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145. El-Naggar, A.; Lee, S.S.; Rinklebe, J.; Farooq, M.; Song, H.; Sarmah, A.K.; Zimmerman, A.R.; Ahmad, M.; Shaheen, S.M.; Ok, Y.S. Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. *Geoderma* **2019**, *337*, 536-554. [CrossRef]
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148. Ulyett, J.; Sakrabani, R.; Kibbilewhite, M.; Hann, M. Impact of biochar addition on water retention, nitrification and carbon dioxide evolution from sandy loam soils. *Eur. J. Soil Sci.* **2014**, *65*, 96–104. [CrossRef]

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156. Khalifa, N.; Yousef, L.F. A short report on changes of quality indicators for a sandy textured soil after treatment with biochar produced from fronds of date palm. *Energy Procedia* **2015**, *74*, 960–965. [CrossRef]

157. Karbout, N.; Bol, R.; Brahim, N.; Moussa, M.; Bousnina, H. Applying biochar from date palm waste residues to improve the organic matter, nutrient status and water retention in sandy oasis soils. *J. Res. Environ. Earth Sci.* **2019**, *07*, 203–209.

158. Wang, J.; Odinga, E.S.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, X.; Yang, B.; Waigi, M.G.; Gao, Y. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study. *Environ. Int.* **2019**, *130*, 104899. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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161. Mihoub, A.; Amin, A.E.E.A.Z.; Motaghian, H.R.; Saeed, M.F.; Naeem, A. Citric Acid [CA]–Modified Biochar Improved Available Phosphorus Concentration and Its Half-Life in a P-Fertilized Calcareous Sandy. *Soil. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.* **2022**, *22*, 465–474. [CrossRef]

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164. Rondon, M.A.; Lehmann, J.; Ramírez, J.; Hurtado, M. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans [*Phaseolus vulgaris* L.] increases with bio-char additions. *Biol. Fertil. Soils* **2007**, *43*, 699–708. [CrossRef]

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166. Atkinson, C.J.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Hipps, N.A. Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review. *Plant Soil* **2010**, *337*, 1–18. [CrossRef]

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171. Clough, T.J.; Condron, L.M.; Kammann, C.; Müller, C. A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics. *Agronomy* **2013**, *3*, 275–293. [CrossRef]
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157. Karbout, N.; Bol, R.; Brahim, N.; Moussa, M.; Bousnina, H. Applying biochar from date palm waste residues to improve the organic matter, nutrient status and water retention in sandy oasis soils. *J. Res. Environ. Earth Sci.* **2019**, *07*, 203–209.

158. Wang, J.; Odinga, E.S.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, X.; Yang, B.; Waigi, M.G.; Gao, Y. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study. *Environ. Int.* **2019**, *130*, 104899. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

159. Alharbi, H.A.; Alotaibi, K.D.; El-Saeid, M.H.; Giesy, J.P. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAHs] and Metals in Diverse Biochar Products: Effect of Feedstock Type and Pyrolysis Temperature. *Toxics* **2023**, *11*, 96. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

160. Zhang, G.; Guo, X.; Zhu, Y.; Han, Z.; He, Q.; Zhang, F. Effect of biochar on the presence of nutrients and ryegrass growth in the soil from an abandoned indigenous coking site: The potential role of biochar in the revegetation of contaminated site. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2017**, *601–602*, 469–477. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

161. Mihoub, A.; Amin, A.E.E.A.Z.; Motaghian, H.R.; Saeed, M.F.; Naeem, A. Citric Acid [CA]–Modified Biochar Improved Available Phosphorus Concentration and Its Half-Life in a P-Fertilized Calcareous Sandy. *Soil. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.* **2022**, *22*, 465–474. [CrossRef]

162. Glaser, B.; Lehr, V.I. Biochar effects on phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 9338. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Steiner, C.; Das, K.C.; Melear, N.; Lakly, D. Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar. *J. Environ. Qual* **2010**, *39*, 1236–1242. [CrossRef]

164. Rondon, M.A.; Lehmann, J.; Ramírez, J.; Hurtado, M. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans [*Phaseolus vulgaris* L.] increases with bio-char additions. *Biol. Fertil. Soils* **2007**, *43*, 699–708. [CrossRef]

165. Ippolito, J.A.; Novak, J.M.; Busscher, W.J.; Ahmedna, M.; Rehrah, D.; Watts, D.W. Switchgrass biochar affects two Aridisols. *J. Environ. Qual* **2012**, *41*, 1123–1130. [CrossRef]

166. Atkinson, C.J.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Hipps, N.A. Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review. *Plant Soil* **2010**, *337*, 1–18. [CrossRef]

167. Hailegnaw, N.S.; Mercl, F.; Pračke, K.; Száková, J.; Tlustoš, P. High temperature-produced biochar can be efficient in nitrate loss prevention and carbon sequestration. *Geoderma* **2019**, *338*, 48–55. [CrossRef]

168. DeLuca, T.H.; MacKenzie, M.D.; Gundale, M.J.; Holben, W.E. Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests. *Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.* **2006**, *70*, 448–453. [CrossRef]

169. Castaldi, S.; Riondino, M.; Baronti, S.; Esposito, F.R.; Marzaioli, R.; Rutigliano, F.A. Impact of biochar application to a mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes. *Chemosphere* **2011**, *85*, 1464–1471. [CrossRef]

170. Cheng, Y.; Cai, Z.C.; Chang, S.X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, J.B. Wheat straw and its biochar have contrasting effects on inorganic N retention and N2O production in a cultivated black chernozem. *Biol. Fertil. Soils* **2012**, *48*, 941–946. [CrossRef]

171. Clough, T.J.; Condron, L.M.; Kammann, C.; Müller, C. A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics. *Agronomy* **2013**, *3*, 275–293. [CrossRef]
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191. Hussain, M.; Farooq, M.; Nawaz, A.; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Solaiman, Z.M.; Alghamdi, S.S.; Ammara, U.; Ok, Y.S.; Siddique, K.H.M. Biochar for crop production: Potential benefits and risks. *J. Soils Sediments* **2016**, *17*, 685–716. [CrossRef]

192. Yang, F.; LEE, X.; Wang, B. Characterization of biochars produced from seven biomasses grown in three different climate zones. *Chin. J. Geochem.* **2015**, *34*, 592–600. [CrossRef]

193. Lee, X.; Yang, F.; Xing, Y.; Huang, Y.; Xu, L.; Liu, Z.; Holtzman, R.; Kan, I.; Li, Y.; Zhang, L.; et al. Use of biochar to manage soil salts and water: Effects and mechanisms. *Catena* **2022**, *211*, 106018. [CrossRef]

194. Nartey, O.D.; Zhao, B. Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: An overview. *Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.* **2014**, *2014*, 715398. [CrossRef]

195. Lal, R. Soils and sustainable agriculture. A review. *Agron. Sustain. Dev.* **2008**, *28*, 57–64. [CrossRef]

196. Lehmann, J.; Joseph, S. Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In *Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology*; Lehmann, J., Joseph, S., Eds.; Earthscans: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 1–12.

197. Sohi, S.P.; Krull, E.; Lopez-Capel, E.; Bol, R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. *Adv. Agron.* **2010**, *105*, 47–82. [CrossRef]

198. Vaccari, F.P.; Baronti, S.; Lugato, E.; Genesio, L.; Castaldi, S.; Fornasier, F.; Miglietta, F. Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. *Eur. J. Agron.* **2011**, *34*, 231–238. [CrossRef]

199. El-Mahrouky, M.; EL-Naggar, A.H.; Usman, A.R.A.; Al-Wabel, M.I. Dynamics of CO₂ emission and biochemical properties of a sandy calcareous soil amended with Conocarpus waste and biochar. *Pedosphere* **2015**, *25*, 46–56. [CrossRef]
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173. Kammann, C.; Ippolito, J.; Hagemann, N.; Borchard, N.; Luz Cayuela, M.; Estavillo, J.M.; Fuertes-Mendizabal, T.; Jeffery, S.; Kern, J.; Novak, J.; et al. Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden—Knowns, unknowns and future research needs. *J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag.* **2017**, *25*, 114–139. [CrossRef]

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175. Weldon, S.; van der Veen, B.; Farkas, E.; Kocatürk-Schumacher, N.P.; Dieguez-Alonso, A.; Budai, A.; Rasse, D. A re-analysis of NH4+ sorption on biochar: Have expectations been too high? *Chemosphere* **2022**, *301*, 134662. [CrossRef]

176. Yao, Y.; Gao, B.; Zhang, M.; Inyang, M.; Zimmerman, A.R. Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. *Chemosphere* **2012**, *89*, 1467–1471. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

177. Ye, L.; Camps-Arbestain, M.; Shen, Q.; Lehmann, J.; Singh, B.; Sabir, M. Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: A meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls. *Soil Use Manag.* **2020**, *36*, 2–18. [CrossRef]

178. Liao, J.; Liu, X.; Hu, A.; Song, H.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Z. Effects of biochar-based controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen-use efficiency of oilseed rape [Brassica napus L.]. *Sci. Rep.* **2020**, *10*, 11063. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

179. Ndoung, O.C.N.; Figueiredo, C.C.de; Ramos, M.L.G. A scoping review on biochar-based fertilizers: Enrichment techniques and agro-environmental application. *Heliyon* **2021**, *7*, e08473. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

180. Schmidt, H.-P.; Pandit, B.H.; Cornelissen, G.; Kammann, C.I. Biochar-Based Fertilization with Liquid Nutrient Enrichment: 21 Field Trials Covering 13 Crop Species in Nepal. *Land Degrad. Dev.* **2017**, *28*, 2324–2342. [CrossRef]

181. Gustavo Adolfo, G.-F.; Wolf-Anno, B.; Martin, R.; Christina, S. Co-composting of biochar and nitrogen-poor organic residues: Nitrogen losses and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. *Waste Manag.* **2022**, *143*, 84–94. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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183. Mulcahy, D.N.; Mulcahy, D.L.; Dietz, D. Biochar soil amendment increases tomato seedling resistance to drought in sandy soils. *J. Arid Environ.* **2013**, *88*, 222–225. [CrossRef]

184. Ouyang, L.; Yu, L.; Zhang, R. Effects of amendment of different biochars on soil carbon mineralization and sequestration. *Soil Res.* **2014**, *52*, 46–54. [CrossRef]

185. Dai, Z.; Zhang, X.; Tang, C.; Muhammad, N.; Wu, J.; Brookes, P.C.; Xu, J. Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification- A critical review. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2017**, *581–582*, 601–611. [CrossRef]

186. Qian, L.; Chen, B. Dual role of biochars as adsorbents for aluminum: The effects of oxygen-containing organic components and the scattering of silicate particles. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **2013**, *47*, 8759–8768. [CrossRef]

187. Sani, M.N.H.; Hasan, M.; Uddain, J.; Subramaniam, S. Impact of application of Trichoderma and biochar on growth, productivity and nutritional quality of tomato under reduced N-P-K fertilization. *Ann. Agric. Sci.* **2020**, *65*, 107–115. [CrossRef]

188. Geng, N.; Kang, X.; Yan, X.; Yin, N.; Wang, H.; Pan, H.; Yang, Q.; Lou, Y.; Zhuge, Y. Biochar mitigation of soil acidification and carbon sequestration is influenced by materials and temperature. *Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.* **2022**, *232*, 113241. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

189. Liu, X.H.; Zhang, X.C. Effect of Biochar on pH of Alkaline Soils in the Loess Plateau: Results from Incubation Experiments. *Int. J. Agric. Biol.* **2012**, *14*, 745–750. [CrossRef]

190. Ding, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Li, Z.; Tan, X.; Zeng, G.; Zhou, L.; Zheng, B. Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review. *Agron. Sustain. Dev.* **2016**, *36*, 36. [CrossRef]

191. Hussain, M.; Farooq, M.; Nawaz, A.; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Solaiman, Z.M.; Alghamdi, S.S.; Ammara, U.; Ok, Y.S.; Siddique, K.H.M. Biochar for crop production: Potential benefits and risks. *J. Soils Sediments* **2016**, *17*, 685–716. [CrossRef]

192. Yang, F.; LEE, X.; Wang, B. Characterization of biochars produced from seven biomasses grown in three different climate zones. *Chin. J. Geochem.* **2015**, *34*, 592–600. [CrossRef]

193. Lee, X.; Yang, F.; Xing, Y.; Huang, Y.; Xu, L.; Liu, Z.; Holtzman, R.; Kan, I.; Li, Y.; Zhang, L.; et al. Use of biochar to manage soil salts and water: Effects and mechanisms. *Catena* **2022**, *211*, 106018. [CrossRef]

194. Nartey, O.D.; Zhao, B. Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: An overview. *Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.* **2014**, *2014*, 715398. [CrossRef]

195. Lal, R. Soils and sustainable agriculture. A review. *Agron. Sustain. Dev.* **2008**, *28*, 57–64. [CrossRef]

196. Lehmann, J.; Joseph, S. Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In *Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology*; Lehmann, J., Joseph, S., Eds.; Earthscans: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 1–12.

197. Sohi, S.P.; Krull, E.; Lopez-Capel, E.; Bol, R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. *Adv. Agron.* **2010**, *105*, 47–82. [CrossRef]

198. Vaccari, F.P.; Baronti, S.; Lugato, E.; Genesio, L.; Castaldi, S.; Fornasier, F.; Miglietta, F. Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. *Eur. J. Agron.* **2011**, *34*, 231–238. [CrossRef]

199. El-Mahrouky, M.; EL-Naggar, A.H.; Usman, A.R.A.; Al-Wabel, M.I. Dynamics of CO₂ emission and biochemical properties of a sandy calcareous soil amended with Conocarpus waste and biochar. *Pedosphere* **2015**, *25*, 46–56. [CrossRef]
200. Al-Wabel, M.I.; Usman, A.R.A.; El-Naggar, A.H.; Aly, A.; Ibrahim, H.M.; Elmaghraby, S.; Al-Omran, A. Conocarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal availability and uptake by maize plants. *Saudi J. Biol. Sci.* **2015**, *22*, 503–511. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

201. Ahmad, M.; Rajapaksha, A.U.; Lim, J.E.; Zhang, M.; Bolan, N.; Mohan, D.; Vithanage, M.; Lee, S.S.; Ok, Y.S. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. *Chemosphere* **2014**, *99*, 19–33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

202. Rizwan, M.; Ali, S.; Qayyum, M.F.; Ibrahim, M.; Zia-ur-Rehman, M.; Abbas, T.; Ok, Y.S. Mechanisms of biochar mediated alleviation of toxicity of trace elements in plants: A critical review. *Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.* **2016**, *23*, 2230–2248. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

203. Chen, D.; Liu, X.; Bian, R.; Cheng, K.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, J.; Joseph, S.; Crowley, D.; Pan, G.; Li, L. Effects of biochar on availability and plant uptake of heavy metals—A meta-analysis. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2018**, *222*, 76–85. [CrossRef]

204. Liu, M.; Zhu, J.; Yang, X.; Fu, Q.; Hu, H.; Huang, Q. Biochar produced from the straw of common crops simultaneously stabilizes soil organic matter and heavy metals. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2022**, *828*, 154494. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Al-Wabel, M.I.; Hussain, Q.; Usman, A.R.A.; Ahmad, M.; Abduljabbar, A.; Sallam, A.S.; Ok, Y.S. Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: A review. *Land Degrad. Dev.* **2018**, *29*, 2124–2161. [CrossRef]

206. Mahdi, Z.; El Hanandeh, A.; Yu, Q. Competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions [Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺] onto date seed biochar: Batch and fixed bed experiments. *Sep. Sci. Technol.* **2018**, *54*, 888–901. [CrossRef]

207. Mahdi, Z.; El Hanandeh, A.; Qimimg, J.Y. Date Palm (*Phoenix dactylifera* L.) Seed characterization for biochar preparation. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management, Gold Coast, Australia, 2–4 September 2015. [CrossRef]

208. Mahdi, Z.; Yu, Q.J.; El Hanandeh, A. Investigation of the kinetics and mechanisms of nickel and copper ions adsorption from aqueous solutions by date seed derived biochar. *J. Environ. Chem. Eng.* **2018**, *6*, 1171–1181. [CrossRef]

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211. Rutigliano, F.A.; Romano, M.; Marzaioli, R.; Baglivo, I.; Baronti, S.; Miglietta, F.; Castaldi, S. Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop. *Eur. J. Soil Biol.* **2014**, *60*, 9–15. [CrossRef]

212. Ameloot, N.; Sleutel, S.; Case, S.D.C.; Alberti, G.; McNamara, N.P.; Zavalloni, C.; Vervisch, B.; delle Vedove, G.; De Neve, S. C mineralization and microbial activity in four biochar field experiments several years after incorporation. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **2014**, *78*, 195–203. [CrossRef]

213. Andrés, P.; Rosell-Melé, A.; Colomer-Ventura, F.; Denef, K.; Cotrufo, M.F.; Riba, M.; Alcañiz, J.M. Belowground biota responses to maize biochar addition to the soil of a Mediterranean vineyard. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2019**, *660*, 1522–1532. [CrossRef]

214. Baronti, S.; Vaccari, F.P.; Miglietta, F.; Calzolari, C.; Lugato, E.; Orlandini, S.; Pini, R.; Zulian, C.; Genesio, L. Impact of biochar application on plant water relations in Vitis vinifera [L.]. *Eur. J. Agron.* **2014**, *53*, 38–44. [CrossRef]

215. Jenkins, J.R.; Viger, M.; Arnold, E.C.; Harris, Z.M.; Ventura, M.; Miglietta, F.; Girardin, C.; Edwards, R.J.; Rumpel, C.; Fornasier, F.; et al. Biochar alters the soil microbiome and soil function: Results of next-generation amplicon sequencing across Europe. *Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy* **2017**, *9*, 591–612. [CrossRef]

216. Marks, E.A.N.; Mattana, S.; Alcañiz, J.M.; Pérez-Herrero, E.; Domene, X. Gasifier biochar effects on nutrient availability, organic matter mineralization, and soil fauna activity in a multi-year Mediterranean trial. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2016**, *215*, 30–39. [CrossRef]

217. Olmo, M.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Barrón, V.; del Campillo, M.C.; Gallardo, A.; Fuentes, M.; Villar, R. Wheat growth and yield responses to biochar addition under Mediterranean climate conditions. *Biol. Fertil. Soils* **2014**, *50*, 1177–1187. [CrossRef]

218. Zhu, L.X.; Xiao, Q.; Cheng, H.Y.; Shi, B.J.; Shen, Y.-F.; Li, S.Q. Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial activity after biochar addition in a dryland maize field in North-Western China. *Ecol. Eng.* **2017**, *104*, 141–149. [CrossRef]

219. Liao, N.; Li, Q.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, G.; Ma, L.; Min, W.; Ye, J.; Hou, Z. Effects of biochar on soil microbial community composition and activity in drip-irrigated desert soil. *Eur. J. Soil Biol.* **2016**, *72*, 27–34. [CrossRef]

220. Li, M.; Liu, M.; Li, Z.; Jiang, C.; Wu, M. Soil N transformation and microbial community structure as affected by adding biochar to a paddy soil of subtropical China. *J. Integr. Agric.* **2016**, *15*, 209–219. [CrossRef]

221. Khadem, A.; Raiesi, F. Influence of biochar on potential enzyme activities in two calcareous soils of contrasting texture. *Geoderma* **2017**, *308*, 149–158. [CrossRef]

222. Gul, S.; Whalen, J.K.; Thomas, B.W.; Sachdeva, V.; Deng, H. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2015**, *206*, 46–59. [CrossRef]

223. Xie, T.; Sadasivam, B.Y.; Reddy, K.R.; Wang, C.; Spokas, K. Review of the effects of biochar amendment on soil properties and carbon sequestration. *J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste* **2015**, *20*, 04015013. [CrossRef]

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201. Ahmad, M.; Rajapaksha, A.U.; Lim, J.E.; Zhang, M.; Bolan, N.; Mohan, D.; Vithanage, M.; Lee, S.S.; Ok, Y.S. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. *Chemosphere* **2014**, *99*, 19–33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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203. Chen, D.; Liu, X.; Bian, R.; Cheng, K.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, J.; Joseph, S.; Crowley, D.; Pan, G.; Li, L. Effects of biochar on availability and plant uptake of heavy metals—A meta-analysis. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2018**, *222*, 76–85. [CrossRef]

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205. Al-Wabel, M.I.; Hussain, Q.; Usman, A.R.A.; Ahmad, M.; Abduljabbar, A.; Sallam, A.S.; Ok, Y.S. Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: A review. *Land Degrad. Dev.* **2018**, *29*, 2124–2161. [CrossRef]

206. Mahdi, Z.; El Hanandeh, A.; Yu, Q. Competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions [Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺] onto date seed biochar: Batch and fixed bed experiments. *Sep. Sci. Technol.* **2018**, *54*, 888–901. [CrossRef]

207. Mahdi, Z.; El Hanandeh, A.; Qimimg, J.Y. Date Palm (*Phoenix dactylifera* L.) Seed characterization for biochar preparation. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management, Gold Coast, Australia, 2–4 September 2015. [CrossRef]

208. Mahdi, Z.; Yu, Q.J.; El Hanandeh, A. Investigation of the kinetics and mechanisms of nickel and copper ions adsorption from aqueous solutions by date seed derived biochar. *J. Environ. Chem. Eng.* **2018**, *6*, 1171–1181. [CrossRef]

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210. Nogués, I.; Mazzurco Miritana, V.; Passatore, L.; Zacchini, M.; Peruzzi, E.; Carloni, S.; Pietrini, F.; Marabottini, R.; Chiti, T.; Massaccesi, L.; et al. Biochar soil amendment as carbon farming practice in a Mediterranean environment. *Geoderma Reg.* **2023**, *33*, e00634. [CrossRef]

211. Rutigliano, F.A.; Romano, M.; Marzaioli, R.; Baglivo, I.; Baronti, S.; Miglietta, F.; Castaldi, S. Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop. *Eur. J. Soil Biol.* **2014**, *60*, 9–15. [CrossRef]

212. Ameloot, N.; Sleutel, S.; Case, S.D.C.; Alberti, G.; McNamara, N.P.; Zavalloni, C.; Vervisch, B.; delle Vedove, G.; De Neve, S. C mineralization and microbial activity in four biochar field experiments several years after incorporation. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **2014**, *78*, 195–203. [CrossRef]

213. Andrés, P.; Rosell-Melé, A.; Colomer-Ventura, F.; Denef, K.; Cotrufo, M.F.; Riba, M.; Alcañiz, J.M. Belowground biota responses to maize biochar addition to the soil of a Mediterranean vineyard. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2019**, *660*, 1522–1532. [CrossRef]

214. Baronti, S.; Vaccari, F.P.; Miglietta, F.; Calzolari, C.; Lugato, E.; Orlandini, S.; Pini, R.; Zulian, C.; Genesio, L. Impact of biochar application on plant water relations in Vitis vinifera [L.]. *Eur. J. Agron.* **2014**, *53*, 38–44. [CrossRef]

215. Jenkins, J.R.; Viger, M.; Arnold, E.C.; Harris, Z.M.; Ventura, M.; Miglietta, F.; Girardin, C.; Edwards, R.J.; Rumpel, C.; Fornasier, F.; et al. Biochar alters the soil microbiome and soil function: Results of next-generation amplicon sequencing across Europe. *Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy* **2017**, *9*, 591–612. [CrossRef]

216. Marks, E.A.N.; Mattana, S.; Alcañiz, J.M.; Pérez-Herrero, E.; Domene, X. Gasifier biochar effects on nutrient availability, organic matter mineralization, and soil fauna activity in a multi-year Mediterranean trial. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2016**, *215*, 30–39. [CrossRef]

217. Olmo, M.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Barrón, V.; del Campillo, M.C.; Gallardo, A.; Fuentes, M.; Villar, R. Wheat growth and yield responses to biochar addition under Mediterranean climate conditions. *Biol. Fertil. Soils* **2014**, *50*, 1177–1187. [CrossRef]

218. Zhu, L.X.; Xiao, Q.; Cheng, H.Y.; Shi, B.J.; Shen, Y.-F.; Li, S.Q. Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial activity after biochar addition in a dryland maize field in North-Western China. *Ecol. Eng.* **2017**, *104*, 141–149. [CrossRef]

219. Liao, N.; Li, Q.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, G.; Ma, L.; Min, W.; Ye, J.; Hou, Z. Effects of biochar on soil microbial community composition and activity in drip-irrigated desert soil. *Eur. J. Soil Biol.* **2016**, *72*, 27–34. [CrossRef]

220. Li, M.; Liu, M.; Li, Z.; Jiang, C.; Wu, M. Soil N transformation and microbial community structure as affected by adding biochar to a paddy soil of subtropical China. *J. Integr. Agric.* **2016**, *15*, 209–219. [CrossRef]

221. Khadem, A.; Raiesi, F. Influence of biochar on potential enzyme activities in two calcareous soils of contrasting texture. *Geoderma* **2017**, *308*, 149–158. [CrossRef]

222. Gul, S.; Whalen, J.K.; Thomas, B.W.; Sachdeva, V.; Deng, H. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2015**, *206*, 46–59. [CrossRef]

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236. Zhang, L.; Sun, X. Influence of bulking agents on physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage composting of green waste. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *48*, 115-126. [CrossRef]

237. Doña-Grimaldi, V.M.; Palma, A.; Ruiz-Montoya, M.; Morales, E.; Díaz, M.J. Energetic valorization of MSW compost valorization by selecting the maturity conditions. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2019**, *238*, 153-158. [CrossRef]

238. Hachicha, S.; Cegarra, J.; Sellami, F.; Hachicha, R.; Drira, N.; Medhioub, K.; Ammar, E. Elimination of polyphenols toxicity from olive mill wastewater sludge by its co-composting with sesame bark. *J. Hazard Mater.* **2009**, *161*, 1131-1139. [CrossRef]

239. Nikaeen, M.; Nafez, A.H.; Bina, B.; Nabavi, B.F.; Hassanzadeh, A. Respiration and enzymatic activities as indicators of stabilization of sewage sludge composting. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *39*, 104-111. [CrossRef]

240. Cesaro, A.; Conte, A.; Belgioorno, V.; Siciliano, A.; Guida, M. The evolution of compost stability and maturity during the full-scale treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2019**, *232*, 264-270. [CrossRef]

241. Abid, W.; Mahmoud, I.B.; Masmoudi, S.; Triki, M.A.; Mounier, S.; Ammar, E. Physico-chemical and spectroscopic quality assessment of compost from date palm [*Phoenix dactylifera* L.] waste valorization. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2020**, *264*, 110492. [CrossRef]

242. Masmoudi, S.; Jarboui Jarboui, R.; El Feki, H.; Gea, T.; Medhioub, K.; Ammar, E. Characterization of olive mill wastes composts and their humic acids: Stability assessment within different particle size fractions. *Environ. Technol.* **2013**, *34*, 787-797. [CrossRef]

243. Cesaro, A.; Belgioorno, V.; Guida, M. Compost from organic solid waste: Quality assessment and European regulations for its sustainable use. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **2015**, *94*, 72-79. [CrossRef]

244. Song, C.; Li, M.; Xi, B.; Wei, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Jia, X.; Qi, H.; Zhu, C. Characterisation of dissolved organic matter extracted from the bio-oxidative phase of co-composting of biogas residues and livestock manure using spectroscopic techniques. *Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.* **2015**, *10*, 38-50. [CrossRef]

245. Harindintwali, J.D.; Zhou, J.; Yu, X. Lignocellulosic crop residue composting by cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: A novel tool for environmental sustainability. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2020**, *715*, 136912. [CrossRef]

246. Michel, F.C.; Forney, L.J.; Huang, A.J.; Drew, S.; Czuprenski, M.; Lindeberg, J.D.; Reddy, C.A. Effects of Turning Frequency, Leaves to Grass Mix Ratio and Windrow vs. Pile Configuration on the Composting of Yard Trimmings. *Compost. Sci. Util.* **1996**, *4*, 26-43. [CrossRef]

247. Aitkenhead, J.A.; McDowell, W.H. Soil C:N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales. *Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles* **2000**, *14*, 127-138. [CrossRef]

248. Fong, M.; Wong, J.W.C.; Wong, M.H. Review on evaluation of compost maturity and stability of solid waste. *Shanghai Environ. Sci.* **1999**, *18*, 91-93.

249. Misra, R.V.; Roy, R.N.; Hiraoka, H. *On Farm Composting Methods*; Land and Water Discussion Paper 2; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2003; 37p.

250. Safwat, M.S. A Organic Farming of Date Palm and Recycling of Their Wastes. *Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc.* **2007**, *8*, 2109-2111.

251. Hao, X.; Chang, C.; Larney, F.J. Carbon, nitrogen balances and greenhouse gas emission during cattle feedlot manure composting. *J. Environ. Qual.* **2004**, *33*, 37-44. [CrossRef]

252. Linères, M.; Djakovitch, J.L. Caractérisation de la stabilité biologique des apports organiques par l'analyse biochimique. In *Matières Organiques et Agricultures*; Decroux, J., Ignazi, J.C., Eds.; GEMAS-COMIFER: Paris, France, 1993; pp. 159-168.

253. Mary, B.; Fresneau, C.; Morel, J.L.; Mariotti, A. C and N cycling during decomposition of root mucilage, roots and glucose in soil. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **1993**, *25*, 1005-1014. [CrossRef]
226. Steiner, C.; Teixeira, W.G.; Lehmann, J.; Nehls, T.; Luis, J.; Macêdo, V.D.; Blum, W.E.H.; Zech, W. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. *Plant Soil* **2007**, *291*, 275–290. [CrossRef]

227. Suliman, W.; Harsh, J.B.; Abu-Lail, N.I.; Fortuna, A.M.; Dallmeyer, I.; Garcia-Pérez, M. The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2017**, *574*, 139–147. [CrossRef]

228. Diatta, A.; Fike, J.; Battaglia, M.; Galbraith, J.; Baig, M. Effects of biochar on soil fertility and crop productivity in arid regions: A review. *Arab. J. Geosci.* **2020**, *13*, 595. [CrossRef]

229. Zhang, D.; Pan, G.; Wu, G.; Kibue, G.W.; Li, L.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, J.; Zheng, J.; Cheng, K.; Joseph, S. Biochar helps enhance maize productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions under balanced fertilization in a rainfed low fertility inceptisol. *Chemosphere* **2016**, *142*, 106–113. [CrossRef]

230. Arfaoui, A.; Ibrahimi, K.; Trabelsi, F. Biochar application to soil under arid conditions: A bibliometric study of research status and trends. *Arab. J. Geosci.* **2019**, *12*, 45. [CrossRef]

231. Arif, M.; Ali, S.; Ilyas, M.; Riaz, M.; Akhtar, K.; Ali, K.; Adnan, M.; Fahad, S.; Khan, I.; Shah, S. Enhancing phosphorus availability, soil organic carbon, maize productivity and farm profitability through biochar and organic-inorganic fertilizers in an irrigated maize agroecosystem under semi-arid climate. *Soil Use Manag.* **2021**, *37*, 104–119. [CrossRef]

232. Ravi, S.; Li, J.; Meng, Z.; Zhang, J.; Mohanty, S. Generation, Resuspension, and Transport of Particulate Matter From Biochar-Amended Soils: A Potential Health Risk. *GeoHealth* **2020**, *4*, e2020GH000311. [CrossRef]

233. Rumpel, C.; Chaplot, V.; Planchon, O.; Bernadou, J.; Valentin, C.; Mariotti, A. Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture. *Catena* **2006**, *65*, 30–40. [CrossRef]

234. Libutti, A.; Cammerino, A.R.B.; Monteleone, M. Management of Residues from Fruit Tree Pruning: A Trade-Off between Soil Quality and Energy Use. *Agronomy* **2021**, *11*, 236. [CrossRef]

235. Haug, R.T. *The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering*; CRC Press, Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1993; 752p.

236. Zhang, L.; Sun, X. Influence of bulking agents on physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage composting of green waste. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *48*, 115–126. [CrossRef]

237. Doña-Grimaldi, V.M.; Palma, A.; Ruiz-Montoya, M.; Morales, E.; Díaz, M.J. Energetic valorization of MSW compost valorization by selecting the maturity conditions. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2019**, *238*, 153–158. [CrossRef]

238. Hachicha, S.; Cegarra, J.; Sellami, F.; Hachicha, R.; Drira, N.; Medhioub, K.; Ammar, E. Elimination of polyphenols toxicity from olive mill wastewater sludge by its co-composting with sesame bark. *J. Hazard Mater.* **2009**, *161*, 1131–1139. [CrossRef]

239. Nikaeen, M.; Nafez, A.H.; Bina, B.; Nabavi, B.F.; Hassanzadeh, A. Respiration and enzymatic activities as indicators of stabilization of sewage sludge composting. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *39*, 104–111. [CrossRef]

240. Cesaro, A.; Conte, A.; Belgioorno, V.; Siciliano, A.; Guida, M. The evolution of compost stability and maturity during the full-scale treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2019**, *232*, 264–270. [CrossRef]

241. Abid, W.; Mahmoud, I.B.; Masmoudi, S.; Triki, M.A.; Mounier, S.; Ammar, E. Physico-chemical and spectroscopic quality assessment of compost from date palm [*Phoenix dactylifera* L.] waste valorization. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2020**, *264*, 110492. [CrossRef]

242. Masmoudi, S.; Jarboui Jarboui, R.; El Feki, H.; Gea, T.; Medhioub, K.; Ammar, E. Characterization of olive mill wastes composts and their humic acids: Stability assessment within different particle size fractions. *Environ. Technol.* **2013**, *34*, 787–797. [CrossRef]

243. Cesaro, A.; Belgioorno, V.; Guida, M. Compost from organic solid waste: Quality assessment and European regulations for its sustainable use. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **2015**, *94*, 72–79. [CrossRef]

244. Song, C.; Li, M.; Xi, B.; Wei, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Jia, X.; Qi, H.; Zhu, C. Characterisation of dissolved organic matter extracted from the bio-oxidative phase of co-composting of biogas residues and livestock manure using spectroscopic techniques. *Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.* **2015**, *10*, 38–50. [CrossRef]

245. Harindintwali, J.D.; Zhou, J.; Yu, X. Lignocellulosic crop residue composting by cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: A novel tool for environmental sustainability. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2020**, *715*, 136912. [CrossRef]

246. Michel, F.C.; Forney, L.J.; Huang, A.J.; Drew, S.; Czuprenski, M.; Lindeberg, J.D.; Reddy, C.A. Effects of Turning Frequency, Leaves to Grass Mix Ratio and Windrow vs. Pile Configuration on the Composting of Yard Trimmings. *Compost. Sci. Util.* **1996**, *4*, 26–43. [CrossRef]

247. Aitkenhead, J.A.; McDowell, W.H. Soil C:N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales. *Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles* **2000**, *14*, 127–138. [CrossRef]

248. Fong, M.; Wong, J.W.C.; Wong, M.H. Review on evaluation of compost maturity and stability of solid waste. *Shanghai Environ. Sci.* **1999**, *18*, 91–93.

249. Misra, R.V.; Roy, R.N.; Hiraoka, H. *On Farm Composting Methods*; Land and Water Discussion Paper 2; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2003; 37p.

250. Safwat, M.S. A Organic Farming of Date Palm and Recycling of Their Wastes. *Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc.* **2007**, *8*, 2109–2111.

251. Hao, X.; Chang, C.; Larney, F.J. Carbon, nitrogen balances and greenhouse gas emission during cattle feedlot manure composting. *J. Environ. Qual.* **2004**, *33*, 37–44. [CrossRef]

252. Linères, M.; Djakovitch, J.L. Caractérisation de la stabilité biologique des apports organiques par l'analyse biochimique. In *Matières Organiques et Agricultures*; Decroux, J., Ignazi, J.C., Eds.; GEMAS-COMIFER: Paris, France, 1993; pp. 159–168.

253. Mary, B.; Fresneau, C.; Morel, J.L.; Mariotti, A. C and N cycling during decomposition of root mucilage, roots and glucose in soil. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **1993**, *25*, 1005–1014. [CrossRef]
254. Ganry, F.; Thuriès, L. Intérêt des fumiers pour restaurer la fertilité des sols en zone semi-aride d'Afrique. In *Restauration de la Productivité des sols Tropicaux et Mediterraneens: Contribution à L'agroécologie*; Roosevelt, E., Ed.; IRD: Marseille, France, 2017; pp. 179-195.

255. Gondek, M.; Weindorf, D.C.; Thiel, C.; Kleinheinz, G. Soluble Salts in Compost and Their Effects on Soil and Plants: A Review. *Compos. Sci. Util.* **2020**, *28*, 59-75. [CrossRef]

256. Reddy, N.; Crohn, D.M. Compost induced soil salinity: A new prediction method and its effect on plant growth. *Compos. Sci. Util.* **2012**, *20*, 133-140. [CrossRef]

257. Mahmoodabadi, M.; Yazdanpanah, N.; Sinobas, L.R.; Pazira, E.; Neshat, A. Reclamation of calcareous saline sodic soil with different amendments [I]: Redistribution of soluble cations within the soil profile. *Agric. Water Manag.* **2013**, *120*, 30-38. [CrossRef]

258. United States Composting Council [USCC]. Field Guide to Compost Use. 2001. 94p. Available online: https://www.mncompostingcouncil.org/uploads/1/5/6/0/15602762/fgcu.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2023).

259. Soudejani, H.T.; Kazemian, H.; Inglezakis, V.J.; Zorpas, A.A. Application of zeolites in organic waste composting: A review. *Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol.* **2019**, *22*, 101396. [CrossRef]

260. Turan, N.G. The effects of natural zeolite on salinity level of poultry litter compost. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2008**, *99*, 2097-2101. [CrossRef]

261. Chan, M.T.; Selvam, A.; Wong, J.W. Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during 'struvite' food waste composting by zeolite amendment. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2016**, *200*, 838-844. [CrossRef]

262. Ramesh, K.; Reddy, D.D. Zeolites and their potential uses in agriculture. *Adv. Agron.* **2011**, *113*, 219-241. [CrossRef]

263. Ksheem, A.M.; Bennett, J.M.; Antille, D.L.; Raine, S.R. Towards a method for optimized extraction of soluble nutrients from fresh and composted chicken manures. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *45*, 76-90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

264. Qadir, M.; Oster, J.D. Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2004**, *323*, 1-19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

265. Li, M.; Peng, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, W.; Cai, H.; Liu, G.; Wu, Z. Microbial inoculum with leachate recirculated cultivation for the enhancement of OFMSW composting. *J. Hazard. Mater.* **2008**, *153*, 885-891. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

266. Vymazal, J.; Svehla, J.; Kropfelova, L.; Chrastny, V. Trace metals in Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea growing in constructed and natural wetlands. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2007**, *380*, 154-162. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

267. Bakhshoodeh, R.; Alavi, N.; Majlesi, M.; Paydary, P. Compost leachate treatment by a pilot-scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland. *Ecol. Eng.* **2017**, *105*, 7-14. [CrossRef]

268. Roy, D.; Azaïs, A.; Benkaraache, S.; Drogui, P.; Tyagi, R.D. Composting leachate: Characterization, treatment and future perspectives. *Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol.* **2018**, *17*, 323-349. [CrossRef]

269. Benabderrahim, M.A.; Elfalleh, W.; Belayadi, H.; Haddad, M. Effect of date palm waste compost on forage alfalfa growth, yield, seed yield and minerals uptake. *Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric.* **2018**, *7*, 1-9. [CrossRef]

270. Vico, A.; Pérez-Murcia, M.D.; Bustamante, M.A.; Agulló, E.; Marhuenda-Egea, F.C.; Sáez, J.A.; Paredes, C.; Pérez-Espinosa, A.; Moral, R. Valorization of date palm [*Phoenix dactylifera* L.] pruning biomass by cocomposting with urban and agri-food sludge. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2018**, *226*, 408-415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

271. Giagnoni, L.; Maienza, A.; Baronti, S.; Primo, F.; Genesio, L.; Taiti, C.; Martellini, T.; Scodellini, R.; Cincinelli, A.; Costa, C.; et al. Long-term soil biological fertility, volatile organic compounds and chemical properties in a vineyard soil after biochar amendment. *Geoderma* **2019**, *344*, 127-136. [CrossRef]

272. Barthod, J.; Rumpel, C.; Dignac, M.F. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. *Agron. Sustain. Dev.* **2018**, *38*, 17. [CrossRef]

273. Badawi, M.A. Co-Composting Date Palm Tree Wastes and Its Effects on Soil Fertility. *Key Eng. Mater.* **2022**, *925*, 73-83. [CrossRef]

274. Raja, A.M.; Khalaf, N.H.; Alkubaisy, S.A. Utilization of Date Palm Waste Compost as Substitute for Peat Moss. *IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.* **2021**, *904*, 012041. [CrossRef]

275. Hoitink, H.A.J.; Fahy, P.C. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. *Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.* **1986**, *24*, 93-114. [CrossRef]

276. Manios, T. The composting potential of different organic solid wastes: Experience from the island of Crete. *Environ. Int.* **2004**, *29*, 1079-1089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

277. Zorpas, A. Compost Evaluation and Utilization. In *Composting: Processing, Materials and Approaches*; Pereira, J.C., Bolin, L.J., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 31-68.

278. Montanaro, G.; Celano, G.; Dichio, B.; Xiloyannis, C. Effects of soil-protecting agricultural practices on soil organic carbon and productivity in fruit tree orchards. *Land Degrad. Dev.* **2010**, *21*, 132-138. [CrossRef]

279. Montanaro, G.; Dichio, B.; Briccoli Bati, C.; Xiloyannis, C. Soil management affects carbon dynamics and yield in a Mediterranean peach orchard. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2012**, *161*, 46-54. [CrossRef]

280. Koubouris, G.; Kourgialas, N.N.; Kavvadias, V.; Digalaki, N.; Psarras, G. Sustainable agricultural practices for improving soil carbon and nitrogen content in relation to water availability—An adapted approach to Mediterranean olive groves. *Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.* **2017**, *48*, 2687-2700. [CrossRef]

281. Michalopoulos, G.; Kasapi, K.A.; Koubouris, G.; Psarras, G.; Arampatzis, G.; Hatzigiannakis, E.; Kavvadias, V.; Xiloyannis, C.; Montanaro, G.; Malliaraki, S.; et al. Adaptation of Mediterranean Olive Groves to Climate Change through Sustainable Cultivation Practices. *Climate* **2020**, *8*, 54. [CrossRef]
254. Ganry, F.; Thuriès, L. Intérêt des fumiers pour restaurer la fertilité des sols en zone semi-aride d'Afrique. In *Restauration de la Productivité des sols Tropicaux et Mediterraneens: Contribution à L'agroécologie*; Roosevelt, E., Ed.; IRD: Marseille, France, 2017; pp. 179-195.

255. Gondek, M.; Weindorf, D.C.; Thiel, C.; Kleinheinz, G. Soluble Salts in Compost and Their Effects on Soil and Plants: A Review. *Compos. Sci. Util.* **2020**, *28*, 59-75. [CrossRef]

256. Reddy, N.; Crohn, D.M. Compost induced soil salinity: A new prediction method and its effect on plant growth. *Compos. Sci. Util.* **2012**, *20*, 133-140. [CrossRef]

257. Mahmoodabadi, M.; Yazdanpanah, N.; Sinobas, L.R.; Pazira, E.; Neshat, A. Reclamation of calcareous saline sodic soil with different amendments [I]: Redistribution of soluble cations within the soil profile. *Agric. Water Manag.* **2013**, *120*, 30-38. [CrossRef]

258. United States Composting Council [USCC]. Field Guide to Compost Use. 2001. 94p. Available online: https://www.mncompostingcouncil.org/uploads/1/5/6/0/15602762/fgcu.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2023).

259. Soudejani, H.T.; Kazemian, H.; Inglezakis, V.J.; Zorpas, A.A. Application of zeolites in organic waste composting: A review. *Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol.* **2019**, *22*, 101396. [CrossRef]

260. Turan, N.G. The effects of natural zeolite on salinity level of poultry litter compost. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2008**, *99*, 2097-2101. [CrossRef]

261. Chan, M.T.; Selvam, A.; Wong, J.W. Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during 'struvite' food waste composting by zeolite amendment. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2016**, *200*, 838-844. [CrossRef]

262. Ramesh, K.; Reddy, D.D. Zeolites and their potential uses in agriculture. *Adv. Agron.* **2011**, *113*, 219-241. [CrossRef]

263. Ksheem, A.M.; Bennett, J.M.; Antille, D.L.; Raine, S.R. Towards a method for optimized extraction of soluble nutrients from fresh and composted chicken manures. *Waste Manag.* **2015**, *45*, 76-90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

264. Qadir, M.; Oster, J.D. Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2004**, *323*, 1-19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

265. Li, M.; Peng, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, W.; Cai, H.; Liu, G.; Wu, Z. Microbial inoculum with leachate recirculated cultivation for the enhancement of OFMSW composting. *J. Hazard. Mater.* **2008**, *153*, 885-891. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

266. Vymazal, J.; Svehla, J.; Kropfelova, L.; Chrastny, V. Trace metals in Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea growing in constructed and natural wetlands. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2007**, *380*, 154-162. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

267. Bakhshoodeh, R.; Alavi, N.; Majlesi, M.; Paydary, P. Compost leachate treatment by a pilot-scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland. *Ecol. Eng.* **2017**, *105*, 7-14. [CrossRef]

268. Roy, D.; Azaïs, A.; Benkaraache, S.; Drogui, P.; Tyagi, R.D. Composting leachate: Characterization, treatment and future perspectives. *Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol.* **2018**, *17*, 323-349. [CrossRef]

269. Benabderrahim, M.A.; Elfalleh, W.; Belayadi, H.; Haddad, M. Effect of date palm waste compost on forage alfalfa growth, yield, seed yield and minerals uptake. *Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric.* **2018**, *7*, 1-9. [CrossRef]

270. Vico, A.; Pérez-Murcia, M.D.; Bustamante, M.A.; Agulló, E.; Marhuenda-Egea, F.C.; Sáez, J.A.; Paredes, C.; Pérez-Espinosa, A.; Moral, R. Valorization of date palm [*Phoenix dactylifera* L.] pruning biomass by cocomposting with urban and agri-food sludge. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2018**, *226*, 408-415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

271. Giagnoni, L.; Maienza, A.; Baronti, S.; Primo, F.; Genesio, L.; Taiti, C.; Martellini, T.; Scodellini, R.; Cincinelli, A.; Costa, C.; et al. Long-term soil biological fertility, volatile organic compounds and chemical properties in a vineyard soil after biochar amendment. *Geoderma* **2019**, *344*, 127-136. [CrossRef]

272. Barthod, J.; Rumpel, C.; Dignac, M.F. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. *Agron. Sustain. Dev.* **2018**, *38*, 17. [CrossRef]

273. Badawi, M.A. Co-Composting Date Palm Tree Wastes and Its Effects on Soil Fertility. *Key Eng. Mater.* **2022**, *925*, 73-83. [CrossRef]

274. Raja, A.M.; Khalaf, N.H.; Alkubaisy, S.A. Utilization of Date Palm Waste Compost as Substitute for Peat Moss. *IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.* **2021**, *904*, 012041. [CrossRef]

275. Hoitink, H.A.J.; Fahy, P.C. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. *Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.* **1986**, *24*, 93-114. [CrossRef]

276. Manios, T. The composting potential of different organic solid wastes: Experience from the island of Crete. *Environ. Int.* **2004**, *29*, 1079-1089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

277. Zorpas, A. Compost Evaluation and Utilization. In *Composting: Processing, Materials and Approaches*; Pereira, J.C., Bolin, L.J., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 31-68.

278. Montanaro, G.; Celano, G.; Dichio, B.; Xiloyannis, C. Effects of soil-protecting agricultural practices on soil organic carbon and productivity in fruit tree orchards. *Land Degrad. Dev.* **2010**, *21*, 132-138. [CrossRef]

279. Montanaro, G.; Dichio, B.; Briccoli Bati, C.; Xiloyannis, C. Soil management affects carbon dynamics and yield in a Mediterranean peach orchard. *Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.* **2012**, *161*, 46-54. [CrossRef]

280. Koubouris, G.; Kourgialas, N.N.; Kavvadias, V.; Digalaki, N.; Psarras, G. Sustainable agricultural practices for improving soil carbon and nitrogen content in relation to water availability—An adapted approach to Mediterranean olive groves. *Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.* **2017**, *48*, 2687-2700. [CrossRef]

281. Michalopoulos, G.; Kasapi, K.A.; Koubouris, G.; Psarras, G.; Arampatzis, G.; Hatzigiannakis, E.; Kavvadias, V.; Xiloyannis, C.; Montanaro, G.; Malliaraki, S.; et al. Adaptation of Mediterranean Olive Groves to Climate Change through Sustainable Cultivation Practices. *Climate* **2020**, *8*, 54. [CrossRef]
282. Smith, T.E.; Grattan, S.R.; Grieve, C.M.; Poss, J.A.; Läuchli, A.E.; Suarez, D.L. pH dependent salinity-boron interactions impact yield, biomass, evapotranspiration and boron uptake in broccoli [*Brassica oleracea* L.]. *Plant Soil* **2013**, *370*, 541–554. [CrossRef]

283. Celano, G.; Dumontet, S.; Xiloyannis, C.; Nuzzo, V.; Dichio, B.; Arcieri, M. Green manure plant biomass evaluation and total mineral nitrogen in the soil of a peach orchard system. *Acta Hortic.* **1998**, *465*, 579–586. [CrossRef]

284. Kavvadias, V.; Papadopoulou, M.; Vavoulidou, E.; Theocharopoulos, S.; Repas, S.; Koubouris, G.; Psarras, G.; Kokkinos, G. Effect of addition of organic materials and irrigation practices on soil quality in olive groves. *J. Water Clim. Chang.* **2018**, *9*, 775–785. [CrossRef]

285. Ferrara, G.; Mazzeo, A.; Matarrese, A.M.S.; Pacifico, A.; Fracchiolla, I.M.; Al Chamill, Z.; Lasorella, I.C.; Montemurro, P.; Mondelli, D. Soil management systems: Effects on soil properties and weed flora. *S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic.* **2015**, *36*, 11–20. [CrossRef]

286. Jokela, W.E.; Grabber, J.H.; Karlen, D.L.; Balser, T.C.; Palmquist, D.E. Cover crop and liquid manure effects on soil quality indicators in a corn silage system. *Agron. J.* **2009**, *101*, 727–737. [CrossRef]

287. Mustin, M. *Le Compost: Gestion de la Matiere Organique*; Dubusc, F., Ed.; Editions François Dubusc: Paris, France, 1987; 954p.

288. Parnaudeau, V.; Nicolardot, B.; Pagès, J. Relevance of Organic Matter Fractions as Predictors of Wastewater Sludge Mineralization in Soil. *J. Environ. Qual.* **2004**, *33*, 1885–1894. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

289. CATCH-C Project, Compatibility of Agricultural Management Practices and Types of Farming in the EU to Enhance Climate Change Mitigation and Soil Health. 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration. Available online: https://www catches eu/ (accessed on 12 September 2023).

290. Wander, M.M.; Traina, S.J.; Stinner, B.R.; Peters, S.E. Organic and conventional management effects on biologically active soil organic matter pools. *Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.* **1994**, *58*, 1130–1139. [CrossRef]

291. Gunapala, N.; Scow, K.M. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in conventional and organic farming systems. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **1998**, *30*, 805–816. [CrossRef]

292. Ghouili, E.; Hidri, Y.; Cheikh M'Hamed, H.; Somenahally, A.; Xue, Q.; El Akram Znaïdi, I.; Jebara, M.; Nefissi Ouertani, R.; Muhovski, Y.; Riahi, J., et al. Date palm waste compost promotes plant growth and nutrient transporter genes expression in barley [*Hordeum vulgare* L.]. *S. Afr. J. Bot.* **2022**, *149*, 247–257. [CrossRef]

293. Brahim, N.; Ibrahim, H.; Mlih, R.; Bouajila, A.; Karbout, N.; Bol, R. Soil OC and N stocks in the saline soil of Tunisian gataaya oasis eight years after application of manure and compost. *Land* **2022**, *11*, 442. [CrossRef]

294. El-Shakweer, M.H.; El-Sayad, A.E.A.; Ejes, M.S.A. Soil and plant analysis as a guide for interpretation of the improvement efficiency of organic conditioners added to different soils in Egypt. *Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.* **1998**, *29*, 2067–2088. [CrossRef]

295. Ghouili, E.; Abid, G.; Hogue, R.; Jeanne, T.; D'Astous-Pagé, J.; Sassi, K.; Hidri, Y.; M'Hamed, H.C.; Somenahally, A.; Xue, Q.; et al. Date Palm Waste Compost Application Increases Soil Microbial Community Diversity in a Cropping Barley [*Hordeum vulgare* L.] Field. *Biology* **2023**, *12*, 546. [CrossRef]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
282. Smith, T.E.; Grattan, S.R.; Grieve, C.M.; Poss, J.A.; Läuchli, A.E.; Suarez, D.L. pH dependent salinity-boron interactions impact yield, biomass, evapotranspiration and boron uptake in broccoli [*Brassica oleracea* L.]. *Plant Soil* **2013**, *370*, 541–554. [CrossRef]

283. Celano, G.; Dumontet, S.; Xiloyannis, C.; Nuzzo, V.; Dichio, B.; Arcieri, M. Green manure plant biomass evaluation and total mineral nitrogen in the soil of a peach orchard system. *Acta Hortic.* **1998**, *465*, 579–586. [CrossRef]

284. Kavvadias, V.; Papadopoulou, M.; Vavoulidou, E.; Theocharopoulos, S.; Repas, S.; Koubouris, G.; Psarras, G.; Kokkinos, G. Effect of addition of organic materials and irrigation practices on soil quality in olive groves. *J. Water Clim. Chang.* **2018**, *9*, 775–785. [CrossRef]

285. Ferrara, G.; Mazzeo, A.; Matarrese, A.M.S.; Pacifico, A.; Fracchiolla, I.M.; Al Chamill, Z.; Lasorella, I.C.; Montemurro, P.; Mondelli, D. Soil management systems: Effects on soil properties and weed flora. *S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic.* **2015**, *36*, 11–20. [CrossRef]

286. Jokela, W.E.; Grabber, J.H.; Karlen, D.L.; Balser, T.C.; Palmquist, D.E. Cover crop and liquid manure effects on soil quality indicators in a corn silage system. *Agron. J.* **2009**, *101*, 727–737. [CrossRef]

287. Mustin, M. *Le Compost: Gestion de la Matiere Organique*; Dubusc, F., Ed.; Editions François Dubusc: Paris, France, 1987; 954p.

288. Parnaudeau, V.; Nicolardot, B.; Pagès, J. Relevance of Organic Matter Fractions as Predictors of Wastewater Sludge Mineralization in Soil. *J. Environ. Qual.* **2004**, *33*, 1885–1894. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

289. CATCH-C Project, Compatibility of Agricultural Management Practices and Types of Farming in the EU to Enhance Climate Change Mitigation and Soil Health. 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration. Available online: https://www catches eu/ (accessed on 12 September 2023).

290. Wander, M.M.; Traina, S.J.; Stinner, B.R.; Peters, S.E. Organic and conventional management effects on biologically active soil organic matter pools. *Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.* **1994**, *58*, 1130–1139. [CrossRef]

291. Gunapala, N.; Scow, K.M. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in conventional and organic farming systems. *Soil Biol. Biochem.* **1998**, *30*, 805–816. [CrossRef]

292. Ghouili, E.; Hidri, Y.; Cheikh M'Hamed, H.; Somenahally, A.; Xue, Q.; El Akram Znaïdi, I.; Jebara, M.; Nefissi Ouertani, R.; Muhovski, Y.; Riahi, J., et al. Date palm waste compost promotes plant growth and nutrient transporter genes expression in barley [*Hordeum vulgare* L.]. *S. Afr. J. Bot.* **2022**, *149*, 247–257. [CrossRef]

293. Brahim, N.; Ibrahim, H.; Mlih, R.; Bouajila, A.; Karbout, N.; Bol, R. Soil OC and N stocks in the saline soil of Tunisian gataaya oasis eight years after application of manure and compost. *Land* **2022**, *11*, 442. [CrossRef]

294. El-Shakweer, M.H.; El-Sayad, A.E.A.; Ejes, M.S.A. Soil and plant analysis as a guide for interpretation of the improvement efficiency of organic conditioners added to different soils in Egypt. *Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.* **1998**, *29*, 2067–2088. [CrossRef]

295. Ghouili, E.; Abid, G.; Hogue, R.; Jeanne, T.; D'Astous-Pagé, J.; Sassi, K.; Hidri, Y.; M'Hamed, H.C.; Somenahally, A.; Xue, Q.; et al. Date Palm Waste Compost Application Increases Soil Microbial Community Diversity in a Cropping Barley [*Hordeum vulgare* L.] Field. *Biology* **2023**, *12*, 546. [CrossRef]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.