate on how the strategy will 
be considered in its trade policies, and the process by which it will set priorities and assess potential 
trade -offs.  
4.34.   In closing, Canada appreciates the EU 's partnership as a strong supporter of the rules -based 
multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core. We wish the delegation of the EU the utmost 
success during this review process.  
PHILIPPINES  
4.35.   The Philippines warmly welcomes and congratulates the delegation of the European  Union led 
by H.E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand , Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission as well as 
H.E. Mr João Aguiar M achado  of the Permanent Mission of the European  Union on their 15th Trade 
Policy Review. We also thank H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield  of Thailand for her pers pective as 
discussant, and the WTO Secretariat for its comprehensive Report. I had the honour  to Chair the 
last Trade Policy Review of the European  Union in February  2020 as the Chairperson of the TPRB.  
4.36.   We also associate with the ASEAN statement to be del ivered by Indonesia noting the 
significant role that the EU plays in the region as its third largest trading partner and second -largest 
source of FDI in 2021. A proof of this increasing relationship is the recently signed Comprehensive 
Air Transport Agreement or ASEAN -EU CATA which is the world 's first bloc -to-bloc air transport 
agreement. The agreement is expected to provide greater opportunities for airlines of ASEAN and 
the EU to operate passenger and cargo services between and beyond bot h regions. The Philippines 
is also pleased to be the ASEAN Country Coordinator of the EU from 2021 until 2024.  
4.37.   Bilaterally, the EU is one of the most important economic partners of the Philippines. It is one 
of the largest foreign investors of the country and the fourth largest trading partner with total 
bilateral trade valued at USD  16.5 billion in 2022. Among the top Philippine exports to the EU in  2022 
are digital monolithic integrated circuits, crude coconut oil, semiconductor devices and storage units.  
While the main exports of the EU to the Philippines are dominated by machinery, aircraft, 
pharmaceutical products, and frozen meat.  
4.38.   The Philippines is a beneficiary of the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences plus (GSP+) 
which covers duty -free entry for o ver 6,000 tariff lines and translates to enhanced access of 
Philippine exports to the EU market. The Philippines has been laying the groundwork and is intent 
on reapplying to the new GSP+ program me in 2024 as the current preferential scheme is set to 
expire in December this year. Further, the Philippines is keen to resume negotiations and forge a 
bilateral FTA to further deepen our relations with the EU. It promises to achieve our mutually 
beneficial economic goals, while maintaining consistency with the EU 's core ideals of sustainable 
development and environment protection, as well as with EU 's Indo -Pacific Strategy. The FTA is also 
solidly founded on the Philippines -EU Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) that entered 
into force in March  2018 which if we recall correctly involved Ambassador Machado. The Philippines 
is also a beneficiary of the ARISE Plus project, funded by the EU through the ITC, which aims to 
foster inclusive economic growth in the country through improved international trade perfor mance 
and competitiveness as well as economic integration.  
4.39.   Turning to the TPR reports, as noted in both reports by the Secretariat and the EU, the EU 
economy had a strong recovery in 2021 from the outbreak of the COVID -19 pandemic and remained 
resilient de spite the war in Ukraine. The period under review, as noted in the Secretariat 's Report, 
is characterized by a major change in development and political goals and priorities, which among 
others include the adoption of the European Green Deal and a Europe f it for the digital age. We also 
note that the EU adopted a new trade strategy entitled "An Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade 
Policy " in February  2021. This is seen to integrate EU trade policy within its economic priorities in 
facing challenges such a s economic recovery, climate change and environmental degradation, 
geopolitical developments, and its consequences for multilateral institutions. We also note that new 
measures such as the Digital Services Act (DSA), Digital Markets Act (DMA), and Carbon B order 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) regulation have already been adopted, while other measures are WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  still a work in progress such as on green taxation and green government procurement. We note the 
strong level of ambition on these critical areas and would str ess the importance of EU ensuring 
equitable support for just economic transition in developing countries.  
4.40.   Likewise, the EU is a firm supporter of the multilateral trading system and an active Member 
of the WTO, demonstrated by its dynamic participation thr ough joint proposals/initiatives involving 
WTO's core functions and plurilateral discussions, as one of the main donors for capacity -building 
and technical assistance activities, and has led the establishment of the Multi -Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration A rrangement with other WTO Members. We also note that the ratification process for the 
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies is progressing quickly following the EU Council adoption two weeks 
ago.  
4.41.   We note the significant developments in the economic policies of  the EU, and we appreciate 
the opportunity to learn more about these policies through this Trade Policy Review. Our delegation 
has submitted advance written questions and we thank the delegation of the EU for its timely 
responses.  
4.42.   In closing, the Philippi nes looks forward to further enhancing the mutually beneficial economic 
relations with the EU in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
THAILAND  
4.43.   Thailand would like to associate itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by Indonesia.  
4.44.   Thailand is pleased to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Review of the European  Union and 
we would like to join others in welcoming the European  Union delegation led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand  from Directorate -General for Trade of the European  Commission . We also thank the 
European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for preparing such comprehensive reports.  
4.45.   Thailand and the European  Union  have enjoyed robust trade and economic relations 
for 45 years  when  the Office of the Delegation of the European Eco nomic Community was first 
established in Bangkok in 1978 which was the first such office in South -East Asia.  
4.46.   The European  Union has always been one of Thailand 's major trading partners. More recently 
during the past five years, bilateral trade between Thai land and the European  Union averaged 
USD 38 billion. In 2022, Thailand 's trade with the European  Union amounted to USD  41 billion, 
increasing by 11.5% on average annually from 2020. The European  Union was Thailand 's 4th largest 
trading partner and Thailand is the European  Union 's 29th trading partner in the world. The 
European  Union has been Thailand 's 4th largest export destination and is our 3rd largest source of 
imports.  
4.47.   Additionally, Thailand and the European  Union have enjoyed continuous cooperation and 
dialogues through the Thai -European  Union  Senior Officials ' Meeting and Thailand -EU Working Group 
on Trade and Investment (or WGTI), both of which have been held for 16  times. In the most recent 
WGTI meeting, the two sides exchan ged information and initiatives on various policy -related issues 
and reaffirmed the importance of working together to strengthen the bilateral trade and investment 
relationship.  
4.48.   Most recently, in December  2022, Thailand and the European  Union have conclude d and 
signed the "Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation between the 
European Union and its Member States, on one part, and the Kingdom of Thailand, of the other Part " 
or "Partnership and Co -operation Agreement or PCA in short ". The PCA is a reaffirmation of these 
growing links and marks a big step forward in Thailand -EU relations. The Agreement will give more 
scope for sectoral cooperation in a broad number of areas such as tourism, employment, education, 
transport, environment, a nd trade and industry such as automotive and parts, organic agri -business, 
and jewellery . 
4.49.   Thailand acknowledges and welcomes the European  Union 's long -standing efforts to uphold 
the open, inclusive, and rule s-based multilateral trading system.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.50.   The European  Union has played an active and indispensable role in all spheres of WTO 
discussions and negotiations in both multilateral and plurilateral fronts, notably in the areas of trade 
and environment, agriculture, joint statements initiatives, trade and gender, and trade and 
development where the European  Union is one of the major donors for capacity building and 
technical assistance and, last but not least, its positive engagement and crucial contribution leading 
up to the success of the 12th Ministerial Conference.  
4.51.   Thailand applauds the contribution of the European  Union in the reform of the WTO in all 
functions, including dispute settlement, negotiations and deliberation. In particular, we recognize 
the European  Union 's proposal on Reinforcing the Deliberative Function of the WTO to Respond to 
Global Trade Policy Challenges and appreciate the three areas in the proposal for further deliberation, 
namely trade policy and state intervention in support of industrial s ectors, trade and global 
environmental challenges, and trade and inclusiveness. We are ready to work with the 
European  Union and other Members to advance our mutual interest on this matter.  
4.52.   Thailand closely follows the European  Union 's new trade policy whi ch seeks to promote more 
openness, sustainability, and to defend the European  Union 's interests and core values. In this 
regard, we strongly hope and are ready to work with the European  Union to ensure that its new 
trade policies will remain non -discrimina tory, cooperative, and supportive of the development of 
LDCs and developing countries.  
4.53.   Thailand takes note of the environmental policies and trade -related measures of the 
European  Union, including  the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the Fit -for-55 package, 
legislated as part of the European Green Deal. Although we value the European  Union 's constructive 
engagement in trade and environment in multiple WTO bodies  and fully share the firm commitment 
of the European  Union to addressing the pressing g lobal issue of climate change, we are also 
concerned and believe that it is important to ensure that well -established international rules and 
principles, including the WTO's principle of Most-Favoured Nation and National Treatment obligations 
and the princ iples of "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities ", firmly 
enshrined in the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC, are respected.  
4.54.   On agriculture, Thailand recognizes the European  Union 's effort to reform its Common 
Agricultural Poli cy and welcomes its application in January this year. We hope that, with this new 
CAP, the European  Union can achieve greater market orientation and significant reduction of 
distortions to international trade. We also note that agricultural sector of the E uropean  Union 
remains highly protected with high and complex tariffs. We, therefore, encourage the 
European  Union to further improve the market access of its agricultural sector.  
4.55.   In this review, Thailand submitted questions to the European  Union regarding various aspects 
of its trade and economic policies. We thank the European  Union for responding to our questions.  
4.56.  In closing, Thailand appreciates the opportunity to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Review 
of the European  Union today. We would also lik e to commend the able leadership of Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado and his team in Geneva. We are thankful of the corporation between our two 
missions and wish the European  Union every success in its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.57.   Australia is pleased to participate in this 15th Trade Policy Review of the European  Union and 
thanks the EU and the Secretariat for their comprehensive reports.  
4.58.   Australia and the EU have a significant relationship built on shared values, a commitment to 
the rules -based order, human rights and multilateralism, as well as significant economic, trade and 
investment ties.  
4.59.   Australia has welcomed EU leadership in holding the Russia n Federation  to account for its 
illegal invasion of Ukraine. The Russia n Federati on's continued unilateral, illegal , and immoral 
aggression against the people of Ukraine remains a gross violation of international law.  
4.60.   We share a strong interest in an effective rules -based global trading system, with the WTO at 
its core. Australia great ly values EU leadership within the WTO and the EU 's commitment to continue WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  working with others to achieve broad -based, tangible outcomes. We believe we share the EU 's view 
that global trade rules can and must help WTO Members address current and emerging c hallenges, 
such as the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the development of sustainable, 
market -based approaches to promoting economic growth and resilience.  
4.61.   A major WTO reform priority shared by Australia and the EU is to achieve a fully f unctioning 
Dispute Settlement System by 2024, in line with the mandate from the WTO 's 12th Ministerial 
Conference (MC12). We are pleased to work closely with the EU in the informal dispute settlement 
reform process and appreciate our close collaboration on  the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration 
Arrangement (MPIA).  
4.62.   We value the EU 's leadership on the broader WTO reform agenda, including its efforts to 
reinvigorate the deliberative function. We have welcomed early EU engagement with Australia 's 
proposal t o reform WTO Ministerial Conferences and look forward to further discussions to progress 
the EU 's important contribution on revitali zing the WTO 's deliberative function.  
4.63.   Australia has welcomed significant EU contributions to new rulemaking efforts, includ ing the 
Joint Statements on Services Domestic Regulation and E-Commerce. Such open, transparent 
plurilaterals can help ensure that the WTO remains responsive to modern trade realities.  
4.64.   The EU is in a position to show more leadership on agriculture, given its reforms to its own 
subsidy regime. We would welcome the EU 's leadership in advancing reforms to domestic support, 
in order to promote food security and help address the negative environmental impact of such 
subsidies. The Cairns Grou p is committed to working with all Members to reform trade -distorting 
domestic support in particular.  
4.65.   Australia and the EU share the view that trade has an important role in contributing to 
environmental outcomes. We are both committed to advancing trade a nd environment discussions, 
both through WTO for a and the newly established Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate. Australia 
recogni zes the importance of tackling carbon leakage globally and acknowledges EU efforts to discuss 
with Members its recently ap proved Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). We look forward 
to continued cooperation with the EU to ensure that domestic environmental sustainability measures 
are science - and evidence -based and the least trade restrictive possible.  
4.66.   We welcome impro vements to the EU 's internal market outlined in the new Single Market 
Strategy to the extent that these deliver positive impacts for the global trading system.  We 
encourage the EU to continue deepening the Single Market in ways that do not establish greate r 
barriers for third countries seeking access to the EU but instead reduce them.  
4.67.   The EU is one of Australia 's largest trading partners and a significant source of investment.  
The Australian Government is committed to concluding a comprehensive and ambitiou s Australia -EU 
free trade agreement to strengthen these links further. We welcome progress so far and look forward 
to finali zing a deal that delivers for both parties.  
4.68.   As we have seen in the three years since the EU 's last TPR, developments such as pandemi cs, 
conflict, natural disasters , and global economic downturns can put stress on the rules -based order.  
As Australia and the EU have committed, it is critical that we continue to invest in the health and 
relevance of multilateral institutions such as the W TO. 
4.69.   Australia wishes the European  Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
JAPAN  
4.70.   First of all, Japan warmly welcomes the delegation of the European  Union, headed by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade, European  Commission. We also thank the WTO 
Secretariat in preparing the comprehensive reports for today 's review and the discussant, 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for her insightful comments.  Japan would also like to express our 
special appreciation to Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado and his delegation for ongoing contribution 
to this Organization and would like to say again Arigato  for Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado for 
serving as the discussant for Japan 's most recent TPR in March this year.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.71.   As one of the world 's largest econ omies, the EU is a vital global partner for Japan and we 
highly value our many years of close dialogue and cooperation at the multilateral and bilateral levels. 
This alliance becomes all the more important under the current severe geopolitical circumstance s, 
especially unlawful Russian aggression to Ukraine.  
4.72.   In the broader context, Japan appreciates that the EU has contributed to upholding and 
strengthening the multilateral trading system through its active engagements in the WTO. 
In particular, Japan commends the EU 's leadership in MC12 negotiations such as the WTO response 
to the COVID -19 pandemic. For WTO Dispute Settlement Reform , noting the EU 's commendable 
engagement in this area, we look forward to working together in advancing the current inform al 
session for the text -based discussion after the summer break. We are also pleased to acknowledge 
the EU 's efforts to promote transparency —as pointed out in the Secretariat 's Report, these efforts 
have been exemplified by the EU 's submission of a large n umber of notifications. Moreover, the EU 
has also been actively contributing to the regular activities of the WTO by proposing useful and 
concrete ideas in many areas.  
4.73.   Noting the significance of the TPR of the EU, in addition to the written questions, I w ould like 
to take this opportunity to highlight a few points.  
4.74.   First, on WTO reform, I would like to touch upon the EU 's efforts for WTO reform. As stated 
in Paragraph  3 of the MC12 outcome document, Japan would like to cooperate with the EU in the 
run up t o the next Ministerial Conference. In this regard, we believe that the three areas proposed 
by the EU in the recent discussions, particularly state intervention in support of industrial sectors, 
accurately capture the challenges posed by the current global  economic situation; it is therefore 
meaningful to advance these discussions ahead of the MC13 and toward the 14th. 
4.75.   On trade and environment , as for the efforts made by the EU in response to current global 
challenges such as the environment and digital iss ues, we recognize the EU 's active contribution as 
a co-sponsor to the TESSD and other initiatives. In addition to this, the EU led the establishment of 
the Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate as a co -lead. In order to address climate change, Japan 
will work together with the EU to promote climate -focused trade policies. As for other trade and 
environment related efforts, the EU has been voluntarily explaining its measures such as the 
Green  Deal in the CTE. From the perspective of transparency, we commen d its efforts to respond to 
questions from other WTO Members.  
4.76.   We greatly welcome the launch of the Japan -EU Digital Partnership at the Japan -EU Summit 
in May  2022. The Partnership is a framework to take our relations in the digital field to a higher 
level,  and we hope to make steady progress.  
4.77.   In the area of personal data protection, Japan welcomes the recent joint review of the mutual 
adequacy arrangement, which has reaffirmed the high standard of personal data and privacy 
protection systems between both J apan and the EU. As demonstrated by the successful conclusion 
of this first review, we look forward to continuing to deepen our bilateral cooperation on the 
protection of personal information.  
4.78.   Turning to the Cyber Resilience Act, we would like to seek clarification on the scope of "critical 
products containing digital elements" for which third -party conformity assessment is required, as 
well as the relationship with relevant regulations being developed in the EU. We also believe that 
considering the uti lization of existing international standards and mutual compatibility with similar 
systems will be beneficial and Japan hopes this exercise will be ensured through the exchange of 
information with other countries including Japan.  
4.79.   In addition, since the NIS 2 covers a wide range of industries, we hope that more specific 
guidance will be provided on the requirements to be complied with by the target industries before 
the regulation comes into effect in October  2024.  
4.80.   Finally, we would like to address another im portant area: intellectual property. Until recently, 
each EU member State had administered different patent systems. Nevertheless, we welcome the 
launch of the Single European Patent System and the Unified Patent Court System on 1  June of this 
year. In thi s respect, we appreciate the EU 's efforts to ensure the appropriate operation of the unified WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  patent system and to reduce the burden on its users. We also hope that sufficient information will 
be provided to them on how to use the system.  
4.81.   To conclude, Japan  and the EU share our strong commitment on maintaining free and open 
trade, securing a level playing field, and addressing non -market and unfair trade practices. As 
reaffirmed at the most recent G7 Summit in Hiroshima, Japan will continue to work together with 
the EU and its member States to facilitate trade and promote economic resilience, based on the 
rules-based multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core.  
4.82.   We would like to thank the EU for providing answers to our written questions and wish the EU 
a successful and productive 15th Trade Policy Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.83.   The Singapore delegation warmly welcomes Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission , Sabine  Weyand, and the EU delegation to Geneva. We would like to express 
our appreciation to the EU for the comprehensive Government Report and statement. We also thank 
the Chair, Ambassador Saqer  Abdullah  Almoqbel and the discussant, Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield, for their insightful statements and the Secretariat for its detailed Report. Allow 
me to make three points.  
4.84.   First, Singapore and the EU share a steadfast and longstanding relationship that is 
underpinned by robust, multi -faceted and forward -looking cooperation in a wide range of areas. 
The EU is Singapore 's fifth largest trading partner  for goods, and second  largest trading partner for 
services. In 2022, our total goods trade was US D 113.5  billion, which represents a 11.3% increase 
from 2021. In turn, Singapore is the EU 's largest trading partner in ASEAN and Singapore is proud 
to be the  first ASEAN member State to sign an FTA with the EU which entered into force in 2019. 
The comprehensive EU -Singapore FTA (or EUSFTA) has delivered significant tangible benefits to our 
consumers and businesses. Since its entry into force, annual merchandise trade between the EU and 
Singapore has grown by 22% and services trade has grown by 12.1% from 2019 to 2021. It is also 
worth highlighting that the EU -Singapore FTA is the first one for Singapore that includes a dedicated 
Chapter on Trade and S ustainable Development, which reflects the progressive and forward -looking 
character of Singapore -EU relations.  
4.85.   In this context, Singapore and the EU are equally invested in future -proofing our economies, 
particularly in the face of rapid digital transfor mation. Hence, Singapore and the EU signed the 
EU-Singapore Digital Partnership in February this year. This Partnership underscored our mutual 
commitment to promote an open, fair, and competitive digital ecosystem  and includes cooperation 
in emerging areas  such as artificial intelligence and digital identities.  
4.86.   Second, as one of the top three economies in the world accounting for 16.2% of total world 
trade, the EU 's trade policies have far -reaching impact on its trading partners and the global 
economy. For  example, the EU 's policy initiatives such as the European Green  Deal and Foreign 
Subsidies Regulations will impact its trading partners. It is concerning that the Global Trade Alert 
has reported that out of the EU 's 8,014 commercial policy measures curren tly in force, 96% would 
cause the EU 's trading partners to become less competitive. For small countries like Singapore, it is 
extremely important that the EU ensures that its trade policies are consistent with WTO rules  and 
reinforce the multilateral tradi ng system. While we  appreciate the EU 's efforts to be transparent , it 
is equally important that the EU takes Members ' views and concerns into account in the 
implementation of these measures, and align them with our shared objective of strengthening the 
rules-based multilateral trading system. Singapore looks forward to working closely with the EU in 
this area.  
4.87.   Third, Singapore commends the EU 's active and constructive role at the WTO. The smooth 
and efficient functioning of the EU is underpinned by trust an d cooperation among its 27  member 
States, which has enabled the EU to be greater than the sum of its parts. Likewise, the WTO needs 
all its 164  Members to be aligned in pursuing the common goal of strengthening the rules -based 
multilateral trading system. In this connection, the EU has "walked the talk . In particular, Singapore 
appreciates the EU 's contributions in the JSI on E -Commerce and we count on the EU 's continued 
support so that we can achieve our collective target of substantial conclusion by end 2 023. The EU 's 
initiative to establish the MPIA, following the paralysis of the Appellate Body, is another illustration WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  of its leadership in the WTO. Singapore is committed to work closely with the EU and other MPIA 
Members to achieve the MC12 mandate of "having a fully and well -functioning Dispute Settlement 
System accessible to all Members by 2024 ".  
4.88.   In closing, allow me to quote a founding father of the EU, Jean  Monnet, who eloquently said 
that "nothing is possible without men, but nothing lasts without institutions ". Singapore will work 
closely with the EU and all Members to ensure that the WTO remains relevant and continues to 
generate concrete benefits for its Members.  
4.89.   Finally, I must acknowledge the active, constructive , and valuable role tha t my good friend 
Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado has played, as well as the significant contributions of his excellent 
team at the EU Mission in Geneva. We wish the EU a very successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU,  KINMEN AND MATSU  
4.90.   On behalf of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, I would 
like to extend my warm welcome to the EU delegation, led by Director -General for Trade, 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, for its 15th Trade Policy Review. I would also like to express our sincere thanks 
to the Chair and to the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield , for her in -depth introduction, as 
well as the WTO Secretariat for their hard work in preparing the reports.  
4.91.   Let me start by commending the EU and it s member States for the great efforts in supporting 
Ukraine to resist unjustifiable invasion. I also like to recognize EU 's economy being always robust 
and stable, even it has experienced the COVID -19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. It is notable of 
EU's reform of its economic governance framework. It is also important for Members to note the 
adoption of the European Green Deal, a Europe fit for the digital age and a new political agenda to 
reinforce the European  Union 's global influence. These will have p rofound implications for 
international trade and economy.  
4.92.   The background and causes of adopting the environmental related policies are understandable 
and should be appreciated. However, many uncertainties potentially caused by the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), green taxation, and green government pro curement need to be 
carefully addressed at the WTO.  
4.93.   On its role at the WTO, EU remains one of the most active and leading Members supporting 
open, inclusive , and sustainable multilateral trading system and making efforts to improve the 
operation of the Organization. On many issues, we share the same views with the EU and work 
closely with colleagues from the EU. In this regard, we would like to take this opportunity to 
acknowledge the EU Mission in Geneva, headed by Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, for its efforts. 
We expect that EU continues taking the leading role in promoting WTO reforms on many important 
issues. We will work closely with EU to help improve the WTO.  
4.94.   On the bilateral front, we have strong economic ties with the EU for decades. The EU is ou r 
fourth largest trading partner and largest source of foreign investment. Last year, the value of 
bilateral trade between us amounted to USD 75 billion, increasing for 9.46% compared with the 
previous year. Earlier this year, both sides held a Trade and I nvestment Dialogue, which was a useful 
event to allow the parties engaging in in -depth exchanges on important issues, including strategic 
trade and investment security, offshore wind power investment, development of electric buses, and 
cooperation on concr ete digital trade facilitation project. We believe our economic relations can be 
further enhanced by more interactive exchanges and cooperations of similar type.  
4.95.   Having said the above, we like to remind, as indicated above, that the potential impact and 
concerns of the CBAM need to be eased, not only at the multilateral level, but also at the bilateral 
level for our export. Another concern relates to Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework (TCTF), 
where more detail is required. In particular, we would lik e to learn how TCTF will affect the EU's 
production and trade and how EU will avoid global subsidy race.  
4.96.   We wish the EU a successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  NORWAY  
4.97.   Norway would like to join others in welcoming Sabine  Weyand and the delegation from the 
European  Union to this 15th Review of EU 's trade policy and we thank the Secretariat and the EU for 
their reports.  
4.98.   Let me start by saying that The EU and Norway enjoy a particularly strong relationship as 
neighbours , partners , and allies. We share the  same values which also are reflected in positions we 
take in the WTO, including our wish for transparency and openness and engagement with 
stakeholders More particularly on trade, Norway and the EU have invested in a strong relationship 
that benefits both  parties. The EEA Agreement ensures that we share a common set of rules with 
our most important trading partners and is the cornerstone of Norway 's relationship with the EU.  
4.99.   We note with great interest the EU 's increased ability to respond quickly to glob al and 
geopolitical developments, with concrete actions and instruments. Norway is part of the EU 's internal 
market, and to ensure its level playing field and resilience is equally important for us.  
4.100.   Norway values our close and longstanding cooperation wit h the EU in the WTO. The EU is a 
key player in shaping the multilateral trading system. We appreciate the EU 's active engagement to 
strengthen and modernize the WTO through various reform initiatives and in ongoing negotiation 
processes.  
4.101.   Let me in this co ntext highlight the trade and health initiative in response to the pandemic, 
the establishment of the MPIA as a response to the Appellate Body crisis, and the recent proposals 
to strengthen the deliberative function as an important element of WTO reform. W e recognize the 
EU's efforts to prevent a subsidies war, and in this context the need for the WTO to take action to 
address the demand for new rules.  
4.102.   I would also like to commend the EU for its active role in the various plurilateral initiatives, 
in partic ular on domestic regulations in services trade. The EU 's active engagement in the plurilateral 
negotiations on e -commerce, which represents a key opportunity to update the rulebook and address 
the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy, has be en and is an important force moving 
us forward.  
4.103.   The EU is also an important participant in the ongoing fisheries subsidies negotiations in 
the WTO. To prohibit certain forms of subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing is 
the most important  part of the mandate of SDG  14.6. These negotiations must lead to real reductions 
in global fisheries subsidies. Norway expects major subsidizers and big fishing nations to make the 
strongest commitments to reduce harmful fisheries subsidies. We encourage the EU to indicate how 
it will contribute accordingly.  
4.104.   We commend the EU for its leadership in the green transition. If anything, your already high 
ambitions seem to increase as multiple challenges continue to face Europe and the world. We stand 
with you i n this.  
4.105.   We cooperate to meet our climate targets. And we recently established a Green Alliance, 
preparing the ground for further cooperation on climate, the environment, energy , and green 
industrial transition.  
4.106.   Together, we will build a more secure, smarter , and greener future, while safeguarding open 
and rule s-based trade and the integrity of the internal market which has served us all so well for the 
past three decades.  
4.107.   In closing, I would like to say that Norway is looking forward to contin uing the close 
cooperation on trade related issues, including on how to strengthen and modernize the WTO.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  ECUADOR  
4.108.   My delegation would like to begin by thanking the European  Union and the Secretariat for 
the reports that have been presented, and for the EU 's replies to the Members of our Organization. 
We also acknowledge the presentation given by Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, the discussant in 
this exercise.  
4.109.   I would like to extend a welcome to the delegation of the European  Union, led by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at the European Commission. Warmest greetings 
also to my colleague João  Aguiar  Machado and the members of the European representation at 
Geneva; we appreciate their professionalism and have a dynamic, fruitful working relationshi p. 
4.110.   Along with other nations, Ecuador and the European  Union share a common interest in 
promoting a multilateral agenda that contributes to peace, sustainable development and cooperation 
in the world. The WTO is an essential Organization for achieving those  aims in the field of trade.  
4.111.   The EU is one of Ecuador's most important trading partners and a multilateral agreement is 
in force between us, to which Colombia and Peru are also Parties. We have a fruitful relationship 
with the countries of the Union in oth er areas apart from trade.  
4.112.   Ecuador and the EU are committed to protect the environment and combat the climate crisis. 
At the WTO we are party to initiatives that create spaces with an emphasis on trade and sustainable 
development, for example the Trade and  Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions and 
the Informal Dialogue on Plastics Pollution. Additionally, together with Kenya and New  Zealand, 
Ecuador and the EU have pushed for the establishment of the coalition of trade ministers on climate 
issues. In that regard, and given that the initiatives I am referring to are led by WTO Members, allow 
me to take this opportunity to call on the EU to include consideration of the specificities of developing 
countries as part of discussions on the e -commerce  initiative.  
4.113.   Ecuador is pleased to have reached agreement with the EU and other Members of the WTO 
on efforts to mainstream gender into our Organization's work, bolster the economic and commercial 
role of MSMEs and construct mechanisms to facilitate the pr omotion of investment for development.  
4.114.   Additionally, we agree with the EU on the need to have a fully functioning Dispute Settlement 
Body with appropriate appeal mechanisms in order to consolidate effective implementation of the 
multilateral trading system . Until these essential WTO tools are restored, we will be party to the 
Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement pursuant to Article 25 of the  DSU, known as 
the MPIA.  
4.115.   Since 2017 when the Multiparty Trade Agreement entered into force, access to th e 
European  market for Ecuadorian products has improved markedly, especially for agricultural and 
fisheries products. Similarly, products of European origin have been able to enter our country under 
the agreed specific tariff conditions. Prominent among the  products we purchase from the EU are 
medicinal products, vaccines, heavy and light vehicles, parts for machinery and agrochemical 
products.  
4.116.   Over the period 2020 -21 the European  Union became our country's primary investor. The 
main destination for inflows from Europe was the construction sector, followed by business services 
and manufacturing. Ecuador welcomes the confidence and engagement of European investors, who 
have also taken advantage of state policies to promote productive investment in our country.  
4.117.   There is always room for our trade to grow and improve utilizing the mechanisms provided 
under WTO Agreements, in particular with regard to technical barriers to trade, sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures and agriculture.  
4.118.   Drawing on the interest that we s hare with the EU in environmental protection and 
sustainable development, we are of the view that there is room for the Union to consider the 
concerns expressed by developing WTO Members, including Ecuador, on its environmental 
programmes and their impacts  on our systems of production and, ironically, our own environmental, 
social and economic sustainability.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.119.   The different production and climate realities, vulnerabilities and objectives in the fight 
against poverty in Europe and the developing world, such a s Latin  America, call for coordinated 
analysis of European measures to conserve the environment and protect human health in order to 
prevent unintended consequences for trade that resemble non -tariff barriers.  
4.120.   Ecuador thanks the European  Union for the responses to the questions it has raised and 
wishes the EU every success in the conduct and outcomes of this exercise.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.121.   I would like to start by welcoming the delegation of the European  Union led by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand , Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission. I would also thank 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for serving as the discussant and the Secretariat for 
preparing the comprehensive Report.  
4.122.   The trade and economic relationship between Hong  Kong,  China (HKC) and the EU has 
continued to remain strong over the years, as evident in the high value of trade flow between us. 
In 2022, the EU was HKC 's third largest trading partner, nineth largest domestic export market, 
second  largest re -export market, and sixth largest supplier in merchandise trade. Our bilateral 
merchandise trade amounted to US D 67 billion in 2022, while bilateral services trade amounted to 
US 15 billion in 2021.  
4.123.   We highly appreciate the E U's unwavering commitment to strengthening the multilateral 
trading system and its longstanding constructive engagement in WTO 's work on all fronts,  including 
participation in the work on WTO response to COVID -19 pandemic and the Joint Statement Initiative 
on E-commerce. The EU 's active role in driving WTO reform is commendable, ensuring the continued 
relevance of the WTO in our ever -changing global e nvironment. We share the EU 's view that having 
a fully and well -functioning Dispute Settlement System accessible to all by 2024 is critical and a top 
priority of the WTO, and HKC would work together with the EU and other Members towards a lasting 
multilate ral solution.  
4.124.   We have the following observations on the EU 's trade policy regime.  
4.125.   First, we recogni ze the EU 's proactive participation in the Joint Statement Initiative on 
Investment Facilitation for Development. HKC will continue to work closely with the EU and other 
like-minded Members to finali ze the substantive text negotiation before the summer break and 
participate in relevant outreach efforts to non -participants in the coming months.  
4.126.   We commend the EU for its exemplary efforts in trade facilitation. The EU not only actively 
implemented the Agreement on Trade Facilitation itself, but also provided supports to developing 
and least -developed country Members through grants, technical assistance, and capacity building. 
During the review period, the EU intr oduced customs flexibilities to address pandemic -related 
challenges and launched initiatives such as the Import One -Stop Shop to simplify procedures. We 
appreciate the EU 's dedication to digitali zing customs processes and look forward to the upcoming 
imple mentation of its fully automated export procedures and exit formalities by the end of 2023.  
4.127.   Regarding tariff, we appreciate that the EU has bound all of its tariff lines and that the simple 
average applied rate stands at 6.5%, with a slight increased numbe r of duty -free lines. However, 
we note that the proportion of non -ad valorem  tariffs continue to account for about 10% of all tariff 
lines, and the agricultural sector continues to maintain high tariff levels and tariff peaks. We would 
encourage the EU to further liberali ze its tariff regime on agricultural products and convert it s 
non-ad valorem  rates to ad valorem  rates as far as possible to enhance their predictability.  
4.128.   On standards and other technical requirements, we note that the EU has identified 
standardi zation as a strategic tool for advancing its green, digital, industria l and trade strategies. 
While appreciating the objectives of these strategies, we would encourage the EU to consider other 
relevant international initiatives and the concerns of Members to guard against creating unnecessary 
technical trade barriers.  
4.129.   Lastly , on services, we are pleased to note the gradual relaxation of different restrictions 
over the years and the consistent improvements in the availability of electronic procedures in the  EU. WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  We also appreciate the EU 's efforts in trying to resolve the objec tions raised by some WTO  Members 
in the certification procedure for the proposed improvements in Services Domestic Regulation by the 
JSI participants. We look forward to further facilitation for trade in services within the Single Market 
and continuation o f the close cooperation in multilateral efforts to further liberali ze services trade.  
4.130.   As we navigate the global economic challenges, we look forward to working closely with 
the EU to strengthen the multilateral trading system and drive WTO reform. Together , we can 
address pressing issues such as restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System which is 
core to the security and predictability of the multilateral trading system. We thank the EU for their 
answers to our written questions and wish the EU  a fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review . 
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.131.   To begin with, I would like to bring to the attention of the Membership the unfortunate trend 
of selective compliance with the WTO rules within the framework of the TPR exercise. We have 
always considered the EU to be a stalwart defender of the multilateral trading system . In fact, just 
this morning the head of the EU delegation reiterated support for and adherence to the rules and 
principles of the WTO. In practice, Brussels has chosen to s uccumb to political emotions and not 
answer a significant number of advance written questions. By doing so, the EU blatantly broke the 
rules of this Organization - an action that has no excuse. We find it highly regrettable that the EU 
has decided to kick off its TPR by discrediting itself and undermining its reputation of a reliable 
trading partner.  
4.132.   With this out of the way, let me now highlight Russia n Federation 's key concerns, which are 
reflected in our written questions:  
4.133.   The extreme focus of the EU's t rade policy on sanctions is rather perplexing. Trade statistics 
prove that unilateral restrictive measures generate a "boomerang effect ", affecting trade interests 
not only of sanctioned States, but also the economies of those who impose them. It  is hard t o 
understand the strange fondness for self -harm, developed by the EU, but even more so – the lack 
of care for the spill over  effects on other WTO Members. Some of the direct costs from sanctions 
and respective global trade disruptions caused by the EU's ac tions include: skyrocketing commodity 
prices, rising inflation and mounting uncertainty, as well as food insecurity that has hit developing 
and least developed countries the most.  
4.134.   Sadly, my previous point serves as yet another example of EU 's duplicity and use of double 
standards. Right in this very room the EU claimed that its sanctions "explicitly exclude food and 
foodstuffs ", all the while knowing perfectly well that in reality it has created numerous barriers for 
Russian food exporters. A mong them - blocked payments; endless restrictions and prohibitions in 
transportation and logistics; disruptions in the supply of agricultural machinery, etc.  
4.135.   On a similar note - the ongoing situation with the Black  Sea Grain Initiative (the Grain  Deal) 
is also rather worrisome. It would be interesting to hear the EU's explanation of the fact that its 
member States have turned out to be the main beneficiaries of the Grain  Deal, instead of the least 
developed and economically vulnerable countries in food ins ecure regions that were supposed to 
benefit from grain supplies. Just think about this: countries that need them the most have received 
hardly anything - a little over 700,000 tonnes (or 2.5%) of the total amount of 30  million tonnes 
that have been moved f rom Ukrainian ports over the nine months. Compare this to almost 12  million 
tonnes that European countries got, which amounts to around 40% of the grand total (official data 
provided by the Joint Coordination Center).  
4.136.   Speaking more broadly, we regret the EU's recent shift to flagrant protectionism in the 
formulation of its trade policy. In particular, we would like to highlight the following measures:  
i. an anti-coercion instrument, which allows the EU to  develop and implement 
unauthorized unilateral "anti-coercion " measures under the pretext of "national 
security ", instead of resolving trade disputes in accordance with the WTO rules;  
ii. numerous policies introduced within the framework of the Green Deal,  focused not on 
environmental protection, but rather on th e acquisition of economic benefits through 
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  and circulation of various goods under the pretext of their non -environmental 
character;  
iii. import substitution policies, in partic ular in light of the  EU Critical Raw Materials Act,  
pursued under the guise of "economic sovereignty "; 
iv. the EU CBAM, which will not only become a new significant challenge for the exporters, 
but will also fundamentally challenge the structure of global goods flows and the state 
of competition in the worlds' largest markets;  
v. the EU's deforestation strategy and its' mandatory due diligence rules for all operators 
and traders which is a plain import restriction, preventing the exportation of products  
such as palm oil, beef, timber, coffee, cocoa, rubber , and soy into the EU market;  
vi. finally, the Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium  the legitimacy 
and compliance with the GATT  1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards of which is also 
under q uestion.  
4.137.   These are just some of the worrisome elements of the EU 's trade policy in recent years. 
I would like to end my statement by expressing hope that in time the EU will come to reason and 
abandon its attempts to unilaterally impose its will on others. After all, sanctions and other forms of 
pressure were never an effective instrument to force sovereign States to change their decisions. 
Hopefully, the EU will choose the approaches that are indeed effective - constructive dialogue and 
cooperation,  readiness to compromise and resolve differences.  
4.138.   I join others in wishing our once largest trading partner a successful Trade Policy Review . 
CHINA  
4.139.   Let me first warmly welcome Director -General Sabine  Weyand, and the delegation of EU to 
this T rade Policy Re view. I would like to thank Chair and the Secretariat for their preparation of this 
TPR. My thanks also go to the discussant, Ambassador P itfield  for her insightful remarks. Please 
allow me to also express our sincere thanks to Ambassador Aguiar  Machado fo r his personal efforts 
and contributions to this Organization.  
4.140.   As a key Member in the WTO, EU has played an important role, especially at a time when 
the WTO is facing unprecedented challenges. We appreciate its leadership in establishing the MPIA 
after t he paralysis of Appellate  Body. We also commend its active and constructive role in the WTO 
reform and JSI negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation , E-commerce , Investment Facilitation 
for Development , and its engagements with non -participants. EU 's contribution to the successful 
MC12 is highly appreciated. We look forward to EU 's continuing leadership in the run up to MC13.  
4.141.   More broadly, as economic globalization is facing headwinds, and when trade has been 
politicized and weaponized, the strategic au tonomy is crucial to a member like EU and we appreciate 
EU's efforts in this regard.  
4.142.   While China would like to join others to commend EU for its leadership in upholding the 
multilateral trading system, we would like to express our concerns on some trade a nd trade -related 
policies recently taken by EU, which we believe have deviated from agreed international principles 
and rules, including those in the WTO.  
4.143.   We share those concerns expressed both in this TPR and relevant WTO bodies over the 
increasing measu res by EU on climate change. We fully understand EU 's environmental objective 
and appreciate its efforts. It is believed when such measures are taken, they should abide by 
international rules, including UN and WTO principles and agreements. They should not undermine 
the rights and benefits of others, especi ally those of developing Members. However, it is regrettable 
to see the measures taken by EU, such as CBAM, failed to follow the basic principles under the 
UNFCCC and Paris Agreements, as well as the WTO rules. In fact, such measures would discriminate 
against imported products and restrict market access, especially to those from developing Members. 
According to the latest study by the African Climate Foundation, CBAM will cause an annual loss of 
USD 25 billion for African countries. EU Net -Zero Industry Ac t also limits the market share of WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  net-zero products from third parties, which runs counter to the market principles and the basic rules 
of multilateral trading system.  
4.144.   We also note with regret that EU has increasingly enhanced its defensive economic and t rade 
instruments, which are unfair and inconsistent with WTO rules. We are severely concerned of certain 
new EU policy tools which could result in serious ramification to the international trade, global supply 
chain and the WTO. Here, I just name some of t hem. Deviating from WTO rules in trade remedy 
practices by creating new concepts, such as "transnational subsidies "; introducing unjustified and 
discriminatory foreign investment review system, even taking measures to restrict investments from 
specific ent erprises of certain Members; imposing quantitative restrictions on imports from other 
Members such as its Critical Raw Materials Act; granting substantial amount of industrial subsidies 
and expanding "export control measures ", such as the European Chips Ac t; and legitimizing its 
unilateral trade actions through its Foreign Subsidies Regulation.  
4.145.   The EU statement acknowledges that "today 's challenges require more rather than less 
global cooperation ". China fully agrees with this. To achieve climate goals and address economic 
and trade concerns, more dialogues and cooperation are needed. However, such dialogue and 
cooperation shall never be in a way against third parties , nor use so -called defensive tools to replace 
dialogue and cooperation. We believe EU, whic h has made enormous efforts to safeguard the 
multilateral trading system, could well recognize the potential threats of its recent actions to this 
system. We, therefore, request EU to be prudent and refrain from developing and implementing 
such measures. M oreover, we expect EU to continue to be the one that plays the leading role in 
defending the multilateral trading system.  
4.146.   This year marks the 20th anniversary of the China -EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership . 
The two sides are the second largest tradin g partners to each other. Last year, the bilateral trade 
hit a new record of USD 847.3  billion. This means, every minute, over USD 1.6 million worth of 
goods and services are traded between China and the EU on average. The two -way investment is 
also expand ing. In 2022, the EU 's investment to China increased rapidly by 97% to USD 10 billion ; 
350 products were added to the new list of Geographical Indications (GIs) under the bilateral 
Agreement. Tokaj wine from Hungary, Baileys cream from Ireland , and aceto b alsamico di Modena 
from Italy have all become very popular products for Chinese consumers.  
4.147.   In concluding, I want to highlight that China and EU share many commonalities. We are both 
strong supporters of the multilateral trading system and are working hard to revitalize the WTO. We 
also share many common ideas, such as openness and green development. We are looking forward 
to deepening the dialogue and cooperation with EU in the fight against global challenges while 
safeguarding the multilateral trading syst em.  
4.148.   Finally, we thank EU for providing replies to our advance questions. I wish the TPR of the EU 
a full success and the delegation of the EU a good stay in Geneva.  
COLOMBIA  
4.149.   My delegation welcomes Sabine Weyand, Ambassador Aguiar Machado, 
Deputy  Representative Hiddo  Houben and the delegation of the European  Union from Brussels and 
Geneva, and wishes them every success in this Trade Policy Review. We appreciate the Government 
and Secretariat reports, and the prompt replies to the questions w e raised. We are also grateful for 
the report by Ambassador  Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand, and the work of the Secretariat.  
4.150.   Colombia highly values its historical strategic partnership with the European  Union, which 
spans areas as varied as strengthening d emocracy, peacebuilding, the fight against drug trafficking 
and, of course, promoting bilateral trade, to which end we have a free trade agreement that will 
already have been in force for 10  years in August.  
4.151.   At this Trade Policy Review, Colombia welcomes t he fact that the European economy is 
growing. Growth in the European  Union is always good news to exporters and producers all over the 
world. Additionally, we note the leading role the EU plays in the global economy and in particular its 
leadership role wi thin the WTO through its proposals on many topics and the dynamic and 
constructive fashion in which it makes them.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.152.   We would very much like to refer to a number of issues and support some of the initiatives 
for negotiation and reform proposed by the Europea n Union in respect of the WTO, but today, on 
this occasion, when we are focused more particularly on its current trade policies, I would prefer 
instead to express Colombia's concerns at the significant, unrelenting rise in various trade -distorting 
measures  that affect or threaten to affect Colombian exports. We will focus on two aspects only: 
first, certain elements of the Green Deal. Secondly, the levels of subsidies provided in the 
European  Union. Finally we will close with a series of observations on the  future of the multilateral 
trading system and the role of one of its main drivers – the European  Union.  
4.153.   First, certain elements of the Green Deal. Some of the measures under the Green Deal, 
which we understand as an umbrella covering measures such as "Fro m Farm to Fork", the Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), measures that link trade to deforestation, certain directives 
on transport, due diligence requirements and others, all affect or threaten to affect our participation 
in international trade. Ea ch of these measures taken individually, let alone as a set, builds an 
ever-growing rampart against imports and significantly and disproportionately affects countries that 
are dependent on agricultural exports.  
4.154.   Traditional remedies, namely anti -dumping, co untervailing duties and safeguards, are 
heavily used by the European  Union; in our view, this approach is proper and even desirable. 
However, in various elements of the Green Deal we see growing, repeated recourse to non -traditional 
remedies, adjustment me chanisms, "mirror" mechanisms, and measures that are typically difficult 
to define but that have equivalent effects to traditional remedies. Moreover, this growing package 
of measures is consistently based on internal rather than multilateral provisions, j ustified under ever 
more extensive and varied objectives (combining the environment, health, safety, resilience,  etc.) 
and associated increasingly with defending measures that are introduced by way of "exemptions" 
rather than by way of the multilateral rul es. 
4.155.   In that connection, we would draw attention to a critical point in these measures, namely 
criteria for exempting certain EU producers from the Green Deal measures. Indeed, all the measures 
are associated with exemption regimes that apply only to EU pro ducers. For example, the 
European  rules on Maximum Residue Limits for agricultural products include exemptions that can be 
used only by European producers. Take another example: the measures on biofuels in the transport 
sector exclude biofuels produced in Europe. The criteria could even be in conflict with the multilateral 
principles of non -discrimination or most favoured nation treatment.  
4.156.   Furthermore, we are concerned that although there are many forms of environmental 
strategies that the European  Union ha s full discretion to select, it has chosen strategies whose costs 
are borne by other parties, often developing countries. Thus, faced with the list of options available 
for capping emissions, from fossil fuels to aviation, domestic consumption, etc.  a sign ificant share 
of the measures under the Green Deal umbrella would appear to shift the bulk of the burden to cuts 
and adjustments implemented by others.  
4.157.   We call on the European  Union to build the elements of the Green Deal in full compliance 
with WTO rules rather than by way of exemptions. The construction of the Green Deal and its 
elements cannot continue on a unilateral basis, therefore we call on the European  Union to establish 
a procedure for cooperation that shares the costs of achieving its goals in an  equitable manner that 
respects sovereignty, differing geographical conditions and the variety of means by which each of 
our countries can achieve its own aims. A constructive policy scenario is achievable, but the growing 
number of unilateral measures thr eatens to shatter our collective purposes and the multilateral rules.  
4.158.   The second point, linked of course to the first, is that we are concerned by the growth in the 
levels of European  Union subsidies in recent years. The costs that should be borne by 
Europ ean sectors under the Green Deal and other measures are rapidly offset by subsidies. 
Since  2018, large sums have been injected into agriculture under the Common Agricultural Policy. 
They are troubling given that the most important objectives of the WTO Agr iculture Agreement are 
to minimize distortions in international markets and prevent damage to industries in other countries. 
Where industry is concerned, the levels of the new subsidies announced for cleaner energy and 
production projects (many of them in response to subsidies in other economies) are unprecedented.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.159.   These substantial incentives affect our ability to compete and develop a sustainable 
agricultural or industrial sector. Colombia is more concerned about this new race for subsidies and 
aggressive  industrial policies by larger economies: a middle -income country with limited fiscal space, 
such as Colombia, can neither compete nor prosper under such unequal conditions. Small and 
medium -sized countries like ours can only ever come off badly in this si tuation. It is also in the larger 
economies' own interests to regulate subsidy proliferation. One of the objectives of trade rules is to 
establish a level playing field and promote competitiveness.  
4.160.   In short, the combination of higher and higher barriers to trade, often with exemptions 
available only to those on the inside, and the proliferation of subsidies as the ultimate adjustment 
mechanism is a matter of extreme concern. This Trade Policy Review is an important opportunity to 
note that in our  view these two pillars of European trade policy are incompatible both with a 
competitive, level playing field for world trade and with the expectations of those Members who 
nailed their trade negotiations to the mast of access to the European market.  
4.161.   The European  Union has traditionally been a driving force in the multilateral trading system 
and has played a prominent leadership role in this Organization. In view of the current systemic 
challenges and opportunities, the European  Union is a beacon of ideas and proposals to improve, 
strengthen and end the impasse within this Organization. However, these very valuable efforts that 
bring advantages to us all should not be tainted by new barriers, trade imbalance, the absence of a 
level playing field and the ero sion of multilateral rules.  
4.162.   In calling on the EU to redouble its efforts to maintain its defence and full implementation of 
multilateralism at the WTO, we wish the delegation of the EU a successful Trade Policy Review. 
Colombia is open to continuing, deepe ning, and strengthening its strategic trade relationship and 
wishes to acknowledge the excellent working relationship between the two missions in Geneva.  
ISRAEL  
4.163.   Chair, Israel would like to thank you, the discussant H.E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of 
Thailand, EU Ambassador Aguiar  Machado, and the Secretariat for the comprehensive reports. Israel 
also welcomes Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade, from the European 
Commission, as the Head of Delegation.  
4.164.   Israel and the EU have ha d broad close relations extending beyond trade for many decades. 
But specifically, in trade, it is worth pointing out that Israel signed its first Free Trade Agreement 
with the EU way back in July  1975.  
4.165.   For Israel, as is the case for many other Members, t he EU is a crucial economic ally. This is 
due to our strong bilateral ties but also because the EU plays a leading role here at the WTO.  
4.166.   Since the last Review, the EU has been marked by a significant change in priorities, primarily 
exemplified by the European Green  Deal, to name just one. Another example is the EU's leading role 
in regulating the digital age, to name another example. These developments are essential for Israel 
because they impact many trade and investment policies.  
4.167.   The EU is Israel 's biggest trade partner. In 2022, Israel 's exports of goods to the EU 
amounted to around USD 16.6 billion, while Israel 's imports from the EU amounted to around 
USD 25.9 billion.  
4.168.   When it comes to business services, 2021 and 2022 saw a stable growth trend in Israel 's 
and the EU 's exports.  
4.169.   We want to highlight that our relationship is also characterized by strong scientific and 
academic ties and solid technological cooperation, epitomized by Israel 's association to Horizon 
Europe, the EU 's funding programme fo r research and innovation.  
4.170.   On the multilateral front, the EU's active participation and leadership remain vital for this 
Organization. Israel appreciates the EU's constructive role across the various topics we are currently 
discussing. We want to note the  EU's recent proposal on WTO reform. Israel has reviewed it, and 
we note some areas of convergence across some of the proposals Israel has co -sponsored. Israel is WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  confident that we can build on these commonalities, as the ultimate motivation behind them is  
similar, making our work at the WTO more effective and efficient. Israel looks forward to our 
continued dialogue leading to MC13.  
4.171.   In the plurilateral arena, Israel shares similar goals with the EU across various initiatives, 
namely Services Domestic Regul ation and the Joint  Statement Initiative on E-commerce. On Services 
Domestic Regulation, we look forward to the certification of schedules, which is bound to have 
significant benefits for the entire Membership.  
4.172.   On the E-commerce JSI, the negotiations have  intensified in the last months, and we are 
gearing up to make substantial progress before the end of the year leading up to MC13.  
4.173.   During this exercise, Israel submitted various questions to the EU , we look forward to 
reviewing the replies carefully. Altho ugh we do  not intend to address all the questions here, we 
would like to highlight some areas of interest for Israel during this period.  
4.174.   With regard to the European Green  Deal, Israel has been closely following the process 
leading up to the establishment of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (EU CBAM), which was 
recently finali zed. We will continue to monitor its implementation, noting that some key aspects 
relating to the functioning of the mechanism have been left to be defined at the implementation 
stage. We thus look forward to receiving further information from the EU in this respect.  
4.175.   Still under the European Green  Deal umbrella, Israel seeks clarification on the EU 's work 
relating to circular economy and setting eco-design  requirements for produc ts, most notably in terms 
of how the new requirements will tie -in with existing sector  - or product  - specific legislation, such 
as chemicals legislation.  
4.176.   Israel is interested in hearing from the EU how it plans to support businesses and third 
countries in  understanding all these new requirements, so as to ensure their smooth and effective 
application, while also minimi zing the resulting administrative burden and any negative impact on 
trade flows.  
4.177.   Israel also continues to watch closely developments regarding SPS measures, most notably 
the EU 's decision to lower maximum residue levels (MRLs) due to environmental concerns. We 
remain concerned about the implementation of an SPS measure for an objective that – according to 
our understanding - does not fall within the remit of the Agreement.  
4.178.   Israel has been following the EU 's ambitions in becoming a global leader in setting standards 
and norms for the digital economy. Efficiently supporting digital trade and innovation is key to 
addressing th e rapid development of new technologies. We are therefore interested in obtaining 
clarifications on the EU 's approach to regulating data flows through legislation, such as the Data Act, 
and how the EU plans on ensuring it fosters a competitive and accessib le environment. Additionally, 
we hope to obtain further information and guidance regarding important changes the EU has made 
through its Digital Services Act.  
4.179.   The EU and Israel have a strong and dynamic ties when it comes to trade in Medical Devices. 
Israel hopes to see this trade continue to flourish and has therefore paid attention to the EU 's gradual 
entry into force of its medical devices MDR & IVDR legislation and certain implementation challenges 
in this regard for both new and legacy products. We ar e interested to get a better understanding of 
how the EU intends to proceed to ensure that the new rules enable a smooth continuation of trade.  
4.180.   Finally, we would like to note the excellent work by the EU delegation, ably led by 
Ambassador Machado. Israel looks forward to continuing our fruitful working relationship with him 
and his team.  
4.181.   We wish the EU a very successful TPR.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  BRUNEI  DARUSSALAM  
4.182.   Brunei  Darussalam joins others in warmly welcoming the delegation from the 
European  Union led by H .E. Sabine  Weyan d, Director -General of the Directorate -General for Trade 
of the European Commission and associates itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by 
Indonesia.  
4.183.   We thank the EU and the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive reports and 
H.E. Ambassador Pim chanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her role as the discussant.  
4.184.   We welcome the expansion of cooperation between Brunei  Darussalam and the EU since the 
establishment of our diplomatic relations on 18  July 2003. This includes the recently launched 
"Brunei  Darussalam -EU Partnership Facility " that aims to promote two -way exchanges in the field of 
political affairs; economic cooperation; higher education and research; environment, climate and 
sustainable growth , among others.  
4.185.   Furthermore, we hope to improve our trade, which remains in favour of the EU where our 
main trade commodities include machinery; electrical and transport equipment; chemicals; foodstuff 
and beverages.  
4.186.   In a regional and multilateral contex t, we value our engagement with the EU in the various 
multilateral for a including ASEM and ASEAN. In 2022, we celebrated the 45th Anniversary of 
ASEAN -EU Dialogue Relations, which is a significant milestone, where our Leaders agreed to 
establish the ASEAN -EU Strategic Partnership that aims to increase the level of engagement across 
wide range of areas, including sustainable trade and investment and economic recovery.  
4.187.   While we note that the EU has established trade agreements with a number of ASEAN 
member States, we are interested to hear the EU 's short and long -term plans in improving economic 
engagement with the wider ASEAN bloc in the absence of regional ASEAN -EU FTA.  
4.188.   Like others, we commend the EU for its continued commitment to rules -based multila teral 
trading system and the EU 's active engagement in this Organization, particularly on WTO Reform 
and sustainability agenda.  
4.189.   We also commend the EU for setting out an ambitious and forward -looking 2021 trade 
strategy in responding to global challenges including on green and digital transitions. We appreciate 
the EU 's effort in presenting some of these policies, such as the European Green  Deal and the Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), in the relevant WTO bodies and we look forward to learn 
more on the progress of their design and implementation, and how any adverse impacts on global 
trade and to Members could be avoided.  
4.190.   Brunei  Darussalam has submitted several questions in relations to the reports by the EU and 
we thank them for their responses.  
4.191.   Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to wish the EU a successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
ARGENTINA  
4.192.   I extend a welcome to the delegation of the European  Union, led by Ms  Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade at the European Commission. All ow me also to thank 
Ambassador  Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her presentation.  
4.193.   The bilateral relationship between Argentina and the European  Union is positive because the 
values and principles we share lie at the heart of both countries' agendas. The relationship is 
currently conducted under the Framework Agreement for Trade and Economic Cooperation 
formulated using "Political Dialogues". The Dialogues cover a broad range of topics such as human 
rights, gender, digital dialogue, science and technology,  macroeconomic dialogue, dialogue on 
biotechnology as applied to agriculture and dialogue on energy.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.194.   Following the severe slow -down in the first year of the COVID -19 pandemic, bilateral trade 
between Argentina and the European  Union bounced back strongly a s of 2021, reaching 
USD 21,962  million in 2022 – a 29.2% rise on the prior year's figure. This is the highest level ever 
recorded for our bilateral trade with the EU. The trade balance between the two parties is in 
equilibrium.  
4.195.   Moving beyond the historical ly good performance in bilateral trade, there are opportunities 
to encourage the trading relationship and the flow of investments between both parties.  
4.196.   Argentina and the EU are working on two agreements of strategic importance to the global 
challenges we f ace: a Memorandum of Understanding on a Strategic Partnership on Sustainable Raw 
Materials Value Chains and a Memorandum of Understanding on energy cooperation, which we 
expect to finalize in the coming months.  
4.197.   Also under negotiation is the Agreement on Re ciprocal Equivalences for Organic Production, 
which will replace the current unilateral equivalence scheme granted by the EU to Argentina, and 
will provide a framework for continuity and legal certainty for exports from various regional 
economies in my cou ntry. 
4.198.   On the bi -regional level involving EU and Latin America/the  Caribbean, Argentina welcomes 
the reinvigoration of structured policy dialogue between the EU, Latin America and the Caribbean 
under the CELAC -EU mechanism. We are therefore particularly int erested in the CELAC -EU Summit 
of Heads of State and Government to be held on 17  and 18  July 2023 in Brussels to strengthen the 
relationship between the EU and Latin America and the Caribbean in the new international 
environment.  
4.199.   Where MERCOSUR is concerne d, Argentina is working actively with regional partners to 
achieve substantive progress during Argentina's Pro Tempore Presidency of MERCOSUR to reach an 
agreement that is mutually beneficial to the parties.  
4.200.   Argentina has an important environmental commitm ent and shares European concerns on 
climate change; in particular it shares the objective of sustainable food production, taking into 
account the current challenges involved in safeguarding food security in changing climatic conditions. 
We understand that within this framework it is vitally important to make progress in the long overdue 
reform of multilateral trade rules, having regard above all to the negative impact of agricultural 
subsidies on the environment, and the positive effect that reform will hav e on achieving sustainable 
development, trade and food security. Argentina is also paying close attention to the EU's regulatory 
work on environmental matters. Our export matrix to the community market means that our leading 
products are exposed to Europea n market access restrictions as a result of European Green Deal 
policy instruments. In view of this, the new rules under the European Green Deal need to be 
consistent with the EU's WTO commitments and based on scientific evidence in order to ensure that 
the measures do not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised 
restriction on international trade.  
4.201.   Argentina appreciates the European  Union's contributions to the rules -based multilateral 
trading system and its active part icipation in the activities and bodies of the WTO. Like the EU, 
Argentina regards it as essential to re -establish a fully functioning and operational dispute settlement 
system as a binding mechanism that provides guarantees that current and future provisio ns will be 
respected.  
4.202.   We would like in particular to draw attention to the EU's leadership in the national regulation 
of services and its positive contribution to discussions on trade and gender, in particular the plan to 
develop a gender lens for WTO work . 
4.203.   Argentina thanks the EU for its replies to our questions relating to this Trade Policy Review, 
which will be carefully examined by our colleagues in Buenos Aires.  
4.204.   To conclude, while reiterating our appreciation of this renewed opportunity to exchange 
opinions and comments on the trade policies and practices of the European  Union, we would like to 
draw attention once again to the importance of this exercise in transparency from every point of 
view, and to wish the authorities a successful conclusion to thi s review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  CHILE  
4.205.   We extend a warm welcome to the delegation of the European  Union led by Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade at the European Commission.  
4.206.   We thank the European  Union for its replies to our questions in this review, and the 
Secretariat for the report it has prepared for this exercise, and indeed 
Ambassador  Ms Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand) for her presentation as discussant.  
4.207.   We also extend special greetings to the Mission of the European  Union to the WTO in Geneva 
led by Ambassador Aguiar  Machado.  
4.208.   Generally speaking, in Chile, the European Union is perceived as a successful political project 
that has a sound economic foundation centred on cooperation whose main objective has been and 
continues to be ensuring peace and deve lopment.  
4.209.   Chile's relationship with the European Community goes back a long way. In 1963, the 
first agreement for scientific and technological cooperation was signed between Chile and the 
European Southern Observatory, providing a framework which to this da y covers major space 
observation programmes based in Northern Chile.  
4.210.   This significant step paved the way for our political relationship with the then European 
Economic Community, which set up its Latin American Office in Santiago in 1964. Thereafter, our 
relationship progressed at various levels and was reaffirmed, first, through the third -generation 
Agreement signed in 1990, then the preparatory Agreement for the Strategic Partnership signed in 
1996, and finally the Association Agreement of 2002.  
4.211.   This year , 2023, marked the 20th anniversary of the entry into force of the Association 
Agreement between Chile and the European  Union giving rise to the development not only of close 
economic and trade relations between both markets but also of shared values inclu ding a 
commitment to democracy, world peace and security, human rights, open trade and multilateral 
cooperation.  
4.212.   Since the entry into force, economic and trade relations with the EU have developed in very 
positive fashion: the EU has become our fourth -largest trading partner and trade has doubled, 
growing at an average annual rate of 4.5%. This is chiefly the consequence of the progressive 
tariff-reduction process that concluded in 2013, encouraging greater diversity in the products, 
businesses and regional  sources of our exports, with greater benefits in the fruit, wine and processed 
food sectors among others. Moreover, the EU is the leading investor in Chile, and accounts for 26% 
of total investment, thereby promoting employment and exports to third market s. 
4.213.   Since the signing of the Association Agreement, relations between Chile and the European 
Union have been strengthened through "Structured Dialogues". These are thematic cooperation 
frameworks for the development of common projects and the exchange of in formation and best 
practices in various domains, such as the environment, energy, ocean and fishery governance, SMEs, 
and human rights.  
4.214.   The political phase of modernizing the Chile -European  Union Association Agreement 
concluded last December. This importan t achievement was the fruit of six years' hard work with our 
historically, the EU. We anticipate that the new agreement will be signed in late 2023.  
4.215.   The EU has also been a strategic partner in the work carried out both at the OECD and the 
in framework of t he Pacific Alliance. Chile and the EU are facing new common challenges that give 
renewed impetus to the strategic aspect of Chile -EU relations, as reflected in the spirit of the current 
Association Agreement and its ongoing modernization.  
4.216.   Chile and the EU firmly support multilateralism and the role of the WTO. Where reform of 
the Organization is concerned, we agree that making progress in strengthening and modernizing the 
WTO in its three pillars is a priority. We thank the European  Union for its proposal o n deliberation 
and support for industry, sustainable development and inclusivity.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.217.   Within this framework, and in view of the priority that Chile affords to inclusive, sustainable 
trade, we regard the ideas for strengthening discussions in the Committee on T rade and Environment 
as interesting opportunities, given that environmental policies should be designed to meet 
environmental objectives and have the lowest possible impact on trade, while remaining consistent 
with WTO commitments and provisions. Internati onal trade can help to address the challenges of 
sustainability and the climate crisis, which require a coordinated multilateral response that includes 
speeding up knowledge spill -overs and dissemination of relevant technologies, incentivizing 
innovation a nd creating a less concentrated market in environmental goods and services. Similarly, 
the EU proposal on inclusivity provides an opportunity for the WTO also to consider how it and 
international trade can help to tackle the particular challenges faced by sectors that are 
under -represented in the global economy such as SMEs and women. Where the proposal on state 
support for industrial policies is concerned, Chile has spelled out its concern at the distortion that 
can be wrought on international trade by sub sidies in agriculture or fisheries for example, and 
therefore we are in favour of an opportunity to have a wide -ranging discussion in this area, to include 
the industrial sector.  
4.218.   Likewise, discussions concerning disciplines on subsidies that contribute to overfishing and 
overcapacity provide an opportunity to make progress towards the sustainability objectives shared 
and pursued by Chile and the EU, and to strengthen the role of the multilateral trading system in 
overcoming the global challenges we face. Th erefore we note the EU's readiness to reach consensus 
in this area before the 13th  Ministerial Conference, and reaffirm the importance of disciplining 
subsidies that contribute to overfishing and overcapacity while taking appropriate account of the 
needs o f developing Members.  
4.219.   On agriculture, we welcome the EU's commitment to improve aspects concerning 
notifications and transparency. Overall we are of the view that these efforts will be not be equal to 
the task unless they are supported by ambitious progres s in agricultural reform as provided for in 
the Agriculture Agreement, in particular reducing the most distorting support within EU territory.  
4.220.   As regards the situation involving the DSB, we agree with the EU on the importance of having 
a fully operational system that is accessible to Members. Additionally, we both participate in the 
MPIA, which issued its first award in the dispute between Colombia and the EU, and in that regard 
we would note the role that both parties have in making the process a success. Likewise, our 
delegations are participating in the current informal discussions on a dispute settlement system with 
a view to achieving consensus that can have it up and running again as soon as possible.  
4.221.   Additionally, both Chile and the EU are active part icipants in joint initiatives in areas such as 
electronic commerce and investment facilitation for development, and in that regard, in my capacity 
as co -Coordinator I extend my thanks for the huge contribution the European  Union has made to 
the process. We  also agree on informal initiatives that seek to address current challenges from an 
international trade perspective such as environmental sustainability, the climate emergency and 
women's empowerment, as referred to previously.  
4.222.   We have submitted more than 20 questions for this Review on subjects such as trade and 
development, SME inclusion and female empowerment, trade and investment regimes, sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures, agriculture policy, fisheries, energy and services. We are grateful for the 
replies received, which we are processing with our technical teams.  
4.223.   In this respect we wish to note the resilience of the European Union which, despite having 
been affected by the economic ups and downs of the most recent period, has strong growth 
projections  for 2023. We partly share its use of trade policy to promote universal values such as the 
right to legislate in areas of public interest.  
4.224.   Lastly, we wish the European Union a successful Trade Policy Review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.225.   I make this statement on behalf of my Ambassador who is unfortunately not able to be 
personally present as we have a Ministerial delegation in Geneva. Unfortunately, as a small 
delegation, we often have to make hard choices, including when required to cover important 
meetings being held concur rently.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.226.   Mauritius would like to welcome the EU delegation led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General of DG Trade of the European Commission  for the EU 's 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.227.   We thank the Secretariat and the European  Union for their respective reports . We also thank 
Ambassador  Pitfield for her insightful remarks as discussant for today 's exercise.  
4.228.   We further thank the EU for the replies to our advance written questions. These replies are 
being studied by our colleagues in capital.  
4.229.   The EU remains a very important development partner for Mauritius and we thank them for 
the support they have provided over the years. We have read with much interest about the new 
trade strategy adopted by the EU to enhance its ability in playing a leadership role. A role  based on 
the belief that addressing the multiple challenges we all face require global cooperation. We note 
with appreciation that for the EU, with a global trade share of around 17%, the multilateral trading 
system and the WTO remains at the centre of it s trade policy.  
4.230.   We have all been successively subject to the negative impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic, 
and the ongoing geopolitical situations that have affected economies around the world, although at 
varying degrees. We congratulate the EU and its membe rs for having taken appropriate policy 
actions, including the Next Generation Recovery Plan, to alleviate such impacts and to contain the 
downturn.  
4.231.   As a small island developing state that is highly reliant on external trade and the EU being 
one of our majo r trading partners, we would like to join the call by other developing economies, 
especially the smaller and vulnerable ones, as we face unprecedented economic and financial 
difficulties. The policies adopted and actions taken by the EU directly affects us  – the external impact 
of EU internal policies can often be huge for small and vulnerable economies.  
4.232.   We, therefore, call on the EU and its members to comprehensively consider the implications 
of such policy actions on global trade, especially how the exports of small developing countries are 
affected and consequently constrain us in meeting our legitimate development objectives.  
4.233.   For instance, we acknowledge the need to adopt measures such as the CBAM or the EU 
regulation on deforestation to address cha llenges of climate change and environmental degradation. 
However, these should not become unduly trade restrictive. There should be a constructive dialogue 
with Members on how they can be supported, including through transfer of technology, to meet new 
standards that are reasonable.  
4.234.   Mauritius commends the EU for its active engagement in strengthening the principles of the 
multilateral trading system. We also acknowledge the need to reform the WTO – we need an 
Organization that is responsive to new challenge s, ensures equity, caters for the differences in 
production and trading capacities of its Members, and provides for a rule s-based, stable and 
predictable trading environment. The ultimate objective should be to help Members meet their 
development objective s. We look forward to working with our partners, including the EU, to restore 
a fully functional Dispute Settlement System , improve the negotiating function of the Organization, 
address the imbalance in the system such as the use of subsidies, including in  agriculture and 
fisheries, and bring development to the centre.  
4.235.   We further note the proactive approach of the EU in the various Joint Statement Initiatives 
on Investment Facilitation , MSMEs, E-commerce and Services Domestic Regulation . Mauritius is also 
actively engaged in these discussions and we feel that it is important, at some stage, to assess the 
implications of these initiatives on small economies.  
4.236.   As said earlier, Mauritius and the EU enjoy excellent relations that have expanded and 
deepened over d ecades. We are confident that new dimensions will be added to our relations through 
the conclusion of a full Economic Partnership Agreement. An agreement that will respond to the 
development needs of the Eastern and Southern  Africa countries and provide ad equate policy space 
to develop our economies. In this regard, a development chapter that will provide for financial and 
non-financial support to implement the various commitments, including on sustainable development, 
will be crucial for the successful imp lementation of the agreement.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.237.   In conclusion, we would like to commend Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his team for their 
proactive role in Geneva and express our commitment to working with them in further strengthening 
our relations and cooperation with the EU both bilaterally and within the WTO framework.  
4.238.   We wish the E uropean  Union a successful Trade Policy Review . 
NEW ZEALAND  
4.239.   New Zealand welcomes the EU delegation to Geneva, led by DG Trade Sabine  Weyand. 
We also thank the discussant Ambassador  Pitfield for her remarks, and to Ambassador 
Aguiar  Machado and his team for all their work.  
4.240.   New Zealand has a strong, long -standing, and broad relationship with the European  Union. 
We share a deep commitment to democracy, human rights, international citiz enship, and the 
importance of the global rules -based system. We share many common values and approaches to 
free trade. We are both committed to institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the 
United  Nations, which have helped to foster internatio nal rules and cooperation for decades.  
4.241.   As the third largest economy globally, and New  Zealand 's fourth largest trading partner, the 
EU is a significant and highly valued economic partner, and New  Zealand  takes an active interest in 
its trade and investmen t policy. Our relationship is reinforced by the Partnership Agreement on 
Relations and Cooperation, which entered into force in 2022,  
4.242.   In June  2022, New  Zealand and the EU also concluded negotiations on a comprehensive and 
high-quality free trade agreement . The FTA will deliver important economic, commercial and broader 
benefits to consumers, small and large businesses, and farmers in New  Zealand and in the EU as 
our economies deal with the ongoing impact of Russia n Federation 's illegal invasion of Ukraine,  and 
the recovery from the COVID -19 pandemic. The FTA also contains ground -breaking outcomes to 
promote inclusive and sustainable trade, including on climate change, labour rights, harmful 
environmental subsidies, gender equity and a chapter to facilitate economic engagement between 
the EU and New  Zealand 's indigenous Maori. We look forward to signing and bringing the FTA into 
force as soon as possible.  
4.243.   For New  Zealand, the WTO is of critical importance to protecting the rules -based 
international trading s ystem. New  Zealand looks to the EU as a champion of the multilateral trading 
system to continue its leadership to build consensus on our mutual WTO objectives, including the 
second wave of fisheries subsidies negotiations, concluding new rules in the E-commerce JSI and 
bringing into effect the Services Domestic Regulation JSI disciplines. The EU is a valued partner in 
efforts to progress contemporary issues, including support for a permanent moratorium on customs 
duties for electronic transmissions and to a dvance agriculture discussions. We appreciate the EU 's 
leadership in supporting micro, small and medium sized enterprises and women 's economic 
empowerment.  
4.244.   We welcome that, as a major international economic player committed to a rules -based 
international s ystem, the EU sees a responsibility for leadership and constructive engagement across 
the suite of reform discussions, including a fully functioning dispute resolution mechanism by 2024.  
4.245.   On agriculture, New  Zealand has previously expressed concerns about aspects of the EU 's 
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). New  Zealand recogni zes and commends the ongoing efforts of 
the EU to reform the CAP and joins others in encouraging the EU in the direction of greater market 
orientation and reduction of distortions to international trade.  
4.246.   New Zealand shares the EU 's ambition to lift global sustainability and environmental 
standards in agricultural production. However, a proliferation of unilateral trade measures for 
environmental and sustainability purposes risks exclud ing third countries, slowing technological 
progress and shared learning, fragmenting food trade, and risks potentially perverse environmental 
and food security outcomes. New  Zealand has questions about how the EU intends to ensure its 
policies support and strengthen the multilateral system, and is inclusive of third countries.  
4.247.   On climate, we have welcomed the opportunity to work with the EU, Kenya , and Ecuador on 
the establishment of the Trade Ministers on Climate. New  Zealand commends the EU 's efforts to WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  increase global mitigation ambition. We have asked if the EU has considered how the Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will interact with o ther plurilateral and multilateral initiatives to 
mitigate the risk of fragmented and competing global approaches to addressing the issue of carbon 
leakage.  
4.248.   In this review, New  Zealand has encouraged the EU to provide further detail on how it intends 
to rationali ze inefficient fossil -fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, so as to 
contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and support renewable energy uptake. We 
also posed some questions around the EU 's Deforestation Law, includin g how it will safeguard against 
negative consequences for the multilateral rules -based trading system arising from use of this 
instrument.  
4.249.   Finally, on fish, New  Zealand commends the EU for its leadership in support of the Agreement 
on Fisheries Subsidies. We look forward to working constructively with the EU and other Members 
in establishing further disciplines in relation to overcapacity and overfishing. In this review, 
New Zealand has lodged questions regarding the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquacul ture 
Fund, including its consistency with both the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement and UN Sustainable 
Development Goal 14.6.  
4.250.   The preservation of a stable rules -based international trading environment is of fundamental 
interest to New  Zealand. We note the imp ortance of the European  Union  – as one of the world 's 
largest economies  - maintaining and continuing to strengthen its broadly open and 
market -orientated approach to international trade policy. This is vital not only for the health of the 
global economy an d the multilateral trading system, but also for the EU 's own ambitions for jobs, 
growth and investment.  
4.251.   With those comments, we congratulate the European  Union, in particular to Ambassador 
João Aguiar Machado and  his excellent team, on its successful Trade  Policy Review . We look forward 
to working together as we build on our already productive economic relationship.  
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  
4.252.   The delegation of the Dominican Republic welcomes the report presented by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at th e European Commission and Head of the 
Delegation. We also appreciate the enriching presentation by Ambassador Pimchanok Pitfield, 
Permanent Representative of Thailand. Furthermore, our Mission recognizes the important work 
being done by Ambassador João Agu iar Machado and his team in Geneva to ensure that discussions 
between Members are substantive and fruitful.  
4.253.   In the three years since the last Trade Policy Review, the European Union's trade policy has 
operated in a complex international environment. As was  the case for most WTO Members, the 
COVID -19 pandemic negatively impacted its economy, with economic activity contracting 5.7% 
in 2020.  
4.254.   However, the European Union rolled out a successful vaccination campaign, worked to adapt 
businesses and households to t he constraints caused by the pandemic, and coordinated policies at 
the national and Union levels.  
4.255.   Allow me to draw attention to the important macroeconomic context, particularly the actions 
of the European Central Bank. Like in other advanced economies, th e European Central Bank 
expanded monetary policy using all possible tools, including new formal public communication 
techniques.  
4.256.   The end of the unusually relaxed monetary policy stance prevalent since the late first decade 
of this millennium was precipitated by Europe's rising inflation. Increasing the monetary policy 
interest rate is the correct measure according to economic models.  
4.257.   The authorities of the European Central Bank understand the magnitude of the problem. For 
this reason, during the period covered by this WTO review and in conjunction with the first interest 
rate increase in 11 years, they announced a mechanism for the pro tection of monetary policy 
transmission. Like in other advanced countries, keeping inflation under control continues to be a WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  priority for the European Union. Macroeconomic stability is a condition for thriving international 
trade.  
4.258.   Focusing on trade policy,  it is important to highlight the new communication strategy on the 
European Union's trade policy to meet the challenges facing the bloc and to support the green and 
digital transitions.  
4.259.   With regard to the Economic Partnership Agreement between the Europea n Union and 
CARIFORUM, of which the Dominican Republic is a part, negotiations are under way to protect 
geographical indications in the context of the Agreement's implementation.  
4.260.   The economic, trade and cooperation relations between the Dominican Republic and the 
member States of the European Union are of great importance to our country and become stronger 
every day. The relations cover trade in goods, tourism, investments and remittances.  
4.261.   The Dominican Republic appreciates the European Union's cooperation with our country 
through the European Development Fund and the Lomé and Cotonou agreements, signed with the 
States of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States. The Fund has contributed to 
programmes in multiple areas, including health, edu cation and trade.  
4.262.   Our delegation is grateful for the European Union's answers to the questions we asked in 
writing.  
4.263.   Lastly, we thank the delegation of the European Union for its contribution to the smooth 
operation of the global trading system and reiterat e our wishes for a successful conclusion of the 
review that has brought us together today.   
COSTA  RICA 
4.264.   I would like to begin by extending greetings to the delegation of the European Union, headed 
by Ms  Sabine Weyand, Ambassador João Aguiar Machado and the distinguished team from Geneva 
and Brussels with us here today.  
4.265.   Likewise, I welcome the reflections of the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok Pitfield of 
Thailand, and the usual support of the WTO Secretariat.  
4.266.   It is a pleasure to be part of this Trade Policy  Review. To start, I would like to emphasize the 
close relationship we have with the European Union. This productive and respectful relationship is 
based on common values and aspirations in areas such as respect for the rule of law, the promotion 
and prote ction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the promotion of peace, sustainable 
development, international cooperation, political dialogue and foreign trade.  
4.267.   We agree with the European Union that the multilateral trading system is essential for trade 
policy, which has contributed to the resilient capacity of our economies to tackle the challenges we 
face due to the impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic and current geopolitical tensions. Furthermore, 
we recognize the European Union's contributions to strength en the WTO, particularly its reform 
process, in which Costa Rica is also actively involved. We also share the European Union's interest 
in plurilateral initiatives on the domestic regulation of services, e -commerce and investment 
facilitation.  
4.268.   The European  Union is our second largest trade partner, a position it has held consistently 
over the past seven years. This relationship has become stronger through the implementation of the 
trade pillar of the Association Agreement between Central America and the Eur opean Union 
since 2013. In the last decade, our bilateral trade has grown 7% on average, with 18% of our 
exports heading to that market in the past year, along with 9% of our imports. Costa Rica has 
secured its position as this region's exporter not only o f traditional agricultural products, but also of 
high value -added goods and services, complying with high international standards.  
4.269.   For this trade relationship to grow and continue to generate benefits, we must keep working 
together, particularly when faced  with the challenge of increasingly striving for fairer, more 
sustainable and more inclusive trade. We share the European Union's legitimate objectives to tackle WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  climate change and protect the health and well -being of humans, animals and plants by 
implemen ting the Green Deal. Our conviction regarding the relevance of those issues to trade is 
reflected in the inclusion of these themes in many of our bilateral trade agreements, including the 
one we have with the European Union together with the rest of the Ce ntral American countries, our 
participation in the plurilateral initiative for the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and 
Sustainability  (ACCTS), which is being negotiated, and the coordination of the Trade and 
Environmental Sustainability Structured Discu ssions, which we know as TESSD.  
4.270.   Nevertheless, we are currently facing significant challenges due to the impact on the 
conditions surrounding the entry of our exports into the European market as a result of the various 
regulations being implemented based on  the Green Deal objectives, which introduce new 
requirements for our producers and exporters. Joint work and dialogue become even more relevant 
in this context and as new regulations emerge.  
4.271.   Specifically in relation to the policy on pesticides and maximum residue limits, Cost Rica has 
used multiple forums to consistently highlight the importance of ensuring that any changes to 
maximum residue limits are based on conclusive scientific evidence to allow for the application of 
the least trade -restrictive measu re and that these changes are made in the framework of the Codex 
Alimentarius through the coordinated work of the international community for the benefit of trade 
harmonization and facilitation. Costa Rica would like to thank the European Union for the con structive 
dialogue in this regard with countries of the American continent. We therefore encourage continuing 
this dialogue so that the concerns of our agri -export sector are given consideration.  
4.272.   Another regulation of particular interest is the one on defo restation -free products, in respect 
of which we, along with various countries, have shared our concerns with the European Union as 
well. In our case, doubts linger as to how the particularities, domestic regulation and situation of 
each country will effect ively be considered, especially given that the due diligence assessment takes 
into account aspects beyond those linked to the environment. We would also like to have more 
clarity on the manner in which the European Union will fulfil its commitment to estab lish partnerships 
and cooperation mechanisms with the affected countries. Lastly, we would like to know more about 
the European Union's position on the notification of this regulation under the Agreement on Technical 
Barriers to Trade.  
4.273.   We hope to continue working with the European Union on these and other initiatives arising 
from the Green Deal or those that may in any way affect the entry of our products into this important 
market for our country, while promoting ongoing open dialogue that recognizes the r ealities of our 
producers and their ability to adapt and that gives this consideration both in the regulation drafting 
process and in initiatives that anticipate changes, inform adequately and promote adaptation to new 
requirements.  
4.274.   Moreover, Costa Rica i s more than ready to continue working with the European Union on all 
projects of common interest and, in so doing, keep building a strong and long -lasting trade track 
record that continues to benefit our citizens.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.275.   On behalf of the United  States, I am pleased to participate in the European  Union's 
15th Trade Policy Review and extend a warm welcome to the EU delegation, led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand.  
4.276.   The EU and the United  States are vital strategic partners and share the largest trade an d 
investment relationship in the world. The United  States highly values its close working relationship 
with the EU in the WTO and in multiple other fora.  
4.277.   We are also grateful for the EU's partnership over the past two and a half years in finding 
solutions  to trade -related disagreements, including some longstanding ones.  
4.278.   Notwithstanding our close strategic partnership, it is important to acknowledge in the context 
of this TPR that certain U.S. goods and services face persistent barriers in the EU market. T hese 
barriers limit the opportunity of U.S. workers and businesses to benefit from transatlantic trade. It WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  is important that we are able to speak honestly with one another about issues of concern, always 
with a view to finding ways to resolve them.  
4.279.   I want  to highlight a few specific examples.  
4.280.   First, U.S. stakeholders have longstanding concerns with the EU's lack of adequate 
opportunities to offer meaningful comments on proposed regulations and decisions. EU notifications 
often are made at a procedural stage when it is too late to revise propose d measures to take into 
consideration substantive concerns raised by other WTO Members.  
4.281.   In addition, we have had longstanding concerns regarding the EU's hazard -based approach 
to regulations, which can lead to measures that limit U.S. market access. One w ell-known example 
is the EU regulation known as REACH. It relies on an unduly restrictive hazard -based approach 
instead of a scientific assessment of the actual risks of exposure to a chemical in a specific use. U.S. 
stakeholders have raised concerns that,  as part of the registration process under REACH, they must 
provide data that is not relevant to the specific hazards and proposed uses of a registered substance. 
Additionally, EU member States ' application of REACH appears to be inconsistent and lacks 
transparency, resulting in requirements that are more onerous for U.S. exporters than for EU 
businesses and products that are already in the EU single market.  
4.282.   Third, U.S. agricultural products cont inue to face a number of market access barriers. For 
example, U.S. stakeholders are concerned that implementing regulations for the EU's Farm  to Fork 
strategy require the adoption of EU production practices in order to access the EU market. These 
practices  are not appropriate, effective, or efficient in other parts of the world, and these 
requirements could unnecessarily restrict trade or force farmers in the United  States and other 
countries outside the EU to produce crops in less sustainable ways than the y otherwise would have.  
4.283.   Additionally, despite having succeeded in litigation years ago, the United  States continues to 
have concerns regarding the lack of predictability, excessive data requirements, and delays in the 
EU's approval process for genetically engineered crops, which have prevented safe products from 
being exported to the EU .  
4.284.   The EU also continues to restrict the use of "traditional terms ", such as "tawny ", "ruby", and 
"chateau ", on labels on imported wine. This impedes U.S. wine exports to the  EU, including U.S. 
wines that include these traditional terms within their trademarks. We also remain troubled by the 
EU's overbroad protection of geographical indications and approach on geographical indications with 
its trading partners, which adversely  impacts both protection of U.S. trademarks and market access 
for U.S. products that use common names in the EU and third country markets.  
4.285.   Fourth, the EU has proposed a new cybersecurity certification scheme for procurement of 
cloud services that would clo se access to foreign suppliers. U.S. stakeholders have expressed 
concerns about provisions of the proposed scheme, including restrictions on domestic ownership 
requirements. The EU covers cloud services in its GPA commitments and is required to provide 
non-discriminatory access to covered procurement.  
4.286.   Fifth, U.S. companies across a range of sectors also continue to cite concerns about the EU 's 
exclusionary approach to standards -related measures, including its conformity assessment 
framework, and its effort s to encourage governments around the world to adopt this restrictive 
approach. The EU 's approach impedes market access for products that do not conform to European 
regional standards (ENs), even if they conform to international standards that meet or exce ed the 
EU regulatory requirements. Products regulated by the EU must conform to these EU -specific 
regional standards – and must then be certified by European testing bodies – in order to benefit 
from a presumption of conformity with the EU 's essential regu latory requirements.  
4.287.   The new European Standardization Strategy raises concerns that the EU is moving away 
from cooperation with trading partners in standardization. Under it, European Standardization 
Organizations will constrain the involvement of non -EU interests in the development of harmonized 
EN standards. In addition, new Commission policies, such as a refusal to reference underlying 
standards developed outside of Europe and new restrictions on participation in expert advisory 
committees, signal a del iberate effort to exclude foreign participants, undermine the acceptance of WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  international standards developed in the United  States , and impose European regional standards on 
foreign trade partners.  
4.288.   Finally, notwithstanding the existence of EU -wide customs  legislation, the EU does not have 
a single customs administration. EU customs law is administered by agencies in each Member State, 
making it difficult for the EU to ensure that its rules and decisions on classification, valuation, origin, 
and customs pro cedures are applied uniformly across member States. The EU also lacks tribunals or 
procedures for the prompt review and EU -wide correction of administrative actions relating to 
customs matters. Although differences in member State tribunal decisions can be  taken to the Court 
of Justice of the European  Union, referral of a question to the Court is generally discretionary, may 
take many years, and may not afford sufficient redress.  
4.289.   Notwithstanding the particular concerns we have raised, the United  States loo ks forward to 
continued close partnership with the EU in working towards our shared trade policy goals  and reform 
of the WTO . I heard today a clear vision to use and adapt trade policy to serve important global and 
societal goals, and the need for cooperation and consultation at the WTO to improve understanding 
by trading partners of the balancing and trade off necessary. We wan t to work with the EU to better 
understand its objective and hope the EU will work with the rest of the Membership with an open 
mind as we all seek to adapt trade policies to meet global challenges.  
4.290.   Finally, I want to recognize  the strong leadership of Am bassador João  Aguiar  Machado here 
at the WTO and look forward to continued collaboration on many areas of joint interest with him and 
his team.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.291.   Thank you, Chair, and thank you, Director Weyand, for your opening statement clearly 
outlining the E U trade policy.  
4.292.   Many thanks also go to Ambassador Pitfield of Thailand for her highly relevant introductory 
remarks and to the Secretariat for its detailed report.  
4.293.   Switzerland welcomes the EU's ongoing commitment to the WTO and its constructive support 
of the Organization's reform. In substance, Switzerland and the EU share the same objectives as to 
the relevance and credibility of the multilateral trade system, including when it comes to defending 
the dispute settlement mechanism. Both Switzerland and the EU are also party to the MPIA.  
4.294.   This EU commitment to the WTO is crucial because, even after the United Kingdom's 
withdrawal, the EU is the trading bloc with the largest foreign trade in the world. Like many others, 
Switzerland has very close ties with the EU and is one of its top trade partners. This is why the EU's 
economic stability and the stability of its foreign trade are closely scrutinized in Switzerland and also 
why we welcome the significant economic stabilization measures that the EU and its membe r States 
took during the pandemic and in the wake of Russia's aggression against Ukraine. The EU economy 
returned to growth in 2021 and maintained the growth momentum overall in 2022, despite the 
supply chain challenges caused by the war in Ukraine.  
4.295.   From a  trade standpoint, the health crisis strengthened our conviction that it is precisely 
when supply becomes uncertain that keeping trade flows open is most important. For that reason, 
Switzerland watched with concern as EU member States introduced many trade  restrictions at the 
beginning of the pandemic, and we then welcomed the quick lifting of most of those measures. 
Looking ahead, we would nevertheless like to know whether the EU has put in place specific 
mechanisms to prevent such reactions during future crises.  
4.296.   We commend the EU's climate protection ambitions and its efforts to implement them 
quickly. Switzerland has also set equivalent targets for itself, particularly the target of zero net CO2 
emissions by 2050. In that context, allow me to make three r emarks:  
1. First, we recognize that the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism  (CBAM) is likely to 
help the EU reach its CO2 reduction targets. For Switzerland, however, it is important 
that the implementation of this measure have as little effect as possible on international 
trade and not create discrimination between similar products. In that regard, we note WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  that the exemption Switzerland enjoys is due to the coupling of its emission trading 
scheme with that of the EU, better known by its acronym ETS.  
2. Switzerland is following with interest the EU's work to curb "greenwashing" of financial 
instruments, and we wonder what the specific effects will be on the sustainable finance 
of the EU's Taxonomy Regulation as part of its Green Deal. We would be especially 
interested in knowing whether the Commission is taking follow -up action in this regard.  
3. Lastly, since the Swiss steel and aluminium sector is very closely linked to the EU and 
US sectors, we take great interest in developments in the Global Arrangement o n 
Sustainable Steel  (GSA). We applaud the intention to open this initiative to other 
countries and are particularly interested in how it will reduce trade -related CO2 
emissions.  
4.297.   In closing, allow me to reaffirm that Switzerland will continue to engage with  the EU in favour 
of a fair multilateral trade system and an effective WTO. We look forward to cooperating with our 
colleagues from the Mission in Geneva under the wise and competent direction of 
Ambassador  Aguiar  Machado.  
4.298.   I again extend my warm thanks to the EU for the information provided in its report and for 
the answers to our numerous questions. I wish it a successful review of its trade policy.  
BRAZIL  
4.299.   Allow me to extend a warm welcome to the European delegation, led by DG T rade 
Sabine  Weyand, as well as Ambassador João Machado and his team. I would also like to express our 
gratitude to the EU, the Secretariat, and the discussant, Ambassador  Pitfield, for their valuable 
contributions. Moreover, I commend you, Mr  Chair, Ambassador  Almoqbel, for your  sharp opening 
remarks.  
4.300.   Firstly, I wish to emphasize that the review of the EU's trade policies serves as a testament 
to the significance of the monitoring pillar of the WTO. It provides us with an opportunity to examine 
and comment on various aspects of t he EU's contributions to the multilateral trading system, a 
matter of great importance to Brazil.  
4.301.   Such an exercise is fitting given the longstanding political and economic relationship between 
Brazil and the EU. In fact, Brazil was among the first countrie s to establish diplomatic relations with 
the European Economic Community back in 1960. Over the years, this relationship has evolved and 
gained high prominence within the framework of Brazilian foreign policy, moving into a Strategic 
Partnership in 2007, n ow encompassing over 30 Sectorial Dialogues.  
4.302.   Despite the challenges posed by the COVID -19 pandemic and the subsequent slow social 
and economic recovery, Brazil has maintained intense high -level engagement with European 
authorities on crucial matters. These dialogues underscore the strength and diversity of the Brazil -EU 
Strategic Partnership. In this regard, we look forward to the imminent implementation of the SPS 
Bilateral Consultation Mechanism, following a prolonged period of inactivity.  
4.303.   Within this context, we hold great hope for the future growth and fortification of our economic 
relationship with the EU, particularly as both parties strive for the conclusion of the MERCOSUR -EU 
Association Agreement.  
4.304.   As we delve into the Secretariat and G overnment reports, Brazil would like to address specific 
topics relating to the EU's trade policy within the framework of our bilateral relationship.  
4.305.   Firstly, I would like to draw attention to the agricultural sector, which continues to present 
challenges in terms of openness within the EU. The average tariff rate on agricultural goods, 
currently standing at around 14%, is more than three times higher than the overall EU average of 
around 4%. Tariff escalation, as well as the extensive use of non -ad valorem  rates and tariff quotas, 
remain significant barriers to imports.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.306.   Even after carefully examining the Secretariat's Report, gaining a clear understanding of the 
complex array of agricultural support policies implemented by the EU and its member States poses  
a significant challenge, as highlighted by the discussant. Additionally, we note that the most recent 
EU Domestic Support notification to the WTO covers the marketing year 2016/2017. We encourage 
the EU to promptly notify more recent measures.  
4.307.   Furthermore , in the areas of Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary 
Measures, Brazil has identified specific instances where the EU has adopted measures that appear 
to be more trade restrictive than necessary, without due consideration for interna tional standards 
and scientific justification. Our concerns encompass issues such as the registration of pesticides and 
the reduced transitional periods for the entry into force of new Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs).  
4.308.   I would like to express some concerns re garding certain aspects of the European  Union's 
trade policy. It is important to address these matters as we engage in constructive dialogue.  
4.309.   In light of our shared commitment to preserve the multilateral trading system and achieve 
a sustainable future and  a decarbonized economy, Brazil expresses its concerns with the EU 's 
unilateral measures proposed under the European Green Deal. Three measures, in particular, appear 
to present risks to both the trade and the environmental multilateral regimes: the Defore station -Free 
Commodities Regulation, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the establishment of 
maximum residue limit requirements that deviate from the purpose of addressing sanitary risk.  
4.310.   The proposed European Deforestation -Free Commodities Regulati on includes a 
country -based benchmarking system with a tiered classification that would impose different 
treatments to Members according to criteria unilaterally set by the European  Union. The proposed 
regulation could promote trade diversion, as operators  interested in avoiding heavy compliance 
burdens would have an incentive to reduce exchanges with countries deemed as "high risk ". It could 
also undermine our common goals of curbing deforestation and forest degradation.  
4.311.   In turn, the proposed Carbon Border  Adjustment Mechanism appears to pose challenges to 
a broad array of WTO rules, including in disciplines related to tariffs and TBT, as well as in the 
fundamental principles of non -discrimination and national treatment. From an environmental 
perspective, i t fails to recognize the CBDR principle. Importantly, it also lacks a provision to account 
for decarbonization efforts that do not involve carbon pricing, such as regulatory approaches.  
4.312.   Brazil urges the EU to observe the need for its trade -related environm ental measures to 
comply with both trade and environmental multilateral rules. In that sense, we call upon the EU to 
avoid attempts to impose specific standards and decarbonization strategies on other economies. We 
remain committed to work together with th e EU to shape a fair and effective multilateral treatment 
for the nexus between trade and sustainability that aligns with and supports the commitments made 
by Members in environmental fora, such as the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris 
Agreement.  
4.313.   Another aspect of concern in the European  Union's recent trade policy is the substantial 
increase in subsidy volumes allocated to various economic sectors. The COVID -19 pandemic, the 
conflict in Ukraine, and the EU's green and digital transitions have prompted the establishment of 
new funds, as well as the expansion of existing funds, with more flexible conditions for access. This 
has led to the provision of higher amounts of direct transfers and financing at subsidized interest 
rates.  
4.314.   In conclusio n, we appreciate the responses provided by the EU delegation to Brazil's 
inquiries. We extend our best wishes to the European  Union for a fruitful Trade Policy Review, and 
we remain committed to engaging in encouraging discussions on these matters.  
UKRAINE  
4.315.   On behalf of Ukraine, we would like to extend a very warm welcome to the distinguished 
delegation of the European  Union led by the Directorate -General for Trade, European  Commission 
Sabine  Weyand and express our appreciation to the EU team and to the WTO Secretariat for their 
hard work in prepar ation of the 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.316.   I would also like to thank the d iscussant, H.E. Amba ssador Pimchanok  Pitfield , for her 
introductory remarks . 
4.317.   I would like to express my sincere gratitude  to H.E. Ambassador  João Aguiar  Machado and 
his esteemed team for the excellent cooperation between our two missions in every level which 
serves our mutual interests and thank them for their active engagement i n all WTO activities.  
4.318.   It is a great honour for us to participate in this TPR, which provides  an important  opportunity 
to enhance our understanding on the wide range of aspects concerning trade policy and practices of 
the biggest trading bloc in the world.  
4.319.   The EU is a largest trading partner and a very important strategic ally for Ukraine, in the 
WTO and beyond. The share of EU trade in goods constituted almost 55% of our external trade (in 
January -February  2023).  
4.320.   Last year, the volume of our bilateral trad e in goods and services decreased by 5.2% 
compared to 2021, although it was not such severe contraction, as we experienced in trade with 
other partners against  the disastrous repercussions of Russia n Federation' s war of aggression 
against Ukraine.  
4.321.   Our bila teral trade performance remains rather strong due to longstanding close cooperation 
with the EU that continues to be guided  by the Ukraine -EU Association Agreement, including a Deep 
and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, covering a substantial part of the EU acquis in different areas.  
4.322.   Unprecedented comprehensive support of the EU, given to Ukraine in response to 
Russia n Federation' s war, ha s helped to alleviate its disruptive impact and to make trade more 
resilient as well.  
4.323.   Taking this opportunity, we would li ke to express our sincere respect and gratitude to the 
EU its continued support and assistance to Ukraine and its people, for recognition of our European 
perspective and granting a candidate status to Ukraine, for all measures taken to mitigate the 
subsequ ent shocks, arisen from Russia n Federation' s unprovoked full -scale military aggression 
against Ukraine, and to reduce the war capacity of the aggressor state.  
4.324.   Today, Ukraine sets itself the ambitious goal of moving from being a candidate to the EU 
member State as soon as possible and, even before obtaining membership, to ensure full integration 
into the EU single market.  
4.325.   One of our most important tasks is the further approximation of Ukraine 's legal and 
institutional system with the relevant EU system, as well as the start of the negotiations on the EU 
membership.  
4.326.   Thus, we would welcome the involvement of our country into the EU economic governance 
system to th e extent our candidate status allows.  
4.327.   Since the beginning of the application of the trade provisions of the Association Agreement, 
Ukraine has been actively implementing the legislation, in particular in  areas  of raising quality 
standards and product safet y. The number of enterprises whose production conditions meet the EU 
requirements is constantly growing.  
4.328.   Ukraine remains to be a reliable and predictable trad e partner. We are ready to continue to 
guarantee food security and provide consumers with quality Ukrainian products, even in the face of 
changing traditional supply chains for agricultural products.  
4.329.   We highly appreciate temporary trade -liberali zation measures supplementing trade 
concessions applicable under the Ukraine -EU Association Agreement that ha ve made it possible to 
maintain the dynamics of our exports to the European markets, support displaced production, and 
lay the basis for further economic integration, helping Ukrainian exporters to withstand the burden 
of Russia's  war and strengthen their position.  
4.330.   Ukraine is counting on the further support of the European  Union in this regard.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.331.   We are working on the implementation of the recommendations, outlined in the Decision of 
the EU Council and in the conclusion of the European  Commission. Preparation s for the official start 
of negotiations on acquiring full membership in the EU are underway as well.  
4.332.   We highly value the EU's leadership at the multilateral level, its active contribution to the 
WTO's core functions and putting the WTO reform issues at th e heart of its trade policy agenda. 
We are looking forward to further collaborating with the EU on the ongoing negotiations to provide 
a fully - and well -functioning Dispute Settlement Mechanism by 2024 and to improve deliberative 
function of the WTO.  
4.333.   To underline importance of our close cooperation in this context, I would like to thank the 
EU for the conclusion that Ukraine "has a good level " and "good administrative capacity to manage 
commitments in external commercial relations ", considering, in particu lar, Ukraine 's membership in 
the WTO, which was recently made in Commission Analytical report on Ukraine 's alignment with the 
EU acquis.  
4.334.   Ukraine also notes movement of the EU 's trade policy towards a circular economy and 
believes that effective implementat ion of its new trade strategy and relevant action plans will allow 
to reach established objectives and to amplify development trends, fostering growth, green and 
digital transitions in the coming years.  
4.335.   Given the importance of this TPR exercise, we submitt ed questions to the EU concerning 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, trends in services trade, the state of play with the 
appointment of digital services coordinators, IPRs enforcement in the digital environment, updated 
tax regime, particularities of new  Common Agricultural Policy, subsidization, and other aspects of 
the EU 's trade policy and practices.  
4.336.   We wish the EU a very successful Trade Policy Review and hope that the next TPR we will 
undergo together following further enlargement of the EU with Ukraine as one of its new member 
States.  
HONDURAS  
4.337.   On behalf of the State of Honduras, we would like to ext end a warm welcome to the entire 
European Union team, led by its Head of Delegation, H.E.  Sabine Weyand, Director -General for Trade 
at the European Commission, as well as the team of the Permanent Mission to the WTO brilliantly 
led by Ambassador João Aguia r Machado and the EU authorities joining us.  
4.338.   We are grateful for their valuable report and opening statement.  
4.339.   We extend our thanks to you, Chair, for your leadership and guidance, to the discussant, 
Ambassador  Pimchanok Pitfield, for her valuable comments and to the WTO Secretariat for its report 
and valuable work.  
4.340.   The European Union is one of the world's most outward -oriented economies, and free trade 
between its member States was one of the founding principles.  
4.341.   The EU remains the number one trading bloc i n the world if we consider imports and exports 
of goods and services combined. In 2021, it accounted for 16.2% of total world trade in goods and 
services. Moreover, international trade was the equivalent of  21.5% of EU GDP.  
4.342.   In that respect, Honduras highli ghts the important role that this political and economic union 
plays in this Organization as a driver of international investment and trade in goods and services as 
well as a promoter of development through cooperation in trade.  
4.343.   The reports indicate that d uring the review period, a number of events led to increased 
volatility and uncertainty.  
4.344.   The COVID -19 pandemic resulted in the largest recession since the 2008 -09 financial crisis, 
and real GDP declined by 5.7% in 2020. However, in part due to lessons lear ned from the earlier WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  crisis and swift measures put in place by the EU member States, the reopening in 2021 resulted in 
a stronger recovery and GDP rebounded to 5.4% growth in 2021.  
4.345.   We note that, during the review period, a number of legislative initiatives  were concluded, 
such as those pertaining to European data governance, contestable and fair markets in the digital 
sector, digital single market regulation and the modernization of the Union's consumer protection 
rules, to name a few.  
4.346.   On the bilateral side , Europe has always had strong cultural, political and historical ties with 
Honduras since the 1999 Stockholm Declaration, which covered aspects such as governance, human 
rights and aid effectiveness, where joint action plans were developed.  
4.347.   At the regiona l level, the EU and Central America have continued the dynamic 
implementation of the trade pillar of their Association Agreement.  
4.348.   The EU and Central America signed the Protocol of Accession of Croatia to the Association 
Agreement in 2020. Moreover, the EU agreed to protect 11 new Central American geographical 
indications in June  2022, and an ex post  evaluation published by the EU in September  2022 showed 
that provisional implementation of the trade pillar of the Agreement since 2013 had helped 
strengthen re gional integration, create jobs, increase welfare and decrease poverty, among others.  
4.349.   In March  2023, Honduras had a surplus in trade with Europe of USD  157 million, although 
the year -on-year figure was lower at USD  31 million due in part to lower coffee ex ports, mainly 
toward Italy and Germany.  
4.350.   The main products that Honduras exports to the European Union are coffee, vegetable oils 
and seafood. In contrast, the most imported products from the European Union are those for 
mechanical and electrical machinery and pharmaceutical products.  
4.351.   Our country considers the European Union to be an extremely important ally, with which we 
have held meaningful strategic dialogues and with which we share the vision that preserving a stable 
and predictable international trading environment, based on clear and enforceable rules by which all 
WTO Members must abide, is of strategic interest.  
4.352.   In this and other contexts, we hope to continue making our best efforts and strengthening 
dialogue to achieve common unde rstandings through which we can forge a partnership to help us 
build more resilient and inclusive economies, protect our democracies and reinforce social cohesion.  
4.353.   To conclude, we would like to reiterate our appreciation of this latest opportunity to excha nge 
comments on the European Union's trade practices and thank you for the replies to the initial 
questions submitted by Honduras. We wish you every success.  
REPUBLIC OF KOREA  
4.354.   Let me join the previous speakers in extending a warm welcome to Dr  Sabine  Weyan d, 
Director -General for Trade from the European  Commission, Ambassador Machado and the delegation 
of the European  Union for its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.355.   My special thanks also go to Ambassador Pitfield of Thailand for her contribution as the 
discussant today and to the Secretariat for its comprehensive and informative Report.  
4.356.   This year marks the 60th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between the Repu blic of 
Korea and the European  Union. With this symbolic number of long -standing relationship, it is also 
worth mentioning that the Republic of Korea  particularly values the mutual trust and cooperation 
that we have built upon the Korea -EU FTA for more tha n a decade.  
4.357.   Through the high -level and comprehensive FTA, both sides had nearly free access to each 
other's market which has served as a solid foundation for economic cooperation despite the growing 
global uncertainties.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.358.   Even during the pandemic, our bilat eral trade continued to increase. The trade volume even 
recorded an all -time high for two consecutive years. The amount of mutual investment also 
significantly increased in 2021 and remains at a high level since then.  
4.359.   Building on this close trade partnersh ip, the Republic of Korea and the EU have recently 
expanded their cooperation in areas such as digital, supply chain, and climate change. The Republic 
of Korea looks forward to seeing positive results from our joint efforts to improve digital trade rules 
in a way to incorporate various digital aspects and elements of cooperation. In addition, as a strong 
supporter of the multilateral trading system as well as a partner who shares common values with 
the EU, the Republic of Korea is seeking cooperation with t he EU at various levels to establish a 
stable global supply chain and to effectively respond to climate change.  
4.360.   The Republic of Korea appreciates that the EU shows leadership in maintaining openness, 
fairness, and sustainability of the global trade and inv estment. Along with its contribution to 
discussions in international organizations including the WTO, European  Union internally introduces 
various policy tools in order to achieve carbon neutrality, to promote high -tech industries, and to 
ensure the founda tion of fair competition. We also observe the cooperation with global partners 
continues to be strengthening. The Republic of Korea believes that the core value of these efforts is 
no different from the direction that Members are headed to enhance the rele vance of multilateral 
trade norms at the WTO.  
4.361.   We note that the EU is seeking new trade policies to implement carbon -neutral goals and lay 
the foundation for fair competition. While we can agree with the objective of these policies, we would 
like to point o ut that given the size and status of the EU in the global economy, it may have 
considerable repercussions in global trade and investment. Hence, when implementing these 
policies, it is necessary to minimize corporate burden and resolve uncertainties so as not to hinder 
free economic activities among stakeholders.  
4.362.   We encourage the EU to ensure the WTO consistency and non -discriminatory legislation and 
implementation of the policies. To be specific, the Republic of Korea expects the CBAM 
Implementation Regula tion to sufficiently reflect each country 's Carbon Reduction Mechanism . With 
regard to the Foreign Subsidies Regulation, we also urge the EU to address the issue of heavy 
administrative burden imposed on companies complying with the regulation.  
4.363.   When it com es to the EU 's recent subsidy policy, we understand that the EU believes it is 
necessary to achieve various policy goals. Our view is that policy should be implemented in a way 
that maintains the global trade order and keep it from triggering subsidy compe tition, or in other 
words, a race to the bottom.  
4.364.   Throughout the process of enacting and implementing the EU directives and regulations in 
general, we look forward to active information sharing and consultation, whenever appropriate and 
possible. Guidelines  to those directives and regulations published in a timely manner could also 
provide further clarity to relevant businesses and trading partners.  
4.365.   Another area of interest for the Republic of Korea is the progress of the EU -US GSSA 
consultations. Since the Republic of Korea expects the agreement to be open and transparent from 
its early stage of rule -making, we encourage the EU to consider engaging third countries and sharing 
information in a transparent manner.  
4.366.   Ensuring fair co mpetition in trade should be based on WTO trade rules. The Republic of Korea 
is concerned, however, about the EU 's steel Safeguard measures in this respect. Thus , we are 
disappointed to hear the last week 's decision to prolong the measure. We expect a mean ingful 
consultation on this matter could be held in near time.  
4.367.   Turning to the WTO, the Republic of Korea commends the EU for making meaningful 
contribution in various aspects to restore the functioning of the WTO which is the foundation of a 
rules-based m ultilateral trading system.  
4.368.   The Republic of Korea, as a country that has grown through trade, values WTO reform as 
one of the major agenda in our trade policy. We wish to work closely with the EU, based on mutual 
understanding, in relevant discussions incl uding restoration of the Dispute Settlement System .  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.369.   Further, we hope that the Republic of Korea and the European  Union join forces together to 
establish new trade rules so that the WTO becomes relevant Organization responding to the future. 
The Republic o f Korea believes that both sides could enhance cooperation to coordinate Members ' 
trade -related climate measures, and promote liberalization of environmental goods and services. 
We also wish to enhance efforts together with the EU to conclude the text nego tiation on the future 
IFD agreement soon and to incorporate it into the WTO rule book. E -commerce is another area 
where the two digital leaders, the Republic of Korea and the EU, could support the WTO to set 
appropriate rules in line with digital transform ation.  
4.370.   To conclude, the Republic of Korea  would like to reiterate its commitment to keep close 
cooperation with the EU in addressing emerging trade issues as well as future discussion on the WTO 
reform.  
4.371.   Let me once again express my gratitude to the EU del egation for its hard work for this T rade 
Policy Review . We appreciate the responses from the EU to our written questions and we will closely 
review them back in Seoul.  
KINGDOM OF SAUDI  ARABIA  
4.372.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia is very pleased to take part in the 15th Trade Policy Review of 
the European  Union and would like to extend a very warm welcome to the distinguished delegation 
of the European  Union headed by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General of the Directorate 
General for Trade in the European  Commission.  
4.373.   We thank the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for their detailed and comprehensive 
Trade Policy Review Reports. We also thank the discussant H .E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield , Ambassador 
and Permanent Representative of Thailand to the WTO for her insightful comments.  
4.374.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia commends the European  Union for the many years of stability 
when its GDP growth averaged 2.1% although it declined by 5.7% in 2020 due to the COVID -19 
pandemic, and yet, in 2021, a strong recover y occurred, and it reached 5.4%.  
4.375.   The period under review was marked by a major change in development goals and priorities 
led by the new measures of the Digital Services Act (DSA), the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Import 
One-Stop Shop (IOSS) and the Regulation on the EU Single Window Environment for Customs.  
4.376.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia appreciates the efforts of the European  Union into the 
reinforcement of the multilateral trading system which remains an integral component of the 
European  Union's trad e policy and actively contributes to the WTO's core functions including the 
discussions through joint proposals and initiatives in many areas such as WTO's reform, 
transparency, domestic regulation of trade in services, e -commerce, investment facilitation and 
MSMEs.  
4.377.   Trade exchange between the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and the European  Union exceeded 
SAR 200 billion in 2021  which ranks the European  Union as the second largest partner of the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia . Mineral products are the major commodities ex ported by the Kingdom of 
Saudi  Arabia to the European  Union. Machinery appliances, on the other hand, are the main 
commodities imported by the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia from the European  Union. In addition, the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia has a strong trade rela tionship with the European  Union supported by the 
shared membership in the G20. Moreover, Business Councils remain very active in paving the way 
for closer economic cooperation and generating valuable business opportunities between the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and 11  countries from the European  Union which are: Austria, 
Czech  Republic , Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain , and Sweden.  
4.378.   Before I conclude, I would like to express my thanks to H.E.  Mr João Aguiar  Machado , 
Ambassado r and Permanent Representative of the European  Union to the WTO, and his delegation 
for the excellent cooperation between our two missions.  
4.379.   Finally, the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia congratulates the European  Union for its solid economic 
performance and wishes the delegation of the European  Union a very successful Trade Policy Review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  PARAGUAY  
4.380.   The Republic of Paraguay conveys its warmest greetings to the delegation of the 
European  Union, represented by the Head of Delegation, H.E.  Sabine Weyand, Director -General  for 
Trade at the European Commission, and the representation of the European Union to the WTO, 
headed by our colleague, Ambassador João Aguiar Machado. We would also like to express our 
gratitude to you, Chair, for your leadership in this review as well a s to the discussant, 
Ambassador  Pimchanok Pitfield of Thailand, and to the Secretariat for the comprehensive report.  
4.381.   As highlighted in the Secretariat's report, the European Union continues to be the world's 
largest trader, with a substantial share of both  imports and exports globally. The number of 
questions Members asked during this review and today's attendance are therefore not surprising.  
4.382.   When a market is as large as that of the European Union, unilateral measures with trade 
implications can affect glo bal trade and production, including those not destined for that market. 
Paraguay is therefore keeping a close watch on developments in the European Union's policies and 
measures with trade implications. In that respect, we submitted a series of questions, which we 
appreciated having had answered and which we are analysing so that we can ask follow -up 
questions, if need be.  
4.383.   Paraguay and the European Union share friendship and trade ties, as well as years of 
negotiations, in which I have had the honour of par ticipating directly, on a Bi -regional Association 
Agreement that includes the Trade Chapter between MERCOSUR and the European Union. We hope 
this agreement serves to finalize the pending procedures and initiate signature, subsequent 
ratification and incorp oration into the respective legal systems for prompt entry into force.  
4.384.   Within the WTO, we thank the EU for the joint work we have carried out and its active 
participation in all the areas we share as well as in the core issues of this Organization, such as  its 
reform and the negotiations for the liberalization of trade in goods and services.  
4.385.   However, I would like to take advantage of this statement to refer to three specific points 
mentioned by the EU in its report:  
i. the importance of the regular work of WTO  councils and committees and transparency 
commitments;  
ii. the need to reform the agricultural sector; and  
iii. commitments regarding the scientific and technical support of the measures under the 
SPS and TBT Agreements.  
4.386.   We appreciate and share the EU's interest in  continuing to improve the regular work of WTO 
councils and committees through the deliberative function and the transparency commitments 
established within the WTO. It is these aspects that on a day -to-day basis provide the answers to 
many of the specific  trade concerns that give rise to measures among Members.  
4.387.   However, some of the questions posed to the European Union, not only by Paraguay, but by 
many other Members as well, are not answered or are answered only in part, despite having been 
submitted in w riting well in advance.  
4.388.   Moreover, we noted that both SPS and TBT notifications receive replies in writing, but 
Members' comments are at no time taken into account.  
4.389.   Despite the availability of other forums and channels, it is the WTO that gives some smaller  
and less advanced developing Members access to this information, which is why we hope to continue 
working together to improve this aspect.  
4.390.   The agricultural reform mandated by Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture is a key 
issue for Paraguay, a sector  that is most overlooked in the WTO, especially in relation to the pillars 
of market access and domestic support. Although we note that the EU has indicated that it is 
reforming its domestic support to move it to the Green Box category, even in this catego ry, domestic WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  support is a game accessible to just developed countries in which many developing and less 
advanced countries cannot participate. We therefore believe that what is needed is not just a 
restructuring, but also an effective reduction and strict discipline to avoid what we informally call 
"box painting."  
4.391.   Market access for these products will also result in a significant improvement both for the 
producers of countries that depend on agriculture and for global sustainability by enabling better 
and m ore efficient use of natural resources. For this reason, we hope to have the support of the 
European Union to advance in the negotiations and effective reform of the sector.  
4.392.   Lastly, with regard to scientific backing, as mentioned earlier, the decisions wit h a trade 
impact made by the world's top trade player affect production and trade globally, including those 
not destined for this market. We therefore hope that the EU fulfils the obligations of scientific and 
technical rigour by imposing measures and seek s consensus that benefits everyone, instead of 
imposing unilateral measures.  
4.393.   Paraguay is ready to continue working jointly with the EU in these areas, within both the 
WTO and all relevant forums, to reach consensus results of benefit to all.  
4.394.   On behalf of m y country, I wish to reiterate my congratulations to those responsible for 
conducting this review and express my appreciation to Ambassador Aguiar Machado and the 
delegates of the Permanent Mission of the European Union to the WTO.  
TÜRKİYE  
4.395.   We welcome the d elegation of the European  Union headed by Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade of the European Commission.  
4.396.   We thank the Secretariat and the EU for their detailed reports as well as discussant 
Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her insightful remarks.  
4.397.   We also would like to thank the EU  for its responses to our questions.  
4.398.   As the world 's top trader, the EU has a leading role in the trade of goods and services as 
well as in foreign direct investments on a global scale. Thus , any change in the EU policies has wider 
effect.   
4.399.   We understand that the EU 's revamped trade policy is based on sustainability and puts an 
emphasis on green and digital transition in all sectors.  
4.400.   Combating  climate change and mitigating its impacts is a critical agenda  item for us all. 
In our view, it is of utmost importance to base climate mitigation efforts on constructive, inclusive , 
and fruitful cooperation so that a strong global response to the challenges could be generated.  
4.401.   As such, we are closely following the ongoing legislative processes under the European 
Green  Deal. We would like to thank the EU for the transparency and information sharing with regard 
to their trade related environmental policies so far.  
4.402.   We need to keep in mind that the matter at hand has t wo dimensions when bringing together 
the environment and trade nexus. Thus, it goes without saying that policies designed to combat 
climate change which have trade impacts have to be compatible with the WTO rules as well as other 
international rules, inclu ding those stemming from international environmental agreements. These 
policies should by no means impose unnecessary restriction on trade and must be 
non-discriminatory.  
4.403.   It is worth emphasizing here that as a close trading partner with a customs union rel ationship 
with the EU, we are particularly cautious about the design and implementation of the CBAM. It is 
crucial to make sure that the CBAM is designed and applied in a non -discriminative way, without 
putting the importers and imported goods at a competi tive disadvantage compared to their 
counterparts in the EU. It is equally important not to make it more burdensome than necessary to 
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  4.404.   We believe that the a llocation of CBAM revenues to the financing of green transformation 
projects has to take into account the needs of developing countries, since combat ing climate change 
has to be a global effort.  
4.405.   With regard to the regulation to prevent deforestation and fo rest degradation, it is important 
that technical requirements of the proposed regulation like certification or verification for third 
country operators should be the same with the EU operators. In that regard, no additional 
administrative burden must be pl aced on third countries.  
4.406.   On the Regulation on Shipments of Waste again it is very important to ensure that the set 
requirements for monitoring and inspection should not go beyond legitimate environmental 
objectives. Türkiye shares the EU 's objectives of s upporting the transition to a green and circular 
economy, thus it is crucial not to endanger the supply of raw materials to third countries ' recycling 
facilities, hampering the already functioning circular economy in these countries.  
4.407.   The Secretariat Report  indicates that traditionally the EU had little use of safeguard measures 
and has imposed only six safeguard measures since inception. Although we recognize EU 's good past 
record in this regard, we witnessed that this has been reversed as the safeguard mea sure on imports 
of certain steel products, which remained in place until now corresponds to significant import volume 
covering many distinct steel products. Furthermore, we were of the view that the safeguard measure 
was imposed as a result of a deficient investigation, which we had to challenge under the Dispute 
Settlement System .  
4.408.   In this dispute, the Panel had found inconsistencies under the GATT and the Agreement on 
Safeguards and recommended that the EU should bring its measure into conformity with the se 
Agreements. However, the EU failed to comprehensively re -assess those elements as was required 
by the findings of the Panel and we believe the implementation measures of the EU is manifestly 
deficient. Notwithstanding this, the EU has unfortunately deci ded very recently to extend its 
measures for an additional year.  
4.409.   We invite the EU to abide by the Panel ruling in this regard, and to repeal its unfounded 
safeguard measure without delay.  
4.410.   Regarding the structural issues related to the Dispute Settlement S ystem , we appreciate the 
EU's efforts and stance to overcome the current non -functionality of the Appellate  Body. A good 
example set by Türkiye and the EU in this regard was our Appeal Arbitration Agreement.  
4.411.   During the review period, the EU put into force its Enforcement Regulation and prepared a 
draft for Anti -Coercion Instrument. We would like to voice our ex pectation that both the Enforcement 
Regulation itself and its implementation should be consistent with WTO Agreements and this 
expectation also applies to the EU 's draft Anti -Coercion Instrument.  
4.412.   Türkiye, as a candidate country and Customs  Union partner, e njoys a very special 
relationship with the EU which cannot be confined only to economic and trade ties.  
4.413.   The economies of the EU and Türkiye are highly integrated, Türkiye is currently EU 's sixth 
largest trading partner, while EU is Türkiye 's largest.  
4.414.   Thank s to Customs  Union, Turkish firms have become a vital part of the EU value chains and 
contribute to the resilience of the EU economy through already well -integrated market structures.  
4.415.   However, it can no longer respond to the needs stemming from the pace of  our economic 
and trade ties and relatively new and emerging trade issues. It has now become crystal clear that 
Customs  Union with the EU which dates back to 1996 needs a comprehensive update and this update 
is already overdue.  
4.416.   In conclusion, we would lik e to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Aguiar  Machado 
for the excellent preparation for this review as well as his important contributions to WTO activities.  
4.417.   We wish the European  Union a successful Trade Policy Review . WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  PAKISTAN  
4.418.   Pakistan appreciates  the opportunity to participate at this fifteenth Review of the 
European  Union trade policy.  
4.419.   We wish to welcome the EU delegation led by H.E.  Mrs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, 
Directorate -General for Trade, European Commission at this review of the EU t rade policy.  
4.420.   We wish to thank the discussant Thailand Ambassador to the WTO, 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  for her insightful comments by walking us through the various 
developments of the EU trade policies since its last Review.  
4.421.   Our thanks and appreciation to the Secretariat for their work in preparing the Report for this 
review.  
4.422.   We wish to commend the EU for its bold and targeted policies which have supported the EU 
through turbulent times during the period under review as reflected by its strong GDP growth 
since 2021.  
4.423.   We take note of the new developments in the EU trade policy as outlined in its 2021 open, 
sustainable and assertive trade policy to address its post pandemic recovery, the challenges arising 
from climate chang e and the international tensions including unilateralism and its impacts on 
multilateral institutions.  
4.424.   While we applaud the ambitious objectives set out in this new trade policy framework, we 
are hopeful that the EU has taken and will take into considerati on the impacts of its trade policies 
on its trading partners when implementing the new policies outlined in this framework.  
4.425.   While we are also appreciative of the leadership role of the EU in addressing the global 
commons, especially in addressing the envir onmental challenges, we wish to see more effective 
partnership with the EU in addressing such challenges.  
4.426.   The EU is one of Pakistan 's largest trading partners with bilateral trade totalling  
USD 13 billion during FY21 -22, which has increased by  25% compared  to the previous financial year 
FY20-21. 
4.427.   Pakistan is a beneficiary of the EU  GSP scheme as well as an important EU development 
program me for the year 2021 -2024 focusing on green inclusive growth, human capital, governance, 
including rule of law and human r ights.  
4.428.   Pakistan appreciates the EU support during the devastating floods in 2022, where the EU 
has provided EUR 1.8 million in humanitarian aid to affected families across large parts of Pakistan.  
4.429.   At the multilateral level we commend the active engagement and leadership of the EU, led 
by Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his able team in Geneva in supporting the multilateral trading  
system. The EU led the establishment of the MPIA, an alternative appeal mechanism while members 
are working to find solution to th e current impasse in the WTO dispute settlement system.  
4.430.   To conclude, we wish the E uropean  Union a successful T rade Policy Review . 
KAZAKHSTAN  
4.431.   Kazakhstan warmly welcomes the d elegation of the European  Union, led by 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand , Director -General for Trade, European Commission , we express our gratitude to 
the European  Union for their informative Report and statement. We also thank Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield  for her insightful comments as discussant,  and the WTO Secretariat for its 
comprehensive Report.  
4.432.   Kazakhstan enjoys strategic bilateral cooperation with the Europea n Union and attache s high 
importance to further deepening economic and trade relations. The European  Union is a key and 
largest trading partner of my country accounting for 30% of Kazak hstan's foreign trade. In 2022, 
the trade turnover between Kazakhstan and the European  Union increased by more than 38 %, 
despite the uncertainties in the global trading environment , and constituted around USD 40 billion.   WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.433.   Dynamic growth also continuous in this year , in the first three months, trade volume 
increased by 12 .5% and exceeded USD 10 billion.  Aside from trade, the European  Union is one of 
the largest investors in the economy of Kazakhstan accounting almost USD 170 billion over the 
past 15 years .  
4.434.   During the Second  EU-Central Asia Economic Forum held in Almaty on 19 May 2023, the 
roadmap for the implementation of the memorandum of cooperation on sustainable raw materials , 
batteries and renewable hydrogen values chains  was approved . We believe that t his document will 
create conditions for establishing financial and technological cooperation between Kazakhstan and 
the EU's industrial alliance . 
4.435.   We would also  like to mention the enhanced partnership and cooperation agreement between  
Kazakhstan and the Eu ropean  Union, which covers 29  areas of cooperation, including investment, 
trade, innovation and infrastructure development , and others ; we believe that the effective 
implementation of this agreement will further enhance economic ties and boost trade between 
Kazakhstan and the EU as well as attract European technologies and investments.  
4.436.   Kazakhstan also appreciates the technical assistance  and capacity building including the 
Ready4Trade  Central Asia project provided by the EU to facilitate trade  cooperation in the region 
and to help the developing Members better integrate into the multilateral trading system . 
4.437.   We commend the European  Union f or its strong and resilient economic performance at the 
EU level despite the challenges in the global economy reflected in the constant GDP growth of 5.4 % 
in 2021 and 3.6% in 2022.  
4.438.   From the multilateral trading perspective, we welcome the agreement reache d in May  2022 
between the c o-legislators on the new EU Single Window for Customs Initiative, making it easier for 
different authorities to exchange electronic information submitted by traders. The ambitious project 
aims to further facilitate trade, improve  safety and compliance checks; support digital and green 
transitions and reduce the administrative burden for national authorities and companies .  
4.439.   The European  Union has always been a key and valuable contributor to the W TO as the 
world's largest trader in  both goods and services, in particular the EU is demonstrating its strong 
leadership towards MC13 by proposing useful and concrete ideas in WTO reform, agriculture  and 
food security, e -commerce and dispute  settlement, among others  to address the current c risis in the 
multilateral trading system.  
4.440.   Having said that, Kazakhstan continues to follow developments around the Green  Deal 
announced by the European  Commission and its ambitious Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism , 
we urge the European  Union to fully co nsider the CBM's compatibility with WTO rules and regulations 
to ensure that any such mechanism does not create obstacles to trade . 
4.441.   For this review Kazakhstan has submitted questions covering the policies and measures of 
our interests including trade remed ies and the environment. We are looking forward to receiving the 
European  Union's responses to our questions and we will study them with great interest.  
4.442.   In conclusion, we would like to congratulate the delegation of the European  Union and the 
WTO Secretariat for the hard work and efforts that went into the preparation of this TPR . We would 
like also to express our appreciation to Ambassador João Aguiar Machado and his team here in 
Geneva. We wish the delegation of the European  Union every success for their 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
BANGLADESH  
4.443.   At the outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, 
Directorate -General for Trade, European Commission and Head of delegation for her introductory 
presentati on at the  15th Trade Policy Review of EU. The Bangladesh i delegation also thanks 
H.E. Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield  of Thailand for her insightful discussions. Our sincere 
appreciations also go to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive re ports.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.444.   The relations between EU member countries and Bangladesh have been friendly. 
Our bilateral trade and ties are further bolstered with the regular high -level visits from both sides. 
Broad -based institutional mechanisms of dialogue have contributed to the deepening of relations. 
Bangladeshi exports to EU dominated by ready-made garments and in the FY2021-22 export volume 
was over USD  23 billion. As we consolidate our trade relationship, we also cooperate closely in 
multilateral area in fostering a rule s-based, fair , and equitable multilateral trade system. As one of 
the largest trading partners, Bangladesh is delighted to note the great strides and significant 
progress that EU has made despite COVID -19 and other cris es.  
4.445.   During the review period, we have noted that the EU has focused on carrying out many 
structural reforms for ensuring inclusive growth. The fundamentals of the EU economy remain strong 
and this has ensured mac roeconomic stability. We applaud EU for the various reform measures that 
it has adopted new trade strategy in 2021 namely openness, sustainability and assertiveness in the 
Trade Policy Communication. The multilateral trading system and the WTO remain at th e centre  of 
the EU's trade policy and a testimony to the importance attached to multilateralism. We note the EU 
commitment to WTO reform for stable and predictable international trading environment based on 
clear and enforceable rules for all WTO Members. Bangladesh welcomes EU 's role in the MC12 to 
identify WTO reform as a fundamental interest and contains a political commitment to discussions 
with a view to having a fully and well -functioning dispute settlement mechanism by 2024.  
4.446.   Being an LDC, Bangladesh enjoys duty free and quota free market access for all products 
under EBA. This has created opportunity for LDCs to further enhance trade with EU. However, we 
need to make efforts, in partnership with EU, to resolve the challenges with regard to graduation 
from LDC category, product diversification, product standardization, and others. In this context, 
Bangladesh delegation particularly flags four issues such as GSP, rules of origin , economic relevance 
of IPRs, and sustainable energy and climate . We have sen t six questions through the Secretariat 
earlier and thank the EU delegation for answering the questions. We hope the recent EU notification 
to the WTO on carbon tax while addressing the needs of climate change and rise of climate ambition 
will not create b arrier for exports from LDC, LMIC in particular.  
4.447.   To conclude,  we wish the delegation of EU a productive and successful T rade Policy Review . 
My delegation will continue to work closely with the EU delegation, led by H.E. Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado to st rengthen multilateral trading system, as we assist our countries to 
enhance our bilateral trade ties.  
ICELAND  
4.448.   It is with pleasure that Iceland welcomes the distinguished delegation of the European  Union 
its Trade Policy Review , led by Director -General for Trade Sabine  Weyand. We also express 
appreciation to the WTO Secretariat as well as the European  Union for the reports prepared, as well 
as to the discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield , for the excellent framing of the issues for our 
discussion today.  
4.449.   Iceland welcomes the EU 's strong commitment to the smooth functioning of the multilateral 
trading system – with the international trading system and WTO remaining at the centre of EU 's 
trade policy.  
4.450.   The EU and Iceland share a close and l ongstanding relations. The EU is Iceland 's largest 
trading partner, with significant trade flows between the two markets. Both are part of the 
European  Economic Area, providing the framework for close trade relations, harmoni zation, and 
cooperation.  
4.451.   In the  past few years Members have been confronted with a challenging international 
environment. The COVID -19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on the world economy as well as 
the EU 's. 
4.452.   Geopolitical tensions add to the challenges the global economy is facing af ter the pandemic, 
both with regards to climate change and Russia n Federation' s illegal invasion in Ukraine, which is 
particularly affecting the EU 's economies due to its geographical proximity.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.453.   Iceland welcomes EU 's approach to countering those challenges , with the emphasis on 
preserving stable and predictable international trading environment based on clear and enforceable 
rules.  
4.454.   As many Members, the EU acknowledges that trade policies can have a different impact on 
man and women and addresses existing di sparities by a mainstreaming gender in its work. The 
Action Plan on Gender Equality and Women 's empowerment in external relations for 2020 -2025 is 
an important input in that regard.  
4.455.   Iceland welcomes the valuable contribution of EU towards pushing the gend er agenda within 
the WTO. First though the work on the Buenos  Aires Declaration and later in the Informal Working 
Group on Trade and Gender where the EU, in collaboration with ITC, leads work on how to apply the 
gender lens to the work of the WTO.  
4.456.   In the s pirit of supporting relevant data gathering in this field, Iceland has submitted in 
advance written questions on the participation of women in the economies of the EU.  
4.457.   We welcome the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best practices in the 
promotion of gender -equality within trade.  
4.458.   Finally, Iceland once again appreciates the European  Union 's firm support to the multilateral 
trading system and its active engagement in the WTO. We wish the delegations of the EU every 
success for their Trade P olicy Review . 
INDIA  
4.459.   At the outset, my delegation extends a warm welcome to the delegation of the 
European  Union led by Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade  of the European Commission 
for their 15th Trade Policy Review . We also take this opportunity to welcome and convey our deep 
appreciation to the EU delegation in Geneva ably led by my friend H.E. João Aguiar  Machado  and his 
colleagues for their excellent work and close cooperation with our delegation.  
4.460.   We thank the WTO S ecretariat and the EU delegation for the comprehensive reports prepared 
for the R eview . These reports have given us very good insights into the trade policy of EU. I would 
also like to thank H .E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her insightful  remarks as 
discuss ant. 
4.461.   India and the EU enjoy long -standing strategic partnership which goes beyond trade, both  
India and the  EU have so much in common . We both are vibrant democracies with shared values . 
We both support the rule s-based international orde r and the multilateral trading system . Both are 
large economies faced  with a challenging landscape .  
4.462.   For India, the partnership with the EU is one of our most important relationships, visits and 
exchanges at the highest level are a regular feature between India and the E uropean  Union and 
members of the European  Union today . The most  recent examples of that  include: first one is the 
15th India-EU Summit which took place amidst the lockdown around the world in July 2020; the 
second one was our P rime Minister 's participation in the first ever, India -EU Leaders ' Meeting which 
happened in hybrid mode at Porto in May  2021, which led to the resumption of the bilateral free 
trade agreement dialog ue; the third one was India -EU Trade and Technology Council  (TTC)  launch ed 
by our Prime  Minister and by the President of the European  Commission when she visited India 
during April 2022; and the last one , which I was also part of three weeks back , when we had our 
first Trade and Technolo gy Council meeting at Brussels in May  2023.   
4.463.   These interactions have contributed to the resumption of  India-EU FTA negotiations and in 
setting up the of India-EU Trade and Technology Council , that will address cooperation in trade, 
technology , and security  in a comprehensive manner . Both the FTA  negotiations and the TTC pillars 
are providing the necessary impetus needed to upscale our economic engagement . We have made 
a good start with TTC at its first meeting in Brussels, the working groups within India-EU TTC will 
enable closer strategic cooperation across subjects and sectors.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.464.   The EU presently is India's  second -largest and a very important trade partner . Our bilateral 
trade was around US D 170 billion taking both goods and services in to account . Similarly, EU is an 
important source of FDI with more than USD 100 billion inflows during the last two decades, which 
accounted for 16% of the cumulative FDI inflo ws into India during that perio d. At the same time , 
Indian companies have also invested about USD 50 billion in the EU.   
4.465.   While the bilateral economic and commercial relations have been on the ups wing, certain 
irritants are acting as barriers preventing us from achieving the full potential of our economic 
partners hip. We take this opportunity to highlight some of them . We note with concern that during 
the review period there has been a general upswing in the unilateral trade policy measures 
implemented by th e EU that have a negative impact on its trading partners, including India .  
4.466.   The adoption of climate and environment -related policies, particularly the CBAM, regulation 
on deforestation and forest de gradation , the proposal on corporate sustainability  due diligence , 
Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs),  and associated derogation power given to EU members are really 
problematic and are becoming non -tariff barriers to trade  for the product categories included. These 
measures have far -reaching impl ications on existing trade volume and future trade potential. The 
WTO compatibility of these measures is also an open question and require s deeper discussions 
among the WTO Members to ensure that these trade measures are compatible with the WTO rules 
and the multilateral trading system . 
4.467.   EU's stringent SP S and TBT measures and its high use of anti -dumping and countervailing 
measures are also a matter of continued concern to India.  
4.468.   As part of th is TPR exercise, t he Indian delegation had submitted several questions on 
various schemes, policies , and measures of the European  Union in areas including good s, agriculture, 
services, intellectual property , and trade facilitation to name a few. W e thank the European  Union 
for their replies to these question s and they are being reviewed  by our capital . Let me assure that 
these questions are emanating because we see more potential  in increasing our trade.  
4.469.   We recognize the commitment and contribution of the EU to strengthen the multilateral 
trading system . Both India and the European  Union have  a shared interest in a strong and effective 
multilateralism, therefore naturally there remains a high expectation from the EU that its actions 
conform  to the multilateral trade rules and that it will work collectively with its trade partners  to 
ensure that we do not take recourse to measures that will weaken the multilateral trading system . 
4.470.   We look forward to working with the EU on our share d objectives  and common priorities of 
a strong and effective multilateral tradin g system , and in that regard, in working together to achieve 
balanced and meaningful outcomes at MC13. We are also equally committed and enthusiastic to 
advance our bilateral cooperation with the EU with renewed momentum . Our common trade 
concerns, global economic and developmental challenges , and building of resilient global supply 
chains will remain key focus areas of our work . 
4.471.   In closing,  the prospects for a closer India and EU engagement in the twin -track of 
multilateral and bilateral remains very high . We are looking forward to work with the EU more 
closely, capitalizing on the new momentum to take our partnership to new heights.  
4.472.   India wishes the delegation of the European  Union a productive and successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
EL SALVADOR  
4.473.   On behalf of t he Government of El Salvador, I wish to join previous speakers in extending 
warm greetings to the distinguished delegation of the European  Union, headed by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at the European Commission, the Commission 
officials vi siting us from Brussels and Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his team in Geneva on the 
occasion of the Union's fifteenth Trade Policy Review.  
4.474.   We would like to thank both the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for preparing and 
presenting the detailed reports for this exercise, which have been very useful and have given us 
insight into economic and trade developments in the European  Union cou ntries during the review WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  period, especially the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic and the various overlapping crises currently 
being faced.  
4.475.   We also thank Pimchanok  Pitfield for her important comments and reflections, which will 
contribute to enriching our di scussions.  
4.476.   Relations between the European Union and El Salvador have strengthened over the years, 
especially since the entry into force of the Association Agreement between the European Union and 
the countries of Central America, which will celebrate its 1 0th anniversary in October  2023. This 
Agreement was pioneering, as it was the first region -to-region agreement, covering all the key 
aspects of bi -regional relations: political dialogue, cooperation and foreign trade. One of the main 
advances during these years has been the recognition, under the Association Agreement, of 10 new 
geographical indications of Salvadoran products, mainly coffee products.  
4.477.   Over the last decade, the European Union has grown in importance as a destination for 
Salvadoran exports and  is now one of the main trading partners of El Salvador and the Central 
American region in general. The EU ranks sixth as a destination for the country's exports.  
4.478.   Although the trade balance between my country and the European Union has consistently 
been fa vourable to the latter, mechanisms have been put in place to promote the diversification of 
Salvadoran exports to the European market and, above all, to make better use of the advantages 
provided by the trade agreement.  
4.479.   The main Salvadoran products exporte d to the countries of the European  Union are: coffee, 
sugar, honey, tuna, textiles, paper and cardboard, and footwear, among others. The main products 
we import are: medicines, machinery, iron and steel products, and food preparations.  
4.480.   Total foreign direct  investment (FDI) by the European Union in El Salvador, up to last year, 
stood at USD  1,513  million.  
4.481.   We must also highlight the cooperation and Aid for Trade provided by the European Union 
to El Salvador and the Central American region through various Agen das, most notably in areas such 
as digitization, technological development, infrastructure, Central American economic integration 
and transport.  
4.482.   At the same time, technical assistance and cooperation projects remain under way in the 
areas of education, the  environment and the fight against climate change, economic development, 
security, and trade facilitation.  
4.483.   The European Union remains the world's top trader and so any advances in the European 
bloc have a major impact on trade. Like most Members of this Or ganization, the EU countries were 
severely affected by the pandemic, as noted in the Secretariat's report. The COVID -19 pandemic led 
to the deepest recession since the 2008 -09 financial crisis, with real GDP falling by 5.7% in 2020. 
Being a developed econo my, however, and one better equipped to withstand the adverse effects of 
the pandemic, the Union achieved a major and swift recovery.  
4.484.   Given that the European market is one of the main destinations for various Salvadoran 
products, it is a matter of great in terest that in 2021 the Union adopted a new trade strategy, entitled 
An open, sustainable and assertive trade policy, along with various measures affecting its imports, 
including the European Green Deal, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, green taxati on and 
green government procurement. Alongside all these sustainability initiatives, we urge the 
European  Union to continue to implement mechanisms to assist developing countries such as 
El Salvador, so that our export sector can adapt promptly to these ne w measures and thus maintain 
our share of the Union market.  
4.485.   Turning to the multilateral framework, El Salvador shares the European Union's view of the 
importance of the multilateral trading system, which is integral to the trade policy of the 
European  Union member countries.  
4.486.   We note, in particular, the European Union's active and constructive participation in the 
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  settlement mechanism. Moreover, the European Un ion remains one of the main donors for the 
Organization's capacity -building activities.  
4.487.   At the same time, the European Union has continued to promote discussions through joint 
proposals and initiatives on, inter alia , services domestic regulation, e -commer ce, investment 
facilitation, transparency, trade and environment, trade and gender, and MSMEs.  
4.488.   In this context we should also mention the major support and leadership provided by the 
European Union in the Informal Working Group discussions on trade and gen der. 
4.489.   We will be attentive to any initiatives and proposals the European Union may promote in the 
run-up to the next WTO Ministerial Conference.  
4.490.   My country put a number of questions to the European Union on issues such as rules of 
origin, the REX system, ag ricultural policy, technical barriers to trade and health measures, among 
others. We wish to thank the European Union for its prompt replies, which have been forwarded to 
our capital.  
4.491.   In conclusion, I wish the European Union delegation every success in its  fifteenth Trade 
Policy Review.  
MALAYSIA  
4.492.   At the outset, please accept our warm welcome to M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General of 
the Directorate -General for Trade, European  Commission, and her delegations, as well as 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, to the European  Union 's 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.493.   We would like to record our appreciation to the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for 
the reports prepared as both are very comprehensive and helpful to further guide us in this review 
exercise. We also thank Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for her appreciative and thoughtful 
assessment of EU 's trade policy development since its last Review in 2020.  
4.494.   Malaysia appreciates the opportunity to participate in EU 's 15th TPR, and we also associate 
ourselves with th e ASEAN statement to be  delivered by colleague from Indonesia.  
4.495.   Malaysia would like to commend the European  Union for its strong economic growth 
post-COVID -19 pandemic. The EU's coordinated policy responses to the pandemic have been 
effective in mitigating the economic fallout and promoting a quick recovery from the negative impact 
of the pandemic and the on -going geopolitical tensions.  
4.496.   On the multilateral front, Malaysia appreciates that the European  Union has been a strong 
supporter of the multilateral tr ading system evident through its active engagements in the WTO.  
4.497.   We recogni zed the EU 's critical role where the bloc has demonstrated its leadership towards 
achieving the success of MC12 in many areas, including in the WTO Reform, particularly the Dispute 
Settlement Mechanism , the momentous Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, TRIPS Waiver Decision 
as well as on Agriculture and Food Security.  
4.498.   We also value the EU 's constructive participation and contributions in the JSIs that Malaysia 
is also part of such as JSI on e -commerce and investment facilitation for development. We trust that 
the EU will continue to make further contributions to our ongoing negotiations and discussions at 
the WTO, with the view to achieving an ambitious outcome at MC13 next year.  
4.499.   We al so applaud the EU's leadership in addressing climate change issues at the global level 
as well as its commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 which has led other countries to 
follow suit. Nevertheless, Malaysia would like to emphasi ze that any tr ade measures undertaken by 
any Members under the guise of environmental sustainability objective, should not be trade 
restrictive or discriminatory in nature.  
4.500.   Bilaterally, Malaysia and the European  Union have enjoyed a long -standing and fruitful 
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  forms of bilateral cooperation, including in areas such as education, science and technology, and 
culture.  
4.501.   Malaysia views with great importance of our trade relati onship with the EU, as the EU is one 
of Malaysia 's largest trading partners. In 2022, the EU was Malaysia 's fourth  largest trading partner, 
as well as export destination, and fifth largest import source. In the same year, Malaysia was the 
EU's 23rd largest trading partner.  
4.502.   On the investment front, as of 2022, a total of 1,803 manufacturing projects with the EU 's 
participation worth MYR 251.6  billion (USD  65.3 billion) had been approved.  
4.503.   Malaysia looks forward to enhancing the trade and investments a ctivities between both 
economies in the future, particularly in new areas of mutual interest, such as promoting 
environmental sustainability, advancing digital transformation and innovation, and enhancing ESG 
standards.  
4.504.   For this review, Malaysia seeks furt her information from the total of 39  written questions we 
have submitted earlier on the EU 's economic and trade policies and procedures, as well as investment 
regime and domestic legislation in relation to, among others, micro, small and medium -sized 
enter prises; and data security.  
4.505.   Malaysia appreciates the responses provided by the EU which surely help our stakeholders 
to better understand the EU 's trade and related policies. We take this opportunity to thank the EU 
delegation for responding to our question s and we will examine the responses with great interest.  
4.506.   We wish the delegation of the EU a productive and successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
INDONESIA ON BEHALF OF ASEAN  
4.507.   Indonesia would like to m ake a statement on behalf of ASEAN . It is a great pleasu re to 
warmly welcome the delegation from the European  Union led by M rs Sabine  Weyand , 
Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission, to their 15th Trade Policy Review. W e thank 
the EU and the WTO  Secretariat for the comprehensive reports as well as H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  
of Thailand for her role as discuss ant. 
4.508.   Over the years ASEAN  and the EU partnership continues to strengthen , indeed, at the 
ASEAN -EU Commemorative Summit in Brussels on 14  December  2022, both ASEAN and the EU have 
made the commitment to develop the ASEAN -EU Strategic Partnership  based on international law,  
mutual  interest s, and mutually beneficial cooperation on issues of common concerns and the 
principle of equality. In this regard, despite the ongoing global economic challenges, the potential 
for the growth of ASEAN -EU trade and investment relationships remains robust . According to the 
ASEAN statistics  the total value of two -way merchandise trade between ASEAN and the EU  reached 
USD 268.9  billion in 2021 , grew by 18.6 % year-on-year from 2020 . Furthermore, ASEAN's FDI from 
the EU increased by 42 .9% in 2021 on a year -on-year basis and amounted to USD 26.5 billion .  
4.509.   Going forward, we will intensify our engagement on trade and eco nomic issues and explore 
other avenues to promote cooperation in areas of mutual interest such as digital economy, green 
technologies and green services , and supply chains resilience . We will also continue to work together 
with the EU to promote and uphold  an open, inclusive , transparent, non -discriminatory and 
rules-based multilateral trading system as embodied by the WTO . 
4.510.   Last but not least, several ASEAN member States in the WTO have submitted w ritten  
questions to the European  Union,  and we would like to  express our appreciation in advance to EU 's 
written  responses.  
4.511.   Finally, we would also like to thank the EU delegation for their constructive engagement and 
commend the contribution of H.E. Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado  and members of the EU 
Permanent Mission in Geneva for their hard work . We wish the  EU a successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review . WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  INDONESIA  
4.512.   The European  Union has long been Indonesia's economic partner , and since July  2016 we 
have been negotiating a free trade  agreement that we hope will conclude successfully  and will benefit 
both countries' economies, including in the face of global crisis.  
4.513.   I would like to share our observation s on a few specific areas in the EU's trade policies . We 
would like to again reitera te our systemic concern regarding EU's unjustified measures to our palm 
oil products, as well as EU's sanitary and phytosanitary measures. In regards with the 
implementation of REDII  and its delegated regulations, the EU classified palm oil  as a high indir ect 
land-use change risk and  prohibits its use in 202 3. On the other hand, many international standards, 
including RS PO, ISCC, ISPO , and RSB have certified that palm oil is produced in a sustainable 
manner.  Therefore , Indonesia urged the EU to review the regulation and ensure that it is consistent 
with WTO principles and applied in a non -discriminatory manner . 
4.514.   On the set of the EU new trade strategy  which include s EU regulation on CBAM  and 
deforestation , Indonesia sees the proposed regulation w ill generate an unnecessary barrier to trade, 
particularly for non -EU and direct competitors with the EU product s such as coffee , rubber, process ed 
wood, and palm oil. This policy we believe will have an impact on small and medium enterprises as 
well. 
4.515.   In addition, the use of geo -location data as part of products origin traceability  procedure s 
may expose geographic data and violate data privacy laws, since the EU could identify, process, 
verify , and inspect  the privacy  area of producers in the country of origin . On contrary, the EU has 
strict rules on geo -tagging and data privacy as stated in A rticle 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of 
Fundamental Rights . 
4.516.   Dozens of  WTO Members have consistently raised concern s in the SP S and TBT committees, 
regarding EU 's practices of setting maximum residue level limits, which are trade restrictive and 
have created significant barriers for Indonesian export s of coffee beans, tea, f ruits, and cinnamon.  
A number of th ese levels are significantly higher and deviated from the  Codex and are maintained 
for reasons other than demonstrated risk to human health . Beyond that, one EU -member, Hungary, 
has implemented a Public Help Product Tax (PHPT) , which imposes an additional tax on chip-products 
which are classified as  an unhealthy  product . The PHPT will undoubtedly have an additional impact 
on cassava  products  exported by Indonesia after obtaining a tariff rate quota  concession  as a result 
of Brexit . Having that  said, we urge the EU to reduce and eliminate these non -tariff barriers  and 
ensuring that SPS measures adhere to objective criteria of scientific justification of risk, as acquired 
by WTO SPS  Agreement in accordance with the WTO principle of National Treatment.  
4.517.   Before concluding, Indonesia expresse s appreciation for the EU's active participation in the 
discussion s on WTO functions , issues,  and various initiatives . It is also important to highlight the 
EU's significant contribution to promoting developing countr ies participation in trade negotiations  
through grant programmes . 
4.518.   Finally , Indonesia would  like to wish this review every success.  
URUGUAY  
4.519.   Uruguay would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of the European Union, 
headed by Ms  Sabine  Weyand, Directo r-General for Trade at the European Commission, on the 
occasion of the Union's fifteenth Trade Policy Review. We thank Ms  Weyand for her presentation. We 
also thank the Secretariat for its comprehensive report and the Ambassador of Thailand, 
Ms Pimchanok  Pitfield, for her insightful interpretation of the analysis provided.  
4.520.   At the bilateral level, the European Union is the main source of foreign direct investment in 
Uruguay and the second largest destination for our exports of goods.  
4.521.   As regards the agricultu ral sector, Uruguay remains concerned about the high levels of 
intervention and protection prevailing in the European Union. Besides the distortions generated by 
the high levels of support still provided to producers through the CAP, we note that access to  the 
European market for products of interest to Uruguay is severely restricted by high and complex WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  tariffs, while tariff quotas offer an increasingly limited window of access. On this point, I would like 
to once again, in this forum, call upon the Europea n Union to seek real solutions to the legitimate 
concerns expressed by my country in the renegotiation of concessions taking place under 
GATT  Article XXVIII as a result of Brexit.  
4.522.   Besides the subsidies and tariff barriers, we note with concern the tendency  to adopt 
increasingly restrictive non -tariff measures, which seem to conflict with certain fundamental WTO 
principles and rules, such as international harmonization, the scientific justification and need for the 
measures, non -discrimination, and the consi deration of less trade -restrictive alternatives. Uruguay 
therefore considers that the European Union should make greater efforts to listen to and address 
the legitimate concerns expressed by a large and diverse number of partners at the bilateral and 
multilateral levels, in order to ensure that its policies effectively contribute to the achievement of 
the objectives pursued, without contradicting WTO rules and principles and without harming third 
parties.  
4.523.   As regards trade in services, the European Union is the third largest source of tourists to 
Uruguay, tourism being a sector our country is vigorously promoting.  
4.524.   European investments have also played a key role in the development of Uruguay, especially 
in supporting productive transformations in sectors such  as renewable energy, forestry, 
pharmaceuticals and information technology, as well as in the Port of Montevideo. In return, many 
European companies have received huge profits, under the legal certainty and excellent business 
environment provided by Urugua y as a regional platform.  
4.525.   Turning to the regional level, we understand that both trade and investment may be 
strengthened if the MERCOSUR -EU Agreement is finally signed, leading to a structural and strategic 
transformation of bilateral economic relations, and so we reiterate here once again our country's 
firm support for that Agreement.  
4.526.   At the multilateral level, we both agree that the WTO plays a central role in the rules -based 
multilateral trading system. This gives us the assurance that the Agreements of  this Organization 
remain relevant and equal to present challenges.  
4.527.   We have worked together on the implementation of the commitments made at the 
Twelfth  Ministerial Conference (the "Geneva Package"); on the implementation of the agreement to 
prevent subsid ies for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; on all matters relating to the fight 
against the COVID -19 coronavirus pandemic; and on the reform of the WTO.  
4.528.   Looking ahead to CM13, we expect to work closely with the Union to take concrete steps 
toward s achieving meaningful outcomes on priority issues where the status quo unfortunately 
remains the rule. I refer, in particular, to the need to make progress in the reform process under 
Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture, especially in the domestic support and market access 
pillars. On the subject of market access, I would like to take this opportunity to call on the 
European  Union to show greater openness and willingness to move forward in line with the mandate 
of the Agreement, acknowledging the am ple scope that exists for improvements at the multilateral 
level that will allow progress towards the establishment of an open, fair and market -oriented 
agricultural trading system.  
4.529.   As an efficient food producer and exporter, Uruguay considers that problem s of food security 
should be addressed mainly through freer trade, without unjustified restrictions on either imports or 
exports, and through the promotion of transparency mechanisms. To that end, within the context of 
the WTO, we cannot but insist on the need to show a commitment to advancing in line with the 
mandate of Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture.  
4.530.   We also commend the European Union on its initiatives aimed at improving export conditions 
for small and medium -sized enterprises, especially tho se led by women. The WTO is a multilateral 
organization and MSMEs are a global issue. We need the voice and input of the members of the 
Informal Group on this issue to help build critical mass and develop good practices.  
4.531.   The Union, like the rest of the Mem bers, is going through challenging times in terms of the 
recovery from the pandemic, excessive price inflation and a geopolitical shift in which there are, as WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  yet, more unknowns than certainties. Following the lessons learned from the past, we must therefo re 
engage in dialogue to ensure free and efficient movement of goods and services, based on objective, 
shared criteria.  
4.532.   Lastly, let me remind you that we have sent you various technical questions on bilateral and 
multilateral trade policy, sustainability, the external effects of the Union's internal policies, 
agricultural trade, fisheries and SMEs.  
4.533.   Best wishes for a successful Trade Policy Review.  
SOUTH  AFRICA  
4.534.   The EU is South  Africa 's largest trading partner, accounting for more than ZAR 687 billion 
in 2021 and ZAR 830 billion in 2022. South  Africa is the EU 's largest trading partner in Africa with 
exports to the EU growing and becoming more diverse, with an increase in the export of 
manufactured products.  
4.535.   South  Africa and the EU bilateral trade relation s are governed by the SADC -EU EPA and are 
further characterized and anchored by the SA -EU Strategic Partnership and Joint Action Plan.  
4.536.   The EU continues to be one of South  Africa 's largest sources of foreign direct 
investment  (FDI). There are over 2 ,000 EU companies operating across a wide industry spectrum – 
manufacturing, wholesale and retail, services.  
4.537.   Given that the EU is South  Africa 's largest trading partner, we attach great importance to 
this TPR as we continue to examine EU trade practices, policies, and strategies because EU 
developments and specific economic policies have an impact on WTO Members. To this extent, we 
wish to share our observations and concerns on several areas of the EU 's trade policies.  
4.538.   We read with great interest the 2021  EU trade strategy based on the concept of open 
strategic autonomy, underpinned by openness, sustainability, and assertiveness. Overall, looking at 
the recent slate of EU initiatives and legislation in pursuit of this vision, the EU 's trade policy directio n 
has significant implications for trading partners and their ability to access the EU market. Examples 
are the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Regulation, Deforestation Regulation, 
Anti-Coercion Act, Foreign Subsidies Regulation, Enforcement Reg ulation for trade disputes, revised 
state aid rules, proposal for an export credit facility, to mention a few. This leads to the question as 
to the extent to which the twin aims of achieving strategic autonomy and preserving an open 
economy are compatible with one another? This also raises the need to reflect on how we can 
promote multilateral cooperation and collaboration on issues of global commons and whether 
unilateral and protectionist trade practices and policies are a solution and what the implicatio ns are 
on WTO rules.  
4.539.   We note the importance the EU places on its climate and energy policy framework through 
the Green  Deal. Its implications for developing countries are multifaceted and its economy -wide 
effects extend beyond energy transition to agricult ure, biodiversity, critical raw materials (CRMs), 
new technologies, and finance. We look forward to receiving further information from the EU on its 
Green  Deal measures, in particular the Carbon Border Adjustment Measures (CBAM) and 
Deforestation measures,  their consistency with WTO obligations and their trade implications. 
We hope to engage the EU about our concerns on these matters with a view to avoiding or mitigating 
potential trade impacts.   
4.540.   On tariffs, we appreciate that the EU has bound all its tarif f lines, of which around a quarter 
are duty -free. As per Secretariat Report, we note that the agricultural sector still stands out in the 
tariff analysis due to being heavily protected with higher tariffs and tariff peaks, non -ad valorem  
duties, and tariff  quotas.  
4.541.   We also note that the number of non -ad valorem tariff lines remains significant and 
constitutes about 10% of the EU 's tariff lines. Of the non -ad valorem  tariffs, about one third are 
compound, mixed, or other, making it difficult to determine the duty rate or assess the real impact 
of these tariffs. Complex tariffs act as barriers to trade and we encourage the EU to transform its 
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  about greater transparency and predictability to global trade rules. Considerable scope remains for 
further progress on market access, especially where the EU retains complex or p rohibitive tariffs on 
highly traded products. We reiterate our concern regarding the EU 's diverse and complex nature of 
applied tariff rates within the EU, non -ad valorem  duties mostly in agriculture, tariff quotas, and 
significant tariff escalation and pe aks in areas such as agriculture where developing countries like 
South  Africa have interests.  
4.542.   In addition, the EU continues to maintain high levels of domestic subsidies under its 
revamped 2021 -2027 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which leads to distort ions in production 
and international trade. The impact of agriculture subsidies displaces farmers not only in the 
international market but also the domestic market. We urge the EU to take the lead in reducing 
trade -distorting domestic support by considerin g capping, reducing, and finally eliminating the most 
trade -distorting forms of agricultural support. In this respect, we join others in encouraging greater 
market orientation, considering non -direct payment policies to help achieve EU climate objectives, 
and in reducing distortions to international trade. The EU is key in achieving agriculture envisaged 
in the Agreement on Agriculture.  
4.543.   We seize this opportunity to raise concerns about the EU 's increasing implementation of 
sanitary and phytosanitary measure s. In a constructive spirit, and even as we recognize the EU 's 
efforts to ensure the health and safety of its population, and the EU 's right to adopt measures to 
achieve legitimate health and food safety objectives, we urge the EU to ensure that such measu res 
are science -based, and do not unjustifiably restrict international trade. We have serious concerns 
over EU  SPS measures that lack science and risk -based assessment. The proliferation of trade 
restrictions that are based on factors other than the object ive criteria offered by scientific 
assessments of risk and deviate from internationally agreed standards, run counter the SPS 
Agreement and could have a very negative impact on our agricultural products, and those of a great 
number of developing countries without proper justification.  
4.544.   The effects of certain EU  SPS measures are of note due to their importance for economic, 
commercial, and social development. Examples include the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and 
other changes to plant and animal health regul ations that do not provide for adequate transition 
periods. We take this opportunity to urge the EU to consider adopting least trade restrictive measures 
and to engage in a solution -oriented manner with concerned Members that are raising legitimate 
concern s so that these measures do not become de facto barriers to trade.  
4.545.   Through the review period, the EU continued to be a significant user of trade remedies. 
The steel safeguard measure implemented in 2018 continues to remain in place for three years 
until 30 June 2024 with an annual TRQ growth rate of 3%. In addition, in 2022, the EU extended 
the safeguard measure to South  Africa under the SADC -EU EPA, for certain steel product categories. 
South  Africa is directly affected by the safeguard measures on steel.  We wish to use this opportunity 
to reiterate our concern at the disruptive effects of inappropriate trade defence  measures. These 
measures breakup value chains, undermine competition policies and contribute to the escalation of 
trade tensions.  
4.546.   We recogniz e the EU 's contribution to the DSS, as well as its active participation in the 
informal DS discussions and search for a solution to the impasse of the AB and having a fully 
functioning Dispute Settlement System by 2024. At the same time, the EU is a co -sponsor of the 
Joint Proposal which, now with 129  Members, seeks to launch the process to fill Member vacancies 
in the AB.  
4.547.   We wish to acknowledge the EU 's commitment to the WTO, its active engagement in 
negotiations, its efforts for sustaining a stable and  predictable rules -based multilateral trading 
system, as well as advocating for its reform. Such reform should preserve development at its core, 
and consider the flexibilities, capacity -building and technical cooperation needs of developing 
countries.  
4.548.   Within this TPR exercise, South submitted several questions and raised concerns on a range 
of topics covered in the EU 's trade policy. South  Africa remains ready to engage with the EU on these 
issues. We wish the EU a successful TPR and look forward to furthe r engaging on issues raised and 
to strengthen our bilateral relations.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  TUNISI A 
4.549.   My delegation is pleased to participate in the fifteenth Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union and welcomes the delegation led by Ms  Sabine Weyand, Director -General for Trad e 
at the European Commission, whom we thank for the comprehensive briefing on the EU's economic 
situation and trade policy.  
4.550.   I also wish to thank H.E.  Ambassador Pitfield for the pertinent remarks she made in her 
presentation and congratulate the Secretaria t on the thorough report it has submitted to us for this 
review.  
4.551.   The review period, which was severely impacted by the pandemic and the Russia -Ukraine 
crisis, was marked by a major change in the EU's development and political goals and priorities led 
by the adoption of, inter alia , the European Green Deal, a Europe fit for the digital age, and a new 
political agenda to reinforce the EU's global influence and leadership, so as to maintain its position 
as the world's largest trading bloc and a leading player in the trade in goods and services.  
4.552.   The reports testify to the resilience of the EU member States and the economic strength of 
the European bloc. The bloc responded swiftly to the multi -faceted crisis and to Brexit, thanks partly 
to measures taken by indiv idual member States but also to the adaptation of EU policies and 
practices and additional European funding, resulting in a strong recovery in GDP, which grew 5.4% 
in 2021.  
4.553.   At the multilateral level, we highly appreciate the engagement and commitment of th e EU in 
upholding and strengthening the multilateral trading system. We largely share the EU's proposed 
vision for a comprehensive reform of the WTO in respect of its negotiating, monitoring and dispute 
settlement functions. And we expect the EU to continu e to play an active role in supporting the 
aspirations of developing countries and least developed countries, to which it is closely linked by 
various partnership agreements, regarding the establishment of a multilateral trading system 
favourable to develo pment for all and to the promotion of the industrialization capacities of 
developing countries.  
4.554.   The upcoming MC13 will be an opportunity for the EU and its developing partners, particularly 
in Africa, to drive these values forward by agreeing on certain de cisions in favour of development, 
food security, SPS and technology transfer.  
4.555.   At the bilateral level, traditional Tunisian -European economic and trade relations date back 
to the early 1960s and the negotiation of a formula for cooperation with the EEC, whi ch was put into 
effect in 1969.  
4.556.   The EU-Tunisia Association Agreement , signed in 1995 and established as a Privileged 
Partnership in 2012, marked the entry into force of the Free Trade Area with the EU for industrial 
products. This Association Agreement is considered the first of its kind entered into between the EU 
and a southern Mediterranean country. It paved the way for the establishment of an 
EU Neighbourhood Policy.  
4.557.   Building closer ties with its European partner has been a cons tant of Tunisia's foreign policy 
and an irreversible choice, based on geographical proximity, common destinies, shared economic 
interests and centuries -old cultural and human exchanges.  
4.558.   The European Union remains Tunisia's main trading partner, accounting for some 65% of 
Tunisia's trade. And the prospects for further growth in trade remain promising: through removal of 
tariff and non -tariff barriers, investment promotion (particularly in industry, services and tourism), 
diversification of exports of high va lue-added products (such as organic agricultural products and 
high-end textile products and manufactured goods) and the promotion of electronic commerce and 
know -how. 
4.559.   Regular Association Council meetings and high -level exchanges should enable the Tunisian 
and European parties to achieve the common objective of closer and deeper integration of the 
Tunisian economy into the European Single Market and to overcome the current difficulties, 
attributable mainly to the combined impacts of the pandemic and the war on the Black Sea, the WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  weight of post -revolution social demands and the scale of the economic, social and political reforms 
undertaken in Tunisia.  
4.560.   We dare to hope, in this place, for a closer commitment by our leading partner to adapt to 
the context and sup port a rapid recovery of economic stability in Tunisia.  
4.561.   In this constructive spirit, we have raised some concerns and would be grateful if the 
EU delegation could shed some light on these matters.  
4.562.   Our first request concerns the benefit of the European Unio n's Generalised System of 
Preferences (GSP+), in particular the eligibility criteria and the deadlines for revising the list of 
beneficiary countries. Specifically, we ask for clarification on the relationship and interdependence 
between the different cate gories, namely, the general arrangement  and the special arrangement for 
the least developed countries . 
4.563.   A positive interaction with the Tunisian dossier, which has been on file for several years now 
and is considered to meet the eligibility criteria, on the same basis as the 66 beneficiary States, 
would be highly appreciated as part of the diversified efforts for economic recovery.  
4.564.   The second concern is in relation to the difficulties in accessing the EU market due to 
EU member co untries' using both domestic and Community regulations on technical standards and 
sanitary and phytosanitary measures.  
4.565.   We consider that having overlapping regulations does not serve the transparency of EU trade 
policy and has been a major obstacle to the d evelopment of exports of Tunisian industrial and 
agricultural products to the EU market.  
4.566.   It should be emphasized that both parties, Tunisia and the EU, remain determined to build 
on existing political and economic achievements and institutional frameworks to strengthen their 
cooperation.  
4.567.   In conclusion, I would like to commend Ambassador Aguiar Machado and his team in Geneva, 
as well as the team of experts in Brussels, for their active engagement in the work of the WTO and 
wish the European delegation a succ essful Trade Policy Review.  
ANGOLA  
4.568.   The delegation of Angola  would like to commend the European  Union for the 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  We acknowledge the important document informing on 27 UE member countries'  significant 
economic and trade evolution  through an impressive set novel  strategies, policies , and reforms 
drafted and implemented in the last three challenging years .  
4.569.   Our delegation is also particularly grateful for exhaustive  Report from the WTO Secret ariat 
that provides a thorough  review of the economic and trade evolution of the European  Union 
since 2020. We fully agree with the EU's general diagnostic that the  world economy is still negatively 
affected by the persisting impact of the COVID -19 pandemi c, the ongoing war in Ukraine and the 
rise of geopolitical tensions in the context of growing consequences of climate change . 
4.570.   Angola also understands that we are truly experienc ing a world in transition that demands 
much more dialog ue, cooperation , and glo bal trade in order to develop fair and dynamic policies able 
to sustain worldwide  economic and social development . Therefore , Angola can only express its 
solidarity and regret the negative impact of the global pandemic crisis on the EU economy.  
4.571.   Since the EU remains the first and largest trading bloc in the world in import s and  exports 
of goods and services combined, all economic downturns in the European  Union have a perverse 
impact worldwide, particularly in LDCs and the majority of developing countries . Consequently, it is 
even a more urgent to continue  supporting a global rules -based  trading system within a 
well-functioning WTO  which has become  undoubtedly  the most critical international institutional tool 
for ensuring free and fair trade . WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.572.   We are please d to note the firm EU commitment to the WTO and its longer -awaited reform  
expected to have serious development in forthcoming M C13, namely on Dispute Settlement 
negotiation and deliberative system. We support the EU's engagement to strengthen the WTO's rol e 
in health, food security , and trade sustainability, in these trends, the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement  
is a relevant example of integrating sustainability into WTO rules and reinforcing disciplines  on 
subsidies . 
4.573.   Angola  expects that the EU will also turn into a major contributor for similar success  in the 
ongoing negotiations on agriculture subsid ies, including c otton trade, promoting an agreement in 
forthcoming MC13  beneficial to the LDC s and developing c ountries  that still have large proportions 
of their  population and local economies relying on agricultural production .  
4.574.   We still have doubt s about the merits of open plurilateral JSIs that risk eroding the WTO 
consensual and other organizational policy deliberation and decision -making through negotiations in 
General Council s, Committee s, and Ministerial Conferences . Moreover, the EU and all the developed 
countries must be aware that fairness and equity must start within the WTO  itself. Angola and the 
other LDCs and most developing countries do not simply have the financial and technical resources 
to support large delegations of diplomats, experts, and staff to WTO as the EU and its 
27 country -members do. W e do not simply have enough people to follow al l meetings and initiatives, 
read proposals, reports and suggest ions, and elaborate our declarations and recommendations. 
Angola sincerely hopes that these serious dysfunctions can be addressed and solved in the process 
of the WTO reform.  
4.575.   Nonetheless, our delegation is pleased to acknowledge the EU's efforts to find the way to 
support developing countries facing the difficulties integrating into the global training system and 
value chains.  We agree with the EU's suggestion  to improve the deliberative functi ons in key 
committees, including the Committee on Trade and Development, and make them a forum for 
meaningful policy discussions . Angola also welcome s the EU declaration inviting WTO to give even 
more concrete attention to LDCs, including to ensure a small  transition in the graduation process.  
4.576.   The EU is one of Angola's most important trade partners with a trade balance widely 
favourable  to our country . The EU import s from Angola  were USD 14.24 billion in 2022, according 
to the UN  COMTRADE , while you have  imported goods and services from the EU amounting to 
USD 2.49 billion. In  concrete terms, our exports were 94% made  of mineral f uels following the 
well-known pattern of our country's substantial economic dependency on crude oil production and 
export s. The EU has become a key partner in supporting Angola's efforts to diversify the economy 
and move towards a sustainable development model, among other import ant cooperation examples , 
the EU -UNCTAD Joint Programme for Angola: Train for Trade  II became a crucial instrument in the 
process of diversification of our country economy and exports  by building the critical components of 
its product ive capacities aiming towards a smooth transition from the LDC and beyond.  
4.577.   More important , the EU and Angola concluded the technical discussions on November last 
year for the first -ever Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA), the EU -Angola SIFA 
will make attractin g and expanding investments easier, while integrating environment and labour  
rights commitments in the EU-Angola relationship . The SIFA will also provide technical aid and 
support Angola's  efforts to improve the investment climate for foreign and local inv estors , especially 
for small and medium -sized enterprises . We are very grateful for the EU's cooperation and continue d 
support to Angola's development and hope that SIFA will be signed soon . 
4.578.   Angola wishes the EU  a success ful Trade Policy Review.  
FIJI 
4.579.   We welcome the delegation of the European  Union led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade of the EU Commission and the EU delegation this morning to its 15th Trade 
Policy Review . The European  Union 's vast experiences and leadership in the field of  trade amongst 
others is highly commendable and which has implications on development and progress across all 
economies. Its deeper economic integration and stability over the years consisting of the world 's 
economic powerhouse is commendable.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.580.   Fiji also re cogni zes and thank the discussant H .E. Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield of 
Thailand, I am sure the Secretariat with the EU made the right choice.  
4.581.   The EU has consistently remained amongst the top five export destination for Fiji. Apart from 
aircrafts, major i mports from the EU mainly revolves around machinery and parts. The European 
continent is also considered one of the key tourism markets for Fiji. Regarding investment, the 
registered projects by EU member countries are in the services, tourism, manufacturi ng, wholesale 
and retail, agriculture , and forestry sector.  
4.582.   Fiji opens its market to 87% of imports from the EU, the EU and Fiji continues to hold High 
Level Political Dialogues to address common interests and challenges such as climate change, 
oceans, hum an rights, development cooperation as well as economic and trade cooperation. Fiji and 
the EU are engaged in the Pacific region through the Pacific Islands Forum and the Pacific Community 
as well as through the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacifi c States (OACPS) which 
coordinates the OACPS -EU policy dialogues.  
4.583.   The European  Union has supported a range of cooperation projects that benefited Fiji in 
areas of climate change adaption, disaster risk reduction, sustainable rural livelihoods, public 
admin istration reform and governance, gender , and human rights.  
4.584.   As highlighted in the EU 's Report, it is tabled at such a challenging international environment 
with heavy implications on international trade. With this we have the following comments to offer:  
i. We urge the EU to revise its tax blacklisting approach which is unilaterally applied to 
a number of small island s developing states in the Pacific region and beyond. In the 
Pacific for instance, a number of countries such as American  Samoa, Fiji, Guam, Palau , 
Samoa , and Vanuatu are unfortunately included in this category of countries. During 
this difficult time this is the last we expect from our development partner such as 
the EU, solidarity and understanding is key. These countries unfortunately were not 
aware of these standards nor have the capacity to implement the requirements. Having 
address this longstanding issue will bring the EU and the Pacific region much closer 
than they are geographically.  
ii. The EU 's support for free and fair trade, sustainable supply chains and digitalization 
can help boost economic growth and reduce poverty in our region. With this, we 
request the EU to expedite the finalization of post -Cotonou Agreement which is a 
longstanding issue pending on the side of the EU. T he agreement should pave the way 
for a predictable and enhanced trade relations among our countries with the EU that 
should foster equity and development.  
iii. In relation to the CBAM, we see utilities in its imposition as a means to address carbon 
leakage but should not be a unilateral measure condition to affect trade. This remains 
an uneven playing field with mixed reactions despite its perceived effectiveness as a 
catalyst for climate action and economic driver. Certainly , for Fiji, our current level of 
development is a major prohibitive factor, but we are fully committed to adopt 
measures to reduce carbon leakage. We , however, need to keep the momentum going 
particularly in the space of transitioning to cleaner energy and adopting greener 
technology.  
iv. We noted with appreciation EU 's continued commitment and leadership on gender 
equality and women 's economic empowerment.  Its Gender Equality Strategy 
2020-2025 is a useful guide on EU 's inclusive approach that is sensitive to the 
economic abilities of all its people.  
v. While we applaud the EU on the milestones it has taken on the WTO fisheries subsidies 
agreement ratificatio n, likewise its support to the fisheries fund, we continue to count 
on EU 's leadership and flexibility in the ongoing negotiation that should culminate in 
the successful conclusion of the remaining pillar of the agreement.  
4.585.   With these comments , we thank the  EU delegation in particular we would like to thank the 
EU Permanent Mission to the WTO in Geneva led by H .E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado and his team for WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  their dedication and commitment in all WTO committees and the collegial relations we have 
developed in Gen eva. We wish the EU delegation every success in its Review.  
JAMAICA  
4.586.   Jamaica extends a very warm welcome to the delegation of the European  Union, led by 
Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate for Trade of the European  Commission, to 
its 15th Trade  Policy Review. We thank the delegation for its very detailed Report.  
4.587.   We commend the efforts made by you Chair, our discussant, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield 
of Thailand, and the Secretariat to facilitate today 's discussions.  
4.588.   We note that the EU outstrips several countries including the United  States in imports and 
exports of goods and services combined. It is the second largest trading bloc, and maintains the top 
position in terms of global trade in services (approximately 25%). We further note f rom the 
delegation 's Report that 38  million EU jobs are dependent on EU exports. Therefore, EU 's continued 
support for the preservation of a rules -based multilateral trading system is unsurprising.  
4.589.   We have heard from Ambassador  Pitfield about the impact o f the COVID -19 pandemic on 
the EU economy, including a contraction of 5.7% in 2020. We note that efforts to improve the 
economic situation have been constrained by geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, the 
negative impacts of climate change and rising inflation. Nevertheless, my delegation notes further 
that the projections for economic growth for 2023 and 2024, although modest, are positive. This is 
largely due to the successful implementation of several national and EU government policy 
measure s.  
4.590.   The effects of the abovementioned issues are undoubtedly being experienced by other WTO 
Members; they offer an opportunity for WTO Members to discuss more intensely, the role the WTO 
could play in ensuring a more balanced recovery, and stable trading e nvironment.  
4.591.   Jamaica, therefore, commends the EU 's ongoing support for the integration of all Members 
into the global trading system, including through trade, investment, and the provision of technical 
assistance and capacity building, in particular, to de veloping countries, small island developing states 
and least developed countries  (LDCs). This has been most evident in the EU 's contribution to bilateral 
development programmes, various WTO programmes and initiatives, Aid for Trade, and the trade 
facilitat ion facility; these have greatly assisted developing and least developed countries to enhance 
the technical and negotiation capacities.  
4.592.   Jamaica and the EU share a mutual interest in ensuring that the multilateral trading system, 
with the WTO at its core, remains stable, inclusive, predictable, free and fair, and rules -based. 
We appreciate the EU 's active support for a well -functioning WTO. Jamaica notes, with keen interest, 
that the EU has elaborated a robust trade policy agenda, including a focus and prop osals on reform 
of the Organi zation. The EU has also tabled proposals which focus on improving the efficiency, 
transparency and functioning of several WTO bodies. Indeed, a strengthened and more enhanced 
WTO that is fit -for-purpose, and readily responds to  the needs of all its Members augurs well for 
securing a sustainable multilateral trading system. We, therefore, welcome open and inclusive 
exchanges on these issues in future.  
4.593.   Against this background, my delegation wishes to convey Jamaica 's appreciation  to 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, Head of the EU Permanent Mission to the WTO, for his 
delegation 's active engagement across the various work streams at the WTO. The delegation 's 
contribution on a number of matters during the 12th Ministerial Conference,  helped to facilitate the 
success of the Conference. Additionally, we thank the EU for advancing proposals to implement those 
outcomes. As momentum increases towards MC13, we look forward to continuing this spirit of 
constructive engagement with and flexib ility of the EU delegation, especially on issues of mutual 
concern.  
4.594.   Many Members have raised several  questions related to the trade policy formulation and 
objectives of several of its strategies including its "Open, Sustainable, and Assertive Trade Policy ", 
the EU Digital strategy and the European Green Deal. Questions were also posed on its Customs 
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  its MRAs; the new CAP (result -orientation, "greening" and eco -schemes) among others. We thank 
the delegation for the responses already provided, and welcome additional information/responses to 
other questions that may be raised during today 's discussions.  
4.595.   At the bilateral level, Jamaica 's relationship with the EU remains robust. This partnership 
includes collaboration through the OACPS and EU -CELAC institutions and economic relations within 
the context of the CARIFORM -EU EPA and the post Cotonou Agreement. The EU 's cooperation with 
Jamaica pursues the global object ive of poverty reduction and sustainable development, based on 
the principles of the ACP -EU as well as the framework of EU -CARIFORUM partnership and Jamaica 's 
national development plan, Vision  2030 Jamaica.  
4.596.   The EU is Jamaica 's second largest trading partn er and represents Jamai ca's second largest 
export market and the third largest import market. We currently are pursuing several economic 
activities in Europe, particularly in Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, 
Spain , and Switzerla nd. These are focused on a multiplicity of sectors, namely tourism, agriculture 
(primarily coffee), financial services, and technology. It is hoped that these will garner (greater) 
trade and investment relations with the EU.  
4.597.   In conclusion, we wish the dele gation of the EU the very best for a successful 15th Trade 
Policy Review.  
EGYPT  
4.598.   Allow me  to join previous speakers in congratulating the delegation of the European  Union, 
led by M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at European  Commission, on the successful 
completion of the 15th Review of its trade policy and the hard work done on this exercise.  
4.599.   I would like also to express our appreciation to the EU as well as the WTO Secretariat for 
their comprehensive reports and we thank H.E.  Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield  of Thailand for 
her important contribution.  
4.600.   The EU is one of the major and key players in the multilateral trading system. It is the world's 
top trader, one of the main donors for capacity -building and technical assistance activities in WTO 
and has the largest network of RTAs in the world. Moreover, the reports presented today show the 
dynamic nature of  the EU. It has the ability to mobilize 27  countries to adapt swiftly to new evolutions 
and shocks, including through adopting new strateg ies, rules and frameworks or updating them. 
We believe that the EU is a successful model for regional integration which has shown that 
integration could achieve economic gains and trade advantages.  
4.601.   On the bilateral level, we share long -lasting and strategi c relations with the EU at all levels. 
These were specifically reinforced through the adoption of the "EU-Egypt  Association Agreement ", 
which entered into force in 2004, as well as the adoption of the "EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities " for 
the years 2021 -2027 in June last year. These documents represent a roadmap for the EU -Egypt 
relationship in all fields.  
4.602.   On the economic and trade side, we appreciate the common interests identified in the 
"EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities ", which include, among others, digitalization, green economy, 
investments, energy, competition, e -commerce and digital economy, as well as the integration into 
the global and regional supply chains and the cooperation in food systems. In addition to that, Egypt 
benefits from the EU financial support, which contribute to the achievement of the SDG goals.  
4.603.   On another note, the EU  is Egypt's bigg est trading partner, covering 26.3% of Egypt's 
exports in 2021. According to our latest data, Egyptian exports to the EU have increased by 79%, 
reaching more than EUR 16 billion in 2022. In addition, the total bilateral trade exchanges rose by 
21.2%, reach ing more than EUR 37 billion last year.  
4.604.   Furthermore, Egypt cooperates with the EU under several regional frameworks, especially 
the EU -AU Summit, where the EU announced the adoption of the "Global Gateway Africa Europe 
Investment Package " of at least EUR  150 billion that will support our common ambition for 2030 and 
AU Agenda  2063; as well as the  Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, most notably through the 
"Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood  2021-2027". WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.605.   All the above -mentioned  data reflect how deep is the bilateral relationship between Egypt 
and the EU on the economic and trade level guided by dialogue  and cooperation . 
4.606.   In this regard, we would like to highlight some issues of concern that we want to address 
together with our EU  partners. The European Green  Deal may have detrimental effects on Egyptian 
exports to the EU. Some studies estimate that Egypt will be amongst the top 20  countries most 
affected by the CBAM, once implemented, with its real income falling per annum by USD 391 million. 
Exports of energy intensive products from Egypt to EU are expected to decline by 8.7%. Moreover, 
some experts warn that CBAM could also severely affect the ability of some African countries, 
including Egypt, to continue with industrialization.  
4.607.   Furthermore, the EU Deforestation Regulation, as well as the proposal on corporate 
sustainability due diligence are other EU initiatives that might have impact on Egypt 's exports. All 
these repercussions may lead to an erosion of the preferences granted t o Egyptian products within 
the framework of the EU -Egypt Association Agreement.  
4.608.   We believe that while it  is important to address sustainability issues across all sectors, 
including trade; there is a need to ensure that environmental trade related measures  are consistent 
with WTO rules and have no harmful effects on other countries, especially developing countries. 
These measures should be transparent and should take into consideration the specific needs of 
developing countries and LDCs, while avoiding crea ting unnecessary barriers to trade flows, 
especially those from developing countries, in order to help them increase their share in international 
trade, as recognized in para s. 1 and 2 of the Marrakesh Agreement.  
4.609.   We are already engaged in discussions on th ese issues in depth with our EU partners, in 
Brussels, Cairo and here in Geneva. We very much look forward to continue to address  the concerns  
in light of the cordial relations between the two sides.  
4.610.   Finally, we wish the EU delegation a fruitful Trade Pol icy Review .  
NIGERIA  
4.611.   On behalf of the delegation of Nigeria, I would like to extend our warm welcome to the 
delegation of the European  Union from Capital and Geneva. I would also like to thank the head of 
the delegation, DG  Mrs Sabine, for her effective leadership in this Trade Policy Review and the 
discussant, Ambassador H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  for this review.  
4.612.   Since the last Trade Policy Review , we are pleased to note that the EU is taking a lead role 
in steering an open a nd rule s-based multilateral trading system embodied by the WTO. As the largest 
trading bloc as well as the largest trader of manufactured goods and services in the world, the EU 's 
economy continues to improve. The EU experienced a decrease in the growth ra te of the real GDP 
of 5.7% due to the pandemic in 2020. However, a strong recovery occurred in 2021, with GDP 
growth reaching 5.4%, and has remained strong through 2022, leading to the review of various EU 
policies and practices, including in the areas of trade, agriculture, and energy.  
4.613.   We have enjoyed strong economic ties with the EU and even signed bilateral investment 
agreements with member States of the EU. Having a cordial partnership, which has led to an 
improved interface of relevant Nigerian institu tions, private sector development, business 
environment, and trade facilitation with their EU counterparts. Recent exchanges in 2022 by officials 
of the two sides provided an opportunity to express commitment to deepening ties and renew the 
support of the EU towards Nigeria 's efforts in diversifying the economy, especially in agriculture, 
digitalization, energy, science, research, and innovation. With respect to trade, the EU has remained 
one of Nigeria's most important trading partner s, representing about 40% of Nigeria's total external 
trade. The current trade volume of EU -Nigeria trade as of 2022 stands at US D 19.42  billion.  
4.614.   We commend the EU for its leadership role in WTO reform and its active engagement in WTO 
Dispute Settlement Reform discussions and w e share the EU 's commitment in the preservation of 
the WTO standard Dispute Settlement System . 
4.615.   We are mindful of the new policies by the EU and their impact on trade and investment 
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  for developing and least developed countries using non -market tools. Nigeria is a major exporter of 
commodities like crude oil, natural gas , and agricultural products. If the EU implements the CBAM, 
it will lead to additional cos ts for Nigerian exporters, thus therefore leading to a fall in export 
competitiveness of Nigeria. We would encourage the EU to consider some of these concerns.  
4.616.   Nigeria would be interested in partnerships with EU or participation in any carbon offset 
progra ms to address the carbon impact of its exports. By working together, Nigeria is interested in 
exploring avenues for green technology transfer, capacity -building and other assistance to support 
its transition to a more sustainable and low carbon economy.  
4.617.   Ahead of the 13th Ministerial Conference, we encourage the EU to renew its dedication in 
building a consensus around credible outcomes in several areas, like the restoration of the Dispute 
Settlement System , WTO reform, agriculture, Services Domestic Regulat ion, E-commerce, and 
Fisheries Subsidies negotiations.  
4.618.   We look forward to working with the EU in ensuring a stable multilateral trading system. In 
conclusion, my delegation would continue to work closely with the EU and the rest of the Membership 
to maint aining a rule s-based stable multilateral trading system. We look to the EU for continued 
leadership in the lead up to MC13.  
4.619.   We congratulate the entire delegation of the EU for their engagement, and we wish the EU 
a successful 15th Trade Policy Review exer cise. 
JORDAN  
4.620.   I would like to start by extending a warm welcome to the entire EU delegation, and to join 
other delegations in thanking and congratulating them for the efforts exerted in the preparation for 
this Trade Policy Review . I would also like to thank the head of  the delegation for h er opening 
statement and detailed introductory remarks which show the positive developments in the European 
economy and the continued reforms, in addition to the EU 's commitment to the multilateral trading 
system. Thanks is extended to  the WTO Secretariat for their excellent Report.  
4.621.   Our appreciation is also extended to the discussant H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  (Thailand), 
for her insightful introductory remarks.  
4.622.   The Report highlighted the solid EU policy towards global trade openness, economic growth, 
and sustainable development, which is translated in the EU active and positive international presents 
in all negotiations files including trade.  
4.623.   The remarkable figures shown in the reports related to investment and GDP, and labour  
market d espite the challenging environment are a result of the ambitious economic policies, wise 
development trade strategy, and robust macroeconomic fundamentals.  
4.624.   The long -standing and deeply -rooted relationship between Jordan and the EU witnessed 
many milestones , one of them is the Association Agreement which entered into force in 2002, and 
contributed in doubling the value of trade exchange between Jordan and EU to reach USD 3.6 billion 
in 2022, and we look forward to further increasing and diversifying our bila teral trade, these relations 
were also boosted up by the EU Government support directed toward economic developments 
whether on bilateral or multilateral.  
4.625.   Jordan attaches great importance to its relations with the EU and always keen to further 
expand our b ilateral economic ties, and we believe that many potentials are still ahead of us , whether 
on bilateral or multilateral levels.  
4.626.   Finally, Jordan congratulates the EU Government and the business society for their efforts 
and valuable contribution in the worl d trade hand in hand with other trading partners.  
4.627.   We would like to wish you more prosperity and a fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  VIET NAM 
4.628.   Viet Nam would like to join other Members in warmly welcoming the distinguished delegation 
from the Eur opean  Union  led by M rs Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission  to their 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.629.   We would like to express our appreciation to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for the 
comprehensive reports for this review. We also would like to thank the discussant , H.E. Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield , Permanent Representative of Thailand for her insightf ul observations.  
4.630.   Viet Nam associates itself with the ASEAN Joint Statement delivered by Indonesia.  
4.631.   Our Delegation would like to highlight the following points.  At the multilateral level, Viet  Nam 
appreciates the close and longstanding cooperation between the EU and Viet  Nam in the WTO. 
We are encouraged by the EU dedication and commendable leadership with regard to promoting an 
open, fair , and sustainable trade environment and welcome the EU 's full commitment and continued 
efforts to reinvigorate the multi lateral trading system in times of uncertainties.  
4.632.   At the bilateral level, the EU has become one of Viet  Nam's most important partners, 
especially in economic and trade fields. The effective and comprehensive cooperation between the 
EU and Viet  Nam has contributed positively to Viet  Nam's socio -economic development and 
international integration.  
4.633.   The EU is currently Viet  Nam's fourth largest trading partner and the third largest export 
market and the fifth largest import market. On the other hand, Viet  Nam is ranked as the 16th trading 
partner of the EU and the largest trading partner of the EU in ASEAN; In terms of exports alone, 
Viet Nam ranks the 11th among the largest suppliers of goods to the EU.  
4.634.   Two-way trade between Viet  Nam and the EU post C OVID -19 pandemic witnessed a positive 
recovery and growth, reached USD 62.24  billion with an increase of 9.2% compared to 2021. This 
positive result has a significant supporting role from the Free Trade Agreement between Viet  Nam 
and the EU (EVFTA). It is especi ally noteworthy in the context of market instability, supply chain 
disruption, difficulties in trade, and economy of the EU.  
4.635.   In terms of investment, the EU is currently the 6th largest foreign investor in Viet  Nam 
with 2,469  projects, total registered cap ital worth USD 28.35  billion. In particular, the scope of 
activities of EU investors not only focuses on industries but also has expanded to services, clean 
energy, supporting industries, food processing, and high -tech agriculture. The fact that the 
Lego Group of Denmark started the construction of its first carbon -neutral factory with an investment 
of more than USD 1 billion in Viet  Nam is a clear proof of this expansion.  
4.636.   In conclusion, our delegation would like to take this opportunity to thank H.E. Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado, Permanent Representative of the EU to the WTO and his able team for their 
constructive and active contribution and engagement in WTO activities. We wish the EU a ve ry 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.637.   I would like to first welcome the delegation of the European  Union led H.E. Sabine  Weyand , 
Director -General for Trade of the European  Commission , we thank the WTO Secretariat and the EU's 
Government report s and appreciate the opportunity to gain a clear sense of the changes to the trade 
and investment polic ies since its last Review in  2020. We would also like to thank the discussant 
H.E. Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield, Ambassador of Thailand , for introducing us to the 15th Review of the 
European  Union's trade policy . 
4.638.   The European  Union and the Kyrgyz  Republic have been partners since our country's 
independence in 1991  increasing our cooperation and areas of interaction every year . To strengthen 
the links between the  Kyrgyz  Republic and the EU and its member States we signed the Partnership 
and Cooperation Agreement which entered into force 1999, and outlines t he main pillars of 
cooperation, political dialog ue, economic relations , and cooperation in social econom y, social  finance, 
science, technology , and cultural sectors . In July  2019, the EU and the K yrgyz  Republic concluded WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  negotiations of a new Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which will provide a new 
legal basis for stronger bilateral cooperation in a number of new areas, hopefully our Government s 
will soon proceed preparing  the text for signature . 
4.639.   The Kyrgyz  Republic is also part ner of the new European  Union strategy for Central Asia 
adopted in June  2019, the dis cussions of bilateral economic agenda between our countries take place 
on many levels in different forms and  on different issues but mainly in the framework of annual 
subcommittee on trade and investment and annual cooperation committee at seniors official s level.  
Just a few days ago we held the second meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia c ountries and 
the President of the European  Council, Mr  Charles  Michel, in Kyrgyz  Republic on 3 June 2023, a Joint 
Statement was issued by the President of the K yrgyz Republic, Mr  Sadyr  Zhaparov, and the 
President of the European Council, Mr  Charles  Michel, where they confirmed the firm commitments 
to further  deepening of bilateral broad -ranging  of cooperation and stressed  the need to continue 
efforts to further st rengthen and develop bilateral partnership, including trade, economic and 
investment cooperation .  
4.640.   EU-Kyrgyz  Republic trade in goods  has increased to reach USD 600 million in 2022, up from 
USD 342 million in 2 021 and USD 309 million  in 2020 . This increase is partially  thanks to the 
Generalized Scheme of Preferences  GSP+ granted by the EU to the Kyrgyz  Republic in 2016, which 
opens new potential for economic relations and offers opportunities for the Kyrgyz  Republic  to 
increase and diversify its  exports and strengthen its economy. In this regard,  as it was noted in the 
Report, the current GSP is expected to expire by the end of 2023 and we are excited to see the 
adoption of the new GSP strategy for the period of 2024 . We believe the level of bila teral trade has 
much more potential for increasing trad e in goods, as well as in services, the perspective areas 
would be agricultur e, energy , and tourism .  
4.641.   It is impressive to see from the reports that despite an important  number of events during 
the revi ew period that led to increased volatility and uncertainty, the European  Union's economy 
showed a strong  recovery of the COVID -19 with a 3.6% growth 2021. The European  Union is one of 
the most active Members of the WTO's continuous contributions to its co re functions, it is one of the 
main donors of capacity building and technical assistance activities of the WTO from which the 
Kyrgyz  Republic has benefited a lot.  
4.642.   I would like to emphasize that the European  Union is a strategic partner of the 
Kyrgyz  Republic and that our cooperation in the WTO is an important element of our partnership. 
We look forward to working closely with the delegates of the EU at the WTO and wish the EU a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.643.   To begin, my delegation joins the  others to express our warm welcome to the delegation of 
the European  Union led by H.E.  Ms Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate -General for Trade, 
European Commission.  
4.644.   My delegation thanks also go to H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield (Thailand) fo r her 
insightful assessment reflecting on the current trade policies and economic performance of the EU, 
as a role of discussant. We also thank to TPR Division and the delegation of the EU for their reports 
for this review.  
4.645.   At the outset, Cambodia associat es itself with the ASEAN statement delivered by the 
delegation of Indonesia.  
4.646.   My delegation congratulates the EU on maintaining its remarkable and resilient economic 
growth since its last Review in a rapid recovery manner after a 6.0% decline in 2020 follow ed by 
a 5.4% rebound in 2021.  
4.647.   We also acknowledge and value the essential role that the EU has been playing in and 
contributing to the WTO multilateral trading system and global trade. Taking this opportunity, my 
delegation would like to express our gratit ude to the EU for its implementation of the previous 
decisions in favour of least -developed countries (LDCs) including EBA, Preferential Rules of Origin, 
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  such as the Aid for Trade program me, for example, trade development support program me and 
on-going ARISE+ project.  
4.648.   Bilaterally, the EU is one of the top trading partners of Cambodia. In 2022, Cambodian 
exports to the EU were valued at USD 4.045  billion, regist ering a more than 25% surge from the 
USD 3.229  billion logged in 2021. EBA and its effective rules are among the key contributions to this 
rise. We would encourage other preference -granting Members should also follow the EU 's effective 
practices for the LD Cs which some Members are implementing. In addition, to strengthen our 
bilateral trade and economic relation, the EU and Cambodia have established a number of initiatives 
and assistances to promote greater  sustainable and inclusive trade and investment flo ws vis-à-vis 
to address our bilateral concerns.  
4.649.   Last but not least, we would jointly share our view to commending the EU to further simplify 
and facilitate the export interests from the LDCs including addressing the challenges of NTMs to 
support the development of the LDCs. Furthermore, we would also encourage the EU to maintain 
the export interest of the LDCs to name a few agricultural products, garments, and footwear as well 
as services trade in which these sectors provided essential support to the employments and impactful 
to the vulnerable beneficiaries. Additionally, we would also like to reiterate our request to the EU to 
generously support the LDC 's agenda and proposals at the WTO to a successful conclusion in an 
inclusive and sustainable manner  to Leave No One Behind.  
4.650.   Finally, we commit to working closely with the delegation of the EU especially the delegation 
of the EU in Geneva to strengthen our good cooperation for economic prosperity and sustainable 
development. We wish the 15th Trade Policy Review  of the EU a successful conclusion.  
NEPAL  
4.651.   My delegation warmly welcomes the EU delegation led by H .E. Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade, European  Commission and commends h er for the 
insightful highlights of the 15th Trade Policy Review  of the EU.  
4.652.   We thank H.E. Ambassador Mrs  Pimchanok  Pitfield  (Thailand) as discussant of the Review. 
My delegation thanks the European  Union and the WTO Secretariat for the valuable reports.  
4.653.   My delegation highly values European  Union 's continued commitment and active 
participation in the multilateral trading system. We also commend its openness to international trade 
and its integration into the global economy. We are pleased to take good note  that the economic 
recovery, through appropriate intervention taken on the C OVID -19 pandemic, occurred with GDP 
growth reaching 5.4% in 2021. Similarly, the stronger recovery of exports over imports led to a 
slight widening of the services trade surplus to  EUR 122 billion in 2021 are praiseworthy.  
4.654.   EU as the world 's top trader, we praise its active and constructive roles for the strengthening 
of multilateral trading system in all the pillars of the WTO. The regular notifications made during the 
review perio d, and active and constructive roles during the MC12, as well as in the WTO bodies are 
commendable.  
4.655.   My delegation welcomes the offers of the preferential tariff treatment to 66  developing 
economies including LDCs and would like to sincere thanks for duty free quota free facility under 
Everything but Arms mechanism.  
4.656.   Nepal takes note of the policies recently announced by EU like the Climate Law, the Carbon 
Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, EU Regulation on 
Deforestation, an d expects that these policies will not create additional burden to the LDCs.  
4.657.   Let me turn to the bilateral front. Nepal and the EU have been enjoying cordial relations ever 
since we established diplomatic relations in 1974. The EU has been contributing to t he 
socio-economic development of Nepal since the beginning. As the best wisher of Nepal 's peace, 
development and prosperity, the EU has been assisting in the areas of health, education, 
decentralization, disaster management, peacebuilding and trade sector,  among others.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.658.   We value the interests of the EU investors choosing Nepal as their investment destination, 
more than 480  companies are investing in Nepal in the areas of tourisms, services and 
manufacturing sector followed by agriculture, and among others.  
4.659.   My delegation appreciates the EU citizens for choosing Nepal as their tourism destination. 
Air Connectivity is important for tourism promotion as well as business activities. Nepal has been 
missing to be benefit ed from direct flights facility therefore my  delegation urges EU to review its 
policy and take appropriate decision as soon as possible. We believe that the direct flight connectivity 
would be instrumental to enhance people to people relationship as well as to reduce the additional 
time and cost.  
4.660.   On merchandise trade front, EU is the third largest destination of Nepal. Based on the 
primary data, Nepal has imported from the EU goods worth of around NPR 40 billion in 2022 while 
it has exported to the EU goods amounted to NPR 11 billion in the same yea r. 
4.661.   Nepal is importing engineering goods, telecommunication equipment, chemical and minerals, 
medical equipment, vaccine for human medicine, diagnostic or lab reagents from the EU , while Nepal 
is exporting pashmina products, ready -made garments, woollen  goods, carpets, handicrafts, felt 
products, tea and coffee, among others.  
4.662.   The trade data of goods shows a significant trade gap in Nepal 's bilateral trade with the EU. 
However, this can also be an opportunity for further collaboration and cooperation on reduc ing the 
gap by further exploring and exploiting trade, investment, and tourism potentials for mutual benefit.  
4.663.   Finally, I take this opportunity to extend sincere thanks to EU for its supports and expect the 
continued supports in the days to come. Nepal loo ks forward to strengthening its relations with 
the EU in the days ahead. My delegation wishes a successful Trade Policy Review of the EU.  
KENYA  
4.664.   I join other delegations in conveying a warm welcome to the delegation of the 
European  Union, led by M rs Sabine  Weyand, the Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade at 
the European  Commission, to its 15th Trade Policy Review .  
4.665.   I also wish to thank H.E.  Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent Representative of Thailand to 
the WTO and WIPO, for her insightful insights this morning as discussant. The characteristic thorough 
output by the Secretariat as contained in its comprehensive Report cannot be gainsaid.  
4.666.   Kenya notes that the European  Union remained the world's top trading bloc, accounting 
for 16.2% of tota l world trade, having posted a 2021 performance of EUR 6.28 trillion in goods and 
services trade. During the same period, international trade was the equivalent of 21.5% of the EU 
GDP while total EU trade corresponded to 43% of its GDP. There was a signifi cant contraction in 
goods trade surplus in 2021 to EUR 56.8 billion attributable to a significant increase in the value of 
imports largely due to the higher cost of energy imports. However, after a contraction in services 
trade in 2020, there was a marked recovery in 2021, with exports increasing by 16% and imports 
by 4% from 2020. The stronger recovery of exports over imports led to a slight widening of the 
services trade surplus to EUR 122 billion in 2021.  
4.667.   The commitment of the EU to the multilateral tra ding system is undoubtedly an integral 
component of EU trade policy, with WTO reform featuring prominently as one of its priority actions. 
Furthermore, the EU actively promotes discussions through joint proposals/initiatives on, inter alia, 
domestic regula tion of trade in services, e -commerce, investment facilitation, transparency, trade 
and environment, trade and gender, and MSMEs. Among the highlights of the EU 's solution -oriented 
engagement at the WTO is the establishment of the Multi -Party Interim Appea l Arbitration 
Arrangement, an innovative stop -gap alternative to the current Appellate  Body stalemate. 
The European  Union 's consistent active contribution to the WTO's core functions, including as one of 
the main donors for capacity -building and technical assistance activities is noteworthy.  
4.668.   The EU articulated its commitment in its 2021 trade policy communication to reinforce its 
engagement with African countries by, inter alia, deepening and widening its existing trade 
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  dimension, as well as supporting cooperation with the African  Union and its members and the smooth 
implementation of th e African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The communication also 
proposed to set up an EU -AU high -level dialogue on economic integration between the two 
Commissions aimed at supporting the implementation of the AfCFTA, notably through sharing 
experti se and lessons learn t on matters pertaining to trade, investment, regional value chains, 
industrial development, Customs Union and single markets. This high -level dialogue was launched 
during the Commission -to-Commission meeting that took place in Brussels  on 28  November  2022. 
Another objective is to enhance EU -AU cooperation at the WTO, to which end there have been a few 
meetings at the Ambassadorial level. The EU also signalled its intention to adopt a Memorandum of 
Understanding with the Secretariat of t he AfCFTA to improve communication and enhance policy 
discussion between both sides on matters pertaining to trade and economic integration.  
4.669.   The EU and Kenya share a robust bilateral relationship encompassing economic, security, 
and development policies. The EU is among Kenya 's top export destinations for cut flowers, fruits 
and nuts, tea, coffee, and herbs. The EU and Kenya also cooperate on several initiatives, including 
the EUR 324 million Multiannual Indicative Programme (MIP) 2021 -2024 which focuses o n three 
priority areas, that is, green transition; leave no -one behind and digitali zation; as well as democratic 
governance, peace and stability. Kenya was a beneficiary of Phase  I of the EU -EAC Market Access 
Upgrade Programme (MARKUP) and is also particip ating in the expanded second phase. The EU is 
currently negotiating with Kenya the interim bilateral implementation of the Economic Partnership 
Agreement, which was concluded in 2014 with the then five Members of the East African Community 
but not implemen ted. 
4.670.   Kenya looks forward to a more fruitful trade relationship with the EU and wishes the 
delegation a successful Trade Policy Review . 
GEORGIA  
4.671.   The Georgian delegation wishes to warmly welcome the distinguished delegation of the 
European  Union led by H .E. Mrs Sabine  Weyand - the Director -General for Trade of the 
European  Commission, on the occasion of the 15th Trade Policy Review. We would also like to express 
our sincere appreciation to the EU and the WTO Secretariat for their outstanding work in compiling 
the comprehensive reports on trade policy developments over the course of the review period.  Let 
me also thank the discussant for her very insightful report.  
4.672.   The Georgian delegation acknowledges the EU 's significant contribution in upholding and 
strengthening the multilateral trading system through its active engagement in the WTO. Georgia 
commends E U's constant efforts to enhance global trade cooperation and its initiatives to tackle 
recent challenges facing trade worldwide.   
4.673.   Georgia greatly appr eciates EU 's increased input in further liberalizing its trade regime by 
concluding multiple free trade agreements across the world, exemplified through the Association 
Agreement signed between Georgia and the EU in 2014 including the Deep and Comprehensiv e Free 
Trade Area (DCFTA).  
4.674.   Since the independence, Georgia has been aspiring to the integration with EU, which remains 
the key pillar among Georgia 's trade and economic priorities. The effective implementation of the 
DCFTA is the major course of action on the Government 's agenda aiming at closer harmonization 
and integration with the EU.  
4.675.   With the purpose to fully benefit from the DCFTA, we are implementing significant reforms, 
including the approximation of Georgia's legislation to the EU acquis,  which brings Georgia in line 
with European standards and practices. We have made remarkable progress in this regard: overall, 
Georgian legislation has already been approximated with more than 60% of the EU legal acts 
foreseen by the DCFTA.  
4.676.   DCFTA has subst antially contributed to the enhanced trade relations, in fact resulting the EU 
ranking number one among Georgia 's foreign trade partners. According to the existing figures, 
Georgia's trade turnover with the European  Union increased by 29% in 2022, amountin g to about 
USD 4 billion with the share of 21% in Georgia 's total trade turnover. Georgia 's export to the EU 
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  4.677.   The European  Union and its financial institutions have always been instrumental and have 
an im portant role in stimulating Georgia 's export potential, regional development, infrastructure, 
and other vital areas of economy. In parallel to government programs, the EU assistance under the 
EU4Business, European Neighbourhood Program for Agriculture and Rural Development and others 
have played critical role in developing economy and strong SME sector in Georgia.  
4.678.   Georgia being an active partner within the EU Eastern Partnership initiative is going to make 
the best use of the EU External Investment Plan in  order to take forward the strategic infrastructure 
projects in transport, energy and communications as well as boost investments to support economic 
growth by supporting SMEs.  
4.679.   In conclusion, Georgia once again would like to thank the European  Union for th e valued 
partnership and wish a very successful Trade Policy Review .  
PERU 
4.680.   The Peruvian delegation extends a warm welcome to the European Union delegation, 
especially Ms  Sabine  Weyand, Director -General for Trade at the European Commission, who is 
leading t he delegation, and Ambassador João Aguiar Machado, Permanent Representative of the EU 
to the WTO.  
4.681.   We thank them for their detailed presentation on the Union's trade policies, and 
Ambassador  Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent Representative of Thailand, for her valuable comments 
as rapporteur. We also thank you, Mr  Chair, for your dedication and the Secretariat for this review.  
4.682.   Peru and the European Union have a long -standing and close relationship of cooperation and 
understanding at the multilateral and bila teral level, based on principles and values shared over 
many decades of excellent relations.  
4.683.   We therefore welcome the economic recovery of the European Union during the period under 
review, despite the effects of the war in Ukraine.  
4.684.   We also note the decisi on to adopt an open, sustainable and assertive trade policy. We, your 
trading partners, are ready to stand by you in that effort, with the aim of achieving an open, fair, 
transparent and rules -based international trading system.  
4.685.   The European Union and Peru  share a strong trading relationship. Under our Free Trade 
Agreement, which turned 10 in March this year, our bilateral trade has grown steadily, topping 
USD 11 billion in 2021.  
4.686.   The European Union is Peru's third largest trading partner and an export desti nation for our 
minerals, agricultural goods and fishery goods. At the same time, Peru imports considerable 
quantities of pharmaceuticals, steel, plastics and vehicles.  
4.687.   One of the main opportunities we see in the European bloc is the untapped potential for 
exports of agricultural goods, which, though growing in importance, could grow further through 
increases in the trade in grapes, unroasted coffee, onions and cocoa beans. These are all 
opportunities which we hope to be able to realize, given the importance  of the agricultural sector for 
Peru in terms of job creation and the promotion of small and medium -sized enterprises, especially 
in rural areas.  
4.688.   Turning to the multilateral system, I would like to commend the European Union on the 
active role it has taken  and the efforts it has made in this forum by participating in the various 
negotiating processes we have under way and by promoting valuable initiatives such as the 
Multi-Party Interim Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), which, in settling its first case, has shown itself 
to be a viable option that has made it possible to preserve two instances, with an impartial review 
and a binding dispute settlement system.  
4.689.   We also welcome the EU's commitment to the negotiations on fisheries and agricultural 
subsidies and in  the initiatives on the regulation of e -commerce, services domestic regulation, small 
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  4.690.   As part of this prominent and collaborative trading relationship, there are also m atters on 
which we have not yet been able to come to an understanding. In this regard, the effects of certain 
European sanitary and phytosanitary measures are of particular note, due to their great importance 
for economic, commercial and social development  in Peru. Examples include the maximum residue 
levels and other changes to plant and animal health regulations that do not provide for adequate 
transition periods. I should emphasize, once again, that the exports affected by these measures are 
foundational  to my country's economic development and, in particular, to that of a significant part 
of our rural population. Peru therefore wishes to take this opportunity to reiterate its concern about 
these measures.  
4.691.   On the other hand, I would also like to mention r ecent initiatives taken by the 
European  Union within the framework of its "Green Deal", such as the development of rules to 
combat deforestation and forest degradation.  
4.692.   Peru is one of the countries most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which is  why 
we have joined all the regional and global efforts aimed at meeting this challenge, against which 
there is little we can do unilaterally.  
4.693.   As we have agreed in other relevant forums, our contributions to addressing the problem 
must be distinct and base d on our multiple particularities and capacities. Given that the tools for 
generating contributions to the fight against climate change are many and widely known, we are 
concerned that the European Union should opt for unilateral trade restrictions as a me ans of 
achieving environmental objectives, as these may not be the most appropriate tools. On the 
contrary, they may threaten the development opportunities which, in countries such as Peru, can be 
generated through trade.  
4.694.   To conclude, we sincerely trust th at this review will have served as a framework for the 
European Union to renew its commitment to the stability and soundness of the multilateral trading 
system. We thank the European Union for this exercise and wish it every success.  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA1 
4.695.   Let me join others in welcoming the EU delegation headed by Director -General for Trade, 
Mrs Sabine  Weyand, as well as H.E. Ambassador Aguiar  Machado and his Geneva based -team.  
We would like to particularly appreciate the work done in preparing this review both by the EU side 
and the Secretariat , as well as the distinguished Ambassador of Thailand Mrs Pimchanok  Pitfield  as 
discussant.  
4.696.   The Republic of Moldova appreciates this opportunity to be part of the EU Trade Policy 
Review, and while our UK colleague mentioned that it is the first for them to act in this capacity, we 
are certainly hoping that it would be the last or one of the last for our country, as we are working 
hard to join the EU in the not -so-distant future.  
4.697.   Meanwhile we are keen to co ntribute to the evaluation of existing policies and to comment 
of the proposed commitments and eventual challenges, bearing in mind that EU is the Republic of 
Moldova 's main trading and development partner and it is a strong advocate of the rules -based  
multilateral trading order.  
4.698.   First on EU role for WTO development, we welcome its active participation in efforts to 
strengthen and revitalize  the Organi zation through involvement and leadership in a range of 
important initiatives, including the ongoing WTO R eform discussions, Joint Initiatives on 
E-commerce, Services Domestic Regulation, and Investment Facilitation for  Development , Informal 
Group  on MSMEs, and Women's Economic Empowerment .  
4.699.   We have all witnessed EU efforts on addressing climate challenges via  a comprehensive 
European Grean  Deal, and more particularly within WTO supporting the Trade and Environmental 
Sustainability Structured Discussions  (TESSD) and more recently the Fossil Fuels  subsidies reform 
talks.   
 
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  4.700.   As a general point, we commend the EU fo r its constructive role and leadership in the 
multilateral trading system and for its ongoing support for  mechanisms that ensure prosperity for 
all economies, particularly the ones like the Republic of Moldova and we encourage the EU to 
continue to have  a strong voice within this Organization.  Furthermore, the Republic of Moldova 
commends EU 's good transparency record and would encourage it to continue its efforts in this sense 
setting commendable example.  
4.701.   The Republic of Moldova also commends and highly ap preciates EU 's important role in the 
capacity -building and assistance projects which reaffirms its commitment to support development 
across WTO Membership.  
4.702.   On a particular note, we would like to praise the support offered by EU, to countries that 
have suff ered economically from the Russia n Federation' s military aggression against Ukraine. In  the 
Republic of Moldova 's case, besides continued financial, technical assistance and capacity -building 
program mes, the EU has adopted a  regulation  which provides temporary additional trade 
liberalisation for Moldovan agricultural products for one year, until 24  July 2023, to be hopefully 
extended in the coming days for another year.  
4.703.   From a bilateral trade perspective, the Republic of Moldova and the EU hav e a particularly 
close relationship, advancing and integrating through the years, in trade this being manifested by a 
constant increasing in the openness of the trade regime, starting with GSP, GSP+, Autonomous 
Trade Preferences ATP and since September  2014 having a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade 
Area DCFTA.  
4.704.   The DCFTA, is part of our Association Agreement concluded with the European  Union, which 
in 2024 will mark a 10  years milestone. The main impact of the DCFTA 's implementation for the 
Republic of Mold ova is the country 's economic growth, generated by the increase of trade volumes, 
deep transformation of the economy, way of thinking and operating in terms of quality of goods, 
diversification of products, competitiveness, and management.  
4.705.   It is a "living " trade arrangement, since last EU TPR, we have made some important 
adjustments in terms of quotas and mutual concessions.  
4.706.   As indicated before, the European  Union is the main and strategic trading partner of the 
Republic of Moldova and represents a share of  51% in the total amount of Moldova 's trade flows.  
4.707.   The value of trade exchanges between the Republic of Moldova and the European  Union 
in 2022 amounted to roughly USD 6.9 billion, increasing by 36.1% compared to 2021. Referring to 
the year 2022 the share o f exports to EU countries represents 58.6% of total Moldovan exports. 
Exports of goods to the EU accounted for USD 2.54 billion . The imports from EU accounted for 
USD 4.36 billion and represents 47.3% of total Moldovan imports.  
4.708.   Our top trading partners amo ng EU member States remain Romania, Italy, Germany, France, 
Poland and the Netherlands.  Another important aspect is the steady increase of the number of 
Moldovan exporting companies to the EU, from 1 ,548 in 2015 to 1 ,672 companies in 2020 ; in 2021 , 
1,860 c ompanies exporting to EU and 2 ,044 during 2022, which represents a share of more 
than 70% of the total number of exporting companies of the Republic of Moldova.  
4.709.   At the same time, the EU is the largest foreign investor in the Republic of Moldova. FDI of 
EU countries has steadily increased over the last decade.  
4.710.   As part of our European agenda, we are looking into the possibilities to integrate into the EU 
Single Market, including through dedicated program mes.  
4.711.   In order to strengthen the governance of the inter nal market, increase the competitiveness 
of industry, especially micro -enterprises and SMEs, the Republic of Moldova expressed its interest 
in joining the new Multiannual European  Union  Program for the Single Market 2021 -2027 (SMP), in 
particular for two components: Market surveillance. (SMP Pillar  I – Improving the Internal Market) 
and Competitiveness of SMEs (SMP Pillar  II – SMEs).  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.712.   Referring to the above -mentioned decision to suspend temporarily import duties and quotas 
on certain Moldovan exports t o the European  Union, the so -called Autonomous Trade Measures 
(ATMs) as a way to support the Republic of Moldova 's economy following the disruption in trade 
flows as a result of Russia n Federation  aggression against Ukraine, we would like to underline the 
following.  
4.713.   The ATMs are unilateral and temporary in nature, still they have significantly broadened the 
scope of tariff liberali zation under the EU -Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area by 
suspending all outstanding duties and quotas. In practice,  exports of seven agricultural products 
from the Republic of Moldova which are subject to tariff -rate quotas are fully liberali zed. Since their 
application in July last year, the ATMs have had a positive effect on Moldova's trade to the EU, 
assisting count ry's efforts to re -orient exports via the EU.  
4.714.   That being said, the quantities and range of products covered by the ATMs are small and 
have a minimal impact for EU agriculture. Furthermore, there is an expedited safeguard mechanism 
that can be activated if necessary to protect the Union market. Thus, while welcoming 
European  Commission 's May proposal to extend these ATMs for another year, Republic of Moldova 
strongly believes that there are all preconditions not only to extend these temporary measures but 
to ensure on a permanent basis, full liberalization of the tariff rate quotas on Moldovan agricultural 
products.  
4.715.   We have managed to advance and facilitate our trade relations, notable on services in the 
last year (i.e. road transport, or roaming), so it is time to do so in the agriculture sector as well.  
4.716.   Moreover, we have to ensure that the existing trade facilitation tools and platforms are made 
use of, like the Agreement on Mutual Recognition of the Authorized Economic Operators, which 
entered into force b etween the Republic of Moldova and EU in November  2022.  
4.717.   Before concluding I would like once again to refer to the extensive development program mes 
implemented with the support of the European  Union in Republic of Moldova.  
4.718.   From 2021 EU has stepped up suppo rt under the Economic and Investment Plan for the 
Republic of Moldova, setting a target of EUR 1.6 billion of investments to be leveraged. These 
programs bring great opportunities for our companies and represent a direct investment in the 
economy.  
4.719.   Not leas t important is the support package for the energy sector, which continues to be an 
extremely vulnerable one. The energy crisis provoked by the Russia n Federation  is still affecting the 
Republic of Moldova. In the long term we are working together with EU t o reduce this dependency 
and vulnerability by investing in renewable energy, energy efficiency , and developing alternative 
interconnectors.  
4.720.   Last but not least , we would like to extend our appreciation to the EU for all its technical 
capacity and training courses offered for Moldovan experts in various fields (market economy, health 
protection and medicine, environmental protection, small business, water manageme nt, etc.) which 
are indeed vital for the well -functioning of our institutions.  
4.721.   Allow me once again to congratulate the European delegation on the successfully ongoing 
Trade Policy Review and wish them utmost success in continuing the good work and advancin g their 
trade policy endeavours . 
PANAM A 
4.722.   First of all, I would like to warmly welcome and thank the Honourable Sabine Weyand, 
Director -General for Trade at the European Commission, Ambassador João Aguiar Machado and all 
the member States' ambassadors and delegations for their outstanding preparation for this fifteenth 
review of European Union trade policies and practices. I would also like to welcome 
Ambassador  Pimchanok Pitfield, the discussant for this review, and thank the Secretariat fo r 
its report.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.723.   Our task today is to examine the trade practices, policies and strategies of the 
European  Union, the world's largest trading bloc, especially in goods and services. Developments in 
the EU's general and specific economic policies affect all WT O Members.  
4.724.   Trade relations between Panama and the European Union are governed by the Association 
Agreement (AA) between Central America and the European Union. In the last 15 years, only in 
2006 was the balance of bilateral trade positive for Panama; in al l the other years, the balance was 
negative by more than one  billion dollars. That is because Panama has a small export sector and is 
also despite the fact that the European Union is one of the main destinations for Panamanian exports.  
4.725.   According to the Sec retariat's report, the period under review was characterized by a major 
change in the European Union's development and political goals and priorities led by the adoption 
of, inter alia , the European Green Deal, a Europe fit for the digital age, and a new p olitical agenda 
to reinforce the European Union's global influence and leadership.  
4.726.   The Union's energy and climate policies gained further impetus with the shift towards 
renewable and low -carbon energy, improving energy security and reducing emissions to ac hieve 
climate neutrality. Through the 2021 Fit -for-55 package, the European Union aspires to align these 
policies with the climate -related goals of the European Green Deal and the Climate Law, which 
includes targets for GHG emission reductions.  
4.727.   We note tha t the European Union continues to grant most of its subsidies to agriculture. It 
also continued to apply the previous Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on a transitional basis, as 
the new CAP was approved and entered into force in January  2023. We trust tha t the European  Union 
will be able to make substantial reforms, so that its subsidy structure is focused more on the green 
box. 
4.728.   The European  Union is also reviewing various state aid guidelines and regulations, including 
the State Aid General Block Exemptio n Regulation and the De  minimis regulation. In 2022, a revised 
framework on state aid for research, development and innovation activities was issued and a 
Temporary Crisis Framework in response to geopolitical conflicts was adopted.  
4.729.   We also note the effort s to improve transparency and notifications in the Council for Trade 
in Goods, although it is important that the European Union comply with the dates agreed in the 
agriculture notifications, rather than seeking further extensions to the deadlines.  
4.730.   We take this opportunity to reiterate that Panama remains concerned about the regulations 
on pesticides and endocrine disruptors, which seek greater restrictions than under the international 
agreements on the use of substances approved by the Codex. Since 2017 we have regularly raised 
concerns in the SPS and TBT committees and the Council for Trade in Goods. We hope that these 
concerns will be taken seriously and that the European Union will quickly bring these regulations 
into conformity with its WTO commitments.  
4.731.   Panama recognizes that the European Union contributes to the defence and strengthening 
of the multilateral trading system. In particular, the EU has shown strong leadership by presenting 
useful ideas and specific proposals in many areas, including WTO refo rm, specifically the proposal 
on procedural guidelines for WTO councils and committees addressing trade concerns, which we 
co-sponsored.  
4.732.   The European Union is a major participant in the negotiations on fisheries subsidies, the 
initiatives on investment fac ilitation, e -commerce, dialogue on plastics pollution and environmentally 
sustainable plastics trade, structured debates on trade and environmental sustainability, the fossil 
fuel subsidy reform initiative and services domestic regulation, all of which are  issues of great 
importance also to Panama. We trust that, looking to CM13, the European Union will continue to 
contribute constructively for the benefit of this Organization and its Members.  
4.733.   We will pay close attention to the discussion during this review  and I reiterate Panama's 
willingness to continue to strengthen the ties of cooperation with the European Union at the bilateral, 
regional and multilateral levels. We wish the European Union success in its fifteenth Trade Policy 
Review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  MONGOLIA  
4.734.   At the out set, I would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of the EU led by 
Mrs Weyand, Director -General of the European  Commission 's Directorate  General for Trade. 
We greatly appreciate the comprehensive and detailed Report presented by both the EU and the 
WTO Secretariat on the EU 's 15th Trade Policy Review . 
4.735.   The relationship between Mongolia and the EU has been steadily strengthening over the  
years. It gives me great p leasure to acknowledge that the EU holds a significant position as 
Mongolia's fourth largest trading partner. In 2022, bilateral trade between Mongolia and the EU 
experienced a notable 35% growth in exports.  
4.736.   We are thankful to the EU for their consistent s upport in our long -standing efforts to achieve 
economic diversification. I would like to take this opportunity to highlight a few initiatives in this 
regard.  
4.737.   Mongolia greatly benefits from the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP+), which 
empowers ou r small and medium enterprises and enhances our export capabilities. It is worth noting 
that GSP plays a pivotal role in accessing EU markets, thus contributing to the growth and 
competitiveness of our companies.  
4.738.   Furthermore, we deeply appreciate the "Trade-related assistance for Mongolia " projects 
(EU TRAM projects) funded by the EU. These projects have been instrumental in boosting our export 
capacities, particularly in specific agricultural sectors where Mongolia holds great potential. Through 
these proj ects, we have made significant progress in key priority areas such as trade policy and 
facilitation, customs procedures, and export promotion.  
4.739.   We also extend our gratitude to the EU for the upcoming project on "International Trade 
Development in Mongolia ". This project, financed by the EU, aims to enhance the trade efficiency of 
our small and medium enterprises in both the EU and regional markets. We hope that this project 
will contribute to the effectiveness of trade policies in Mongolia, as well as the de velopment of 
sustainable and innovative products and sectors with high sustainability, climate resilience, and 
export potential.  
4.740.   Moreover, I am pleased to announce that in 2022 Mongolia and the EU have officially 
launched negotiations for establishing a Ge ographical Indications agreement. The second phase of 
these negotiations was successfully completed in January  2023. Mongolia firmly believes that this 
agreement will play a crucial role in expanding the activities of enterprises and increasing the export 
of products with geographical indications to the EU market.  
4.741.   Mongolia commends the EU for its unwavering commitment to the multilateral trading 
system, ensuring trade stability and predictability, as well as its leadership in ongoing open 
plurilateral joint  statement initiatives. We will continue to closely collaborate with the EU to further 
expand and deepen our bilateral and investment ties in the coming years.  
4.742.   With that, we wish the EU every success in this Trade Policy Review .  
NAMIBIA  
4.743.   We join other Memb ers to congratulate the esteemed delegation of the European  Union on 
their 15thTrade Policy Review.  
4.744.   We also express our sincere appreciation to my colleague, Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield  of 
Thailand, discussant for this review. Finally, the secretariat for their dedication and excellent work 
in preparing the reports.  
4.745.   Under the Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Policy, the European  Union is a crucial trade 
partner for Namibia, providing valuable economic opportunities for the Country. Namibia is a 
member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), In 2016, Namibia signed the 
SADC -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), which has had significant impacts on trade in the  
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  4.746.   The SADC -EU EPA is a free trade agreement between the European  Union  (EU) and 6  SADC 
countries -Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South  Africa, and Eswatini.  The Agreement 
aims to promote regional integration and trade by eliminating tariff s and other trade barriers 
between the signatory countries. It also includes provisions on investment, intellectual property, and 
sustainable development.  
4.747.   Namibia's trade with the EU has grown significantly since the signing of the SADC -EU EPA. 
The main ex ports from Namibia to the EU are diamonds, fish, and other seafood products, while the 
main imports from the EU are machinery, vehicles, and chemicals. Among the benefits of the 
SADC -EU EPA for Namibia includes , mainly , three main focus:  
a. Increased market a ccess: The agreement has eliminated tariffs on Namibian exports to 
the EU, which has made Namibian products more competitive in the EU market. This has 
led to increased exports of Namibian goods to the EU, particularly in the fisheries and 
diamond sectors.  The Agreement offers opportunity for diversification of exports from 
traditional commodities such as uranium, diamonds, and fish.  
b. Attraction of foreign investment: created a more predictable and stable investment 
environment in Namibia, which has attract ed foreign investors to the country in sectors 
such as manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen , and tourism.  
c. Promotion of regional integration: through the Trade Related Facility (TRF), a mechanism 
that provides  financial and technical support to eligib le SADC Member States to effectively 
implement their commitments under the Protocol on Trade and the SADC -EU Economic 
Partnership Agreement (EPA), encourages greater regional integration and cooperation 
within SADC by creating a framework for harmonizing t rade policies and regulations, which 
has facilitated trade between SADC countries. This has led to increased intra -SADC trade 
and economic growth in the region.  
4.748.   We welcome the commitment by the EU to reinforce its engagement with African countries 
by deepe ning and widening its existing trade agreements with African regional economic 
communities and strengthening the sustainability dimension, as well as supporting cooperation with 
the African  Union and its members for smooth implementation of the African Con tinental Free Trade 
Area to achieve Agenda  2063, the Africa We Want .  
4.749.   In this regard, we encourage the EU under the WTO reform agenda on development in line 
with Paragraph  3 of MC12 outcome do cument which provides a mandate to Members to initiate work 
towards the necessary reform of the WTO to  "take advantage of available opportunities, address the 
challenges the WTO is facing, and ensure the WTO 's proper functioning ", so as  to enhance EU -AU 
cooperation in the WTO and speed -up the adoption of a Memorandum of Understanding with the 
Secretariat of the African Continental Free Trade Area to enhance policy discussion on matters 
pertaining to trade and economic integration.  
4.750.   In our view, this would serve as impetus to narrow down gaps on some of the proposal by 
the African Group, notably, the African Group Policy space for industrial development - a case for 
rebalancing trade rules to promote industrialization and to address emerging challenges such as 
climate change, concentration of production and digital industriali zation.  
4.751.   We agree that development is a cross -cutting issue as an area for policy deliberation. It is 
imperative that the WTO finds new ways to support the efforts of developing countries that face 
difficulties in integr ating into the global trading system. For Namibia and many other African States, 
development remains the core focus at the WTO alongside levelling the playing field in international 
trade.  
4.752.   We thank the EU for the continued support to developing countries to facilitate smooth 
integration into the world economy with a view of achieving equitable share in global trade.  
4.753.   In addition, on supporting inclusive growth in developing countries, we urge the EU to refrain 
from strict regulations and technical standard s imposed by the EU members, which make it difficult 
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  Namibia's economy and limited resources make it difficult to fully take advantage of the opportunities 
presented by the agreement. We are open to furthering our engagement with the EU.  
4.754.   Once more, congratulations on your successful Trade Policy Review.  
GHANA  
4.755.   Ghana would like to welcome the European  Union and its delegation from Brussels to Geneva 
and to comme nd them for availing  themselves for this very important exercise.  Ghana would also 
like to commend the Ambassador and head of the European  Union delegation to the WTO and  your 
team for the excellent preparatory processes leading to th is 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU . 
Ghana is indeed pleased with the high -quality of the reports that both the EU  and the WTO 
Secretariat have produced for this review, and we want to commend both teams accordingly . Again, 
Ghana would like to commen d H.E.  Pimchanok  Pitfield, Ambassador and Permanent Representative 
of Thailand for serving as discussant to this very important review exercise.  
4.756.   Ghana and the European  Union have had long -standing relations for several decades , 
resulting in a partnership and friendsh ip that prioritizes political and trade relations . 
The European  Union ha s a full Diplomatic Mission in Ghana and together with Ghana we continue to 
assert  our shared value s and positive agenda at the global level  through the EU -Ghana Partnership 
Dialogue, our two sides continue to discuss and reiterate our priorities annually . This has proven  
useful and we recommend the continuous engagement in this regard . 
4.757.   The EU is Ghana's main market for agri-business products, i.e. cocoa  and its derivatives , 
canned tuna, f ruits, and many others, and this contributes significantly to Ghana's economic growth . 
The support that the EU provides through dedicated development cooperation program mes with a 
view to improving competitiveness , both at the national and regional levels , is commendable . 
4.758.   Trade  between Ghana  and the EU is currently in excess  GHS 25 billion that is about 
EUR 6 billion  and this has the potential to increase so it is important that the two sides w ork together  
to shore -up these numbers . 
4.759.   Through the  Ghana -European  Union interim Economic Partnership Agreement (iEPA)  
practical steps  could be initiated to ensure sustained growth  in the trade and development space of 
both sides . As host of the Secretariat of the African Continental  Free Trade Area, Ghana is committed 
to work with its African partners and the EU  to ensure that trade is mainstreamed  and prioritized in 
all national and continent -wide program mes that the two sides commit themselves to implement.  
4.760.   In commending the EU  for its sustained engagement at the multilateral level through the 
WTO, we would like to encourage the EU to prioritize the development concerns  that especially the 
African Group and its partners have been articulating at the WTO, this is the only way we believe 
that countries like ours could be assisted to fully integrate into the multilateral trading system.  
4.761.   In conclusion, Ghana would like to comm end the European  Union  once again  for its sustained 
engagement at the WTO and wishes the EU a successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
TRINIDAD  AND TOBAGO  
4.762.   We align with the statement to be delivered on behalf of the CARICOM Group.  
4.763.   Trinidad  and Tobago is pleased to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Review of the 
European  Union. We join others in welcoming to Geneva the delegation led by Director -General 
Sabine  Weyand. We also take this opportunity to commend Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado on 
his leadership and the constructive engagement of his team in so many spheres of our work here at 
the WTO.  
4.764.   We thank the EU and the Secretariat for their respective reports and acknowledge that the 
preparation of these reports could not have been an easy fe at. We also recogni ze Ambassador 
Pimchanok  Pitfield of Thailand for her engagement and useful comments in the role of discussant.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  4.765.   It is difficult to imagine work on any file at the WTO without the active involvement of the  EU. 
This is clear testimony to t he EU 's commitment to this Organization and to the rules -based 
multilateral trading system. Trade facilitation, services, trade and environment, trade and 
development and trade -related aspects of intellectual property rights are just a few of the files on 
which the EU has been very active and constructive, demonstrating initiative and leadership here at 
the WTO.  
4.766.   We acknowledge the level of priority the EU delegation has ascribed  to WTO reform and to 
resolving the challenges obstructing the optimal functioning of the Dispute Settlement System , in 
particular, and we commend the delegation in this regard.  
4.767.   On efforts to reinvigorate the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce in line with its 
development dimension, Trinidad  and Tobago recogni zes the valuable contributions and 
engagement of the EU in this regard.  
4.768.   On fisheries subsidies negotiations, while our perspectives may not always align, 
Trinidad  and Tobago values the frank and i nsightful exchanges we have had with the EU in small 
group, plenary and bilateral contexts.  
4.769.   On development -related issues, Chair, we commend the EU on its active engagement in the 
Committee on Trade and Development and the CTD -SS, as well as for its genero sity as a key donor 
in respect of technical assistance and capacity building for developing country Members and LDCs. 
We also recogni ze and appreciate the efforts of the EU to better understand the concerns and 
aspirations of developing country Members rel ating to special and differential treatment and the role 
of trade in achieving our sustainable development objectives. This was very apparent to us at the 
retreat on development convened earlier this year and in subsequent engagements.  
4.770.   On trade policy, pra ctices and performance in the period since the last Review, the figures 
are clear in illustrating the EU 's prolific engagement in international trade as the world 's top trader. 
Trinidad  and Tobago joins other WTO Members in recogni zing the significant outc omes achieved as 
a result of the policy approaches adopted by the European  Union in the context of the shifting global 
landscape of intersecting crises. These outcomes include the notable rebound in growth by 5.4% 
in 2021 and further expansion of growth by  3.3% in 2022.  
4.771.   As a CARICOM member State, we are keenly aware of the opportunities and challenges 
associated with regional integration, and so we are cognisant of the fact that these significant 
outcomes were not easily attained. We take good note of the decisive and coordinated policy actions 
undertaken by the European  Union to address key issues relating to the COVID -19 pandemic, as 
well as matters affecting the Union relating to the global context of persistent geopolitical tensions. 
We are also seeking  to draw pertinent lessons from the EU 's development and implementation of its 
new trade strategy and its emphasis on openness, sustainability , and assertiveness.  
4.772.   Trinidad  and Tobago attaches great importance to our longstanding bilateral relationship and 
history of cooperation with the EU. We commend the EU for engagement with the Caribbean region 
within the framework of the European Development Fund in particular, noting that the Fund has 
contributed positively to our efforts relating to socioeconomic dev elopment, digital transformation 
and addressing the negative impacts of climate change on our economies.  
4.773.   We value the CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and look forward to 
the conclusion of the Second Five -Year Review of the EPA. The EU remains a key market for 
Trinidad  and Tobago and this country is of the view that the Second Five -Year Review should be 
leveraged to further strengthen trade relations. Trinidad  and Tobago is also hopeful that challenges 
faced on both sides in relation to the implementation of the Agreement will be surmounted. We look 
forward to the convening of the Joint Council in the second half of this year.  
4.774.   On expanding trade, Trinidad  and Tobago is currently in the process of seeking Third Country 
Approval to export p roducts to the EU, in keeping with the EU Commission Delegated 
Regulation  2021/630, which entered into force on 21  April 2021. In this regard, Trinidad  and Tobago 
recogni zes the value of the monitoring and enforcement of regulations implemented for product s 
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  challenges posed to countries seeking to meet these requirements, along with the consequent impact 
on trade.  
4.775.   In this regard, and with the positive intent  of strengthening collaboration between 
Trinidad  and Tobago and the EU, it is hoped that both Parties could work more closely together on 
this matter. Capacity -building is likely to prove useful as we seek to better understand and meet the 
EU regulations a nd secure market entry.  
4.776.   Finally, we join others who have expressed reservations regarding the EU 's Carbon Border 
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). We are concerned that it could have a constraining effect on our 
trade relations, including a possible negative im pact on our exports to the EU.  
4.777.   In closing, Trinidad and Tobago congratulates the EU delegation in advance on the 
completion of a successful Review.  
BARBADOS2 
4.778.   Statement by Barbados at the Barbados wishes to congratulate M rs Sabine  Weyand, 
Director -General , Directorate  General for Trade, European  Commission and her team from Brussels 
on a successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.779.   We wish to start by commending the European  Union on weathering the many global 
economic and financial storms that would have impacte d all WTO Members to varying degrees, and 
notes that despite these challenges, the European  Union stood steadfast in implementing significant 
changes during the review period, particularly through the adoption of the European Green  Deal, a 
Europe that is f it for the digital age and a new political agenda that is intended to shape the trade 
and investment policies. These in large measure were due to the EU 's use of coordinated monetary 
and fiscal policy measures aimed at converting recovery into sustained growth.  
4.780.   We particularly note the changes that have been imposed by the EU in the areas of climate 
change and sustainable energy. The conversation surround ing the nexus between trade and climate 
change, is gaining traction in the WTO and is in keeping with our current global realities. Like the  EU, 
these issues continue to be of grave importance to Barbados, particularly in light of the significant 
impact th at these issues have on our current and future trade and indeed our continued existence 
as a small island developing state on the front line of the climate crisis. We look forward to continuing 
the conversation on this critical area with the EU as we navig ate our work in the WTO.  
4.781.   The European  Union continues to show its leadership and unwavering commitment to the 
multilateral trading system and to the WTO through its active participation in all aspects of the WTO 's 
work including, in the fisheries subsidie s negotiations and joint statement initiatives. In this 
connection, we wish to take this opportunity to commend H.  E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado, 
Ambassador and Head of the European  Union Permanent Mission to the WTO and his Geneva -based 
team for their partici pation in our work aimed at strengthening the multilateral trading system.  
4.782.   Barbados maintains excellent trade and political relations with the European  Union, particular 
in the area of development cooperation and through the comprehensive reciprocal trade and 
development agreement in the form of the CARIFORUM -EC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 
signed in 2008. We look forward to our continued work with the European  Union both here and in 
our capital.  
BELARUS  
4.783.   Our delegation expresses its thanks to the WT O Secretariat and EU delegation for the 
presented documents, particularly the Trade Policy Review Report by the European  Union.  
4.784.   We have thoroughly studied the Report and would like to take this opportunity to present 
comments as to its Subchapter  7.2. "Sanctions ". It shows clearly that restrictive measures or 
sanctions are an essential tool in the EU's common foreign and security policy.  
 
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  4.785.   Belarus would like to challenge the legality of such unilateral restrictive measures, and also 
to draw attention to their  detrimental effect on the multilateral trade system and, particularly, on 
food security.  
4.786.   Claims in the Report, that the EU 's sanctions do not target food and agricultural products, 
do not stand up to scrutiny, as Belarus has been restrained by sanctions in its ability to export 
fertilizers. We underline, that it happens while the problem of global hunger persists. The impact of 
sanctions is being felt globally, manifesting itself in rising prices for food, energy , and the cost of 
living.  
4.787.   The pur pose of EU 's sanctions has always been to intervene into the sovereign States' 
internal affairs, foreign policy decisions, as well as economic well -being. Needless to say , the use of 
sanctions never bore any fruit, never led to any positive developments.  
4.788.   We call to the EU to abandon the use of sanctions, as it is contrary to the multilateralism 
and the freedom of trade, while also having grave humanitarian consequences. For the same reasons 
we also call to all WTO Members and Observers to denounce the pract ice of sanctions.  
BAHAMAS ON BEHALF OF CARICOM  
4.789.   We wish to congratulate the European  Union on this the occasion of its 15th Trade Policy 
Review. We are grateful to the EU, in particular Ambassador Aguiar  Machado the team in Geneva, 
the Brussels team and Members of the EU for their efforts in the preparations of the Report which 
has been presented to us. We applaud the efforts o f the WTO Secretariat for its comprehensive 
Report. Last but not least, we extend a thank you to the discussant Ambassador P itfield . 
4.790.   The trade relationship between CARICOM and the EU exists within the context of the 
CARIFORUM -EU Economic Partnership Agreem ent (EPA) which comprises the 15  CARICOM member 
States, along with the Dominican  Republic. This EPA is a major catalyst which underpins 
CARICOM -EU relations, allowing for ease of business between the two regions for trade, 
development, and investment oppor tunities. The EU has also made a special effort to support 
programmes within the CARICOM Secretariat and CARIFORUM Directorate to ensure the successful 
implementation of the EPA.  
4.791.   The EU remains an important market for CARICOM exports. The EU is also among the 
region 's foremost development partners and through successive European Development Funds, 
including the current 11th European Development Fund, the EU continues to make meaningful 
contributions to supporting economic, social and environmental developme nt throughout CARICOM.  
4.792.   We commend the EU for its 2021 Trade Policy Communication which seeks responds to the 
challenging international environment, geopolitical tensions, inflation, the impacts of climate change 
and residual impacts of the COVID -19 pandemi c. Despite these setbacks where the economy 
contracted by 5.7% the region was able to rebound positively by 5.4% in 2021.  
4.793.   While CARICOM applauds the EU 's commitment to the multilateral trading system, and highly 
values its bilateral relationship with the EU, it must nonetheless express concerns about the EU 's 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). While it is limited in coverage for now, there are real 
concerns that CBAM can set a problematic precedent and it  is potential expansion in the future could 
impact CARICOM 's exports to the EU. However, we remain open to discussing further with the EU 
and understanding better, the CBAM.  
4.794.   The EU continues to demonstrate its support to the multilateral trading system as it has 
remained committed to the WTO and its  Membership.  
4.795.   In closing, we encourage the EU to continue to play a constructive and leadership role across 
all areas of the WTO 's work. The CARICOM Group looks forward to working with the EU on critical 
issues, such as WTO reform, including the restoration  of the full functioning of the WTO 's two -tiered 
Dispute Settlement System . 
4.796.   We wish the EU a successful Trade Policy Review .  
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF EUROPEAN  UNION (H.E.  AMBASSADOR 
JOÃO  AGUIAR MACHADO)  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
5.1.  Let me start by thanking the over 60  Members who have intervened for their active 
participation and great interest taken in this 15th Trade Policy Review of the EU. I would like to 
commend the Chair, H.E.  Ambassador  Almoqbel for th e efficient management of the long, but 
productive meeting on the first day.  
5.2.  I would also like to extend our thanks to Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield for acting as 
discussant, for your insightful remarks framing the discussion. You have highlighted the EU' s 
leadership in setting the course of its trade and economic policy in a forward -looking and strategic 
manner, a remark we have heard echoed by many of the Members who took the floor.  
5.3.  The rules -based multilateral trading system is a fundamental strategic priority for the 
European  Union. The focus on WTO remains a central feature of our trade policy and we were 
encouraged to hear recognition of our role in the efforts to reform this Organization. EU contributions 
on many topics over the review period, such as on trade and health , the fisheries subsidies 
negotiations, the Multiparty Interim Arbitration Arrangement or the plurilateral initiatives were 
highlighted.  
5.4.  We are glad that our constructive input was useful in delivering a collective success at MC12. 
In June last year we were able to show that the WTO remains capable of responding to the challenges 
of global trade today.  
5.5.  We were also pleased with the positive mentions of our recent submission on reinforcing WTO 
deliberation on global trade policy challe nges. Enhancing the capacity of the WTO to provide the 
right responses requires reinvigorating the functions of negotiation and dispute settlement, but also 
facilitating deliberation between the Members. Deeper deliberation can help create the necessary 
consensus and conditions for the Organi zation to engage in rule -making, and ensure that the WTO 
remains the key international forum for global trade governance.  
5.6.  This is also why we have proposed topics for deliberation that we think are central challenges 
that the WTO should deal with. We were glad to see that many other Members also consider the 
nexus of trade and climate; state intervention in industrial policy; as well as trade and inclusiveness, 
as matters worth focusing on. We are looking forward to fur ther engagement on how to take this 
work forward in the coming months and at MC13.  
5.7.  Many speakers highlighted the role of the EU as a trading partner and there was a broad 
recognition that, despite external shocks, rising trade tensions and global uncertai nty, the EU has 
maintained its commitment to openness.  
5.8.  The EU is the main trade and investment partner for more than 50  countries around the world, 
and many Members highlighted the importance that they attach to their access to the EU market. 
Today, I wan t to confirm that openness constitutes a very conscious and firm policy choice by the  EU. 
We heard some concerns that the EU may be on a path of becoming more inward looking, but the 
facts speak for themselves. Most Members reported of increasing trade vol umes in their exchanges 
with the EU.  
5.9.  The EU's efforts on inclusiveness, including our contribution to development were also widely 
recognized. We were pleased to hear how the EU regime on the Generalized System of Preferences 
and the duty -free, quota -free facility under the Everything but Arms mechanism have contributed 
not only to increased exports from developing and least developed countries, but also helped 
diversify their trade and create jobs. This confirms that our policies are delivering on their o bjectives. 
We are committed to continue on this track as we are revamping our GSP regime.  
5.10.   Given the weight of the EU in global trade, understandably, there is a lot of interest in our 
regulatory developments. As we are frontrunners in policy -making in res ponse to the global 
challenges of the green and digital transitions, most Members referred to these policies in their 
interventions.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.11.   We are glad that this Trade Policy Review is giving us another opportunity to engage with you. 
We have heard a clear message that you want the EU to listen and take your concerns into account, 
including when it comes to the implementation of our measures. This fits very well with the EU 
commitment, which I confirm today, to transparency and non -discrimination as key principles of our 
law-making rules and practices. Ensuring full consistency with our WTO obligations is also built into 
our regulatory processes.  
5.12.   Our Better Regulation Guidelines have been revised during the review period. Notably, we  
have improved the way we consult, facilitate access to the evidence behind our legislative proposals, 
and improved analysis and reporting of key impacts of EU legislation. These changes help us, among 
other purposes, to better consider the external implic ations of our internal policies and their impact 
on our partners.  
5.13.   Given the broad range of topics raised in your questions and statements, I invite Members to 
review our detailed written replies for further details. We will continue to reply to late and fo llow-up 
questions in the coming month.  
5.14.   I will highlight today only a few of the issues that we have heard during the first day of the 
meeting and earlier this morning.  
5.15.   First, regarding customs policy, let me recall that the Customs  Union is an exclusive 
competence of the EU. There is one single customs union code applicable uniformly in all member 
States, who are in -charge of its implementation.  
5.16.   In this context, we have put forward a proposal just a few weeks ago, for an ambitious and 
comprehensive reform  of the EU Customs  Union. The objective is to simplify customs processes for 
businesses, especially for the most reliable operators. By embracing digital transformation, the 
reform will simplify customs procedures, replacing traditional declarations with a  smarter, data -led 
approach to import monitoring. This proposal delivers, therefore, on our commitments under the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
5.17.   Some Members referred to our new policy tools, such as the Anti -Coercion Instrument, the 
Enforcement Regulation  or the Foreign Subsidies Regulation. Like many Members, the EU is 
concerned by the risks of global trade fragmentation, weaponization of trade and the threat of a 
global subsidy race. We therefore decided to equip ourselves with tools that are appropriate  to deal 
with these new risks.  
5.18.   These instruments were designed in full compliance with the WTO rulebook to help us keep 
our markets open and ensure a level playing field for EU traders.  
5.19.   As regards subsidies, I would like to draw attention of Members to th e rigorous and 
transparent state aid policy of the EU that continues to be enforced. Temporary rules issued 
responding to the current crisis have to comply with strict criteria and will remain time -limited.  
5.20.   Some Members referred to the Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium. 
Negotiations of the arrangement are ongoing. The aim is to encourage low -carbon intensity steel 
and aluminium production and trade, and restore market -oriented conditions globally. As the EU -US 
Joint Presidential Stateme nt pointed out, the arrangement will be open to partners demonstrating 
commitment to these objectives.  
5.21.   We also took note of the importance of trade in agricultural products for many Members.  
5.22.    Some of you were critical the EU's agricultural tariffs as bein g too high. Let me recall that the 
EU is an open market for agri -food trade, and one of top three global importers of agri -food products, 
worth EUR 172 billion in 2022. Moreover, agricultural imports have risen more than 13% in value 
compared to the last r eview period, despite the disruption caused by the COVID outbreak and 
Russia n Federation 's aggression against Ukraine.  
5.23.   In addition, let me clarify that the EU is a very marginal user of the agricultural special 
safeguard. The EU has never applied the volu me-based safeguard and in the review period, 
price-based safeguard has been further reduced from 6 to 3 tariff lines.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.24.   The EU import regime for agricultural products is fully transparent and predictable, as agreed 
in the Uruguay  Round and set in our WTO sc hedule.  
5.25.   We have noted from your questions a great interest in our Common Agricultural Policy and its 
new green ambitions.  
5.26.   As a result of the ambitious past reforms, the vast majority of our CAP support (around 85%) 
qualifies as WTO's non -trade distorting " green box", which is not the case for our main trade 
partners . This was well reflected in our latest Domestic Support (DS:1) notification for Marketing 
Year 2019/2020.  
5.27.   In addition, the CAP has not only been reformed towards less trade distorting support bu t is 
also set on the path towards achieving sustainable and resilient agriculture systems. With the new 
CAP 2023 -2027 all funding is conditional on achieving objectives covering the three dimensions of 
sustainability – environmental, economic , and social.  
5.28.   In the light of this, and the EU's efforts to make our agricultural policies more market oriented 
and sustainable, I would encourage that other WTO Members would undertake similar ambitious 
reforms in agriculture.  
5.29.   The EU remains fully engaged in the agricu ltural reform negotiations, in all its three pillars.  
5.30.   Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures is another area of EU policy - making that many 
Members follow closely. I would like to reassure Members that EU SPS measures are based on risk 
assessments, in a ccordance with internationally recogni zed principles, taking into account the 
relevant international standards and the best available scientific knowledge.  
5.31.   Numerous interventions mentioned the EU's pesticide policy, in particular the setting of 
Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The objective of the overall policy framework is to ensure the 
safety of EU consumers.  
5.32.   Our policy acknowledges that non -EU countries ma y face production conditions and pest 
pressures different from those in mainland Europe. This is why we provide for the possibility for 
non-EU countries to request specific MRLs for uses in their territories. These MRLs, so -called "import 
tolerances" can b e granted to active substances not approved in the European  Union.  
5.33.   The EU has organi zed a number of seminars, information sessions, plurilateral and bilateral 
meetings to provide detailed explanation of the different steps of this process, including the 
procedure of applying for those "import tolerances".  
5.34.   The EU would like to clarify that it does not require third countries to prohibit the use of these 
substances in their own territories. The harvested crop destined to be placed on the EU market, 
however, has to comply with the relevant MRLs applicable within the EU, unless an import tolerance 
is granted.  
5.35.   It was clear both from the written questions we have received and the interventions we heard 
that the European Green  Deal as a whole, as well as its compo nent parts attract a lot of attention. 
As Director -General Sabine  Weyand emphasi zed on Monday, tackling climate change and 
environmental degradation is our duty to future generations.  
5.36.   This is a central driver of EU policy -making and in line with our inter national commitments 
and more specifically the Paris Agreement. Domestic action to complement global measures and 
responses is a must. But listening to the interventions reaffirmed our conviction that we need to be 
conscious how we design those policies an d how we implement them to minimize potential negative 
spill-over effects.  
5.37.   Many Members raised questions on the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Regulation, 
the so -called CBAM. I would like to emphasi ze that the CBAM is not a trade measure but a clima te 
oriented, environmental policy tool to ensure that we can reach our climate targets.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.38.   It will be applied to imported products in an even -handed, non -discriminatory manner based 
on their actual emissions. Any effective carbon price paid outside of the EU  will be taken into account. 
It should be noted that the phase -in of CBAM will be gradual. No financial adjustment will be paid 
before 2026. The transitional period starting in October  2023 is designed to give sufficient time for 
partners to prepare.  
5.39.   The EU will provide opportunities for feedback and consultation with our trading partners when 
designing the implementing rules.  
5.40.   Tomorrow our new Regulation on Deforestation Free Products will be published. As there were 
also many questions on this measure , let me emphasize that given the cut -off date of 
31 December  2020, the vast majority of current agricultural production will be considered 
deforestation -free under the Regulation. Moreover, the requirements of the measure are aligned 
with the best practic es already existing in the market.  
5.41.   We are supporting our partner countries through development cooperation to ensure that 
their supply chains are deforestation -free. 
5.42.   The regulation includes a specific article on international cooperation. It is important given 
that national legislation aiming at halting deforestation in partner countries can play a key role in 
the implementation. We see the regulation as an opportunity to jointly create more sustainable 
supply chains and take joint action against deforesta tion.  
5.43.   All of these measures that the EU is adopting reflect the EU commitment to sustainability. 
Achieving our sustainability objectives requires that we find the optimal triangle between trade, 
environment , and development.  
5.44.   We heard Members' appreciation  of the EU's proactive engagement within the relevant WTO 
bodies to provide explanations on the EU Green  Deal. We commit to continue this engagement, 
including multilaterally in relevant WTO bodies. Our bilateral work with partners complements our 
engageme nt in the multilateral system.  
5.45.   More broadly, numerous interventions expressed appreciation of the existing bilateral 
instruments between the EU and our WTO partners. We heard mentions not only of Free Trade 
Agreements or Economic Partnership Agreements, bu t also about the importance that our partners 
attach to political and regulatory dialogues, sectoral agreements and other forms of bilateral 
engagement. We were pleased to hear about the concrete benefits that they deliver.  
5.46.   Let me reaffirm however that the rules -based multilateral trading system with a strong and 
reformed WTO in its centre remains a strategic priority of the EU's trade policy.  
5.47.   As we start to intensify work towards MC13, the EU will continue to invest in the reform of 
the Organization and proactively engage on the full range of work streams with other Members. 
I will not repeat all that DG Sabine  Weyand said in the first day statement in this respect. But let 
me underline once again that the most urgent and critical issue for the EU and clearly, for the vast 
majority of WTO Members is restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System .  
5.48.   MC13 must show that we are on track towards a better functioning Organization, one that is 
able to deliver on the challenges of our times.  
5.49.   Let me  conclude by thanking again the Chair, the discussant, the Secretariat and the 
Membership for this unique opportunity to present and engage with you on the trade policy of the  EU.  
5.50.   Finally, I also want to use this occasion to thank the EU Commission team w ho have worked 
hard to make this review a success.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.51.   I would like to thank Director -General Sabine W eyand , Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado , 
and the rest of the  European  Union delegation for their hard work. I would also like to thank the 
TPRB Chair, Ambassador  Saqer  Abdullah  Almoqbe L, all participating Members, and the WTO WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  Secretariat for their active engagement in this very important exercise and would like to extend my 
sincere congratulations to the European  Union on the great success of its 15th Trade Policy Review. 
It has been a very interesting and invaluable experience for me professionally and personally.  
5.52.   In this year TPR, Members showed their overwhelming interests in the TPR of the 
European  Union by submitting more than 1,600 advance writte n questions from 42  Members. In this 
regard, please allow me to present my observations.  
Achievements  
5.53.   Members highlighted key roles of the EU in the global economy and commended the EU for 
its strong economic recovery after the COVID -19 pandemic. This underpinned the EU's remarkable 
economic resilience in enduring a variety of challenges during the review period.  
5.54.   Many Members applauded the European  Union's commitment to and active participation in 
the WTO to uphold the open, fair, inclusive, and rule s-based multilateral trading system. 
In particular, its significant contributions include the set -up of the Multi -Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), its active engagements in all Joint Statement Initiatives, and key 
areas of negotiation, nam ely agriculture, fisheries subsidies , trade and development, the success of 
the MC12, and the WTO reform, were mentioned.  
5.55.   Members expressed their keen interest in the EU's New Trade Policy that was announced in 
2021, noting that this new trade policy of t he EU would have a far -reaching impact to the rest of the 
world.  
5.56.   Developing countries and LDCs Members expressed their appreciation for the EU's continuous 
support towards development objectives through trade preferential schemes, the GSP, GSP+, and 
Everyt hing But Arms (EBA), capacity building and technical assistance, and its generous 
Aid for Trade commitment. These efforts have been useful for developing countries' integration into 
the world economy, poverty reduction and sustainable development, especial ly in the area of green 
and digital transformation.  
5.57.   Members also highlighted their close bilateral trade and economic ties with 
the European  Union where the EU is one, if not the most, important trading partner and sources of 
FDI in both goods and services . They also appreciated extensive cooperation with the EU through 
association agreements, policy dialogues, and Free Trade Agreements, etc. Members also voiced 
their interests to deepen their cooperation with the EU in a wide range of areas including digit al and 
green transformation in line with the EU's New Trade Policy.  
Concerns  
5.58.   Aside from the success, it goes without saying that Members also expressed concerns 
regarding the European  Union's trade policies during the review period. However, since Ambassa dor 
Aguiar  Machado has already responded to some of the key issues, I will skip over some details.  
5.59.   Most prominent area of concern that I heard is the EU's trade and environment measures 
under the European Green  Deal, namely the Carbon Border Adjustment Me chanism (CBAM) and the 
deforestation -free product regulations, the Farm  to Fork strategy, and Due Diligence Rules, etc. 
Members are mostly concerned about the unilateral nature of the measures. But at the same time, 
Members commended the EU's commitment to  enhancing transparency and providing information 
and regular updates on its measures in the relevant WTO committees. For this particular topic, 
I must say that I did not hear any Members said they question the "What" and even the "Why" for 
the EU's sustai nability efforts. But many of them questioned the "How" as they thought that 
consultation and future implementation of the measures with other trading partners could be more 
rigorous and expressed their willingness to engage constructively with the EU on t hese issues.  
5.60.   Members also expressed concern about many technical standards particularly in TBT and SPS 
areas including the EU's use of Maximum Residue Limits . While Ambassador Aguiar  Machado has 
already responded to this issue, I must emphasize that Member s' concerns were quite overwhelming 
and I hope that the EU will take further steps to address their concerns on technical barriers issue.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.61.   Another area that many Members expressed their wishes to see the EU put more efforts to 
address is agriculture, namely the domestic support and market access with high and complex tariff 
regime of agricultural products which, on average, is still three time higher than the total average.  
5.62.   Last but not least, several Members raised the issues of customs -related measures, trade 
facilitation improvement, the EU's increase use of trade defence  mechanism, digital policy and data 
protection, and GI under IPR.  
5.63.   On the basis of the above, Members urged the EU to ensure that its trade and trade -related 
measures as part of the EU's new trade policy, especially those promoting sustainability do not 
impose unnecessary trade restriction and are consistent with the WTO and other international 
standards and principles.  
5.64.   If I may offer another personal observation on the overall discussion, I would like to suggest 
that the European  Union consider give future  technical assistance and capacity -building attention in 
the areas related to the sustainability. As I said above, no one Member really said they did not 
support sustainability that the EU tries to achieve but it  is in the manner of how the EU policies are  
being implemented that were of great concerns to Members. So , if their technical assistance and 
Aid for Trade to LDCs and developing countries can focus on helping others to save the environment 
or address climate change, etc., it will be like shooting tw o birds with one stone because they can 
achieve both development and sustainability at the same time.  
Conclusion  
5.65.   Before I conclude, I am sure that Members agree with me that the European  Union has 
demonstrated to us that it has attached great importance t o transparency at the WTO through its 
active participation in the Trade Policy Review.  
5.66.   Personally, I felt that Members' comments and perspectives were thoughtful and fair. I am 
sure, having listened to Ambassador Aguiar  Machado's preliminary responses, tha t the 
European  Union would take into consideration their comments and sincere interest of Members to 
deepen partnership with the European  Union.  
5.67.   I believe that, like all other major world players, the EU should not forget the principle of 
"noblesse oblige " which has been popularized in modern culture through Spiderman movies – "With 
Great Power Comes Great Responsibility". Whatever a major country does, it will always have 
impacts on others. Therefore, there should be more cooperation, discussion , and cons ideration of 
concerns of others before the implementation of important measures.  
5.68.   I congratulate the European  Union for its successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.69.   We want to thank Director -General Weyand and Ambassador Aguiar  Machado for their 
engagement and participation in this review and for the EU and EU member States' contribution to 
the important transparency work here at the WTO in TPRs and across the committees and bodies. 
The EU is a consistent and exemplary model in s upporting the TPR process, and one of the few 
Members that takes day two as seriously as day one.  
5.70.   We also want to thank the EU mission team, member States, and delegation from Brussels 
here with us this week. We appreciate all the effort that goes into a review and all the internal 
coordination efforts required to respond to all the written questions, particularly for those of us who 
receive an extraordinary number of questions, so we want to thank you for everything you have 
done to make this review a suc cess.  
5.71.   As we noted in day one, the EU and the United  States share a vital strategic partnership, 
which we work constantly to maintain. While our friction points often make the headlines, it is 
important to recognize the overwhelming common ground that we s hare and to recognize our mutual 
commitment to continued deepening and advancement of our trade and investment partnership.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.72.   The majority of statements made on Monday reflected that nearly all Members are closely 
following how the EU positions itself in res ponse to crisis and change. As noted on Monday, we look 
forward to working constructively with the EU to better understand the approach and impacts of its 
trade policy and hope that the EU will work with the rest of the Membership with an open mind as 
we all seek to adapt trade policies to meet global challenges.  
5.73.   One area which has come up in the context of this review is our different approaches to 
dispute settlement under the WTO. In our day one statement we acknowledged the EU 's close 
cooperation in find ing solutions to a number of long -standing trade -related disagreements between 
our Governments, while we also acknowledged that litigated results have not materialized on our 
side for some important issues. We believe that this demonstrates that no system is perfect, nor as 
black and white as some would want it to be. We look to the EU to be a constructive partner with us 
as we seek to reform the Dispute Settlement System in a way that meets the interests of all 
Members.  
5.74.   The United  States would like to rei terate our interest in continuing to work together across 
the range of concerns we raised on day one. Those include improving adequate opportunities for 
stakeholders to offer meaningful comments on proposed regulations and decisions; addressing 
concerns re garding the hazard -based approach to regulations; resolving longstanding agricultural 
market access barriers, addressing stakeholder feedback regarding the cybersecurity certification 
scheme for cloud services, the exclusionary approach to standards relate d measures, including the 
conformity assessment framework; and ensuring uniform application of customs administration 
across EU member States.  
5.75.   As we continue to work with the EU to find solutions to these issues, we look forward to 
continued close partner ship with the EU and its member States in reforming the WTO to ensure it 
remains relevant as the global economy continues to evolve. We appreciate the EU 's leadership 
across the full breadth of this organization including the important but often overlooked  technical 
work on accessions and in the many Joint Statement Initiatives it is involved in. We look forward to 
continued partnership on dispute settlement reform, advancing the agenda of the WTO to include 
consideration of the environment, climate change,  and state intervention in the global marketplace.  
5.76.   Thank you and congratulations on a successful Review.  
JAPAN  
5.77.   Let me first thank the delegation of the European  Union for the comprehensive overview 
presented on Monday of the main developments that have ta ken place during the review period, as 
well as for the statement this morning made by Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado that addressed 
some of the issues raised by the Members on the first day and again its strong commitment to the 
rules-based multilateral tr ading system.  
5.78.   In addition, Japan thanks the EU for the replies to our written questions. On a limited number 
of issues, we have submitted follow -up questions.  
5.79.   One of these is related to the import restrictions on Japanese food introduced after the Great 
East Japan Earthquake. Noting that the EU is currently discussing a review of the restrictions, we 
hope that the related measures will be eliminated through the review based on the scientific evidence 
of human health risks.  
5.80.   Notwithstanding the issues we to uched upon during the two -day meeting, Japan shares the 
positive views shown by many other Members with respect to the EU 's strong commitment to the 
rules-based multilateral trading system. We are also looking forward to continuing our close 
cooperation at the multilateral and bilateral levels.  
5.81.   Finally, Japan extends its appreciation to the delegation for their efforts in preparing for this 
review and congratulates the EU for concluding this productive and successful Review.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  CHINA  
5.82.   China apprec iates the statements delivered by Director -General Sabine  Weyand and by the 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado, and the great efforts made by the EU delegation to this TPR.  
5.83.   Through fruitful and constructive exchanges held at the first session of this TPR, Chi na has an 
in-depth understanding of EU 's new trade strategy underpinned by openness, sustainability and 
assertiveness as well as its action plan put in place. China commends the achievements of EU in the 
trade and economy despite the global challenges and appreciates the full engagement of EU in 
multilateral activities and its leading role in advancing WTO reform.  
5.84.   China and EU are both strong supporters of the rules -based multilateral trading system with 
WTO at its core and committed to fostering a free, open, transparent, inclusive and 
non-discriminatory trade and policy environment. China shares with the view of EU that no WTO 
reform is more critical or urgent than delivering on the aim identified in the MC12 outcome document 
of having a "fully and  well-functioning Dispute Settlement System"  by 2024 and the WTO shall make 
its due contribution to tackle universal concerns of Members, for example, food security, economic 
development, the vulnerability of the global supply chain, climate change and ene rgy crisis. Thus, 
China is looking forward to deepening the dialogue and cooperation with EU in pushing the necessary 
reform of the WTO and the success of MC13.  
5.85.   China thanks EU for the replies of our advanced written questions. It is worth noting that EU 
has claimed the objectives of its trade policy are consistent with WTO principles and its international 
commitments both in the reply of our questions and the statements of DG Weyand. Here, China 
would like to highlight that as the largest trading bloc in t he world, the way EU implements these 
trade policies is crucial. Whether it is CBAM or export control or others, the specific measures 
adopted by EU for the purpose of defending its own interests, shall be consistent with WTO rules 
and not undermine the be nefits of others, especially developing Members. China looks forward to 
maintaining contact and communication with EU on specific trade concerns through various channels.  
5.86.   The EU is always a staunch supporter to the rule s-based multilateral trading system. China 
expects the EU to lead by example in attaching great attention to the concerns and suggestions of 
Members, and improving relevant trade policies and measures so as to give better play to the 
deliberative function of Trade Policy Review Mechanism as advocated by the EU.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
5.87.   At the first day of this TPR we have heard numerous concerns from many Members on the 
protectionist approach to the EU 's trade policy. The EU delegation decided to ignore advance written 
questions from the Russia n Federation , clearly violating its transparency obligations within the WTO. 
However, it could not ignore the whole WTO Membership, which, according to the consolidated 
questions and answers  and interventions , shares most of our concerns. Among them:  
• dubious a nd unilateral character of the EU 's CBAM, as well as doubtful consistency of other 
so-called environment -related policies with the WTO rules;  
• anti-coercion instrument and its negative effect on the MTS;  
• compatibility with the WTO rules of the Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and 
Aluminium ; 
• negative spill over  effects of anti -Russian unilateral restrictions on other WTO Members and 
major world markets.  
5.88.   Unfortunately, the explanations that were provi ded by the EU did not do much to alleviate 
these concerns. Moreover, the EU delegation frequently contradicted itself.  
5.89.   On Monday we have heard renewed commitments to transparency, while in practice the EU  
ignores the rules of this transparency exercise out  of political pettiness.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  5.90.   We have heard Brussels warning us of the dangers of trade weaponization. But is  not this 
what the EU itself is doing –coercion of independent States through unilateral restrictions and 
economic pressure?  
5.91.   We have heard proclamations  that anti -Russian measures "are designed and targeted 
carefully at Russia 's military and industrial capacity ", that they do not restrict supplies of food and 
fertilizers and thus do not harm global food security. In fact, blockings of international paymen ts to 
Russian exporters, bans on their use of foreign seaports, restrictions for freight and road transport 
as well as insurance and legal services inevitably lead to increase in costs of logistics and food prices, 
making such goods unavailable for those i n need. Today the distinguished Ambassador 
Aguiar  Machado mentioned substantial increase in value terms of the EU's food import last year in 
comparison to 2021 as an argument in favour of the openness of the EU's market. However, the 
European  Commission ad mits on its official website that this "is largely due to an increase in global 
prices". I would like to reiterate that the EU itself contributed a lot to that increase by its own 
restrictive measures as well as irresponsible macroeconomic policies. While the EU consumers may 
afford to pay more for food, for many poorer countries these price hikes constitute a disaster. 
I remind you that Russian fertilizers ensure the production of 117  million tons of wheat and 
440 million tons of corn, which is enough to f eed about half a million people.  
5.92.   The EU is one of the largest and influential economies  in the world , which has, according to 
the EU Trade Strategy " the ability to make its own choices and shape the world around it through 
leadership and engagement ". This is why many economies traditionally have been looking up to the 
EU as a guarantor of the multilateral trade – and their trust is fading as long as the EU pursues a 
unilateral and politically driven approach instead. We hope that the Union will be able to p rove its 
leadership ambitions by taking responsibility for its own actions, instead of pretending that its trade 
policy is dictated by external factors and actions by other Members.  
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The European  Union's 15th Trade Policy Review has provided us with an important opportunity 
to examine and understand the developments in EU trade policies and practices since the last Review 
in 2020. This Review has been conducted with the active participation of the European  Union's 
delegation, headed by H.E.  Sabine  Weyand, Director -General, Directorate  General for Trade, 
European  Commission on the first day and by H.E.  João Aguiar  Machado, Permanent Representative 
of the European  Union to the WTO on the second day. The discussion s have benefited from the 
insightful comments provided by the discussant, H.E.  Ambassador Pimchanok  Pitfield, Permanent 
Representative of Thailand to the WTO, and from the 64 delegations' statements. We appreciate 
their contribution to this exercise.  
6.2.  Membe rs noted that t he European  Union continued to be one of the world's main traders in 
goods and services, as well as the single largest investor abroad. There have been numerous 
developments in the European  Union's trade, investment, and related policies dur ing the period 
under review, including those in reaction to challenges due to global developments and economic 
shocks. The impact of EU policies on WTO Members' trade was highlighted by numerous delegations 
as it is the top trading partner for a reported 5 3 economies around the world. Members commended 
the EU's response to the pandemic, which was seen as promoting growth, diversification, and the 
sustainability of value chains. As a result, GDP growth had resumed in 2021 and had accelerated 
further in 2022.  
6.3.  It was noted that the European  Union continued to hold the rules -based multilateral trading 
system at the centre of its trade strategy. There was strong appreciation for the European  Union's 
highly active role in the WTO and for its leadership role across  a number of areas including WTO 
reform, dispute settlement and the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). 
The EU's leading role on the Joint  Statement Initiatives (JSIs), trade and the environment, gender 
and women's economic empowerme nt, as well as its contribution to capacity -building and technical 
assistance, was also appreciated. It was recognized that the EU was the largest Aid  for Trade donor.  
6.4.  Many Members appreciated the European  Union's long -standing commitment to dialogue and 
cooperation. This was reflected in the EU's network of 44  regional trade agreements as well as in 
the importance placed in developing and further strengthening relationships through Association 
Agreements, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement s, and other types of agreements, such as air 
transport, digital partnership, and personal data protection agreements. Several developing 
countries and LDCs were appreciative of the EU's Everything but Arms (EBA) initiative, and its GSP 
and GSP+ schemes, w hich allowed favourable access to the EU market for their exports.  
6.5.  A large number of Members referred in their interventions to the EU's environmental and 
climate policies, and those regarding digital transformation, which are cross -cutting across several  
WTO disciplines. While Members appreciated the broader goals of achieving climate goals and 
improving the environment, it was stressed that these initiatives should not result in barriers to 
trade. The European Green  Deal, covering a number of trade initi atives, was mentioned in many 
interventions. Members were particularly interested in and expressed some concerns regarding the 
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), green taxation, and green government procurement. 
They emphasized that these initiativ es should be carefully addressed bearing in mind their coherence 
with WTO rules. Some concerns were expressed with respect to the Deforestation -Free Commodities 
Regulation, which some Members considered could potentially have a negative impact on trade. On  
digitization, Members were of the view that the adoption of the Digital Strategy along with the Digital 
Services Act and the Digital Market Act created opportunities but also challenges regarding their 
implementation.  
6.6.  Other issues raised by Members includ ed matters related to standards and technical 
regulations, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. While it was recognized that EU rules and 
regulations were transparent, several Members indicated that there were improvements that could 
be made regarding advance notice of proposed measures and opportunities for comments and 
further engagement in matters relating to conformity assessment, the European Standardization 
Strategy, and notification of standards related to environmental initiatives. Regarding SPS  measures, 
the change of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides was raised as a particular trade concern 
by numerous Members.  WT/T PR/M/442 • European Union  
 
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  6.7.  The continued development of the EU's agricultural policies through the Common Agricultural 
Policy (CAP) and its recent ref orm initiatives drew significant interest from numerous delegations. It 
was noted that agricultural products continued to face relatively high and complex tariffs entering 
EU markets as well as tariff quotas. Members recognized that the EU had eliminated e xport subsidies, 
but encouraged the EU to engage in reform of domestic support in the direction of greater market 
orientation and reduction of trade distortions. Other issues mentioned by Members included the 
Farm to Fork strategy, the approval process for  genetically engineered crops, and food security 
issues.  
6.8.  Members commended the European  Union  for its leadership role in achieving results on the 
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies and looked forward to continuing a constructive engagement on 
further disciplines to address overcapacity and overfishing. Members appreciated the support given 
by the EU  to the Fisheries Fund as well as other capacity building measures in this respect.  
6.9.  Members noted the EU's continued and broad use of anti -dumping and countervailing duties, 
and safeguard measures. It was noted that the safeguard measures on steel had been  in place for 
several years and their recent extension was of particular concern. Members enquired about the 
Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium. Concerns were raised regarding the 
Foreign Subsidies Regulation.  
6.10.   Members highlighted recent  developments in the EU's intellectual property regime, including 
the implementation of the unitary patent system and the expansion of the number of products 
subject to Geographical Indication protection. Members raised a number of other important issues 
and initiatives with an impact on trade including the Regulation of the Registration, Evaluation, 
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH); the Waste Shipment Regulation; the Anti -
Coercion Instrument (ACI); the Revised Enforcement Regulation; the European Critical Raw 
Materials Act; the Cyber Resilience Act; the Net -Zero Industry Act; and the Temporary Crisis and 
Transition Framework.  
6.11.   The European  Union demonstrated its continued commitment to the WTO and the 
transparency mechanism with its active  engagement over the two -day meeting and its timely 
responses to the advance written questions. Approximately 1,600 questions were submitted before 
the meeting. I am hopeful that the EU delegation will consider and further reflect on these issues 
and on th e many constructive comments that it received during the Review. Members look forward 
to receiving answers to any outstanding and follow -up questions within the prescribed one month 
deadline.  
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