materials fabricated by the developed methods and techniques fulfilling
the requirements will be applied.

Professional skills in biopolymers and polysaccharides are educated within degree programs in engineering and science subjects that equip the students with skills in physics, chemistry, biology, processes, technologies, and product solutions. The prospect for the next 20 years is that these professionals will, in addition, need to master framework skills that include knowledge of material circularity as well as life cycle and socio-economic impact analyses. The framework topics of sustainability, circularity and economic will become integral in the degree programs. In 2040, education will have changed substantially, and this will include the fields of biopolymers and polysaccharides. Most notably, it will have become much more connected within the European community. In order to facilitate this vital transition, virtual education platforms need to be developed sooner rather than later that unit academia, industry, and the general public.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

**Martin Gericke:** Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. **Adérito J.R. Amaral:** Writing – original draft. **Tatiana Budtova:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pieter De Wever:** Writing – original draft. **Thomas Groth:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Thomas Heinze:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Herman Höfte:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Anton Huber:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Olli Ikkala:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Janusz Kapuśniak:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Rupert Kargl:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Joao F. Mano:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pietro Másson:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pietro Matricardi:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Bruno Medronho:** Writing – original draft. **Magnus Norgren:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Tiina Nypelö:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Laura Nyström:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Anna Roig:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Michael Sauer:** Writing – original draft. **Henk Schols:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **John van der Linden:** Writing – original draft. **Tanja Wrodnigg:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Chunlin Xu:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Gleb Yakubov:** Conceptualization, Visualization. **Karin Stana Klein-schek:** Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. **Pedro Fardim:** Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors and co-authors wish to acknowledge the vision and efforts of Dr. Patrick Navard in creating the EPNOE project and further establishing the EPNOE Association with co-founders Dr. Karin Stana-Kleinschek and Dr. Pedro Fardim. Dr. Navard managed EPNOE for >15 years and under his leadership EPNOE members were able to overcome the major challenges to successfully network by creating an area of trust and collaboration. EPNOE is still a very lively organization after nearly 20 years, a proof that the foundations on which the network was built were very robust.

References

Abbas, W. A., Shaheen, B. S., Ghanem, L. G., Badawy, I. M., Abodouh, M. M., Abou, S. M., ... Allam, N. K. (2021). Cost-effective face mask filter based on hybrid composite nanofibrous layers with high filtration efficiency. *Langmuir*, **37**(24), 7492-7502.

Abd El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Zabermawi, N. M., Arif, M., Batija, G. E., ... Al-Sagheer, A. A. (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review. *International Journal of Biological Macromolecules*, **164**, 2726-2744.

Alkhoury, H., Hautmann, A., Fuhrmann, B., Syrowatka, F., Erdmann, F., Zhou, G., ... Groth, T. (2020). Studies on the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity of heparin- and hyaluronan-containing multilayer coatings—Targeting NF-κB signalling pathway. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, **21**(10), 3724.

Alves, T. F. R., Morsink, M., Batain, F., Chaud, M. V., Almeida, T., Fernandes, D. A., ... Severino, P. (2020). Applications of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers in cosmetic formulations. *Cosmetics*, **7**(4), 75.

Amicucci, M. J., Nandita, E., & Lebrilla, C. B. (2019). Function without structures: The need for in-depth analysis of dietary carbohydrates. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, **67**(16), 4418-4424.

Anggara, K., Sršan, L., Jaroentomeechai, T., Wu, X., Rauschenbach, S., Narimatsu, Y., ... Kern, K. (2023). Direct observation of glycans bonded to proteins and lipids at the single-molecule level. *Science*, **382**(6667), 219-223.

Anggara, K., Zhu, Y., Fittolani, G., Yu, Y., Tyrikos-Ergas, T., Delbianco, M., ... Kern, K. (2021). Identifying the origin of local flexibility in a carbohydrate polymer. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **118**(23), Article e2102168118.

Avitabile, V., Baldoni, E., Baruth, B., Bausano, G., Boysen-Urban, K., Caldeira, C., ... Zulian, G. (2023). In S. Mubareka, M. Migliavacca, & J. Sanchez Lopez (Eds.), *Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union*. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Azevedo, H. S., Mano, J. F., & Borges, J. (2021). *Soft matter for biomedical applications*. The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Barchi, J. J. J. (2021). *Comprehensive Glycoscience* (2nd ed.). Elsevier B.V.

Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on earth. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **115**(25), 6506-6511.

Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., ... Papale, D. (2010). Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate. *Science*, **329**(5993), 834-838.

Benselfelt, T., Granston, E. D., Ondaral, S., Johansson, E., Brumer, H., Rutland, M. W., & Wågberg, L. (2016). Adsorption of xyloglucan onto cellulose surfaces of different morphologies: An entropy-driven process. *Biomacromolecules*, **17**(9), 2801-2811.

Berglund, J., Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B. M., Dhital, S., Gaunitz, S., Henriksson, G., ... Vilaplana, F. (2020). Wood hemicelluloses exert distinct biomechanical contributions to cellulose fibrillar networks. *Nature Communications*, **11**(1), 4692.

Beukema, M., Faas, M. M., & de Vos, P. (2020). The effects of different dietary fiber pectin structures on the gastrointestinal immune barrier: Impact via gut microbiota and direct effects on immune cells. *Experimental & Molecular Medicine*, **52**(9), 1364-1376.

Biran, R., & Pond, D. (2017). Heparin coatings for improving blood compatibility of medical devices. *Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews*, **112**, 12-23.

Blacklow, S. O., Li, J., Freedman, B. R., Zeidi, M., Chen, C., & Mooney, D. J. (2019). Bioinspired mechanically active adhesive dressings to accelerate wound closure. *Science Advances*, **5**(7), Article eaaw3963.

Bombaldi de Souza, F. C., Bombaldi de Souza, R. F., Drouin, B., Popat, K. C., Mantovani, D., & Moraes, A. M. (2019). Polysaccharide-based tissue-engineered vascular patches. *Materials Science and Engineering: C*, **104**, Article 109973.

Bredereck, K., & Hermanutz, F. (2005). Man-made cellulosics. *Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics*, **35**(1), 59-75.

Bronzino, J. D., & Peterson, D. R. (2015). *The biomedical engineering handbook: Four volume set* (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Budtova, T., & Navard, P. (2016). Cellulose in NaOH-water based solvents: A review. *Cellulose*, **23**(1), 5-55.

Camia, A., Robert, N., Jonsson, K., Pilli, R., Garcia Condado, S., Lopez Lozano, R., ... Giuntoli, J. (2018). *Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union: First results from an integrated assessment*. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Chen, Y., Wu, L., Li, P., Hao, X., Yang, X., Xi, G., ... Shi, C. (2020). Polysaccharide based hemostatic strategy for ultrarapid hemostasis. *Macromolecular Bioscience*, **20**(4), Article 1900370.

Cheng, H., Chen, L., McClements, D. J., Yang, T., Zhang, Z., Ren, F., ... Jin, Z. (2021). Starch-based biodegradable packaging materials: A review of their preparation, characterization and diverse applications in the food industry. *Trends in Food Science & Technology*, **114**, 70-82.

Choi, S., Jeon, H., Jang, M., Kim, H., Shin, G., Koo, J. M., ... Hwang, S. Y. (2021). Biodegradable, efficient, and breathable multi-use face mask filter. *Advanced Science*, **8**(6), Article 2003155.

Chudasama, N. A., Sequeira, R. A., Moradiya, K., & Prasad, K. (2021). Seaweed polysaccharide based products and materials: An assessment on their production from a sustainability point of view. *Molecules*, **26**(9).

Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J., ... Thornton, P. (2013). Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In, *2013. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change*.

Clifton-Brown, J., Harfouche, A., Casler, M. D., Dylan Jones, H., Macalpine, W. J., Murphy-Bokern, D., ... Lewandowski, I. (2019). Breeding progress and preparedness
materials fabricated by the developed methods and techniques fulfilling
the requirements will be applied.

Professional skills in biopolymers and polysaccharides are educated within degree programs in engineering and science subjects that equip the students with skills in physics, chemistry, biology, processes, technologies, and product solutions. The prospect for the next 20 years is that these professionals will, in addition, need to master framework skills that include knowledge of material circularity as well as life cycle and socio-economic impact analyses. The framework topics of sustainability, circularity and economic will become integral in the degree programs. In 2040, education will have changed substantially, and this will include the fields of biopolymers and polysaccharides. Most notably, it will have become much more connected within the European community. In order to facilitate this vital transition, virtual education platforms need to be developed sooner rather than later that unit academia, industry, and the general public.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

**Martin Gericke:** Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. **Adérito J.R. Amaral:** Writing – original draft. **Tatiana Budtova:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pieter De Wever:** Writing – original draft. **Thomas Groth:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Thomas Heinze:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Herman Höfte:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Anton Huber:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Olli Ikkala:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Janusz Kapuśniak:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Rupert Kargl:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Joao F. Mano:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pietro Másson:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Pietro Matricardi:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Bruno Medronho:** Writing – original draft. **Magnus Norgren:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Tiina Nypelö:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Laura Nyström:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Anna Roig:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Michael Sauer:** Writing – original draft. **Henk Schols:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **John van der Linden:** Writing – original draft. **Tanja Wrodnigg:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Chunlin Xu:** Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. **Gleb Yakubov:** Conceptualization, Visualization. **Karin Stana Klein-schek:** Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. **Pedro Fardim:** Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors and co-authors wish to acknowledge the vision and efforts of Dr. Patrick Navard in creating the EPNOE project and further establishing the EPNOE Association with co-founders Dr. Karin Stana-Kleinschek and Dr. Pedro Fardim. Dr. Navard managed EPNOE for >15 years and under his leadership EPNOE members were able to overcome the major challenges to successfully network by creating an area of trust and collaboration. EPNOE is still a very lively organization after nearly 20 years, a proof that the foundations on which the network was built were very robust.

References

Abbas, W. A., Shaheen, B. S., Ghanem, L. G., Badawy, I. M., Abodouh, M. M., Abou, S. M., ... Allam, N. K. (2021). Cost-effective face mask filter based on hybrid composite nanofibrous layers with high filtration efficiency. *Langmuir*, **37**(24), 7492-7502.

Abd El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Zabermawi, N. M., Arif, M., Batoha, G. E., ... Al-Sagheer, A. A. (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review. *International Journal of Biological Macromolecules*, **164**, 2726-2744.

Alkhoury, H., Hautmann, A., Fuhrmann, B., Syrowatka, F., Erdmann, F., Zhou, G., ... Groth, T. (2020). Studies on the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity of heparin- and hyaluronan-containing multilayer coatings—Targeting NF-κB signalling pathway. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, **21**(10), 3724.

Alves, T. F. R., Morsink, M., Batain, F., Chaud, M. V., Almeida, T., Fernandes, D. A., ... Severino, P. (2020). Applications of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers in cosmetic formulations. *Cosmetics*, **7**(4), 75.

Amicucci, M. J., Nandita, E., & Lebrilla, C. B. (2019). Function without structures: The need for in-depth analysis of dietary carbohydrates. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, **67**(16), 4418-4424.

Anggara, K., Sršan, L., Jaroentomeechai, T., Wu, X., Rauschenbach, S., Narimatsu, Y., ... Kern, K. (2023). Direct observation of glycans bonded to proteins and lipids at the single-molecule level. *Science*, **382**(6667), 219-223.

Anggara, K., Zhu, Y., Fittolani, G., Yu, Y., Tyrikos-Ergas, T., Delbianco, M., ... Kern, K. (2021). Identifying the origin of local flexibility in a carbohydrate polymer. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **118**(23), Article e2102168118.

Avitabile, V., Baldoni, E., Baruth, B., Bausano, G., Boysen-Urban, K., Caldeira, C., ... Zulian, G. (2023). In S. Mubareka, M. Migliavacca, & J. Sanchez Lopez (Eds.), *Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union*. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Azevedo, H. S., Mano, J. F., & Borges, J. (2021). *Soft matter for biomedical applications*. The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on earth. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **115**(25), 6506-6511.

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Berglund, J., Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B. M., Dhital, S., Gaunitz, S., Henriksson, G., ... Vilaplana, F. (2020). Wood hemicelluloses exert distinct biomechanical contributions to cellulose fibrillar networks. *Nature Communications*, **11**(1), 4692.

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Biran, R., & Pond, D. (2017). Heparin coatings for improving blood compatibility of medical devices. *Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews*, **112**, 12-23.

Blacklow, S. O., Li, J., Freedman, B. R., Zeidi, M., Chen, C., & Mooney, D. J. (2019). Bioinspired mechanically active adhesive dressings to accelerate wound closure. *Science Advances*, **5**(7), Article eaaw3963.

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Chen, Y., Wu, L., Li, P., Hao, X., Yang, X., Xi, G., ... Shi, C. (2020). Polysaccharide based hemostatic strategy for ultrarapid hemostasis. *Macromolecular Bioscience*, **20**(4), Article 1900370.

Cheng, H., Chen, L., McClements, D. J., Yang, T., Zhang, Z., Ren, F., ... Jin, Z. (2021). Starch-based biodegradable packaging materials: A review of their preparation, characterization and diverse applications in the food industry. *Trends in Food Science & Technology*, **114**, 70-82.

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Chudasama, N. A., Sequeira, R. A., Moradiya, K., & Prasad, K. (2021). Seaweed polysaccharide based products and materials: An assessment on their production from a sustainability point of view. *Molecules*, **26**(9).

Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J., ... Thornton, P. (2013). Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In, *2013. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change*.

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