# Pathway to design a multiparameter application for environmental monitoring to contribute to citizen well-being

Jules Sekedoua Kouadio, Fabrice Rodriguez, Emeric Grandvaux, Anabelle Waksberg

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Jules Sekedoua Kouadio, Fabrice Rodriguez, Emeric Grandvaux, Anabelle Waksberg. Pathway to design a multiparameter application for environmental monitoring to contribute to citizen well-being. Nature-Based Solutions, 2024, 5, pp.100117. 10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100117. hal-04465988

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# Pathway to design a multiparameter application for environmental monitoring to contribute to citizen well-being

Jules Sekedoua Kouadio<sup>a, *,</sup>, Fabrice Rodriguez<sup>a</sup>, Emeric Grandvaux<sup>b</sup>, Anabelle Waksberg<sup>c</sup>

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## ARTICLE INFO

**Keywords:**

Citizen sciences

Digital enablers

Environment monitoring

Well-being

Co-Design

Nature based solution

## ABSTRACT

Digital enablers are defined as usage of digital tools along with complementary methods and content, devised for addressing particular purposes, in support of engaging citizens in co-creation processes related to Nature Based Solutions (NBS). Their main goal is to offer advantages and opportunities to boost processes of NBS co-creation, co-monitoring and co-development involving citizens and other stakeholders. This article presents and discuss challenges, method perspectives related to the design of a multi-thematic digital enabler: a smartphone application dedicate to well-being. This application has been designed considering a comparative study of five digital enablers, a survey (about smartphone use in relation with environmental monitoring by citizen on felt temperature and also on air, water and soil qualities) and a participative activity lead during Nantes city "Fête de la science" a French national event promoting synergies and dialogue between scientists and citizens.

© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

## 1. Introduction

The URBiNAT project (Urban Innovative & Inclusive Nature) is a 5-year project (2018 to 2023), funded by the **European Union (UE) H2020** Programme, focused on the regeneration of under-served urban neighborhoods through the co-creation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS are implemented together to form "Healthy Corridors" which act as drivers in the transformation of social housing neighborhoods, and the wellbeing of residents.

The notion of well-being encompasses various dimensions, the factors of which vary according to individuals, socio-professional categories, and communities of interest. The quality of the environment occupies a significant place among these factors, especially when directly associated with health-related issues. In this article, we focus on the smartphone as a tool that can enable individuals to assess the quality of their environment, particularly through the observation and measurement of physical and geochemical variables that contribute to their well-being. Given its ease of use, low cost, and, most importantly, its compatibility with the concept of 'participatory science,' the smartphone offers new perspectives for acquiring environmental data.

The presented work evaluates the conditions and limitations under which it would be possible to develop an all-in-one participatory

smartphone application with the objective of contributing to both individual and collective well-being concerning four themes: perceived temperature, soil quality, water quality, and air quality. The first part of this article focuses on the notion of well-being, particularly concerning environmental matters. How does being aware of the quality of one's environment contribute, or not, to their well-being? The second part discusses three stapes that were used to feed reflexing: 1) comparatives study of five digital enablers: 3 Dimension Immersion in Porto Healthy Corridor, Super Barrio, Treetalk, GoParks and Greentalk; 2) participatory workshops at Nantes edition of "Fête de la science" themes and 3) a survey on expectations regarding a potential application. The last part describes the prototype of the envisaged application.

## 2. State of the art: well-being and environmental monitoring (temperature, water, air, soil)

This part comes to demonstrate that numerous parameters should be considerate in order to design and build an app dedicated to well-being regarding temperature, water, air and soil.

<footnote><sup>a</sup> Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville (IRSTV), Université Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, F-44344 Bouguenais, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> Université d'Angers; Agro-Campus Ouest, Faculté des lettres, langues et sciences humaines Angers, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup> Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, UFR III (Sciences Humaines et Sciences de l'Environnement), Montpellier, France</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jules.kouadio@univ-eiffel.fr (J.S. Kouadio).</footnote>
## 2.1. Thermal comfort

According to Audibar [1] individual well-being is characterized not only by each person's resources or capacities but also by their ways of functioning and aspirations. However, he adds that since individuals are integrated into society, the well-being of each person must be understood from the perspective of the opportunities or constraints that society offers in a given territory.

Based on a study requested by the European Commission [2] involving 35 discussions with citizens from 15 European Union (EU) member states, well-being has been categorized into several factors: subjective factors (mood, emotions, luck, destiny, personality, values, success, feeling good about oneself (self-belief, stability, and individual freedom of choice)), economic and professional situation, education and intellectual development, health and nutrition, infrastructure, personal relationships, civic life, cultural and spiritual activities, and the environment (influence of climate on well-being, absence of natural disasters in their country).

Regarding temperature, well-being is associated with the concept of comfort, specifically thermal comfort. According to Moser [3], comfort "is linked to feelings, perception, mood, and the situation, involving both a negative approach (absence of discomfort, characterized, for example, by the absence of pain, anxiety, etc.) and a positive approach (well-being, satisfaction)." As for the thermal aspect, we can adopt Ashrae's definition [4]: "Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment." Whether indoors or outdoors, thermal comfort is the psychological, physiological, and physical state in which a person is neither too hot nor too cold. It is, therefore, a subjective notion as it relates to the sensation of pleasure, which can vary for different individuals experiencing the same environment [5]. According to Fanger [6], thermal comfort relies on five factors: metabolism, clothing level, perceived temperature, relative air humidity, and air velocity. By combining these parameters, two indicators can be derived: 1) the level of satisfaction with the environment, on a scale from -3 to 3 (PMV - Predicted Mean Vote), and the predictable percentage of dissatisfied people for the given situation (PPD - Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied). Citing Dear & Bragger (1998), Corbeel [7] emphasizes the adaptive nature inherent in thermal comfort, as acceptable temperature ranges can evolve based on the starting conditions. Three types of adaptation are thus defined, leading to various norms in the field: physiological, behavioral, and psychological adaptations.

While Faure [8] situates indoor winter thermal comfort within the range of 18-20 °C with a relative air humidity between 40 and 60 %, Sesolis et al. [5] position it in summer at temperatures below 26 °C at night and 28 °C during the day, for a lightly dressed individual at rest and a relative humidity between 30 and 70 %. Microclimate is also a significant factor to consider in terms of thermal comfort [9,10]. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and the Equivalent Physiological Temperature (PET) are two variables characterizing it. The UTCI is a thermal comfort index representing the level of thermal stress and is calculated using variables such as air temperature, wind speed, air humidity, and solar radiation. PET, on the other hand, corresponds to individual thermal perception, considering air temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, sweating rate, and individual clothing.

## 2.2. Water quality

Water is an essential resource for our survival, as we consume it daily. The water we drink every day is treated since it carries various pollutants. According to the Ministries of Ecological Transition and Health, to determine if water is polluted, several parameters need to be studied:

* Total suspended matter responsible for the water's color and turbidity, which refers to its ability to scatter and absorb light.

* Chemical oxygen demand, which represents the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize all organic matter present in the water to estimate their quantity.

* Biochemical oxygen demand, a parameter similar to chemical oxygen demand but only evaluates the concentration of biodegradable organic matter.

* Water's pH level, which measures its acidity. A basic water with a pH higher than 7.5 (opposite of acidic) can affect our stomach's digestive potential and disrupt our pancreas, whereas neutral water with a pH of 6.5 to 7 on a scale of 14 is perfect for our digestive flora. Below 6.5, water is considered too acidic and unsuitable for consumption, being harmful to health.

Water quality refers to the physical and chemical parameters, concentrations, speciation, and physical distribution of inorganic and organic substances present in the water. These substances can originate either from lithology, geology, and climatology (e.g., acid rain, nature of rocks, marine intrusion) or from pollution due to human activities or natural phenomena (e.g., eutrophication or erosion related to heavy flooding, human and industrial activities). Groundwater in aquifers news through the infiltration of rainwater. Due to runoff, this water comes into contact with numerous organisms, organic matter, and pollutants. This underground resource is widely used for drinking water, industry, agriculture, etc. The concept of water quality is employed in various disciplines, each focusing on different parameters. Water is never sterile; it always contains pathogenic microorganisms or toxin producers (cyanobacteria and microalgae) as well as fecal matter. It is the most extensively tested resource in France, leading to strict regulations being put in place. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for setting quality standards, along with the Ministry of Solidarities and Health through the Public Health Code. These standards are continuously updated to ensure the safety of water for consumption. The decree of January 11, 2007, applies limits on the quantity of chemical substances in water intended for human consumption.

In this perspective, França, J.-S., et al. [11] propose a well-being indicator based on water quality, ranking watercourses according to their pollution levels. To identify water quality, they used measurements of environmental variables, which they applied to each watercourse within their study area. "The use of a simplified protocol for physical and chemical habitat, as well as a biological index on 46 urban watercourse sites, is relevant and satisfactory for ecological assessment and human pressure rates on their landscapes." Through this project based on the participatory characterization of young citizens' water quality, França, J.-S., et al. conclude that "implementing water body monitoring programs at the elementary school level can be an alternative practice to overcome some economic and logistical issues, as well as government limitations in improving urban watershed management." This study also reveals that investing in participatory sciences by involving certain citizens during their learning period (in this case, young students and scholars) allows for awareness among multiple generations "thanks to the engagement of students and teachers, who can become skilled and active in increasing the environmental diagnostic process, which can encourage an improvement in government action... Changes in individual behaviors and increased awareness are ways to minimize the growth of problems in urban areas."

## 2.3. Air quality

In addition to water, which is necessary for our survival, air is even more vital. However, there are two forms of air pollution: atmospheric pollution and indoor air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, in 2021, one in five deaths is attributed to this pollution (chemical, biological, particulate). Therefore, according to ISPIRA (a specialized air quality consultancy), for health and environmental reasons, the concept of air quality is one of the major concerns of our society today to control the impacts of this polluted air. Indeed, various
atmospheric pollutants are caused by traffic, industrial activities, heating, natural combustion, including nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur dioxide, volatile hydrocarbons, and fine particles (PM10 that reach the respiratory tract and PM2.5 that affect the lung alveoli).

Indoor air pollution is also significant for health, with the combination of chemical agents (paint, glue, varnish, cleaning and household products, combustion), microbiological contaminants, and dust, especially in narrow and confined spaces. The impact of air quality on well-being and, consequently, on health is undeniable. Associated with the concept of air pollution or more broadly atmospheric pollution, air quality is defined as the cleanliness or purity of the air. The World Health Organization [12] considers air pollution as a major environmental health risk. This risk is even greater considering that we spend over 80% of our time in enclosed spaces where the air we breathe is not always of good quality [13].

The main sources of air pollution known and identified as such are suspended particles or dust (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [13].

For the most part, their presence in the lower layers of the atmosphere is due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels, construction, transportation, industrial processes, solvent use (in chemical and mining industries), agriculture, and waste treatment [14–16]. The human respiratory system is the primary target of atmospheric pollutants due to its position at the interface with the external environment [15]. Diminished respiratory functions in adults, lung cancers, and adverse effects on lung growth and respiratory function in children exposed to high levels of pollution are some of the outcomes of chronic exposure to air pollution [17–19].

The latest update (2022) of the World Health Organization's air quality database has, for the first time since 2011, identified ground-level measurements of annual average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2, a common urban pollutant and precursor to particles and ozone) as well as measurements of particles with a diameter equal to or less than 10 µm (PM10) or 2.5 µm (PM2.5). These two groups of pollutants are mainly generated by human activities related to the combustion of fossil fuels.

The challenges of understanding and interpreting issues related to air pollution, the actions taken by competent authorities, and the actions to be implemented to reduce it are problems that also exist at the individual level. This is revealed by Rémy and Blondeau [20] through an analysis of more than five hundred emails exchanged between residents of the Île-de-France region and Airparif, an organization specialized in air quality monitoring. Their work, which focuses on local air pollution, has shown that when not denouncing a lack of transparency, honesty, and reliability in Airparif's analyses, people question the relevance and the thresholds triggering the alert procedure (with the idea that Airparif has regulatory decision-making power). Airparif also receives requests for access to measurement data, clarification on metrology, or solicitations for measurements at people's homes.

This study also demonstrates significant interest from individuals in the subject of air quality. This can be deduced from the fact that some are not hesitant to engage in participatory science projects dedicated to this topic, with the aim of improving or validating their knowledge. This is exemplified by Zeng, Y. And Xiang, K. [21] through the design and implementation of a participatory science protocol based on a dedicated smartphone application for air quality monitoring: measuring local air quality data using GPS and a PM2.5 detector (fine particles).

For citizens wishing to participate in this project but lacking suitable equipment, the possibility of providing their personal opinions on urban air according to the 6 levels of IQA (Air Quality Index) while acting somewhat like sensors is also considered in this system: comfortable, acceptable, slightly allergic, uncomfortably allergic, very uncomfortable.

In their study, they further demonstrate that the interest in participation originates first from the fact that participants feel individually

concerned and mindful of their respiratory health, and secondly, that the local government views air quality as financially burdensome: "With the costly construction of air monitoring stations and their limited coverage, preventing air quality pollution remains a significant challenge." [21].

## 2.4. Soils quality

Urban soils are not only construction supports; they also support biodiversity, rainwater infiltration and filtration, as well as vegetation and food cultivation. This is the case for collective and nourishing gardens, which are key elements in the development of projects in the North district of Nantes (France). In this context, the actors and users of these plots do not have knowledge of the soil quality on which they cultivate their fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, urban soils are complex since their formation and history influence their characteristics. They can act as receptacles for various waste and contaminants (abnormal concentrations of potentially hazardous substances related to human activities such as lead, zinc, arsenic, etc., but which can also be naturally present in a given environment).

In an urban environment, the nature of soils is complex, as the quality of soil can vary on the same site. This is mainly due to the past functionality of the site, including industrial and service activities that caused numerous discharges and pollution, as well as the presence of hydrocarbons and PCBs (a widely used chemical component), and the nature of chemical, metal, or plastic pollution.

In the North district of Nantes, recent soil samplings have been conducted, but the analyses are still ongoing, and concrete results are not yet available. Therefore, we cannot be certain about the presence or absence of pollutants in these soils. That's why nourishing and vegetable gardens are set up in containers or elevated on a layer of imported fertilizer provided by the city.

The establishment of nourishing gardens can be both a good and a less good idea. On one hand, it is interesting to cultivate hyperaccumulating vegetables and plants known for their depolluting properties, as they accumulate metallic contaminants in their leaves, stems, and roots, which are not consumed but help the soil regenerate more quickly.

On the other hand, this can also expose the population to pollutants through the ingestion of soil particles by touching their hands to their mouths (a gesture often made by children), inhaling contaminated dust, and consuming vegetables grown in polluted soil. If a soil is contaminated, the lack of information about its quality can be dangerous if users plant root vegetables since it brings up the metallic contaminant and some organic pollutants.

The quality of soils is also regularly studied in relation to the agricultural activities that can be carried out on them. Calais et al. [22] present organic agriculture as a good way to address the topic of soil quality. They define it as "a rational, comprehensive, and sustainable management of Agri systems, respecting natural biogeochemical cycles and balances, as well as biodiversity, with the aim of producing high-quality products that are environmentally friendly and promote human health. It is based on the following principles: (i) maintaining and enhancing the natural fertility and biological activity of soils, (ii) avoiding the use of synthetic chemicals, (iii) promoting crop diversity and longer crop rotations, (iv) respecting the needs and well-being of animals, (v) not using genetically modified organisms (GMOs)." Through participatory workshops inviting farmers to measure variables such as pH, texture, organic matter content, nutrients, and persistent inorganic pollutants on their plots, they contribute to farmers' awareness regarding their decision to transition to organic production or not. This awareness is a factor contributing to their well-being, as it can either confirm or dissuade them in their choice for their plots.

Given the countless parameters to consider in order to develop a single application covering these four aspects (temperature, water, air, and soil), a study of digital enablers, a survey, and a participatory workshop were conducted to better understand and target the scope and
implications of an application with such ambitions.

### 3. Proposed methodology to design a multiparameter app for environmental monitoring linked to wellbeing

Fig. 1 presents the process and reflections we followed to develop the prototype of the multi-parameter application that we propose to establish a connection between well-being and environmental variables. We began with an analysis of the concept of well-being in relation to perceived temperature, water quality, air quality, and soil quality within the context of digital enablers. This analysis was further enriched methodologically through:

* Participatory workshops to identify crucial points from the perspective of citizens and experts when it comes to well-being.

* A study of the features and functionalities of five digital enablers to integrate feedback and experiences.

* A survey to determine citizens' habits and practices regarding the use of smartphones for monitoring the environmental variables that interest us.

#### 3.1. Comparative study of digital enablers

Digital enablers in the URBiNAT project support citizen engagement by offering a flexible and interactive means of reaching and engaging a greater number of citizens faster than traditional face-to-face meetings. They allow for the collection of valuable data, including citizen feedback and preferences, which can inform the development of NBS and healthy corridors. Digital enablers also have the potential to target specific groups of citizens and foster trust and ownership through co-creation processes [23]. These digital tools and methods offer a diverse range of benefits, such as reaching more citizens, targeting special groups, facilitating data collection, and gaining a better understanding of citizens' needs and behaviors. However, there are also challenges associated with digital enablers, such as counterproductive effects and additional costs. Countermeasures may include blended approaches that combine digital enablers with traditional face-to-face communication.

Digital enablers can contribute to promote teamwork [24] and to

instigate bonding between social networks [25]. Dialogue and cooperation can also be promoted using them within local communities, while reducing dependency on government. Design approaches, operational efficiency, and participatory processes operating at community, or group level, with social relations awarded strong attention must in that case be taken into account [26]. URBiNAT project utilizes two approaches to operationalize digital enablers: the strength- or asset-based approach and the challenge/solutions-based approach. In the strength-based approach, digital enablers focus on community identity and appreciation of nature-based solutions that generate local food items. Participatory geographical information systems are used to identify and share edible items within the neighborhood, fostering collaboration and community benefits. The challenge/solutions-based approach addresses socio-economic aspects by creating a sharing platform for service providers and seekers in the study area, empowering talent and addressing outstanding issues. This approach involves participatory processes and experimentation with new business models and social innovation.

Digital enablers can also offer several benefits to policy makers and city administrations. Firstly, they allow for reaching a larger number of citizens and targeting specific groups. This means that policy makers can engage with a more diverse range of individuals and gather a better understanding of their needs and behaviors. Additionally, digital enablers facilitate monitoring and data collection, providing policy makers with valuable information to inform decision-making. In summary, digital enablers offer policy makers and city administrations the benefits of reaching a wider audience, targeting specific groups, and collecting valuable data.

To support their use, it is necessary to have the right digital infrastructure in place, including Internet access, and to focus on building citizens' digital skills and competencies. Table 1 presents the five digital enabler devices studied through a comparative approach. Together, these devices primarily leverage mapping to achieve various objectives. They arise from consultation or observation between different stakeholders, with a recurring feature being support from local or territorial authorities working to align the device with their overall strategy related to urban nature. Objectives such as promoting citizens' knowledge about specific environmental heritage in urban areas can be combined with creating and facilitating platforms for discussions (among citizens, communities, and scientists) and cataloging (raising awareness about

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Methodological approach.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 1**

Comparative table of five digital enablers.</caption><thead><tr><th>Digital enabler</th><th>Concept</th><th>Collaboration</th><th>Goal</th><th>Main Technology</th><th>Type</th><th>Device</th><th>Location</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>3D Immersion in Porto Healthy Corridor: Past, Present and Future</td><td>Explore the area as it looks today, and to visualize what it will look like tomorrow</td><td>Researchers and students</td><td>Monitoring and Evaluation of Porto Healthy Corridor</td><td>Immersive 3D</td><td>Monitoring</td><td>Smartphones and tablets</td><td>Porto</td></tr><tr><td>Super Barrio</td><td>A video game to boost participatory design, to give users the opportunity to design their own neighborhood</td><td>Researchers and students, municipal departments</td><td>A better understanding of the level of complexity of each decision related to the urban space and the different needs related to different functions. Learn about trees</td><td>Game, 3D Augmented reality</td><td>Prospective</td><td>Smartphones and tablets</td><td>Porto, Nantes Sofia</td></tr><tr><td>Treetalk</td><td>Encourage people to talk about and share routes around publicly accessible trees in the city</td><td>Municipal departments, community actors and citizen groups at local level</td><td></td><td>Webmapping</td><td>Educative</td><td>website and Android app</td><td>London</td></tr><tr><td>GoParks</td><td>Highlights parks with features and allows for separately curated routes around these parks</td><td>Municipal departments, community actors and citizen groups at local level</td><td>Encourage you to enjoy London's parks</td><td>Webmapping</td><td>Catalogue</td><td>website and Android app</td><td>London</td></tr><tr><td>Greentalk</td><td>Connecting people and landscapes</td><td>Municipal departments, community actors and citizen groups at local level</td><td>Enable interaction between organizations and individuals leading to environmental improvements.</td><td>Webmapping</td><td>Dialogue</td><td>website and Android app</td><td>London</td></tr></tbody></table>

locations, encouraging visits, and valorizing heritage). For example, in London, applications like TreeTalk focus on tree knowledge, GoParks on cataloging, and Greentalk on fostering discussion. Additionally, these applications can also be designed for monitoring (tracking landscape changes before and after the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions) or foresight (predicting the landscape's appearance with the introduction of various NBS). None of these tools is multiparameter. They are all focused on a single thematic, missing by this way the fact that the wellbeing is a multidimensional concept. In order to gain more insights and practical resources to assist us in designing our multi-parameter application, the comparative study of these digital enablers was combined with research on the functionalities of existing single-parameter smartphone applications related to air quality, perceived temperature, soil quality, and water quality.

• Smartphone Application on air quality and temperature

Numerous applications focused on air quality exist, particularly concerning pollution and health aspects. The first application on this topic is "AirVisual / IQAir," targeting over 10,000 cities and 100 countries. It also provides real-time air quality calculations to reduce exposure to high concentrations of ozone, carbon dioxide, sulfur, nitrogen, and suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and 10). Additionally, it offers a one-week weather forecast (temperature, humidity) and provides health advice for users with respiratory issues. The French application "Plume" is similar to the previous one and used worldwide. It provides real-time information on air pollution levels and allows users to compare results with data from the past six months. It also forecasts air quality up to four days in advance. Users utilize this information to plan their daily travel and sports activities to avoid peak air pollution. Next, the "Air Matters" application offers real-time information on air quality related to pollution and spikes in more than 50 countries. It also provides users with data on pollen levels, beneficial for individuals with strong allergies. Many other similar applications with the same features and objectives exist, varying only in the territories and cities targeted, as well as the quality and accuracy of the information provided.

• Smartphone applications on water quality

Unlike the theme of air quality, there have been few applications created to address water quality. The reference application for groundwater appears to be "InfoNappe," created by the Bureau of Geological and Mining Research. It provides access to data, in list or map form, on water levels in aquifers and the quality of groundwater, along with graphs and statistics on their evolution. Currently, it is not possible to test the application on an Android smartphone since it has temporarily been removed from the Play Store, but it is still available on the Apple Store.

The "Qualité Rivière" (River Quality) application, created in 2013 by the French Biodiversity Agency in collaboration with water agencies, offers access to data on bathing water quality and the health of these watercourses through bacteriological reports, as well as information on the river's fauna. It also allows users to compare results from the past three years. Besides being informative, this application aims to be interactive, as it offers games and quizzes related to the user's knowledge about water quality and raises awareness about behaviors to adopt or avoid to protect water quality.

The only application that focuses on the quality of the water we drink, specifically tap water, is "Lyzo." It provides a simple analysis of the water with a color-coded system and offers a health summary of components such as nitrates, lead, calcium, and pesticides. However, this application was released in early April 2021, so there is a lack of sufficient feedback on its effectiveness, although it uses data from the Ministry of Solidarity and Health.

• Smartphone applications for soil quality:

Once again, there are few or hard-to-find applications specifically focused on soil quality. The BRGM (the French National Geological Service) seems to have developed the only significant geological application called "InfoGeol," providing details about the French subsurface. This application offers information about local lithology and stratigraphy through maps at various scales. Another application called "For Eval" was created by the National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment in partnership with the National Forestry Office and funded by the Ecological Transition Agency. Its purpose is to diagnose the sensitivity of French forest soils, aiming to promote more sustainable management of this environmental area. The evaluation of forest soil
quality is based on the location of the forest region to obtain information about the climate and geology of the area, the presence of organic matter in the soil to understand its biological activity, the presence of carbonates to determine soil composition, and the depth of the soil to assess nutrient reserves in the subsurface. The application also offers other diagnoses related to erosion and water reserves. However, since the application was released on Play Store in February 2021, its effectiveness has not been thoroughly assessed yet. Lastly, the application "Soil Diag" combines image recognition to identify plants and determine soil characteristics based on these plants. It utilizes the analysis method of botanist Gérard Ducerf, which involves taking an inventory of present plant species, evaluating the density of each species by their coverage on the ground, and analyzing soil characteristics. When identifying a plant, the application initiates a diagnostic process to provide a report on pH, agronomic potential, total organic matter, carbon content, nitrogen content, biological activity, aluminum content, leaching, and soil pollution.

Despite the relative enthusiasm they may generate, several challenges must be considered to successfully accomplish the mission assigned to these digital tools. These challenges align with those identified in the URBINAT project [23] and need to be integrated along with the proposed recommendations, especially when developing a multi-parameter application which could potentially enable data Privacy and ethics issues. While digital enablers can significantly enhance participation and data collection, they can also pose challenges that might limit engagement or skew results, particularly in citizen science contexts. Addressing these issues is critical for a comprehensive understanding of the role of technology in environmental monitoring and participatory science. With the advent of the social web and geolocation tools, sharing of location (GPS coordinates) and movements has become a common practice which contributes every day to the growth of the online data world build by any kind of contact we have with digital and connected devices. This data from individual digital practices can of course be augmented by the countless databases of private companies (which can trade in it) and by increasingly open public data. And of course, these localized data constitute valuable materials for the analysis and understanding of geographical phenomena, well beyond questions of mobility.

More broadly, digital tools are omnipresent (smartphone, computers, connected homes) and man's strong dependence on these tools (and their alleged perverse effects) is now subject to caution. Furthermore, its implementation has a cost which can result in digital divides (urban/rural, north/south, rich countries/poor countries, etc.), in inequalities leading to difficulty appropriation by the population and circumventions of the law (fraud), or by environmental impacts, and yet, we must recognize the undeniable attractions and contributions associated with these new uses and practices. Behind their profusion, lies another reality: an increase in inequalities in terms of connection, access to networks, mastery of tools... This heterogeneity can materialize through the increase in gaps between cities with a different hierarchical rank, by the variability, availability, nature and technicality of the infrastructure and services involved. A second factor put forward by this author [27] concerns the conditions in which these digital territories emerge, through the arbitration which is established between developers and decision-makers on the basis of the speed of returns on investments in the territories.

Development strategies operate [27] on the basis of economic opportunity before being part of a global territorial project, as if the existence of a "ground" was a prerequisite to the development of digital infrastructure. There is less and less homogeneity, because territories now have the possibility or are forced to adopt (or not) several technologies at the same time. Also, none of them can serve as an indicator to determine with precision and accuracy the level of homogeneity. The heterogeneity of territories can correspond to heterogeneous levels of equipment; This is confirmed by the work of Loukou [28] on the diffusion of the Internet in Ivory Coast. The expansion of the Internet has not

kept pace with the strong growth in mobile cellular telephone subscriptions.

More recently, in Europe, the French Regulatory Authority for Electronic Communications, Posts and Press Distribution [29] mentions that inequalities in terms of digital skills are increasing. Indeed, if the feeling of having better appropriation of digital tools with the COVID 19 pandemic was more important among executives and higher intellectual professions (71 %) conversely, citizens among the most vulnerable (non-graduates and aged 70 and over) do not see a more mastery digital tools over the last two years (53 % and 56 % respectively). Consequently, the gap is widening on the feeling of improving skills among citizens.

The other classical issues related to all citizen science project should also not be missed: Gathering teams, resources and partners (motivation and retention of volunteers); defining research questions; technology adoption, appropriateness, preparedness; Collecting and managing data (data quality); analyzing and interpreting data; evaluating program success and participant impacts. When developing digital enablers in underprivileged neighborhoods, it is also crucial to consider various aspects of the local environment like culture and mindset. These factors heavily influence communication and trust-building within the community. One aspect to consider is the status of digital infrastructure and the penetration rate of digital tools in the neighborhood. Understanding the level of access to technology and Internet connectivity is important to ensure that digital enablers can effectively reach and engage the community. Digital literacy is another important consideration. The level of digital skills and competencies among different categories of individuals living in the neighborhood can vary. Adapting digital enablers to match different levels of digital literacy is essential for effective communication and engagement. The culture and mindset also play a significant role in shaping attitudes and behaviors within the community. Factors such as professions, gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, interests, and digital skills can influence the means of communication and trust-building URBINAT project. To address these considerations, the URBINAT project emphasizes the need to work proactively to establish links with citizens for effective co-diagnostic. It also highlights the importance of managing stakeholder relations and promoting dialogue to include and target unusual suspects.

Nevertheless, connecting digital enablers to indicators can generate valuable data for fine-tuning and future learning. Encouraging the use of open source, open data, and innovation through platforms capable of providing training and inspiration is also recommended. Collaborating with other city administrators and incorporating proven open and secure platforms used by other city administrators can further enhance citizen engagement in co-creation.

## 3.2. Survey: survey of smartphone usage and environmental measurements in the Nantes Nord neighborhood

The purpose of this survey was to analyze the frequency of smartphone usage concerning environmental measurements related to air quality, perceived temperature, water quality, and soil quality among a sample of residents in the North district of Nantes. Additionally, the survey aimed to identify whether any existing applications related to these topics are already being used.

The final elaboration of the questions was done by ensuring a mix of simple closed-ended questions (9) for easy quantification, as well as open-ended questions (4) to gather opinions and suggestions while keeping the number of inquiries limited (13) to avoid overwhelming the respondents and encourage maximum responses. Three of these questions are related to the respondent's profile (gender, age, neighborhood), while the other ten focus on smartphone usage, environmental applications, and their interests and expectations regarding such a design and participation.

The target population. The population in the northern district of Nantes is characterized by precarious living conditions, and they are
only partially involved in the activities conducted in their area. The majority of participants are children connected to school activities and elderly individuals spending time in family and community gardens. Both of these social groups are either unable or less interested in using new technologies and smartphones. Given that questioning minors was not possible, and the elderly might not use new technologies, obtaining responses proved to be challenging. The population we aimed to target is composed of men and women aged between 18 and 60 years, residing exclusively in the northern district of Nantes. However, there is no pre-existing sampling database available. The exclusion criteria for the survey include refusal to participate, age falling outside the pre-determined range, and the survey participant not living in the targeted district.

Due to the constraints related to the COVID health situation, we made a first attempt in mid-July during a soil quality awareness workshop offered to residents by IRSTV. During this outing, we could only collect three responses. Then, we attended two workshops by Bio-T-Full, an association with participatory plots aiming to bring agriculture and nature back to the heart of the city, but without success. After these two attempts, we visited the Boissière and Canada gardens several times to directly ask the people present to respond to the survey if they wished. Thanks to these efforts, we obtained a total of 20 responses.

Firstly, the initial cross-references drawn from the responses are related to the profile of the respondents interested in the creation of our application, starting with gender: out of 12 female respondents, 5 are interested, representing 41.7 %, and out of 8 male respondents, 5 are also interested, representing 62.5 %. Then, based on age, among the 18 to 20-year-old group, 3 people responded, with only 1 expressing interest. Among the 20 to 29-year-olds, 5 people responded, and 4 were in favor. For the 30 to 39-year-olds, there were 3 responses, with 1 positive. The same applies to the 40 to 49-year-olds. For respondents in their fifties, only one was interested, and among those over 60, there were 5 responses, with 2 showing interest. Thus, it can be concluded that the target audience for the application would be young people in their twenties.

Regarding the distribution of respondents within the northern district of Nantes, 9 responses came from La Boissière neighborhood, with a 50 % interest rate in the application. 3 responses were from Petit-Port, with one positive response. 3 responses came from Bout des Landes neighborhood, all showing 100 % interest. 2 responses were from Bout des Pavés, one of which was favorable. 1 response from Petite-Sensitive neighborhood was negative, and 2 from Chêne des Anglais neighborhood showed 100 % interest. There is a significant difference in the number of respondents from the La Boissière district compared to others, which could indicate a zone more inclined to using the application.

A fundamental point of this survey is the possession of smartphones among residents of the northern district of Nantes. The result is significant since out of the 20 respondents, 95 % have a mobile phone, all of which are smartphones. Another correlation worth noting is between the respondents interested in our application project and the operating system of their smartphones, providing a basic idea for creating the application prototype. Among the 10 peoples in favor of our application out of the 20 respondents, 7 have a smartphone with the Android operating system, while 3 have iOS.

Another important point is that 55 % of the 20 respondents currently use one or more applications related to environmental themes, with 81.8 % of these applications being MétéoFrance (French National Weather Service). The other two applications mentioned are Plume and another unspecified application. Additionally, a cross-reference was made between the frequency of using these applications and the time of day they are used. It is evident that 72.7 % of the respondents use these applications once or multiple times a day, primarily in the morning (75 %).

Furthermore, it is essential to make a final cross-reference between the respondents interested in the application and those willing to participate in data creation through sampling and measurements, as the application is intended to be participative rather than database-

dependent. To recap, 50 % of the respondents are interested in the application, and among them, 50 % want to participate in data creation. Thus, it can be inferred that 25 % of the respondents are fully interested in the concept and creation of our application.

Lastly, to aid in the realization of the application prototype and better understand the expectations of interested respondents, they were asked to submit ideas or suggestions for the application. The most commonly mentioned need is for a user-friendly application with everyday language, avoiding scientific jargon, providing information on environmental themes such as air pollution, water quality, and soil condition. Other ideas include information on wind direction and strength to aid gardening and possible integration with a local antenna for real-time information.

### 3.3. Participatory workshops

The teams from the Research institute in city's sciences and technics (IRSTV), the Nantes Atlantic Universe Sciences Observatory (OSUNA), and the Muslim Cultural Association of Nantes Nord (ACMNN) have joined forces to present a selection of workshops and activities (7 and 10 October 2020), in the form of various paths, engaging citizens in measurements of and within their environment.

* Urban Stream Water... Is it clear?

Nantes is a city where many streams and rivers flow, and city dwellers are connected to these "natural" elements when they walk in the green spaces that border them. But is the water flowing in these streams clean? Is it dirty? This workshop focused on different perceptions of the water quality in these streams: color, smell, clarity, etc., and the measurements that scientists can take on this water (temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, etc.). Two types of workshops would be offered: a "tabletop" workshop with different types of water and various sensors, and a field trip to a real site (Renards or Boutinardière stream).

* "I'm hot, I'm cold... what do the physical measurements say?

The idea here was to show the influence of local planning on the climate as perceived by residents in comparison to general climatic data (as disseminated by Météo France). The goal was to discuss physical temperature measurements (using sensors) and perceived temperature, in connection with the materials that surround us: what is the impact of urban developments (buildings, vegetation) on our perception of temperature? Residents (citizens and schoolchildren) participate by taking temperature measurements in different areas of the neighborhood, in the shade / in the sun, on a paved square or with grass, in areas exposed to drafts or sheltered from the wind, with wet or dry skin."

* Journey through the Soil... What lies beneath our feet?

The objective of this workshop was to present the public with animations focusing on various aspects of soil study. The aim is to show them how to perform a quick characterization of the soil, including nuances of soil color, texture, pH, aggregate stability, and soil life. Soils with different shades of brown would be shown, explaining that these nuances provide indications of the soil composition (organic matter, iron, limestone, etc.). Visitors where then invited to determine the soil texture using the "sausage" and jar tests. They were able to feel different types of soils and measure the thickness of the various layers that have settled in prepared jars. Soil pH measurements would also be conducted using indicator strips immersed in a soil solution. Similarly, tests on soil aggregate stability in water would demonstrate to the general public how soil clods can withstand climate (especially rain) and human activities (such as plowing). For this, an old pickle jar with its original basket was used, placing the soil clod inside and filling the jar with water. Finally, an animation on soil life allowed the public to observe the
various soil organisms and raise awareness that soils are living and that their presence is necessary to ensure soil fertility. The presence of these organisms (earthworms, springtails, myriapods, etc.) could be observed using binocular microscopes.

* Soil pollution: analysis of an (unknown) pollutant, copper

This workshop presents the issue of soil pollution related to trace elements, including heavy metals (presentation of heavy metals on the periodic table of elements), with a focus on the accumulation of copper in French vineyard soils due to the use of Bordeaux mixture for treating a vine disease, mildew. The workshop involved conducting a small experiment in front of the citizens. The copper content in an extract of vineyard soil is measured using a semi-quantitative colorimetric kit. They can observe the appearance of a blue color in the soil extract and determine the concentration of copper that corresponds to this color, which may vary in intensity.

* Soil depollution with plants and bacteria

The aim of this workshop is to explain to citizens the principles of phytoextraction and bioaugmentation using a diagram. Examples of plants that accumulate metals and are used as models for laboratory experiments will be presented, and as part of a little game, participants will have to match the plants with their seeds. Bacteria used for laboratory experiments will also be shown as colonies on Petri dishes and in photographs.

In summary, what should be noted about this activity is that its central issue was "What is the impact of vegetated developments on the well-being of residents?" To address this, the main approach used was citizen sciences methods to present well-being indicators to the residents in the study area.

To establish the methodology for this work, it was necessary to identify the expectations of each project stakeholder. During the implementation of the Science Festival, some of these expectations were addressed and applied. For example, some residents expressed a desire for initiatives in urban agriculture. The participatory workshop on the theme of "urban soil quality" precisely aimed to discuss the criteria for cultivating soil in urban environments (elements that can be polluting, conditions for cultivation). By raising awareness on this topic, the scientific facilitators partially met the residents' expectations by providing information related to urban agriculture. On the other hand, other expectations came from researchers who wanted to meet engaged residents in their neighborhood to establish partnerships for future projects in Nantes Nord (monitoring and measuring environmental variables). During the Science Festival, certain participants matched the desired resident profiles, which allowed scientists to engage in exchanges and create partnerships based on participatory science.

This partnership opportunity resonates with the participatory process proposed by Zeng, Y., and Xiang, K. [21]. This process is based on gathering information about air quality through the smartphones of residents from different neighborhoods. These participating residents transmit air quality information directly to the project's database via a smartphone application. It is entirely conceivable to implement a similar process with citizens interested in the previously identified partnership. During their daily activities in the neighborhood, they can provide information on similar environmental variables as those presented during the Science Festival. For example, for the "microclimate" theme, they can take local measurements of temperature, humidity, or wind or simply share their perceptions of the microclimate in an area, depending on the equipment they have. Similarly, for the "water quality" theme, they can express their opinions on the quality of streams in Nantes Nord based on their observations or findings (color, appearance, odor, or presence of waste).

Another opportunity was observed during interactions with younger residents of the neighborhood (elementary school students and children

from leisure centers). Raising awareness among them about local vegetated developments and the well-being they can provide can have a long-term impact, especially for those children who will likely grow up in the neighborhood. If they are sufficiently sensitized during these activities, there is a high probability that they will share their awareness with others and become involved in addressing this issue in the future, as explained by França et al. [11].

## 4. App prototyping

The development of an application must rely on a design technique to facilitate its transition from the realm of ideas (the abstract world) to that of reality (its implementation). This involves, as specified by Bernard Morand [30], a modeling phase that precedes the writing of the computer code. This is also explained by Aouag [31], who asserts that this step enhances the understanding of the system's functioning before its realization by producing a model.

The conceptual choices made for prototyping the application are strongly influenced by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a fundamental tool for modeling connections between components of a distributed system, as well as for complex systems that require a high level of abstraction. Roques demonstrates its effectiveness by using it to model a flight reservation system for airlines [32]. Several studies have also demonstrated the added value, and in some cases significant value, that the UML approach brings to the development of applications on smartphones [33–37]. The detailed specifics of the UML language and the questions related to its implementation process have already been used to present various applications [38–41]. The “Use case” diagram is the main UML diagram we used, to design the application prototype [42, 43].

The structure of the proposed application is relatively simple, as it is designed to maximize the user experience to be intuitive. Upon opening the application, the user is prompted to sign up and share their location. Once this is done, they are directed to the main page, which presents

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2.** Main Screen. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>
separate sections for each theme: temperature, soil quality, water quality, and air quality (Figs. 2–6).

Each theme corresponds to a new screen based on a functioning similar to that of other themes, featuring two functionalities: the first one allows for conducting an analysis and viewing the analysis history (Fig. 7), and the second one enables the connection of the smartphone to an external sensor (Fig 8), which will be used for capturing these measurements, along with the network configuration functionality. When the user clicks to initiate the analysis, the sensor will then display the results on the application along with some explanations. Let's take the example of air quality analysis; it will specify the quality index, detected pollutants and particles, as well as information about what this index signifies. The analysis pages for each theme are presented in the same manner, with only the quality indices changing.

As mentioned earlier, an application of this kind could never work without the support of local authorities, who need to consider it as part of a broader program. For instance, it would be relevant to incorporate it into a project on the impact of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) on urban practices. The objective would be, for example, to measure various variables before and after the construction of new NBS in a neighborhood. On one hand, specialized organizations would be responsible for the measurements using professional equipment, while, on the other hand, citizens would contribute to a comparative analysis and data enrichment using their own smartphones or a special (augmented) smartphone provided by the project.

In the first case, external sensors (temperature, soil quality, water quality, and air quality) would be connected to the application we just proposed. The compiled measurements of citizens would be displayed on a screen in a public place. In the second case, a high-performance smartphone like the Trekker-x4 (a reinforced smartphone with a 5.5-inch screen. It integrates various sensors like altimeter, barometer, thermometer, UV) could be provided to citizens. Such a smartphone, in addition to precise GPS, has its own built-in sensors for outdoor temperature and air humidity (among others). This way, a predefined route

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Soil quality Screen. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3.** Air quality Screen. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Temperature Screen. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Water Quality Screen. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Common screen for a new measurement. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

or path for measurements could be set for willing citizens. Data and comments associated to them should be available on a map and also on a dialogue platform design to promote discussion, information sharing and concentration between, citizen, scientist and local authorities. This could be on a social network or on a dedicated website.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 8. Measurement records. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

## 5. Discussion and conclusion

Well-being is a complex notion whose satisfaction goes beyond the scope of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). However, NBS can prove to be a decisive lever in achieving it. In this perspective, digital enablers have become increasingly exploited resources within various urban communities, with relative success linked to the degree of inter-actor co-construction that determined their implementation. The aim of this paper was to describe the process in developing of a digital tool that could be useful for urban planners in their process to build new green infrastructure and to apply participatory planning in urban NBS. This tool is design to receive input from interested citizens about wellbeing characteristics such as thermal comfort and air, water and soil quality.

Even if the sample of responses obtained during the survey is not sufficient to obtain precise representativeness, it is still possible to highlight key insights and correlations among the variables characterizing the respondents and their interest in a mobile application related to environmental themes, as well as some important points.

In addition, many other challenges related to the role and utility of technology for environment monitoring through citizens participation need to be addressed: long time empowerment, data quality and effectiveness of the research project through real and shared learning outcome appropriation. In this article, we focused on the smartphone as a tool that can involve individuals in evaluating the quality of their environment, particularly in observing and measuring physical and geochemical variables contributing to their well-being. Due to its ease of use, low cost, and especially its compatibility with "citizen science," the smartphone opens up new possibilities for acquiring environmental data.

The proposed support application resulting from this reflection is a multi-parameter. This choice determines directions for co-construction and the level of citizen engagement required to meet the expectations we could assign to it. The main goal is to enhance the general awareness of users regarding environmental issues, encourage good practices, concrete actions for natural heritage valorization, identify threatened sectors or species, and adopt a dialogue approach at all stages of an NBS project.

In conclusion, based on this study it could be argued that initially, an application dedicated to those purpose will be ephemeral and not available for download by the general public, but only for use during awareness workshops on soil, air, water quality, and perceived
temperature in the territory of Nantes Nord neighborhood. After a more extensive survey, training, and awareness of residents in collaboration with researchers, the application may become accessible to all.

Given the speed of technological developments, the potential and the services offered to users, the results obtained should not, however, obscure the limits that remain in overestimating the potential of digital tools. In this respect, we can take up the quote from B. Stiegler [44] who, speaking of technologies, evoked their ambivalent aspect, both “remedy and poison”. Not everyone uses their smartphone diligently and using it for environmental monitoring is not trivial for everyone. The territorial network of appropriation of these technologies is therefore still very irregular, whether in terms of socio-professional category or in terms of basic infrastructure. The use of digital enablers must be part of a systemic approach rather than a technical solution.

## 6. NBS impacts and implications

This paper addresses technological and Social concerns. Discusses about challenge related to provide citizen a single tool to monitor many environmental parameters and combining that with well-being concept. While other classical tools are one parameter design and lead by the way to request many time citizen contributions. The research is grounded in participatory science, involving community engagement through workshops and surveys, and utilizes the Unified Modeling Language for app prototyping. Main contribution:

*   **Multidisciplinary Approach:** The paper integrates concepts from environmental science, technology, and social sciences, offering a holistic view of the subject.

*   **Community Engagement promoting :** The emphasis on participatory workshops and surveys demonstrates a strong commitment to involving the community in environmental monitoring. This approach is crucial for citizen science initiatives.

*   **Technical Detailing in App Development:** The use of UML in app prototyping and the detailed description of app functionalities reflect a robust technical framework.

*   **Practical Application of Theory:** The paper effectively links theoretical concepts with practical applications, particularly in the descriptions of participatory workshops and the potential use of the app in real-world scenarios.

## CRediT authorship contribution statement

**Jules Sekedoua Kouadio:** Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. **Emeric Grandvaux:** Methodology. **Anabelle Waksberg:** Visualization. **Rodríguez Fabrice:** Supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis.

## Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:

Jules Sekedoua KOUADIO reports financial support was provided by The URBiNAT project. The URBiNAT project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776783. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

## Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

## Acknowledgements

Research Funded by URBiNAT. The URBiNAT project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776783. Special thanks to the members of the teams Research institute in city's sciences and technics (IRSTV) and the Nantes Atlantic Universe Sciences Observatory (OSUNA), and the Muslim Cultural Association of Nantes Nord (ACMNN) for their valuable contribution to the Fête de la Science 2020 edition IRSTV's workshop preparation and design.

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