<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

However, the results revealed large variability among the different cases, with some profiles highly diluted. More analysis is then needed to explain such departure from the adiabatic model in well-mixed fogs.

To take a step forward, we are currently conducting a detailed analysis of the vertical profiles of droplet size distribution measurements. Following Mazoyer et al. (2022), the main objective is to investigate the vertical and temporal evolution of the droplet size as a function of the number concentration. The vertical profile dataset is extended with constant-height sections at various altitudes within fog layers, which were performed for TKE measurements. Reflectivity and Doppler velocity along the sight of water drops, measured by the BASTA cloud radar, also provide valuable information on the dynamical and micro-physical properties of the fog layer (Vishwakarma et al., 2023; Dione et al., 2023). A scanning unit was deployed around 1 km away from the vertical pointing unit of the Charbonière site, which allowed for the first time a volume sampling of a fog layer. Investigation of these data in synergy with CDP measurements would improve the three-dimensional retrieval of microphysical properties and provide new insights to better understand the key processes driving the microphysical evolution during the fog life cycle.

# Appendix A: Determination of the thin-to-thick transition time

## A1 IOP 11

As for IOP 14 (Fig. 2), there is a consistency in the temporal determination of all the thresholds (Fig. A1), which range from 0030 UTC (TKE, green line) to 0055 UTC (vertical temperature gradient, blue line), i.e. an amplitude of 25 minutes, (Table 2).

## A2 IOP 6

A significant variability is observed in the temporal determination between all the thresholds (Fig. A2). Downward longwave radiation strongly increases at the fog formation, leading to a decrease in $LW_N$, reaching $5 \text{ W.m}^{-2}$ at 2126 UTC, 49 minutes after the fog formation at 2037 UTC (Fig. A2b). At this point, a decrease in vertical temperature gradient is observed, with the fog layer closest to the ground becoming almost neutral and therefore almost reaching the vertical temperature gradient threshold (Fig. A2d). An increase in LWP and CTH is also observed at this time, with the latter close to the 110 m threshold (Fig. A2f). Then, all the variables diverge from their respective threshold, with the exception of $LW_N$. When the fog deepens vertically at around 0000 UTC (Fig. 11), TKE exceeds its threshold, while CTH, vertical temperature gradient and LWP thresholds are reached later, between 0101 and 0136 UTC.

# Appendix B: Fog equivalent adiabaticity from closure

Figure B1 illustrates the comparison between the values of $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$ and LWP as well as CTH, using the measurements retrieved from the HATPRO radiometer and the BASTA radar respectively. The results are quite similar to that using the CDP measurements (Fig. 6). However, as in Fig. 6, three vertical profiles exhibit superadiabatic behaviour. The two profiles during POI 2a (in grey) show $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$ values greater than 1 due to low $LWC_0$ values, which are associated with low LWP and CTH
<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

However, the results revealed large variability among the different cases, with some profiles highly diluted. More analysis is then needed to explain such departure from the adiabatic model in well-mixed fogs.

To take a step forward, we are currently conducting a detailed analysis of the vertical profiles of droplet size distribution measurements. Following Mazoyer et al. (2022), the main objective is to investigate the vertical and temporal evolution of the droplet size as a function of the number concentration. The vertical profile dataset is extended with constant-height sections at various altitudes within fog layers, which were performed for TKE measurements. Reflectivity and Doppler velocity along the sight of water drops, measured by the BASTA cloud radar, also provide valuable information on the dynamical and micro-physical properties of the fog layer (Vishwakarma et al., 2023; Dione et al., 2023). A scanning unit was deployed around 1 km away from the vertical pointing unit of the Charbonière site, which allowed for the first time a volume sampling of a fog layer. Investigation of these data in synergy with CDP measurements would improve the three-dimensional retrieval of microphysical properties and provide new insights to better understand the key processes driving the microphysical evolution during the fog life cycle.

# Appendix A: Determination of the thin-to-thick transition time

## A1 IOP 11

As for IOP 14 (Fig. 2), there is a consistency in the temporal determination of all the thresholds (Fig. A1), which range from 0030 UTC (TKE, green line) to 0055 UTC (vertical temperature gradient, blue line), i.e. an amplitude of 25 minutes, (Table 2).

## A2 IOP 6

A significant variability is observed in the temporal determination between all the thresholds (Fig. A2). Downward longwave radiation strongly increases at the fog formation, leading to a decrease in $LW_N$, reaching $5 \text{ W.m}^{-2}$ at 2126 UTC, 49 minutes after the fog formation at 2037 UTC (Fig. A2b). At this point, a decrease in vertical temperature gradient is observed, with the fog layer closest to the ground becoming almost neutral and therefore almost reaching the vertical temperature gradient threshold (Fig. A2d). An increase in LWP and CTH is also observed at this time, with the latter close to the 110 m threshold (Fig. A2f). Then, all the variables diverge from their respective threshold, with the exception of $LW_N$. When the fog deepens vertically at around 0000 UTC (Fig. 11), TKE exceeds its threshold, while CTH, vertical temperature gradient and LWP thresholds are reached later, between 0101 and 0136 UTC.

# Appendix B: Fog equivalent adiabaticity from closure

Figure B1 illustrates the comparison between the values of $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$ and LWP as well as CTH, using the measurements retrieved from the HATPRO radiometer and the BASTA radar respectively. The results are quite similar to that using the CDP measurements (Fig. 6). However, as in Fig. 6, three vertical profiles exhibit superadiabatic behaviour. The two profiles during POI 2a (in grey) show $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$ values greater than 1 due to low $LWC_0$ values, which are associated with low LWP and CTH
<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /><figcaption>Figure A1. Same legend as Fig. 2 but for IOP 11.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /><figcaption>Figure A2. Same legend as Fig. A1 but for IOP 6</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /><figcaption>Figure A1. Same legend as Fig. 2 but for IOP 11.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /><figcaption>Figure A2. Same legend as Fig. A1 but for IOP 6</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /><figcaption>**Figure B1.** Same legend as Fig. 6 but using LWP and CTH derived from the HATPRO radiometer and BASTA radar, respectively.</figcaption></figure>

values as well, result in a strong overestimation of $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$. In addition, the superadiabatic vertical profile during IOP 14 (in red) is associated with a value of CTH just above the detection limit of the BASTA radar.

## Appendix C: Vertical microphysical properties

Figure C1a,b shows the vertical profiles of temperature and LWC during IOP 2b. This IOP is characterized by three distinct fog periods, between 1924 UTC and 2110 UTC, associated with a 130 m thick fog, between 0002 UTC and 0136 with a 60 m vertically thick fog and between 0331 UTC and 0513 UTC, associated with a thin fog with a maximum CTH of 30 m. These dissipations may be explained by the presence of temporary medium and low clouds detected by the BASTA radar at around 2130 UTC and 0100 UTC, close to 3000 m and 1100 m, respectively. The two vertical profiles illustrated in Fig. C1a and C1b are representative of the last fog episode, characterized by very low values of $\alpha$ and $\gamma$. Figure C1c,d shows the vertical profiles of temperature and LWC for the first sample during IOP 2a, which reveals a sharp increase in LWC below the fog top, related to condensation occurring at 20 m A.G.L before the surface.

*Data availability.* All the data used in this study are hosted by the French National Center for Atmospheric Data and Services (AERIS) at the following links: https://doi.org/10.25326/XX. The CDP data files are being finalized for submission to the database. https://doi.org/10.25326/89 (Canut, 2020), https://doi.org/10.25326/135 (Delanoë, 2020) and https://doi.org/10.25326/207 (Martinet, 2021). Data access can be provided by following the conditions fixed by the SOFOG3D project.
<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /><figcaption>**Figure B1.** Same legend as Fig. 6 but using LWP and CTH derived from the HATPRO radiometer and BASTA radar, respectively.</figcaption></figure>

values as well, result in a strong overestimation of $\alpha_{eq}^{closure}$. In addition, the superadiabatic vertical profile during IOP 14 (in red) is associated with a value of CTH just above the detection limit of the BASTA radar.

## Appendix C: Vertical microphysical properties

Figure C1a,b shows the vertical profiles of temperature and LWC during IOP 2b. This IOP is characterized by three distinct fog periods, between 1924 UTC and 2110 UTC, associated with a 130 m thick fog, between 0002 UTC and 0136 with a 60 m vertically thick fog and between 0331 UTC and 0513 UTC, associated with a thin fog with a maximum CTH of 30 m. These dissipations may be explained by the presence of temporary medium and low clouds detected by the BASTA radar at around 2130 UTC and 0100 UTC, close to 3000 m and 1100 m, respectively. The two vertical profiles illustrated in Fig. C1a and C1b are representative of the last fog episode, characterized by very low values of $\alpha$ and $\gamma$. Figure C1c,d shows the vertical profiles of temperature and LWC for the first sample during IOP 2a, which reveals a sharp increase in LWC below the fog top, related to condensation occurring at 20 m A.G.L before the surface.

*Data availability.* All the data used in this study are hosted by the French National Center for Atmospheric Data and Services (AERIS) at the following links: https://doi.org/10.25326/XX. The CDP data files are being finalized for submission to the database. https://doi.org/10.25326/89 (Canut, 2020), https://doi.org/10.25326/135 (Delanoë, 2020) and https://doi.org/10.25326/207 (Martinet, 2021). Data access can be provided by following the conditions fixed by the SOFOG3D project.
<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /><figcaption>**Figure C1.** Vertical profile of (left) LWC (right) temperature during (a,b) the ascent between 0336 UTC and 0339 UTC of IOP 2b (c,d) the ascent between 2139 UTC and 2141 UTC of IOP 2a. Are indicated (left) the theoretical adiabaticity, the adiabaticity and the coefficient of determination of the LWC linear regression with the number of points used in brackets (right) the moist adiabatic lapse rate, the lapse rate and the coefficient of determination of the temperature linear regression with the number of points used in brackets.</figcaption></figure>

*Author contributions.* TC processed in-situ data and performed the analysis supervised by FB and CL; Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft. FB was the PI of the SOFOG3D project, designed the field campaign and led the tethered balloon operations; Project administration, resources, conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, validation, formal analysis, supervision, writing—original draft. CL was the PI of the high resolution modeling task and co-led the processes task, Conceptualization; methodology; supervision; writing—original draft. PM was the PI of the microwave radiometer

775
<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /><figcaption>**Figure C1.** Vertical profile of (left) LWC (right) temperature during (a,b) the ascent between 0336 UTC and 0339 UTC of IOP 2b (c,d) the ascent between 2139 UTC and 2141 UTC of IOP 2a. Are indicated (left) the theoretical adiabaticity, the adiabaticity and the coefficient of determination of the LWC linear regression with the number of points used in brackets (right) the moist adiabatic lapse rate, the lapse rate and the coefficient of determination of the temperature linear regression with the number of points used in brackets.</figcaption></figure>

*Author contributions.* TC processed in-situ data and performed the analysis supervised by FB and CL; Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft. FB was the PI of the SOFOG3D project, designed the field campaign and led the tethered balloon operations; Project administration, resources, conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, validation, formal analysis, supervision, writing—original draft. CL was the PI of the high resolution modeling task and co-led the processes task, Conceptualization; methodology; supervision; writing—original draft. PM was the PI of the microwave radiometer

775
<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

network; Supervision, resources, investigation, data curation. JD was the PI of the cloud radars deployment; Resources, supervision. SJ : data curation. MF : investigation, data curation.

***Competing interests.*** The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests.

780

***Acknowledgements.*** The SOFOG3D field campaign was supported by Météo-France and ANR through grant AAPG 2018-CE01-0004. Data are managed by the French National Center for Atmospheric Data and Services (AERIS). The MWR deployment at Charbonière site was carried out thanks to support by the Köln University. MWR data have been made available, quality controlled and processed in the frame of CPEX-LAB (Cloud and Precipitation Exploration LABoratory, www.cpex-lab.de), a competence center within the Geoverbund ABC/J by acting 750 support of Ulrich Löhnert, Rainer Haseneder-Lind and Arthur Kremer from the University of Cologne. This collaboration is driven by the European COST actions ES1303 TOPROF and CA18235 PROBE.

785
<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

network; Supervision, resources, investigation, data curation. JD was the PI of the cloud radars deployment; Resources, supervision. SJ : data curation. MF : investigation, data curation.

***Competing interests.*** The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests.

780

***Acknowledgements.*** The SOFOG3D field campaign was supported by Météo-France and ANR through grant AAPG 2018-CE01-0004. Data are managed by the French National Center for Atmospheric Data and Services (AERIS). The MWR deployment at Charbonière site was carried out thanks to support by the Köln University. MWR data have been made available, quality controlled and processed in the frame of CPEX-LAB (Cloud and Precipitation Exploration LABoratory, www.cpex-lab.de), a competence center within the Geoverbund ABC/J by acting 750 support of Ulrich Löhnert, Rainer Haseneder-Lind and Arthur Kremer from the University of Cologne. This collaboration is driven by the European COST actions ES1303 TOPROF and CA18235 PROBE.

785
<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

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Fathalli, M., Lac, C., Burnet, F., and Vié, B.: Formation of fog due to stratus lowering: An observational and modelling case study, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148, 2299–2324, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4304, 2022.
<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

825

processes study (SOFOG3D) project, in: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 17836, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17836, 2020.

Canut, G.: SOFOG3D_CHARBONNIERE_CNRM_TETHERED-BALLOON-MTO-10S_L2, https://doi.org/10.25326/89, 2020.

Canut, G., Couvreux, F., Lothon, M., Legain, D., Piguet, B., Lampert, A., Maurel, W., and Moulin, E.: Turbulence fluxes and variances measured with a sonic anemometer mounted on a tethered balloon, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9, 4375–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4375-2016, 2016.

830

Cermak, J. and Bendix, J.: Detecting ground fog from space-a microphysics-based approach, International Journal of Remote Sensing Bendix J. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 00, 3345–3371, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161003747505, 2011.

Choularton, T. W., Fullarton, G., Latham, J., Mill, C. S., Smith, M. H., and Stromberg, I. M.: A field study of radiation fog in meppen, West Germany, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 107, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710745209, 1981.

Cuxart, J. and Jiménez, M. A.: Deep Radiation Fog in a Wide Closed Valley: Study by Numerical Modeling and Remote Sensing, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 911–926, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0365-4, 2012.

835

Delanoë, J.: SOFOG3D_CHARBONNIERE_LATMOS_BASTA-vertical_L2a, https://doi.org/10.25326/134, 2020.

Delanoë, J., Protat, A., Vinson, J.-P., Brett, W., Caudoux, C., Bertrand, F., du Chatelet, J. P., Hallali, R., Barthes, L., Haeffelin, M., and Dupont, J.-C.: BASTA: A 95-GHz FMCW Doppler Radar for Cloud and Fog Studies, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 33, 1023–1038, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0104.1, 2016.

840

Dhangar, N. G., Lal, D. M., Ghude, S. D., Kulkarni, R., Parde, A. N., Pithani, P., Niranjan, K., Prasad, D. S. V. V. D., Jena, C., Sajjan, V. S., Prabhakaran, T., Karipot, A. K., Jenamani, R. K., Singh, S., and Rajeevan, M.: On the Conditions for Onset and Development of Fog Over New Delhi: An Observational Study from the WiFEX, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 178, 3727–3746, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02800-4, 2021.

Dione, C., Haeffelin, M., Burnet, F., Lac, C., Canut, G., Delanoë, J., Dupont, J.-C., Jorquera, S., Martinet, P., Ribaud, J.-F., and Toledo, F.: Role of thermodynamic and turbulence processes on the fog life cycle during SOFOG3D experiment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23, 15 711–15 731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15711-2023, 2023.

845

Ducongé, L., Lac, C., Vié, B., Bergot, T., and Price, J. D.: Fog in heterogeneous environments: the relative importance of local and non-local processes on radiative-adptive fog formation, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 2522–2546, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3783, 2020.

850

Dupont, J. C., Haeffelin, M., Stolaki, S., and Elias, T.: Analysis of Dynamical and Thermal Processes Driving Fog and Quasi-Fog Life Cycles Using the 2010–2013 ParisFog Dataset, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173, 1337–1358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1159-x, 2016.

Duynkerke, P. G.: Turbulence, Radiation and fog in Dutch Stable Boundary Layers, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 90, 447–477, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026441904734, 1999.

855

Edwards, J. M.: Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part II. The Development of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 131, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9363-9, 2009.

Egli, S., Maier, F., Bendix, J., and Thies, B.: Vertical distribution of microphysical properties in radiation fogs — A case study, Atmospheric Research, 151, 130–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.027, sixth International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew, 2015.

860

Fathalli, M., Lac, C., Burnet, F., and Vié, B.: Formation of fog due to stratus lowering: An observational and modelling case study, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148, 2299–2324, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4304, 2022.
<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

Fathalli, M., Burnet, F., Lac, C., and Martinet, P.: Heterogeneity of fog at the regional scale during the SOFOG3D campaign: Fog formed by Stratus lowering and radiative fog, In preparation, 2024.

Formenti, P., D'Anna, B., Flamant, C., Mallet, M., Piketh, S. J., Schepanski, K., Waquet, F., Auriol, F., Brogniez, G., Burnet, F., Chaboureau, J.-P., Chauvigné, A., Chazette, P., Denjean, C., Desboeufs, K., Doussin, J.-F., Elguindi, N., Feuerstein, S., Gaetani, M., Giorio, C., Klopper, D., Mallet, M. D., Nabat, P., Monod, A., Solmon, F., Namwoonde, A., Chikwililwa, C., Mushi, R., Welton, E. J., and Holben, B.: The Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in Southern Africa Field Campaign in Namibia: Overview, Illustrative Observations, and Way Forward, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100, 1277–1298, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0278.1, 2019.

Fuzzi, S., Castillo, R. A., Jiusto, J. E., and Lala, G. G.: Chemical composition of radiation fog water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to fog microphysics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 89, 7159–7164, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD05p07159, 1984.

Gerber, H.: Microphysics of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds with Two Drizzle Modes, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 53, 1649 – 1662, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1649:MOMSCW>2.0.CO;2, 1996.

Gerber, H. E.: Microstructure of a Radiation Fog, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 454 – 458, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0454:MOARF>2.0.CO;2, 1981.

Gultepe, I., Müller, M. D., and Boybeyi, Z.: A New Visibility Parameterization for Warm-Fog Applications in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1469 – 1480, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2423.1, 2006.

Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S. C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., Müller, M. D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.: Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121–1159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0211-x, 2007.

Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., and Cober, S. G.: The Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling Field Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 341 – 360, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2354.1, 2009.

Hummel, J. R. and Kuhn, W. R.: Comparison of radiative-convective models with constant and pressure-dependent lapse rates, Tellus, 33, 254–261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01749.x, 1981.

Koračin, D., Lewis, J., Thompson, W. T., Dorman, C. E., and Businger, J. A.: Transition of Stratus into Fog along the California Coast: Observations and Modeling, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1714 – 1731, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1714:TOSIFA>2.0.CO;2, 2001.

Kunkel, B. A.: Parameterization of Droplet Terminal Velocity and Extinction Coefficient in Fog Models, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 23, 34 – 41, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2, 1984.

Lance, S., Brock, C. A., Rogers, D., and Gordon, J. A.: Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 3, 1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010.

Maalick, Z., Kühn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmospheric Environment, 133, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018, 2016.

Martinet, P.: SOFOG3D_CHARBONNIERE_CNRM_MWR-HATPRO-LWP_L2, https://doi.org/10.25326/207, 2021.

Martinet, P., Unger, V., Burnet, F., Georgis, J.-F., Hervo, M., Huet, T., Löhnert, U., Miller, E., Orlandi, E., Price, J., Schröder, M., and Thomas, G.: A dataset of temperature, humidity, and liquid water path retrievals from a network of ground-based microwave radiometers dedicated to fog investigation, Bulletin of Atmospheric Science and Technology, 3, 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42865-022-00049-w, 2022.
<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

Fathalli, M., Burnet, F., Lac, C., and Martinet, P.: Heterogeneity of fog at the regional scale during the SOFOG3D campaign: Fog formed by Stratus lowering and radiative fog, In preparation, 2024.

Formenti, P., D'Anna, B., Flamant, C., Mallet, M., Piketh, S. J., Schepanski, K., Waquet, F., Auriol, F., Brogniez, G., Burnet, F., Chaboureau, J.-P., Chauvigné, A., Chazette, P., Denjean, C., Desboeufs, K., Doussin, J.-F., Elguindi, N., Feuerstein, S., Gaetani, M., Giorio, C., Klopper, D., Mallet, M. D., Nabat, P., Monod, A., Solmon, F., Namwoonde, A., Chikwililwa, C., Mushi, R., Welton, E. J., and Holben, B.: The Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in Southern Africa Field Campaign in Namibia: Overview, Illustrative Observations, and Way Forward, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100, 1277–1298, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0278.1, 2019.

Fuzzi, S., Castillo, R. A., Jiusto, J. E., and Lala, G. G.: Chemical composition of radiation fog water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to fog microphysics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 89, 7159–7164, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD05p07159, 1984.

Gerber, H.: Microphysics of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds with Two Drizzle Modes, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 53, 1649 – 1662, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1649:MOMSCW>2.0.CO;2, 1996.

Gerber, H. E.: Microstructure of a Radiation Fog, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 454 – 458, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0454:MOARF>2.0.CO;2, 1981.

Gultepe, I., Müller, M. D., and Boybeyi, Z.: A New Visibility Parameterization for Warm-Fog Applications in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1469 – 1480, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2423.1, 2006.

Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S. C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., Müller, M. D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.: Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121–1159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0211-x, 2007.

Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., and Cober, S. G.: The Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling Field Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 341 – 360, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2354.1, 2009.

Hummel, J. R. and Kuhn, W. R.: Comparison of radiative-convective models with constant and pressure-dependent lapse rates, Tellus, 33, 254–261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01749.x, 1981.

Koračin, D., Lewis, J., Thompson, W. T., Dorman, C. E., and Businger, J. A.: Transition of Stratus into Fog along the California Coast: Observations and Modeling, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1714 – 1731, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1714:TOSIFA>2.0.CO;2, 2001.

Kunkel, B. A.: Parameterization of Droplet Terminal Velocity and Extinction Coefficient in Fog Models, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 23, 34 – 41, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2, 1984.

Lance, S., Brock, C. A., Rogers, D., and Gordon, J. A.: Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 3, 1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010.

Maalick, Z., Kühn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmospheric Environment, 133, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018, 2016.

Martinet, P.: SOFOG3D_CHARBONNIERE_CNRM_MWR-HATPRO-LWP_L2, https://doi.org/10.25326/207, 2021.

Martinet, P., Unger, V., Burnet, F., Georgis, J.-F., Hervo, M., Huet, T., Löhner, U., Miller, E., Orlandi, E., Price, J., Schröder, M., and Thomas, G.: A dataset of temperature, humidity, and liquid water path retrievals from a network of ground-based microwave radiometers dedicated to fog investigation, Bulletin of Atmospheric Science and Technology, 3, 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42865-022-00049-w, 2022.
<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

Martinet, P., Burnet, F., Costabloz, T., Lohnert, U., Delanoë, J., Roy, A., and Unger, V.: Capabilities of ground-based microwave radiometers for fog thermodynamic and microphysical profiling: evaluation during the SOFOG3D experiment, In preparation, 2024.

900

Mason, J.: The Physics of Radiation Fog, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 60, 486–499, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.60.1_486, 1982.

905

Mazoyer, M., Lac, C., Thouron, O., Bergot, T., Masson, V., and Musson-Genon, L.: Large eddy simulation of radiation fog: impact of dynamics on the fog life cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 13 017–13 035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13017-2017, 2017.

Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., Denjean, C., Roberts, G. C., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., and Elias, T.: Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 4323–4344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019.

Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., and Denjean, C.: Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22, 11 305–11 321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11305-2022, 2022.

910

Musson-Genon, L.: Numerical Simulation of a Fog Event with a One-Dimensional Boundary Layer Model, Monthly Weather Review, 115, 592–607, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0592:NSOAFE>2.0.CO;2, 1987.

Müller, M. D., Masbou, M., and Bott, A.: Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136, 2189–2202, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.705, 2010.

Nakanishi, M.: Large-Eddy Simulation Of Radiation Fog, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 94, 461–493, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002490423389, 2000.

915

Niu, S. J., Liu, D. Y., Zhao, L. J., Lu, C. S., Lü, J. J., and Yang, J.: Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 2: Fog Microphysics, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 1137–1155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0344-9, 2011.

Okita, T.: Observations of the vertical structure of a stratus cloud and radiation fogs in relation to the mechanism of drizzle formation, Tellus, 14, 310–322, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v14i3.9556, 1962.

920

Okuda, T., Tomine, K., and Sugawara, H.: Mechanisms of Temporary Improvement and Rapid Changes in Visibility in Fogs, 2, 88, 243–261, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2010-301, 2010.

Oliver, D. A., Lewellen, W. S., and Williamson, G. G.: The Interaction between Turbulent and Radiative Transport in the Development of Fog and Low-Level Stratus, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 301–316, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0301:TIBTAR>2.0.CO;2, 1978.

925

Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., and King, P.: Analysis and Modeling of an Extremely Dense Fog Event in Southern Ontario, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0003:AAMOAE>2.0.CO;2, 2004.

Pinnick, R. G., Hoihjelle, D. L., Fernandez, G., Stenmark, E. B., Lindberg, J. D., Hoidale, G. B., and Jennings, S. G.: Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Haze and Its Effects on Visible and Infrared Extinction, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 2020–2032, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2020:VSIAFA>2.0.CO;2, 1978.

930

Poku, C., Ross, A. N., Hill, A. A., Blyth, A. M., and Shipway, B.: Is a more physical representation of aerosol activation needed for simulations of fog?, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 7271–7292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7271-2021, 2021.

Price, J.: Radiation Fog. Part I: Observations of Stability and Drop Size Distributions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 139, 167–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9580-2, 2011.

Price, J., Porson, A., and Lock, A.: An Observational Case Study of Persistent Fog and Comparison with an Ensemble Forecast Model, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 155, 301–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9995-2, 2015.

935
<figure><img src="image_89.png" /></figure>

Martinet, P., Burnet, F., Costabloz, T., Lohnert, U., Delanoë, J., Roy, A., and Unger, V.: Capabilities of ground-based microwave radiometers for fog thermodynamic and microphysical profiling: evaluation during the SOFOG3D experiment, In preparation, 2024.

900

Mason, J.: The Physics of Radiation Fog, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 60, 486–499, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.60.1_486, 1982.

905

Mazoyer, M., Lac, C., Thouron, O., Bergot, T., Masson, V., and Musson-Genon, L.: Large eddy simulation of radiation fog: impact of dynamics on the fog life cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 13 017–13 035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13017-2017, 2017.

Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., Denjean, C., Roberts, G. C., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., and Elias, T.: Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 4323–4344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019.

Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., and Denjean, C.: Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22, 11 305–11 321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11305-2022, 2022.

910

Musson-Genon, L.: Numerical Simulation of a Fog Event with a One-Dimensional Boundary Layer Model, Monthly Weather Review, 115, 592–607, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0592:NSOAFE>2.0.CO;2, 1987.

Müller, M. D., Masbou, M., and Bott, A.: Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136, 2189–2202, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.705, 2010.

Nakanishi, M.: Large-Eddy Simulation Of Radiation Fog, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 94, 461–493, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002490423389, 2000.

915

Niu, S. J., Liu, D. Y., Zhao, L. J., Lu, C. S., Lü, J. J., and Yang, J.: Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 2: Fog Microphysics, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 1137–1155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0344-9, 2011.

Okita, T.: Observations of the vertical structure of a stratus cloud and radiation fogs in relation to the mechanism of drizzle formation, Tellus, 14, 310–322, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v14i3.9556, 1962.

920

Okuda, T., Tomine, K., and Sugawara, H.: Mechanisms of Temporary Improvement and Rapid Changes in Visibility in Fog, 2, 88, 243–261, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2010-301, 2010.

Oliver, D. A., Lewellen, W. S., and Williamson, G. G.: The Interaction between Turbulent and Radiative Transport in the Development of Fog and Low-Level Stratus, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 301–316, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0301:TIBTAR>2.0.CO;2, 1978.

925

Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., and King, P.: Analysis and Modeling of an Extremely Dense Fog Event in Southern Ontario, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0003:AAMOAE>2.0.CO;2, 2004.

Pinnick, R. G., Hoihjelle, D. L., Fernandez, G., Stenmark, E. B., Lindberg, J. D., Hoidale, G. B., and Jennings, S. G.: Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Haze and Its Effects on Visible and Infrared Extinction, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 2020–2032, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2020:VSIAFA>2.0.CO;2, 1978.

930

Poku, C., Ross, A. N., Hill, A. A., Blyth, A. M., and Shipway, B.: Is a more physical representation of aerosol activation needed for simulations of fog?, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 7271–7292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7271-2021, 2021.

Price, J.: Radiation Fog. Part I: Observations of Stability and Drop Size Distributions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 139, 167–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9580-2, 2011.

Price, J., Porson, A., and Lock, A.: An Observational Case Study of Persistent Fog and Comparison with an Ensemble Forecast Model, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 155, 301–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9995-2, 2015.

935
<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

Price, J. D.: On the Formation and Development of Radiation Fog: An Observational Study, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 172, 167–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00444-5, 2019.

Price, J. D., Lane, S., Boutle, I. A., Smith, D. K. E., Bergot, T., Lac, C., Duconge, L., McGregor, J., Kerr-Munslow, A., Pickering, M., and Clark, R.: LANFEX: A Field and Modeling Study to Improve Our Understanding and Forecasting of Radiation Fog, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99, 2061–2077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0299.1, 2018.

Roach, W. T., Brown, R., Caughey, S. J., Garland, J. A., and Readings, C. J.: The physics of radiation fog: I – a field study, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 102, 313–333, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710243204, 1976.

Ryznar, E.: Advection-radiation fog near lake Michigan, Atmospheric Environment (1967), 11, 427–430, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(77)90004-X, 1977.

Rémy, S. and Bergot, T.: Assessing the impact of observations on a local numerical fog prediction system, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 135, 1248–1265, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.448, 2009.

Schwenkel, J. and Maronga, B.: Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog with comprehensive two-moment bulk microphysics: impact of different aerosol activation and condensation parameterizations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 7165–7181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7165-2019, 2019.

Steeneveld, G. J., Ronda, R. J., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: The Challenge of Forecasting the Onset and Development of Radiation Fog Using Mesoscale Atmospheric Models, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 154, 265–289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9973-8, 2015.

Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmospheric Research, 151, 146–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, sixth International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew, 2015.

Tardif, R.: The Impact of Vertical Resolution in the Explicit Numerical Forecasting of Radiation Fog: A Case Study, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1221–1240, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0216-5, 2007.

Tardif, R. and Rasmussen, R. M.: Event-Based Climatology and Typology of Fog in the New York City Region, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1141–1168, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2516.1, 2007.

Teixeira, J.: Simulation of fog with the ECMWF prognostic cloud scheme, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 529–552, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555409, 1999.

Thornton, J., Price, J. D., Burnet, F., and Lac, C.: Contrasting the evolution of radiation fog over a heterogeneous region in southwest France during the SOFOG3D campaign, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 149, 3323–3341, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4558, 2023.

Toledo, F., Haeffelin, M., Wærsted, E., and Dupont, J.-C.: A new conceptual model for adiabatic fog, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 13099–13117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13099-2021, 2021.

Turton, J. D. and Brown, R.: A comparison of a numerical model of radiation fog with detailed observations, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 113, 37–54, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711347504, 1987.

Vehil, R., Monerris, J., Guedalia, D., and Sarthou, P.: Study of the radiative effects (long-wave and short-wave) within a fog layer, Atmospheric Research, 23, 179–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(89)90006-9, 1989.

Vishwakarma, P., Delanoë, J., Jorquera, S., Martinet, P., Burnet, F., Bell, A., and Dupont, J.-C.: Climatology of estimated liquid water content and scaling factor for warm clouds using radar–microwave radiometer synergy, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 16, 1211–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1211-2023, 2023.
<figure><img src="image_90.png" /></figure>

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Steeneveld, G. J., Ronda, R. J., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: The Challenge of Forecasting the Onset and Development of Radiation Fog Using Mesoscale Atmospheric Models, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 154, 265–289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9973-8, 2015.

Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmospheric Research, 151, 146–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, sixth International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew, 2015.

Tardif, R.: The Impact of Vertical Resolution in the Explicit Numerical Forecasting of Radiation Fog: A Case Study, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1221–1240, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0216-5, 2007.

Tardif, R. and Rasmussen, R. M.: Event-Based Climatology and Typology of Fog in the New York City Region, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1141–1168, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2516.1, 2007.

Teixeira, J.: Simulation of fog with the ECMWF prognostic cloud scheme, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 529–552, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555409, 1999.

Thornton, J., Price, J. D., Burnet, F., and Lac, C.: Contrasting the evolution of radiation fog over a heterogeneous region in southwest France during the SOFOG3D campaign, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 149, 3323–3341, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4558, 2023.

Toledo, F., Haeffelin, M., Wærsted, E., and Dupont, J.-C.: A new conceptual model for adiabatic fog, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 13099–13117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13099-2021, 2021.

Turton, J. D. and Brown, R.: A comparison of a numerical model of radiation fog with detailed observations, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 113, 37–54, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711347504, 1987.

Vehil, R., Monerris, J., Guedalia, D., and Sarthou, P.: Study of the radiative effects (long-wave and short-wave) within a fog layer, Atmospheric Research, 23, 179–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(89)90006-9, 1989.

Vishwakarma, P., Delanoë, J., Jorquera, S., Martinet, P., Burnet, F., Bell, A., and Dupont, J.-C.: Climatology of estimated liquid water content and scaling factor for warm clouds using radar–microwave radiometer synergy, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 16, 1211–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1211-2023, 2023.
<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

Wærsted, E. G., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., Delanoë, J., and Dubuisson, P.: Radiation in fog: quantification of the impact on fog liquid water based on ground-based remote sensing, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 10811–10835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10811-2017, 2017.

975

Wagh, S., Kulkarni, R., Lonkar, P., Parde, A. N., Dhangar, N. G., Govardhan, G., Sajjan, V., Debnath, S., Gultepe, I., Rajeevan, M., and Ghude, S. D.: Development of visibility equation based on fog microphysical observations and its verification using the WRF model, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 9, 195–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01492-6, 2023.

Wendish, M., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Kos, G., and Berner, A.: Drop size distribution and LWC in Po valley fog, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 71, 87–100, 1998.

980

Westerhuis, S., Fuhrer, O., Cermak, J., and Eugster, W.: Identifying the key challenges for fog and low stratus forecasting in complex terrain, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 3347–3367, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3849, 2020.

Wood, R.: Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3011–3033, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3529.1, 2005.

World Meteorological Organization: International Cloud Atlas, no. vol. 1 in International Cloud Atlas, Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/docs/ICA_1956-Vol_I_low_res.pdf, 1956.

985

Yang, L., Liu, J.-W., Ren, Z.-P., Xie, S.-P., Zhang, S.-P., and Gao, S.-H.: Atmospheric Conditions for Advection-Radiation Fog Over the Western Yellow Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 5455–5468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028088, 2018.

Zhang, X., Musson-Genon, L., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., and Carissimo, B.: On the Influence of a Simple Microphysics Parametrization on Radiation Fog Modelling: A Case Study During ParisFog, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 151, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9894-y, 2014.

990
<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>

Wærsted, E. G., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., Delanoë, J., and Dubuisson, P.: Radiation in fog: quantification of the impact on fog liquid water based on ground-based remote sensing, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 10811–10835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10811-2017, 2017.

975

Wagh, S., Kulkarni, R., Lonkar, P., Parde, A. N., Dhangar, N. G., Govardhan, G., Sajjan, V., Debnath, S., Gultepe, I., Rajeevan, M., and Ghude, S. D.: Development of visibility equation based on fog microphysical observations and its verification using the WRF model, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 9, 195–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01492-6, 2023.

Wendish, M., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Kos, G., and Berner, A.: Drop size distribution and LWC in Po valley fog, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 71, 87–100, 1998.

980

Westerhuis, S., Fuhrer, O., Cermak, J., and Eugster, W.: Identifying the key challenges for fog and low stratus forecasting in complex terrain, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 3347–3367, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3849, 2020.

Wood, R.: Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3011–3033, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3529.1, 2005.

World Meteorological Organization: International Cloud Atlas, no. vol. 1 in International Cloud Atlas, Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/docs/ICA_1956-Vol_I_low_res.pdf, 1956.

985

Yang, L., Liu, J.-W., Ren, Z.-P., Xie, S.-P., Zhang, S.-P., and Gao, S.-H.: Atmospheric Conditions for Advection-Radiation Fog Over the Western Yellow Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 5455–5468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028088, 2018.

Zhang, X., Musson-Genon, L., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., and Carissimo, B.: On the Influence of a Simple Microphysics Parametrization on Radiation Fog Modelling: A Case Study During ParisFog, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 151, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9894-y, 2014.

990