Risk Management Proposal:  
Fresh  citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) for human 
consumption  
CITRUSFP  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared for  public consultation   
by Horticulture Imports Team  
Animal and Plant Health Directorate  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
October 2021 
 
 
Disclaimer  
 
While every effort h as been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the  Ministry  for 
Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or 
opini on that may be present, nor for the consequences  of any decisions based on this information.  
 
This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries  website at  
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news -and-resources/publication s/  
 
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry  for Primary Industries   
i Contents  Page 
 
Submissions  1 
1 General information  3 
1.1 Objectives of the project  3 
1.2 Purp ose of the risk management proposal  3 
1.3 Scope of the risk management proposal  3 
1.4 Context  4 
1.5 Background on citrus project  8 
1.6 Timin g and consultation  13 
2 Risk analysis  13 
3 Risk management approach  14 
4 Requirements in the standards  15 
4.1 General requirements  15 
4.2 Specific requirements  16 
5 Pest categorisation and strength of measures  21 
5.1 Aphids: Basic Measures  21 
5.2 Bacteria: Basic Measures  23 
5.3 Fruit flies: MPI -Specified Measure s 25 
5.4 Fungi: Basic Measures  29 
5.5 Fungi: Targeted Measures  30 
5.6 Mealybugs: Targeted Measures  32 
5.7 Mites: Basic Measures  34 
5.8 Mites: Targeted Measures  35 
5.9 Mites with viruses: Targeted Measures  37 
5.10  Moths: Basic Measures  39 
5.11  Oomycetes: Basic Measures  41 
5.12  Psyllids: Basic Measures  43 
5.13  Psyllids with bacteria: Targeted Measures  44 
5.14  Scale insects: Basic Measur es 46 
5.15  Thrips: Basic Measures  48 
5.16  Thrips: Targeted Measures  50 
Appendix 1  Background  53 
App. 1.1  Import health standards  53 
App. 1.2  Government -to-government bilateral arrangements  54 
App. 1.3  Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification  55 
App. 1.4  Verification on arrival in New Zealand  56 
Appendix 2  Commodity pest lists  57 
Appendix 3  Pest species with change in strength of measures  58 
App. 3.1  Change in strength of measures  58 
App. 3.2  Pests removed from existing pathways  59 
Appendix 4  Pests determined not to require a measure  62 
Appendix 5  Justification for MPI -Specified Measures on fruit fly species  63 
Appendix 6  Assessment of  existing MPI -Specified Measures / phytosanitary treatments  69 
App. 6.1  Cold treatment  69 
App. 6.2  Heat treatment  71 
App. 6.3  Non-host status  72 
App. 6.4  Systems approach  73 
App. 6.5  Pest-free area  74  ii App. 6.6  Feasibili ty of proposed changes to the measures  75 
Appendix 7 Rationale for new proposed phytosanitary measures/treatments  76 
App. 7.1  Cold treatment  76 
App. 7.2  Irradiation  82 
Schedule 1  Definitions  83 
Schedule 2  List of existing country:commodity schedules and individual standards that were    
reviewed as part of the project  85 
Sch. 2.1  Schedules in Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand
  85 
Sch. 2.2  Individual standards  85  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 1 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on seven  
import health standards (IHSs) for fresh citrus  fruit (Citrus spp.) for human consumption  (‘the 
standard s’).  
 
An import health standard  (IHS) “specifies requirements to be met for the effective 
management of risks associated with arrival of risk goods” (section 22 , Biosecurity Act 
1993).  
 
MPI would like  feedback  on the risk management measures for the importation of : 
1. Fresh  Mexican  lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human consumption  
2. Fresh Tahitian  lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human consumption  
3. Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
4. Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human consumption  
5. Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consum ption  
6. Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
7. Fresh mandarin , tangelo and tangor  (Citrus reticulata , Citrus reticulata × Citrus 
paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
MPI encourages respondents to  send comments electronically. Please include the following:  
• The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email  
• Your name and title (if applicable)  
• Your organis ation’s name (if applicable)  
• Your address  
Email submissions to plant imports@mpi.govt.nz  
 
Submitters are also encouraged to send any available technical information to support their 
submission. If you would li ke to send your submission  by post , please  mail it to:  
 
Horticulture I mports  
Animal and Plant Health  Directorate  
Biosecurity New Zealand  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Your submission should  arrive by 19 Dece mber 2021 . Submissions received by 19 December 
2021  will be considered during the development of the final  standards . Submissions received 
after 19 December 2021  may be held on file for consideration when the issued  standards are  
next revised/reviewed.  
  2 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Official Information Act 1982  
Please note that your submiss ion is public information , and it is MPI policy to publish 
submissions and the review of submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the 
subject of requests for information under the O fficial Information Act 1982 (OIA). The OIA 
specifies that i nformation is to be made available to requesters unless there are sufficient 
grounds for withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for 
withholding specific inf ormation contained in their submission, such as information being  
commercially sensitive  or personal. Any decision to withhold information requested under the 
OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman . 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 3 1 General information  
1.1 Objective s of the project  
1) The fresh cit rus fruit for human consumption project has the following  objectives .  
a) The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) aims to develop individual 
commodity import health standards  for fresh  citrus  fruit (Citrus  spp.) for 
human consumption (‘the standards’) . 
b) MPI aims to  ensure that known biosecurity risks associated with fresh citrus 
fruit imported for human consumption from approved exporting countries are 
managed appropriately and in a way that is consistent with New Zealand’s 
domestic legislation and internatio nal obl igations .  
c) MPI aims to conduct  a technical review of the currently approved fresh citrus 
fruit for human consumption import health standards  and review  existing pest 
lists and phytosanitary measures  for these pathways . MPI also aims to  assess  
new ma rket ac cess requests for fresh citrus for human consumption.  
1.2 Purpose  of the risk management proposal  
2) This risk management proposal has three purposes.  
a) The proposal summarise s the known biosecurity risks that may be associated 
with importing fresh citrus f ruit fo r human consumption from all countries 
requesting market access (existing and new  access ). 
b) The proposal summarise s how the proposed phytosanitary measures in the 
standards effectively manage biosecurity risk to an appropriate level and are 
consisten t with New  Zealand’s domestic legislation and international 
obligations . 
c) The proposal provide s information to support consultation on the standards.  
3) The standards are the subject of consultation under section 23(3) of the Biosecurity 
Act 1993. Thi s risk ma nagement proposal is not itself the subject of consultation. 
However, MPI will accept comments and suggestions on the risk management 
proposal to improve future consultations on other draft import health standards . 
1.3 Scope of the risk management pro posal  
4) The risk management proposal has six main parts.  
a) Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 provide the background and context used to inform 
pest risk analysis and assessment of biosecurity risk associated with  citrus  
fruit from countries listed in Table 1. 
b) Part 4 provides a description of Basic Measures, Targeted Measures and MPI -
Specified Measures.  
c) Part 5 provides information on the risk management decisions for the strength 
of measures required to manage pests identified as associated with fresh citrus 
fruit for human con sumption.  
d) The a ppendices discuss  the rationale for using  certain phytosanitary measures 
and not others , and contain links to pest lists (commodity pest lists and 4 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  country:commodity pest lists)  and comparison tables on changes in strength of 
measure require d to manage pests on existing pathways . 
5) This proposal only identifies  pests that are  associated with fresh citrus fruit . 
6) The phytosanitary measures proposed  in this document  are based on information in 
MPI’s Import risk analysis: citrus (Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit  for human consumption . 
The import risk analysis ( IRA) is available on the MPI consultation page  Draft Import 
Health Standard : Fresh Citrus  spp. Fruit for Human Consumption . Unless otherwise 
stated , all information is drawn from the risk analysis , and the references for all 
sources  can be found in the import risk analysis docu ment.  
 
1.4 Context  
1.4.1 Domestic regulation of biosecurity risks associated with import ing fresh fruit  
7) Maintaining plant health is one of the key outcomes  of New Zealand’s biosecurity 
system. The New Zealand’s biosecurity  system is regulated by MPI through the 
Biosecurity Act 1993.  Section 22 of the  Biosecurity  Act de fines  an import health 
standard  and outlines the scope  of a standard . 
8) The biosecurity system in New Zealand operates as a series of components (pre -
border, border, and post -border) that together provide a high level of assurance that the 
risk of regulated pests is reduced  to an acceptable level . No single part of the system 
can achieve the necessary protection on its own.  
9) Additionally , no biosecurity system ca n reduce risk to zero. This is neither feasible nor 
desirable . Within this system, the objective of an import health standard  is to 
effectively manage the risks associated with imported goods in order to reduce to an 
appropriate level  (see section 1.4.5) , the likelihood of introduction (entry , 
establishment  and impa ct) of regulated pests in New Zealand . 
10) An organism is ‘regulated’ by MPI if it could cause unacceptable consequences (i.e.  
likely to cause unacceptable economic, environmental, sociocultural , or human health 
impacts) if it enter ed New Zealand  and, provided  the organism  can establish and 
spread in New Zealand , either :  
a) is not present in New Zealand;  or 
b) is present in New Zealan d but under official control . 
11) Organisms that are present in New Zealand may also be regulated, when found in 
association with imported  goods, if they are known vectors of pathogens that are not 
present in New Zealand (see section 1. 4.2 below ).  
12) The focus o f import health standards for plant -based risk goods is to manage 
unacceptable phytosanitary risks identified as being associated with  the goods before 
arrival at the New  Zealand border. The expectation is that commercial consignments 
of plants and plant p roducts meet New Zealand’s phytosanitary import requirements 
on arrival (risk is managed offshore).  
13) MPI monitors the pathway performan ce related to each import health standard to 
ensure biosecurity risks are effectively managed. This is achieved through 
documentation verification and inspection activities at the border (and where possible, 
identification of  any detected  pests) , and audit s of the export systems and critical 
control points  that are detailed in bilateral arrangements  (see Appendix 1.2  for further 
discussion on government -to-government  bilateral arrangements ).  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 5 14) MPI is committed to the principles of transparency and evidence -based technical 
justification for all new and amended  phytosanitary measures required on importing 
pathways.  
1.4.2 Vector analysis  
15) To prevent the introduction of vector -transmitted pathogens to New Zealand, it is 
necessary to prevent the entry of their vectors. Th is is because the successful 
introduction of vector -transmitted pathogens requires the vector to:  
a) acquire the vector -transmitted pathogen from a host (either citrus or another 
plant host) and then be associated with fresh citrus fruit for import to 
New  Zealand;  
b) remain infectious during transit and after ar rival in New Zealand; and  
c) successfully find and transmit the pathogen to a suitable plant host in 
New  Zealand where the pathogen can establish and then cause unacceptable  
impacts.  
16) The risk assessment assum es that i f infected fruit arrive in New Zealand  undetected, it 
is highly unlikely that it will become exposed to a vector already present in 
New  Zealan d. Therefore, the risk of pathogens being transferred to local plants by 
local vectors is considered unlikely. 
17) The vector analysis process for fresh citrus fruit for human consumption project also 
considered other high -priority vector -transmitted pathogens that may be associated 
with plants other than citrus, that is, pathogens that affect other plants of eco nomic 
importance to New  Zealand. This list of high -priority vector -transmitted pathogens 
was compiled from the MPI high -priority pest (HPP) list and sector risk organisms 
(SRO) as listed and described in the Government Industry Agreement (GIA). The 
SRO lis t contains  pests of concern for the sector.  
18) Further assessment on a vector was only undertaken if the vector was determined to be 
a hazard using the following criteria:  
a) The vector is associated with Citrus  spp. 
b) Both the vector and the pathogen are present  in the same citrus -exporting 
country.  
c) The vector transmits at least one citrus pathogen or one pathogen in the HPP 
or SRO list that is regulated or not present in New Zealand.  
d) For pathogens not associated with Citrus spp., the pathogen is transmitted in a  
persistent o r semi -persistent manner1. 
19) The Standards will list vectors that have been determined to be a hazard on fresh citrus 
fruit and therefore, require phytosanitary measures for management.  
20)  Additionally, vectors that require measures in addition t o Basic Meas ures will be 
listed in the Standards and the online pest database. Whereas the vector -transmitted 
pathogens will only be listed in the schedule of the Standards.  
 
1 Citrus -associated pathogens transmitted by insect vectors are a r isk regardless  of whether they are transmitted 
in a non -persistent, semipersistent or persistent manner. Non -citrus pathogens transmitted in a semipersistent or 
persistent manner may be able  to enter New Zealand. Pathogens transmitted in a semipersistent m anner are 
carried by the vector for several hours up to a few days. Pathogens transmitted in a persistent manner are carried 
by the vector for at least a few days and as much as the lifetime  of the vector.  6 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  21) See section 14  of the import risk analysis for further discussion on vectors and v ector -
transm itted pathogens.  
1.4.3 International regulation of risk goods  
22) Where possible, phytosanitary measures are aligned with international standards, 
guidelines, and recommendations as per New Zealand’s obligations under Article 3.1 
of the World Trade Organ ization (WTO ) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary 
and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) (WTO 1995 ) and section 23(4)(c) of 
the Biosecurity Act 1993.  
23) The SPS Agreement sets in place rules that protect each country’s sovereign right to 
take the mea sures necess ary to protect the life or health of its people, animals,  and 
plants, while at the same time facilitating trade. It embodies and promotes the use of 
science -based risk assessment to manage the risks associated with the international 
movement of  goods.  
24) In keeping with New Zealand’s obligations under the SPS Agreement and the 
International Plant Protection Convention  (IPPC ), phytosanitary measures must:  
a) be based on a risk assessment of the risks associated with the commodity for 
import;  
b) be scienti fically  and technically justified and only for pests regulated by MPI ; 
c) not discriminate unfairly between countries or between imported and 
domestically produced goods ; 
d) not be more trade -restrictive than necessary ; 
e) be based on international standards  wherev er possible, but WTO members can 
adopt a measure that is more stringent than an international standard, provided 
the measure is technically justified.  
25) For a phytosanitary measure to be non -discriminatory, WTO members should 
demonstrate that the stat us of t he relevant pest is the same and that they apply identical 
or equivalent phytosanitary measures. Contracting parties should also apply 
phytosanitary measures without discrimination between comparable domestic and 
international phytosanitary situatio ns. 
26) As part of MPI’s obligation under the SPS Agreement, import health standards will 
include  internationally agreed phytosanitary measures specified in relevant annexes of 
ISPM 28 . Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests  as phytosanitary treatment 
options t o manage pests  prior to  departure  or in transit to New Zealand. However, as a 
sovereign nation, New Zealand determines its appropriate level of protection and 
therefore import health standards will only include phytosanitary treatments from 
ISPMs  where the  described efficacy has been determined to be  sufficient to manage 
the risk to New Zealand .  
1.4.4 Importing fresh produce  
27) Import health standards are a  key component of the pre -border and border system . The 
standards include : 
a) a commodity description  to establis h the scope of the import health standard ;  
b) general requirements to manage pest of low  risk associated with the defined 
commodity , such as requiring that the commodit y be imported from countries  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 7 with phytosanitary certification system  as per ISPM 7. Phytos anitary 
certification system ; 
c) a requirement that any commodity undergoes Basic Measures to reduce pest 
prevalence;  
d) where applicable, specific  requirement s for Targeted  Measures  and/or MPI -
Specified Measures  to be  applied  (in addition to Basic Measures ) to further 
reduce the prevalence of specific pests associated with the commodity; and 
e) the general  requirement that the  national plant protection organisation (NPPO) 
undertakes official pre -export phytosanitary inspection and certification to 
ensure each consi gnment complies  with the phytosanitary requirements  of the 
import health standard . 
28) There is an o n-arrival  verification  inspection of documentation in New Zealand to 
verify compliance with the import health standard . A veri fication inspection of a 
consignme nt may also be conducted in New Zealand to verify that the requirements of 
the import health standard have been met. Typically , if no live regulated pests, unless 
rendered sterile by irradiation, are found in the 600-unit sample, then the consignment 
is considered free from regulated pests . 
29) For commodity pathways  where pests requir e measures  in addition to Basic 
Measures —Targeted Measures and/or MPI -Specified Measures —MPI negotiates a 
bilateral arrangement with the  national plant protection organisation of the exporting 
country on a country -by-country basis  (see Appendix 1.2  for more  detail s). Exports to 
New Zealand cannot occur  on pathways  where additional measures are required until a 
bilateral arrangement has bee n agreed between MPI and the exporting coun try’s 
national plant protection organisation .  
30) See Appendix 1  of this risk management proposal document for further background 
information on import health standards, government -to-government bilateral 
arrangement s and inspection and verification of consig nments for export.  
1.4.5 Strength of measures  
31) Phytosanitary measures are required for regulated pests where the likelihood  of 
introduction and spread on a pathway is unacceptable ( i.e., it is able to enter through 
the pathway, find a suitable host, able to estab lish and, in most cases, spread in 
New  Zealand). Application of phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk to a countr ies 
appropriate level of risk is defined as the appropriate level of protection.  
32) The strength of the phytosanitary measures required should  be no more than necessary 
to manage the risk the organism poses. MPI classified measures into three categories 
of increasing strength: Basic Measures, Targeted Measures and MPI -Specified 
Measures.  
33) The strength of a measure required depends on the risk the  pest poses on a pathway. 
The risk is determined by considering the likelihood that the pest will enter and 
establish  from a pathway and the consequences the pest may cause if it was introduced 
into New Zealand. The greater the risk posed by a pest (likeli hood of introduction plus 
impact), the greater the level of assurance MPI requires that the pest will be 
sufficiently  managed in a consignment.  
34) For pests that present very high consequences, such as fruit flies, MPI -Specified 
Measures are required. Even i f the likelihood of the pest entering and establishing a 
transient population is low, MPI -Specified Measures may be n eeded if the 
consequences of the pest’s introduction and impact are high enough. For example, a 8 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  single detection of a fruit fly post -border  can result in importing countries imposing 
increased phytosanitary measures on fresh produce from New Zealand. See section 5.3  
for proposed risk management decision for fruit fly species and Appendi ces 5 and 6  
for further discussion on fruit fly species.  
1.5 Background on citrus project  
35) Fresh citrus fruit for human consumption has previously been imported under several 
coun try:commodity  schedules in MPI’s import heath standard 152.02 Importation and 
Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  and, in some cases, under  
individual country :commodity  import health standards  (see Schedule 2 of this risk 
management proposal document for a full list  of schedules and standards ).  
36) In addition to the existing fresh citrus fruit for human consumption pathways , MPI has 
received several  new market access requests. Countries included in the fresh citrus 
fruit for human consumption import health standard  project  are listed in Table  1. 
37) The technical review of the existing fresh citrus fruit  for human consumption im port 
pathways has several objectives.  
a) The review aims to p rovide clarity by defining the c ommodity in the 
“Application” section of the import health standard and listing the baseline 
requirements ( commercial production and General Requirements) that must b e 
met in order to import the commodity to New  Zealand . 
b) The review aims to e nsure the existing pest lists for currently approved import 
pathways of fresh Citrus species  (as listed in Table 1 ) accurately reflect 
biosecurity risk s associated with each  pathway . As a result of th is review, 
some pests may have been removed or added to the pe st list for existing fresh 
citrus fruit pathways.  See Appendix  3.2 of this risk management proposal 
document for more  detail s. 
c) The review  aims to e nsure the existing phytosani tary measures in the current 
import health standards  are appropriate  (i.e. effect ive and proportionate to the 
level of associated risk)  for managing the biosecurity risk associated with each 
pathway (where appropriate, phytosanitary measures will be aligne d with the 
relevant  ISPM) . 
38) The aim of the technical assessment of new market access ( Table 1 ) is to  identify and 
assess biosecurity risks associated with fresh citrus fruit imports to New Zealand. This 
risk management proposal document  provides risk manage ment decisions and 
proposed phytosanitary measures for these new marke t access requests.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 9 Table 1 : Countries and fruit assessed as part of the fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human 
consumption draft standards  
Country  Status  Commodities (as requested by the 
exporting NPPO)  Import health standard  
Africa   
Egypt  New Lime  (Citrus aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Lemon  (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
  Grapefruit  (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  
Mandarin  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  
Tangelo  (C. ret iculata × C.  paradisi ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Pomelo  (C. maxima ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
 Review Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Asia   
China  New 
Mandarin (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Orange (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Pomelo (C. maxima ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
  Grapefruit (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  Lemon (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
Japan  Review  
Mandarin  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumpt ion 
 
New Mandarin  (C. unshiu × C.  reticulata var. 
Shiranuhi ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Satsuma  mandarin (C. unshiu × 
C. sinensis var. Kiyomo ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Iyokan (C. iyo ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Hassaku (C. hassaku ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  
Ponkan (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  10 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Country  Status  Commodities (as requested by the 
exporting NPPO)  Import health standard  
Korea  New 
Unshu (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Hallabong  ((C. unshiu  × C. sinensis ) × 
C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tan gelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Cheonhyehyang  (C. reticulata × 
C. sinensi ’) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Viet Nam  New Pomelo (C. maxima ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
  Mexican lime (C. aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consu mption  
  Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Limonia (C. Limonia ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
Europe   
Spain  Review  Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for huma n consumption  
North America   
Mexico  Review  Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Mexico  New Persian lime (C. latifolia)  Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
United 
States  Review  Lime  (C. auran tiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Lemon  (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
  Grapefruit  (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  
Mandarin /tangerine  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  
Tangelo  (C. reticulata × paradisi ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Pomelo  (C. maxima ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
South  America   
Brazil  New Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Lemon (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
  Orange (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumptio n 
  Mandarin orange  
(C. reticulata  / C. deliciosa ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 11 Country  Status  Commodities (as requested by the 
exporting NPPO)  Import health standard  
Peru  New Key lime / Mexican lime 
(C. aurantiifoli a) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  
Mandarin (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticu lata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  
Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for hu man consumption  
  Grapefruit (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  Orange (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Oceania   
Australia  Review  Lime  (C. aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus  aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
Lemon  (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
Grapefruit  (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
Mandarin /tangerine  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo an d tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Tangelo  (C. reticulata × paradisi ) Fresh mandari n, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Tangor  (C. reticulata × sinensis ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Cook 
Islands  New Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
Fiji New Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latif olia) for human 
consumption  
  Meyer lemon (C. meyeri ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
New 
Caledonia   Review  Tahitian lime  (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
New Mexican lime (C. aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  12 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Country  Status  Commodities (as requested by the 
exporting NPPO)  Import health standard  
Samoa  Review  Tahitian lime (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
 New Pomelo  (C. grandis ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
  Meyer lem on (C. meyeri ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
  Grapefruit (C. paradisi ) Fresh grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  
Mandarin /tangerine  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticul ata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  
Tangelo  (C. reticulata × paradisi ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Orange  (C. sinensis ) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
Solomon 
Islands  New Lime (C. aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
Vanuatu  Review  Lime  (C. aurantiifolia ) Fresh Mex ican lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Tahitian lime  (C. latifolia ) Fresh Tahitian lime ( Citrus latifolia ) for human 
consumption  
  Lemon  (C. limon ) Fresh lemon ( Citrus limon ) for human consumption  
  Grapefruit  (C. paradisi ) Fresh grape fruit ( Citrus paradisi ) for human 
consumption  
  
Mandarin /tangerine  (C. reticulata ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Orange (C. sine nsis) Fresh orange ( Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  
Tangelo  (C. reticulata × paradisi ) Fresh mandarin, tangelo and tangor ( Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi  and Citrus reticulata × 
Citrus sinensis ) for human consumption  
  Pomelo /pummello (C. maxima ) Fresh pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) for human consumption  
1.5.1 Commodity description  
39) The commodity description  in the standards  reads : 
“This import health standard (IHS) applies to fresh [commodity common name] fruit 
[commodity scientific na me] imported for human consumption.  
A single unit for the purpose of this IHS is an ind ividual fresh [commodity  name ] 
fruit. ” 
40) The standards provide  further guidance in the “Application ” section:  
“The fruit may have the calyx attached but not the stem, lea ves or other plant parts. ” 
41) Any other plant part that is not included in the commodity description or the statement 
above is an unmanaged risk , because  these plant parts were not assessed in the risk  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 13 analysis process. “Fresh citrus fruit for human consumpti on” is defined as individua l 
fruit of citrus species (listed in Table 1 ) with all vegetative parts removed . 
42) Pest profiles may differ between different citrus species due to differences  in fruit 
characteristics . The navel orange  (Citrus sinensis ) has a pit at the apex (actually a 
small secondary fruit ) that may allow pests to hide and escape detection during  in-field 
and packhouse inspection activities and  phytosanitary inspection . The commodity 
description for Citrus sinensis  is: 
“This import health standar d (IHS) applies to fresh orange fruit (Citrus sinensis ) with 
or without a navel, imported for human consumption (‘fresh orange’). ” 
1.5.2 Taxonomy  of fresh citrus species assessed  
43) The taxonomy of citrus species is complicated  due to a long history of cultivation and 
hybridisation.  
44) See section 2.2 of MPI’s Import risk analysis: citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit for human 
consumption  on further information on the taxonomy for the project. This has been 
summarised below in Table 2  below . 
Table 2: Summary  of citrus commodities  assessed in the import risk analysis  
Citrus  species (or hybrids)  Synonyms  Common names  
Citrus aurantiifolia  (Christ.) Swingle  Citrus limettioides  Lime, sweet lime, Key lime, 
Mexican lime  
Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka   Tahitian lime, Persian lime  
Citrus limon  (L.) Burm.f.  Citrus limonia , Citrus meyeri  Lemon, Meyer lemon; limonia  
Citrus maxima  (Burman) Merr.  Citrus grandis  Pomelo, pummelo  
Citrus paradisi  McFad.  Citrus hassaku  Grapefruit, Hassaku, Ruby 
grapefruit  
Citrus reticulata  L. Citrus unshiu , Citrus deliciosa  Mandarin, tangerine, Unshu, 
Satsuma  
Citrus sinensis  (L.) Osbeck  Citrus iyo  Orange, Iyokan, Va lencia, Navel 
orange  
Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi   Tangelo  
Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis   Tangor  
1.6 Timing and consultation  
45) The proposed draft import health standards  were  released for consultation on 22 
October 2021  and will remain open for c onsultation until 19 December 2021 . 
2 Risk analysis  
46) Prior to developing an import health s tandard , import risk analysis is completed. The 
objective of the fresh citrus for human consumption import risk analysis was to inform 
decisions around : 
a) whether any pes ts should be removed or added to existing fresh citrus fruit 
pathways based on new scientific information ; 
b) what pests are associated with new fresh citrus fruit pathways ; and  
c) whether any pests on fresh citrus fruit pathways (existing and new pathways) 
require measures in addition to Basic Measures, i.e. Targeted Mea sures or 
MPI-Specified Measures . 14 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  47) The risk analysis process begins by establishing the minimum intervention required to 
manage pest risk on the fresh produce. For fresh citrus fruit, the minimum 
interventions, as described in the import risk analysis scope,  are: 
a) the commodity description (description specific to citrus);  and 
b) Basic Measures.  
48) The import risk analysis did not assess pests that are associated with fresh citrus fruit 
that does not meet the minimum interventions for the commodity. That is, fruit that 
does not meet the commodity description and/or has not undergone Basic Measures.  
49) If the import risk analysis process did not start with the baseline assumption that the 
commodity will meet th e minimum interventions, then the import risk analysis  would 
need to assess an exhaustive list of all pests that are known to be (or could potentially 
be) associated with fresh Citrus spp.  
50) By meeting the minimum intervention, numerous pests are excluded f rom analysis 
because:  
a) the pests are not associated wit h the described fresh citrus fruit (as described 
by the commodity description) for export;  or 
b) the biosecurity risk of those pests is managed by the application of Basic 
Measures.  
51) See section 1.3 of MPI’ s Import risk analysis: citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fru it for human 
consumption  for further discussion and an explanation o f the risk analysis process and 
criteria . 
3 Risk management approach  
52) Based on the findings of the risk analysis, MPI makes risk management decisions  on 
the strength of measures required  to manage the pests associated with each 
commodity .   
53) The following trait s indicate that a pest should be adequately managed by Basic 
Measures . 
a) The pest and/or associated damage is easy to see on the citrus fruit, including 
when undertaking visual inspection (as part of general crop  monitoring and/or 
packhouse activities).  
b) The pest infestation produces obvious symptoms.  
c) The pest does not hide in the navel and/or under the calyx of the citrus fruit.  
54) The New Zealand environment may be highly suitable for some pests or pathogens or 
the pest or pathogen may be likely to have a high impact. In these cases , the degree of 
risk reduction achieved by Basic Measures may not be enough to manage the risk . 
Further  measures in addition to Basic Measures  may be req uired.  
55) Pests that meet the criteria for measures  in addition to Basic Measures , i.e., Targeted 
Measures or MPI -Specified Measures, are pests  that are associated with citrus 
commodities and : 
a) have traits that indicate they may not be adequately managed by Ba sic 
Measures , including :  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 15 i. The pest and/or associated damage being difficult  to see on the citrus 
fruit, including when undertaking visual inspection (as part of general 
crop-monitoring and packhouse activities)  
ii. The pest being able to  burrow or lay eggs  into the fruit without obvious 
symptoms  
iii. The pest being able to  hide or lay eggs  in the navel and/or under the calyx 
of the citrus fruit  
iv. The disease  taking  time or requir ing particular environmental conditions 
to express symptoms  
b) present a  likelihood that the p est may be able to enter, establish and have an 
impact in New Zealand.   
56) When as sessing pests  that meet the above criteria , MPI  considers the following 
factors:  
a) The strength or frequency of the association with the host fruit  
b) The extent to which Basic Measures will reduce the risk  
c) The suitability of the environment in New Zealand for the pest (including 
climate, host plant availability and vectors)  
d) The ability of the pest or pathogen to move from imported fruit to a suitable 
environment to allow establi shment  
e) The impact on host plants in New Zealand ( citrus and other plants including 
native species)  
57) MPI uses the above factors to make decisions about  the risk that a pest may pose and 
the strength of the measure s required to manage that risk. The risk management  
decisions  for citrus fruits  are presented in section 5  below.  
4 Requirements i n the standards   
4.1 General requirements  
58) Part 1 of the standards  states the general requirements that must be met in the 
exporting country.  
59) Each  import health standard begins by describing the commodity covered by the 
standard.  
“This import health standard (IHS) applies to fresh [commodity name] fruit 
(scientific name) imported for human consumption (‘fresh [commodity name]’). ” 
60) The g eneral requirement state s: 
“Importers may only import fresh [citrus ] fruit from a country where the NPPO has 
provided evidence t o the satisfaction of a CTO that the exporting country has a 
phytosanitary certification system that complies with ISPM 7 Phytosanitary 
certification system. The phytosanitary certification system  (including programmes 
and standards) must demonstrate the p rocess used to provide export assurance. ” 
61) MPI’s assessment of the exporting country’s phytosanitary certification system may be 
based on information provided by the exporting country, ongoing or p revious trade, 
previous pathway visits or pre -export pathway  visits.  16 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  62) In addition to the above general requirement , all consignments of fresh citrus fruit 
imported into New Zealand must  also: 
a) meet the specific requirements listed in  Part 2 “Specific Require ments ” of the 
standards ; 
b) be washed and brushed in the packho use prior to export;   
c) be free from contamination, regulated pests and other extraneous material  in 
quantities that can be detected during phytosanitary inspection ; 
d) be packaged in clean and either new or refurbished material;  
e) be secured in a manner to prev ent contamination;  
f) be accompanied by documentation that meets the requirements in Part 3  
“Inspection, Verification and Documentation Requirements ” in the standards . 
63) These general requirements are in Part 1.4 of the standards  and are the same in  all the 
standards .  
4.2 Specific requirements   
64) In addition to  general requirements, there are  specific requirements  that must be  
applied prior to  export . These specific requirements  manage the biosecurity risk of 
specific regulated pests associated with the commodity . The specific requirements  are 
determined based on the strength of measure s (see section 1.4.5) required to manage 
the risk that a pest may present.  
65) Specific requirements  reduce the pest prevalence below the maximum allowable pest 
prevalence , which is determi ned by the acceptable  level of risk that New Zealand 
accepts.  
66) Phytosanitary inspection is conducted by randomly sampling each homogenous 
grower lot in a consignment of fresh f ruit. The minimum sample for inspection must 
be based on a 95% confidence level t hat no more than 0.5% of the units in the lot are 
infested as set out in ISPM 31. Methodologies for sampling of consignments . If no 
regulated pests are found in the sample, MP I is assured that the requirements have 
been met.  
67) As discussed above, MPI categor ises pests into three categories based on the strength 
of the measure s: Basic Measures, Targeted Measures and MPI -Specified Measures.  
68) Targeted Measures and MPI -Specified  Meas ures are agreed on between MPI and the 
exporting country’s national plant protect ion organisation  and are record ed in the 
exporting countries’ bilateral a rrange ments ( see Appendix 1.2  for more  information on 
bilateral a rrange ments). They are also listed in the import health standard and the 
online pest database.  
69) This risk management pr oposal  document does not discuss the exact Targeted 
Measures that will be applied by each country to manage risks on their citrus 
pathways . These measures are currently under discussion between MPI and the 
exporting countries . An MPI chief technical office r will assess the effectiveness  of any 
phytosanitary measures proposed by the exporting country. The agreed phytosanitary 
measures will be captu red in a government -to-government  bilateral arrangement .  
4.2.1 Basic Measures  
70) All fresh fruit and vegetable commoditi es must undergo Basic Measures . Basic 
Measures can differ between the commodity type, for example, fresh fruits and  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 17 vegetables for human consump tion versus  plants for planting. This reflect s the 
different levels of risk associated with each pathway  (see IS PM 32. Categorisation of 
commodities according to their pest risk ). That is, there is a lower level of risk of 
introducing regulated pests assoc iated with fresh fruits and vegetables for human 
consumption compared to plants for planting , as the fruit or ve getable is generally 
consumed with little to no waste.  
71) Basic Measures are not pest -specific but are likely to manage a wide range of pests. 
This includes pests that may be incidentally associated with the fresh fruit or vegetable 
for import. A requirement  of Basic Measures  for fresh citrus fruit for human 
consumption  is: 
“Fresh [citrus fruit ] must be sourced from a production system that uses standard 
commercial production methods. ” 
72) Commercial production is defined  by MPI as :  
“A process (system) where act ivities, such as in -field monitoring, pest control 
activities, harvesting, cleaning, sorti ng and grading have been undertaken. These 
activities are carried out to minimise:  
a) the presence of regulated pests;  and 
b) damage that may be a result of the presence of  a regulated pest or that could 
expose the commodity to regulated pests. ” 
73) No biosecurity s ystem can achieve “zero” risk. Similarly, commercial production 
activities do not aim to achieve zero damage in the consignment . Instead, the aim is  
that the cumulati ve effect of activities undertaken  as part of commercial production 
will minimise the numb er of damaged fruit  in the consignment  that could be 
harbouring (or could expose the consignment to ) regulated pests as it moves through 
the export production chain.  
74) The risk analysis process begins with the assumption that the commodity for import 
has met the commodity description (as described in the standards and in section 1.5.1 ) 
and has been sourced from a production system that undertake s commercial 
production. Without this baseline assumption, the risk analysis would also need  to 
consider opportunistic pests that are only associated with damaged or infected fruit 
and other pests that are associated with fruit  that have not been produced using a 
commercial produc tion system.  
75) Ensuring that fresh fruits and vegetables are sourced from production systems  that can 
apply  this basic measure is important  for the following reasons.  
a) These consignments are likely to have lower general pest prevalence, thus 
limiting the ris k that pests could  establish and spread in New Zealand if they 
entered un detected . 
b) Applying Basic Measures  reduces the number of pests that may require 
measures in addition to Basic Measures  (for example, end-point treatments ), 
which can be costly and can reduce  a product ’s shelf life . 
76) Applying  Basic Measures enables trade because  the measures  reduce  the chances of 
pests entering  New Zealand . This in turn  reduces the likelihood of an onshore 
contingency treatment being required or a consignment failing  to receive biosecurity 
clearance .  18 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  4.2.1.1  Contaminating pests  
77) Contaminating pes ts, also known as hitchhiking pests,  are pests that are generally not 
associated with the fresh fruit or vegetable commodity that is being imported but 
instead may be associated with the p lant, other plants present in the growing area , or 
the commodity packaging . Contaminating pests are therefore incidentally carried by 
the commodity.  
78) An import health standard  does not require phytosanitary measures to be applied to 
manage contaminating pes ts. However,  because all fresh fruits and vegetables for 
import t o New  Zealand must undergo Basic Measures, pests that are incidentally 
associated with the commodity are also likely to be managed by  Basic Measures.  
79) Additionally, MPI monitors all new pathwa ys for the first season of trade and 
undertakes verification inspection on all existing pathways . This informs decisions on 
whether  the phytosanitary measures of the import health standard  are fit for purpose 
and are being applie d appropriately. If contami nating  pests are intercepted frequently  
during the monitoring  or verification inspection , MPI will undertake appropriate 
action  (such as  request that the NPPO of the exporting country investigate  to 
determine the cause of the frequen t interceptions of cont aminating pests) .  
4.2.2 Targeted Measures  
80) Targeted Measures are justified where the risk posed by a pest is not sufficiently 
managed by Basic Measures alone.  An MPI chief technical officer undertakes an 
assessment to ensure that the proposed Targeted Measure is  adequate to manage the 
risk of specific pests.   
81) The following are a selection of measures that may be considered for managing pests 
requiring Targeted Measures:  
Pest exclusion  
a) Country freedom: A chief technical officer is satisfied that a country is free  of 
the pest  of concern in accordance with ISPM 4. Requirements for the 
establishment of pest free areas  or ISPM 8. Determination of pest status in an 
area.  
b) Pest-free area: The fresh citrus fruit is sourced from a pest -free area 
established in accordance with ISPM 4. Requirements for the establishment of 
pest free areas  or ISPM 8. Determination of pest status in an area . 
i. The pest -free area will be established in negotiation between MPI  
and the exporting country.  
ii. A chief technical officer  will assess the pr oposal for its 
effectiveness in achieving the desired outcome for a pest requiring 
Targeted Measures.  
c) Pest-free place of production: The fresh citrus fruit is sourced from a pest -free 
place of production established in accordance with ISPM 10. Requirement s for 
the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production 
sites. 
i. The pest free place of production  will be established in negotiation 
between MPI and the expor ting country.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 19 ii. A chief technical officer  will assess the proposal for its  
effectiveness in achieving the desired outcome for a pest requiring 
Targeted Measures.  
Pest reduction  
d) Appropriate pest control activities : Pest control activities are applied 
when/where appropriate in the production and/or post -harvest system for the 
effective management of a pest.  These activities are assessed by a chief 
technical officer for their effectiveness.  
e) Phytosanitary treatments: A phytosanitary treatment that is effe ctive for 
managing a pest is applied prior to export or in transit to New Zeala nd. Where 
available, and where the treatment meets MPI’s appropriate level of 
protection, MPI will also accept treatments specified in relevant annexes of 
ISPM 28. Phytosanitary  treatments for regulated pests . 
f) Systems approach : Different measures , at least  two of which act 
independently,  are integrated and have  a cumulative effect that is effective for 
managing the pest(s) in accordance with  ISPM 14. The use of integrated 
measure s in a systems approach for pest risk management .  
i. The systems approach will be  negotiated between MPI and the 
exporting country.  
ii. A CTO  will assess the proposal for its effectiveness in achieving the 
desired outcome for a pest requiring Targeted Measures.  
 
4.2.3  MPI-Specified Measures  
82) MPI-Specified Measures are options that have a high l evel of efficacy specified by 
MPI. These measures (in addition to Basic Measures) are typically applied to pests 
that will have a significant impact if they are detected or become establish ed in 
New  Zealand , such as fruit flies . 
83) The following is a selectio n of measures that may be considered for managing pests 
requiring MPI -Specified Measures:  
Pest exclusion  
a) Country freedom: A chief technical officer (CTO) is satisfied that a country is 
free of the p est in accordance with ISPM 4. Requirements for the 
estab lishment of pest free areas  or ISPM 8. Determination of pest status in an 
area. 
b) Pest-free area: The fresh fruit or vegetable is sourced from a pest -free area 
established in accordance with ISPM 4. Requirements for the establishment of 
pest free areas  or ISPM 26. Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies 
(Tephritidae) .  
c) The pest -free area will be established in negotiation between MPI and the 
exporting country.  
i. A chief technical officer will ass ess the proposal for its 
effectiveness in achieving the d esired outcome for a pest requiring 
MPI-Specified Measures.  20 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  d) MPI-recognised non -host: The commodity  is recognised by MPI as a non -host 
for the pest species based on the stage of maturity or cultivar/variety of the 
fruit. 
i. MPI-recognised non -host status is s pecific to the stage of maturity  
or cultivar/variety of the fruit  approved for export in the import 
health standard . 
ii. A chief technical officer  will recognise the specified stage of 
maturity,  or cultivar/variety of citrus fruit that has been 
scientifically demonstrated as a non -host in accordance with 
ISPM  37. Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies 
(Tephritidae) . 
Pest reduction  
e) Phytosanitary treatments:  Fresh fruit and vegetable  commodity  undergo a 
phytosanitary treatment  prior to export or in transit to New Zealand  as agreed 
with MPI . 
i. The treatment must be in accordance with a treatment specified in a 
relevant annex  of ISPM 28. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated 
pests , where the described efficacy has been determined to manage 
the risk,  or any other treatment specified in the import health 
standard . 
ii. Treatment prior to export must take place in a facility that is 
registered or approved by the NPPO in the exporting country  or by 
a chief technical officer . 
iii. Treatment while  in transit to New Zeal and must be approved by a 
chief technical officer  and recorded in the bilateral arrangement . 
f) Systems approach: The integration of different measures, at least two of which 
act independ ently, with a cumulative effect that is effective for managing the 
pests in accordance with ISPM 14. The use of integrated measures in a 
systems approach for pest risk management  and ISPM 35. Systems approach 
for pest risk management of fruit flies (Tephri tidae).  
i. The systems approach will be negotiated between MPI and the 
expo rting  country . 
ii. A chief technical officer  will assess the proposal for its 
effectiveness in achieving the desired outcome for a pest requiring 
MPI-Specified Measures.  
84) MPI uses  quantitat ive and/or qualitative data when deciding which measures to 
specify.  Measures are selected when the data shows they can provide a  high level of 
phytosanitary assurance.  The rationale for measures to manage pests on the fresh 
citrus pathways is further discussed in Appendi ces 6 and 7  of this risk management 
proposal.  
85) Where mult iple pests requiring a particular treatment are associated with a commodity, 
treatment must be applied at a rate t hat meets or exceeds the requirement for each pest.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 21 5 Pest categorisation and strength of measures  
86) In Import risk analysis: citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit for human consumption , MPI 
assessed pests that have the potential to be associated with fresh citrus fruit for human 
consumption . These include pest species that use the commodity for some part of their 
lifecycle, as well as species where th ere is evidence to suggest they have an 
opportunistic association with the commodity.  
87) MPI determined that 93 pests are associated with fresh citrus fruit commodities and 
assessed the risk that they pose on the citrus pathways. This assessment was then used  
to determine the strength of measures r equired to manage the risk to an acceptable 
level.  
88) See Appendix 1 of MPI’s Import risk analysis: citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit for 
human consumption  for a summary of the taxa excluded from further assessment.  
89) Pests that have been determined as being ma naged by Basic Measures or required 
measures in addition to Basic Measures are discussed belo w. 
5.1 Aphids: Basic  Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following six aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as potential 
virus vectors on  the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Aphis g ossypii  (vector for Pea enation mosaic virus ) 
b) Aphis spiraecola  (vector for Citrus yellow vein clearing virus ) 
c) Aphis craccivora  (vector for Citrus yellow vein clearing virus ) 
d) Macrosiphum euphorbiae  (vector for Pea ena tion mosaic virus  and Maize 
dwarf mosaic virus ) 
e) Myzus persicae  (vector for Pea enation mosaic virus ) 
f) Toxoptera citricida  (vector for Citrus sudden death -associated virus ) 
2) The following aphid -transmitted viruses are of concern to MPI and are absent from 
New  Zealand . 
a) Pea enation mosaic virus  (PEMV)  
b) Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)  
c) Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV)  
d) Citrus sudden death -associated virus (CSDaV)  
3) These viruses have the potential to cause negative economic and social impacts for 
New  Zealand.  
a) PEMV can infect legumes such as peas, broad beans and alfalfa, causing yellow 
to white vein flecking on leaves and blister -like outgrowths on pods ( Cornell 
University, 1984) . 
b) MDMV causes economic losses in maize, sweetcorn and sorghum. Infection 
with MDMV  affects plant growth, development and fruit yields  (CABI,  2019).  
c) CYVCV infects most Citrus species and also non -citrus plants such as beans 
and common weeds (e.g. Solanum nigrum ). The virus causes reduced vigour of 
trees and lower fruit yields and decreas es the marketability of fruit ( Liu et al. , 
2020).  22 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  d) CSDaV mainly infects sweet oranges (including mandarin varieties) and limes. 
The virus causes leaf loss, reduction in new shoots, and rot and death of a large 
portion of the root system. ( MPI, 2016 ). 
e) These viruses remain in their aphid vectors for the aphid ’s lifetime.  
4) All six aphids are already present in New Zealand. New Zealand aphids do not 
currently carry the viruses li sted above. However, if an aphid carrying one of the 
viruses enters New Zealan d and i nfects a plant, the local aphids have the ability to 
acquire the viruses and spread them further.  
5) MPI is not proposing measures for the viruses themselves but only for the aphids 
carrying the viruses.  
a) These viruses cannot be transmitted without aphids. Inf ected aphids that enter 
New  Zealand from another country could transmit the viruses.  
b) It is not feasible for a New Zealand aphid to acquire these viruses from infected 
fruit.  
i. CYVCV and CSDaV are associated with citrus, but infected sympto matic 
fruit is not eligible for export.  
ii. In the unlikely event that fruit infected with CYVCV or CSDaV enters 
New  Zealand, waste from the fruit is likely to be disposed of using the usual 
low-risk methods, i.e. landfill.  
iii. If infected citrus waste is discarde d in a high -risk ma nner (e.g. thrown in 
compost), a local aphid would have to feed on the discarded infected waste 
and then move onto a suitable host for further virus transmission to occur.  
iv. PEMV and MDMV are not associated with citrus. Citrus fruit is no t a 
pathway for the se viruses. Aphids that have fed on plants in an infected 
legume or maize field could fly to a nearby citrus orchard and inadvertently 
be harvested. For the virus to be transmitted further, the aphids would need 
to survive handling and t ransit to New Zeala nd and make their way to a 
legume or maize plant. This sequence of events is unlikely to happen on a 
commercial production pathway.  
6) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are adequate to manage the risk of these aphids as 
vectors from the countries where these viruses are present (Australia, Brazil, China, 
Egypt, Spain and USA), for the following reasons.  
a) Although these  aphid species are associated with fresh citru s fruit, commercial 
practices are likely to remove them. The six aphid species above are visually 
detectable, and all life stages except eggs are mobile, so they are likely to be 
detected on fruit prior to export.  
i. Aphids excrete honeydew, which leads to gr owth of sooty mould that will 
be visible during inspection  (as part of general crop monitoring and 
packhouse activities) . 
b) Crop monitoring and general pest management activities are expected to reduce 
the prevalence of the above aphid species on citrus frui t. 
c) Aphids and their eggs are likely to be removed from citrus fruit or killed during 
general post -harvest processes such as washing and brushing.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 23 Table 3: Measure s for aphids  as vectors  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Aphis gossypii  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
Aphis s piraecola  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
Aphis craccivora  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
Macrosiphum 
euphorbiae  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
Myzus persicae  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
Toxoptera 
citricida  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
* Basic Measures only apply to countries that have both the virus and any aphid that vectors the virus. For countries where 
the virus is not present, there will be no requiremen ts. 
 
References  for 5.1  
CABI (2019) Maize dwarf mosaic virus (dwarf mosaic of maize) [Fact Sheet]. 
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/8157  Accessed June 2020.  
Cornell University (1984) Virus Disease o f Pea [Fact Sheet] . 
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Viruses_Peas.htm  Accessed June 2020.  
Liu, C; Liu, H; Hurst, J; Timko, M P; and Zhou, C (2020) R ecent advances on Citrus yellow 
vein clearing virus  in Citrus. Horticulture Plant Journal, 6(4): 216–222. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S24680 14120300431?via%3Dihub  
MPI (2016) Pest Risk Assessment: Citrus spp. nursery stock. 
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/14338 -Citrus -spp.-nursery -stock -Pest-Risk-
Assessment  Ministry for Primary Industries; Wellington, New Zealand.  
 
 
5.2 Bacteria : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following bacterial species (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) 
as a risk on the fresh citrus fruit pathway . 
a) Xanthomonas citri  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
these bacteria because they have  the potential to cause some negative economic 
impacts for citrus  growers  in New Zealand in the unlikely event that they are  
introduced here.  
a) If this species is introduced, th ere is likely to be some impact to commercial 
hosts.  
i. The disease  known as citrus canker,  caused by X. citri  reduces citrus fruit 
quantity and quality.  
ii. Citrus canker is devastating to citrus and causes extensive damage to crops.  
• Severe infection of leaves can cause leaf drop. Severely blemished fruit 
can drop prematurely, leading to reduced yield and marketability.  24 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  3) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are adequate to manage the risk of th ese bacteria 
for the following reasons.  
a) Althou gh th ese bacteria are associated with fresh citrus fruit, commercial 
production practices are likely to remove infected fruit prior to export.  
i. Citrus canker is a disease that causes distinctive lesions on fruit, which are 
likely to be visible and detected during crop monitori ng, harvest, and post -
harvest quality control  (packhouse grading and sorting) . 
ii. Fruit harbouring surface bacteria are unlikely to be exported to 
New  Zealand.  
• Bacteria that are only on the fruit’s surface, without infecting the plant 
itself, are short -lived after fruit harvest. Therefore, it is unlikely that 
citrus canker will develop on the fruit between harvest and the 
packhouse.  
• Surface populations of bacteria will be reduced by brushing and 
washing in packhouses and will decline furthe r over the transit p eriod.  
b) If infected fruit arrives in New Zealand, X. citri  has limited potential to be 
exposed to an appropriate host, and it is unlikely the bacteria will find the 
narrow conditions it needs for establishment.  
i. Residual risk from waste o f infected citrus fruit is likely to be mitigated by 
the usual low -risk metho ds of waste disposal, i.e., bagged waste in landfills 
or run through kitchen waste disposal units. X. citri  in infected or 
contaminated waste is unlikely to reach a new host in the se circumstances.  
ii. If infected citrus waste is discarded outdoors, the bacteri a need to survive 
long enough to transfer from the waste to the new plant.  
• Bacteria on plant surfaces die within hours from drying out and being 
exposed to direct sunlight. Howeve r, they can survive in lesion margins 
on the fruit until the fruit starts to decompose.  
• Bacteria survive only a few days in soil, although they may last a few 
months inside plant waste in soil.  
iii. For establishment to occur naturally, multiple conditions need  to be 
favourable for the bacteria to infect a suitable host.  
• In a study, X. citri transmission only took place when infected citrus 
waste was discarded 0 metres from a citrus tree.  
• Wet conditions are required for the bacteria to be released from 
infected citrus waste.  
• Some citrus cultivars are resistant to X. citri . Cultivars tha t are not 
resistant are most susceptible to these bacteria when the cultivar  growth 
periods coincide with warm temperatures (20°C –32°C), high rainfall 
and wind.  
• It is unlikely tha t the exact combination of conditions, i.e., infected 
fruit being discarded on  a susceptible citrus cultivar in wet and warm 
conditions during seasons of plant growth, would occur at the same 
time to allow the establishment of the bacteria.  
4) Basic Measures will manage the risk of X. citri  on commercially produced fresh citrus 
fruit in the following ways.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 25 a) Commercial production activities will reduce populations of the bacterial 
species.  
i. Crop monitoring and pest management processes are likely to detect and 
remove any fruit infested with X. citri . 
ii. Culling and grading during harvest is likely to remove infected fruit and 
other blemished, damaged or misshapen fruit before it reaches the 
packhouse.  
• A study in Argentina reported that culling procedures resulted in very 
low numbers (near zero) of symptomatic fruit reaching the packing 
bench and zero symptomatic fruit packed in boxes.  
iii. General packhouse processes for cleaning fruit, such as brushing and 
washing, are likely to reduce populations of surface bacteria.  
iv. Further grading and inspections take place at the packhouse, reducing the 
likelihood of infected fruit being packed.  
 
Table 4: Measure s for bacteria  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Xanthomonas 
citri Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
 
5.3 Fruit flies : MPI-Specified Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following fruit fly species (Tephritidae) as a risk on the fresh citrus 
fruit pathway.  
a) Anastrepha fraterculus  
b) Anastrepha ludens  
c) Anastrepha obliqua  
d) Anastrep ha serpentina  
e) Anastrepha sororcula  
f) Anastrepha striata  
g) Anastrepha suspensa  
h) Bactrocera aquilonis  
i) Bactrocera carambolae  
j) Bactrocera correcta  
k) Bactrocera curvipennis  
l) Bactrocera distincta  
m) Bactrocera dorsalis  
n) Bactrocera frauenfeldi  
o) Bactrocera jarvisi  
p) Bactrocera ki rki 
q) Bactrocera kraussi  
r) Bactrocera latifrons  
s) Bactrocera  melanotus  26 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  t) Bactrocera melas  
u) Bactrocera minax  
v) Bactrocera neohumeralis  
w) Bactrocera passiflorae  
x) Bactrocera near passiflorae  
y) Bactrocera psidii  
z) Bactrocera trilineola  
aa) Bactrocera trivialis  
bb) Bactrocera tsuneonis  
cc) Bactrocera tryoni  
dd) Bactrocera xanthodes  
ee) Bactrocera zonata  
ff) Ceratitis capitata  
gg) Zeugodacus cucurbitae  
hh) Zeugodacus tau  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to these fruit 
fly species because the detection of even a single fruit fly has the potential to cause 
major ne gative economic impacts to New Zealand, largely due to New Zealand’s 
current pest -free status for tephritid fruit flies.  
a) A single  fruit fly detection in a surveillance trap can have significant trade 
impacts that can extend well beyond the duration of the outbreak.  
i. Trading partners are likely to impose export restrictions and/or additional 
phytosanitary measures for all fruit fly host material, which can be costly to 
implement.  
ii. A fruit fly outbreak can also result in l oss of access to export markets.  
iii. The di rect financial impact to the horticultural industry of a successfully 
eradicated Ceratitis capitata  outbreak in New Zealand’s major fruit -
growing regions has been estimated at between NZ$24.4 million and 
$71.4  million . 
iv. New Zealand horticulture exports are worth over $6  billion.  
b) The cost incurred by a response to eradicate an outbreak is high.  
i. For example, the Queensland fruit fly response in 2019 cost the New 
Zealand government approximately $18  million.  
c) Most fruit fli es have a very wide range of food sources and have the potential to 
cause significant damage to many plants in New  Zealand.  
i. Fruit flies have been reported to cause infestation, damage, reduced fruit 
yield and production losses to many fruit and vegetable c rops.  
• Without control measures, di rect damage of fruit and vegetable 
commodities by fruit flies can be as high as 100% depending on host 
species or variety, location and season.  
• Larvae feed on the pulp of host fruit, which damages fruit and induces 
decay and premature fruit drop.  
d) Fruit fly establishment can involve high control costs for growers.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 27 i. Control costs due to fruit flies have been estimated at over US$7.5 million 
per annum in a single area of South Africa (Western Cape).  
e) Fruit flies have the potent ial to cause social and cu ltural impacts by affecting 
plants in residential gardens and indigenous plants, including threatened and at -
risk species.  
3) MPI concluded that MPI -Specified Measures in addition to Basic Measures are 
needed to manage the risk of th ese tephritid fruit flies for the following reasons.  
a) These fruit flies have an association with commercially traded citrus fruit.  
i. The fruit fly species lay eggs inside the fruit, rather than on the surface of 
the fruit.  
• Eggs and larvae are inside the fruit  and will not be removed b y post -
harvest activities such as washing and brushing.  
ii. Low levels of infestation may not be easily detected, especially if the 
volume of commodities is large.  
• Puncture marks may not be visually obvious, and significant damage 
can occur inside the fruit b efore external symptoms appear.  
• The punctures caused by B. minax  and B. tsuneonis  may be visible  
because they cause dark nodules. However, these may also be missed at 
low infestations.  
iii. General cool transit conditions may not kill larvae of all the fruit fl y species 
listed above.  
• In particular, B. minax  and B. tsuneonis  are cold tolerant, and their 
larvae are unlikely to be killed by cool transit conditions.  
b) All fruit fly species listed here have the potential to either become estab lished 
throughout New  Zealand, become established in warmer northern regions of 
New Zealand, or form temporary summer populations in New  Zealand.  
c) All fruit flies  assessed  have the potential to survive and complete development 
in the waste of the citrus fru it, i.e . discarded fruit.  
i. Adults of all fruit fly species are highly mobile as they can fly and therefore 
are able to disperse to locate hosts.  
ii. Most  fruit flies except for B. distincta , B. minax  and B. tsuneonis  have a 
wide range of food sources (i.e. the y are p olyphagous or highly 
polyphagous), and therefore, host availability is unlikely to be a barrier for 
establishment.  
iii. Most fruit flies have a high reproductive rate and can deposit a large 
number of eggs in a single fruit. This increases the likelihoo d of bo th males 
and females emerging from the same piece of fruit.  
iv. Most fruit flies can locate each other for reproduction using a variety of 
chemical, auditory and/or visual signals to attract mates.  
4) Because the consequences of fruit fly outbreaks are so serious  for New Zealand’s 
primary industries, the Ministry for Primary Industries needs to have the highest 
degree of confidence that all fruit flies will be managed on fresh produce pathways. 
MPI will specify the exact measures on a country -by-country bas is (see Appendi ces 6 
and 7 ). See sectio n 4.2.3 above for a list of MPI -Specified Measures.  Appendix  5 28 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  provides further discussion  on why tephritid fruit flies all require MPI -Specified 
Measures.   
 
Table 5: Measures for fruit fl ies 
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Anastrepha 
fraterculus    MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Anastrepha 
ludens  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Anastrepha 
obliqua    MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  
Anastrepha 
serpentina    MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Anastrepha 
sororcula        MPI-Specifi ed 
Anastrepha 
striata        MPI-Specified  
Anastrepha 
suspensa  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
aquilonis  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  
Bactrocera 
carambolae  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
correcta     MPI-Specified   MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
curvipennis  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
distincta     MPI-Specified     
Bactrocera 
dorsalis  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactroce ra 
frauenfeldi  MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
jarvisi  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
kirki MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
kraussi  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
latifrons  MPI-Specified   MPI-Specified    MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
melanotus     MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
melas      MPI-Specified    MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
minax  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
neohumerali
s MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
passiflorae    MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specif ied 
Bactrocera 
psidii  MPI-Specified**   MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
species near  
passiflorae  MPI-Specified      MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
trilineola    MPI-Specified  MPI-
Specified † MPI-Spec ified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
trivialis      MPI-Specified   MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
tryoni  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
tsuneonis      MPI-Specified  MPI-Speci fied MPI-Specified   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 29 Bactrocera 
xanthodes  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified**  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Bactrocera 
zonata  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified*  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Ceratitis 
capitata  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Zeugodacus 
cucurbitae     MPI-Specified   MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
Zeugodacus 
tau    MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  MPI-Specified  
 
* There are gaps in the literature on the  fruit fly ’s association  with the host , but MPI concluded that an association is likely 
based on the criteria discussed in Appendix 5 .  
** The h ost association  was uncertain  in initial host status t esting in accordance  with Standard 155.02.02 Specification for 
Determination of Fruit Fly Host Status as a Treatment  (2001 ). These commodities are listed as hosts pending further 
evidence.  
† MPI-recognised non -host specific to Bactrocera trilineola  and C. maxima  variety Reinking  
Where a field is blank, there is no known risk associated with that fruit fly species on the commodity pathway , and no further 
measures are required.  
 
5.4 Fungi : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following fungal species ( Myriangiales: El sinoaceae) as a risk on the 
fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Elsinoe australis  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
this fungal species  because it has  the potential to cause some negative economic 
impa cts for citrus g rowers in New Zealand in the unlikely event that it is introduced 
here.  
a) If this species is introduced, there is likely to be a limited impact to commercial 
hosts, while the overall economic impact on New Zealand is likely to be minor.  
i. If Elsinoe australis  become s established in New  Zealand, the range of fruit 
affected by citrus scabs could expand to include sweet oranges. Some 
mandarin varieties already affected by other species of citrus scab already 
present in New Zealand could be more severely affected t han they are now.  
ii. These fungi can cause premature fruit drop, and they cause cosmetic 
damage, which can result in reduced marketability and fruit yields.  
3) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are adequate to manage the risk of this fungal 
species  for the follo wing reasons.  
a) Although this fungal species is  associated with fresh citrus fruit, commercial 
production practices are likely to remove infected fruit prior to export.  
i. This fungal species  only infect s young citrus fruit, which becomes di storted 
and may dro p prematurely. Fruit older than eight  weeks after petal fall is 
not susceptible to new infections.  
ii. There is a very short period between the time this fungal species  infect s the 
fruit and the time the fruit starts showing symptoms and vi sible and 
distincti ve scabs appear on the fruit. If infected fruit does not drop 
prematurely and reaches maturity, symptoms are likely to be visible and 
detected during crop monitoring, harvest, and post -harvest quality control.  30 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  b) Although this fungal speci es has  the potentia l to be exposed to an appropriate 
host, it is unlikely that infected fruit will be discarded in a way that would 
create suitable conditions for establishment.  
i. Elsinoe  symptoms are visible from an early stage in production and 
therefore o nly extremely low n umbers of infected fruit are likely to escape 
detection during harvest, preparation for export and official inspection.  
ii. Residual risk from citrus waste is likely to be mitigated by the usual low -
risk methods of waste disposal, i.e., bagge d waste in landfill s or being run 
through kitchen disposal units. Pathogens in such waste are unlikely to be 
exposed to a suitable host.  
iii. For establishment to occur, infected citrus fruit or waste would have to be 
discarded in close proximity to a citrus plant with immature fruit during wet 
conditions for spores to be spread via watersplash or windblown rain. This 
combination of events is un likely to happen.  
4) Basic Measures will manage the risk of Elsinoe australis  on commercially produced 
fresh citrus fruit in the following w ays. 
a) Crop monitoring and pest management processes reduce the risk posed by this 
fungal species .  
i. The time it takes for  infected fruit to show symptoms is short, and 
symptoms can be seen at an early stage of production.  
ii. General pest management such as the application of  general  fungicides will 
reduce the incidence of this fungal species . 
iii. Infection may cause premature fruit  drop.  
• Fallen fruit is not be eligible for export under the commodity definition 
of “commercially produced fruit” and cannot be exported to 
New  Zealand.  
b) Mature fruit infected with Elsinoe australis  is visible and likely to be detected 
and removed during ge neral packhouse post -harvest processes.  
 
Table 6: Measures for fungi  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Elsinoe 
australis  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
5.5 Fungi: Targeted Measures  
1) MPI has assessed the following fungal species (Botryosphaeriales: Phyllosticta) as a 
risk on the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Phyllosticta citr icarpa  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
this fungus becau se it has the potential to cause negative economic, environmental, 
and social impacts for New Zealand if it becomes established here.  
a) Phyllosticta citr icarpa  has been recorded to cause severe damage to citrus.  
b) This fungus can cause reduced fruit quality, premature fruit drop and 
production loss.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 31 c) Due to the high impact this species can have on citrus, countries that import 
New  Zealand citrus and have pes t free dom status for this fungus may require 
additional phytosanitary measures  if this fungus becomes established here.  
d) There could be environmental and social impacts due to the increased use of 
fungicides needed to manage this fungus in New Zealand.  
3) MPI concl uded that Targeted Measures in addition to Basic Measures are needed to 
manage the risk of this fungus for the following reasons.  
a) Basic Measures alone do not manage Phyllosticta citricarpa , which means this 
fungus is associated with fresh citrus frui t that  has been commercially produced 
for export.  
i. The fungus can be present with symptoms (causing lesions on fruit) and 
without symptoms. This means some infected fruit is likely to go 
undetected during crop monitoring.  
ii. General pest control activities tha t are not specifically targeted at 
P. citricarpa , are not effective . However, specific control activities targeted 
to P. citricarpa are needed  to manage the risk on the pathway .  
iii. Symptoms may not start to develop until fruit is mature and beginning to 
ripen. The time from infection until the first symptom s are visible can be up 
to 24 weeks. Fruit can be symptomless at the time of harvest and  when  
packing for export.  
iv. The fungus can be present without symptoms in the skin of the fruit  (as 
mycelia). Washing, brushing and general handling after harvest will not 
remove any mycelia that may be present in the rind.  
v. Phyllosticta citricarpa  is likely to survive transit and storage. Storing fruit 
at low temperatures only slows development and does not prevent 
develop ment. Therefore, infected fruit may not be detected during 
verification inspection at the New Zealand border.  
b) Phyllosticta citricarpa  has the potential to move from infected imported fruit 
into a suitable environment, be exposed to an a ppropriate host and  become 
established in New Zealand.  
i. Fruit could have no apparent symptoms of infection at the time of import. 
Therefore, there is potential for asymptomatic fruit could enter 
New  Zealand undetected and provide sufficient inoculum for dis persal to a 
suitabl e host.  
ii. Phyllosticta citricarpa  releases spores (conidia) from lesions that may not 
become visible on infected fruit until after importation. Because there is 
potential for infected asymptomatic fruit to enter , there is an unmanaged 
residual risk of infect ed citrus waste being discarded in the environment . 
Spores from this waste can be dispersed by natural means such as 
watersplash or windblown rain and infect hosts.  
iii. Asymptomatic fruit might be imported throughout the summer in 
New  Zealan d when temperatures  favour spore production and when young 
fruit in New  Zealand is susceptible to the fungus. Due to the long period 
before any symptoms are visible on fruit, infections on hosts might only be 
noticed several months after infection.  32 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  4) Targete d Measures will eff ectively manage risk from P. citricarpa by excluding it 
from the pathway  or reducing its levels on the pathway. These measures will limit the 
potential for P. citricarpa  to enter and establish  in the New Zealand environment. The 
exact measures are negotiat ed with MPI on a country -by-country basis. See section 
4.2.2 for a list of Targeted Measures . 
 
Table 7: Measure s for fungi  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Phyllosticta 
citricarpa  Targeted  Targeted Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
 
5.6 Mealybugs : Targeted Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as a risk 
on the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Nipaecoccus viridis  
b) Planococcus kraunhiae  
c) Planococcus mino r 
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
these mealybug species because they have the potential to cause some negative 
economic, environmental and sociocultural impacts to New Zealand if they become 
established her e. 
a) Nipaecoccus viridis  causes direct damage to economically important crops in 
New Zealand by injecting toxic substances into the plant tissue. Hosts include 
citrus, grapes, apples, pear, avocado and vegetables and flowers. It may also 
affect several nativ e species in New Zealand that are currently threatened.  
b) Planococcus kraunhiae  can cause direct damage to economically important 
crops in New Zealand such as citrus, grapes and kiwifruit and has also been 
reported on threatened plant species that are native  to New Zealand. 
Planococcus kraunhiae  has been reported as one of the most harmful 
mealybugs that attack many kinds of fruit crops in Japan.  
c) Planococcus minor  has been reported as a pest of economic importance on 
citrus, grapes, and vegetables such as tom atoes and cucurbits. It may also vector 
some plant viruses not currently found in New Zealand and attack native 
species that are threatened.  
3) MPI concluded that Targeted Measures in addition to Basic Measures are needed to 
manage the risk of these mealybugs  for the following reasons.  
a) Basic Measures alone do not manage mealybugs, which means mealybugs are 
associated with fresh citrus fruit that has been commercially produced for 
export.  
i. General i n-field activities , that is activities not specifically targeted  at 
mealybugs, are not effective against mealybugs.  
• Mealybugs have a wax covering that protects them from many 
chemicals and water -based products.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 33 • Mealybugs quickly build up resistance to insecticides.  
• Mealybug s hide in crevices, which makes them hard to d etect.  
• Mealybug management requires specific measures for particular life 
stages.  
ii. Harvest, post -harvest cleaning and packing activities will not remove 
mealybugs from all fruit.  
• General washing and brushing wil l not remove mealybugs from all fruit 
because the bodies of mealybugs can repel water -based solutions and 
they hide in concealed places, which will shelter them, such as calyxes 
and navels.  
iii. General routine in-field and packhouse inspections will not reliab ly detect 
and remove mealybugs.  
• Although mealy bug adults and egg sacs are visible, they tend to be 
found in concealed and dark places such as calyxes, navels, cavities 
and indentations in the fruit skin, making them hard to remove.  
• Early instar n ymphs can be minute and are hard to detect without 
magni fication.  
• While many pests cause damage to fruit that is detected during 
packhouse grading for size and quality, mealybugs may not, and newly 
infested fruit  often bypasses  human or mechanical graders . 
iv. Mealybugs may stay undetectable on arrival if they are shipped as nymphs.  
• Storing or shipping fruit at cool temperatures slows development, so 
mealybugs shipped as barely visible nymphs will stay in that stage until 
they reach New Zealand.  
• Mealybug  species may be  cold tolerant and will not die during transit.  
b) Mealybugs and their eggs entering New Zealand in low numbers have the 
potential to move from infected imported fruit into a suitable environment, be 
exposed to an appropriate host and become established in New Zealand.  
i. Not all mealybug eggs will survive to  adulthood, but the high number of 
eggs (up to 600 eggs in a single egg sac) laid by females increases the 
chances that some will survive in the environment if waste is not discarded 
in a low -risk way, e.g., bagged in a landfill.  
ii. While adult  mealybugs  are slow moving and  prefer to stay on a host, 
crawlers can move freely and walk up to five metres. Mealybugs can  also 
disperse passively on the wind at distances from a few metres to several 
kilometres.  
• These mealybugs have a wide range of food sources, which i ncreases 
their potential to find a suitable host. Suitable hosts include common 
weed grasses.  
• Mealybugs may survive for several weeks on a single discarded fruit.  
• Female adults can live for several months, which gives them greater 
opportunity to find a sui table host.  
iii. Some species are known to deliberately move to high points of their host to 
catch a wind current for dispersal.  
iv. A single mated female is enough to establish a permanent population.  34 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  • Females are able to mate with their offspring and siblings and can 
produce a sex pheromone to attract males.  
• The long life of females gives them the opportunity to mate with 
several generations of males, producing multiple egg sacs.  
• Males can reach sexual maturity in 30 hours from adulthood.  
• Mealybugs can have overlap ping generations with several generations 
per year, depending on the environment.  
v. The physiology of mealybugs increases their chances of survival.  
• Mealybugs can overwinter (go into a state of dormancy) during 
different life stages and then become active ag ain when conditions are 
more favourable.  
vi. These species of mealybugs are present in countries with climates that are 
similar to the climate in some parts of New Zealand, which means that parts 
of New  Zealand are likely to be suitable for these species.  
4) Targ eted Measures will effectively manage risk from mealybugs  by excluding it from 
the pathway or reducing its levels on the pathway . These measures will limit the 
potential for N. viridis , P. minor  and P. kraunhiae to enter and become establish ed in 
the New Z ealand environment. The exact measures are negotiated with MPI on a 
country -by-country basis. See section 4. 2.2 for a list of Targeted Measures.  
Table 8: Measure s for mealybug s 
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticul ata C. sinensis  
Nipaecoccus viridis  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
Planococcus 
kraunhiae  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
Planococcus minor  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Target ed Targeted  
 
5.7 Mites: Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following mite species  (Acari: Eriophyidae) as a risk on the fresh 
citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Aculops pelekassi  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
this mite spec ies because this mite has the potential to cause some negative economic 
impacts for citrus growers in New Zealand in the unlikely event that it is introduced 
here.  
a) This mite only affects citrus plants.  
b) Feeding damage  caused by this mite can reduce the qua lity and marketability of 
citrus fruit ( i.e., smaller fruit size and weight, skin punctures, calluses, extensive 
rind damage and skin bronzing).  
c) Damage is only significant in years with both high temperatures and low r ain 
during spring. New Zealand seldom h as the right conditions for this mite to 
thrive.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 35 3) Basic Measures and biological factors will ma nage the risk of this mite. MPI 
concluded that no additional  measures are needed.  
a) Citrus fruit is harvested during winter when the mite populations on the fruit a re 
lowest. Commercial production practices will further reduce mite populations 
on exported citrus fruit.  
i. Feeding damage caused by adult mites on the surface of the fruit is likely to 
be detected during crop m onitoring in the field and during packhouse 
activities.  Infested fruit is expected to be removed.  
ii. Adult mites lay eggs on the surface of the fruit. Mites and eggs are likely to 
be removed by packhouse activities such as washing and brushing.  
b) These mites prefer  to hide  under the calyxes of fruit , and s o some mites may 
evade washing and brushing. However, the mites have limited potential to 
become established in New Zealand.  
i. These mites only feed on citrus species.  
• Although these mites can be picked up and c arried by the wind, they 
would have to land on a citrus tree to survive.  
ii. Aculops pelekassi  mites can reproduce without mating, but they cannot 
establish a permanent population without finding a citrus plant.  
iii. Only the warmer, northern regions of New Zealand  are suitable for these 
mites.  
iv. Residual waste f rom citrus waste is likely to be mitigated by the usual low -
risk methods of waste disposal, i.e., bagged waste in landfills or run through 
kitchen disposal units. Mites in such waste are unlikely to find a citrus plant 
or be exposed to wind that could carry  them.  
 
Table 9: Measure s for mites as pests  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Aculops 
pelekassi  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
5.8 Mites: Targeted Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following mi te species (Acari: Tetranychidae) as a risk on the fresh 
citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Eotetranychus lewisi  
b) Tetranychus kanzawai  
2) MPI considered applying further measures to manage these mite species in addition to 
Basic Measures, because they have the potential to  cause negative economic, 
environmental and sociocultural impacts to New Zealand if they become established 
here.  
a) Eotetr anychus lewisi  causes direct damage to host crops. While it is  only a 
minor pest of citrus,  it is an economically important pest on oth er crops and is 
becoming globally more widespread. It has been reported on lemons, oranges, 
roses, oaks, olives, berries,  peaches, pears, squashes, grapevines and other 
ornamental plants.  36 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  b) Tetranychus kanzawai  is an economically important pest that causes d irect 
damage to a variety of crops (citrus, grapes, apples, beans, peas, cucumbers, 
capsicums, eggplants, tea, sweetcorn,  hops, ornamentals and clover), which 
could result in increased pest management costs for New Zealand producers and 
restrict access to overseas markets.  
c) Kūmara,  a New Zealand taonga , is a known host of T. kanzawai mites.  
3) Basic Measures alone are not adequ ate to manage  the risk of these mites  as the 
biological characteristics of these mites increase their potential to become established 
in New Zealand . MPI concluded that Targeted Measures in addition to Basic 
Measures are needed.  
a) Commercial production pract ices will reduce mite populations on exported 
citrus fruit.  
i. Feeding damage caused by adult mites on the surface of the fruit is likely to 
be detected duri ng crop monitoring in the field and during packhouse 
activities.  Infested fruit is expected to be remo ved. 
ii. Adult mites lay eggs on the surface of the fruit. Mites and eggs are likely to 
be removed by packhouse activities such as washing and brushing.  
b) Eotetranychus lewisi  and T. kanzawai mites have a tendency  to hide. If they 
evade washing and brushing by hiding under the calyxes of fruit, they have 
greater potential to become established in New Zealand than A. pelekassi . 
i. These mites feed on a wide range of  plants commonly found in 
New  Zealand.  
• These mites can be  picked up and carried by the wind and are more 
likely to land on a suitable plant for survival than A. pelekassi . 
ii. Like A. pelekassi , E. lewisi  and T. kanzawai  mites can reproduce without 
mating, but  it is easier for E. lewisi  and T. kanzawai  mites to find  suitable 
plants to lay their eggs on  due to their polyphagous behaviour . 
iii. Both E. lewisi  and T. kanzawai  can also emit pheromones to find a mate. 
Sexual reproduction provides more genetic diversity t han asexual 
reproduction, which gives the offspring bette r abilities to adapt.  
iv. Most of the New Zealand climate is suitable for E. lewisi , and it easily 
adapts to cooler climates. When T. kanzawai  meets with conditions not 
suitable for its survival ( e.g., adverse temperatures or lack of food), it has 
the ability to go into diapause, a state where its life is essentially ‘frozen’ or 
paused. It waits in this state until conditions have improved, at which point 
it wakes up.  
c) Some of the residual risk from citr us waste is likely to be mitigated by the usual 
low-risk methods of waste disposal, i.e., bagged waste in landfills or run 
through kitchen disposal units, but the risk mitigation will be insufficient.  
i. If mites  are on citrus waste disposed of in a high -risk man ner, such as in 
compost, they are  easily able to walk to a suitable host plant. These mites 
can also disperse on the wind using silk balloons.  
ii. When the citrus waste starts to decay, these mites will actively loo k for a 
new host.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 37 4) Targeted Measures will eff ectively manage risk from E. lewisi  and T. kanzawai by 
excluding it from the pathway or reducing its levels on the pathway . These measures 
will limit the potential for  these mites  to enter and establish  in the New Zealand 
environment. The exact measures ar e negotiated with MPI on a country -by-country 
basis. See section 4. 2.2 for  a list of Targeted Measures.  
 
Table 10: Measure s for mites as pests  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Eotetranychus 
lewisi   Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
Tetranychus 
kanzawai    Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
Where a field is blank, there is no known risk associated with that fruit fly species on the commodity pathway, and no further 
measures  are required.  
 
5.9 Mites with viruses: Targeted Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following mite species ( Acari : Tenuipalpidae) as vectors of viruses 
on the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Brevipalpus californicus   
b) Brevipalpus phoenicis  (sensu lato)  
c) Brevipalpus obovatus  
2) The following mite -transmitted viruses are of concern to MPI , because they cause 
citrus leprosis disease and are absent from New Zealand.  
a) Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV‐C, genus Cilevirus ) 
b) Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV‐C2, genus  Cilevirus ) 
c) Hibiscus green spot virus 2  (HGSV‐2, genus Higrevirus ) 
d) Citrus leprosis virus N dichorhavirus (CiLV‐N, genus Dichorhavirus ) 
e) Citrus chlorotic spot dichorhavirus (CiCSV, genus Dicho rhavirus ) 
f) Orchid fleck dichorhavirus (OFV, genus Dichorhavirus ) (citrus strain)  
3) These viruses have the potential to cause negative economic impacts for cit rus 
growers in New  Zealand.  
a) Citrus leprosis viruses cause one of the most serious vir al diseases of c itrus. 
Citrus leprosis disease is  associated with premature fruit drop, defoliation, death 
of the twigs or branches, and crop damage that may lead to 100% yield loss.  
b) Introduction of any of the citrus leprosis viruses into New Zealand is likely to 
affect e xports of citrus because the disease is not known to occur in any of the 
countries New  Zealand exports citrus to.  
4) These viruses are only known to be transmitted by Brevipalpus  mites.  
5) Brevipalpus obovatus , B. californicus  and B. phoenicis  (sensu lato) are already present 
in New  Zealand. New Zealand Brevipalpus  mites do not currently carry citrus leprosis 
viruses  as the virus is absent in New Zealand . However, if a mite carrying a virus 38 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  enters New Zealand and infects a plant, the local Brevipalpus  mite speci es have the 
ability to acquire the virus and spread it further.  
6) MPI is not proposing specific measures for the vir uses themselves but only for mites 
carrying the viruses.  
a) Citrus leprosis disease, caused by these viruses, is not known to be present in 
count ries that do not have the Brevipalpus  mites that transmit them.  
b) Although Brevipalpus  mites are present in New Zeal and, it is easier for a mite 
already carrying a virus to transmit the virus than for a local mite, which would 
first have to acquire the virus  before transmitting it.  
c) It is not feasible for the virus to spread from an infected fruit to a local mite and 
then on to New Zealand fruit.  
d) Symptomatically infected fruit has dark brown spots or falls from the tree and is 
not eligible for export.  
7) In the u nlikely event that infected fruit enters New Zealand, waste from the fruit is 
likely to be disposed of using the usual low -risk methods, i.e., landfill.  
8) If infected citrus waste is discarded in a high -risk manner ( e.g., thrown in compost), a 
local vector wou ld have to be blown onto discarded infected fruit, feed on this fruit 
and then be blown up onto a suitable host for further virus transmission to occur.  
a) The mites are flat, which makes it very difficult for air curren ts to pick them up.  
b) In all studies of these mites, they were unable to disperse further than two 
metres.  
9) MPI considers the scenario of a local mite acquiring the virus and then transmitting it 
to a local host to o unlikely to require specific management o f the viruses in the 
absence of an impo rted vector .  
10) MPI concluded  that Targeted Measures in addition to Basic Measures are needed to 
manage the risk of virus carrying  Brevipalpus  mites for the following reasons.  
a) Basic Measures alone do not manage mites ca rrying citrus leprosis viruses, 
which m eans they can remain associated with fresh citrus fruit that has been 
commercially produced for export.  
i. Crop monitoring and general packhouse processes are unlikely to manage 
virus -carrying mites to an acceptable level. Brevipalpus  mites are very 
small (<  1 mm) and able to hide under calyxes and in navels. Low 
infestations may evade detection during commerci al production.  
ii. General pest control activities may not be effective against Brevipalpus  
mites.  
b) Brevipalpus  mites are likely to survive transit conditio ns. 
c) Once infected with a citrus leprosis virus, the mite retains the virus throughout 
its life (up to six  weeks).  
11) Targeted Measures will effectively manage the risk of citrus leprosis viruses by 
excluding  or reducing  Brevipalpus  mites carrying these virus es from the pathway.  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 39 These measures will limit the potential of Brevipalpus  mites to enter and establish in 
New Zealand from countries where citrus leprosis virus es are present (Brazil and 
Mexico). The exact measures are negotiated with MPI on a country -by-country basis. 
See section 4. 2.2 for a list of Targeted Measures.  
 
Table 11: Measures for mites as vectors  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Brevipalpus 
californicus  Targeted * Targeted * Targete d* Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * 
Brevipalpus 
phoenicis  Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * 
Brevipalpus 
obovatus  Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * 
* Targeted Measures only ap ply to countries that have both the virus and the vector ( Brevipalpus  species).  
5.10 Moths : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae and Gracillariidae) as risk 
on the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Gymnandrosoma aurantianum  
b) Marmar a gulosa  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basi c Measures to manage 
these moths, because they have the potential to cause some negative economic impact 
to growers and sociocultural impacts in New Zealand in the unlikely event that the y 
are introduced here.  
a) If these species are introduced, there is likely to be some impact on commercial 
hosts and plant species native to New Zealand.  
i. The larvae of these moths feed on citrus fruit, causing cosmetic damage and 
loss of production.  
ii. Gymnandro soma aurantianum  larvae are known to feed on plants in the 
same g enera as several native New Zealand plants (Rutaceae, Sapindaceae).  
iii. The preferred host of M. gulosa  is grapefruit. In 2019, grapefruit was only 
planted on 15 hectares in New Zealand.  
iv. Marmara gulosa  is a cyclical pest with periodic outbreaks.  
3) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are adequate to manage the risk of these moths 
for the following reasons.  
a) Although these moths are associated with fresh citrus fruit, commercial 
production practices are likely to remove infested fruit prior to export.  
i. Grading activiti es during harvest and packhouse will disturb adults that may 
be on the fruit, causing them to fly away.  
ii. Females of both species lay s their eggs on the surface of the fruit.  
• The eggs are likel y to be dislodged as a result of harvest and post -
harvest activit ies. 40 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  iii. Larval feeding damage is likely to be detected during packhouse inspection . 
Therefore, infested fruit is likely to be culled during harvest and post -
harvest grading  and sorting  activitie s.  
• Gymnandrosoma aurantianum  larvae make obvious holes when they  
enter the fruit. Feeding larvae throw out scraps of fruit and faecal 
matter that harden on the surface of the fruit around the entry hole.  
• Larvae of M. gulosa  ‘mine’ the skin of citrus fruit , which leaves visible 
tracks and damage on the surface.  
iv. Cold sto rage and transport reduce the survival chances of these species.  
• Marmara gulosa  larvae are intolerant of cold and unlikely to survive 
cold storage and cold in -transit conditions.  
• The recommen ded storage and shipping temperatures for oranges 
(C. sinensis ), which is a major host of G. aurantianum , are within the 
range of 0°C to 8°C. Storing fruit at this temperature reduces the 
viability of pupae and larvae in oranges, and this is expected to ap ply to 
G. aurantianum  in other citrus fruit.  
b) Although G. auran tianum  and M. gulosa  larvae have the potential to be 
exposed to an appropriate host, it is unlikely that fruit with larvae will be 
discarded in a way that would allow the larvae to move from the  infested fruit 
to a suitable host.  
i. Residual risk from waste of infested citrus fruit is likely to be mitigated by 
the usual low -risk methods of waste disposal, i.e., bagged waste in landfills 
or run through kitchen waste disposal units. Infested waste is u nlikely to 
reach a new host in these  circumstances.  
ii. Any surviving eggs or larvae on imported fruit are unlikely  to be able to 
move from the fruit they arrived on and disperse into the environment.  
iii. It is likely that infested fruit would decay before larvae could complete 
development into adul ts, find a mate and then transfer to a suitable host in 
New  Zealand.  
iv. It is unlikely a female would find a mate to reproduce with, despite 
G. aurantianum  and M. gulosa  females producing sex pheromones to attract 
males.  
• Only very low numbers of adults are e xpected to result from infested 
fruit, reducing the likelihood of adults of both sexes being able to find 
one another.  
4) Basic Measures will manage the risk of G. aurantianum  and M. gulosa  on 
commercially produced fresh ci trus fruit in the following ways:  
a) Commercial production in -field activities reduce populations of these species.  
i. General crop monitoring can identify pest infestations, leading to pest 
management actions.  
b) Harvest, post -harvest cleaning and packing activit ies will reduce the likelihood 
of infested fruit being exported to New Zealand.  
i. Eggs of G. aurantianum  and M. gulosa  are laid externally on fruit and are 
likely to be removed or damaged during post -harvest processes.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 41 • All the countries that were assessed un dertake post -harvest washing 
and bru shing as part of their general agricultural practices.  
• During the time that MPI has been recording pest detections (since 
1999), no live M. gulosa  larvae or eggs have been intercepted at the 
New Zealand border.  
ii. Live larv ae of M. gulosa are active and visib le within their mines on citrus 
fruit, and they cause highly visible damage (serpentine mines) on the peel. 
Packhouses reject damaged fruit to meet export eligibility.  
iii. Fruit infested with the larvae of G. aurantianum often turns bright yellow 
prematurely a nd falls off the tree before it can be harvested.  
• Symptomatic fruit and fallen fruit do not meet the commodity 
definition for fresh citrus fruit in the standard and should be culled and 
excluded from consignments meant f or export.  
iv. Adults of both species ar e highly mobile and are unlikely to stay on fruit 
when handled.  
c) Larvae are unlikely to survive cold transit conditions for the duration of 
shipment.  
 
Table 12: Measure s for moth s 
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Gymnandrosoma 
aurantianum  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
Marmara gulosa  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
 
5.11 Oomycetes : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following oomycete species (Pe ronosporales: Peronosporaceae) as a 
risk on the fresh citrus fruit pathway:  
a) Phytophthora palmivora  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
this oomycete, because it has the potential to cause some negative economic,  
environmental and sociocultural impacts in New Zealand in the unlikely event that it 
is introduced  here.  
a) If this species is introduced, there is likely to be some impact to commercial 
hosts, although the New Zealand climate will limit the species’ ability  to spread 
widely.  
i. Phytophthora palmivora  can cause brown rot in citrus, and production loss 
in cit rus, avocado and kiwifruit crops during wet and warm conditions.  
ii. Phytophthora palmivora  may infect plants that are related to native 
New  Zealand plants.  
3) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are adequate to manage the risk of this oomycete 
species for the following reasons.  42 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  a) Although this oomycete is associated with fresh citrus fruit, commercial 
production practices are likely to remove most infected fruit prior t o export.  
i. Most fruit infected by P. palmivora  drops prematurely and is unlikely to be 
harveste d for export to New Zealand.  
ii. The Phytophthora  infections that cause brown rot, which is visible on the 
fruit’s surface, are likely to be detected during harvest and general 
packhouse post -harvest processes.  
• The rot is light brown and leathery.  
• White myceli um forms on the rind of the fruit under humid conditions.  
• Brown rot produces a pungent odour.  
iii. If infected fruit is packed, brown rot may spread to adjacent fruit  in the 
container. This will increase the likelihood of detection during verification 
inspectio n undertaken on -arrival in New Zealand .  
b) If infected fruit arrives in New Zealand, P. palmivora  has the potential to be 
exposed to an appropriate host, but it is  unlikely the oomycete will find the 
narrow conditions it needs for establishment.  
i. For fruit to  enter New Zealand with an undetectable infection, the fruit 
would have to be infected late in the harvest season and be transported in 
cool conditions.  
ii. Residual  risk from the waste of infected citrus fruit is likely to be mitigated 
by usual low -risk metho ds of waste disposal, i.e., bagged waste in landfills 
or being run through kitchen disposal units. Pathogens in such waste are 
unlikely to be exposed to a suitabl e host.  
iii. For establishment to occur, infected citrus fruit or waste would have to be 
discarded near hosts during prolonged wet and warm conditions for spore 
cases (sporangia) to be spread via watersplash, windblown rain or water 
movement in soil.  
• Mycelium on infected fruit needs wet conditions for 18 to 72 hours to 
produce spore cases. The  optimal temperature for this oomycete to 
produce spore cases is 24°C. These conditions may not be commonly 
met in New Zealand.  
4) Basic Measures will manage the risk of P. palmivora  on commercially produced fresh 
citrus fruit in the following ways.  
a) Crop mon itoring and general pest management processes reduce the risk posed 
by these oomycetes.  
i. Brown rot epidemics only occur under certain conditions and can be 
managed in field .  
• General in -field treatments, fungicides and cultural practices are 
effective at co ntrolling oomycetes.  
ii. Phytophthora  infections often cause fruit to fall to the orchard floor. Fallen 
fruit is not eligible for export under the commodity definition of 
“commercially produced fruit” and cannot be exported to New Zealand.  
b) Phytophthora palmi vora infection usually causes visible symptoms. Most 
infected fruit will be removed during general post -harvest processes.  
  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 43 Table 13: Measure s for oomycete s 
Species  C. aur antiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Phytophthora 
palmivora  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  
5.12 Psyllids : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following psyllid species (Hemiptera: Triozidae and Liviidae ) as a  
risk on the fresh citrus fruit pathway.  
a) Trioza erytreae  
b) Diaphorina citri  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
these psyllids because they have the potential to cause some negative economic 
impacts for citrus gro wers in New Zealand in the unlikely event that they are 
introduced here.   
a) If these species are introduced, there is likely to be some impact for a limited 
number of commercial hosts, while the overall economic impact on New 
Zealand is likely to be minor.  
i. Trioza erytreae  and D. citri only feed on plants in the Ru taceae family.  
ii. Trioza erytreae  and D. citri  typically cause feeding damage on host 
plants, but little economic loss has been reported as a direct result of 
infestation with these psyllids  alone.  
b) Thes e psyllids were also found to be vectors of the liberibac ter bacteria that 
cause HLB  disease. Due to this, MPI conducted a separate assessment of the 
psyllids as vectors. (See section 1.4.2 for a discussion o f the vector analysis .) 
3) MPI concluded that Basic  Measures are adequate to manage the risk of these psyllids 
from countries where liberibacters are not present for the following reasons.  
a) These species of psyllids are hitchhikers and are unlikely to be associated with 
commercially traded fresh citrus frui t. 
i. Although T. erytreae  and D. citri are associated with citrus fruit orchards, 
they do not feed on mature citrus fruit.  
ii. Trioza erytreae  and D. citri lay eggs on foliage of host plants, and 
nymphs remain on leaves until mature. Eggs  and immature stages are  
therefore unlikely to be associated with imported fruit.  
iii. Adults are easily disturbed and will jump a short distance or fly away 
during harvest.  
iv. Feeding can severely distort leaves, making them stunted and/or galled, 
which means inf estations in the field a re likely to be detected.  
• Nymphs cause feeding damage on soft, young plant tissue and 
excrete wax and honeydew. Visible sooty mould then grows on the 
honeydew.  
v. Washing, brushing and other activities in packhouse are expected to 
remove most contaminants and  small mobile organisms from the outside 
of the fruit.  44 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  vi. Trioza erytreae  adults (around 2 mm in length) and D. citri adults (around 
3 mm in length) are brownish in colour and are likely to be visually 
detectable during post -harves t inspections.  
b) Although thes e psyllids have the potential to enter on citrus fruit as hitchhikers 
under the calyx or in the navel, it is unlikely that they will be able to find a 
suitable host in time to establish.  
i. These species only feed on soft tissues o f plant shoots and leaves of  the 
Rutaceae family. They do not feed on citrus fruit.  
ii. Adults on imported fruit are likely to be disturbed and leave the fruit in an 
environment with limited access to host plants.  
• Imported citrus fruit is displayed and handle d inside retail buildings, 
and therefore, any adults that fly off fruit in these settings would fly 
into an environment with limited access to Rutaceae host plants.  
iii. Adults are active feeders and may die if they do not find food.  
• It is likely that adults w ill starve after three days without food under 
average climatic conditions.  
iv. Adult s need to mate before they can reproduce.  
• Due to the expected low numbers of entry, it is unlikely that an adult 
male and female at the same stage of sexual maturity will be p resent 
in close enough proxi mity to mate.  
4) Basic Measures will manage the risk of T. erytreae  and D. citri  as pests on 
commercially produced fresh citrus fruit in the following ways.  
a) Crop monitoring for infestation as a component of commercial production wi ll 
identify affected plants,  resulting in pest management activities being applied.  
b) General post -harvest handling and packhouse processes will reduce numbers of 
adult T. erytreae  and D. citri  from the surfaces of fruits.  
i. Adults of both T. erytreae  and D. citri are likely to be detect ed during 
packhouse  inspections due to their brownish colour and size.  
 
Table 14: Measures for psyllids as pests  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Trioza 
erytreae  Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic* Basic * Basic * 
Diaphorina 
citri Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * Basic * 
* If the psyllid species is present in the export country but the liberibacter bacteria the psyllid vectors are absent, Basic 
Measures alone are enough to manage the risk  of the psyllid.  This is discussed further in 5.13 below.  
 
5.13 Psyllids  with bacteria : Targe ted Measures  
1) In addition to assessing Trioza  erytreae  and Diaphorina  citri as pests of citrus plants, 
MPI also assessed these psyllids as vectors of the following liber ibacter bacteria 
associated with Huanglongbing disease (HLB).  
a)  ‘Candidatus  Liberibacter africanus’ vectored by T. erytreae  and D. citri  
b) ‘Candidatus  Liberibacter americanus’ vectored by D. citri   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 45 c) ‘Candidatus  Liberibacter asiaticus’ vectored by D. citri  
2) These  bacteria have the potential to cause negative economic impacts for 
New  Zealand.  
a) Huanglongbing disease is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus in the 
world, and it has a significant impact on citrus industries overseas . 
b) There is no treatment for the disease, and it is hard to manage.  
c) Most infected trees die within a few  years.  
d) Huanglongbing disease causes premature fruit drop, decreased production, 
stunting of trees and discoloured, misshapen, bitter -tasting and unmarketable 
fruit.  
e) The cost of res ponse activities can be considerable. Eradication efforts can 
involve the e limination of all infected hosts and vectors from an area.  
f) The presence of HLB  disease could result in increased phytosanitary measures 
for New Zealand citrus exports . 
3) MPI is not pr oposing specific measures for the bacteria themselves, but only for the 
psyllids carrying the bacteria.  
a) It is not feasible for the bacteria to spread from infected fruit to a local psyllid 
and then on to New Zealand fruit.  
i. Symptomatically infected fruit is  visible, does not ripen and stays small. 
This fruit will be removed during  postharvest inspection.  
ii. The vectors of this disease, T. erytreae  and D. citri , are currently not 
present in New Zealand.  
b) Trioza erytreae does not pose a risk as a vector on commer cially produced 
citrus from the countries MPI assessed for the proposed new  standards.  
i. Seventeen countries were assessed as part of the fresh citrus for human 
consumption project. None of these countries have both T. erytreae  and 
‘Ca. L. africanus’. Theref ore, the fresh citrus fruit pathway is unlikely to 
introduce ‘ Ca. L. africanus’ to New  Zealand.  
ii. If ‘Ca. L. africanus’ distribution changes in the future, it will be detected 
via the MPI Emerging Risk s System (ERS), and MPI will take appropriate 
action.  
c) Diaphorina citri  poses a risk as a vector on the commercially produced citrus 
from some of the countries MPI assessed for the proposed new standards.  
i. Diaphorina citri is present in Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, USA, Viet Nam 
and Samoa. H LB disease is not pre sent in Samoa,  but it is present in Brazil, 
China, Japan, Mexico, the USA and Viet  Nam.  
ii. Basic Measures are justified and sufficient to manage the risk of D. citri  on 
the fresh citrus pathway from Samoa.  
• MPI’s Emerging Risk s System (ERS) will detect any ch ange in HLB  
disease distribution.  
iii. The remaining countries (Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, USA and 
Viet Nam) will need to apply Targeted Measures, because D. citri  can 
vector HLB  disease from these pathways.  46 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  4) MPI concluded that Targeted Measures in addition to Basic Measu res are needed to 
manage the risk of bacteria -carrying D. citri  psyllids on commercially produced fresh 
citrus fruit from the abovementioned countries for the following reasons.  
a) As outlined in section 5.12 above , psyllids are unlikely to ente r New Zealand on 
this pathway and find a suitable host. However, the consequences of HLB  
disease are so severe that psyllid entry is no longer an acceptable level of risk 
when importing fruit from countries that have both the  psyllid and the bacteria.  
i. Huan glongbing (‘ Candidatus  Liberibacter’ spp.)  is one of the most serious 
citrus plant diseases in the world.   
ii. In the unlikely event of a few infected D. citri  individuals evading detection 
during commercial production, entering New Zealand and finding suitabl e 
hosts, they will vector HLB  disease into the environment.  
• D. citri  may hide under the calyx or in the navel of fruit.  
• D. citri  is highly mobile and can fly to new hosts.  
• Studies indicate flight distances of up to 978 m for  females and 
1,241  m for males.  
iii. Once D. citri  has acquired the bacteria from the phloem of the host plant, it 
retains the bacteria throughout its life and can transmit the disease to the 
next host.  
iv. Once the bacteria are introduced to New Zealand, all vari eties of citrus are 
at risk of contracting the disease and dying.  
5) Targeted Measures will effectively manage the risk from D.citri  on citrus fruit from 
countries where their distribution overlaps with HLB  on all citrus fruit by excluding  or 
reducing  them from the pathway. These measures will limit the potential for these 
psyllids to enter and vector HLB  in the New  Zealand environment. The exact 
measures are negotiated with MPI on a country -by-country basis. See section 4. 2.2 for 
a list of Targeted Measures.  
 
Table 15 : Measures for psyllid s as vectors  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  
Trioza 
erytreae  Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * 
Diaphorina 
citri Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * Targeted * 
* Targeted Measures only apply to countries that have both a liberibacter bacterium vectored by psyllids and one of the 
vectoring psyllid species.  
 
5.14 Scale  insects : Basic Measures  
1) MPI assessed the risk of armoured scale insects (H emiptera: Diaspididae) generally. 
MPI then used this assessment to make specific decisions on the armoured scale 
insects associated with citrus.  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic  Measures to manage 
these scale species because th ey have the potential to cause some negative economic,  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 47 environmental and sociocultural impacts to New Zealand if they become established 
here.  
a) Scale insects attack mainly perennial plants and may cause sign ificant damage 
in nut and fruit trees, nurseries, greenhouses and crops such as kiwi, citrus, 
apples and grapes.  
b) Feeding damage by fruit feeders can reduce the value of fruit by making it 
unsaleable in fresh markets.  
c) They may attack native plants such as Cordyline  species (cabbage trees).  
d) They are associa ted with dieback of plants.  
e) Common weed species (e.g. Eriobotrya japonica , Passiflora  species) and 
garden plants (e.g. roses ) may act as reservoirs of scale insects.  
3) Basic Measures and biological factors will manage the risk of scale insects. MPI 
concluded  that no further measures are needed.  
a) Commercial production practices will reduce scale populations on exported 
citrus fruit.  
i. Heavily infested fruit is noticeable during general cro p monitoring in the 
field and during packhouse activities.  Infested fruit i s expected to be 
removed.  
ii. Washing, brushing and other activities in packhouse are expected to remove 
the mobile stages (first instars and males) of scale insects.  
• Winged males and c rawlers are fragile and are unlikely to survive 
postharvest activities.  
b) Scale insects that survive the journey by attaching to fruit have limited potential 
to become established in New Zealand.  
i. Some of the risk from citrus waste will be mitigated by the us ual low -risk 
methods of waste disposal, i.e., sent as bagged waste to landfi lls or run 
through kitchen disposal units.  
ii. Newly hatched crawlers have around 24 hours to find a suitable host. If 
they do not find a host in time, they will die.  
c) Residual risk from  citrus waste discarded on open compost heaps or in the field 
will be manag ed by biological factors . 
i. Scale insects that are already attached to imported fruit cannot move and 
will die as the host decomposes.  
ii. A female attached to imported fruit may reproduce, but it is unlikely that 
newly hatched crawlers will be able to locate a suitable host.  
• For successful exposure, the source of infestation must be touching or 
very close to the host or be blown by the wind  to a host in close 
proximity. Discarded infested fruit is unlikely to be in direct contact 
with a suitable host, and crawl ers cannot control where the wind takes 
them.  
• Mortality in this life stage is extremely high. Newly hatched crawlers 
are short -lived  and fragile and are susceptible to extremes of 
temperature, desiccation, rain, predation and a lack of suitable settling 
sites. 48 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  • As mentioned, crawlers must find a host within roughly 24 hours or 
they will die.  
iii. Species that have a largely tropical, subtrop ical or warm temperate 
distribution may have limited to extremely limited distributions within 
New  Zealand or may be able t o establish only in sheltered habitats or 
greenhouses.  
d) The low likelihood of this series of events occurring successfully within a sm all 
number of individuals is likely to be a significant barrier to establishment.  
5.15 Thrips : Basic Measures  
Citrus varieties t hat commonly have a navel pose a different type of risk than citrus varieties 
without navels, because some thrips species go into the navels during winter. MPI proposes 
applying Basic Measures for Caliothrips fasciatus on citrus varieties that do not usual ly have 
navels , and additi onal measures are proposed for  C. fasciatus on citrus varieties that 
commonly have navels.  
1) MPI assessed the following thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as a risk on the 
fresh citrus fruit pathway . 
a) Caliothrips fasciatus  (on citrus varieties that do not  commonly have navels)  
2) MPI considered applying further measures in addition to Basic Measures to manage 
this thrips species, because it has the potential to cause some negative economic, 
environmental and social impacts for New Zealan d in the unlikely event that they are 
introduced here.  
a) Caliothrips fasciatus  may cause feeding damage to host crops.  
b) Caliothrips fasciatus  can cause damage to pears, watermelons, onions and other 
vegetable crops.  
3) MPI concluded that Basic Measures are  adequ ate to manage the risk of C. fasciatus  on 
non-navel citrus fruit (although Targeted Measures will be needed to manage the se 
species on orange varieties with navels) for the following reasons . 
a) Commercial production practices are likely to remove most of this thrips from 
the non -navel citrus fruit before export.  
i. Caliothrips fasciatus  adults do not feed on citrus fruit, but they seek out 
citrus fruit with navels when they are ready to go into dormancy for winter. 
Although these thrips are looking for cit rus fruit with navels to shelter them, 
some C. fasciatus  adults end up on citrus fruit without navels, where they 
are exposed.  
ii. Caliothrips fasciatus adults are fragile insects and are easily damaged or 
killed during post -harvest activities if they do not h ave a place to hide on 
the fruit.  
iii. Caliothrips fasciatus  adults are visible and easily dislodged through 
handling, washing and brushing.  
b) A small number of C. fasciatus  adults may be able to evade detection by hiding 
under the calyx. Although C. fasciatus  is polyphagous,  adults will have limited 
potential to move from imported non -navel citrus fruit into a suitable  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 49 environment and be exposed to an appropriate host in high enough numbers to 
establish a population.  
i. The adults are exposed to cumulati ve stress at  a time when they are trying 
to go into dormancy for winter. The stress from harvest, washing, brushing 
and transit accompanied by temperature changes that disrupt their seasonal 
cycle is physiologically and physically damaging to them. This is  likely to 
render them unfit to establish a population.  
• Studies showed that cold stress resulting from winter temperatures 
during harvest, and prolonged cool storage and shipping of fruit may 
have a significant negative impact on the fitness, i.e., lifespa n and 
reprod uctive ability, of surviving C. fasciatus  thrips.  
ii. Caliothrips fasciatus  are weak fliers and require wind to become airborne 
long enough to disperse them over a significant distance.  
• Adults cannot fly in a straight line and are only capable of f lying a few 
metres before they need to rest.  
• Imported citrus fruit is displayed and handled inside retail buildings, 
and therefore, it is unlikely that adults on the exposed surface of non -
navel citrus fruit will be able to make their way into the environm ent 
after en tering New  Zealand.  
• Most waste i s discarded in a low -risk manner, e.g., bagged in a landfill. 
It is unlikely that adults will be able to become airborne to disperse 
from a landfill.  
iii. Caliothrips fasciatus adults arriving separately on imported f ruit are not  
likely to establish a breeding population.  
• Adults are unlikely to be present on non -navel citrus fruit in high 
numbers, as they are likely to be removed during post -harvest 
activities.  
• Thrips mate in the spring and summer, and citrus fruit is harvested in  
the winter. Caliothrips fasciatus  thrips only move to citrus fruit for 
their winter dormant stage. Adult females arriving on citrus are 
unlikely to be mated.  
• Both male and female adults are required to establish a permanent 
population.  
• Calioth rips fasciat us thrips need to mate frequently to produce female 
offspring.  
• Females can reproduce asexually but can only produce male offspring. 
Females surviving to New Zealand are unlikely to live long enough to 
mate with their offspring.  
• Adult males and females arri ving on different fruit will not easily 
locate each other after entering New Zealand. There is no evidence that 
the species produce sex pheromones, and they are likely to be spread 
out in different locations.  
• Once adults exit dormancy, they hav e limited ti me to find a host and a 
mate. Because so few thrips can survive to arrive on non -navel fruit, it 
is unlikely that enough adults will live long enough after arrival to 
establish a population.  50 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  4) Basic Measures are justified to manage the risk of C. fasciatus  on commercially 
produced fresh non -navel citrus fruit for the following reasons.  
a) Commercial production activities will reduce the risk of this species to a level 
where it cannot establish.  
i. Crop monitoring, pest management and general packhouse post -harvest  
processes will detect and remove most C. fasciatus  on non -navel citrus 
fruit.  
• Caliothrips fasciatus  does not have a strong association with non -navel 
citrus fruit.  
• Caliothrips fasciatus  thrip s will be visually detectable on non -navel 
citrus fruit during p ackhouse grading and sorting activities.   
• Post-harvest processes such as washing  and brushing are likely to 
dislodge most C. fasciatus adults from fruit.  
Table 16: Measures for thrips  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  C. sinensis 
varieties 
with navels  
Caliothrips 
fasciatus  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Targeted * 
* Caliothrips fasciatus requires Targeted Measures only on C. sinensis  varieties with a naval .  
5.16 Thrips: Targeted Measures  
1) MPI assessed the following thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as a risk on the 
fresh citrus fruit pathway . 
a) Caliothrips fasciatus  (on C. sinensis  varieties that commonly have navel s) 
b) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  (on all citrus ) 
c) Scirtothrips dorsalis  (on all citrus ) 
2) As discussed in section 5.14  above , C. fasciatus  has the potential to cause some 
negative impacts to New Zealand. MPI concluded that while  Basic Measures are 
adequate to manage this thrips on citrus fruit without navels, Targeted Measures are 
needed to manage this thrips on citrus fruit varieties that commonly have navels.  
3) MPI also considered applying further measures to C. orchidii  and S. dorsalis  in 
addition to Basic Measures, because these species have the potential to cause negative 
economic , environmental and sociocultural impacts to New  Zealand if they become  
establish ed here.  
a) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis have broad host  ranges that include 
crops common in New Zealand. These thrips cause high levels of feeding 
damage on host c rops such as citrus, kiwifruit, grape and avocado. Managing 
these species will increase pest control costs for growers.  
b) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis  may cause environmental and 
sociocultural impacts in New Zealand, because  hosts include some native plants 
and culturally significant crops such as kūmara and pūhā.  
c) Scirtothrips dorsalis  are potential vectors of three viruses in the family 
Tospoviridae not known to be present in New Zealand: Groundnut bud necrosis  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 51 virus , Groundnut chlorotic fan sp ot virus , and Groundnut yellow spot virus . 
These viruses may  affect crops such as tomatoes, potatoes and legumes. Once 
the thrips acquire these viru ses, they retain them for life.  
4) MPI concluded that Targeted Measures are needed to manage the risk of C. fasciatus  
on citrus varieties that commonly have navels.  
a) Caliothrips fasciatus  is associated with the varieties of commercially traded 
citrus fruit that commonly have navels.  
i. Caliothrips fasciatus  does not feed directly on citrus fruit, but the adults 
activel y seek out the navels of citrus fruit for their winter dormancy period.  
b) Basic Measures alone do not manage C. fasciatus . 
i. Post-harvest washing and brushing is not likely to remove all individuals 
sheltering in navels.  
ii. This species is frequently detected on Navel oranges at the border in 
New  Zealand.  
c) Caliothrips fasciatus  thrips h ave the potential to move from imported navel 
varieties of fruit into a suitable environment, be exposed to an appropriate host 
and become established.  
i. Caliothrips fasciatus  is like ly to enter New Zealand in higher numbers on 
citrus fruit with navels than citrus without navels.  
ii. These thrips overwinter in navels in groups, where they can easily find a 
mate and reproduce.  
• Both male and female C. fasciatus  thrips are needed to establis h a 
permanent population. Both males and females may be present in a 
single navel.  
• As many as 40 adults per fruit have been reported in navels. The high 
potential number of adults and the high potential number of infested 
fruits increases the proba bility o f some surviving, finding each other 
and reproducing.  
iii. If these thrips remain in the navel on the fruit they arrived on, they may be 
transported out of a retail building.  
iv. Host availability is unlikely to present a barrier to establishment.  
• These thr ips feed  on and lay eggs on a wide range of plants that 
includes weeds and crops that are common in New Zealand.  
v. The current distribution includes countries with climates that are similar to 
New  Zealand’s climate. At least some parts of New Zealand will be  
favoura ble for the species’ establishment.  
5) MPI concluded that Targeted Measures are needed to manage the risk of 
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis  on all citrus fruit for the following reasons.  
a) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis  are associated wi th commercially 
traded citrus fruit.  
i. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  adults and S. dorsalis  adults and larvae  feed on 
the surface of citrus fruit.  
ii. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis  lay eggs inside the skin of citrus 
fruit and under th e calyx.  52 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  • Eggs embe dded in the skin of fruit are unlikely to be detected or 
removed during general packhouse handling or inspection . 
iii. These thrips may be able to escape visual detection.  
• Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  are small and pale yellow and tend to hide.  
• Adults and pupae o f the S. dorsalis  may shelter under the calyx of 
citrus fruits.  
b) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and the S. dorsalis  have the potential to move from 
imported fruit into a suitable environment and be exposed to an appropriate 
host.  
i. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis  adults are mobile and are 
capable of walking or flying short distances and may be spread further by 
wind currents.  
• Larvae  of C. orchidii  and S. dorsalis  are also able to walk short 
distances.  
ii. Host availability is unlikely to present a barrier t o establishment.  
• These thrips feed on and lay eggs on a wide range of plants that 
includes crops and weeds that are common in New Zealand.  
iii. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii  reproduces without mating, and very few 
individuals are nee ded to start a population.  
iv. Chae tanaphothrips orchidii  and S. dorsalis lay eggs in the skin of the fruit. 
This means higher potential numbers of arriving thrips, as well as a higher 
chance of S. dorsalis  thrips finding a mate and establishing a population.  
v. The current distribution includ es countries with climates that are similar to 
New  Zealand’s climate. At least some parts of New Zealand will be 
favourable for the species’ establishment.  
6) Targeted Measures will effectively manage the risk from C. fasciatus  on C. sinensis  
fruit with navel s and the risk from C. orchidii  and the S. dorsalis  on all citrus fruit by 
excluding  or reducing  them from the pathway. These measures will limit the potential 
for these thrips to enter and establish  in the New Zealand envir onment. The exact 
measures are n egotiated with MPI on a country -by-country basis. See section 4. 2.2 for 
a list of Targeted Measures.  
 
Table 17: Measures for thrips  
Species  C. aurantiifolia  C. latifolia  C. limon  C. maxima  C. paradisi  C. reticulata  C. sinensis  C. sinensis  
with navels  
Caliothrips 
fasciatus  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Basic  Targeted * 
Chaetanapho - 
thrips orchidii  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  
Scirtothrips 
dorsalis  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Targeted  Target ed Targeted  
* Caliothrips fasciatus requires Targeted Measures only on C. sinensis  varieties that commonly have navels.  
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 53 Appendix 1  Background  
App. 1.1 Import health standards  
1) The current country:commodity import health standards for citrus fruit categ orise pests 
according to  the risk posed by the pest, that is, low -, medium - and high -risk pests. 
These standard s used the term s “Risk Group 1 ” for low -risk pests, “Risk Group 2 ” for 
medium -risk pests and “Risk Group 3 ” for high -risk pests.  
2) The standards fo r consultation  have been prepared as stand -alone commodity -specific 
standards that document  phytosanitary import requirements for a specific citrus fruit 
species. The format is similar to the format of other recently developed standards  such 
as Fresh Ginge r (Zingiber officinale  and Z. zerumbet ) for Human Consumption  and 
Fresh Oranges ( Citrus sinensis ) from Egypt for Human Consumption , which were the 
subject of formal public consu ltations in 2019.  
3) The standards categorise pests  according to  the strength of t he measure s required to 
manage the pest: Basic Measures,  Targeted Measures or MPI -Specified Measures. See 
section  1.4.5 for the discussion on the strength of measures.  
4) Each of t he standards specify the pests  associated with the commodity imported from 
one or more of the approved countries that require Targeted Measures and/or MPI -
Specified Measures. Pests that have been determined to be managed by Basic 
Measures  are not listed in the commodity import health standards.  
5) Each of the approved countries h as its own pest profile . Not every pest listed in the 
standards is present in every country approved for that commodity. For each approved 
country:commodity pathway, the online pest database  (currently known as epest ) will  
list the pests that require Targeted Measures or MPI -Specified Measures  and the 
phytosanitary measures  that have been  agreed  on to manage these pests. The online 
pest database also provides a list of pests that were assessed in the import risk analysis 
and determined to be managed by Basic Measures . The online pest database does not 
provide an exhaustive lis t of every pest known to be associated with fresh citrus fruit 
that can be managed by Basic Meas ures.   
6) In some instances, a pest that requir es Targeted Measures and/or MPI -Specified 
Measures  and is listed in the standards may not appear on a country’s spec ific pest list 
in the online pest database. This is because MPI’s risk analysis has determined t hat the 
pest is not present in that country ( i.e., MPI recognises  country freedom f rom that 
pest).  
7) See Appendix 2 for commodity pest lists  and country:commodity pest lists. The 
appendix also presents  the information from the  country:commodity pest lists in a 
commodity:country format  for reader preference.  
8) The import health standards have a link to the online pest database that list the 
countries that have been approved to import a specific commodity to New Zealand. 
The online pest database will not list the approved country until a bilateral 
arrangement has been negotiated and agreed between MPI and the exporting national 
plant protection organisa tion. See Appendix  1.2 for more  information on government -
to-government bilateral quarantine arrangements.  
9) The Bi osecurity Organisms Register for Imported Commodities (BORIC) has been 
replaced by the Official New Zealand Pest Register  (ONZPR) . If a pest t hat is not 
listed in the standards or the online pest database is detected during an official 54 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  phytosanitary inspec tion, then the national plant protection organisation should use the 
ONZPR to check the regulatory status of that pest in New Zealand.  
10) In som e cases, a pest may already be present in New Zealand but may be categorised 
as requiring Basic Measures or measur es in addition to Basic Measures due to its 
ability to vector pathogens. These types of pests will only require measures for 
pathways where their presence overlaps with the pathogen of concern. That is, if the 
pathogen is absent from  a country, the pest (a s a vector) will not require measures. See 
section 1.4.2 for the discussion on vector analysis .  
11) The standards will also list all the phytosanitary measures known to be efficacious to 
manage the pests requiring Targeted Measures and MPI -Specified Measures.   
12) The standards also contain guidance boxes. Information in the introduction section of 
the standards and any information contained in guidance boxes does not form part of 
the legal requirements and is intended to provide general information about the 
standard. 
13) The standards are split into the following parts:  
a) Part 1 provides the commodity definition and the general requirements  that 
must be met. These requirements  are generic  across all citrus commodities .  
b) Part 2 provides the specific requirements that mu st be met for a specific 
commodity  to manage specific biosecurity risks associated with the defined 
commodity . This part lists pests associated with the fresh fruit or vegetable 
commodity  that require Targeted Measures and/MPI -Specified Measures . Part 
2 will also list all the MPI approved phytosanitary measures for the 
management of these pests . These phyt osanitary measures include ISPM 
measures which are internationally accepted .  
c) Part 3 provides the inspection, verification and documentation requirements 
that must be met by the exporting national plant protection organisation prior 
to exporting the commod ity to New Zealand.  
d) Schedules provide definitions for terms used within the import health standard 
and phytosanitary treatment rates/doses known to be ef ficacious to manage 
specific pests associated with the commodity.  
App. 1.2 Government -to-government bi lateral arrangements  
14) A bilateral arrangement is an arrangement between MPI and the national plant 
protection organisation of an exporting country which d ocuments the activities 
undertaken in that country/territory that will effectively manage regulated pe sts that 
present a significant risk to New Zealand on their approved commodity pathways.  
15) Existing bilateral arrangements are in different formats, e.g., bilateral quarantine 
arrangements or official assurance programmes  and they all document the 
management of fruit fly species only as they are  high-risk pests.  
16) Since 2016, MPI has used a new format for bilateral arrangements, an export plan. 
Export plans dif fers from the existing bilateral arrangements in the following ways.  
a) Export plans capture greater deta il than existing bilateral arrangements about 
how the exporting market will meet the phytosanitary requirements.  
b) An export plan is required for pests that  require Targeted Measures as well as 
pests that require MPI -Specified Measures.  Trade cannot commence  on these  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 55 pathways until an export plan has been developed  and agreed between the 
MPI and the exporting national plant protection organisation . 
c) Export plans describe activities undertaken to meet the phytosanitary 
requirements for regulated pests listed in the standards as requiring Targeted 
Measures or MPI -Specified Measures . 
d) Export plans describe how the phytosanitary measures will be implemented 
and the system components to support effective management and verification 
of activities.  
17) Export plans, like other bilateral arrangements, are subject to audit and review by 
either party.  
18) For most countries listed in Table 1 , the bilateral arrangements for export ing citrus 
fruit to New  Zealand will be document ed in an export plan .  
19) However, transitional arrangements will be in place for the Cook Islands, Fiji, New 
Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Is lands, Vanuatu and the United States of America . 
Existing bilateral quara ntine arrangements will be updated to reflect any changes in  
pests or phytosanitary measures . This is because MPI is currently in the process of 
developing separate work programmes to  work with these countries to develop their 
Export Plans outside of the f resh citrus import health standards review.  
20) Before trade can begin under a new import health standard, the chief technical officer 
must be satisfied that the exporting country has a phytosanitary certification system as 
per ISPM 7. Phytosanitary certifica tion system. MPI technical staff undertake this 
assessment based on information provided by the exporting national plant protection 
organisation and/or pre -export pathway visits.  
App. 1.3 Pre-export inspection and phytosanitary certification  
21) For each cons ignment, the exporting national plant protection organisation undertakes  
a pre -export inspection and issues a phytosanitary certificate to provide assurance that 
the consignment is fr ee from regulated pests.  
22) The phytosanitary certification process include s: 
a) verification that any Basic Measures, Targeted Measures  and MPI-Specified 
Measures required by MPI have been applied;  
b) sampling and inspection to determine pest freedom;  
i. The exporti ng national plant protection organisation takes a 
randomly selected sampl e for each grower lot and visually inspects 
each unit of fruit or vegetable as per ISPM 23. Guidelines for 
inspection . Each lot should be sampled as per ISPM 31. 
Methodologies for sam pling of consignments , Appendix 2,  Table 1: 
Table of minimum sample sizes  for 95% and 99% confidence levels 
at varying levels of detection according to lot size, hypergeometric 
distribution . MPI requires a 95% confidence level that no more than 
0.5% of the units in the consignment are infested . If no regulated 
pests are found i n the sample, MPI is assured that the requirements 
have been met.  
ii. Visual inspection involves an examination of all ex ternal parts of 
the fruit and, where necessary, magnification is used to assist with 
detection of cryptic or small pests. Where there are s igns of insect 
feeding or damage that may be harbouring pests, the visual 56 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  inspection can also include cutting fruit t o identify pests located 
within the fruit.  
iii. Where any live, regulated pest is found in the sample for each lot, 
an appropriate measure must  be applied (for example, fumigation 
with an efficacious chemical), or the lot must be rejected for export 
to New  Zealand.  
c) any remedial action taken as agreed with MPI.  
App. 1.4 Verification on arrival in New Zealand  
23) When a consignment arrives in New Zeala nd, MPI verifies the accompanying 
documentation to ensure the phytosanitary certification conforms to the requirement s 
of the relevant standard  and ISPM  12. Phytosanitary certificates . 
24) MPI may also undertake a verification inspection, e.g. a visual inspect ion of 600 units 
from across the consignment as per ISPM 23 . Guidelines for inspection.  If there are no 
detections of  regulated pests in a 600-unit sample, MPI can be 95% confident that no 
more than 0.5% of the units in the rest of the consignment are infe sted with regulated 
pests.  
25) When a consignment is found to be infested with live, regulated pests on arrival in 
New  Zealand, the importer will be offered one of the following risk management 
activities:  
a) reshipment of the consignment;  
b) destruction of the con signment;  
c) treatment of the consignment  (as per Approved Biosecurity Treatments  
standard) . Treatment may include:  
i. reconditioning to remove frui t infested with visible pathogen(s) ; 
ii. fumigation  (where a treatment is available)  to kill regulated pests.  
26) Treatment onshore  is not an option  if fruit fl ies are detected  in the consignment.    
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 57  
Appendix 2 Commodity pest lists  
Pest lists supporting the propose d standards can be found in the supplied documents . 
a) Commodity Pest Lists : Fresh citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) for human consumption  
b) Country Commodity Pest Lists : Fresh citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) for human 
consumption  
c) Commodity Country Pest Lists : Fresh citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) for human 
consumption  
 
Please note : The country :commodity pest lists and commodity :country pest lists contain the 
same information arranged  differently  to aid readability.  
  58 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Appendix 3 Pest species with change in strength of 
measures  
App. 3.1 Change in strength of measure s 
As a result of the technical review  as part of the import risk analysis , MPI i s propo sing 
changes in the strength of measures  used against  some pests on existing pathways . These 
changes are described in Tables 18, 19 and 20  below .  
Pests listed in Table 18  are currently in Risk Group 1 (RG1) (pests requiring the equivalent of 
Basic Measures) i n the existing standards. MPI is proposing Targeted Measures for these 
pests.  
 
Table 18: Change from Basic Measures to Targeted Measures  
Pest species  Fruit  Country  Old risk-
based 
categorisat
ion of 
pests  New 
strength of 
measures  Reason  for change  
Brevipalpus obovatus  
(mite)  C. aurantiifolia , 
C.limon, 
C.paradisi, 
C.reticulata, 
C.sinensis  Australia  RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.9 of this risk 
management proposal.  
Chaetanapho -thrips 
orchidii  (thrips)  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon, 
C.paradisi, 
C.reticulata, 
C.sinensis  Australia  RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.15 of this risk 
management proposal.  
Diaphorina citri (as a 
vector  of Candidatus  
Liberibacter spp. ) 
(psyllid)  C. reticulata  Japan   RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.13 of this risk 
management proposal.  
(This pest is currently a n RG2 
pest on the USA pathway . 
Changing  this pest to 
Targeted Measures is not a 
change for the USA .) 
Nipaecoccus viridis  
(mealybug)  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon, 
C. paradisi, 
C.  reticulata, 
C. sinensis  Australia  RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.6 of this risk 
management proposal.  
Planococcus kraunhiae  
(mealybug)  C. reticulata  Japan  RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.6 of this risk 
management proposal.  
Planococcus minor  
(mealybug)  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. latifol ia, 
C. limon, 
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  Vanuatu  
All spp.  
Samoa  
(C. latifolia 
only),  
 RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section 5.6 of this risk 
management proposal.  
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
(thrips)  C. reticulata  Japan  RG1 Targeted 
Measure s See section  5.15 of this risk 
management proposal.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 59 Pests listed in Table 19 are currently in Risk Group 2 (RG2) (requiring the equivalent of 
Targeted Measures) in the existing import health standards. MPI is proposing Basic Measures 
for these pests.  
 
Table 19: Change from Targeted Measures to Basic Measures  
Pest species  Fruit  Country  Old risk-based 
categorisation 
of pests  New 
strength of 
measures  Reason for change  
Xanthomonas 
citri 
(bacteria)  C aurantiifolia , 
 C. limon, 
C. maxima,  
C. paradisi, 
C. reticu lata, 
C. sinensis  Australia  (all except 
C. maxima ),  
USA (all except 
C. aurantiifolia  and 
C. sinensis ) 
Japan  (C. reticulata ), RG2 
 Basic 
Measures  See section 5.2 of 
this risk 
management 
proposal.  
Chrysom -
phalus aonidum  C. latifolia  Samoa  RG2 Basic 
Measure s See section 5. 14 of 
this risk 
management 
proposal.  
 
Chrysom -
phalus 
dictyospermi  C. latifolia  Samoa  RG2 Basic 
Measures  See section 5. 14 of 
this risk 
management 
proposal.  
 
 
Pests listed in Table 20 are currently in Risk Group 2 (RG2) (pests requiring the  equivalent of 
Targeted Measures) in the existing import health standards. MPI is proposing MPI-Specified 
Measures for these pests.  
 
Table 20: Change from Targeted Measures to MPI -Specified Measures  
Pest species  Fruit  Country  Old risk-based 
categorisation of pests  New strength of 
measures  Reason for change  
Bactrocera 
tsuneonis  
(fruit fly)  C. reticulata  Japan  RG2 MPI-Specified 
Measures  See section 5.3 of this risk 
management proposal.  
 
App. 3.2 Pests removed from existing pathways  
A number of pests detaile d in existing import health standards  categorised as Risk Group 1 
will not be listed in the proposed standards or on the online pest database. These pests are 
considered adequately managed by B asic Measures and did not meet the criteria for 
assessment for additional measures  in the import ris k analysis. See the document Import risk 
analysis: citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit for human consumption  for detail s on the risk 
assessment criteria .  The r egulat ory status of  pests for New Zealand a re detailed in the 
Official New Zealand Pest Register (ONZPR) . 
 
As a result of the technical review , some pests that previously required  additional measures  
have been removed from the pest lists. Table 21 below provides  the rationale for the removal 
of these pests.  
 60 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Table 21: Pest s removed from existing country:commodity pest lists  
 
Pest species  Fruit  Country  Old risk-
based 
categorisa
tion of 
pests  Details in 
previous IHS  Reason  for remov al from pest list  
Aleurocanthus 
woglumi  C. limon , 
C. maxima , 
C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
paradisi  USA RG2 Pest-free 
area or 
agreed pest 
control  1. No evidence that this species is 
associated with citrus fruit . 
Aleurodicus 
dispersus  C. latifolia  Samoa  RG2 Agreed pest 
control  1. No evidence that this species is 
associated with C. latifolia  fruit. 
Bactrocera 
halfordiae  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon , 
C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
paradisi  Australia  RG3 Pest-free 
area or cold 
disinfestation  1. Evidence of association with citrus 
fruit is uncertain . 
a) Records from C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata,  C. sinensis  were 
likely based on misidentifications 
of Bactrocera tryoni . 
2. The preferred host for this species is 
Planc honella australis  (family 
Sapotaceae), which is commonly found 
in rainforests in southeast Queensland.  
Bactrocera 
psidii  C. latifolia  New 
Caledonia  RG3 Field control 
programme  1. There is no recorded association for 
this species with C. latifolia . 
2. The re is no evidence of association 
in laboratory trials . 
Bactrocera 
trilineola  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. latifolia  Vanuatu  RG3 Non-host 
status  1. C. aurant iifolia: There is no recorded 
association for this species in the field.  
2. C. latifolia : There is no recor ded 
association for this species in 
laboratory trials . 
Bactrocera 
umbrosa  C. latifolia  New 
Caledonia  RG3 Field control 
programme  1. There is insufficient evidence for 
citrus being a host for this species  
a) Outdated unconfirmed host records 
suggest pomelo ( C. maxima ) as a 
possible host:  There is a  second -
hand  account of this species being 
found on “falling and rotting” 
pomelo in Kuala Lumpur in 19 21. 
2. No further references in the literature 
for fresh citrus being a host for this 
species . 
Bemisia 
tabaci  C. maxima , 
C. paradisi , 
C. sinensis , 
C. paradisi × 
maxima  USA RG2 Pest-free 
area or 
agreed pest 
control  1. No evidence that this species is 
associated with citrus fruit . 
Phyllocnistis 
citrella  C aurantiifolia , 
C. limon , 
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. paradis i, 
C. maxima,  
C. paradisi × 
maxima,  
C. reticulata × 
paradisi  Australia:  
All spp. 
except 
C. maxima  
USA: 
C. paradisi,  
C. maxima , 
C. paradisi 
× maxima  RG2 Pest-free 
area or 
agreed pest 
control  1. No evidence that this species is 
associated with citrus fruit .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 61 Pest species  Fruit  Country  Old risk-
based 
categorisa
tion of 
pests  Details in 
previous IHS  Reason  for remov al from pest list  
Spiroplasma 
citri C. limon , 
C. reticulata , 
C. reticulata × 
paradisi  USA RG2 Pest-free 
area or 
agreed pest 
control  1. This vector -transmitted pathogen is 
unlikely to enter  New Zealand  and 
become establish ed from a fresh citrus 
fruit pathway.  
a) This species i s transmitted from 
plant to plant by infected 
leafhopper vectors, which feed on 
leaves and petioles rather than 
fruit. There is no association with 
fruit. 
Thrips palmi  C. latifolia,  
C. maxima , 
C. paradisi,  
C. sinensis , 
C. paradisi × 
maxima  Egypt:  
C. sinen sis 
Samoa:  
C. latifolia  
USA:   
All except 
C. latifolia  RG2/  
Targeted 
Measures  Pest-free 
area or 
agreed pest 
control  1. No evidence that this species is 
associated with citrus fruit.  
 
 
  62 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Appendix 4 Pests determined not to requir e a measure  
The import risk analysis assessed some pests which were determined not to require a measure  
(see Table  22 below  for rationale ). Pests that were identified and excluded at the hazard 
identification stage of the risk analysis, as they do not meet the criteria for further as sessment 
for additional measures, are detailed in Appendix 1 on page 490 of the Import Risk Ana lysis. 
This table includes a number of sector priority pests (such as Drosophila suzukii  and Xylella 
fastidiosa ) and a rationale for their exclusion is provided.  
 
Table 22: Pests assessed in the import risk analysis but not considered for further measures  
Pest species  Measures  Rationale for exclusion  
Aphids 
(vectors)  Brachycaudus persicae, 
Macrosiphum rosae,  
Myzaphis rosarum, 
Toxoptera aurantia  No measures 
requir ed on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  1. These aphid vectors are not considered a hazard in this 
analysis . 
a) They are present in New Zealand . 
b) They are not known to transmit any pathogen that 
is known to affect citrus . 
c) They are not known to transmit  any patho gen in 
the priority pest and disease list in a persistent or 
semipersistent manner.  
Fungi  Elsinoe fawcettii  
(pathotype s not present 
in New Zealand)  No measures 
required on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  1. Elsinoe fawcettii  is a non -regulated species in ONZPR 
as several pathotypes are already present in 
New Zealand. There are some pathotypes not known to 
be present in New Zea land. However, it is uncertain  which 
pathotypes are present in New Zealand and which are 
absent . Pathotype ident ification of fungi is not feasible  
2. Elsinoe  fawcettii is not considered a hazard in this 
analysis . 
a) Infected fruit shows symptoms quickly and at an 
early stage of production. Infected fruit is likely to 
be removed during crop monitoring and pest 
control activities.  
Lepidoptera  Spodoptera littoralis  No measures 
required on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  1. Spodoptera littoralis is not known to be associated with 
fresh citrus fruit.  
Mealybugs 
(vectors)  Planococcus citri, 
Pseudococcus 
calceola riae, 
Pseudococcus 
longispinus, 
Pseudococcus viburni  No measures 
required on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  1. These mealybug vectors are not considered a hazard 
in this analysis . 
a) They are present in New Zealand.  
b) Planococcus citri transmits Citrus yellow mosaic 
virus , which can affect citrus, but the virus is not 
present in any citrus -exporting country in the 
import risk analysis.   
c) The other Planococcus  spp. is not known to 
transmit pathogens that are known to affect citrus . 
d) They are not known to  transmit any pathogen in 
the priority pest and disease list in a persistent or 
semi -persistent manner.  
Thrips 
(vectors)  Frankliniella intonsa, 
Frankliniella 
occidentalis,  
Thrips tabaci  No measures 
required on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  1. These thrip vectors are not considered a hazard in this 
analysi s. 
a) They are present in New Zealand . 
b) They are not known to transmit any pathogen that 
is known to affect citrus . 
c) They are not known to transmit any pathogen in 
the priority pest and disease list  in a persistent or 
semipersistent manner.  
Thrips  Thrips palmi  No measures 
required on any 
fresh citrus fruit 
pathways 
assessed.  Thrips palmi  is not known to be associated with fresh 
citrus fruit.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 63 Appendix 5  Justification for MPI -Specified Measures on  fruit 
fly speci es 
All fruit flies associated with fresh citrus fruit are proposed to require MPI -Specified 
Measures. See the discussion in section 5.3 above. This risk management decision is based on 
the impact that a single fruit fly detection can have o n New Zealand ’s trade and economy. 
Although a number of fruit fly species are likel y to only be able to establish transient or 
seasonal populations in New Zealand, that is, they are unlikely to establish permanent 
populations,  a post -border  detection of si ngle fruit fly  can bring trade with other countries to a 
halt or result in additional and costly phytosanitary measures.  Consequently, MPI requires a 
high level of confidence that the biosecurity risk posed by high -impact pests is managed to an 
acceptable level.  
 
The MPI publication  Import risk analysis : Citrus ( Citrus  spp.) fresh fruit for human 
consumption  enables multiple related citrus commodities to be assessed as a commodity 
group for numerous pests present in multiple countries. This pest -oriented ri sk assessment 
approach surveys and assesses available scientific literature  across all citrus fruit 
commodities. The import risk analysis identified trends in pest –host preference and any 
knowledge gaps or areas of uncertainty regarding pest –host associati on. 
 
Where knowledge gaps exist, there is uncertainty whether these gaps in the literature 
represent true pest –host preferences or a lack of information . For example, in some instances , 
evidence of association is limited to laboratory cage trials  where adu lt fruit flies emerged. 
MPI acknowledge s that  these experiments crea te artificially high infestation pressure . 
However , in the absence of further information , these pest –commodity combinations are 
considered a biosecurity risk with high uncertainty and the refore are listed as pests requiring 
MPI-Specified Measures. As new information becomes available , the pest ’s association with 
the citrus fruit will be reassessed.  
 
The import risk analysis discusses biological and ecological factors that were considered 
when making risk management decision for each species of fruit flies. Although, larvae of  
many species of fruit flies are polyphagous, there are some species that are  host specific 
within the citrus host range. MPI-Specified Measures are proposed specifical ly where there is 
a documented pest association with a citrus fruit. Additionally, where an association is 
uncertain, or a pest and host association has been determi ned as likely and probable MPI -
Specified Measures are proposed. (See section 5.3, Table 5 above  for determination of 
measures and Table 23 below  for a summary of the justification .) 
 
Where uncertainty exists, a probable association can technically justify the proposal of 
phytosanitary measures to ensure risk is manged to the required level of co nfidence. 
Technical justification to manage uncertainty surrounding a likely pest -commodity 
association considers the following risk factors:  
a) A known fruit fly host association with citrus fruit ; 
b) Taxonomic relationship between a potential host and known ho sts; 
c) A direct relationship between known citrus hosts and a probable host, which 
indicates a n association is likely;  
d) The strength of the known host association ; 
e) Any risk mitigating factors such as other pests requiring measures on the pathway ; 
f) The risk of entry and establishment ; 
g) The ability to detect incursion in the New Zealand surveillance network ; and  
h) The known host range of the fruit fly . 64 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  In the absence of published literature specifically reporting a pest –host association in the 
import risk analysis, information on pest–host association supplied by national plant 
protection o rganisation s is used to justify a proposed measure.  
 
 
Table 23: Technical justification for MPI -Specified Measures for fruit fl ies with a probable 
association with specific citrus fruit 
Pest  IRA detailed 
citrus hosts  Probable host  Technical justification for commodity listing  
Anastrepha 
obliqua  C. limon, 
C. paradisi, 
C. sinensis  C. maxima, 
C. reticulata  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. maxima is an ancestral citrus species from which many 
known hosts are derived.  Several  C. maxima  varieties are 
crossbred  with known citrus hosts.  
b) C. reticulata  is an ancestral citrus species from which many 
known citrus hosts are derived. Several  mandarin varieties 
are crossbred  with k nown hosts.  
c) The strength of a ssociation with known citrus hosts is weak 
to moderate . 
d) A. obliqua may be managed by measures for other 
Anastrepha  species . 
e) A. obliqua  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
f) No lure response limits capaci ty for detection in 
New Zeala nd. 
g) A. obliqua is a p olyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host 
in New Zealand . 
A. serpentina  C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. limon  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. limon  is derived fro m the known host Citrus aurantium 
(sour orange) . There is a k nown host status for C. aurantium,  
and all other commodities derived from C. maxima supports 
inclusion of C. limon  as a host.  
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is weak 
to modera te. 
c) A. serpentina  may be managed by measures for other 
Anastrepha  species . 
d) A. serpentina  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
e) No lure response limits capacity for detection in 
New Zealand.  
f) A. serpentina  is a p olyphagous pest likely  to find a suitable 
host in New Zealand . 
A. suspensa  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiifolia  
and C. limon .  
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate.  
c) A. suspensa  may be managed by measures for other 
Anastrepha  species . 
d) A. suspensa  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
e) No lure response limits capacity fo r detection in 
New Zealand.  
f) A. suspensa  is a p olyphagous pest likely to find a suitable 
host in New Zealand .  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 65 Pest  IRA detailed 
citrus hosts  Probable host  Technical justification for commodity listing  
Bactrocera 
aquilonis  C. limon, 
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. latifolia, 
C. sinensis  1. MPI proposes retaining the existi ng host listings of  B. aquilonis . 
a) There is uncertainty surrounding the taxonomic status of  
B. aquilonis as either a synonym of  B. tryoni, or a species 
within the B. tryoni complex.  
b) These two fly species are reportedly genetically and 
morphologically indist inguishable, therefore from a regulatory 
perspective both species will be detailed in import health 
standards.  
2. The host preference details are uncertain due to taxonomic 
indecisiveness. Therefore, B. aquilonis  will continue to be listed 
as associated with all known host citrus fruit of B. tryoni . 
B. carambolae  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. aurantium, 
C. limon, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia, 
C. maxima  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aur antiifolia  
and C. limon . 
b) C. maxima is an ancestral citrus species from which many 
known hosts are derived. Some modern C. maxima  varieties 
are crossbred with known hosts.  
c) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate based on multiple fie ld records.  
d) B. carambolae  may not be managed by measures for other 
pests on citrus pathway.  
e) B. carambolae  distribution indicates limited potential to 
establish in New Zealand.  
f) Lure responsive enabling detection in surveillance network.  
g) B. carambolae  is a m ember of B. dorsalis  comp lex (a pest of 
all citrus). Together with B. dorsalis  and B. carambolae are 
recognised as the two most destructive species in the 
complex.  
2. B. carambolae is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host 
in New Zealand.  
B. curvi pennis  C. latifolia, 
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. limon  1. A probable  host association is justified . 
a) B. curvipennis  is listed on an NPPO -provided pest list for 
C. aurantiifolia . 
b) C. limon  is derived from the known ho st Citrus aurantium 
(sour orange) . Known host status for all other commodities 
supports inclusion of C. limon  as a host.  
c) The strength of association  with known citrus hosts is 
moderate.  
d) B. curvipennis may not be adequately mana ged by measure 
for other pest s on citrus pathway.  
e) B. curvipennis  distribution indicates limited potential to 
establish in New Zealand.  
f) Weak lure response limits capacity for detection in 
New Zealand.  
2. B. curvipennis  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a su itable host 
in New Zealand.  
B. frauenfeldi  C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. aurantiifolia  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors . 
a) Uncertain host association due to incomplete host status 
testing in accordance with Standard 155.02.02 Specification 
for Determination of Fruit Fly Host Status as a Treatment .  
b) Positive host in laboratory cage trials of damaged fruit.  
2. Listed as a host pending further information . 66 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Pest  IRA detailed 
citrus hosts  Probable host  Technical justification for commodity listing  
B. frauenfeldi  C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the potential host C. aurantiifolia  
and the known host C. limon . 
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate to strong  
c) B. frauenfe ldi distribution indicates limited potential to 
establish in New Zealand.  
d) Lure responsive enabling detection in surveillance network  
e) B. fraue nfeldi  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable 
host in New Zealand . 
B. jarvisi  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiifolia  
and C. limon . 
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate.  
c) B. jarvisi distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
d) Weak lure response limits capacity for detection in 
New Zealand.  
e) B. jarvisi  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host in 
New Zealand.  
B. kirki  C. maxima, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis C. aurantiifolia, C. 
latifolia, 
C. paradisi  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) Uncertain host association due to incomplete host status 
testing in accordance with Standard 155.02.02 Specification 
for Determination of Fruit Fly Host Status as  a Treatment . 
b) Positive host in laboratory cage trials of damaged fruit  
2. Listed as host pending further information .  
B. kirki  C. maxima, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. limon  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. limon is derived from the potential  host C. aurantiifolia.  
b) C. aurantifolia is a probable host for B. kirki  (as described 
above).  
c) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate.  
d) B. kirki  distribution indicates limited potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
e) B. kirki  is lure responsive enabling detection in surveillance 
network . 
f) B. kirki  is a pol yphagous pest likely to find a suitable host in 
New Zealand.  
B. kraussi  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. limon,  
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia, 
C. maxima  1. A probable host a ssociation is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiifolia  
and C. limon .  
b) C. maxima is an ancestral citrus species from which many 
other host species are derived.  
c) Some C. maxima  varieties are crossbred with known hosts.  
d) The stre ngth of association with known citrus hosts is 
moderate.  
e) B. kraussi  distribution indicates limited potential to establish 
in New Zealand.  
f) B. kraussi  is lure responsive enabling detection in 
surveillance network . 
g)  B. kraussi  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host 
in New Zea land.  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 67 Pest  IRA detailed 
citrus hosts  Probable host  Technical justification for commodity listing  
B. minax  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia  1. A probable host association is justified . 
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiifolia  
and C. lim on. 
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts is strong.  
c) B. minax  distribution indicates high potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
d) No lure response limits capacity for detection in 
New Zealand.  
B. neohumeralis  C. aurantiifolia, 
C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors:  
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiifolia  
and C. limon .  
b) The strength of association with known ci trus hosts is weak 
to moderate.  
c) B. neohumeralis  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
d) B. neohumeralis  is lure responsive enabling detection in 
surveillance network . 
e) B. neohumeralis  is polyphagous pest likely  to find a suitable 
host in New Zealand.  
2. The c losely related pest species  B. tryoni is highly polyphagous 
and has a known association with all citrus fruit.  
B. psidii  C. limon,  
C. maxima, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. aurantiifolia  1. A probable association  due to  the following factors:  
a) Incomplete host status testing in accordance with Standard 
155.02.02 Specification for Determination of Fruit Fly Host 
Status as a Treatment .  
b) C. aurantiifolia  is a positive host in laboratory cage trials of 
damaged fruit.  
2. Listed  as a host pending further information.  
B. trilineola  C. limon, 
C. maxima, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. paradisi  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors:  
a) C. paradisi  is derived from the known host C. sinensis.  
b) B. trilineola  has a strong association with other citrus hosts.  
c) Historic listing in IHS country pest list. Propose to retain 
listing based on taxonomy and country info.  
d) B. trilineola  may not be adequately managed by measure for 
other pests on citrus pathway.  
e) B. trilineola  distribution indicates limited potential to establish 
in New Zealand.  
f) Lure responsive enabling detection in surveill ance network .  
g) B. trilineola  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host 
in New Zealand.  
2. The c losely related pest sp ecies  B. fraunfeldii has a known  
association with  C. paradisi.  
B. xanthodes  C. maxima, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia, 
C. limon, 
C. paradisi  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors:  
a) Uncertain host association  due to incomplete host status 
testing in accordance with Standard 155.02.02 Specification 
for Determination of Fruit Fly Host Status as a Treatment.   
b) C. latifolia, C. limon, C. paradisi  are positive host in 
laboratory cage trials of damaged fruit.  
2. Listed as hosts pending further information.  68 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Pest  IRA detailed 
citrus hosts  Probable host  Technical justification for commodity listing  
B. xanthodes  C. maxima, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. aurantiifolia  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors:  
a) If the uncertain host association listed for B. xanthodes  in the 
cell above based on laboratory cage trails are recognised as 
a risk, and acknowledging the known h ost species, extension 
of risk to C. aurantiifolia  as a potential host with uncertainty, 
can be justified.  
b) The strength of association with known citrus hosts i s strong.  
c) B. xanthodes  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
d) B. xanthodes  is lure responsive enabling detection in 
surveillance network .  
2. B. xanthodes  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host 
in New Zealand.  
B. zona ta C. aurantiifolia, 
C. aurantium, 
C. limon, 
C. medica, 
C. paradisi, 
C. reticulata, 
C. sinensis  C. latifolia, 
C. maxima  1. A probable host association is justified considering the following 
factors:  
a) C. latifolia  is derived from the known hosts C. aurantiif olia 
and C. limon . 
b) C. maxima is an ancestral citrus species from which many 
known hosts are derived. Some modern C. maxima  varieties 
are crossbred with known hosts.  
c) B. zonata  has a strong association with other citrus fruits.  
d) B. zonata  may not be managed b y measure for other pests 
on citrus pathway.  
e) B. zonata  distribution indicates potential to establish in 
New Zealand.  
f) Lure responsive enabling detection in surveillance network.  
2. B. zonata  is a polyphagous pest likely to find a suitable host in 
New Zeal and. 
 
 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 69 Appendix 6  Assessment of existing MPI-Specified Measures  / 
phytosanitary treatments  
As part of the fresh citrus fruit import health standard project, the currently approved 
phytosanitary measures on existing citrus pathways for management of frui t fly species  were 
reviewed to ensure the measures meet MPI’s efficacy requirements. These existing 
phytosanitary measures are currently captured in  the import health standard Importation and 
Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand  and/or specific coun try 
commodity import health standards.  
Existing phytosanitary measures for management of fruit fl y species on currently approved 
pathways  include cold treatment, heat treatment, non -host status, pest free areas and systems 
approach.  
A complet e list of pro posed phytosanitary treatments approved as MPI -Specified Measures 
for each fresh citrus fruit can be found in schedules of the appropriate import health standard.  
App. 6.1 Cold treatment  
On the existing fresh citrus pathways, Australia and Egy pt have appro ved cold treatment 
rates. The results of the review are summarised in Table 24 below.  
Table 24: Current cold treatment rates phytosanitary measures on existing fresh citrus pathways  
Country  Commodity  Fruit fly  
currently under 
management  Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary measure as a 
result of the review  
Australia  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon , 
C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  Ceratitis 
capitata, 
Bactrocera 
tryoni, 
Bactrocera 
aquilonis, 
Bactrocera 
jarvisi, 
Bactrocera 
neohumeralis  0°C or below for 
13 days  
“Cold 
Disinfestation 
(standard rates)”  Unsupported  
a) No literature or other data was identified 
to support the use of this treat ment.  
b) Proposed to be removed from standards 
as a phytosanitary  measure . 
Australia  C. aurantiifolia , 
C. limon , 
C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  Ceratitis 
capitata, 
Bactrocera 
tryoni, 
Bactrocera 
aquilonis, 
Bactrocera 
jarvisi, 
Bactrocera 
neohumeralis  1°C +/ - 0.6°C for 
16 days  
“Cold 
Disinfestation 
(standard rates)”  Supported  
a) Data supports use  of rates  for C. capitata  
as the most cold -treatment tolerant fruit 
fly of th e species  listed.  
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 1°C or below for 1 6 continuous days ”. 
c) Historical tolerance  of +/-0.6°C has been  
removed  from the standards.  
Australia  C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata *, 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  Ceratitis capitata  2°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
18 days ** 
OR 
3°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
20 days  Supported   
a) ISPM 28 PT 24 and PT 25, and efficacy 
data supplied by Australia . 
b) Proposed to be retained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 2°C or below for 18 continuous days  
or 3°C or below for 20 continuous days” . 
c) Historical tolerance of +/- 0.5°C removed  
has been removed from the standards.  70 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Country  Commodity  Fruit fly  
currently under 
management  Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary measure as a 
result of the review  
Australia  C. limon  Ceratitis capitata  2°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
16 days  
OR 
3°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
18 days  Supported  
a) ISPM 28 PT 26. 
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 2°C or below for 16 continuous days  
or 3°C or below for 18 continuous days” . 
c) Historical tolerance  of +/- 0.5°C has 
been  removed  from the standards.  
Australi a C. limon,  
C. paradisi  Bactrocera tryoni  3°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
14 days  Supported   
a) ISPM 28 PT 18, and efficacy data 
supplied by Australia .  
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 3°C or below for 14 continuous days ”. 
c) Historical tolerance  of +/- 0.5°C has 
been  removed  from the standards.  
Australia  C. reticulata,  
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  Bactrocera tryoni  3°C +/ - 0.5°C for 
16 days  Supported  
a) ISPM 28 PT 16 and PT  17, and MPI 
treatments advi ce (MPI 2021) . 
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 3°C or below f or 16 continuous days” . 
c) Historical tolerance  of +/- 0.5°C has 
been  removed  from the standards.  
Egypt  C. sinensis  Bactrocera 
zonata  1.67°C for 18 
days  Supported   
a) Hallman et al. (2013) . 
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core tempera ture kept 
at 1.7°C or below for 18 continuous 
days”.  
Egypt  C. sinensis  Ceratitis capitata  2°C for 16 days  
or 3°C for 20 
days  Supported   
a) ISPM 28 PT 24. 
b) Proposed to be r etained in the standards 
as “Maximum fruit core temperature kept 
at 2°C or below for 16 continuous days 
or 3°C or below for 20 continuous days”.  
* C. reticulata  schedules are historically accepted based on efficacy data provided based on “Murcott mandarin” and 
“Ellendale mandarin”. While these are now defined as Citrus reticulata  × C. sinens is, in this risk assessment , these are 
considered  accepted synonyms of C. reticulata . 
** This rate will no longer be captured in the Citrus sinensis  import health standard as a less stringent cold treatment rate of 
2°C for 16 days for Ceratitis capitata  is also accepted under ISPM 28 Annex 24 (2017).  
 
References for Table 24  
Hallman, G J; Myers, S W; El -Wakkad, M F; Tadrous, M D; Jessup, A J (2013) Development of phytosanitary cold 
treatments for oranges infested with Bactrocera invadens  and Bactrocera zona ta (Diptera: Tephritidae ) by comparison with 
existing cold treatment schedules for Ceratitis capitata  (Diptera: Tephritidae).  Journal of Economic Entomology , 106(4): 
1608 –1612.  
MPI (2021) A novel method for determining a cold treatment for fruit flies asso ciated with citrus. Ministry for Primary 
Industries; Wellington, New Zealand.  Draft methodology for cold treatment of fruit flies on citrus . (MPI 2021: A novel method 
of determining a cold treatment for fruit flies associa ted with citrus )  
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 71 MPI is propos ing retain ing the 1°C or below for 16 continuous days cold treatment  (currently 
approved for Australia) for fruit fly species listed above in Table 24 . 
The 1°C for 16 days standard rate was historically  extended to all fruit f ly species present in 
Australia. These species are considered to be managed by conservative measures for the most 
cold-tolerant fruit fly C. capitata  because:  
a) The 1°C for 16 days standard rate for Australian fruit flies was establis hed based on 
conservative data for the most cold -tolerant species present in Australia , Ceratitis 
capitata . 
b) Bactrocera tryoni  is demonstrated to be less cold tolerant than C. capitata . 
c) Bactrocera aquilonis  and B. neohumeralis  are members of the B. tryoni  complex . 
d) The natural distribution of these species is within th e distribution  of the B. tryoni  
complex . 
MPI propose s adding additional species identified in the import risk analysis to the pest list 
from Australia : 
a) B. melas  (a member of the B. tryoni comp lex) 
b) B. kraussi * 
c) B. trivialis * 
d) B. fraunfeldi * 
These additional species  recognised as a risk  have natural distributions limited to within, or 
north of the distribution of B. tryoni . Those marked with * above may be considered absent or 
of very limited distr ibution and are being assessed for country freedom or pest-free area 
status.  
Bactrocera halfordiae  was previously listed as a risk on Australian citrus fruit. This has been 
removed due to a lack of information supporting commercially produced citrus fruit as  a host.  
Currently, the Australian pathway has contingency cold treatment rates that were accept ed as 
efficacious to manage specific fruit fly species, namely B. tryoni and C. capitata  (see Table 
24 above ). MPI reviewed t hese rates and determined that they  are efficacious for manag ing 
these fruit fl y species . These rates will be listed as approved me asures and not limited as 
contingency rates.  
MPI reviewed t he currently accepted rate for B. zonata on the fresh oranges from Egypt 
pathway , and MPI is propos ing continuing to use  this rate, because  it is supported by efficacy 
data the meets MPI ’s requirem ents. See Table 24  above  for the rationale and proposed change 
to this rate.  
MPI also determined that B. zonata  is present in a number of countries requesting  access to 
citrus commodities other than C. sinensis. This rate is being proposed to manage the risk of 
B. zonata on these other citrus commodities. See Appendix 7, Table 29 for the rationale on 
this decision.  
App. 6.2  Heat treatment  
An assessment of the exi sting heat treatment schedule for disinfestation of Bactrocera 
trilineo la on all citrus fruit from Vanuatu  found that the currently accepted rate does not meet 
MPI current requirements as it is not supported by suitable data. As a result, this rate  will be  
removed as a phytosanitary treatment option for B. trilineola on fresh  citrus commodities . See 
Table 25 below for the removed schedule.  This removal is not expected to have an effect on 
existing  citrus  trade because  this treatment was not in us e. MPI will  continue to work closely 72 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  with the Vanuatu national plant protection organisation to negotiate an alternative and viable 
phytosanitary measure . 
 
Table  25: Removal of high-temperature forced air as a treatment option to manage fruit flies  
Country  Commodity  Fruit fly  
currently  
under 
management  Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary measure as a 
result of the review  
Vanuatu  C. aurantiifolia,  
C. limon,  
C. paradisi,  
C. reticulata,  
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi , 
C. reticulata × 
C. sinensis  Bactrocera 
trilineola  High-
temperature 
forced air 
47.2°C for 20 
minutes  Unsupported  
a) No literature or data was identified to 
support the use of this treatment.  
b) Proposed to be removed  from the 
standards  as a phytosanitary measure.  
 
App. 6.3  Non-host status  
Several existing import health standards have “non-host status ” as a phytosanitary measure to 
manage fruit fly species based on the specified stage of citrus fruit maturity or  citrus  fruit 
variety. Although it is MPI’s aim to align as closely with ISPMs as possible, including  in our 
use of  terminology, in this case, MPI has adopted the term “MPI -recognised non -host” to 
describe this phytosanitary measure in the proposed import health standards. This i s because 
ISPM 37 . Determination of host status  of fruit to fruit flies (Tephritidae)  uses the term 
“conditional host” and “non -host”. These terms describe pest –host association but are not 
phytosanitary measures. MPI-recognised non -host is accepted as a phytosanitary measure 
when a n MPI chief technical officer has recognised specific circumstances in which fresh 
citrus fruit does not present a risk as a host for a fruit fly species, such as when the fruit is at a 
particular stage of maturity or is a particular cultivar or variety.  
 
MPI requires a high le vel of confidence to allow  “MPI-recognised non -host” as a  measure for 
a fruit fly. The MPI-recognised non -host p hytosanitary measure is approved by the chief 
technical officer based on scientific evidence that demonstrates that specified stage of 
maturity,  cultivar or variety of citrus fruit does not support the development of specific fruit 
fly species in accordanc e with ISPM 37 . Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies 
(Tephritidae) .  
 
The review determined that data available supporting  C. la tifolia  at the mature green stage of 
maturity as a non -host for B. kirki  and B. xanthodes  does not meet MPI’s  efficacy 
expectations and cannot be  accepted as a stand -alone phytosanitary measure. As  a result, MPI 
is propos ing integrating  the demonstrated li mited infestation at the mature green stage  of 
C. latifolia by B. kirki and B. xanthodes  into a systems approach  accepted as an independent  
measure and  supported by additional independent phytosanitary measures .  
Similarly,  MPI also reviewed  Citrus maxima  (pomelo ), specific ally the Reinking  variety  from 
Vanuatu , which currently also has a recognised non -host status for B. trilineola based on fruit 
variety. MPI has accepted t he supporting information on this combination and is propos ing 
retain ing this variet y as an MPI-recognised non -host.   
The review assessed no n-host status as a measure on existing pathways. The findings are 
summarised in Table 26 below.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 73 Table 26: Existing non-host status measures and proposed measures  
Country  Commodity  Fruit fly 
currentl y 
under 
management  Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary measure as a 
result of the review  
Samoa  C. latifolia  “all fruit flies”, 
Bactrocera 
xanthodes, 
Bactrocera 
distincta, 
Bactrocera kirki  Non-host status  Assessment found that host test ing data 
specific to C. latifolia  does not support MPI -
recognised non -host status based on 
maturity as a stand -alone measure.  
a) This measure may be incorporated into 
a systems approach in combination with 
existing in -field contr ols and negotiated 
in the bila teral arrangement  
Vanuatu  C. latifolia  Bactrocera 
trilineola  Non-host status  Bactrocera  trilineola  has been  removed 
from the pest list  for C. latifolia  because:  
a) There is no recorded association for this 
species with C. latifolia . 
b) There is no evidence of a ssociation in 
laboratory trials.  
Vanuatu  C. maxima  
variety Reinking  Bactrocera 
trilineola  Non-host status  Assessment supports retaining measure as 
“MPI -recognised  non-host” . 
 
App. 6.4  Systems approach  
There are several existing fresh citrus standards tha t specify “field control programme” or 
“agreed pest control measures ” as the phytosanitary measure to manage fruit fly species 
associated with the commodity  (see Table 27  below) . However, these measures are not 
applied as independent measures because  they do not manage the risk of fruit fly species on 
their own. Existing bilateral quarantine arrangements ( BQA) between MPI and the exporting 
countr ies capture additional phytosanitary measures that support these  measures . In the 
proposed new standards , in orde r to align with ISPM terminology, MPI is propos ing that such 
cases be defined and assessed within  a systems approach.  
 
A systems approach requires the integration of at least two independent measures to achieve 
an appropriate level of protection  against s pecific pest(s) . 
The chief technical officer will assess a proposed systems approach for its:  
a) conformity with ISPM 14. The use of integrated measures in a systems approach 
for pest risk management , and  ISPM 35. Systems approach for pest risk 
management of fruit flies (Tephritidae) ; and 
b) effectiveness in achieving the desired outcome for a pest  requiring MPI -Specified 
Measures.  
 
A systems approach approved by the chief technical officer  will be documented in the 
bilateral arrangement  between Biosecurity  New Zealand and the national plant protection 
organisation  of the exporting country.  
 
The existing “field control programme ” measure to manage risk of Bactrocera curvipennis  
and B. tryoni  associated with C. latifolia  imports  from New Caledonia  will be now defined as 
a systems approach and negotiated in the bilateral arrangement . Bactrocera psidii and B. 
umbrosa  on this pathway were determined to not be associated with C. latifolia , and 
therefore , these pests will be removed from the  C. latifolia  pest list.  
 74 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Similarly, existing bilateral arrangements to manage the risk of fruit fly  B. tsuneonis  on 
imports of C. reticulata from Japan requires either fruit be sourced from a  pest free area or 
application of  agreed pest control measures . As discussed above, “agr eed pest control 
measures” will be addressed within  a systems approach and negotiated in the bilateral 
arrangement.  
 
Existing bilateral arrangement  to manage the risk of fruit fly on imports of C. latifolia  for 
B. kirki and B. xanthodes  from Samoa  will also be defined as a systems approach and 
negotiated in the bilateral arrangement . These measure s include importing fruit in a hard, 
green  state, which prevents fruit fly infestation , combined with the existing in-field controls 
captured in the current workpl an. 
 
Table 27: Existing measures to be defined as a systems approach  
Country  Commodity  Fruit fly under 
management  Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary 
measure as a result of the 
review  
Japan  C. reticulata  Bactrocera tsuneonis  Agreed pe st control 
measures  Revised to systems approach . 
Assurances for the component 
measures are to be captured in 
the bilateral arrangement.  
New 
Caledonia  C. latifolia  Bactrocera curvipennis, 
Bactrocera psidii, 
Bactrocera tryoni , 
Bactrocera umbrosa  Field contr ol 
programme  Revised to systems approach. 
Assurances for the component 
measures are to be captured in 
the bilateral arrangement.  
a) Risk assessment found  no 
association between 
B. psidii  or B.  umbrosa  and 
C. latifolia  fruit. MPI is 
proposing removing t hese  
species  from the pest list . 
 
App. 6.5  Pest -free area  
Existing pest-free areas will continue to be accepted and monitored  (see Table 28  below) . 
These pest -free areas will be discussed and negotiated in the bilateral arrangement s in 
accordance with ISPM 4. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas  and ISPM 26. 
Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae).  
 
Table 28: Description of e xisting pest -free area measures  and result s of the review  
Country  Commodity  Fruit fly under 
managem ent Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary 
measure as a result of the 
review  
Australia  C. aurantiifolia,  
C. limon,  
C. paradisi,  
C. reticulata , 
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  Ceratitis capitata, 
Bactrocera tryoni, 
Bactrocera aqui lonis, 
Bactrocera jarvisi, 
Bactrocera neohumeralis  Pest-free area  Accepted  
a) Pest-free area continues to 
be accepted as a 
phytosanitary measure for 
fruit flies.  
b) Assurances for the 
maintenance of pest -free 
areas are captured in the 
bilateral arrangement.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 75 Country  Commodity  Fruit fly under 
managem ent Existing 
phytosanitary 
measures  Status of phytosanitary 
measure as a result of the 
review  
Japan C. reticulata  Bactrocera tsuneonis   Pest-free area or 
appropriate pest 
control activities  Accepted  
a) Pest-free area continues to 
be accepted as a 
phytosanitary measure for 
fruit flies.  
b)  Assurances for the 
maintenance of pest -free 
areas are captured in the  
bilateral arrangement . 
(This fruit fly was previously 
categorised as a RG2 on the 
Japan pathway. Under the draft 
import health standards, this 
fruit fly will be listed as requiring 
MPI-Specified Measures. 
However, the phytosanitary 
measure, pest -free area , will 
continue to be accepted ). 
Mexico  C. sinensis  All fruit fly species  Pest-free area  Accepted  
a) Pest-free area continues to 
be accepted as a 
phytosanitary measure for 
fruit flies  identified in this 
risk analysis and detailed 
on the pest list.  
b) Assurance s for the 
maintenance of pest -free 
areas are captured in the 
bilateral arrangement.  
USA C. aurantiifolia,  
C. limon,  
C. maxima,  
C. paradisi,  
C. sinensis , 
C. reticulata,  
C. reticulata × 
C. paradisi  All fruit fly species  Pest-free area  Accepted  
a) Pest-free ar ea continues to 
be accepted as a 
phytosanitary measure for 
fruit flies  identified in this 
risk analysis and  detailed  
on the pest list.  
b) Assurances for the 
maintenance of pest -free 
areas are captured in the 
bilateral arrangement  
 
App. 6.6  Feasibility of pro posed changes to the measures  
Schedules for cold treatment as a phytosanitary measure are retained from previous import 
health standards. These cold treatment schedules are internationally accepted measures and 
have a long history of use in international trade.  Changes in host status and systems approach  
terminology are largely administrative and will have a minimal  impact on trade . Pest -free 
areas discussed above are existing measures and therefore will not have additional impact on 
the exporting countrie s. 
  76 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Appendix 7 Rationale for new proposed phytosa nitary 
measures/treatments  
App. 7.1 Cold treatment  
MPI has developed a novel tool to assess cold treatment schedules (temperature and time 
combinations) for the management of a range of fruit fly species on  citrus fruit. A detailed 
explanation of the methodology used to complete this assessment can be found on the MPI 
consultation web page .  
MPI’s assessment of cold treatment schedules for the management of fruit flies on citrus 
made the following general co nclusions:  
1. Cold treatment schedules supporte d by published efficacy data that achieves 99.99% 
mortality at a 95% level of confidence can be adopted as phytosanitary measures when 
available.  
2. MPI’s analysis supports extrapolation from citrus commodities tha t have the longest and 
coldest treatment (com bination of the most stringent temperatures and time period) 
schedules such as C. reticulata to less well studied citrus commodities ( e.g., 
C. aurantiifolia ). This is further explained in the methodology . 
3. USDA co ld treatment schedules for the management of fruit flies on citrus are acceptable 
options to use as phytosanitary measures when they are at least as stringent as treatment 
schedules supported by documented efficacy data.  
 
MPI’s assessment has determined th at the following cold treatment schedules spe cified below 
in Table 29 will effectively manage the risk of fruit flies on fresh citrus fruit imported into 
New Zealand . These col d treatment measures are proposed for inclusion in the relevant 
Standards .  
 
A complete list of proposed phytosanitary treatments approved as MPI -Specified Measures 
for each fresh citrus fruit can be found in schedules of the appropriate import health standard.  
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 77  
Table 29: Supporting rationale for new species and commodity -specific c old treatment 
schedules for the management of fruit flies on citrus  
 
Fruit fly 
species  Citrus 
species  Cold treatment 
schedule  Source  Rationale for why the proposed treatment 
schedule will manage the risk of the specified 
fruit fly on the specified citrus  commodity  
Bactrocera 
dorsalis  C. sinensis  1.7°C or below for 15 
days  Fang et al. 2019  a. These schedules are supported by published 
efficacy data that achieves 99.99% mortality or 
above at a 95% confidence level on the stated 
fruit fly commodity combination .  Bactrocera 
zonata  C. sinensis  1.7°C or below for 18 
days  Hallman et al. 
2013  
Ceratitis 
capitata  C. reticulata  2°C or below for 16 
days  ISPM 28 PT 29  
(ISPM 28 PT 29 
is for manag ing 
C. capitata on 
C. clementina. 
C. clementina is 
considered a 
C. reticul ata 
(mandarin) in the 
Swingle system  
used in the 
standards . See 
import risk 
analysis , sec. 
2.2). 
Anastrepha 
suspensa  C. paradisi  1.67° C or below for 14 
days  Benschoter , 
1983  
Anastrepha 
sororcula , 
Anastrepha 
striata  C. sinensis  1.11° C or below for 15 
days  
1.67° C or below for 17 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -a-1 a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for Anastrepha spp. 
except A. ludens  on C. sinensis  (USDA 
treatment manual T107 -a-1). 
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USD A cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
Anastrepha 
fraterculus,  
Anastrepha 
obliqua,  
Anastrepha 
serpentina  C. paradisi  
C. reticulata  
C. sinensis  1.11° C or below for 15 
days  
1.67° C or belo w for 17 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -a-1 a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for Anastrepha spp. 
except A. ludens  on C. paradisi , C. sinensis , 
and C. reticulata  (USDA treatm ent manual 
T107 -a-1). 
b. MPI’s assessment determined th at these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
Anastrepha 
fraterculus,  
Anastrepha 
obliqua,  
Anastrepha 
serpentina  C. limon  
C. maxima  1.11°C  or below for 15 
days  
1.67° C or below for 1 7 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -a-1 a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for Anastrepha spp. 
except A. ludens  on C. paradisi , C. sinensis , 
and C. reticulata  (USDA treatmen t manual 
T107 -a-1).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that the se 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
c. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the long est 
and coldest treatment schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  78 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Fruit fly 
species  Citrus 
species  Cold treatment 
schedule  Source  Rationale for why the proposed treatment 
schedule will manage the risk of the specified 
fruit fly on the specified citrus  commodity  
Anastrepha 
suspensa  C. aurantiifolia  
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  
C. reticulata  
C. sinensis  
C. limon  1.67° C or below for 14 
days  Benschoter , 
1983  a. This schedule achieves 99.99% mortality or 
more at the 95% confidence level for 
Anastrepha  suspensa  on C. paradisi 
(Benschoter , 1983 ). 
b. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and coldest treatment schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Anastrepha 
ludens  C. reticulata  
C. sinensis  
C. paradisi  0.56° C or below for 18 
days  
1.11° C or below for 20 
days  
1.67° C or below for 22 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -b a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for Anastrepha ludens  
on C. paradisi , C. sinensis , and C. reticul ata 
(USDA treatment manual T107 -b). 
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ). 
Anastrepha 
ludens  C. aurantiifolia  
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  
C. limon  0.56°C or below for 18 
days  
1.11° C or below for 20 
days  
1.67° C or below for 22 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -b a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for Anastrepha ludens  
on C. paradisi , C. sinensis and C. reticulata  
(USDA treatme nt manual T107 -b).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ). 
c. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longes t 
and coldest treatment schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Bactrocera 
carambolae , 
Bactrocera 
correcta  C. reticulata  
C. sinensis  
C. paradisi  0.56° C or below for 18 
days  
1.11° C or below for 20 
days  
1.67° C or below for 22 
days  USDA tr eatment 
manual T107 -b a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for  Anastrepha ludens 
on C. sinensis, C. reticulata and C. paradisi  
(USDA Treatment Manual T107 -b).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
c. Cold treatments are similarly effective across 
B. tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, 
B. correcta  and B. zonata  (Myers et al. 2016).  
d. MPI’s assess ment determined that B. zonata  
is the species requiring the most stringent 
schedules of the species grouped in the Myers 
et al. (2016) research article.  
e. MPI’s assessment determined that 
Anastrepha ludens has more stringent 
treatment schedules than B. zonat a (MPI, 
2021 ).   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 79 Fruit fly 
species  Citrus 
species  Cold treatment 
schedule  Source  Rationale for why the proposed treatment 
schedule will manage the risk of the specified 
fruit fly on the specified citrus  commodity  
Bactrocera 
carambolae  C. aurantiifolia   
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  
C. limon  0.56° C or below for 18 
days  
1.11° C or below for 20 
days  
1.67° C or below for 22 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -b a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for  Anastrepha lude ns 
on C. sinensis, C. reticulata and C. paradisi  
(USDA Treatment Manual T107 -b).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI,  2021 ).  
c. Cold treatments are simi larly effective across 
B. tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, 
B. correcta  and B. zonata  (Myers et al. 2016).  
d. MPI’s assessment determined that B. zonata  
is the species requiring the most stringent 
schedules of the species gr ouped in the Myers 
et al. (2016) research article.  
e. MPI’s assessment determined that 
Anastrepha ludens has more stringent 
treatment schedules than B. zonata  (MPI, 
2021 ). 
f. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longes t 
and coldest treatment schedules  to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Bactrocera 
correcta  C. maxima  0.56° C or below for 18 
days  
1.11° C or below for 20 
days  
1.67° C or below for 22 
days  USDA treatment 
manual T107 -b a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule  for Anastrepha ludens 
on C. sinensis, C. reticulata and C. paradisi  
(USDA Treatment Manual T107 -b).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are acceptable to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
c. Cold treatments are similarly effective across 
B. tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, 
B. correcta  and B. zonata  (Myers et al. 2016).  
d. MPI’s assessment determined that B. zonata  
is the species requiring the most stringe nt 
schedules of the species grouped in the Myers 
et al. (2016) research article.  
e. MPI’s assessment determined that 
Anastrepha ludens has more stringent 
treatment schedules than B. zonata  (MPI, 
2021 ). 
f. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and coldest  treatment schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Bactrocera 
dorsalis  C. limon  
C. paradisi  
C. reticulata  
C. aurantiifolia   
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  1.7°C or below for 15 
days  Fang et al. 2019  a. These schedules achieve 99.99% mortality or 
more  at the 95% confidence level for 
Bactrocera dorsalis  on C. sinensis  (Fang et al. 
2019).  
b. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and coldest treatment schedules  to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  80 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  Fruit fly 
species  Citrus 
species  Cold treatment 
schedule  Source  Rationale for why the proposed treatment 
schedule will manage the risk of the specified 
fruit fly on the specified citrus  commodity  
Bactrocera 
tryoni  C. aurantiifolia  
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  3°C or below for 16 
days  ISPM 28 PT 16  a. This schedule achieves more than 99.99% 
mortality at the 95% confidence level for 
B. tryoni  on C. sinensis  (ISPM 28 PT 16).  
b. MPI’s assessment supports extrapol ation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and coldest treatment schedules to less wel l 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Bactrocera 
zonata  C. aurantiifolia   
C. latifolia  
C. limon  
C. maxima  
C. paradisi  
C. reticulata  1.7°C or below for 18 
days  Hallman et al. 
2013  a. This schedule achieves more than 99.99% 
mortality at the 95% confidence level for 
B. zonata on C. sinensis  (Hallman et al. 2013).  
b. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and coldest treatm ent schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
Ceratitis 
capitata * C. aurantiifolia  
C. latifolia  
C. limon  
C. maxima  
C. paradisi  
C. reticulata  
C. sinensis  1.11°C or below for 14 
days  
1.67°C or below for 16 
days  
2.22°C or below for 18 
days  USD A treatment 
manual T107 -a a. The USDA treatment manual (USDA APHIS, 
2016) has this schedule for  Ceratitis capitata 
on Citrus spp. (USDA Treatment Manual 
T107 -a).  
b. MPI’s assessment determined that these 
USDA cold treatments for fruit flies on citrus 
are accept able to use as phytosanitary 
treatments (MPI, 2021 ).  
Ceratitis 
capitata  C. aurantiifolia   
C. latifolia  
C. maxima  2°C or below for 18 
days  
3°C or below for 20 
days  De Lima et al. 
2007  a. These schedules achieve 99.99% mortality at 
the 95% confidence level fo r C. capitata on 
C. reticulata and C. sinensis (De Lima et al. 
2007).  
b. MPI’s assessment supports extrapolation from 
commodities that generally have the longest 
and c oldest treatment schedules to less well 
studied commodities (MPI, 2021).  
* MPI’s assessment  has determined that all three of the rates in schedule T107 -a of the USDA Treatment Manual can 
manage the risk of Ceratitis capitata on the seven specified Citrus spp. However, depending on the Citrus spp., all  three of 
these rates may not be presented in  the IHS because  there may be  ISPM  cold treatment schedules  available that are less 
stringent than the rates offered in schedule T107 -a of the USDA Treatment Manual. These less stringent rates effectively 
manage the risk of C. capitata.  
 
 
References for Ta ble 29  
Benschoter, C A (1983) Lethal effects of cold storage temperatures on Caribbean fruit fly in grapefruit. Proceedings of the 
Florida State Horticultural Society , 96: 318 –319. 
De Lima, C P F; Jessup, A J; Cruickshank, L; Walsh, C J; Mansfield, E R (2 007) Cold disinfestation of citrus ( Citrus  spp.) for 
Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ) and Queensland fruit fly ( Bactrocera tryoni ) (Diptera: Tephritidae). New Zealand 
Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 35(1): 39 –50. 
Fang, Y; Kang, F; Zh an, G; Ma, C; Li, Y; Wang, L; ... Wang, Y (2019) The effects of a cold disinfestation on Bactrocera 
dorsalis  survival and navel orange quality.  Insects , 10(12): 452.  
FAO (2017) International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 28. Phytosanitary treatme nts for regulated pests. PT 16: 
Cold treatment for Bactrocera tryoni  on Citrus sinensis . Food and Agriculture Organization ; Rome, Italy.  
FAO (2017) International Stan dard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 28. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests. PT 2 9: 
Cold treatment for Ceratitis capitata  on Citrus clementina . Food and Agriculture Organization ; Rome, Italy.  
Hallman, G J; Myers, S W; El -Wakkad, M F; Tadrous, M D;  Jessup, A J (2013) Development of phytosanitary cold 
treatments for oranges infested with  Bactrocera invadens  and Bactrocera zonata  (Diptera: Tephritidae) by comparison with 
existing cold treatment schedules for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).  Journal of Economic Entomology , 106(4): 
1608 –1612.   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 81 MPI (2021) A novel method for determini ng a cold treatment for fruit flies associated with citrus. Ministry for Primary 
Industries; Wellington, New Zealand . (MPI 2021: A novel method of determining a cold treatment for fruit flies associa ted 
with citrus ) 
Myers, S W; Cancio -Martinez, E; Hallman, G J; Fo ntenot, E A; Vreysen, M J (2016) Relative tolerance of six Bactrocera  
(Diptera: Tephritidae) species to phytosanitary cold treatment. Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(6): 2341 –2347.  
USDA APHIS (2016) Treatment Manual.  United States Department of Agricul ture; Washington, DC, USA.  
 
App. 7.1.1 Feasibility of new measures  
Cold treatment is as an environmentally safe, relatively inexpensive  and effective post -harvest 
treatment to disinfest citr us fruit of tephritid fruit fly larvae that has been used and accepted in 
international trade for decades.  
 
 
  82 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  App. 7.2 Irradiation  
1) Irradiation is internationally recognised as an efficacious phytosanitary treatment 
for fruit flies (Tephritidae). MPI accep ts all irradiation treatment schedules for 
fruit flies that are detailed in the annexes to ISPM 28 . Phytosanitary treatments for 
regulated pests . There are seven relevant annexes .  
2) All seven annexes are scientifically demonstrated to prevent the emergence of 
adults of the target fruit flies with a high level of efficacy (see Table 30). 
3) Irradiation treatment must be conducted at an approved facility and in accordance 
with the require ments of ISPM 18 . Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a 
phytosanitary m easure . 
 
Table 30: Accepted irradiation treatment schedules for fruit flies as detailed in annexes to ISPM 
28. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests  
Pest   Treatment  Efficacy (95% LoC)  ISPM 28 annex  
Tephritid fruit flies   150 Gy  99.9968%  PT 7  
Cerat itis capitata   100 Gy  99.9970%  PT 14  
Bactrocera tryoni   100 Gy  99.9978%  PT 5  
Bactrocera jarvisi   100 Gy  99.9981%  PT 4  
Anastrepha serpentina   100 Gy  99.9972%  PT 3  
Anastrepha obliqua   70 Gy  99.9968%  PT 2  
Anastrepha ludens   70 Gy  99.9968%  PT 1  
 
App. 7.2.1 Feasibility of new measures  
The application of irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 70  Gy, 100  Gy and 150  Gy is 
operationally feasible for the following reasons:  
a) Irradiation has been approved for use as a phytosanitary treatment  for all fresh fruit  
and vegetables (excluding dried pulses, legumes, nuts or seeds)  by Food S tandards 
Australia New Zealand.  
b) Irradiatio n at these doses is i nternationally accepted  as per ISPM 28 and relevant 
annexes.  
c) Literature supports  that dosages up to 450  Gy can have no commercially significant 
impacts on the quality of citrus fruit tested to date . 
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 83 Schedule 1  Definitions  
 
Basic Measures  
The sourcing of fresh fruit and vegetable commodities for export to New Zealand from a 
production site that uses standard commercial pr oduction methods  
chief technical officer (CTO)  
A person appointed by the Director -General or chief executive, wi th appropriate experience, 
technical competence, and qualifications relevant to the area of responsibilities allocated by 
the Director -General o r chief executive to that person (the Act)  
commercial production  
A process (system) where activities, such as in -field monitoring, pest control activities , 
harvesting, cleaning , sorting, and grading have been undertaken. These activities are carried 
out to  minimise:  
a) the presence of regulated pests  
b) damage which may be a result of the presence of a regulated pest or c ould expose 
the commodity to regulated pests . 
contaminating pest  
A pest that is carried by a commodity, packaging, conveyance or container, or p resent in a 
storage place and that, in the case of plants and plant products, does not infest them (ISPM 5. 
Glos sary of phytosanitary terms ) 
contamination  
Presence of a contaminating pest or unintended presence of a regulated article in or on a 
commodity, packaging, conveyance, container or storage place (ISPM 5. Glossary of 
phytosanitary terms ) 
economically importa nt fruit flies  
Regulated fruit flies, which, on entry into New Zealand, would cause a major disruption to 
market access for a wide range of New Zealand commodities, have a significant economic 
impact on plant production and/or have a significant economic impact on the environment  
MPI -recognised non -host 
A commodity recognised by MPI as a non -host for the target pest species based on the stage 
of maturity or cultivar/variety of the commodity  
MPI -Specified Measures  
Phytosanitary measures prescribed by MPI in the import health standard. They are reserved 
for pests that present a very high risk to New Zealand and are not managed by Basic 
Measures alone , such as economically important fruit fly species. These measures have 
known efficacy to detect, remo ve or kill target pests.  
Official New Zealand Pest Register (ONZPR)  
The searchable database of pests regulated in New Zealand, including general informati on 
about each pest  as well as specific details for importers and exporters, available at 
https://pierpestregister.mpi.govt.nz/  
online pest database  
ePest , the database that gives users a list of pests a nd associated phytosanitary measures 
specific to a commodity from a specific country, available at 
https://www.m pi.govt.nz/import/food/fresh -fruit-vegetables/requ irements/epest/  
pest 
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant 
products (ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms ), including weeds and weed seeds  84 • Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  Ministry for Primary Industries  phyto sanitary measure  
Any legislation, regulation or o fficial procedure having the purpose to prevent the 
introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non -
quarantine pests (ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms ) 
Targeted Measures  
Measures in addition to Basic Meas ures, targeting a specific pest. An approved measure from 
the import health standards may be proposed by the exporting country and will be agreed to 
by MPI and be captured in the export plan. Targeted Measur es are effective at reducing the 
risk of a regula ted pest associated with a commodity to an acceptable level.  
vector  
An organism that can carry or harbour another organism capable of causing harm to human, 
animal, or plant health, or the environment in New  Zealand  
vector -transmitted pathogen  
A disease -causing regulated pest  that is able to enter New Zealand via a vector associated 
with an imported commodity  
   
Ministry for Primary Industries   Risk Management Proposal: Fresh citrus fruit ( Citrus  spp.) for human consumption  • 85 Schedule 2 List of existing country:commodity schedules and 
individual standards  that were reviewed as part of 
the project  
Sch. 2.1  Schedules in Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and 
Vegetables into New Zealand  
The new standards replace the following schedules in  the import health standard  Importation 
and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand : 
• Lemon, Citrus limon , Australia  
• Lime, lemon, grapefruit, mandarin/tangerine, tangelo, pomelo , Citrus aurantiifolia , 
Citrus limon, Citrus paradisi, Citrus reticulata, Citrus paradisi  x Citrus reticulata, 
Citrus maxima , Egypt  
• Lemo n, Citrus limon , United States of America  
• Lemon, Citrus limon , Vanuatu  
• Mandarin/ tangerine , Citrus reticulata , Australia  
• Mandarin, Citrus reticulata , Japan  
• Mandarin/ tangerine , Citrus reticulata , United States of America  
• Mandarin/tangerine, Citrus reticulata , Vanuatu  
• Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi , Australia  
• Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi , Citrus paradisi x C. maxima , United States of America  
• Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi , Vanuatu  
• Orange, Citrus sinensis, Australia  
• Orange, Citrus sinensis , Mexico  
• Orange, Citrus sinensis, Spain  
• Orange, Citrus sinensis , United States of America (State of California)  
• Orange, Citrus sinensis , Vanuatu  
• Pomelo , Citrus maxima, United States of America  
• Pomelo (Reinkin g variety), Citrus grandis , Vanuatu  
• Lime, Citrus aurantiifolia, Australia  
• Lime , Citrus aurantiifolia, United States of America  
• Lime , Citru s aurantiifolia (other than Tahitian) , Vanuatu  
• Tahitian lime, Citrus latifolia, New Caledonia  
• Tahitian lime, Citrus latifolia, Samoa  
• Tahitian lime, Citrus latifolia, Vanuatu  
Sch. 2.2  Individual standards  
The new standards replace the following import healt h standards:  
• Import Health Standard Commodity Subclass: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables citrus, Citrus 
spp. from Vanuatu  
• Import Health Standard Commodity Subclass: Fresh Fruit/ Vegetables Mandarin, 
Citrus reticulata  from Japan  
• Import Health Standard Commodity Subclass: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Orange, Citrus 
sinensis from Spain  
• Import Health Standard : Fresh Orange ( Citrus sinensis ) from Egypt for Human 
Consumption