G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7  
G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
23 June 2022 
(22-4878) Page: 1/8 
Committee on Safeguards  Original:  English  
 
  
NOTIFICATION UNDER ARTIC LES 12.1(B) AND 12.1(C)  
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTI CLE 9, FOOTN OTE 2 
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
UNITED KINGDOM  
Certain steel products  
Supplement  
The following communication, dated and received on 23 June 2022, is being circulated at the request 
of the delegation of the United Kingdom . 
 
_______________  
 
 
Pursuant to Article 12.1(b) , Article  12.1(c) and Article 9.1  and its footnote  of the Agreement on 
Safeguards, the United Kingdom notifies the proposed extension of the safeguard measure on certain 
steel products  with respect to 5 product categories.  
The transition  review  of the measure , covering 19 steel product categories,  was ini tiated on 
1 October  2020, and  notified to the Committee on Safeguards on 8 October  2020 ( document  
G/SG/N/6/GBR/1 ). 
On 21 May 2021, the United Kingdom notified the Committee on finding serious injury or threat 
thereof caused by increased imports to the domestic industry producing certain steel products 
(document G/SG/N/8/GBR/1 ). 
On 11 June 2021, the United Kingdom notified the Committee that its competent authority, the 
Trade Remedies Authority (TRA) , made findings of serious injury or threat thereof, and 
recommended to the Secretary of State for International Trade the extension of the measure , and 
to not apply it to products originating in developing countries (document 
G/SG/N/8/GBR/Suppl.1  - G/SG/N/10/GBR/1  - G/SG/N/11/GBR/1 ). 
On 1 July 2021, the United Kingdom notified the Committee following the Secretary of State 's 
decision on 3 0 June 2021 to extend the measure  until 30 June 2022 in respect of 5  product 
categories and until 3 0 June 2024 in respect of 10 product categories , to not apply the measure to 
products originating in developing countries, and to cease to apply the measure in respect of 4 
product categories (document G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.2  - G/SG /N/10/GBR/2  - G/SG/N/11/GBR/2 ). 
On 7 September  2021, following the acceptance of 8 applications for reconsideration, the TRA 
initiated a reconsideration of their recommendation to the Secretary of State in the transition review 
of the measure  (document  G/SG/N/6/ GBR/1/Suppl.1  - G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.4  -  
G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.2 - G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.2 ). As of 2 2 March  2022, the reconsideration 
has been conducted under a domestic framework  as notified in document 
G/SG/N/6/GBR/1/Suppl.2 - G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.6 - G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.6 -  
G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.6 . G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
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  This notification reflects the TRA's findings in the reconsideration process  and the Secretary of State 's 
conclusions .1 It includes an invitation to hold consultations in accordance with Article 12.3 of the 
Agreement.  
1. Provide evidence, citing relevant data and the applicable period of investigation , of 
serious injury or threat thereof caused by increased imports.  
In the re consideration, a t the Secretary of State 's request, the TRA assess ed whether : (i) goods 
were imported into the UK in increased quantities during the same period of investigation used in  
the transition review ; (ii) this increase was significant ; (iii) the importation of those goods in 
increased quantities would be likely to recu r if they were no longer subject to a tariff rate quota ; (iv) 
there was serious injury or a threat of serious injury to UK producers ; (v) any continuation of a tariff 
rate quota was necessary at an individual product category level to prevent or remedy serious injury 
or threat of serious injury to UK producers ; (vi) there was evidence that UK producers were 
adjusting.  
This assessment was carried out  across all 19 product categories  at an industry  level and at an 
aggregated group level,  using 3 product category groups  (flat products , long  products  and 
pipes/ tubes) , so that it could be considered alongside the  evidence on individual product categories . 
The Secretary of State has concluded that UK steel producers  are suffering serious injury  or threat 
of serious injury,  and that this would continue should the safeguard measure be removed  in respect 
of the 5 product categories proposed for extension . The Secretary of State has taken into account  
the assessments  made in the  TRA's Report  of Findings that, when assessed  at industry and group 
level, there were indications of serious injury and threat of serious injury to UK producers for all 3 
steel product category groups . Further detail on the assessments  can be found in the TRA 's Report 
of Findings.  
2. Provide information on whether there is an absolute increase in imports or an 
increase in imports relative to domestic production.  
The TRA f ound that the aggregated UK import data  across all 19 product categories  for group s 1 
(flats) and  3 (pipes/tubes)  shows a sudden, recent, sharp, and significant absolute and relative 
increase  in imports during the period of investigation . There was no evidence of a significant increase 
in imports for group 2 (long s). Further detail can be found in the TRA 's Report of Findi ngs. 
The Secretary of State has taken this information into account , but does not consider that prior 
increased imports during the period considered must be established to determine that a safeguard 
measure remains  necessary to prevent o r remedy serious in jury. 
3. Provide the precise description of the product involved.  
The product concerned is certain steel products , as previously notified to the Committee.  
4. If the final measure replaces a provisional measure, or if a final measure is 
extended, provide a written description of any part of the imported product that will no 
longer be subject to the measure . 
N/A 
5. Provide precise description of the proposed measure.  
The Secretary of State  proposes  to extend the safeguard measure for a further 2 years (from 
1 July 2022 until 3 0 June 2024) in respect of product categories 6, 7, 12, 16 and 17.  
 
1 The TRA's Report of Findings is publicly available here. The Secretary of State published her 
conclusions here. These documents are also available from the WTO Secretariat. To consult these documents, 
please contact Ms Anne Richards ( anne.richards@wto.org ) of the Rules Division.  G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
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  For product categories 1, 2, 4, 5, 13, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, the safeguard measure is in place until  
30 June 2024. 
Proposed tariff rate quotas  for all 15 product categories  from 1 July 2022 can be found in Table s 1 
and 2  in the Annex.  
In calculating these, the list of developing  Member  country exemptions  has been  updated using 
import data from July to December  2021. The updated  list of developing country  non-exemptions 
can be found in Table 3 in the Annex.  
6. Provide proposed date or actual date of introduction of the measure.  
See above.  
7. Provide expected duration of the measure.  
See above.  
8. For a measure with a duration of more than three years, provide the proposed date 
for the review (under Article 7.4) to be held not later than the mid -term of the measure, 
if such a date for the review has already been scheduled.  
N/A 
9. If the expected duration is over one year, provide expected timetable for progressive 
liberalization of the measure.  
A 3% liberalisation rate is applied each year.  
10. Procedures relevant to the proposed extension . 
Members having a substantial interest as exporters of the product concerned , that wish to consult 
with the United Kingdom, may make a request through the UK Mission in Geneva (via 
marylisa.madell@fcdo.gov.uk ) and agree a mutually convenient date and time to hold consultations . 
These consultations shall be held from the date of circulation of this notification  (via MS Teams) and 
will be conducted under  Article 12.3 of the Agreement o n Safeguards . The United  Kingdom would 
appreciate any questions by Members wishing to consult to be sent in advance if possible.  
Prior to this  proposal,  there has been an opportunity for comment and discussions with interested 
parties throughout the reconsideration process . Relevant procedures were notified  (see above 
documents) . Non-confidential versions of documents submitted by interested parties, n otes o f 
discussions  with interested parties and other relevant documentation  can be found on the Trade 
Remedies Service website ( case TF0006 ). 
11. If the measure is being extended, also provide:  
(i) evidence that the industry concerned is adjusting and that the safeguard measure 
continues to be necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury;  
The TRA found indications of serious injury  and a significant likelihood  that the removal of the 
safeguard measure would result in an increase in imports  due to factors such as global steel 
overcapacity  and, therefore, in  serious injury or threat thereof to UK steel producers . The TRA also 
found that there is evidence to support  a conclusion t hat extend ing the safeguard measure at 
individual product category level is necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury or threat of serious 
injury to UK producers . Further detail can be found in the TRA 's Report of Findings . Taking this 
evidence into account, the Secretary of State concluded that the maintenance of tariff rate quotas 
is necessary to remedy serious injury.  
The Report also outlines the TRA 's assessment of the evidence that UK  producers are ad justing to 
the importation of like or competitive goods . The TRA found that authenticated adjustment plans G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
- 4 - 
  from UK producers outline clear and realistic strategies and timeframes to complete adjustment 
strategies . The Secretary of State therefore concluded there  is clear and sufficient eviden ce that UK 
producers have sensible and practical adjustment plans in place and are adjusting to the surge in 
steel imports.  
(ii) reference to the WTO document that notified the initial application of the measure;  
This notific ation is in relation to the safeguard measure imposed by the European Union, on behalf 
of Member States, including the United Kingdom . The measure was provisionally applied from 
17 July 2018, and was notified under document G/SG/N/7/EU/1  - G/SG/N/11/EU/1 . The definitive 
measure applied from 2 February  2019, and was notified under document 
G/SG/N/8/EU/1 - G/SG/N/10/EU/1 - G/SG/11/EU/1/Suppl.1 . The United Kingdom 's transition review 
of the measure, following its withdrawal from the European Union, was initiated on 1 October  2020 
(see above documents).  
(iii) duration of the measure from initial application till the date at which it will be 
extended;  
The initial application of the measure commenced 1 7 July 2018 with a provisional measure . The 
Secretary of State proposes to extend t he measure in respect of 5 product categories until 
30 June 2024. In respect of 10 product categories, the measure is already in place  until 
30 June 2024. The total duration of the measure would therefore be just under 6 years.  
(iv) precise description of the measure in place prior to the date of extension . 
Table 4 of the Annex illustrates the measure currently in  place. 
12. If the notification relates to a decision to apply or extend a safeguard measure, 
provide the following information:  
(i) the major exporting Members of imports of the product involved ; 
The UK considers major exporting countries to be those who have a significant supplying interest.  
(ii) if there are any exporting Members to which the measure does not apply for any 
reason other than the application of Article 9.1, the names of such exporting 
Members and reasons for non -application of the measure.  
Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners with a global safeguard exclusion under the FTA exception 
provisions are listed below.   
FTA Country  
CARIFORUM – UK Economic Partnership Agreement  Antigua and Barbuda  
Barbados  
Belize  
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas  
The Commonwealth of Dominica  
The Dominican Republic  
Grenada  
The Republic of Guyana  
Jamaica  
Saint Christopher (Kitts) and Nevis  
Saint Lucia  
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago  
Kenya – UK Economic Partnership Agreement  Kenya  
SACUM – UK Economic Partnership Agreement  Mozambique  
  G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
- 5 - 
  ANNEX  
Table 1 : Proposed q uarterly volumes of country and residual tariff -rate quotas (in tonnes ) for 
2022-2023 
Product 
category  Country  01/07/2022  
to 
30/09/2022  01/10/2022  
to 
31/12/2022  01/01/2023  
to 
31/03/2023  01/04/2023  
to 
30/06/2023  
1 EU 176,722  176,722  172,880  174,801  
 Turkey  23,203  23,203  22,699  22,951  
 Chinese Taipei  12,918  12,918  12,637  12,777  
 Residual  22,233  22,233  21,750  21,991  
2 EU 76,412  76,412  74,751  75,581  
 South Korea  11,240  11,240  10,996  11,118  
 India 9,396  9,396  9,192  9,294  
 Residual  23,844  23,844  23,325  23,584  
4 EU 305,241  305,241  298,605  301,923  
 Chinese Taipei  31,558  31,558  30,872  31,215  
 India 23,307  23,307  22,801  23,054  
 Turkey  23,242  23,242  22,736  22,989  
 Residual  80,601  80,601  78,849  79,725  
5 EU 34,543  34,543  33,792  34,167  
 South Korea  14,037  14,037  13,732  13,884  
 Residual  2,098  2,098  2,053  2,075  
6 EU 30,120  30,120  29,465  29,792  
 China  7,647  7,647  7,481  7,564  
 Chinese Tai pei 2,497  2,497  2,443  2,470  
 South Korea  2,370  2,370  2,319  2,344  
 Residual  1,022  1,022  1,000  1,011  
7 EU 67,025  67,025  65,568  66,297  
 Ukraine  10,461  10,461  10,234  10,347  
 Residual  13,458  13,458  13,165  13,312  
12A EU 27,795  27,795  27,191  27,494  
 Residual  3,998  3,998  3,911  3,954  
12B EU 33,389  33,389  32,664  33,026  
 Turkey  12,567  12,567  12,294  12,431  
 Residual  7,142  7,142  6,986  7,064  
13 EU 70,174  70,174  68,648  69,411  
 Turkey  33,245  33,245  32,522  32,883  
 Residual  22,635  22,635  22,143  22,389  
16 EU 70,644  70,644  69,108  69,876  
 Residual  3,084  3,084  3,017  3,051  
17 EU 142,481  142,481  139,384  140,933  
 Residual  35,084  35,084  34,322  34,703  
19 EU 4,517  4,517  4,419  4,468  
 Residual  133 133 130 131 
20 Turkey  14,810  14,810  14,489  14,649  
 EU 6,666  6,666  6,521  6,593  
 India 3,427  3,427  3,352  3,390  
 UAE 2,272  2,272  2,223  2,247  
 Residual  696 696 681 689 
21 Turkey  35,157  35,157  34,393  34,775  
 EU 10,671  10,671  10,439  10,555  
 Residual  3,244  3,244  3,174  3,209  
25A Japan  7,794  7,794  7,624  7,709  
 EU 5,963  5,963  5,834  5,899  
 South Korea  1,191  1,191  1,165  1,178  
 Residual  2,102  2,102  2,057  2,079  
25B EU 15,339  15,339  15,006  15,173  
 South Korea  4,409  4,409  4,313  4,361  
 Japan  1,932  1,932  1,890  1,911  
 Residual  4,650  4,650  4,549  4,600  G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
- 6 - 
  Product 
category  Country  01/07/2022  
to 
30/09/2022  01/10/2022  
to 
31/12/2022  01/01/2023  
to 
31/03/2023  01/04/2023  
to 
30/06/2023  
26 EU 21,488  21,488  21,021  21,255  
 UAE 14,441  14,441  14,127  14,284  
 Turkey  10,490  10,490  10,262  10,376  
 China  5,518  5,518  5,398  5,458  
 Residual  9,528  9,528  9,320  9,424  
Table 2 : Proposed q uarterly volumes of country and residual tariff -rate quotas (in tonnes)  for 
2023-2024 
Product 
category  Country  01/07/2023  
to 
30/09/2023  01/10/2023  
to 
31/12/2023  01/01/2024  
to 
31/03/2024  01/04/2024  
to 
30/06/2024  
1 EU 181,526  181,526  179,553  179,553  
 Turkey  23,834  23,834  23,575  23,575  
 Chinese Taipei  13,269  13,269  13,125  13,125  
 Residual  22,837  22,837  22,589  22,589  
2 EU 78,489  78,489  77,636  77,636  
 South Korea  11,546  11,546  11,421  11,421  
 India 9,652  9,652  9,547  9,547  
 Residual  24,492  24,492  24,226  24,226  
4 EU 313,539  313,539  310,131  310,131  
 Chinese Taipei  32,416  32,416  32,063  32,063  
 India 23,941  23,941  23,681  23,681  
 Turkey  23,873  23,873  23,614  23,614  
 Residual  82,792  82,792  81,892  81,892  
5 EU 35,482  35,482  35,096  35,096  
 South Korea  14,419  14,419  14,262  14,262  
 Residual  2,155  2,155  2,132  2,132  
6 EU 30,938  30,938  30,602  30,602  
 China  7,855  7,855  7,769  7,769  
 Chinese Taipei  2,565  2,565  2,537  2,537  
 South Korea  2,435  2,435  2,408  2,408  
 Residual  1,050  1,050  1,038  1,038  
7 EU 68,848  68,848  68,099  68,099  
 Ukraine  10,746  10,746  10,629  10,629  
 Residual  13,824  13,824  13,673  13,673  
12A EU 28,551  28,551  28,241  28,241  
 Residual  4,107  4,107  4,062  4,062  
12B EU 34,297  34,297  33,924  33,924  
 Turkey  12,909  12,909  12,769  12,769  
 Residual  7,336  7,336  7,256  7,256  
13 EU 72,081  72,081  71,298  71,298  
 Turkey  34,148  34,148  33,777  33,777  
 Residual  23,250  23,250  22,997  22,997  
16 EU 72,564  72,564  71,775  71,775  
 Residual  3,168  3,168  3,134  3,134  
17 EU 146,355  146,355  144,764  144,764  
 Residual  36,038  36,038  35,646  35,646  
19 EU 4,640  4,640  4,590  4,590  
 Residual  137 137 135 135 
20 Turkey  15,213  15,213  15,048  15,048  
 EU 6,847  6,847  6,773  6,773  
 India 3,520  3,520  3,482  3,482  
 UAE 2,334  2,334  2,308  2,308  
 Residual  715 715 708 708 
21 Turkey  36,113  36,113  35,721  35,721  
 EU 10,962  10,962  10,842  10,842  
 Residual  3,332  3,332  3,296  3,296  G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
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  Product 
category  Country  01/07/2023  
to 
30/09/2023  01/10/2023  
to 
31/12/2023  01/01/2024  
to 
31/03/2024  01/04/2024  
to 
30/06/2024  
25A Japan  8,006  8,006  7,918  7,918  
 EU 6,126  6,126  6,059  6,059  
 South Korea  1,224  1,224  1,210  1,210  
 Residual  2,159  2,159  2,136  2,136  
25B EU 15,756  15,756  15,585  15,585  
 South Korea  4,529  4,529  4,479  4,479  
 Japan  1,984  1,984  1,963  1,963  
 Residual  4,777  4,777  4,725  4,725  
26 EU 22,073  22,073  21,833  21,833  
 UAE 14,833  14,833  14,672  14,672  
 Turkey  10,775  10,775  10,658  10,658  
 China  5,668  5,668  5,607  5,607  
 Residual  9,787  9,787  9,680  9,680  
Table 3 : Proposed d eveloping country non -exemptions by product category  
Product 
Category  Developing country non -exemptions (July -Dec 2021 import share)  
1 India (24.9%), Turkey (9.2%)  
2 India (12%), Ukraine (11.7%), Viet  Nam (8.5%), Tunisia (3.6%)  
4 Viet Nam (26.7%), India (10.9%), Turkey (7.6%)  
5 India (10.8%), Viet  Nam (5%)  
6 China  (44.8%)  
7 Ukraine (16.6%)  
12A n/a 
12B Turkey (29.9%)  
13 Turkey (20%), India (8.5%)  
16 Ukraine (12.7%), Turkey (3.2%)  
17 Turkey (10.9%), India (3.2%)  
19 n/a 
20 Turkey (65.5%), India (15.4%), UAE (4.1%)  
21 Turkey (79.4%), UAE (5.7%)  
25A n/a 
25B n/a 
26 Turkey (25%), UAE (13.3%), China  (11.1%), India (5.8%)  
Table 4 : Quarterly volumes of country and residual tariff -rate quotas (in tonnes)  in 2021-2022 
Product 
category  Country  01/07/2021  
to 
30/09/2021  01/10/2021  
to 
31/12/2021  01/01/2022  
to 
31/03/2022  01/04/2022  
to 
30/06/2022  
1 European Union  165,052  165,052  161,464  163,258   
Turkey  22,982  22,982  22,482 22,732  
Chinese Taipei  12,792 12,792 12,514 12,653  
Russia  11,782  11,782  11,526  11,654   
All others  15,621  15,621  15,282  15,452  
2 European Union  74,206  74,206  72,593  73,400   
South Korea  11,146  11,146  10,904  11,025   
India 9,106  9,106  8.908  9,007   
Viet Nam 6,240  6,240  6,104  6,172   
All others  16,673  16,673  16,310  16,491  
4 European Union  302,951  302,951  296,365  299,658   
Chinese Taipei  32,637  32,637  31,927  32,282   
China  31,933  31,933  31,238  31,586   
South Korea  24,610  24,610  24,075  24,343   
All others  71,359  71,359  69,807  70,583  
5 European Union  33,537  33,537  32,808  33,172   
South Korea  10,884  10,884  10,647  10,765   
All others  2,170  2,170  2,123  2,147  G/SG/N/8/GBR/1/Suppl.7 • G/SG/N/10/GBR/1/Suppl.8 • G/SG/N/11/GBR/1/Suppl.8  
- 8 - 
  Product 
category  Country  01/07/2021  
to 
30/09/2021  01/10/2021  
to 
31/12/2021  01/01/2022  
to 
31/03/2022  01/04/2022  
to 
30/06/2022  
6 European Union  29,379  29,379  28,740  29,059  
 China  6,913  6,913  6,763  6,838  
 Chinese Taipei  2,408  2,408  2,356  2,382  
 South Korea  2,202  2,202  2,154  2,178  
 All others  1,689  2,545  1,227  1,240  
7 European Union  65,067  65,067  63,652  64,359  
 Ukraine  10,156  10,156  9,936  10,046  
 All others  13,072  14,967  11,845  11,976  
12 European Union  50,214  50,214  - - 
 Turkey  12,943  12,943  - - 
 All others  8,342  9,804  - - 
12A European Union  - - 13,708  13,860  
 Turkey  - - 799 808 
 China  - - 761 769 
 All others  - - 334 338 
12B European Union  - - 32,110  32,466  
 Turkey  - - 12,102  12,237  
 All others  - - 6,093  6,161  
13 European Union  50,362  50,362  49,267  49,814  
 Turkey  29,015  29,015  28,384  28,699  
 Belarus  21,051  21,051  20,594  20,822  
 Ukraine  12,398  12,398  12,129  12,263  
 Russia  6,122  6,122  5,989  6,056  
 All others  3,433  3,433  3,359  3,396  
16 European Union  68,586  68,586  67,095  67,840  
 All others  2,995  4,992  1,936  1,958  
17 European Union  156,162  156,162  152,767  154,464  
 All others  16,232  16,232  15,879  16,056  
19 European Union  9,186  9,186  8,986  9,086   
All others  129 129 126 128 
20 Turkey  14,368  14,368  14,056  14,212   
European Union  6,472  6,472  6,331  6,402   
India 3,386  3,386  3,312  3,349   
United Arab Emirates  2,135  2,135  2,089  2,112   
All others  675 675 661 668 
21 Turkey  34,133  34,133  33,391  33,762   
European Union  10,099  10,099  9,880  9,989   
All others  3,411 3,411 3,337 3,374 
25A European Union  5,790  5,790  5,664  5,727   
Indonesia  4,584  4,584  4,485  4,535   
Malaysia  2,348  2,348  2,297  2,323   
South Korea  1,128  1,128  1,104  1,116   
Saudi Arabia  1,117  1,117  1,093  1,105   
All others  1,586  1,586  1,552  1,569  
25B European Union  12,472  12,472  12,201  12,336   
South Korea  4,219  4,219  4,127  4,173   
Norway  3,623  3,623  3,544  3,583   
Turkey  1,682  1,682  1,645  1,663   
All others  3,568  3,568  3,491  3,529  
26 European Union  20,298  20,298  19,857  20,078   
United Arab Emirates  14,000  14,000  13,695  13,848   
Turkey  10,238  10,238  10,015  10,127   
China  5,524  5,524  5,404  5,464   
Norway  2,985 2,985 2,920 2,952  
All others  6,609  6,609  6,466  6,537  
 
 
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