TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1  
TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
5 May 2023 
(23-3104) Page: 1/80 
Committee on Agriculture  
Special Session  
Sub-Committee on Cotton    
 
  
COTTON  
BACKGROUND PAPER BY THE SECRETARIAT1 
Addendum  
This addendum refers to and must be read in conjunction with document  
TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev. 18 - TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev. 18. It showcases in particular: Members' replies 
to the questionnaire on new or updated cotton -related policy developments  (Annex 4) ; and 
information on cotton markets and policies from the trade policy review mechanism  (Annex 5) . 
 
The main updates captured in this revised version  compared to the previous one2 are as follows:  
 
• In Annex  4, inclusion of  the following replies to the Secretariat questionnaire circulated 
on 9 February  2023: Brazil; European  Union; Hong Kong, China; Israel; Macao, 
China; New Zealand; Thailand ; Togo;  Ukraine  and the United  States ; and  
 
• In Annex 5, inclusion of relevant information from Brazil, European Union  and the 
United  States ' new TPR report s. 
 
_______________  
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  2 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  5 
ANNEX 3  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  8 
ANNEX 4  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
ANNEX 5  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  43 
 
 
 
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and is without prejudice 
to the positions of Members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO. It has been prepared for 
information only and is not intended to provide any authoritative or official legal interpretation of the provisions 
of the WTO Agreements in general on in relation to any measure listed in this document.  
2 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.1 7/Add.1  - TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.1 7/Add.1.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX 1  
NOTES ON TARIFF RATE QUOTA COMMITMENTS FROM CHINA'S SCHEDULE  
1.   Tariff quotas indicated in the third column are volumes for calendar year 2001. Tariff quota 
concessions will be implemented according to the date specified in the "implementation" column. 
The implemen tation column indicates the date (referring to 1 January of the year indicated) when 
the final quota quantity will be achieved. The tariff quota concessions are subject to equal annual 
adjustments (occurring on 1 January of each year), unless otherwise spe cified in the last column 
("Other terms and conditions").  
2.   The People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as "China")  shall maintain its in -quota 
applied and bound rates (and, upon removal of the tariff -quota, its applied and bound rates) for HS 
1514 (rape or colza (canola) oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified) 
at a level equal to that for HS 1507 (soya -bean oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not 
chemically modified) and for HS 1205 (rape or colz a (canola) seeds, whether or not broken).  
3.   The growth rate for the TRQ volume for canola (rapeseed) oil shall be no less than the growth 
rate for the TRQ volume for soybean oil.  
4.   An entity granted a tariff quota allocation (quota -holder) may engage in import ation through 
state-trading enterprises and/or through entities possessing the right to trade other than 
state-trading enterprises, including direct importation by the quota holder, as indicated on 
documentation issued with the allocation or reallocation o f the tariff quota quantities.  
5.   Application: All applications for an allocation of the tariff -quota will be submitted to the State 
Development and Planning Commission (SDPC). Specific condi tions for applying for a tariff -quota 
allocation will be published i n the official journal one month in advance of the application period, 
which will be from 15 October to 30 October.  
6.   Allocation:  
a. The entire tariff -quota quantity established in Section I -B shall be allocated to end users by 
1 January each year. Inquiries regarding tariff -quota allocations can be made to the SDPC, 
with responses provided within 10 working days. Any additional requirement for importation 
will be automatic under the terms of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. China 
shall equitably distribute allocations within each portion of the tariff -quota to ensure 
complete tariff -quota utilization and to establish a tariff -quota system that is open, 
transparent, fair, responsive to market conditions, timely, minimally burdensome to trade 
and reflects end user preferences.  
b. In the first year, allocations to end users by the SDPC of the t ariff-quota reserved for 
importation through state -trading enterprises shall be based on a first -come, first -served 
system or the requests of the applicants and their historical import performance, production 
capacity, or other relevant commercial criteria , subject to specific conditions to be published 
one month in advance of the opening of the application period so as to ensure an equitable 
distribution and complete tariff -quota utilization. In the first year, no less than 10% of the 
tariff-quota reserved  for importation through state -trading enterprises will be allocated to 
new quota -holders.  
c. In the first year, allocations to end users by the SDPC of the tariff -quota reserved for 
importation through entities other than state -trading enterprises shall be b ased on a first -
come, first -served system or the requests of the applicants and their historical import 
performance, production capacity, or other relevant commercial criteria. No less than 10% 
of the tariff -quota reserved for importation through entities other than state -trading 
enterprises will be allocated to new quota -holders. This tariff -quota will be limited to entities 
that do not receive any special or exclusive rights or privileges, and will include allocations 
to joint ventures, wholly foreign -funded enterprises, and private enterprises.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  d. Except in cases where tariff -quota is allocated on a first -come, first -served basis, and in 
accordance with China's Schedule of Concessions and Commitments on Goods, a 
quota -holder that has imported under a tariff -quota shall, upon application, receive an 
allocation of the tariff -quota in the following year for a quantity no less than the quantity 
imported the previous year. For all methods of allocation, a quota -holder that does not 
import its full allocation under  a tariff -quota will receive a proportional reduction in the 
tariff-quota allocation in the subsequent year unless the quantity is returned to the 
SDPC  prior to 15  September. A quota holder that has failed to import its full allocation in 
two consecutive y ears and has returned that unused portion by 15 September shall have its 
quota allocated in the following year on the basis of its fill rate in the most recent year, and 
will not benefit from any additional reallocations until and unless there are no other  
applications. The means of calculating the penalty will be included in the TRQ regulation in 
force and publicly available, and will be applied in a consistent and equitable manner.  
e. Allocations will be established for commercially viable shipping quantitie s and provisions will 
be made for partial shipments against a single tariff -quota allocation. All commercial terms 
of trade, including product specification, pricing, packaging, etc., will be at the sole 
determination of the importer and the exporter takin g into full account the demands of the 
end user. Tariff -quota allocations will be valid for any item or mixture of items subject to the 
same tariff -quota.  
f. Inquiries on the entities which received the allocation can be made to the SDPC which shall 
provide t he information within 10 days.  
7.   Term: The tariff -quota for each product will be opened on 1 January each year, unless otherwise 
specified in the Schedule. Tariff -quota allocations will be valid for the calendar year.  
8.   Reallocation:  
a. In any year, if a quota -holder has not contracted for the total quantity by 15 September, it 
shall return the unused portion of the tariff -quota quantity to the SDPC for reallocation.  
b. Applications for reallocation of the tariff -quota will be accepted by the SDPC from 
1 September to  15 September and new allocations shall be assigned by 1  October. Specific 
conditions for applying for reallocation of tariff quotas will be published in the official journal 
one month in advance of the application period. Such allocations, which shall be to new 
applicants and to entities other than those returning quotas under sub -paragraph 8 .a. above, 
will be assigned on a first -come, first -served basis. Quota -holders allocated a share of the 
tariff-quota reserved for importation through entities other th an state -trading enterprises 
may import through any entity that has a right to trade in any product as specified in 
Section  5 of China's Protocol of Accession.  
c. Inquiries on the entities which received the reallocations can be made to the SDPC which will 
provide the information within 10 days.  
d. In situations where goods have been shipped from their port of origin before 31 December 
of any year, but are entered after 31 December of that year, China shall extend the validity 
of the tariff quota documents and sh all count such shipments against the tariff quota 
allocation for the year in which the tariff quota was initially allocated.  
9.   Consultations:  With a view to maintaining a transparent and open tariff quota system, upon 
request from any WTO Member, China shall  consult with the Member on the administration of the 
tariff quota to ensure that the tariff quota will be allocated in a transparent, equitable and 
non-discriminatory manner and that the tariff quota will be fully utilized.  
Notes:  
1. The share of the tariff -quota reserved for importation through state -trading enterprises is 
specified in column 7 of Section I -B. The remainder of the tariff -quota quantity is reserved for 
importation through any non -state trading enterprise possessing the right to trade in any 
product as set forth in Section 5 of China's Protocol of Accession.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  In any year, if the quantity of the tariff -quota reserved for importation through state -trading 
enterprises has not been contracted for by 15 August, quota -holders will have the right to 
trade or to import through any entity with the right to trade any product under Section 5 of 
China's Protocol of Accession.  
2. China shall ensure that the applied duty for soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, 
cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, and corn oil is no greater than the applied duty for any one 
of these oils or for any other vegetable oil. Of the vegetable oils subject to tariff quota (i.e., 
soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil), if the tariff -quota for any one oil is autonomously 
increa sed, the tariff -quotas for the other two will be increased commensurately. Beginning 
1 January 2006, China will remove soybean oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil from Annex 2A of 
the Protocol of Accession and will grant the right to trade such oils to all indi viduals and 
enterprises.  
3. All quota holders, that have already fully used or contracted their tariff -quota allocations in 
any year by 15 September shall also be eligible for reallocation of tariff -quota from other 
quota holders that have returned their allocations.  
_______________  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX 2  
CHAPTER NOTES CONCERNING TRQ COMMITMENTS FOR COTTON FROM THE US SCHEDULE  
"CHAPTER 52  
COTTON  
Additional US Notes 1/  
1.  Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, the staple length of cotton shall 
be determined for all customs purposes by application of the Official Cotton Standards of the 
United  States  for length of staple, as established by the Secreta ry of Agriculture and in effect when 
the determination is to be made.  
5.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of cotton, entered under the provisions of 
additional US notes 6 through 11, inclusive, to this chapter, of not less than the tot al quantity 
specified below.  
 Quantity (metric ton nes) 
1995 41,926.8  
1996 48,850.4  
1997 55,773.9  
1998 62,697.5  
1999 69,621.0  
2000 and thereafter  76,544.6  
 
An additional aggregate quantity of 10,000 metric ton nes is reserved for Mexico under this note. 
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered throu gh regulations 
(including licenc es) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
1/ Note 1 and additional US notes 2, 3 and 4 to this chapter are omitted from this section and are 
in section II of this schedule. Additional US notes 5 through 11, inclusive, to this chapter are not in 
the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States . 
6.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, havin g a 
staple length under 28.575 mm (1 -1/8 inches) (except harsh or rough cotton, having a staple length 
under 19.05 mm (3/4 inch)), entered under subh eading 5201.00.14 during the 12 -month period 
beginning September 20 in any year, of not less than the total  quantity specified below.  
 Quantity (metric ton nes) 
1995 8,495.05 * 
1996 10,837.45*  
1997 13,179.85*  
1998 15,522.25*  
1999 17,864.65*  
2000 and thereafter  20,207.05*  
* Of the quantitative limitation provided for in this note, access levels are reserved as follows for entry 
under the provisions of this note:  
 Quantity 
(kg)  Quantity 
(kg) 
Egypt & Sudan (aggregate)  355,532  Honduras  341 
Peru 112,469  Paraguay  395 
India & Pakistan (aggregate)  908,764  Colombia  56 
China  621,780  Iraq 88 
Brazil  280,648  British East Africa  1,016  
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  215,512  Indonesia & Netherlands New Guinea (aggregate)  32,381  
Argentina  2,360  British West Indies (except Barbados, Bermuda, 
Jamaica, or Trinidad and Tobago)  9,671  
Haiti 107 Nigeria  2,438  
Ecuador  4,233  British West Africa (except Nigeria and Ghana)  7,259  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered through regulations 
(including licen ces and reallocation of unfilled quotas) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
7.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of harsh or rough cotton, not carded or 
combed, having a staple length of 29.36875 mm (1 -5/32 inches) or more but under 34.925 mm 
(1-3/8 inches) and white in colo ur (except cotton of perished staple, grabbots and cotton pickings), 
entered under subheading 5201.00.24 during the 12 -month period beginning 1 August in any year, 
of not less than the total quantity specified below.  
 Quantity (metric ton nes) 
1995 900.0  
1996 1,000.0  
1997 1,100.0  
1998 1,200.0  
1999 1,300.0  
2000 and thereafter  1,400.0  
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered throu gh regulations 
(including licenc es) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
8.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, having a 
staple length of 28.575 mm (1 -1/8 inches) or more but under 34.925 mm (1 -3/8 inches) (except 
harsh or rough cotton, not carded or combed, having a staple length of 29.36875 mm (1 -5/32 
inches) or more and white in colour ) but including cotton of perished staple, grabbots and cotton 
pickings, entered under subheading 5201.00.34 during the 12 -month period beginning 1 August in 
any year, of not less than the total qua ntity specified below.  
 Quantity (metric ton nes) 
1995 5,200.0  
1996 6,460.0  
1997 7,720.0  
1998 8,980.0  
1999 10,240.0  
2000 and thereafter  11,500.0  
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered through regulations 
(including licen ces) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
9.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, having a 
staple length of 34.925 mm (1 -3/8 inches) or more, entered under subheading 5201.00.60 during 
the 12-month period beginning August 1 in any year, of not less than the total quantity specified 
below.  
 Quantity (metric ton nes) 
1995 25,500.0  
1996 28,420.0  
1997 31,340.0  
1998 34,260.0  
1999 37,180.0  
2000 and thereafter  40,100.0  
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered through regulations 
(including licen ces) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
10.  There shall be permitted entry an aggregate quantity of card strips made from cotton having a 
staple length under 30.1625 mm (1 -3/16 inches), and lap waste, sliver waste and roving waste of 
cotton, all the foregoing the product of any country or are includ ing the United States , entered under 
subheading 5202.99.10 during the 12 -month period beginning 20 September in any year, of not 
less than the total quantity specified below.  
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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   Quantity (kg)  
1995 1,835,427*  
1996 2,135,427*  
1997 2,435,427*  
1998 2,735,4 27* 
1999 3,035,427*  
2000 and thereafter  3,335,427*  
* Of the quantitative limitation provided for in this note, access levels are reserved as follows for entry 
under the provisions of this note:  
 Quantity (kg)   Quantity (kg)  
United Kingdom  653,695  Japan  154,917  
Canada  108,721  China  7,857  
France  34,385  Egypt  3,689  
India & Pakistan (aggregate)  31,582  Cuba 2,968  
Netherlands  10,317  Germany  11,540  
Switzerland  6,711  Italy 3,215  
Belgium  5,830    
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered throu gh regulations 
(including licenc es and reallocation of unfilled quotas) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.  
11.  There shall be permitted entr y an aggregate quantity of fib res of cotton processed but no t spun, 
entered under subheading 5203.00.10 during the 12 -month period beginning 11 September in any 
year, of not less than the total quantity specified below.  
 Quantity (kg)  
1995 1,000  
1996 1,300  
1997 1,600  
1998 1,900  
1999 2,200  
2000 and thereafter  2,500  
The quantitative limitations established by this note may be administered throu gh regulations 
(including licenc es) issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. " 
_______________  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX 3  
EXCERPT FROM  ANNEX 1 TO G/AG/N/USA/2/ADD.3 AND G/AG/N/USA/34/ADD.1  
NOTES FROM THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES  
"36/ Short staple cotton  
 from Additional US Note 5 to Chapter 52 of the HTSUS:  
5.  The aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, the product of any country or area 
including the United States , having a staple length under 28.575 mm (1 -1/8 inches) (except harsh 
or rough cotton, having a staple length under 19.05 mm (3/4 inch)), entered under subheading 
5201.00.14 during the 12 -month periods from 20 September 1999, through 19 September 2000, 
inclusive, shall not exceed 17,864.65 metric ton nes or from 20 September  2000, through 
19 September 2001, inclusive, shall not exceed 20,207.05 metric to nnes (articles the product of 
Mexico shall n ot be permitted or included in the aforementioned quantitative limitation and no such 
articles shall be classifiable therein).  
Of the quantitative limitations provided for in this note, the countries listed below shall have access 
to not less than the quan tities specified below:  
 Quantity (kg)  
Argentina  2,360  
Brazil  280,648  
British East Africa  1,016  
British West Africa (except Nigeria and Ghana)  7,259  
British West Indies (except Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago)  9,671  
China 621,780  
Colombia  56 
Ecuador  4,233  
Egypt & Sudan (aggregate)  355,532  
Haiti 107 
Honduras  341 
India & Pakistan (aggregate)  908,764  
Indonesia & Netherlands New Guinea (aggregate)  32,381  
Iraq 88 
Nigeria  2,438  
Paraguay  395 
Peru 112,469  
Armenia ; Azerbaijan ; Belarus ; Estonia ; Georgia ; Kazakhstan ; Kyrgyzstan ; Latvia ; 
Lithuania ; Moldova,  Republic of; Russia n Federation;  Tajikistan ; Turkmenistan ; Ukraine 
and Uzbekistan (aggregate)  215,512  
Other than as provided for in the country allocations above, articles the product of countries or areas 
who are not members of the World Trade Organization shall not be permitted or included in the 
quantitative limitations set forth in this note.  
37/ Harsh or rough cotton  
 from Additional U S Note 6 to Chapter 52 of the HTSUS:  
6.  The aggregate quantity of harsh or rough cotton, not carded or combed, the product of any 
country or area including the United States , having a staple length of 29.36875 mm (1 -5/32 inches) 
or more but under 34.925 mm (1 -3/8 inches) and white  in colour  (except cotton of perished staple, 
grabbots and cotton pickings), entered under subheading 5201.00.24 during the 12 -month periods 
from 1 August 1999, through 31 July 2000, inclusive,  shall not exceed 1,300.0  metric ton nes or 
from 1 August 2000, through 31 July 2001, incl usive, shall not exceed 1,400.0  metric ton nes 
(articles the product of Mexico shall not be permitted or included in the aforementioned quantitative 
limitation and no such articles shall be classifiable therein).  
Articles the produ ct of countries or areas who are not members of the World Trade Organization 
shall not be permitted or included in the quantitative limitations set forth in this note.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  38/ Medium staple cotton  
 from Additional U S Note 7 to Chapter 52 of the HTSUS:  
7.  The aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, the product of any country or area 
including the United States , having a staple length of 28.575 mm (1 -1/8 inches) or more but under 
34.925 mm (1 -3/8 inches) (except harsh or rough cotton, not carded or combed, having a staple 
length of 29.36875 mm (1 -5/32 inches) or more and white in colo ur) but including cotton of perished 
staple, grabbots and cotton pickings, entered under subheading 5201.00.34 during the 12 -month 
periods from 1 August 1999, through  31 July 2000, inclu sive, shall not exceed 10,240.0  metric 
tonnes or from 1 August 2000, through 31 July 2001, inclusive, shall not exceed 11,500.0  metric 
tonnes (articles the product of Mexico shall not be permitted or included in the aforementioned 
quant itative limitation and no such articles shall be classifiable therein).  
Articles the product of countries or areas who are not members of the World Trade Organization 
shall not be permitted or included in the quantitative limitations set forth in this note . 
39/ Long staple cotton  
 from Additional US Note 8 to Chapter 52:  
8.  The aggregate quantity of cotton, not carded or combed, the product of any country or area 
including the United States , having a staple length of 34.925 mm (1 -3/8 inches) or more, enter ed 
under subheading 5201.00.60 during the 12 -month periods from 1 August 1999, through 
31 July 2000, inclusive, shall not exceed 37,180.0 metric ton nes or from 1 August 2000, through 
31 July 2001, inclusive, shall not exceed 40,100.0 metric ton nes (article s the product of Mexico shall 
not be permitted or included in the aforementioned quantitative limitation and no such articles shall 
be classifiable therein).  
Articles the product of countries or areas who are not members of the World Trade Organization 
shall not be permitted or included in the quantitative limitations set forth in this note.  
40/ Cotton waste  
 from Additional US Note 9 to Chapter 52 of the HTSUS:  
9.  The aggregate quantity of card strips made from cotton having a staple length under 
30.1625  mm (1 -3/16 inches), and lap waste, sliver waste and roving waste of cotton, all the 
foregoing the product of any country or area including the United States , entered under subheading 
5202.99.10 during the 12 -month periods from 20 September 1999, through 19 September 2000, 
inclusive, shall not exceed 3,035,427 kilograms or from 20 September  2000, through 
19 September  2001, inclusive, shall not exceed 3,335,427 kilograms (articles the product of Mexico 
shall not be permitted or included in the aforementioned quantitative limitation and no such articles 
shall be classifiable therein).  
Of the quantitative limitations provided for in this note, the countries listed below shall have access 
to not less than the quantities specified below:  
 Quantity ( kg) 
Belgium  5,830  
Canada  108,721  
China  7,857  
Cuba 2,968  
Egypt  3,689  
France  34,385  
Germany  11,540  
Italy 3,215  
India & Pakistan (aggregate)  31,582  
Japan  154,917  
Netherlands  10,317  
Switzerland  6,711  
United Kingdom  653,695  
Other than as provided for in the country allocations above, articles the product of countries or areas 
who are not members of the World Trade Organization shall not be permitted or included in the 
quantitative limitations set forth in this note.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  41/ Cotton processed bu t not spun  
 from Additional US Note 10 to Chapter 52 of the HTSUS:  
10.  The aggregate quantity of fibres  of cotton processed but not spun, entered under subheading 
5203.00.10 during the 12 -month periods from 11 September 1999, through 10 September 2000, 
inclusive, shall not exceed 2,200 kilograms or from 11 September 2000, through 
10 September  2001, inclusive, shall not exceed 2,500 kilograms (articles the product of Mexico shall 
not be permitted or included in the aforementioned quantitat ive limitation and no such articles shall 
be classifiable therein).  
Articles the product of countries or areas who are not members of the World Trade Organization 
shall not be permitted or included in the quantitative limitations set forth in this note. " 
_______________  
 
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX 4  
MEMBERS' REPLIES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE  ON NEW OR UPDATED  
COTTON -RELATED POLICY DEVELOPMENTS  
1.   Since the second dedicated discussion of the relevant trade -related developments for cotton of 
28 November 2014, Members agreed that, in order to complement the revised background paper to 
be prepared by the WTO Secretariat  and in advance of each dedicated discussion , a questionnaire 
would be sent to Members to seek updates, on a voluntary basis, on their recent cott on-related 
policy developments  across the three pillars of Market Access, Domestic Support and Export 
Competition .1 Members were also invited to provide an assessment of the impact (or anticipated 
impact), if available, of those new or updated policy deve lopments.  
2.   Seventeen  questionnaires were circulated on 4  February and 17 September 2015, 22  February2 
and 13 September 2016 , 28 March and 10 October 2017 , 24 January and 14 September 2018 , 
11 February and 10 September 2019 , 22 January  and 21 September  2020, 1 February  and 
3 September  2021, 2 March and 31 August 2022 , and 9 February 2023 , respectively. The following 
table lists Members who have replied  to those questionnaires. The replying Members  who are among 
the 33 Members identified in paragraph s 12 and 13  of this paper  as markets of interest to LDCs  are 
identified in bold : 
Members who replied to the previous questionnaire s 
circulated on 4 February 2015 , 17 September 2015 , 
22 February  2016 , 13 September 2016 , 28 March 2017 , 
10 October 2017 , 24 January  2018 , 11 February 2019 , 
10 September 2019 , 22 January 2020 , 21 September  2020 , 
1 February 2021 , 3 September 2021 , 2 March 2022  and 
31 August 2022  Members who replied to the 
questionnaire circulated on  
9 February 2023 
Argentina;  Australia ; Benin;  Brazil ; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Chad;  
China ; Cambodia; Colombia ; Costa Rica; Egypt ; Ecuador; El 
Salvador ; European  Union ; Hong Kong, China ; Japan ; Israel;  
Macao, China; Mali;  Mauritius ; Montenegro; Morocco ; Mozambique;  
New Zealand ; Pakistan ; Peru; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; 
Switzerland; Chinese Taip ei; Thailand ; Togo;  Türkiye ; Ukraine;  
the United  States  and Uruguay  Brazil ; European  Union ; Hong 
Kong, China ; Israel;  Macao, 
China; New Zealand ; 
Thailand ; Togo; Ukraine  and the 
United  States  
 
3.   Some  Members p rovided a "n il" reply, i.e. they did not report any new  or update d policy 
development  across the three pillars of Market Access, Domestic  Support and Export Competition . 
These Members are listed in the  table below.   
Members with a nil reply to the previous questionnaire s 
circulated on 4 February 2015 , 17 September , 22 February 2016 , 
13 September 2016 , 28 March  2017 , 10 October 2017 , 
24 January 2018 , 14 September  2018 , 11 February 2019 , 
10 September 2019 , 22 January 2020 , 21 September  2020 , 
1 February 2021 , 3 September 2021 , 2 March 2022 , and 
31 August 2022  Members with a nil reply to 
the questionnaire  
circulated on 9 February  2023  
Australia; Brazil; Ecuador;  European Union; Cambodia; Costa Rica; 
El Salvador;  Hong Kong, China; Japan; Maca o, China; Mauritius; 
Montenegro; New  Zealand; Pakistan; Peru; Chinese Taipei, 
Russian  Federation;  South Africa;  Switzerland; Thailand; Uganda; 
Urugu ay and the United States  Brazil; Hong Kong, China; 
Macao, China; New Zealand; 
Thailand; and the United  States  
4.   Non-nil replies are reproduced below . In cases where a Member has replied to more than one 
questionnaire, only the response to the latest questionnaire is listed. Responses to earlier 
questionnaires can be found in previous versions of the Secretariat's background paper.  
  
 
1 Paragraph 12 of the Chairperson report on the second dedicated discussion of the relevant 
trade -related developments for cotton (TN/AG/29 - TN/AG/SCC/3).  
2 The French and Spanish versions of the questionnaire were circulated on 8 March 2016.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 12 - 
 
  Reply from the Euro pean Union to the questionnaire circulated on 9 February 2023  
In reply to the questionnaire of the WTO Secretariat dated 9 February 2023 on new or updated 
cotton -related policy developments in advance of the 19th Dedicated Discussion on cotton, below is 
the update of the data on direct payments expenditures for cotton, granted in accordance with 
Article  6.5 of the Agreement on Agriculture. No other cotton -related policy developments occurred 
in the EU during the reporting period.  
(Million EUR in a marketing year)  
Description of Measure  2013  
/14 2014  
/15 2015  
/16 2016  
/17 2017  
/18 2018  
/19 2019  
/20 2020  
/21 2021  
/22 
Payments based on fixed area 
and yields: Cotton  
(Title IV, Chapter 1, Section 6 of 
Regulation (EC) No 73/2009; 
from 2015, Title IV, Chapter  2 of 
Regulation (EU)  No 1307/2013)  231.8  244.0  243.9  233.8  243.7  244,9  245.0  240.8  235.4  
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 13 - 
 
  Reply from Israel to the questionnaire circulated on 9 February 2023  
Market Access  
 
No changes in tariffs related to cotton were made during 2022 . 
 
Domestic Support  
 
Israel's budgetary outlay for cotton for 2022 was USD 74 thousand  for new machinery support (a 
budget of 500 million NIS allocated in two equal instalments for 2022 and 2023).  
 
There were no other forms of support during 2022.  
 
Export Competition  
 
Export subsidies for cotton were zero in 2022 . 
 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 14 - 
 
  Reply from Ukraine to the questionnaire circulated on 9 February 2023  
Market access  
The current applied import duty for cotton (tariff lines: 5201 00 10 00, 5201 00 90 00, 5202 10 00 
00, 5202 91 00 00, 5202 99 00 00, 5203 00 00 00)  is 0 %.  
 
Domestic support  
No domestic support has been provided for cotton.  
 
Export competition  
There have been no changes in the cotton -related export competition policy.   
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 15 -  
Reply from Togo to  the questionnaire circulated on 9 February 2023  (original reply in French)  
 
Table of information on developments in Togo's cotton -related policies  
 
ORDER  AREA OF 
INFORMATION  ELEMENTS OF PROPOSED RESPONSES  
01 Market access  The Togolese State is putting in place a policy of domestic processing of agricultural products, and 
specifically of cotton, through the establishment of textile industries. The ultimate expression of this 
political will was the creation of the Adétikopé I ndustrial Platform (PIA) and the installation and 
operationalization of the textile factory, the first results of which are already visible.  
The long -term objective is to process the cotton produced in Togo and guarantee a remunerative and 
sustainable mark et for cotton growers.  
02 Domestic support  Discussions are under way between the State (the Ministries of Economy and Finance, and Agriculture) and 
the New Cotton Company of Togo for the establishment of the cotton sector stabilization fund (FSSC). This 
fund could make it possible to set up a mechanism within the sector to mobilize resources for structural 
investments to improve competitiveness and performance in general.  
03 Export competition  Export competition is mainly linked to subsidies that some countries give their cotton producers, allowing 
them to endure the market price even if it is very low. This practice creates market distortion.  
With regard to the products' geolocation, Togolese cotton is primarily in competition with products from 
India, insofar as Asia is the main market for domestic production. India has a significant advantage in 
terms of distance for transactions.  
The Togolese cotton sector does not receive export support.  
 
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 16 - 
 
   
Reply from Argentina to the questionnaire circulated on 2 March 2022  (original reply in 
Spanish)  
Input prepared by the Under -Secretariat for the Development of Regional Economies of the Ministry 
of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries of Argentina on new or updated cotton -related policy 
developments:  
• Regarding domestic support, the Cotton Production Income Compensation Fund 
(Law No. 26.060 and amendments) continues to be implemented at the national level. This 
fund has been in operation for many years and is distributed among the cotton -growing 
provinces, which first submit Annual Operational Programmes defi ning the specific uses.  
• This aid can be used for research (agreements with the National Agricultural Technology 
Institute (INTA) or other entities), or for monitoring and prevention of pests, such as the 
boll weevil, in conjunction with the National Agricu lture and Food Quality and Health 
Service  (SENASA). Any direct assistance provided to producers (seed, fuel, and other 
inputs), is  always aimed at small and medium -sized producers.  
• Regarding export competition, cotton exporters did not receive any State su bsidies and there 
are no State -owned companies engaged in exporting the product concerned.  
Reply from Mozambique to the questionnaire circulated on 2 March 2022  
In Mozambique, cotton production is oriented by a regulation. The current cotton cultivation 
Regulation is being used from 2015 (Decree 37/2015 of 31 December) . This Regulation drives the 
performance of the cotton actors' sector, in the component of production, market, processing and 
export.  
 
In this year (2022), we are proceeding with identificatio n of gaps in the current cotton cultivation 
Regulation and are about to begin the process of assessing the impact of the Regulation on the value 
chain actors, to identify gaps and probable requirements for adjustments to the current context. 
Depending on t he results, it will be decided whether or not the review will take place. If decided to 
do the Regulation revision, it is expected to be in 2023.  
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  Reply from Ukraine to the questionnaire circulated on 2 March 2022  
With regard to the Nairobi Ministerial Decision on Cotton (document WT/MIN(15)/46, WT/L/981 as 
of 21 December 2015)  Ukraine would like to provide the following.  
 
Information on Cotton  
(April – September 2021) 
 
1.  Market  access  
 
In October 2021, there were  no changes in cotton policy in terms of market access.  
UKTZED  
(Ukrainian Foreign 
Economic Activity 
Commodity Classification, 
based on Harmonized 
System 201 7) Description  April – September 2021  
Bound import 
duty rate 
within the MFN  Applied import 
duty rate 
within the MFN  
5201 00  Cotton, not carded or combed    
5201 00 10 00  - Rendered absorbent or bleached  0 0 
5201 00 90 00  - Other  0 0 
5202 Cotton waste (including yarn waste 
and garnetted stocks)    
5202 10 00 00  - Yarn waste (including thread 
waste)  1 1 
 - Other    
5202 91 00 00  -- Garnetted stock  0 0 
5202 99 00 00  -- Other  1 1 
5203 00 00 00  Cotton, carded or combed  5 5 
2.  Domestic support  
In October 2021 – March 2022, no state  support for cotton was provided.  
3.  Export  competition  
According  to Ukraine's  WTO obligations , no export  subsidies  for agricultural  products , including  
cotton , were provided .  
 
In respect to cotton no Export Credit, Export Credit Guarantees or Insurance Programs (Export 
financing) and Food aid were granted, as well as no  Agriculture Exporting State Trading Enterprises 
were functioning or established.  
 
 
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 18 - 
 
  Reply from the United States to the questionnaire circulated on 3 September 2021  
Market Access:   
 
There are no new or updated cotton -related policy developments.  
 
Domestic Support:   
 
There are no new or updated cotton -specific programs to report. We do not anticipate any market 
impact from the changes covered below.  
 
Pandemic Assistance for Cotton Users (PACU) Program  
 
In April, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a one -time payment to 
domestic users of upland and extra -long staple cotton under the PACU program. Under this program, 
domestic users received USD 0.06 per  pound to domestic users based on a 3 -year monthly average 
consumption during 2017 through 2019, covering 10 months in 2020 ( 1 March 2020 to 
31 December  2020). The program and payment formula were established by the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2021.  
 
Export Competition:   
 
There are no new or updated cotton -related policy developments.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 19 - 
 
  Reply from Colombia to the questionnaire circulated on 1 February 2021  
The WTO questionnaire requests information on any new or updated cotton -related policy 
developments.  
MARKET ACCESS  
Colombia did not apply any such measures during the years 2019 and 2020.  
 
DOMESTIC SUPPORT 2019  
Cotton marketing support. Pursuant to Resolution No.  300 of 16  September  2019, the Colombian 
Government established support for cott on fibre marketing to producers of the 2019 interior harvest 
in the departments of Tolima, Huila, Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca.  
 
The support was based on the international price (ICE -NY contract) in US cents per pound, multiplied 
by the exchange rate a nd the conversion factor of 22.046 from US cents per pound to US dollars 
per tonne. In August  2019, the price closed at USD 4,422,709, compared with USD 5,609,221 for 
the same month of the previous year, resulting in a decrease of 21%. Consequently, the pr ojected 
net income for cotton farmers in the interior of the country does not cover the production costs.  
 
For 2020, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development did not allocate any budget for the 
provision of such support.  
 
DOMESTIC SUPPORT 2020  
Support for cotton planting with resources from the Emergency Mitigation Fund (FOME). 
Pursuant to Resolution No.  223 of 15  September  2020, the cotton growers' union (Conalgodón) 
helped to develop the Cotton Support Programme 2020, addressing cotton planting b y small and 
medium -sized producers in the Costa Llanos area of the departments of Córdoba, Cesar, Sucre, 
Bolívar, Magdalena, Antioquia, Vichada and Guajira, in order to mitigate the adverse effects of 
COVID -19, allocating USD 2,152,500,000.  
 
Support for ma rketing using FOME resources. Pursuant to Resolution No.  224 of 
15 September  2020, the cotton growers' union (Conalgodón) helped to develop support for the 
marketing of cotton fibre by small and medium -sized producers in the departments of Tolima, Huila, 
Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca, in order to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID -19, allocating 
USD 799,500,000.  
EXPORT COMPETITION  
Colombia did not apply any export competition measures during the years 2019 and 2020.  
 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  Reply from the Russian Federatio n to the questionnaire circulated on 1 February 2021  
Market Access  
 
The Russia n Federation 's exports and imports of cotton, not carded or combed (thousand US dollars) . 
  2020  
Export   
Armenia  10.6 
Belarus  843.3  
European Union  531.0  
Türkiye  2.3 
Ukraine  89.4 
Total  1,476 .6 
Import   
Kazakhstan  7,525.9  
Kyrgyz Republic  8,549.7  
Tajikistan  18,607.9  
Türkiye  122.6  
Uzbekistan  1,111.8  
Total  35,917.9  
 
Domestic Support  
 
Information to be provided upon the relevant DS:1 notification.  
 
Export Competition  
 
No specific measures for cotton are applied in the context of export competition .   
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 21 - Reply from South Africa to the questionnaire circulated on 1 February 2021  
General  
The area under cotton in South Africa declined from a record of 182 000 ha in the late 1980s to a low of just 5 000 ha in the 2009/10 season. Since 
then, the area under cotton has increased to approximately 37 000 ha in the 2017/18 season. Various reasons are mentioned for  this decline in the 
area dedicated for cotton production , amongst them, is the dramatic rise in trade distorting support for cotton producers, mainly in developed countries.  
Cotton is of special importance to smallholder producers in South Africa, many of which are women.  
South Africa is a net exporter of cotto n and developments on the world market have a direct impact on South African producers of cotton.  
COVID -19 
Cotton did not escape the C OVID -19 pandemic with exports being severely affected  by the closure of borders and harbours. Local consumption also 
declined as a result of the country wide lockdown. No government support was made available to cotton producers as a result of th e pandemic.  
Market Access  
The major change in the market access environment for South Africa during 2021 will be the implementatio n of the African Continental Free Trade 
Agreement (AfCFTA). This agreement will be implemented in phases starting from 2021. For cotton, this will result in the tari ff being phased down to 
zero over a period of five years for some member states/Customs Uni ons and 10 years for others. See the table below for the applicable tariffs on 
cotton.  
Currently, the import duty for cotton is already at zero for cotton originating in the member states that are party to  the SADC FTA  and the EU. It is at 
this stage diffi cult to estimate whether the AfCFTA will result in a substantial increase in cotton imports from African origin. Currently, a  large portion 
of South African cotton imports originates from LDCs and developing countries in the Southern African region.  
The table below reflects the current applied import duty for cotton in South Africa.  
HS Code  Description  Statistical 
Unit General  EU EFTA  SADC  MERCOSUR  AfCFTA  
5201.00  Cotton, not carded or combed         
52010010  Not ginned  kg 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
52010020  Ginned but not further processed  kg 160c/kg  0% 160c/kg  0% 160c/kg  128c/kg  
52010090  Other  kg 15% 0% 15% 0% 15% 12% 
5202 Cotton waste (including yarn waste and 
garnetted stock)         
52021000  Yarn waste (including thread waste)  kg 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
52029100  Garnetted stock  kg 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
52029900  Other  kg 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
52030000  Cotton, carded or combed  kg 15% 0% 15% 0% 15% 12% 
 
 Source: Abs tract of Agricultural Statistics, 2019.   
  TN/AG/GEN/3 4/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 22 - A table depicting South African trade in cotton is below.  
 
Exports  
South Africa Export Statistics  
Product  South Africa Rand  
2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
52010010 - Not ginned  75,037 904,031 1,124,261 67,757 131,555,181 
52010020 - Ginned but not further processed  44,112,444 105,051,166 83,219,511 363,185,846 125,135,738 
52010090 - Other  13,655,616 13,006,808 37,116,511 2,240,187 91,222,910 
5202 - Cotton waste ( including yarn waste and garnetted stock) 3,043,160 2,320,195 3,003,970 754,859 1,185,837 
5203 - Cotton, carded or combed  8,023,156 4,402,206 17,000,899 43,518,984 40,534,261 
Total  68,909,413 125,684,406 141,465,152 409,767,633 389,633,927 
 
Product  Quantity: Ton  
2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
52010010 - Not ginned  1 77 58  
6,594 
52010020 - Ginned but not further processed  2,514 5,216 3,838 6,371 6,072 
52010090 - Other  673 569 1,541 65 3,558 
5202 - Cotton waste ( including yarn waste and garnetted stock) 212 218 245 86 76 
5203 - Cotton, carded or combed  226 118 540 1,152 977 
Source:  South African Revenue Service , © 2021 IHS Markit , created on Tuesday 2 February 2021, 7:00 AM EST (12:00 GMT) . 
 
Imports  
South Africa Import Statistics  
Product  South Africa Rand  
2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
52010010 - Not ginned  542,984 1,400,392 5,862,290 11,723,995 184,295 
52010020 - Ginned but not further processed  319,199,545 308,967,656 355,769,880 329,588,004 312,614,895 
52010090 - Other  39,097,682 31,140,028 116,353,557 15,628,813 18,680,060 
5202 - Cotton waste ( including yarn waste and garnetted stock) 20,130,245 39,178,752 22,841,932 14,576,783 10,466,619 
5203 - Cotton, carded or combed  30,867,959 27,032,957 30,962,830 5,658,473 42,203,362 
Total  409,838,415 407,719,785 531,790,489 377,176,068 384,149,231 
  
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 23 - Product  Quantity: Ton  
2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
52010010 - Not ginned; not ginned  32 50 163 517 22 
52010020 - Ginned but not further processed  17,431 14,065 14,755 12,955 13,195 
52010090 - Other; Other  2,343 1,562 5,336 610 683 
5202 - Cotton waste ( including yarn waste and garnetted stock) 1,230 2,238 1,448 842 761 
5203 - Cotton, carded or combed  752 634 797 259 961 
Source:  South African Revenue Service , © 2021 IHS Markit , created on Tuesday 2 February 2021, 7:00 AM EST (12:00 GMT) . 
 
Domestic Support  
 
There has been no change in the policy environment in relation to domestic support. South African cotton producers do not ben efit from any trade 
distorting domestic support, including AMS, de minimis  and Blue Box support.  
 
Export Competition  
 
There has been no change in the policy environment in relation to export subsidies. South African cotton producers do not benefit from export subsidies 
of any kind.TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  Reply from Burundi to the questionnaire circulated on 21 September 2020  
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Burundi to the United Nations Office and other international 
organiz ations in Geneva presents its compliments to the World Trade Organization  (WTO) and, with 
reference to the 14th dedicated discussion on cotton and the WTO  Secretariat's request that Members 
submit information on any new or updated cotton -related policy dev elopments, has the honour to 
inform the Secretariat of the following:  
 
The cotton sector has experienced difficulties in recent years, with seed cotton production falling 
from 8,900 tonnes to less than 1,000 tonnes today.  
 
Burundi's revival and development policy for the cotton, textile and clothing sector provides the 
country with a national strategy for the period 2019 -2027. The strategy seeks to revitalize the sector 
by increasing cotton production with a view to ensuring  supply for domestic agro -textile industries. 
Increased production will also enable Burundi to export surplus lint to regional and international 
markets.  
 
The State of Burundi is also mobilizing all cotton, textile and clothing industry actors and partners  
operating in Burundi, so as to ensure that they adhere to the strategy and work together.  
 
In order to leverage funding and develop the sector, Burundi has introduced a proactive investment 
facilitation policy for national and foreign investors, which is implemented through the 
Investment  Promotion Agency  (API). The country has also established other regulatory frameworks, 
most notably legislation on public -private partnerships (PPP).  
 
Within this framework, a memorandum of understanding on cotton producti on revitalization was 
signed by the State of Burundi and the domestic textile firm AFRITEXTILE.  
 
Regarding market access, the amount of cotton produced falls well below the level required to meet 
the demand of the domestic textile industry, which means the re are no exports.  
 
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Burundi to the United Nations Office and other international 
organizations in Geneva avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the World Trade Organization 
the assurances of its highest consideration.  
 
 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  Reply from Türkiye  to the questionnaire circulated on 21 September 2020  
The major input of Türkiye 's textile and clothing sector is cotton. Textile and clothing sector 
consumes about 1 .5 million tonnes of cotton and there was 882  thousand tonnes 
at 2017/2018  season, 997  thousand tonnes at 2018/2019 season cotton has been produced in 
Türkiye . The domestic production and import ratio was 59 .5% at 2017/2018 and 
69.7% at 2018/20019 season.  
 
According ICAC, Türkiye  was ranged at 6th in terms of production, 5th in terms of consumption and  
4th in terms of imports among the world. According to the estimates of Ministry of Agriculture and 
Forestry, 2019/20 season cotton production will be around 814 thousand tonnes.  
 
Türkiye has imported at 2018 -2019 season about 1 .35 billion dollars and 761 thousand tonnes of 
cotton.  
 
The import tax for cotton is 0% and VAT is 8%. There is 3% anti damping duty for US origin cotton 
of CIF value.  
 
COTTON DATA  
 
Import Tax:  0% 
VAT: 8% 
WTO R ate: 6% 
Support:  0,064 USD/Kg at 2018/2019 season (For whom use certified crops)  
Fuel-Fertiliser Support:  7.75 USD/Da Fuel Support + 0 .5 USD/Da (Fertiliser Support) 
= 8.25 USD Total for 2018 -2019 Season  
 
Production  
1,000 Tonnes  
Season  
(1 August  - 31 July)  Türkiye  World  
(ICAC)  TÜİK1 ICAC2 
2012/2013  858 858 27,079  
2013/2014  877 878 26,225  
2014/2015  846 720 26,234  
2015/2016  738 640 21,476  
2016/2017  756 703 23,075  
2017/2018  882 792 26,678  
2018/2019  977 977 25,750  
2019/2020*  814 800 26,025  
* Turkish Institute of Statistics, For ecast. 
 
Consumption  
1,000 Tonnes  
Season  
(1 August  - 31 July)  Türkiye  World  
(ICAC)  MAF3 ICAC2 
2012/2013  1,785  1,350  23,448  
2013/2014  1,637  1,400  24,101  
2014/2015  1,501  1,486  24,587  
2015/2016  1,500  1,500  24,139  
2016/2017  1,450  1,455  24,516  
2017/2018  1,481  1,481  26,351  
2018/2019  1,400  1,555  26,344  
2019/2020 * - 1,477  22,870  
* Forecast.  
1 Turkish Institute of Statistics.  
2 International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC).  
3 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.  
 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 26 - 
 
  Foreign Trade  
(GTİP No: 5201) (Sezon)  
Cotton Foreign Trade  
Season  Export  Import  
Value  
(tonne)  Value USD  
(USD  1,000)  Value  
(tonne)  Value USD  
(USD 1,000)  
2005/06  47,030  66,447  762,315  960,891  
2006/07  66,002  92,034  877,261  1,137,935  
2007/08  80,647  141,864  711,414  1,099,841  
2008/09  29,678  53,888  635,632  872,934  
2009/10  32,557  60,568  956,682  1,565,191  
2010/11  31,825  102,656  729,428  2,044,108  
2011/12  65,237  143,793  518,610  1,274,291  
2012/13  47,384  97,703  803,760  1,513,800  
2013/14  44,332  92,185  924,373  1,843,536  
2014/15  52,279  84,481  800,068  1,306,133  
2015/16  50,327  81,283  918,307  1,369,259  
2016/17  72,816  130,732  801,007  1,408,137  
2017/18  70,723  139,127  876,211  1,620,713  
2018/19  104,871  183,991  761,891  1,351,087  
Cotton Season:  20XX 1 August  - 20XX  + 31 July.  
Source:  Turkish Institute of Statistics.  
 
MARKET ACCESS  
 
In Türkiye 's Harmonized System, there are two products with 12 digits code under in heading  52.01 
(cotton, not carded or comb ed) as followings:  
• 5201.00.10.00.00 - Rendered absorbent or bleached;  
• 5201.00.90.00.00 – Others.  
Türkiye  applies 0 % customs duty to all countries for these goods.  
 
Notwithstanding, as of 17  April 2016, Türkiye  has started to implement a rate of 3% (CIF) 
anti-dumping duty, if the goods are, which listed above, with the US origin.  
 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 27 - 
 
  Reply from Brazil to the questionnaire circulated on 22 January 2020  
There has  not been any change in Brazilian policies for cotton.  
Market Access : 
Of the three tariff lines (5201.00.10, 5201.00.20, and 5201.00.90) in heading 5201 (cotton, not 
carded or combed), all maintained an applied duty rate of 6%.  
Domestic Support : 
There has been no domestic support provided to Brazilian cotton producers.  
Export Competition : 
No export subsidies have been granted to cotton.  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 28 - 
 
  Reply from Peru to the questionnaire circulated on 1 0 September  2019 (original reply in 
Spanish)  
I.  Market Access  
Peru made no changes to its cotton -related policies c oncerning market access.  
II.  Domestic Support  
Cotton Financing Programme  
1.   Description of the Programme:  
The funding programme helps enhance the competitiveness of Peruvian cotton and boosts the cotton 
production chain through the provision of reimbursable loans to eligible small cotton producers 
forming part of producer organizations in the Pisco, Ica, Chinc ha, Cañete and Santa valleys.  
2.   Objective:  
Provision of loans to finance cotton farming for the purchase of inputs (seed, fertilizers and 
agrochemicals), machinery, labour, administrative costs and technical assistance.  
3.   Beneficiaries:  
Small cotton producers in the Pisco, Ica, Chincha Cañete and Santa valleys, through producer 
organizations (formally established cooperatives and/or associations), which, in addition, provide 
services relating to business management and technical assistance.  
4.   Duration:  
The programme runs from November  2018 to October  2019, in accordance with the planting and  
harvesting season in each valley.  
5.   Form of benefit:  
The Temporary Funding Programme for Agricultural Inputs, financed with resources from the 
AGROPERU Fund through AGROBA NCO, is intended for small producer organizations in the Pisco, 
Ica, Chincha, Cañete and Santa  valleys, for the purchase of inputs (seed, fertilizers and 
agrochemicals), labour, technical assistance and technical management support.  
The preferential rate f or cotton producers is an annual effective rate of 12% for up to nine months 
for the Tanguis variety and up to seven months for the Hazera and IPA  59 varieties. The interest 
rate on loan arrears applied to this funding programme is 16% for all varieties.  
The programme has a budget of 5,000,000 (five  million soles), broken down as follows:  
Table 1  - Budget breakdown  
Category  Amount  
(in soles)  Percentage 
(%) 
1. Campaign funding  4,750,605.00  95.01%  
2. Programme operational costs and technical assistance 
incentives  249,395.00  4.99%  
Total 5,000,000.00  100%  
Source:  Agricultural Financing and Insurance Directorate, based on the Financing Programme for the 
2019-2020 Cotton Season - Agroperú Fund, Agrobanco.  
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  The amount of funding per hectare is 4,300 soles, with a maximum of four hectares per producer, 
broken down as follows:  
Table 2  - Financing breakdown per hectare  
Category  Amount (in soles)  
Inputs: seed, fertilizers and agrochemicals  
Services: labour, machinery and water  4,110.00  
Technical assista nce  140.00  
Technical management support  50.00  
Total 4,300.00  
Source:  Agricultural Financing and Insurance Directorate, based on the Financing Programme for the 
2019-2020 Cotton Season - Agroperú Fund, Agrobanco.  
III.  Export Competition  
Peru does not provide export subsidies for agricultural products, including cotton.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Türkiye  to the questionnaire circulated on 11 February 2019  
With regard to the Director of the Agriculture and Commodities Division's invitation to Members, on 
the 11 February 2019, to provide updates on cotton -related policy developments in advance of the 
forthcoming eleventh dedicated discussion on cotton, Türkiy e submits the following information:  
- Market Access : In Türkiye 's Harmonized System, there are two products with 12 digits code 
under in heading 52.01 (cotton, not carded or combed) as followings : 
• 5201.00.10.00.00  – Rendered absorbent or bleached  
• 5201.00.90 .00.00  – Others . 
Türkiye  applies 0 % customs duty to all countries for these goods.  
Notwithstanding, as of 17.04.2016, Türkiye  has started to implement a rate of 3 % (CIF) 
anti-dumping duty, if the goods are, which listed above, with the US origin.  
- Domestic Support : No new or updated cotton -related policy developments . 
- Export Competition : No new or updated cotton -related policy developments . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Egypt to the questionnaire circulated on 14 September  2018  
- Market Access conditions : 
• Applied tariffs on cotton 2018 versus Egypt 's Bound tariffs:  
HS Description  Applied tariff  
2015 %  Bound Tariff %  
5201.00  Cotton, not carded or combed  Free 5 
5202.00  Cotton waste (including yarn waste and garnetted stock)    
5202.10  - Yarn waste (including thread waste)  5 5 
 - Other:    
5202.91  - - Garnetted stock  5 5 
5202.99  - - Other  5 5 
5203.00  Cotton, carded or combed  5 5 
 
• Egyptian cotton trade  
 
 2015  2016  2017  Until June 2018  
Quantity 
(tonnes)  VALUE 
(USD 
million)  Quantity 
(tonnes)  VALUE 
(USD 
million)  Quantity 
(tonnes)  VALUE 
(USD 
million)  Quantity 
(tonnes)  VALUE 
(USD 
million)  
Exports  36404.54  90.411261  30565.039  87.5227  32129.719  93.7157  23429.95  72.8173  
Imports  73530.91  146.067  842818.8  147.4436  115912.449  235.629  62904.62  133.43  
 
• Egyptian cotton production (.000 quintals)  
 
2017/2018  2016/2017  2015/2016  Year  
1407  7270  1096  Production  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Colombia to the questionnaire circulated on 24 January 2018 (original reply in 
Spanish)  
The WTO questionnaire requests information on any new or updated cotton -related 
policy  developments.  
Market access : In addition to the duty -free treatment granted by Colombia to its main 
cotton -supplying trading partners, the Colombian Government considered it viable to grant a  15,000 
tonne import quota for 2018, at a zero tariff rate, for uncarded and uncombed cotton under tariff 
subheading 5201.00.30.00 for third countries with which trade agreements have not been 
concluded.  
The quota was opened to help supply domestic industry in the quantities required for industrial 
consumption in 2018, even though the fibre included in this subheading is not produced in the 
country's cotton regions. This measure is pending approval and regulation.  
Domestic support : Owing to the good performance of t he cotton market and the high prices 
recorded in 2016 -2017, the Colombian Government does not envisage implementing any support 
programme for producers, nor does it have any new or recent cotton -related instruments.  
Export competition : Colombia did not app ly any export competition measures.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Angola to the questionnaire circulated on 28  March 2017  
In response to the Secretariat questionnaire, Angola is giving the following information:  
(1)   Market access  
Cotton production in Angola is insignificant. In 2016, the production of cotton fibre ( lint) was 
640 tonnes. For 2017, cotton fibre production is estimated at 68 tonnes. Projected cotton fibre 
production for 2018 is 480 tonnes.  
Prior to the rehabilitation of the national textile industr y, the cotton produced was exported to 
Bangladesh. After the rehabilitation of the textile industry, the cotton produced in the country started 
to sell in the domestic market.  
The national textile industry, composed of three spinning and weaving factories,  has imported cotton 
from Greece and India to meet its needs. This picture will be change with the full re -launch of cotton 
production in the country. The estimated yearly need of the national textile industry is estimated at 
24.000 tonnes of cotton fibre.  
(2)   Domestic support  
In 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture took the first step towards the sustainable re -launch of cotton 
production in the country. This year 212 hectares of land were cultivated. The Ministry of Agriculture 
provided seeds and inputs and assis ted with the preparation of land.  
Banks in Angola are available to finance the cotton value chain, provided entrepreneurs submit 
feasible investment projects.  
The Angolan Executive is committed to mobilizing financial resources for the relaunch of the cott on 
value chain.  
(3)   Export competition  
Angola does not apply any export competition measures.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Burkina Faso to the questionnaire circulated on 28  March 2017 (original reply 
in French)  
There have been no particular changes across the three pillars of market access, domestic support 
and export competition since the 26th round of the WTO Director -General's Consultative Framework 
Mechanism on Cotton. Burkina Faso's cotton -related policy developments are summarized in the 
following table:  
Pillar s Cotton -related policy 
developments  Comments  
Market Access  Nothing to report  Nothing to report  
Domestic Support  Nothing to report  Nothing to report  
Export Competition  Nothing to report  Nothing to report  
 
By way of general comment on Burkina Faso's cotton sector, it is important to point out that for this 
2017/2018  cotton season, the cotton will be grown from 100% conventional cotton seed.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Benin to the questionnaire circulated on 13  September 2016 (original reply in 
French)  
Eager to bring about a significant expansion of the cotton sector in the framework of a public -private 
partnership, the Council of Ministers decided to revive the Framework Agreement between the State 
and the Cotton Trade Association (AIC). Accordingly, th e agreement, which had been suspended on 
23 September  2013, was renewed on 28  April 2016. A number of reforms undertaken by the 
Beninese Government have had a direct or indirect impact on the cotton sector through the three 
pillars of agriculture, i.e. mar ket access, domestic support and export competition.  
(1)   Market access  
One of the aims of the amending finance law adopted in July  2016 and the preliminary draft finance 
law of 2017 is to promote measures to stimulate private investment. Accordingly, since Jul y 2016, 
the registration formalities for the following documents are taxed at 0% : 
• deeds for transfer of movable and immovable property, in connection with the 
improvement of the business climate;  
• credit agreements, in order to reduce the cost of credit tra nsactions.  
Measures were also taken to reduce harassment along the trunk roads.  
Similarly, in connection with the transport of seed cotton from the self -managed markets to the 
processing plants, the Government decided to remove the rehabilitation of rural roads from the 
responsibilities relating to critical functions. The rehabilitation of dirt roads used for cotton is now 
the responsibility of the State.  
(2)   Domestic s upport  
In connection with domestic support, the following new measures have been taken:  
• Revival of the Framework Agreement between the State and the AIC. The introduction of 
domestic price support mechanisms for producers  is now the responsibility of the 
sectoral trade associations in cooperation with the Ministry.  
• Production and agricultural  research capacity -building through the introduction, in 
July 2016, of an agricultural research contribution charged on exports of cotton seed and 
fibre and raw cashew nuts, at a rate of CFAF 10 per kilogram exported.  
• Suspension by the Government of cotton  subsidies (particularly in relation to inputs) as 
from the 2016 -2017 season.  
(3)   Export c ompetition  
The introduction of a framework conducive to agro -industry is at the centre of the interim budget 
for 2016. A public/private partnership law will help to promo te the processing industry and in 
particular the cotton spinning mills.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Mali to the questionnaire circulated on 13  September 2016 (original reply in 
French)  
The following noteworthy developments have occurred since July  2016:  
(1)   Market access  
Aware ness-raising missions along major roads to reduce the number of checkpoints;  
Fact-finding mission to assess the opportunities offered by Mauritania's Autonomous Port . 
(2)   Domestic support  
Signing of a performance contract with the Compagnie Malienne des Textil es (COMATEX  SA) for the 
sourcing of raw materials on preferential terms;  
Payment of VAT abolished (exemption) on the purchase price of cotton seed for the crushing  plants;  
"1,000 tractors" programme: facilitated access to tractors in order to boost domesti c production;  
Signing of a protocol between the National Oil  Mill and Cattle Feed Federation  of Mali (FENAPHAB) 
and stakeholders in the livestock meat subsector in order to provide better access to oil cake and 
other cattle feed.  
(3)   Export c ompetition  
Mali does not grant any cotton export subsidies.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Australia to the questionnaire circulated on 22  February 2016  
 
Cotton Research and 
Development  Research into 
improvements in cotton 
production  AUD 7.729 million for 
2014-15 Australian Government 
Department of Agriculture, 
Water Resources (DAWR)  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Reply from Chad to the questionnaire circulated on 4  February 2015 (original reply in 
French)   
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Chad to the World Trade Organization (WTO) presents its 
compliments to the WTO Secretariat and, further to the Secretariat's correspondence of 
4 February  2015 on relevant trade -related developments for cotton, has the honour to transmit 
herewith details of new cotton -related policy developments that have occurred in Chad since 
January  2014 in relation to the following three pillars:  
(1)   Market a ccess 
Chad has adopted a n action plan with a view to substantially increasing production in its cotton 
sector. This will enable the country to boost exports to the main consumer countries, most notably 
Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Portugal and Germany.  
(2)   Dom estic support  
Despite a  difficult budgetary situation, due to the fall in oil prices which has spread to other raw 
materials and which has played a significant role in slowing down the country's economic growth, 
the Chadian State has fought to maintain its cotton sector, which i s of considerable economic and 
social importance for millions of Chadians. This support, which has a significant impact on priority 
sectors such as education and health, clearly demonstrates the Government's determination to do 
everything possible to ensur e that this important sector does not disappear - something that would 
have disastrous consequences for Chad and its population. This support is consistent with Article  6.2 
of the Agreement on Agriculture.  
(3)   Export competition  
Chad continues to suffer the se vere financial consequences of falling cotton prices due to the unfair 
competition that we are continuously denouncing at the WTO. If all cotton -producing countries were 
on an equal footing in the international market, Chadian cotton would be more competit ive and the 
cotton sector would be making a profit instead of the successive losses recorded in recent years.  
This is a moral issue within the WTO, and as WTO Members we are all responsible for finding a 
solution to this situation, which is unacceptable to  countries like ours.  
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Chad to the World Trade Organization takes this 
opportunity to renew the assurances of its highest consideration to the WTO Secretariat.  
Access to international markets  
The Société Cotonnière d u Tchad (COTONTCHAD) exported 31,700 tonnes of fibre in 2014 and 
envisages export production of 52,000 tonnes of fibre in 2015, i.e. an increase of almost 50%. This 
significant increase is linked to the creation of a business plan that envisages a gradual increase in 
production to 120,000 tonnes of fibre by 2018.  
This business plan was adopted by the Board of Directors, which includes representatives of the 
various Ministers responsible for agricultural policy in general and the development of the cotton 
sector in particular.  
The increase in production has been possible thanks to the support the State has provided by selling 
inputs (fertilizer, insecticides and various other materials) to farmers to increase crop yields, and 
the increase in the purchase pri ce paid to cotton farmers, which is set at 240 CFAF/kg for high -grade 
cotton.  
Cotton is of considerable economic and social importance to Chad. The Chadian government has 
spared no effort to provide financial support to increase cotton production, since th is sector provides 
a livelihood, both directly and indirectly, for almost 3 million people. The cotton sector is the only 
sector that brings large quantities of fresh capital into producing regions. It helps to settle the TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 39 - 
 
  population, and COTONTCHAD SN, whi ch is in charge of purchasing, ginning and marketing, funds 
village associations with a view to the construction of classrooms and family health clinics.  
3756CFAF 20 billion in cash was distributed to farmers in 2014 for the purchase of seed cotton, 
and the company plans to provide CFAF 31 billion in 2015. In anticipation of the increase 
in production in the next two to three years, the Chadian State has committed itself, 
via the Development Bank of Central African States (BDEAC), to a long -term loan of app roximately 
CFAF 30 billion for  COTONTCHAD SN, so as to ensure the renewal and strengthening of logistics and 
industrial infrastructure.  
Due to the lack of cotton processing infrastructure at national and regional level, COTONTCHAD SN 
exports 98% of its pro duction abroad. The main consumer markets are Asian and European 
countries. Although there are no particular restrictions affecting Chad directly, certain domestic 
policies implemented by wealthier countries distort competitiveness. This means that certain  mills, 
while appreciating the intrinsic qualities of Chadian cotton, refrain from buying our cotton when they 
compare its price with the local prices of their own production, which are driven down artificially. 
However, given the much appreciated quality of Chadian cotton, our sales remain steady, despite 
the fall in prices.  
Listed below are the main consumers of Chadian cotton in 2014 and 2015:  
Exports o f Chadian Cotton by Country  
Country  Quantity  (tonnes ) 
2014  Projection for 2015  
Germany  1,500  3,500  
Portugal  2,550  5,200  
Spain  700 1,300  
Italy 200 900 
India 8,300  9,500  
Indonesia  3,380  5,800  
Bangladesh  11,415  18,220  
China  1,850  3,800  
Malaysia  180 680 
Thailand  500 600 
Viet Nam  1,125  2,500  
Total 31,700  52,000  
 
State Domestic Support  
In 2014, the Chadian State budgeted 6.9 billion to support farmers by subsidizing fertilizer. 
For 2015, it budgeted 6.69 billion. Of the amount for 2014, COTONTCHAD SN received 3.5 billion, 
although nothing has yet been paid out under the 2015 budg et due to the country's current economic 
and financial situation, which is particularly difficult.  
This support is consistent with the provisions of Article 6.2 on special and differential treatment for 
the promotion of agriculture and rural areas in low -income countries and the fight against poverty.  
Despite a difficult budgetary situation, due to the drop in oil prices which has spread to other raw 
materials and which has played a significant role in slowing down the country's economic growth, 
the Chadian  State has fought to maintain its cotton sector, which is of considerable economic and 
social importance for millions of Chadians. The State's actions, which have had an important impact 
on priority sectors such as education and health, clearly demonstrate  the Government's TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 40 - 
 
  determination to do everything possible to ensure that this important sector does not disappear - 
something that would have disastrous consequences for Chad and its population.  
Cotton plays a pivotal role in our country's development. It is competitive. And yet it suffers from 
the effects of the massive cotton subsidies provided by certain countries, which have the effect of 
driving down prices on the international market.  
For Chad, the time has come to move on from general statements and engage constructively in 
substantive discussions on the cotton issue. This belief forms the basis of its commitment and 
determination to continue negotiating with other C -4 members at the WTO. Chad remains open to 
any initiatives that might help to find an  acceptable solution to the cotton issue.  
Export Competition  
The massive support provided to farmers in the form of both production and operating subsidies by 
countries such as the United States and China and by the European Union constitute unfair 
competi tion and have been denounced for several years now by the C -4 countries within the WTO 
framework. The least developed countries (LDCs) continue to suffer the severe financial 
consequences of falling cotton prices. If all cotton -producing countries were on an equal footing in 
the international market, African cotton would be more competitive and the cotton sector would be 
making a profit instead of the successive losses recorded in recent years.  
Countries such as the United States and China have introduced m echanisms to help 
the C-4 countries with a view to repairing the harm they have suffered, but these interventions 
amount  to very little when compared with the hundreds of millions of dollars paid to their 
respective  producers.  
What is being demanded by the  C-4 countries in general, and by Chad in particular, is compliance 
with the WTO rules that condemn unfair competition and the artificial driving down of prices, rather 
than the rules on subsidies, which are already well defined and should be limited in te rms of  volume.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 41 - 
 
  Reply from China to the questionnaire circulated on 4  February 20155 
First, China supports C -4's position and their request to solve their problem according to the 
Ministerial Decision on Cotton of December 2013 adopted at MC9. We also support the approach to 
solve the problem of cotton on the basis of the Agriculture Modalities of 2008  (TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4 ). 
We would continue to work together with all Members to find the solution to this issue.  
Second, China's cotton sector is subsistence f arming.  
China is among the largest cotton producers in the world. However, China's production is based on 
small -scale and subsistence farming, and the average acreage of cotton is 0.3 hectare per 
household. Moreover, China's cotton production is located r emotely in the resource -poor and 
underdeveloped ethnic minority areas, serving as the only instrument for local livelihood security 
and poverty reduction.  
After joining the WTO, China's cotton production has shown a declining trend; the cotton acreage 
has diminished from 4.8 million hectares in 2001 to 4.3 million hectares in 2013. The main reason 
for such a decline is the high production cost compared to the lower price of cotton caused by 
subsidies of the developed Members.  
Third, China's cotton subsidie s are at minimal low level.  
China's agriculture support toolbox is short supplied compared to other WTO Members. It has no 
AMS including on cotton, no development box. China is only entitled to de minimis , for which the 
level is also lower than for other d eveloping Members (8.5% versus 10%).  
China's cotton support remains lower both in absolute terms and per capita terms. In absolute terms, 
China's cotton support is US D 480 million. In per capita terms per cotton farmer, China's cotton 
support is only just USD 16. 
Fourth, China's cotton subsidy policy is a passive response.  
China has been the victim to the cotton subsidies by the developed Members. Since its accession 
into the WTO, China's cotton imports surged from 113,000 tonnes to 4.2 million tonnes, whil e the 
cotton acreage actually diminished.  
China's poor subsistence cotton farmers are over 30 million in household, and they will be forced 
out of jobs if the Government does not take the necessary actions. Therefore, the Chinese 
Government has no choice but to subsidize its poor cotton famers to offset the subsidies and 
safeguard the livelihood of those poor famers.  
Fifth, China's cotton subsidy policy does not distort international trade.  
China's temporary cotton reserve policy is designed to offset the turbulence of the volatile 
international market caused by the subsidies of developed Members. This policy does not create 
production distortion or trade distortion. On the production side, China's cotton production does not 
increase in a significant manner . On the import side, China's cotton import continues to increase 
from 2.8 million tonnes in 2010 to 4.2 million tonnes in 2013. If the import on cotton yarn is included, 
the cotton import will be increased from 4.1 million tonnes to 6.5 million tonnes, wh ich provides 
strong incentives for all cotton producers and the developing ones in particular in the context of 
depressed global cotton prices. In addition, the cotton in stock is intended for domestic textile 
industry rather than for export, thus producin g no distortion on international cotton market.  
In the meantime, exports of Chinese textiles are still subject to tariff peaks, tariff escalations and 
other protectionist measures of developed Members, which the developed Members intend to ignore 
through t he so -called recalibration exercise.  
 
5 This reply was provided after the circulation of the second revision of this background paper and is 
included in document TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.2/Add.1 – TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.2/Add.1.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 42 - 
 
  Sixth, China has made significant contribution to resolving the cotton issue.  
China has been the largest cotton importer, and its share in the global cotton import has been 
consistently more than 50%, which creates a lo t of market access for the export developing 
Members.  
China has been extensively importing a large amount of cotton from African cotton -producing 
Members, including the C -4. During the period 2001 to 2013, China's cotton imports from Africa 
increased from 3,700 tonnes to 442,000 tonnes.  
On the development assistance side, China has been committed to providing technical and financial 
assistance to the C -4 to enhance their production and export capacity. China signed cooperation 
Communiqués with the C -4 membe rs in 2011 and 2013, respectively, which cover the supplies of 
agriculture inputs, training courses, technology transfer, etc. In addition, China has also been 
providing various cot ton-related assistance to the C -4 through bilateral channels.  
On the alloca tion of the cotton TRQ  
Regarding the allocation of TRQ of cotton, it is consistent with China's WTO commitment. Another 
related question is about the import exceeding the import qu ota. In addition to the 894,000  tonnes, 
we import more than the TRQ subject  to the sliding duties.  
On China's domestic support notification  
Regarding the notification, China has just updated its domestic support notification up to 2010, and 
preparation for new notifications is underway.  
On China's cotton stock  
Regarding China's c otton stock, the stock is real, as we have imported more cotton than our 
obligation. We import cotton for textile processing, but we are facing a lot of difficulties in the textile 
sector as just mentioned. The other reason for the huge stock is that the p rice for cotton is distorted 
by the subsidies from developed Members.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 43 - 
 
  ANNEX 5  
INFORMATION ON COTTON MARKETS AND POLICIES FROM  
THE TRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISM1 
1.1. At the second dedicated discussion of the relevant trade -related developments for cotton, 
Members agreed that, in order to complement the revised background paper to be prepared by the 
WTO Secretariat , the Secretariat would compile information related to c otton markets and policies 
contained in the most recent T rade Policy Review (TPR)  reports.2 
1.2. The Secretariat searched  the most recent  TPR reports available by Governments  and by  the 
WTO Secretariat for the 3 3 Members3 identified in paragraphs 12 and 13 of this paper . Information 
that met the following  two criteria has been  included in this Annex:  (1) information relevant to cotton 
markets and policies ; and (2) information not presented elsewhere in th is background paper . 
1.3. No relevant information was found  for the following 14 Members :4 Bahrain, Kingdom of 
(April  2014); Canada (June 201 9); Hong Kong, China (November 2018 ); Iceland (October  2017); 
Indonesia (December 2020); Japan ( March  2023); Kenya ( March  2019)5; Kore a, Republic of 
(October  2021); Malaysia ( February  2023); Mexico ( October  2022); New Zealand (Ju ne 2022); 
Norway ( June 2018); Switzerland (May 20 22) and Chinese  Taipei (September  2018). 
1.4. For the remaining  Members, the relevant i nformation found is presented below by Member. The 
date of the most recent TPR report available, as well as the type of report and the document symbol 
for the report , are indicated next to  each Member. No relevant information was found in  the most 
recent Government reports av ailable for these 18  Members .  
1.5. Information is listed along with the headings of the chapters from which it is extracted , and "…" 
represents information left out from a table, a paragraph or a chapter.  
1.6. Information not directly linked to cotton markets and policies but which provides context for 
understanding the above -mentioned information may have also been included  based on the 
Secretariat's own judgement and is without prejudice to information excluded from this Annex.  
 
1 The purpose of the Trade Policy R eview Mechanism ("TPRM") is to contribute to improved adherence 
by all Members to rules, disciplines and commitments made under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, 
where applicable, the Plurilateral Trade Agreements, and hence to the smoother functionin g of the multilateral 
trading system, by achieving greater transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices of 
Members. Accordingly, the review mechanism enables the regular collective appreciation and evaluation of the 
full range of  individual Members' trade policies and practices and their impact on the functioning of the 
multilateral trading system. It is not, however, intended to serve as a basis for the enforcement of specific 
obligations under the Agreements or for dispute settl ement procedures, or to impose new policy commitments 
on Members (Annex 3 (A)(i) of the Marrakesh Agreement).  
2 Paragraph 13 of the Chairperson's report of the second dedicated discussion of the relevant 
trade -related developments for cotton (TN/AG/29 and TN/AG/SCC/3).  
3 The United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union as of 1 February 2020. The European Union 
and the United Kingdom have communicated that, during the transition period, which ended on 
31 December  2020, Union law, with a few limited except ions, continued to be applicable to and in the 
United  Kingdom. For the period until 31 December 2020, the European Union's data also covers the 
United  Kingdom. For the period starting on 1 January 2021, information concerning the European Union covers 
its current 27 member States and the United Kingdom is treated separately.  
4 The date in brackets is that of  the most recent TPR report available.   
5 Joint Trade Policy Review of the East African Community (EAC).  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  AUSTRALIA (MARCH 20 20) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 396) 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture and Fisheries  
4.1.1   Agriculture  
4.1.1.1   Main features  
… 
Australia's agricultural sector produces a wide variety of commodities. Ranked by gross value, the 
most important are cattle and calves, wheat, milk, and wool (Table 4.1). Furthermore, the annual 
production value normally exceeds AUD 1 bil lion also for crops such as fruit and nuts, vegetables, 
barley, canola, cut flowers and the like, cotton and sugar, and livestock items such as lamb, poultry, 
pork, and sheep and sheep meat.  
Table  4.1 - Gross value of production for selected agricultural c ommodities, 2013 -18 
(AUD million)  
 2013/14  2014/15  2015/16  2016/17  2017/18  
…      
Industrial crops       
Cotton  2,004  1,184  1,530  1,934  2,796  
… … … … … … 
Source:  Government, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Commodities September 2019. 
https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research -topics/agricultural -commo dities/sep -2019. 
5 APPENDIX  TABLES  
Table A1 .1 - Merchandise exports by HS sections and main chapters, 2012 -18 
(USD million and %)  
Description  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  
Total exports  256,653  253,714  240,086  187,963  192,280  231,029  257,748   
 (% of total exports)   
… … … … … … … …  
52. Cotton  1.1 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 
… … … … … … … … 
Note:  US dollar totals are obtained using the Australian Bureau of Statistics exchange rate (5368.0).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 
Trade statistical pivot tables.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 45 - 
 
  BANGLADESH (APRIL 2019) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/385)  
Table A1. 2 - Merchandise imports, by HS sections and major HS chapters/subheadings, 
2011 -17 
a. HS section/chapter/subheading  2011/12  2012/13  2013/14  2014/15  2015/16  2016/17  
Total (BDT billion)  2,942.8  3,144.3  2,822.3  3,670.7  3,869.3  4,712.5  
Total (US D million)  37,205.4  39,336.8  36,313.0  47,257.4  49,439.9  59,562.0  
  (% of total imports)  
… … … … … … … 
 5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  5.3 5.8 6.4 5.0 4.6 4.7 
… … … … … … … 
Note:  Totals differ from imports by selected origins, shown in Table A1.4, because the totals in this table 
were taken from Bangladesh Bank online information.  
Source:  WTO calculations, based on online data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 46 - 
 
  BRAZIL ( NOVEMBER 2022) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 432/REV.1 ) 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries  
4.1.4   Domestic support  
4.1.4.2   Minimum p rice guarantees  
 
4.40.  During the review period, Brazil maintained unchanged its 1966 policy of guaranteed 
minimum prices (PGPM), an important pillar of its agricultural policy. The basic element of this policy 
remains the regionally -set minimum guarantee d prices that cover a broad range of crops from rice, 
wheat, maize, cotton, and soybeans, to regional crops like cassava, beans, açaí, guaraná, and sisal, 
as well as a few livestock products like cow and goat milk and honey (Table 4.6). On the basis of 
these minimum guaranteed prices, the Government implements several price support mechanisms 
(Table  4.6), including direct government purchases (AGF); premiums to commercial buyers who pay 
minimum prices to supply producers (PEP, VEP); and public and private o ptions contracts backed by 
private risk premium options (COV, PROP, PEPRO). In addition to these programmes, producers 
receive various reduced -interest marketing loans that enable them to withhold the sale of a product 
in anticipation of a higher market pr ice (FPPG, FEPM, and FEE below). The state -owned National 
Food Supply Agency (CONAB) operates both the AGF set by the MAPA Secretary of Agricultural Policy 
(SPA) for commercial and small -scale farms, and the equivalent programme set by the Secretariat 
for Family Farming and Cooperatives for small -scale agriculture (PAA, Section 4.1.4.3) as well as 
the minimum prices programme for family farms (PGPAF programme). The CONAB operates these 
programmes on behalf of MAPA. Guaranteed prices for small -scale farmers are based on the average 
regional production cost of family farms.  
Table 4.1 - Price support programmes, FY2019/20  
Price support programme/description  
Regulated by Decree No.  57,391, 12 December  1965, and Decree -Law No.  79, 19  December  1966. The PGPM 
fixes minimum guaranteed prices annually for some of Brazil's main crops. Prices are promulgated by the 
National Monetary Council (CMN) through Ordinances. Ordinance No.  854, 20  August  2014, fixes minimum 
prices for a number of products for the 2014/15 summer harvest. When determining minimum prices, the 
CMN takes into account production costs in the different regions, as well as several factors affecting domestic 
and international market p rices. The PGPM is implemented through credit lines (EGF and LEC) and 
commercialization instruments (AGF, PEP, VEP, PEPRO, COV and PROP; see below).  
The AGF allows producers and cooperatives to sell their products to the CONAB at a guaranteed minimum 
price, so as to support farmers' income stability and form public stocks. The instrument is applied on specific 
products and regions, for up to 100% of a farmer's production. Products purchased under the AGF must be 
stored in warehouses accredited by the CONAB . 
The CONAB grants an equalization premium to wholesalers who agree to pay farmers a reference price. The 
premium is determined in public auctions and generally reflects the difference between the reference price 
and the market price. In addition to guara nteeing minimum prices for producers, the PEP is used to shift the 
supply of agricultural products across regions, so as to avoid shortages and prevent the accumulation of 
stocks. In theory, all products included in the PGPM can participate in the PEP; how ever, the programme has 
been used for only a few products so far, mainly cotton, corn, wheat, sisal, beans, rice, and wine.  
As in the PEP, the VEP consists of payments of equalization premiums to buyers who agree to pay a minimum 
price to agricultural pro ducers. The premiums are also determined in public auctions. However, in contrast 
with the PEP, where wholesalers acquire products from private stocks, the VEP is used to dispose of 
government stocks.  
The Government offers option contracts to producers an d cooperatives through public auctions. Winning 
bidders acquire the right to sell their products to the Government at a future date, for a predetermined 
"execution price" (a minimum price plus storage and financial costs). If the execution price is lower t han the 
market price on the due date, the option contract is not used. When it deems convenient, the Government 
may transfer its obligation to buy to another party. The scheme may be used for any product covered by the 
PGPM.  
Similar to the COV; the main d ifference is that the offer of option contracts comes from private entities. To 
limit the private -sector risk, the Government offers a risk premium. The value of the premium is determined 
in public auctions, with a maximum price set by the Government. Winn ing bidders are those willing to accept 
the lowest premium value.  
This scheme offers producers and cooperatives the possibility to sell their product at a premium, equal to the 
difference between reference and market prices, fixed through an auction. In c ontrast to the PEP, premiums 
are paid directly to producers.  
Note:  The use and costs of these programmes were unavailable . 
Source:  MAPA, based  on CONAB data.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  5  APPENDIX TABLES  
Table A1. 1 - Merchandise exports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading, 
2017 -21 
HS Section/chapters/subheadings  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total exports (USD billion)  215.0  231.9  221.1  209.2  280.8  
 (% of total exports)  
 … … … … … … 
11 Textiles and textile articles  1.1 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.6 
 52 Cotton  0.7 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.3 
 … … … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database.  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  CHINA ( OCTOBER  2021) - SECRETARIAT REPORT ( WT/TPR/S/ 415) 
SUMMARY  
… 
 
China's state trading enterprises have the exclusive right to import or export the following products: 
wheat, maize, sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton, crude and processed oil, refined coal, chemical fertilizers, 
tungsten and tungstate products, antimony, and s ilver.  
 
… 
 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports   
3.2.3   Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
Table  3.12 - Products subject to export quotas and licensing, 2020  
Products  Type of management  Comment  
Products subject to quotas and licensing    
Wheat, maize, rice, cotton, and coal  Export quota (licence)  The export quota is allocated by the 
NDRC and the licence issued by 
MOFCOM.  
… … … 
Source:  MOFCOM Announcement No.  47, 2019; and MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No.  66, 2019.  
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.3   Sanitary and phytosanitary requirement  
3.3.3.3   Inspection and quarantine  
 
The Law on Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine and its Implementing Regulations  regulate 
the inspection of animals, plants, and related products that enter, exit, or transit through China; 
containers, packing materials, and bedding materials that contain or carry animals, plants, and 
related products; and means of transport from anim al/plant epidemic or infected areas. The 
Catalogue of Entry -Exit Commodities Subject to Inspection and Quarantine list all the imports and 
exports subject to statutory inspection by the entry and exit inspection and quarantine authorities 
prior to their co mmercialization (or exit) into (from) China. The current catalogue is contained in 
GACC Announcement No.  220, 2019.6 During the review period, the GACC issued revised measures 
for the supervision and/or inspection and/or quarantine of imports (and exports ) of various products, 
including cultivation media; fruit; aquatic products, feed, and feed additives; cereals; genetically 
modified products; meat products, food, dairy products, and aquatic animals; propagation materials 
for entry plants; animals and pla nts; genetic materials of animals; cotton; and non -edible animal 
products.7 
3.3.3.4   Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)  
China has so far approved the certificates of import safety only for the following genetically 
engineered crops for processing as ra w materials: soybeans, corn, rapeseed, cotton, beets, and 
papayas, and their products. …  
 
6 GACC Announcement No.  220, 2019. Viewed at: 
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2811876/index.html . 
7 GACC Decrees No.  240 and No.  243, 2018.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries  
4.1.2   Agriculture  
4.1.2.1   Features and market development  
Table  4.2 - Agricultural production, 2015 -19 
 Value of production 
of agriculture and 
animal husbandry  Cerealsa Pork  Poultry  Fruits  Vegetables  Cotton  
CNY million        
2015 8,285,466  1,418,998  1,285,965  739,547  961,309  2,009,154  104,142  
2016 8,612,106  1,429,738  1,413,344  777,516  929,945  1,851,000  79,010  
2017 8,742,095  1,473,846  1,296,611  732,987  1,049,366  1,871,516  81,162  
2018 9,015,000  1,460,160  1,120,265  816,272  1,102,956  2,037,395  81,216  
2019 9,913,080  1,479,773  1,320,716  959,815  1,243,312  2,175,413  77,934  
'000 tonnes        
2015 .. 618,184  56,454  19,195  245,246  664,251  5,907  
2016 .. 616,665  54,255  20,017  244,052  674,342  5,343  
2017 .. 615,205  54,518  19,817  252,419  691,927  5,653  
2018 .. 610,036  54,037  19,937  256,884  703,467  6,103  
2019 .. 613,697  42,553  22,386  274,008  703,467  5,889  
.. Not available.  
a Main cereals produced are rice, wheat, and corn.  
Source:  National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at: 
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 
14 September  2018; and data provided by the authorities.  
Chart 4.1 - Value of production of agriculture an d animal husbandry, 2009 -19 
 
Source:  National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at: 
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; and data provided by the  authorities.  
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Other
Cotton
Vegetables
Fruit and nuts
Poultry
Pork
CerealsChart 4.[CHN] Value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry, 2009 -19
Source: National Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the authorities.CNY trillionTN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 50 - 
 
  Chart  4.2 - Volume of production, 2009 -19 
 
Source:  National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at: 
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; and data provided by the authorities.  
Table  4.3 - Agricultural exports and imports, 2015 -20 
  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  
Exportsa (USD million)  50,425.8  52,491.7  54,576.6  57,619.8  58,490.6  57,486.6  
… … … … … … … 
Importsa (USD million)  108,526.1  102,992.2  115,441.9  123,793.3  132,583.1  157,424.1  
 % of total imports  5.8 6.5 6.5 6.3 5.8 6.4 
 Growth rate (%)  -5.1 -5.1 12.1 7.2 7.1 18.7 
Top 10 imports at HS 4 -digit level (% of total)  
 1201 Soya beans  32.1 33.0 34.3 30.8 26.7 25.1 
0203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or 
frozen  1.3 3.1 1.9 1.7 3.4 7.5 
 0202 Meat of bovine animals, frozen  2.1 2.4 2.6 3.8 6.0 6.2 
1901 Food preparations of cereals, flour 
or milk  2.7 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.4 3.7 
 1511 Palm oil and its fractions  3.4 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.1 2.6 
 0810 Fresh fruit, n.e.s. in chapter 8  1.8 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.6 
 2106 Food preparations, n.e.s.  1.2 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.5 
 5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  2.4 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.3 
0207 Meat of poultry, fresh, chilled or 
frozen  0.9 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.2 
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or 
containing added sugar  1.4 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.1 
a WTO definition.  
Note:  Top 10 agricultural exports and imports by HS 4 -digit level are sorted by the year 2020.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on trade figures from UN Comtrade database.  
4.1.2.2   Legal and institutional framework  
The Government is responsible for establish ing the general agricultural policy framework and the 
rules for its implementation. As part of the Government's restructuring in 2018, various institutional 
changes were made. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) was renamed the Ministry of Agriculture and 
Rural Affairs (MARA) and falls under the responsibility of the State Council. Its priorities are 
resolution of the "three -rights" issues (Section 4.1.2.1), agricultural and rural development, 
implementation of the rural revitalization strategy (Section 4.1.2 .3), promotion of agricultural 
upgrading, farmer development, and acceleration of agricultural and rural modernization. MARA took 
over the responsibilities of the MOA, as well as the management responsibilities for the agricultural 
investment projects of t he National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the 
comprehensive agricultural development projects of the Ministry of Finance, the farmland investment 
projects of the Ministry of Land and Resources, and the farmland water conservancy construction 
projects of the Ministry of Water Resources. T he National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration 
(NAFRA) was also established under the purview of the NDRC, with a view to strengthening the 
overall planning and building of a unified national material res erves system, enhancing the 
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019708090100110120130140150
 Cereals
 Pork
 Poultry
 Fruit
 CottonChart 1.[CHN]  Volume of production, 2009 -2019
Source:  National Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the authorities.Index (2008=100)TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 51 - 
 
  supervision and management of the central grain and cotton reserves, and improving the national 
reserve's capacity to respond to emergencies. The NAFRA is responsible for: (i)  implementing the 
purchase, storage, rotation, and ma nagement of emergency reserves in accordance with the overall 
development plan and the catalogue of the national reserves system; (ii)  constructing and managing 
related infrastructure; and (iii)  supervising and inspecting government and enterprise reserves  and 
the implementation of the reserve policies. It is also responsible for industry guidance of grain 
distribution and administrative management of the central reserves of grain and cotton. … 
4.1.2.4   Policy instruments  
4.1.2.4.1   Border measures  
… 
China continues to make us e of tariff rate quotas (T RQs), which are administered through import 
licences (Section 3.1.5).8 Except for uncombed cotton, in -quota and out -of-quota tariff rates are ad 
valorem . China applies an interim rate in the form of a sliding duty to a certain am ount of uncombed 
cotton (HS  5201.0000) imported out of quota, with the sliding duty rate capped at 40% (i.e. the 
bound rate for cotton). Taking 2021 as an example, the sliding duty rate in the year depends on the 
base price (CNY  14/kg). If the dutiable val ue of the cotton imported is equal to or higher than the 
base price, a specific duty of CNY  0.28/kg is levied, and if the import price is lower than the base 
price, an ad valorem  rate based on the sliding -scale duty formula applies . … 
… 
The NDRC is responsible for allocating TRQs for grains and cotton, and MOFCOM allocates the rest. 
Some products subject to TRQs (i.e. grains, cotton, and sugar) are also subject to state trading. In 
these cases, one part of the quota is allocated to state trading ente rprises and the other part to 
other enterprises. The administration methods of the TRQs as described by China in its notification 
to the WTO remained unchanged.9 
The importation of grain (wheat, maize, and rice), sugar, tobacco, and cotton is subject to state 
trading.10 
… 
4.1.2.4.2   Measures affecting exports  
… 
Exports of cotton, rice, maize, and tobacco are subject to state trading.11 These products, except for 
tobacco, are also subject to export quotas, which are managed by the NDRC and MOFCOM, and are 
allocated only to state trading enterprises. Wheat is also subject to export quotas (Table  4.6). 
Table 4.6 - Agricultural products subject to export quotas and licensing in 2020  
Products  Type of licence  Comment  
Goods subject to quota and licensing  
Rice, maize, wheat, and cotton  Export quota 
licence  The quota is allocated by the 
NDRC and MOFCOM, and the 
licence is issued by MOFCOM.  
Live cattle and swine (for export to Hong Kong, China and 
Macao, China); live chicken for export to Hong Kong, China; 
and flour of maize rice and wheat  Export quota 
licence  The quota is allocated by 
MOFCOM.  
Goods subject to licensing    
Live cattle and swine (for markets other than Hong Kong, 
China or Macao, China) and chicken (for markets other than 
Hong Kong, China) and  frozen and chilled beef, pork, and 
chicken meat  Export licence  A licence is granted if the 
exporter has the relevant 
export contract.  
Source:  Information provided by the authorities.  
 
8 WTO document G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020.  
9 WTO document G/AG/N/CHN/2, 25 September 2003, Table MA:1.  
10 WTO documents G/STR/N/16/CHN and G/STR/N/17/CHN, 24 July 2018. The period covered by the 
notification is 2015 -17. The authorities confirm that this remains the case as at early 2021.  
11 WTO documents G/STR/N/16/CHN and G/STR/N/ 17/CHN, 24 July 2018.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  COLOMBIA (JUNE 2018 ) - SECRET ARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/372 ) 
SUMMARY  
… 
 
… Colombia promotes the use of Price Stabilization Funds (FEPs) in order to deal with fluctuations in 
world prices for certain agricultural products. The resources for these funds come from parafiscal 
charges, mainly charges levied on producers which remain outside the national budget and are 
reinvested by the private sector in programmes of benefit to the activity from which they are 
sourced. In 2017, there were FEPs for cotton, sugar, cocoa, meat, milk and products thereof; and 
palm oil.  
 
… 
 
3  TRADE POLICI ES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1  Measures directly affecting imports  
3.1.3   Tariffs  
3.1.3.5   Tariff concessions  
 
… 
 
Given the insufficient level of domestic cotton production and in order to boost the textiles and 
clothing sector, through Decrees No.  2.530 of 12  December  2014 and No.  1.347 of 22  August  2016 
the Government temporarily authorized the use of zero tariff quotas on cotton imports for a specified 
number of tonnes according to industry needs. …  
 
… 
 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture, forestry and fisheries  
4.1.3   Domestic support, subsidies and other support schemes   
 
… 
Colombia makes use of price stabilization mechanisms in order to deal with fluctuations in world 
prices for certain agricultural products. The Price Sta bilization Funds (FEPs), created by Law No.  101 
of 1993, are intended to guarantee producers' incomes, regulate domestic production, and prevent 
price speculation, in addition to promoting agricultural exports. The resources for these funds come 
from paraf iscal charges: these are charges levied on producers which remain outside the national 
budget and are reinvested by the private sector in programmes of benefit to the activity from which 
they are sourced. In 2017, there were FEPs for cotton, sugar, cocoa, meat, milk and products 
thereof; and palm oil.12 Each FEP has a Steering Committee, composed of producers and officials 
from the National Government, which establishes the methodology for calculating a reference price 
based on the most representative inter national market quotation for each product. Producers and/or 
exporters make "transfers" to the respective FEP when the market price falls below the reference 
price, or receive compensation from the FEP when the price is above the reference price.  
… 
Pursuan t to Article 7 of Law No.  101 of 1993, the Government may provide selective and temporary 
incentives or support to producers, for agricultural production, protecting rural income and 
maintaining peace. In this context, the Guaranteed Minimum Price  (PMG) sc heme for cotton protects 
Colombian farmers' incomes from fluctuations in international prices by offering compensation for 
the price differential between market prices (New York Exchange) and a minimum guaranteed price 
 
12 The F EP for cotton, which is managed by the Colombian Cotton Confederation (CONALGODON); the 
FEP for centrifugal sugars, molasses obtained by extracting or refining sugar, and sugar syrups, managed by 
the Colombian Sugar Cane Growers' Association (ASOCAÑA); the  FEP for cocoa, managed by the National 
Federation of Cocoa Growers (FEDECACAO); the FEP for promoting the export of meat, milk and products 
thereof, managed by the Colombian Cattle Breeders' Federation (FEDEGAN); and the FEP for palm kernel oil, 
palm oil and fractions thereof, managed by the National Federation of Palm Oil Producers (FEDEPALMA).  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 53 - 
 
  per tonne of lint. In 2016, the MADR allocated C OL$8,920  million of resources to protect growers' 
incomes by granting indemnities to cotton farmers in respect of the two harvests in 2016, for a total 
of 12,968 tonnes of lint marketed. The PMG policy agreed with the Government expired in 2017 and 
the scheme ceased to operate. …  
4.1.4   Financing and insurance  
4.1.4.5   Other financing schemes  
 
In addition to the loan programmes implemented by FINAGRO and the support given by the FAG, 
the sector is supported by other schemes, too, such as the Ag ricultural Development Fund and the 
Agricultural Solidarity Fund (FONSA).  
FONSA, created by Law No.  302 of 1996, partially amended by Law No.  1.731 of 2014, is an MADR 
fund, administered by FINAGRO, whose purpose is to provide economic support to small -scale 
agricultural producers and fishermen to tackle and partially or fully alleviate their debts when in the 
course of their activities they encounter crisis situations which severely affect crops or the quality, 
volume and marketing of agricultural products . Law No.  1.694 of 2013 and its regulations in Decree 
No. 355 of 2014 expanded the scope of the Fund to encompass instances of significant and sustained 
variations in prices of agricultural products or inputs that cause severe and sustained falls in income  
for producers. Up to 2017, producers of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar cane, bulb onion, beans, milk, 
maize, oil palm and potatoes benefited from FONSA on account of falling prices.13 
… 
 
13 Under Law No.  1.731 of 2014, for the purposes of FONSA small producers are considered to be 
natural persons: (a) whose total assets do not exceed 250 SMLMVs; (b)  no less than two thirds of whose 
income stems from agricultural and/or fishing activity or who have at least 75% of their assets invested in the 
agricultural sector. Medium -sized producers for FONSA purposes are natural persons with total assets not 
excee ding 700 SMLMVs. MADR (2017), Memorias al Congreso de la República, 2016 -2017. Viewed at: 
https://www.minagricultura.gov.co/planeacion -control -
gestion/Gestin/MEMORIAS%20AL%20CONGRESO%20DE%20LA%20REPUBLICA/Memorias_al_Congreso_de_la
_Republica_%202016_2017.pdf . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 54 - 
 
  EGYPT (FEBRUARY 2018 ) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 367) 
SUMMARY  
… 
 
… It has also discouraged the production of crops that use water intensively, such as cotton and 
sugar. … 
 
… 
 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE   
3.1  Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.5   Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures  
3.1.5.3   Safeguards   
 
… 
Since its last TPR in 2005, Egypt has initiated 14 safeguard investigations, imposed provisional 
measures in all of them and final safeguard measures on three products: blankets, steel rebar, 
cotton and mixed yarns (Table 3.19). Alt hough few final measures were adopted, the application of 
provisional measures could have acted as a deterrent to trade.  
Table 3.19 - Safeguard measures imposed, 2005 -June 2017  
Product  Countries 
concerned  Domestic legal 
instrument  Imposed duties 
(c.i.f. ba sis) Notification  Situation 
as at 
30/06/1 7 
… … … … … … 
Cotton and 
mixed yarns 
(other than 
sewing 
threads)  All Ministerial Decree 
No. 19/2009  25% of c.i.f. 
value for a 
period of one 
year or not less 
than US D 1/kg  Duties 
eliminated 
by Decree 
336/2009  
Woven 
cotton or 
mixed yarns  All Ministerial Decree 
No. 20/2009  25% of c.i.f. 
value for one 
year period or 
not less than 
USD 1/kg  Duties 
eliminated 
by Decree 
336/2009  
… … … … … … 
Cotton and 
mixed yarns 
(other than 
sewing 
threads)  All Ministerial Decree 
No. 736/2011  
(provisional) 
Ministerial Decree 
No. 589/2012 
(definitive)  3.33 LE/kg  for 
200 days 
(provisional)  
LE 3.48 kg from 
18/7/2012 until 
30/12/2012, and 
LE 3.13/kg from 
31/12/2012 until 
30/12/2013, and 
LE 2/kg from 
31/12/2013 until  
30/12/2014  G/SG/N/6/EGY/5,   
5 December 2011  
G/SG/N/7/EGY/5/Suppl .1, 
24 September  2012 
G/SG/N/7/EGY/4 , G/SG/N/11/EGY/4,  
9 January 2012  
G/SG/N/6/EGY/6 , G/SG/N/7/EGY/5 , 
G/SG/N/11/EGY/3,  
5 March 2012  
G/SG/N/8/EGY/6 , G/SG/N/10/EGY/6 , 
G/SG/N/11/ EGY/5,  
20 July 2012 
G/SG/N/8/EGY/6/Corr.1 , 
G/SG/N/10/EGY/6/Corr.1 , 
G/SG/N/11/EGY/5/Corr.1,  
8 August  2012 Duties 
expired on 
30/12/2014  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 55 - 
 
  Product  Countries 
concerned  Domestic legal 
instrument  Imposed duties 
(c.i.f. ba sis) Notification  Situation 
as at 
30/06/1 7 
Woven 
cotton or 
mixed yarns  All Ministerial Decree 
No. 116/2012 
(provisional)  10% of c. i.f. 
value and not 
less than 
LE 3.33/kg  G/SG/N/6/EGY/5,  
5 December 2011  
G/SG/N/7/EGY/5/Suppl.1, 
24 September  2012 
G/SG/N/7/EGY/4 , G/SG/N/11/EGY/2, 
9 January 2012  
G/SG/N/6/EGY/6 , G/SG/N/7/EGY/5 , 
G/SG/N/11/EGY/3,  
5 March 2012  
G/SG/N/8/EGY/6 , G/SG/N/10/EGY/6 , 
G/SG/N/11/EGY/5,  
20 July 2012 
G/SG/N/8/EGY/6/Corr.1 , 
G/SG/N/10/EGY/6/Corr.1 , 
G/SG/N/11/EGY/5/Corr.1,  
8 August 2012  Duties 
eliminated 
by Decree 
693/2012  
… … … … … … 
Source:   Ministry of Trade and Industry and WTO notifications.  
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture and Fisheries  
4.1.1   Agriculture  
4.1.1.1   Main features  
 
… 
Table 4.2 describes land use by crops between 2005 and 2016. The use of land for the production 
of wheat has increased, by some 12%, and so has the use of land for the production of maize, by 
14.4%, while for sugar beet it has risen by more than 235% . On t he other hand, land dedicated to 
the production of sugar cane has remained stable, while there has been a decline in areas used to 
grow rice mainly in order to rationalize the use of irrigation water. The land use for cotton has also 
declined.  
Table 4.2 - Land use by crop, 2005 -16 
(Thousand feddansa) 
Crop   2005  2006  2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  
…  … … … … … … … … … … … … 
Cotton   657 536 575 313 284 369 520 333 287 369 241 131 
a 1 feddan is equivalent to 0.42 hectares.  
Source:  Information provided by the authorities.  
Table 4.3 describes the evolution of the production of the most important agricultural crops in Egypt 
between 2005 and 2016. As can be seen, the production of sugar beet has almost quadrupled during 
the peri od; the production of wheat has increased by 15%, and the production of meat, fruit and 
vegetables has also followed an upward path. However, during the period, Egypt has experienced a 
decline in the production of some traditional crops such as cotton and rice. 
  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 56 - 
 
  Table 4.3 - Agricultural outputs, 2005 -16 
('000 tonnes)  
 2005  2006  2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  
… … … … … … … … … … … … … 
Cotton lint  202 602 222 364 95 137 181 109 94 113 160 114 
… … … … … … … … … … … … … 
Source:  Information provided by the authorities . 
Table A3. 4 - Egypt's notifications to the SPS Committee, 2005 -November 2017  
Agency 
responsible  Legal basis  Description  Date  Notification  
… … … … … 
CAPQ   Import requirements of cotton lint  5 January 2011  G/SPS/N/EGY/42  
… … … … … 
Note:  GOVS stands for General Organization for Veterinary Services; CAPQ stands for Central 
Administration of Plant Quarantine; EOS stands for Egyptian Organization for Standardization; MALR 
stands for Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation and NFSA  stands  for National Food Safety 
Authority.  
Source:  Ministry of Trade and Industry and WTO notifications.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  EUROPEAN UNION ( JUNE  2023) - SECRETARIAT REPORT ( WT/TPR/S/ 442) 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture and Fisheries  
4.1.3  Domestic Support   
4.1.3.1   Direct payments  
 
g)  Voluntary coupled support (VCS) and payments for cotton  
4.41.  All member States, except Germany, apply the VCS scheme, a production -limiting scheme 
applying annual payments based on fixed areas and yields or on a fixed number of animals.14 On 
average, member States allocate around 11% of their national ceiling to this scheme, with a number 
of member States reviewing this allocation during the review period as permitted following changes 
outlined in the previous Review. However, th e levels of support allocated to the scheme have not 
changed fundamentally from the previous Review, with 10  member States still allocating the 
maximum percentage allowed (13%), three having received a Commission approval to exceed this 
maximum, and Malta using a derogation allowing member States to use up to EUR  3 million for the 
scheme, resulting in 57.2% of its national envelope being allocated to the scheme in 2022. As 
in 2021, 11  member States made use of the option to apply an additional top -up of up to 2% for 
protein crops to increase their VCS ceiling of 13% (+2%) in 2022 (Table  4.4).15 
4.42.  … 
4.43.  In addition to the VCS scheme, the European  Union continued to provide payments for cotton 
in Bulgaria, Greece, and Spain. Payments are limited to a maximum base ar ea and are calculated 
using a fixed yield and reference amounts (lower in 2021 and 2022, compared to 2020).16 
 
14 Regulation 1307/2013, Article  52.  
15 European Commission (2021), Direct Payments 2015 -2021 – Decisions taken by Member States: 
State of Play as from June  2021. 
16 The reference amounts declined , in EUR/ha, for Bulgaria from 649.15 to 636.13, for Greece from 
234.18 to 229.37, for Portugal from 228.00 to 223.32, and for Sp ain from 362.15 to 354.73. See 
Regulation  1307/2013, Article  58. TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  INDIA (J ANUARY 2021) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 403/REV.1 ) 
 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports  
3.2.2   Taxes, charges, and levies  
The Second Schedule of India's Customs Tariff Act lists all goods that are subject to export taxes. 
The Schedule lists some 50 products at the HS four -, six-, or eight -digit level, including basmati rice,  
coffee, tea, sugar, specified ores, raw wool and cotton, and iron -related products. However, at 
present, most of these products bear a duty of 0%; export taxes apply solely to some minerals and 
hides, skins and leather (Table 3.16)  … 
3.3  Measures Affecti ng Production and Trade  
3.3.4   Competition policy and price controls  
3.3.4.2   Price control  
India continues to control the price of some crops to ensure that farmers can sell at a minimum 
support price (MSP) and to procure food for the public distribution  system (PDS). In 2019, 24 crops 
were subject to MSPs (Table 3.34). MSPs are established before the two planting/sowing seasons 
(i.e. kharif and rabi) by the Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare (DAC&FC), 
following recommendations mad e by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).  MSPs 
are set for the country as a whole; however, since the variables used to determine MSPs, specifically 
the production costs, may vary from state to state, the CACP uses an all -India weighted  average 
cost of production when making its recommendations to establish the MSPs.17 An extra payment 
(bonus) above the MSPs, may also be given to encourage farming of certain crops in certain years 
(e.g. oilseeds and pulses 2016/17 )18; in 2019/20, no bonu ses were paid.19 
Table 3.34 - Crops subject to minimum support prices, 2019/20  
Kharif crops  Arhar; bajra; cotton; groundnuts (in shell); jowar; maize; moong; niger  seed; paddy; 
ragi; sesame; soyabeans (yellow); sunflower seeds; and urad  
Rabi crops  Barley; gram; masur (lentils); rapeseed/mustard seeds; safflower seeds; toria; and 
wheat  
Other crops  Copra; de -husked coconut; and jute  
Source:  DAC&FC, Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Kharif Crops of 2019 -20 Season . Viewed at: 
http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/MSP_2019 -20%20%28English%29.pdf . 
Farmers may sell to central and state procurement agencies at MSPs20, or on the open market when 
market prices are higher. If market prices fall below the MSPs, the states/UTs may implement three 
schemes: (i) the Price Support Scheme (PSS); (ii) the Price Deficiency Payment System (PDPS); 
and (iii) the Pilot of Private Procurement and Stockist Scheme (PPPS).  
The PSS applies to some crops subject to MSPs, if they comply with "fair a verage quality" norms. 
This Scheme is in place to ensure that farmers may sell their produce at the MSPs. Under the PSS, 
procurement agencies purchase at the MSP.21 The Scheme is fully financed by the Central 
 
17 CACP, Determinants of MSP . Viewed at: http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/content.aspx?pid=62 . 
18 Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1589, 25 July 2017 . Viewed at: 
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/growth%20of%20farm%20income.pdf . 
19 MSPs are published online CACP, Determ inants of MSP . Viewed at: 
http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/content.aspx?pid=62 ; Farmers' Portal, Minimum Support Prices. Viewed at: 
https://farm er.gov.in/mspstatements.aspx ; DAC&FW, Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for Kharif Crops of 
2019-20 season. Viewed at: http://agricoop.nic.in/recent initiatives/minimum -support -pricesmsps -kharif -crops -
2019-20-season ; and DAC&FW, Minimum Support Prices of Rabi Crops of 2019 -20 season to be marketed in 
2019-20. Viewed at: http://www.agricoop.nic.in/recentinitiatives/minimum -support -price-rabi-crops -2018-19-
season -be-marketed -2019-20. 
20 Central procurement agencies are the Central Warehousing Corporation, the Cotton Corporation o f 
India, the Food Corporation of India, the Jute Corporation of India, the National Agricultural Cooperative 
Marketing Federation of India, the National Consumer Cooperative Federation of India, and the Small Farmers 
Agro Consortium.  
21 OECD/ICRIER (2018), Trends and Evaluation of Agricultural Policies in India, Agricultural Policies in 
India, OECD Publishing. Viewed at: https://www.oecd -ilibrar y.org/agriculture -and-food/agricultural -policies -in-
india_9789264302334 -en. TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  Government.22 During the period under review, t he list of crops covered by the PSS was revised, 
and the maximum statutory quantity that may be procured was increased (Table  3.35).  
Table  3.35 - Changes to the Price Support Scheme (PSS) over the review period  
 2014 Guidelines  2018 Guidelines  
MSP crops covered by the PSS  Cotton, oilseeds, and pulses  Copra, oilseeds, and pulses  
MSP crops not covered by the PSS  Copra, coarse grains, de -husked 
coconut, jute, paddy, and wheat  Cotton, coarse grains, de-husked 
coconut, jute, paddy, and wheat  
Duration of the PSS  Maximum 90 days (term may be 
extended)  Maximum 90 days; 6 months for 
copra (terms may be extended)  
Daily procurement threshold  50 kg per day and per farmer  50 kg per day and per farmer  
Maximum procurement quantity  25% of the product ion 40% of the production  
Support granted to encourage 
procurement  Exemption of the states' mandi taxa and 
logistic arrangements  Exemption of all states' taxes and 
logistic arrangements  
a A fee on the sale and purchase of agricultural produce.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat, based on Guidelines for Price Support Scheme (PSS) (Oilseeds, Pulses and Cotton), 
2014. Viewed at: http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/PSS%20GUIDELINES%20final.pdf ; and 
Amended Guidelines for Price Support Scheme (PSS) (Pulses, Oilseeds and Copra) under PM -AASHA, 
2018. Viewed at: http://fci.gov.in/app/webroot/upload/Procurement/PSS%20Guidelines.pdf . 
The PDPS and the PPPS are two new schemes introduced in 2018/19. The PDPS is an alternative to 
the PSS. Under this System, the Government does not purchase ; a cash transfer equal to the 
difference between the market price and the MSP is made to the farmers.23 Under the PPPS, an 
alternative to the PSS and the PDPS, private procurement agencies purchase, at the MSP price, 
directly from farmers.24 The private p rocurement agencies are compensated by a maximum of 15% 
of the MSP of its services; thus, the private agency bears some of the losses associated with the 
Scheme.  
The Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is implemented on request by the states/UTs, when there is 
a decrease in prices caused by a bumper crop. The MIS applies to perishable crops for which there 
is no MSP. It is implemented if there is a 10% decrease in market price or a 10% increase in 
production over the previous year. Under the MIS, perish able crops are purchased by procurement 
agencies at a pre -determined market intervention price that covers production costs. The MIS is 
implemented for a specific period or until the market prices stabilize (whichever is earlier).25 
… 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture  
Table  4.1 - Agriculture, selected indicators, 2013 -19 
 
2013/14  2014/15  2015/16  2016/17  2017/18  2018/19  
GDP at constant 
(2011/12 prices, 
growth rate %)a 5.6 -0.2 0.6 6.3 5.0 2.7 
Agriculture as share 
of current GDP (%)  18.6 18.2 17.7 17.9 17.2 16.0 
Major agricultural production (million tonnes)b 
… … … … … … … 
 
22 Amended Guidelines for Price Support Scheme (PSS) (Pulses, Oilseeds and Copra) under PM -AASHA,  
2018. Viewed at: http://fci.gov.in/app/webroot/upload/Procurement/PSS%20Guidelines.pdf . 
23 Department of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Guideline for PDPS . Viewed at: 
http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20PDPS.pdf ; and CACP (2018), Price Policy for Kharif 
Crops: The Marketing Season 2018 -19. Viewed at: 
http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=39&KeyId=615 . 
24 CACP (2019), Price Policy for Kharif Crops: The Marketing Season 2019 -20. Viewed at: 
http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=39&KeyId=669 .  
25 MIS. Viewed at: http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/file s/MIS_0.pdf ; and Arthapedia, Market 
Intervention Scheme (MIS) . Viewed at: 
http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Market_Intervention_Scheme_(MIS) . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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2013/14  2014/15  2015/16  2016/17  2017/18  2018/19  
Cotton (million bales 
of 170 kg each)  35.90  34.81  30.01  32.58  32.81  28.71  
Agricultural 
exports (value in 
USD million)  43,433.09  39,199.69  32,900.77  33,792.31  39,027.03  .. 
% of total exports  13.79  12.64  12.55  12.26  12.86  11.90  
… … … … … … … 
Cotton, raw (incl. 
waste)  3,692.09  1,904.15  1,958.37  1,626.21  1,892.69  .. 
… … … … … … … 
Agricultural 
imports (value in 
USD million)  14,169.35  19,841.65  21,428.51  24,559.69  23,595.69  .. 
… … … … … … … 
Cotton, raw (incl. 
waste)  392.68  507.32  391.98  945.09  978.42  .. 
… … … … … … … 
.. Not available.  
a Includes agriculture, forestry and fisheries.  
b 2017/18 figures are 4th advance estimates.  
Source:  Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, Directorate of Economics and 
Statistics, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2018.  
4.1.3   Measures affecting production  
4.1.3.2   Support prices  
Table 4.3 - Minimum sup port prices, 2014 –20 
(INR per quintal)  
Commodity/variety  2014/15  2018/19  2019/20  
… … … … 
Cotton     
- medium staple  3,750  5,150  5,255  
- long staple  4,050  5,450  5,550  
… … … … 
Source:  Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Directorate of Economics and Statistics.  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  MAURITIUS (OCTOBER 20 21) – GOVERNMENT REPORT (WT/TPR/G/417)  
6  MULTILATERAL TRADE AND REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS  
6.3  Regional Trade (SADC, COMESA, TRIPARTITE, AfCFTA)  
6.3.1   SADC Free Trade Area  
 
… 
 
Mauritius has also started to export "Uncombed single cotton yarn " to Eswatini since 2017. …  
 
Mauritius continued to import mainly from South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. However, since 
2015, imports of cotton from Zambia and Zimbabwe (around 14.2%) have increased.  
 
… 
 
6.3.2   COMESA Free Trade Area  
… 
 
Diversification of Exports and Imports  
 
Mauritius' top exports in 2014 were looped piled and plain -woven cotton fabrics, batteries and cells, 
uncooked pasta and animal feed. Between 2014 and 2019, Mauri tius has diversified its exports which 
now include raw cane sugar, dyed cotton fabrics, TV apparatuses, and telephones among others.  
 
On the other hand, the top imports for 2014 were cigarettes, frozen tunas, cotton, bars and rods 
and food preparations. B etween 2014 and 2019, the imports of Mauritius from COMESA have 
expanded to include vanilla, soyabean and sunflower oil, pine and sanitary towels.  
 
SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/417)  
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1  Measures Directly Affecti ng Imports  
3.1.3   Tariffs and other import taxes  
3.1.3.6   Value added tax (VAT)  
Table  3.8 - VAT-exempt supplies, 2021  
(Bold: items added to the list since 2014)  
Item  
Wheat; cereal flours (excluding wheat flour)  
Animal or vegetable fats and oils other than ghee produced in Mauritius  and edible oils  
Food preparations for infant use put up for retail sale  
Breakfast cereals  
Common salt other than common salt produced in Mauritius  
Invalid carriages; orthopaedic or other appliances  
Educational and training services provided by Mauritius Qualification Authority -registered institutions  
Journals and periodicals  
Goods reimported in respect of which no refund was made on exportation  
Goods imported und er the transhipment procedure  
Articles reimported after repairs  
Bona fide passenger baggage, household and personal effects  
Goods (excluding merchandise for sale, tobacco in any form, wines, spirits, arms and ammunition) imported 
by post of a value fo r duty purposes not exceeding MUR  1,000  
Green house, shade screens, and irrigation systems imported for use in agriculture  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 62 - 
 
  Item  
Charges under a hire purchase agreement or under a finance lease agreement; postal services  
Vegetable seeds, fruit and flower seeds, bulbs and plants, used for sowing or planting  
Renting of fixed telephone lines; Internet services charges up to MUR  100 per billing period  
Aircraft leasing, aircrafts of heading  88.02  
Ships for the transport of persons or goods or both per sons and goods falling under heading 89.01  
Fishing vessels, factory ships and other vessels for processing or preserving fishery products  
Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques  
Cargo handling services  
Entrance fees to any sports event  
The ren ting of accommodation for a continuous term exceeds 90 days  
Grant, assignment or surrender of any interest in or right over land or of any licence to occupy land  
Sale or transfer of immovable property by a VAT registered property developer to a VAT registered person  
Burial and cremation services and coffins  
The following financial services: (i) banking services; (ii) services provided by foreign exchange 
dealers and money changers; (iii) the issue, transfer or receipt of, or dealing with any stocks , 
bonds, shares, debentures and other securities; (iv) the issue or transfer of ownership of a unit 
under any unit trust; (v) the management of investment funds and pension funds; (vi) the 
arrangement, provision or transfer of ownership of any contract of insurance or reinsurance 
under the Insurance Act; (vii) the making of loans between entities within the same group; and 
(viii) such other financial services as may be prescribed  
… 
Cotton of headings 52.01, 52.02 and 52.03  
… 
Source:  Mauritius Revenue Au thority, Value Added Tax Act (Consolidated Version up to Finance Act 2020), 
Fifth Schedule. Viewed at: https://www.mra.mu/download/VATAct.pdf . 
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.4   Incentives  
 
The Government continued during the review period to provide a large variety of incentive schemes 
to its companies and potential investors. This intensified with the COVID -19 crisis. Selected schemes 
are presented in Table 3.17. …  
 
… 
Table  3.17 - Incentives offered under selected support programmes, 2021  
Incentives offered  Description of Scheme  
… 
National Equity Fund (NEF) – Provider: State Investment Corporation (SIC) and DBM – Total equity: 
MUR 150 million (USD  3.75 million) - Inactive since 2016  
Equity investments  The objective of this 10 -year closed -end fund was to invest in, and enhance the 
performance of, companies with meaningful growth potential. The Fund purchased 
equity capital of existing and new ventures in sectors considered strategic, including 
biotechnology, cotton spinning, information and communications technology, tex tiles, 
and tourism. SIC Fund Management managed the NEF's investments. It has been 
replaced by the SME Equity Fund.  
… 
Source:  Government of Mauritius.  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  MOROCCO ( FEBRUARY 2016 ) - SECRETARIAT REPORT ( WT/TPR/S/329 ) 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture and agro -industry  
4.1.1   Overview  
Table 4.2 - Main imports of agricultural products, 2008 -2014  
(USD million)  
Products  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  
Total imports  42,322  32,882  35,379  44,263  44,790  45,186  46,035  
Agriculture  5,191  3,809  4,197  5,797  5,773  5,042  5,811  
 % of total  12.3 11.6 11.9 13.1 12.9 11.2 12.6 
Main products         
… … … … … … … … 
HS 5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  76 49 71 123 79 71 73 
… … … … … … … … 
Note:  Agriculture by WTO definition.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the UNSD Comtrade database; statistics from the 
Moroccan Foreign Exchange Board for 2014.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 64 - 
 
  PAKISTAN ( APRIL 2022 ) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 424) 
2  TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES  
2.2  Trade Policy Formulation and Objectives  
2.2.3   Trade Laws and Regulations  
 
The regulatory framework continues to consist of laws, regulations, and ordinances. Trade -related 
measures are contained in laws (acts), ordinances, and regulations, including Import and Export 
Policy orders, and SROs (Table 2.2 and Sections 3.1, 4.1,  and 4.3). SROs are statutory 
instruments/directives of delegated legislation in the form of no tifications issued by ministries and 
departments to alter on an ad hoc basis the existing regulatory and fiscal framework.26 … 
Table  2.2 - Main trade -related legislation, 2021  
Area  Legislation  
… … 
Standards (imports and 
exports)  Import Policy Order, 2020 ; Export Policy Order, 2020; Cotton Standardization 
Ordinance, 2002  
… … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat; and information provided by the authorities.  
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports  
3.2.3   Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
3.2.3.2   Export restrictions and licensing  
 
According to the authorities, Pakistan does not maintain an export licensing regime. However, the 
export of certain products is restricted, and those products can only be  exported if certain conditions 
are met. These are detailed in Schedule  II of the Export Policy Order 2020 (Table 3.7).  
Table  3.7 - Restricted exports  
 HS Code  Item/goods  Condition/procedure/formalities  
… … … … 
8 1516.1000  
1516.2010  
1516.2020  
1518.0000  Vegetable ghee and cooking 
oil 
 (i) Export shall be allowed (excluding that manufactured in 
manufacturing bonds and export -oriented units in case of 
exports to Afghanistan only) provided there is value addition 
of 15% for edible uses in packs up to 25 litres for cooking oil 
and 25 kilograms for vegetable ghee. However, 50% value 
addition in ghee and cooking oil in non -edible uses in packs 
up to half litre or half kilogram;  
(ii) Containers  or packages exported to Afghanistan must 
contain i ngredient information printed in Dari and Pushto 
languages;  
(iii) Bulk export of indigenous oils (sunflower, canola, and 
cotton seed)  
… … … … 
Source:  Export Policy Order 2020, Ministry of Commerce.  
3.2.4   Export support and promotion  
Export Facilitation Scheme  
… 
 
26 At the time of the previous Review, it was indicated that SROs were to be incorporated into regular 
laws and gradually phased out. WTO document WT/TPR/S/311/Rev.1, 2  June 2015.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 65 - 
 
  In January 2017, the Government announced a PKR 180 billion incentive package for exporters. The 
package included the removal of customs duty and sales tax on the import of cotton, man -made 
fibres other than polyester, and textile machinery. …  
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.3   Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements  
… 
 
Under the legislation, import of any seed, including cotton seed, requires a permit (Controlled Import 
Permit) from the DPP. For first-time imports of cotton seed, the DPP allows a maximum quantity of 
1 kg. After importation, the DPP tests for invasive and alien biosecurity risks in a DPP -approved 
post-entry quarantine facility for one crop season. If the seed variety is cleared, th e seed can be put 
through Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSCRD) trials prior to registration 
and entry in the Federal Seed Register. Once registered, seeds can be imported on a commercial 
basis. If the importable cotton seed is cha racterized as either a living modified organism (LMO) or a 
genetically modified organism (GMO), a licence from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency 
is also required. The National Biosafety Committee under the Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) 
evalu ates application for import of LMO or GMO.  
3.3.5   Competition policy and price controls  
 
Price controls  
With a view to curbing inflation and ensuring the supply of essential commodities at affordable prices, 
the Government issued the Price Control and Prev ention of Profiteering and Hoarding Order 2021 in 
August 2021, which is based on the Price Control and Prevention of Profiteering and Hoarding Act, 
1977.27 Under the Order, the Government has the authority to fix and structure maximum prices for 
50 goods d eemed essential in the case of an "uncontrolled price hike", these include, inter alia , tea, 
milk, sugar, edible oils, meat and wheat, and industrial and agricultural inputs ranging from caustic 
soda, soda ash, cement, automobiles, tractors, chemicals like  pesticides and fertilizers, steel, and 
cotton lint. …  
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture and Livestock  
4.1.1   Main features and recent developments  
 
According to UN Comtrade data, in 2020, Pakistan imported USD  8.4 billion agricultural products  
(18.3% of total merchandise imports) and exported USD  4.4 billion (19.6% of total merchandise 
exports) (Table 4.1). It maintains a trade surplus in meat and bovine animals; dates, figs, and 
mangoes; and citrus fruit, but a trade deficit in tea, soya beans , and cotton not carded or combed. 
Rice is by far the most important export product in terms of its share of total exports, while palm 
oil, cotton not carded or combed, and soya beans are the most important import products.  
Table  4.1 - Agriculture exports and imports, 2015 -20 
(USD million and %)  
 2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  
Exportsa 4,600.3  3,869.6  4,173.8  5,054.5  4,821.9  4,353.8  
% of total exports  20.8 18.8 19.1 21.4 20.3 19.6 
Top 10 exports at HS 4 -digit level (% of 
total)b:       
… … … … … … … 
5202 Cotton waste (including yarn waste 
and garneted stock)  1.0 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.3 
 
27 Government of Pakistan, Industries and Production Division, Notification SRO 1062(I)/2021 , 
24 August 2021 . Viewed at: 
http://www.moip.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/Rules%20under%20the%20Price%20Control%20Act%202021%20(KA
A-HA)%20FINAL -FINAL.pdf ; and Notification SRO 1065(I)/2021, Schedule , 24 August  2021. 
http://www.moip.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/Rules%20under%20the%20Price%20Control%20Act%202021%20(KA
A-HA)%20FINAL -FINAL1.pdf . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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   2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  
Importsa 6,076.1  6,677.4  7,758.8  7,302.8  6,282.0  8,378.4  
% of total imports  13.8 14.2 13.5 12.1 12.5 18.3 
Top 10 imports at HS 4 -digit level (% of 
total):        
… … … … … … … 
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  8.9 8.7 9.8 14.4 11.3 15.7 
… … … … … … … 
a WTO definition.  
b Top 10 agricultural exports and imports by HS 4 -digit in 2020.  
c Ethyl alcohol undenatured; of an alcoholic strength by volume of 80% vol. or higher; ethyl alcohol 
and other spirits, denatured, of any strength.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on trade figures from UN Comtrade database.  
… 
Pakistan is among the world's top 10 producers of wheat, cotton, sugar  cane, mango, dates, and 
kinnow oranges, and is ranked 9th in rice production. … 
In FY2020/21, the agriculture sector grew by 2.77% against a target of 2.8%. The growth rate of 
"important" crops (wheat, rice, sugar  cane, maize, and cotton) was 4.65%, reflecting sufficient 
availabili ty of agricultural inputs (water, subsidized fertilizers, certified seeds, pesticides, and 
agriculture credit).28 Other crops grew by 1.41% because of an increase in the production of fodder, 
vegetables, and fruits. Cotton ginning declined by 15.58%, due to fall in the production of the cotton 
crop. … 
Table  4.2 - Agriculture sector growth rates, 2014/15 -2020/21  
(Agriculture growth (base = FY2005/06))  
 FY2014/15  FY2015/16  FY2016/17  FY2017/18  FY2018/19  FY2019/20  FY2020/21  
Agriculture  2.13 0.15 2.18 4.00 0.56 3.31 2.77 
… … … … … … … … 
Cotton ginning  7.24 -22.12  5.58 8.80 -12.74  -4.82 -15.58  
… … … … … … … … 
Source:  Finance Division (2021), Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21. Viewed at: 
https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/cpec/PES_2020_21.pdf . 
4.1.2   Policy, institutional, and regulatory developments  
4.1.2.2   Domestic measures  
4.1.2.2.2   Other support  
 
… For cotton and sugar, indicative benchmark prices are announced by the Government. For 
example, the Federal Government recently announced the indicative price for seed cotton for 
2021/22. The TCP is required to purchase seed cotton from farmers if the pr ice falls below this 
indicative price. A cotton review committee was set up in August 2021 to monitor market dynamics 
and intervene if required. The authorities state that this committee is temporary in nature. …  
… 
 
28 Finance Division (2021), Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21. Viewed at: 
https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/cpec/PES_2020_21.pdf . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 67 - 
 
  In the wake of COVID -19 pandemic, the Gov ernment announced a fiscal package of over PKR  1,200 
billion, of which PKR  50 billion was earmarked for the agriculture sector, covering :29 
• … 
• subsidy on whitefly pesticides and cotton seeds: PKR  6 billion on the purchase of 
whitefly -related pesticides, and  PKR 2 billion on cotton seeds during its sowing season in 
2021; and  
• … 
4.1.3   Key subsectors  
4.1.3.1   Crops  
Table  4.6 - Area and production of important crops, FY2015/16 –FY2020/21  
(Area: '000 hectares; production: '000 tonnes)  
Crops  FY2015/16  FY2016/17  FY2017/18  FY2018/19  FY2019/20  FY2020/21  Area  
Production  
Area  
Production  
Area  
Production  
Area  
Production  
Area  
Production  
Area  
Production  
… … … … … … … … … … … .. .. 
Cottona 2,902  9,917  2,489  10,671  2,700  11,946  2,373  9,861  2,517  9,148  2,079  7,064  
… … … … … … … … … … … .. .. 
.. Not available.  
a Cotton production is in '000 bales (375  lbs per bale).  
b The oil seeds category includes sesamum, groundnut, soya  bean, safflower, sunflower, R&M seeds 
(including canola), and cottonseeds.  
Source:  Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.  
4.1.3.1.4   Cotton  
 
In 2019/20, Pakistan was ranked the fifth -largest cotton producer in the world by the International 
Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC).30 Cotton is not only an important crop in agriculture, but also 
an essential input for the domestic textiles industry.  
Since FY2017/18, the cultivated area for cotton has been declining in general, which led to reduced 
production (Chart 4.4). According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21, the shrinking acreage 
of cott on reflects the non -profitability of the crop as compared to maize, paddy, and sugar  cane. 
Other factors include pests such as white flies and pink bollworms; climate change, heat stresses, 
and extreme rainfalls; poor agricultural practices and unnecessary  use of pesticides; and high costs 
of inputs including fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds.31 
 
29 MNFSR (2020), Year Book 2019 -20. Viewed at: http://www.mnfsr.gov.pk/frmDetails.aspx .  
30 ICAC data portal. Viewed at: https://www.icac.org/DataPortal/DataPortal/?menuId=23 .  
31 Finance Division (2021), Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21. Viewed at: 
https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/cpec/PES_2020_21.pdf . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 68 - 
 
  Chart 4.4 - Cotton, 2015/16 -2020/21  
 
Source:  Finance Division (2021), Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21. Viewed at: 
https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/cpec/PES_2020_21.pdf . 
Exports of raw cotton fell dramatically from USD  217 million in 2013 to USD  2.2 million in  2020 
(Table 4.10), whereas exports of cotton yar n (which does not fall under WTO agriculture) dropped 
from USD  2.2 billion to USD  0.8 billion during the same period. The authorities state that the reason 
is the continuous decline in the domestic production of cotton. Pakistan imports high -quality cotton  
to blend with domestic cotton to produce quality fabrics; imports amounted to USD  1.3 billion of raw 
cotton and USD  64.9 million of cotton yarn in 2020 (USD  757 million of raw cotton and 
USD 151 million of cotton yarn in 2013). The import tariff on cotton  is zero. With an intention of 
encouraging domestic processing, the tariff on cotton yarn is 11%. According to the authorities, 
tariff on cotton yarn was revised to 5%.  
Table  4.10 - Cotton trade, 2013 -20 
(USD million)  
HS 5201 Cotton; not carded 
or combed  Exports  Imports  
2013 217.2  757 
2014 180.9  521.6  
2015 105.6  543.7  
2016 40.9 580.5  
2017 60.9 761.5  
2018 19.4 1,049.0  
2019 22.2 708.5  
2020 2.2 1,315.5  
Source:  UN Comtrade data.  
Export contracts on cotton must be registered with the Trade Development Authority of Pakistan 
(TDAP) under the MoC , with exports being subject to mandatory quality inspection and 
certification.32 
The Government is trying to boost the production of cotton. The ATP aims to amend relevant laws 
to fast -track release of new cotton varieties with novel technologies. Track and traceability of quality 
certified seed to farmers has also been initiated, and organic farming started in some parts of 
Pakistan. T he Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC), a semi -autonomous body in the MNFSR, 
has as an objective to improve the sector's productivity.  
  
 
32 WTO document WT/TPR/S/311/Rev.1, 2  June 2015.  
05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500
02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,000
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21Area ('000 hectare) [right-hand scale]
Production ('000 bales) [left-hand scale]Chart 4.[PAK] Cotton, 2015 -2021
Source:   Finance Division, Government of Pakistan (2021), Pakistan Economic Survey 2020 -21. 
Viewed at: https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/cpec/PES_2020_21.pdfTN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 69 - 
 
  Table A1.2 - Merchandise imports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading, 
2014 -20 
HS Section/chapter/subhead ing 2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  
Total imports (USD billion)  47.5 44.0 47.0 57.4 60.2 50.1 45.8 
 (% of total imports)  
… … … … … … … … 
11 Textiles and textile articles  6.1 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.3 5.8 7.1 
52 Cotton  1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.1 1.7 3.0 
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 2.9 
… … … … … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database.  
Table A3 .2 - Prohibited imports, 2020  
Description  
… 
Factory rejects and goods of job lot/stock lot or substandard quality except those mentioned below:  
1. Waste, seconds and cutting of:  
 iron and steel sheets and plates in cut length or coils;  
 tin sheets and plates of one side not less than 45.7 cm (18 inch);  
 stainless steel sheets, coils, plates and cir cles of AISI-200, AISI-300 and or AISI -400 series only;  
 Cotton waste (HS No.  5202.0000); and  
 Granules made by the recycling of plastics waste.  
2. Re -rollable scrap (7204.1010, 7204.4910)  
The scrap having width not exceeding 1000 mm with thickness 6 mm an d above and a length not exceeding 
2.5 metres, consisting of mill rejects and crop ends of ingots, billets, slabs, blooms and including cuttings of sheets 
and plates, pipes and bars whether in pieces or in rolled strips, cuttings of ships plates, used and pitted rails and 
girders, whereas in case of girders and pipes length shall be 1.5 metres  
… 
Source:  Ministry of Commerce, Import Policy Order 2020, Appendix A.  
Table A3 .3 - Restricted imports, 2020  
Commodity description  Conditions  
Part 1 Health and Safety Requirements  
… …  
Cotton seed  Importable with prior approval of the Ministry of National Food Security & 
Research, Government of Pakistan  
… (i) …  
Source:  Ministry of Commerce, Import Policy Order 2020.   TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  PERU ( OCTOBER  2019) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 393) 
APPENDIX TABLES  
Table A1. 2 - Total merchandise imports by HS section, 2012 -18 
(USD million and %)  
Description  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  
Total imports  42,169  43,327  42,184  38,036  36,153  39,788  43,136  
 (% of imports)  
… … … … … … … … 
52. Cotton  0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 
… … … … … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.  
 TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  RUSSIAN FEDERATION (OCTOBER 2021) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/416)  
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports  
3.2.3   Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
 
… 
 
On 24 March 2020, the EAEU imposed temporary export prohibitions on a range of medical products, 
devices, and personal protective equ ipment (PPE) to prevent critical shortages in response to the 
COVID -19 pandemic. They applied mainly to cotton wool, gauze, bandages, masks, half masks, 
respirator masks, respirators, filters for PPE for respiratory devices, goggles, disinfectants, shoe 
covers, certain types of clothing and accessories, and gloves .33 These temporary export prohibitions 
were eliminated on 1 October 2020.  
 
33 Amendments to EEC Board Decision No.  30 of 21 April 2015 on Measures of Non -tariff Regulation. 
EEC Board Decision No.  41 of 24  March  2020. Viewed at: https://docs.eaeunion.org/do cs/ru-
ru/01425254/err_26032020_41 . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  SOUTH AFRICA (NOVEMBER 2015 ) - SECRETARIAT REPORT  (WT/TPR/S/324 /REV.1 )34 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.3  Measures affecting production and trade  
3.3.2   Competition policy and price controls  
3.3.2.2   Price control  
 
In general, prices in South Africa are market -determined. Guideline prices, for agricultural products  
subject to levies, continue to be determined under the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act (Act 
No. 47 of 1996), to ensure that the levy does not exceed 5% of the actual price. Guideline prices 
are determined for the wine industries, milk and dairy pro ducts, as well as cotton lint.  
… 
 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture  
4.1.2   Policy  
… 
 
Levies continue to apply to the export and/or production of the following products: …, cotton, …  
 
 
34 Trade Policy Review of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  THAILAND (NOVE MBER 20 20) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S /400) 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.6   Competition policy and price regulation  
3.3.6.4   Price regulation and control  
 
The legal and institutional framework for price regulation has not changed since the previous Review. 
The Price of Goods and Services Act B.E. 2542 (1999) is the main piece of legislation in this regard.35 
The purpose of the Act is to ensure the fair price  of goods and services, and their adequate supply. 
The Central Commission on Prices of Goods and Services (CCP), established in accordance with the 
Act and located in the Department of Internal Trade at the Ministry of Commerce, is the competent 
authority for implementing relevant policies under the Act. The main responsibilities of the CCP 
include: (i) to designate controlled goods or services; (ii) to prescribe price controls and/or other 
control measures for such goods or services; (iii) to enforce the m easures and monitor 
implementation; and (iv) to review complaints and make appropriate decisions thereon. In addition 
to the CPP, provincial commissions were established under the Act to monitor  prices locally.  
Once the CPP, with the approval of the Cabine t, issues a notification designating controlled goods or 
services, it has the power to fix or maintain the price of such goods or services or to fix the 
distributor's maximum per unit profit rate. It also has the power to prescribe rules, procedures and 
conditions with regard to the production, import, export, purchase, distribution or storage of the 
controlled goods or services, and to prescribe measures to prevent hoarding of such goods or 
services.36 In addition, the CPP may require business operators to  display the prices of their goods 
or services.37  
The CCP maintains two types of lists: one list contains goods and services under  price monitoring 
(Table 3.26), and the other contains goods and services subject to price control (Table  3.27). Both 
lists are updated regularly.  
Table  3.26 - Goods and services subject to price monitoring, March 2020  
List Products  
Goods  
Sensitive list  1. sugar, 2. vegetable oil, 3. diesel, 4. medical masks  
Priority watch list  1. pesticides and fungicides, 2. products that contain ethyl alcohol as a component for hand 
hygiene, 3. scrap paper and recycled paper  
Watch list  … 85. cotton bud s … 
Services  
… … 
Source:  Information provided by the authorities.  
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture  
4.1.2   Trade  
Table  4.3 - Imports of selected agricultural products, 2015 -19 
HS code   2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
… … … … … … …       
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  USD million  534.1  430.7  484.2  521.0  387.7  
'000 tonnes  503.9  256.8  254.7  258.9  205.1  
… … … … … … … 
.. Not available.  
Source:  Ministry of Commerce; and the Customs Department.  
 
35 Price of Goods and Services Act, B.E. 2542 (1999) (English translation). Viewed at: 
https://www.dit.go.th/en/backoffice/uploadfile/255609171740127152262.pdf .  
36 Section 25 , Price of Goods and Services Act, B.E. 2542 (1999).  
37 Section 28 , Price of Goods and Services Act, B.E. 2542 (1999).  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  TÜRKIYE  (MARCH 2016 ) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 331) 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1  Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.8   Contingency measures  
3.1.8.1   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
… 
… One anti -dumping investigation has been initiated ex o fficio with respect to the United States on 
cotton.  … 
… 
Over the review period, there has been considerable anti -dumping activity. Since the beginning of 
2012, 25 new investigations have been initiated and 14 new measures have been imposed; many 
of these have affected more than one WTO Member (Table A3.2). Addi tionally, various existing anti -
dumping measures have been extended (Table A3.3). Since 2012, a concern has been raised by the 
United States in a meeting of the Committee on Anti -Dumping Practices about Türkiye 's investigation 
on cotton.38 
Table A3. 2 - New anti-dumping investigations initiated and measures imposed or 
terminated, 2012 -15 
Products concerned  Exporter(s) affected  Status  
… … … 
Cotton (HS 5201)  United States  Initiation of investigation on 18  October 2014  
… … … 
Source:  WTO document WT/TPR/OV/W/9, 3 July 2015 and information provided by the authorities.  
3.1.8.2   Safeguard measures  
… 
Since the beginning of 2012, Türkiye  has launched five safeguard investigations. At mid -
October  2015, two of these were still ongoing, definitive safeguar d measures had been imposed on 
another two, and one investigation was completed with no definitive measure imposed. Existing 
safeguard measures were extended in eight cases; and of these, one expired in 2014 (footwear) 
and two expired in 2015 (matches and motorcycles) (Table A3.4). On 31  December 2012, ahead of 
schedule, Türkiye  terminated the safeguard measure on cotton yarn. …  
Over the review period, Türkiye  has responded to questions posed by India in the WTO  Committee 
on Safeguards regarding certain asp ects of determination of serious injury in the context of Türkiye 's 
notifications on polyethylene terephthalate and certain types of cotton yarn.39 … 
… 
Table A3. 4 - Safeguard investigations initiated and measures imposed or extended, 
2012 -15 
Date original 
investigation published 
in the Official Gazette  Product(s) 
subject to 
investigation  Imposition of safeguard 
measure  Extension of safeguard 
measure  
… … … … 
21.10.2008  Cotton yarn  
Türkiye  
terminated 
this measure 
as of 
31/12/12  15/7/2008 -14/7/2011  
Application of variable duty with 
liberalization annually:  
1st period: 20% max. US D 1/kg-
min. US D 0.35/kg;  
2nd period: 19% max. 
USD 0.95/kg -min. US D 0.33/kg;  
3rd period: 18% max. 
USD 0.90/kg -min U SD 0.31/kg.  
Various developing countries 
excluded.  15/7/2011 -14/7/2014  
Application of variable duty with 
liberalization annually:  
1st period: 10% max. 
USD 0.85/kg -min US D 0.29/kg;  
2nd period: 9% max. 
USD 0.80/kg -min US D 0.26/kg;  
3rd period: 8% max. 
USD 0.75/kg -min US D 0.23/kg.  
Various developing countries 
excluded.  
… … … … 
Source:  Türkiye 's notifications to the WTO Committee on Safeguards.  
 
38 WTO document G/ADP/M/48, 6 August 2015.  
39 WTO documents G/SG/Q2/TUR/6/Rev.1, 11 May 2012 and G/SG/Q2/TUR/6, 4 May 2012.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  3.1.9   Standards and other technical requirements  
3.1.9.4   Controls at the border  
… 
 
In 2011, Türkiye  started pilot implementation of a risk -based trade control system, TAREKS, to carry 
out safety checks on imported and exported goods on the basis of risk. Consequently, since January 
2012, conformity assessment of certain imported goods (t oys, medical devices, telecommunication 
products, personal protective equipment, batteries and accumulators, construction products, and 
shoes) and as of August 2012, transactions related to cotton controls have been taken under the 
scope of TAREKS. …  
TAREK S introduces a new risk assessment understanding and emphasizes the control of "risky" 
products while leaving behind the era of checking each product at each arrival at customs. TAREKS 
reduces bureaucratic procedures as well as the number of documents to b e submitted during the 
control process and replaces the paper documentation. It also contributes to effective traceability 
and market surveillance schemes.  
Quality checks for agricultural products are also part of the control process pursuant to Communiqu e 
No. 2015/21 on Commercial Quality Controls on Certain Agricultural Produce at Export and Import 
Stage. In accordance with the Communiqué No. 2012/25, cotton is also subject to commercial quality 
controls at export and import stages and in the domestic ma rket as well. See Section 3.2.4.2 for 
details on the export quality control of agricultural products.  
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture  
4.1.2   Production   
 
Hazelnuts are the largest earner for the fruit and nut category (Table 4.1).  
Table 4.1 - Major crop production, 2010 -14 
 Production value (TL million)  (% of total)  
2010  2011  2012  2013  2014 a 2010  2014a 
Crop production (total)  80,038  88,979  87,947  92,453  97,988  100.0  100.0  
          
…  …  …  …  …  …  …  …  
Raw materials used in textiles, of which:  2,642  4,883  2,758  2,941  3,467  3.3 3.5 
Cotton (raw)  2,642  4,883  2,758  2,941  3,467  3.3 3.5 
…  …  …  …  …  …  …  …  
a 2014 data is provisional.  
Sources:  Turkstat , Agricultural Structure (production, price, value) Publication; Turkstat, The Summary of 
Agricultural Statistics Publication.  
4.1.3   Trade  
4.1.3.1   Overview  
… 
 
Over the past five years, imports of raw materials and exports of processed goods have increa sed 
in parallel: as imports of cotton, wheat, and tobacco increased, exports of textiles, flour and 
confectionary, and tobacco products also increased. …  
… 
Table 4.3 - Exports of agricultural products, 2010 -14 
(USD million)    
2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  
 Total exports  113,979  134,915  152,537  151,803  157,715  
 Total agriculture exports  11,899  14,350  15,105  16,707  17,635  
 of which       
… … … … … … … 
1512 Sunflower -seed, safflower or cotton -seed oil  103 341 418 496 790 
… … … … … … … 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade.  
… TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 76 - 
 
  Table 4.4 - Imports of agricultural products, 2010 -14 
(USD million)  
  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  
 Total imports  185,541  240,839  236,544  251,661  242,224  
 Total agricultural imports  9,865  13,477  12,599  13,398  14,554  
 of which       
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed  1,720  1,850  1,275  1,681  1,750  
… … … … … … … 
1512 Sunflower, safflower or cotton -seed oil  274 629 988 919 1,201  
… … … … … … … 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade.  
The main source of imports also depends on the product: in 2014, the United States was the main 
supplier of cotton (HS 5201); … 
4.1.4   Support programmes  
Table 4.8 - Main measures of agricultural support, 2011 -14 
(TRY million)  
 2011  2012  2013  2014  
Producer support estimate (PSE)  27,022.51  26,041.07  31,385.15  33,888.92  
… … … … … 
Deficiency payments:  2,434.49  2,736.55  2,639.91  2,689.09  
Cotton premium  792.27  1,123.69  1,037.21  1,075.23  
… … … … … 
Source:  OECD, PSE.  
5  APPENDIX TABLES  
Table A2. 1 - Türkiye 's Involvement in Dispute Settlement Cases, 1  January  2012  – 
1 December 2015  
Subject  Respondent/  
complainant/  
appellant  Request for 
consultation 
received  Status  (as at 
30 October  2014)  WTO 
document 
series  
Panels  
Türkiye  as a respondent:  
Türkiye  – Safeguard Measures on 
Imports of Cotton Yarn (other 
than Sewing Thread)  Türkiye /India  13-Feb-12 Consultations 
requested  WT/DS428  
… … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  UNITED STATES  (DECEMBER 20 22) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 434) 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1  Measures Directly Affecting Imports  
3.1.5   Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
3.1.5.1   Prohibitions, restrictions, and quantitative measures  
 
3.63.  In addition to measures applie d multilaterally, the United States also maintains a number of 
quantitative restrictions or prohibitions on a bilateral or plurilateral basis.40 
 
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture  
4.1.1   Main features  
 
Table  4.1 - Value of production, 2016 -20 
(USD  billion and %)   
2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  % of totala 
Total  355.5  369.3  365.4  356.0  373.5   
… … … … … … … 
Cotton  5.8 7.2 6.4 5.9 4.7 1.3 
… … … … … … … 
a Percentage of total for the year 2020.  
Source:  USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Viewed at: https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/ ; USDA 
National Agricultural Statistics Service, Poultry – Production and Value , different bulle tins. Viewed 
at: https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/plva0422.pdf  (most recent) 
and OECD Stats, Agriculture Policy Indicators, 2022 Monitoring and Evaluation: Reference Tables.  
4.4.  The United  States is the world's largest producer of soybeans, maize, beef, and chicken and 
Türkiye, and a major producer of pig meat and cotton  (Table  4.2). Although the agricultural 
producers benefit from a large domestic market to absorb their output, the U.S. farm sector is also 
characterized by significant export orientation for certain commodities. Overall, about one  fifth of 
U.S. agricultur al production goes to foreign markets, with particularly high export shares for cotton 
(more than 75%), and wheat and soybeans (about 50%).41 
Table  4.2 U.S. and world production and trade of selected commodities, FY2017/18 -
2021/22  
('000 tons, unless otherwise indicated)  
Marketing year  2017/18  2018/19  2019/20  2020/21  2021/22  
… … … … … … … 
Cotton ('000 480 lb bales)       
Production  United  States  20,923  18,367  19,913  14,608  17,624   
% of world  16.9 15.5 16.5 13.1 14.6 
Exports  United  States  16,281  14,833  15,512  16,371  15,000   
% of world  39.1 35.7 37.7 33.6 32.2 
… … … … … … … 
Source:  USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), Production, Supply and Distribution database. Viewed at: 
https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/app/index.html#/app/advQuery . 
 
40 Temporary legislation has existed since 1991 providing for import quotas on upland cotton when a 
price mechanism is triggered in order to allow imports to enter at lower cost. During the review period, the 
quota has been opened on many occasions but rarely utilized. CBP, Calendar Year End Commodity Status 
Report, 2018, 2019, and 2020. Viewed at: https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2021 - 
Feb/2020%20Calendar%20Year%20End%20Commodity%20Status%20Report.pdf ; 
https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019 - 
Nov/Quota%20Status%20Report%20Year%20End%202018%20V2_0.pdf ; and 
https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2020 -Feb/Quota -Status -Report -Year-End-2019.pdf . 
41 Congressional Research Service (CRS) (2021), U.S. Agricultural Export Programs: Background and 
Issues , R46760, April. Viewed at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46760 . TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 78 - 
 
  4.1.1. 1  Major support programs  
4.1.1.1.2   Price Loss Coverage (PLC)  
 
4.11.  The PLC program provides payments on 85% of historical base acres multiplied by historical 
yields for each historically produced covered commodity on a farm when the national price (de fined 
in legislation) is less than the statutory effective reference price for the commodity. There is no 
requirement to produce the covered commodity, or any other commodity, to be eligible for 
payments. Covered commodities include maize, soybeans, wheat,  other feed grains, other oilseeds, 
peanuts, pulses, rice, and seed cotton. Payments are made no earlier than 1 October after the end 
of the applicable marketing year for the covered commodity.  
 
4.12.  USDA Farm Service Agency data indicates that PLC payments to nearly 1.4 million farms 
totaled USD 4.95 billion for the 2019 crop year, and USD 2.07 billion in the 2020 crop year to 
800,000 farms.5 Over the two years combined, the highest PLC payments were paid on base acres 
with historical production of wheat (USD 2,529 million), seed cotton (USD 1,439 million), maize 
(USD 1,099 million), peanuts (USD 779 million), and long grain rice (USD 626 million).  
 
4.1.1.1.3   Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC)  
 
4.13.  The revenue guarantee of the ARC, an income support program tied to benchmark 
guarantees, may be determined at the farm level (individual ARC or ARC -IC) or on a commodity -
by-commodity basis at the county level (ARC -CO). Covered commodities are the same as for the 
PLC program and include wheat, feed grains, soybeans, peanuts, other oilseeds, rice, seed cotton, 
and pulses.  
 
4.1.1.1.4   Marketing assistance loans  
 
… 
 
4.19.  The 2018 Farm Act extended most provisions applicable to marketing assistance loans unde r 
the 2014 Farm Act, including the statutory loan rates for non -recourse marketing assistance loans 
through crop year 2023. However, the loan rates were either unchanged or increased by amounts 
ranging from 7.7% to 43.9% above the earlier statutory loan ra tes, but generally remain below 
market prices (Table 4.3). MLGs and LDPs totaled USD 223 million in 2019, paid on cotton, wool, 
and pulses, and USD 12 million in 2020, paid on cotton and wool.  
 
Table  4.3 - Commodity Loan Rates, 2018 and 2021  
Covered commodities  Marketing loan program  
Commodity loan rates, 2014 
Farm Act (as amended)  National average 
loan rates, 2021  Percentage 
change  
… … … … 
Extra -long staple cotton (lb)  0.7977  0.95 19.1 
Seed cotton (lb)  0.25b 0.25b 0.0 
Upland cotton  0.52   
a "Other oilseeds" include canola, crambe, flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed, safflower seed, sesame 
seed and sunflower (oil and non -oil types).  
b Seed cotton is not a covered commodity under the marketing assistance loan program. The loan rate 
has been set only for the purposes of determining the effective prices for seed cotton under the Price 
Loss Coverage program.  
Source:  USDA FSA, The Agricultural Act of 2014, as amended. V iewed at: 
https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA -FSA-Public/usdafiles/Price -Support/pdf/Cotton -2021-
rates/2021%20National%20Average%20Loan%20Rates.pdf , and 
https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA -FSA-Public/usdafiles/Pr ice-
Support/pdf/2019/2019%20Crop%20Year%20Sugar%20Loan%20Rates.pdf , and WTO Secretariat 
calculations.  
4.1.1.1.5   Crop insurance  
 
… 
4.21.  Insurance policies under the FCIP cover nearly 130 crops, including specialty crops, under 
approximately 20 types of insurance policies. The four major crops – maize, soybeans, wheat, and 
cotton – dominate in terms of area enrolled and as a result of claims paid. …  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
- 79 - 
 
  … 
 
4.24.  The 2018 Farm Act continued existing programs with limited changes in products and policies, 
including some expanded coverage of existing products, clarity on conservation practices such as 
cover crops and good farming practices, and new offerings.42… 
 
… 
 
4.1.1.1.9   Ad hoc assistance for loss of traditional export markets  
 
… 
 
4.49  The MFP provided direct payments to eligible producers using CCC Charter Act authorities. In 
2018, commodity -specific payment rates, paid on actual production, were established for almonds, 
fresh sweet cherries, maize, cotton, milk, hogs, soybeans, sorghum, and wh eat, based on the level 
of estimated trade lost due to retaliation. Milk payments were made on production during a specified 
historical period, while hog payments were made on the number of hogs in a specific time period. 
The MFP covered additional special ty and non -specialty crops in 2019.43 
 
4.1.1.1.10   COVID -19 measures  
 
4.53.  The USDA initially received funding through the CARES Act and the Families First Coronavirus 
Response Act for measures to mitigate or prevent effects of the COVID -19 pandemic. …  
 
4.54  Specifically, the CARES Act provided the USDA with additional funding of USD  9.5 billion in 
support of agricultural producers and USD  14 billion in enhanced borrowing authority for the CCC 
(available after June 2020). The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP) announced in 
April 2020 had two major components: (i)  USD 16 billion in direct support to farmers and ranchers 
affected by price declines and supply chain disruptions; and (ii)  USD 3 billion provided to purchase 
dairy, meat, and f resh produce to donate to people in need. Eligible producers were persons and 
legal entities of specified agricultural commodities who faced market disruptions and marketing costs 
due to the COVID -19 pandemic. Moreover, to be eligible for payments, the pro ducer had to have 
either average gross income of less than USD  900,000 in the tax years 2016, 2017, and 2018 or 
derive at least 75% of their adjusted gross income from farming, ranching, or forestry.44 Eligible 
commodities included livestock, dairy, wool, certain non -specialty crops (malting barley, canola, 
maize, upland cotton, millet, oats, soybeans, sorghum, sunflowers, durum wheat, and hard red 
spring wheat), and specialty crops (various fruit and vegetables, nuts, beans, and mushrooms). …  
 
5  APPENDIX TAB LES 
Table  A1.2 - Merchandise exports by HS section and main chapter, 2017 -21 
(USD  million and %)  
Description  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total exports  1,545,810  1,665,303  1,644,276  1,430,254  1,753,137    
(% of total exports)   
… … … … … … 
11 – Textiles and textile articles  1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5  
52. Cotton.  0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 
… … … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database.  
 
 
42 The Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) and the Stacked Income Protection Plan (STAX), a cotton -
specific supplemental crop insurance program, are both reauthorized.  
43 Covered non -specialty crops were alfalfa hay, barley, canola, maize, crambe, dried beans, dr y peas, 
extra-long staple cotton, flaxseed, lentils, rice (long - and medium -grain), millet, mustard seed, oats, peanuts, 
rapeseed, rye safflower, sesame seed, chickpeas (small and large), sorghum, soybeans, sunflower seed, 
temperate japonica rice, tritical e, upland cotton, and wheat.  
44 Recipients would also have to comply with provisions of the "Highly Erodible Land and Wetland 
Conservation" regulations and not have a controlled substance violation. Recipients that were foreign persons, 
needed to provide l and, capital, and a substantial amount of active personal labor to the farming operation.  TN/AG/GEN/34/Rev.18/Add.1 • TN/AG/SCC/GEN/13/Rev.18/Add.1  
 
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  VIET NAM ( APRIL  2021) - SECRETARIAT REPORT (WT/TPR/S/ 410) 
2  TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES  
2.3  Trade Agreements and Arrangements  
2.3.2   Regional and preferential agreements  
2.3.2.2   Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership 
(CPTPP)  
Viet Nam signed the CPTPP on 8 March 20 18.45 It was ratified by the National Assembly on 
12 November 2018, and entered into force on 14 January 2019.46  
Viet Nam adopted a phased approach to reducing tariffs for goods originating from CPTPP contracting 
parties over a period of 10 years. Upon entry into force, about 66% of total Vietnamese tariff lines 
were zero -rated, which covered products such as, inter alia,  animal feed , dairy products, grains, 
rice, cotton, leather and leather products, textiles and materials for textiles, footwear, rubber and 
rubber products, furniture, wood and wood products, plastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, 
chemicals, fertilizers, perfume, cosm etics, machinery and equipment, and electronic accessories. 
Approximately 86.5% of total lines are to be zero -rated within three years of the agreement's entry 
into force. For the remainder, tariff reductions will be implemented over a period of between 5 and 
10 years.  
4  TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries  
4.1.2   Features  
Table  4.2 - Exports and imports of agricultural products, 2013 -19 
HS 
2002    2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
Exports  
 TOTAL  
(not including rubber)  13,157.3  15,213.2  15,390.6  16,458.8  18,631.7  18,196.9  17,632.8  
… … … … … … … … … … 
Imports  
 TOTAL (not including 
rubber)  11,876.3  13,671.7  15,162.8  16,427.7  18,639.1  20,812.5  20,788.6  
5201 Cotton, not 
carded or 
combed  '000 
tonnes  571.7  742.2  999.3  1,018.2  1,269.3  1,398.5  1,340.7  
USD 
million  1,154.6  1,422.7  1,607.2  1,643.3  2,331.8  2,727.5  2,400.2  
… … … … … … … … … … 
… … … … … … … … 
Source:  UN Comtrade database.  
5  APPENDIX TABLES  
Table A1 .2 - Merchandise imports by HS sections and major HS chapters, 2012 -19 
(USD billion)  
HS section/chapter/subheading  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  
Total imports  113.8  132.0  147.8  165.8  175.0  213.2  236.9  253.4    
% of total imports  
11 Textiles and textile articles  9.6 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.2 8.4 8.6 8.2  
52 Cotton  2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7 
… … … … … … … … … 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database.  
__________  
 
45 Contracting parties of the CPTPP include Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, 
Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Viet  Nam.  
46 Six ot her countries also ratified the CPTPP: Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and 
Singapore.