# Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes

Tim Conway, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn Noble, Hélène Planquette

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Tim Conway, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn Noble, Hélène Planquette. Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes. Oceanography, 2024, 37 (2), 10.5670/oceanog.2024.415. hal-04612222

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# Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes

Tim Conway, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn Noble, Hélène Planquette

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## ► To cite this version:

Tim Conway, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn Noble, Hélène Planquette. Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes. Oceanography, 2024, 37 (2), 10.5670/oceanog.2024.415. hal-04612222

HAL Id: hal-04612222

https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-04612222v1

Submitted on 14 Jun 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE
SPECIAL ISSUE ON

TWENTY YEARS OF **GEOTRACES**

AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF THE MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES

By Tim M. Conway, Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn L. Noble, and Hélène Planquette

INTRODUCTION

This special issue of *Oceanography* cele-
brates the transformational findings of
the international GEOTRACES program
in chemical oceanography, 20 years after
drafting of the GEOTRACES Science
Plan in 2004 (GEOTRACES Planning
Group, 2006). With the section cruise
phase of the program ending soon, and a
planned pivot toward smaller-scale pro-
cess studies, this is an opportune time
to look back at the achievements of
GEOTRACES during the last two decades
and to highlight some of the advances in
our understanding of the processes that
determine the oceanic distributions of
trace elements and isotopes (TEIs).

GEOTRACES

GEOTRACES is a cooperative interna-
tional effort comprising scientists from
35 countries, supported by national fund-
ing agencies, and guided by international
steering committees. Since 2008, the pro-
gram has carried out oceanographic,
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE)-style “section” cruises through-
out all the ocean basins. Rigorous inter-
calibration efforts stand at the foun-
dation of GEOTRACES to ensure that
basin-scale analyses made by individ-
ual nations can be compared with-
out question. This has been achieved

primarily by occupation of “crossover”
stations between cruises hosted by dif-
ferent countries—perhaps the most
evocative was a meeting of German and
US GEOTRACES Arctic cruises at the
North Pole in 2015. Moreover, the drive
for publicly available synthesized data-
sets has resulted in the production of
an online electronic atlas (https://www.
egeotraces.org/) and the release of three
intermediate data products to date, with
a fourth expected in 2025. These efforts
have led to a sea change in the quantity
of high-quality TEI data available for the
ocean, coupled with many advances in
our understanding of the biogeochemical
processes that determine these distribu-
tions (Anderson et al., 2014).

ARTICLES IN THE
SPECIAL ISSUE

This special issue begins with reflec-
tions from junior and senior scien-
tists on the GEOTRACES program,
the benefit of a multi-tracer approach
for answering biogeochemical ques-
tions, and what life is like aboard a
GEOTRACES section cruise (Anderson,
Halbeisen, and Jeandel). A key suc-
cess of GEOTRACES lies in the rigorous
intercalibration of all data incorporated
into its products, a process overseen
by the Standards and Intercalibration

Committee. This achievement is based
on crucial cooperation among scien-
tists who openly shared protocols, as
discussed in Aguilar-Islas et al., and
allows for both a holistic view of TEI
cycling within a basin (e.g., Arctic
Ocean; Jensen and Colombo) and
synthesized intermediate data prod-
ucts that are valuable for research, edu-
cation, and outreach efforts (as outlined
by Schlitzer and Mieruch-Schnülle).
In addition, from an education and out-
reach perspective, the GEOTRACES
program office has produced a series
of short educational videos, which are
highlighted by Masferrer Dodas et al.

Several articles in this issue focus
on “key parameters,” tracers that are
deemed essential to the GEOTRACES
program. For example, Anderson and
Conway et al. both focus on dissolved
iron and how GEOTRACES has elegantly
demonstrated the utility of a multi-tracer
approach and the unexpected and per-
sistent nature of iron from deep bound-
ary sources such as marine sediments
and hydrothermal venting. Fitzsimmons
and Steffen take a deeper dive into
how GEOTRACES research on hydro-
thermal plumes have transformed our
understanding of which TEIs are sup-
plied or consumed by hydrothermal
systems before influencing the wider
INTRODUCTION TO THE
SPECIAL ISSUE ON

TWENTY YEARS OF **GEOTRACES**

AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF THE MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES

By Tim M. Conway, Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Rob Middag, Taryn L. Noble, and Hélène Planquette

INTRODUCTION

This special issue of *Oceanography* cele-
brates the transformational findings of
the international GEOTRACES program
in chemical oceanography, 20 years after
drafting of the GEOTRACES Science
Plan in 2004 (GEOTRACES Planning
Group, 2006). With the section cruise
phase of the program ending soon, and a
planned pivot toward smaller-scale pro-
cess studies, this is an opportune time
to look back at the achievements of
GEOTRACES during the last two decades
and to highlight some of the advances in
our understanding of the processes that
determine the oceanic distributions of
trace elements and isotopes (TEIs).

GEOTRACES

GEOTRACES is a cooperative interna-
tional effort comprising scientists from
35 countries, supported by national fund-
ing agencies, and guided by international
steering committees. Since 2008, the pro-
gram has carried out oceanographic,
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE)-style “section” cruises through-
out all the ocean basins. Rigorous inter-
calibration efforts stand at the foun-
dation of GEOTRACES to ensure that
basin-scale analyses made by individ-
ual nations can be compared with-
out question. This has been achieved

primarily by occupation of “crossover”
stations between cruises hosted by dif-
ferent countries—perhaps the most
evocative was a meeting of German and
US GEOTRACES Arctic cruises at the
North Pole in 2015. Moreover, the drive
for publicly available synthesized data-
sets has resulted in the production of
an online electronic atlas (https://www.
egeotraces.org/) and the release of three
intermediate data products to date, with
a fourth expected in 2025. These efforts
have led to a sea change in the quantity
of high-quality TEI data available for the
ocean, coupled with many advances in
our understanding of the biogeochemical
processes that determine these distribu-
tions (Anderson et al., 2014).

ARTICLES IN THE
SPECIAL ISSUE

This special issue begins with reflec-
tions from junior and senior scien-
tists on the GEOTRACES program,
the benefit of a multi-tracer approach
for answering biogeochemical ques-
tions, and what life is like aboard a
GEOTRACES section cruise (Anderson,
Halbeisen, and Jeandel). A key suc-
cess of GEOTRACES lies in the rigorous
intercalibration of all data incorporated
into its products, a process overseen
by the Standards and Intercalibration

Committee. This achievement is based
on crucial cooperation among scien-
tists who openly shared protocols, as
discussed in Aguilar-Islas et al., and
allows for both a holistic view of TEI
cycling within a basin (e.g., Arctic
Ocean; Jensen and Colombo) and
synthesized intermediate data prod-
ucts that are valuable for research, edu-
cation, and outreach efforts (as outlined
by Schlitzer and Mieruch-Schnülle).
In addition, from an education and out-
reach perspective, the GEOTRACES
program office has produced a series
of short educational videos, which are
highlighted by Masferrer Dodas et al.

Several articles in this issue focus
on “key parameters,” tracers that are
deemed essential to the GEOTRACES
program. For example, Anderson and
Conway et al. both focus on dissolved
iron and how GEOTRACES has elegantly
demonstrated the utility of a multi-tracer
approach and the unexpected and per-
sistent nature of iron from deep bound-
ary sources such as marine sediments
and hydrothermal venting. Fitzsimmons
and Steffen take a deeper dive into
how GEOTRACES research on hydro-
thermal plumes have transformed our
understanding of which TEIs are sup-
plied or consumed by hydrothermal
systems before influencing the wider
ocean. **Hayes** provides an overview of the unique value of the thorium radio-nuclides as timekeepers for rates in the ocean and how they aid understanding of manifold biogeochemical processes, while **Casciotti et al.** describe recent advances in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle that have come from GEOTRACES and other efforts. **Rafter** then looks at how linking together elements such as iron and nitrogen can enhance insights into oceanic nutrient cycling.

The proliferation of GEOTRACES datasets has sparked renewed appreciation for the role of physical circulation in influencing global TEI distributions. The paper by **de Souza and Morrison** takes a close look at our increasing understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean “hub” in driving global nutrient and TEI distributions. However, it is not just knowledge of oceanic “dissolved” TEIs and circulation that are needed to understand marine biogeochemical cycles; GEOTRACES has also provided numerous advances in our knowledge of elemental speciation and organic complexation, marine particles, and aerosols as featured by several articles in this issue (**Whitby et al., Twining, and Buck et al.**, respectively). **Tagliabue and Weber** provide an overview of how a range of different ocean biogeochemical modeling approaches have been stimulated by—and become invaluable in the interpretation of—GEOTRACES datasets. Lastly, we look to the future with **Saito et al.** describing the nascent BioGeoSCAPES program, which aims to build on advances from programs such as GEOTRACES and stimulate a research program designed to enhance understanding of the linkages between microbes, climate change, and biogeochemical cycles. We eagerly anticipate the development of this new program and the continuing discoveries to come from GEOTRACES.

## REFERENCES

Aguilar-Islas, A., H. Planquette, M.C. Lohan, W. Geibert, and G. Cutter. 2024. Intercalibration: A cornerstone of the success of the GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.404.

Anderson, R.F. 2024. GEOTRACES reflections. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.405.

Anderson, R., E. Mawji, G.A. Cutter, C.I. Measures, and C. Jeandel. 2014. GEOTRACES: Changing the way we explore ocean chemistry. *Oceanography* 27(1):50–61, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.07.

Buck, C.S., S. Fietz, D.S. Hamilton, T.Y. Ho, M.M.G. Perron, and R.U. Shelley. 2024. GEOTRACES: Fifteen years of progress in marine aerosol research. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.409.

Casciotti, K.L., T.A. Marshall, S.E. Fawcett, and A.N. Knapp. 2024. Advances in understanding the marine nitrogen cycle in the GEOTRACES era. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.406.

Conway, T.M., R. Middag, and R. Schlitzer. 2024. GEOTRACES: Ironing out the details of the oceanic iron sources? *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

de Souza, G.F., and A.K. Morrison. 2024. The Southern Ocean hub for nutrients, micronutrients, and their isotopes in the global ocean. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.414.

Fitzsimmons, J.N., and J.M. Steffen. 2024. The “net” impact of hydrothermal venting on oceanic elemental inventories: Contributions to plume geochemistry from the international GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

GEOTRACES Planning Group. 2006. *GEOTRACES Science Plan*. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Baltimore, MD, https://geotracesold.sedoo.fr/libraries/documents/Science_plan.pdf.

Halbeisen, D.J. 2024. A young scientist's perspective on GEOTRACES. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.403.

Hayes, C.T. 2024. Timekeepers for trace elements in the global ocean: The thorium stopwatches. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.412.

Jeandel, C. 2024. The value of going to sea on big ships and the advantage of multiple tracers for GEOTRACES style programs. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.408.

Jensen, L., and M. Colombo. 2024. Shelf-basin connectivity drives dissolved Fe and Mn distributions in the western Arctic Ocean: A synoptic view into polar trace metal cycling. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.410.

Masferrer Dodas, E., C. Jeandel, and A. Artis. 2024. Three-minute videos to learn about marine geochemistry. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.401.

Rafter, P.A. 2024. On the variability of equatorial Pacific nitrate and iron utilization. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.411.

Saito, M., H. Alexander, H.M. Benway, P.W. Boyd, M. Gledhill, E.B. Kujawinski, N.M. Levine, M.E. Maheigan, A. Marchetti, I. Obernosterer, and others. 2024. The dawn of the BioGeoSCAPES program: Ocean metabolism and nutrient cycles on a changing planet. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

Schlitzer, R., and S. Mieruch-Schnülle. 2024. The GEOTRACES intermediate data products: Rich resources for research, education, and outreach. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.402.

Tagliabue, A., and T. Weber. 2024. Novel insights into ocean trace element cycling from biogeochemical models. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

Twining, B.S. 2024. An ocean of particles: Characterization of particulate trace elements by the GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.407.

Whitby, H., J. Park., Y. Shaked, R.M. Boiteau, K.N. Buck, and R.M. Bundy. 2024. New insights into the organic complexation of bioactive trace metals in the global ocean from the GEOTRACES era. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Robert Anderson, the US GEOTRACES Program Office, and the US National Science Foundation for supporting this Special Issue through NSF award OCE-2219888. We also thank each of the authors of the original GEOTRACES Science Plan (GEOTRACES Planning Group, 2006), whose vision brought us to the outstanding discoveries described in this special issue.

## AUTHORS

Tim M. Conway (tmconway@usf.edu) is Associate Professor, College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.

Jessica N. Fitzsimmons is Associate Professor, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. **Rob Middag** is Research Leader, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg, the Netherlands, and Honorary Professor, Centre for Isotope Research - Oceans, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Taryn L. Noble is Senior Lecturer, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. **Hélène Planquette** is Senior Researcher, CNRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France.

## ARTICLE CITATION

Conway, T.M., J.N. Fitzsimmons, R. Middag, T.L. Noble, and H. Planquette. 2024. Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.415.

## COPYRIGHT & USAGE

This is an open access article made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format as long as users cite the materials appropriately, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate the changes that were made to the original content.
ocean. **Hayes** provides an overview of the unique value of the thorium radio-nuclides as timekeepers for rates in the ocean and how they aid understanding of manifold biogeochemical processes, while **Casciotti et al.** describe recent advances in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle that have come from GEOTRACES and other efforts. **Rafter** then looks at how linking together elements such as iron and nitrogen can enhance insights into oceanic nutrient cycling.

The proliferation of GEOTRACES datasets has sparked renewed appreciation for the role of physical circulation in influencing global TEI distributions. The paper by **de Souza and Morrison** takes a close look at our increasing understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean “hub” in driving global nutrient and TEI distributions. However, it is not just knowledge of oceanic “dissolved” TEIs and circulation that are needed to understand marine biogeochemical cycles; GEOTRACES has also provided numerous advances in our knowledge of elemental speciation and organic complexation, marine particles, and aerosols as featured by several articles in this issue (**Whitby et al., Twining, and Buck et al.**, respectively). **Tagliabue and Weber** provide an overview of how a range of different ocean biogeochemical modeling approaches have been stimulated by—and become invaluable in the interpretation of—GEOTRACES datasets. Lastly, we look to the future with **Saito et al.** describing the nascent BioGeoSCAPES program, which aims to build on advances from programs such as GEOTRACES and stimulate a research program designed to enhance understanding of the linkages between microbes, climate change, and biogeochemical cycles. We eagerly anticipate the development of this new program and the continuing discoveries to come from GEOTRACES.

## REFERENCES

Aguilar-Islas, A., H. Planquette, M.C. Lohan, W. Geibert, and G. Cutter. 2024. Intercalibration: A cornerstone of the success of the GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.404.

Anderson, R.F. 2024. GEOTRACES reflections. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.405.

Anderson, R., E. Mawji, G.A. Cutter, C.I. Measures, and C. Jeandel. 2014. GEOTRACES: Changing the way we explore ocean chemistry. *Oceanography* 27(1):50–61, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.07.

Buck, C.S., S. Fietz, D.S. Hamilton, T.Y. Ho, M.M.G. Perron, and R.U. Shelley. 2024. GEOTRACES: Fifteen years of progress in marine aerosol research. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.409.

Casciotti, K.L., T.A. Marshall, S.E. Fawcett, and A.N. Knapp. 2024. Advances in understanding the marine nitrogen cycle in the GEOTRACES era. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.406.

Conway, T.M., R. Middag, and R. Schlitzer. 2024. GEOTRACES: Ironing out the details of the oceanic iron sources? *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

de Souza, G.F., and A.K. Morrison. 2024. The Southern Ocean hub for nutrients, micronutrients, and their isotopes in the global ocean. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.414.

Fitzsimmons, J.N., and J.M. Steffen. 2024. The “net” impact of hydrothermal venting on oceanic elemental inventories: Contributions to plume geochemistry from the international GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

GEOTRACES Planning Group. 2006. *GEOTRACES Science Plan*. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Baltimore, MD, https://geotracessold.sedoo.fr/libraries/documents/Science_plan.pdf.

Halbeisen, D.J. 2024. A young scientist's perspective on GEOTRACES. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.403.

Hayes, C.T. 2024. Timekeepers for trace elements in the global ocean: The thorium stopwatches. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.412.

Jeandel, C. 2024. The value of going to sea on big ships and the advantage of multiple tracers for GEOTRACES style programs. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.408.

Jensen, L., and M. Colombo. 2024. Shelf-basin connectivity drives dissolved Fe and Mn distributions in the western Arctic Ocean: A synoptic view into polar trace metal cycling. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.410.

Masferrer Dodas, E., C. Jeandel, and A. Artis. 2024. Three-minute videos to learn about marine geochemistry. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.401.

Rafter, P.A. 2024. On the variability of equatorial Pacific nitrate and iron utilization. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.411.

Saito, M., H. Alexander, H.M. Benway, P.W. Boyd, M. Gledhill, E.B. Kujawinski, N.M. Levine, M.E. Maheigan, A. Marchetti, I. Obernosterer, and others. 2024. The dawn of the BioGeoSCAPES program: Ocean metabolism and nutrient cycles on a changing planet. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

Schlitzer, R., and S. Mieruch-Schnülle. 2024. The GEOTRACES intermediate data products: Rich resources for research, education, and outreach. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.402.

Tagliabue, A., and T. Weber. 2024. Novel insights into ocean trace element cycling from biogeochemical models. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

Twining, B.S. 2024. An ocean of particles: Characterization of particulate trace elements by the GEOTRACES program. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.407.

Whitby, H., J. Park., Y. Shaked, R.M. Boiteau, K.N. Buck, and R.M. Bundy. 2024. New insights into the organic complexation of bioactive trace metals in the global ocean from the GEOTRACES era. *Oceanography* 37(2), in progress.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Robert Anderson, the US GEOTRACES Program Office, and the US National Science Foundation for supporting this Special Issue through NSF award OCE-2219888. We also thank each of the authors of the original GEOTRACES Science Plan (GEOTRACES Planning Group, 2006), whose vision brought us to the outstanding discoveries described in this special issue.

## AUTHORS

Tim M. Conway (tmconway@usf.edu) is Associate Professor, College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.

Jessica N. Fitzsimmons is Associate Professor, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. **Rob Middag** is Research Leader, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg, the Netherlands, and Honorary Professor, Centre for Isotope Research - Oceans, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Taryn L. Noble is Senior Lecturer, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. **Hélène Planquette** is Senior Researcher, CNRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France.

## ARTICLE CITATION

Conway, T.M., J.N. Fitzsimmons, R. Middag, T.L. Noble, and H. Planquette. 2024. Introduction to the special issue on twenty years of GEOTRACES: An international study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes. *Oceanography* 37(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.415.

## COPYRIGHT & USAGE

This is an open access article made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format as long as users cite the materials appropriately, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate the changes that were made to the original content.