<table><caption>**Table 17.** Gaia-ESO Survey final data set: numbers of unique sources by setup.</caption><thead><tr><th>Total</th><th>U580</th><th>U520</th><th>HR10</th><th>HR21</th><th>HR15N</th><th>HR3</th><th>HR4</th><th>HR5A</th><th>HR5B</th><th>HR6</th><th>HR9B</th><th>HR14A</th><th>HR14B</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>115614</td><td>6641</td><td>500</td><td>59722</td><td>66542</td><td>40973</td><td>2228</td><td>1253</td><td>2072</td><td>107</td><td>2121</td><td>3873</td><td>2252</td><td>107</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>**Table 18.** Gaia-ESO Survey final data set: number of cross-matches by setup.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>U520</th><th>HR10</th><th>HR21</th><th>HR15N</th><th>HR3</th><th>HR4</th><th>HR5A</th><th>HR5B</th><th>HR6</th><th>HR9B</th><th>HR14A</th><th>HR14B</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>U580</td><td>110</td><td>171</td><td>249</td><td>869</td><td>31</td><td>9</td><td>26</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>162</td><td>70</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>U520</td><td>—</td><td>55</td><td>61</td><td>77</td><td>22</td><td>0</td><td>22</td><td>1</td><td>22</td><td>104</td><td>22</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>HR10</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>58 354</td><td>3834</td><td>181</td><td>167</td><td>181</td><td>1</td><td>181</td><td>253</td><td>211</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>HR21</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3805</td><td>181</td><td>167</td><td>181</td><td>1</td><td>181</td><td>253</td><td>211</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>HR15N</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>259</td><td>245</td><td>259</td><td>1</td><td>259</td><td>794</td><td>286</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>HR3</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1250</td><td>2069</td><td>107</td><td>2114</td><td>468</td><td>2045</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>HR4</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1198</td><td>106</td><td>1249</td><td>289</td><td>1185</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>HR5A</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>57</td><td>2066</td><td>469</td><td>2046</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>HR5B</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>107</td><td>55</td><td>57</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>HR6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>471</td><td>2047</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>HR9B</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>481</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>HR14A</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>57</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>**Table 19.** Gaia-ESO Survey final data set: elemental abundances determined.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>He1</th><th>C1</th><th>C2</th><th>C3</th><th>C-C2</th><th>N2</th><th>N3</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>N-CN</th><td>O1</td><td>O2</td><td>Ne1</td><td>Na1</td><td>Mg1</td><td>Mg2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Al1</th><td>Al2</td><td>Si1</td><td>Si2</td><td>Si3</td><td>Si4</td><td>S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Ca1</th><td>Ca2</td><td>Sc1</td><td>Sc2</td><td>Ti1</td><td>Ti2</td><td>V1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Cr1</th><td>Cr2</td><td>Mn1</td><td>Co1</td><td>Ni1</td><td>Cu1</td><td>Zn1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sr1</th><td>Y2</td><td>Zr1</td><td>Zr2</td><td>Mo1</td><td>Ba2</td><td>La2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Ce2</th><td>Pr2</td><td>Nd2</td><td>Sm2</td><td>Eu2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Gaia-ESO calibration system. Alpha, tSNE and BIN flags are allocated to 20 019, 17 408 and 1865 sources respectively. Elemental abundance determinations are provided as listed in Table 19. Note that in the final abundance release, we do not provide Fe1 and Fe2 abundances and we leave only [Fe/H] to indicate the iron abundance. The [Fe/H] parameter is homogenised together with the other stellar parameters ($T_{eff}$, log g, [Fe/H], $\xi$, $v \sin i$), while Fe1 and Fe2 are re-computed by Nodes keeping the input stellar parameters fixed. Since the stellar parameters, including [Fe/H], are homogenised using external calibrators, in some cases, the recomputed abundances do not completely fulfill the ionization balance, and there might be differences in Fe1 and Fe2 (in some specific areas of the parameter space, in particular at high metallicity). To avoid misleading results, we provide only [Fe/H].

Discussion of the astrophysical quality and value of the parameters is described in Randich et al. (2022), while an analysis of the precision of the parameters, and external comparisons is in Hourihane et al. (in prep.). An example of the power of combining Gaia-ESO and Gaia information in astrophysical analyses is provided by Jackson et al. (2022), who provide membership analysis for 63 open clusters and 7 globular clusters.

## 13. Conclusions

The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey has been a large ambitious VLT spectroscopic survey of representative samples

of the main Galactic stellar populations. One primary aim was to provide high-quality astrophysical parameters, radial velocities to complement Gaia kinematics, and elemental abundances for stars of all accessible ages and abundances, with parameters firmly anchored to open and globular clusters. This links field star properties to tested isochrones, establishing a basis to map temporal as well as spatial evolution in the Galaxy. A second aim was to provide consistent-quality spectroscopic studies of a large sample of open clusters, mapping accessible age-metallicity-location space. For each cluster a wide mass-range is accessed, linking the complementary analysis approaches required for hot and cool stars, (pre-)main sequence and evolved, ensuring consistency. A third aim was to provide a large sample, of order $10^5$, field stars, sufficient to map populations across chemical abundance and kinematic properties. A fourth aim was to establish a robust set of calibration stars, suitable for use both in Gaia calibration, and for cross-calibrations between the several recent, current or planned stellar spectroscopic surveys and asteroseismic projects. Another ambition was to bring together the many European stellar spectroscopy groups into successful partnership, providing a robust community foundation for those forthcoming survey projects. Finally, a requirement is that all the data, calibrated spectra and derived parameters, be available in a free public archive for future uses.

Gaia-ESO succeeded in all these ambitions. The ambitious target of $10^5$ field stars and ~60 open clusters were surveyed, with 114 325 stars and 62 open clusters newly surveyed. A very wide range of parameter space was mapped. Substantial scientific advances have been made, with over 100 team science verification refereed papers already published. The spectra are already widely accessed from the ESO SAF, with the astrophysical parameters now also available. The community did come together, learning how to homogenise data from very many different analysis pipelines in a way consistent with the primary Gaia Benchmark Star calibrations. A community of some 400 scientists from more than 110 institutions came together to deliver the survey. Significant scientific results have already been delivered, some of which are presented in the companion paper Randich et al. (2022).
Acknowledgements. Based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 188.B-3002. These data products have been processed by the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, and by the FLAMES/UVES reduction team at INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri. Public access to the data products is via the ESO SAF, and the Gaia-ESO Survey Data Archive, prepared and hosted by the Wide Field Astronomy Unit, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, which is funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360 and by the Leverhulme Trust through grant RPG-2012-541. We acknowledge the support from INAF and Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) in the form of the grant Premiale VLT 2012". The project presented here benefited in development from discussions held during the Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT Research Network Programme. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. R.S. acknowledges support from the National Science Centre, Poland (2014/15/B/ST9/03981). This work was partly supported by the INAF grant for mainstream projects: "Enhancing the legacy of the Gaia-ESO Survey for open cluster science". F.J.E. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MINECO/FEDER through the grant AYA2017-84089 and MDM-2017-0737 at Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu, and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 824064 through the ESCAPE – the European Science Cluster of Astronomy and Particle Physics ESFRI Research Infrastructures project. T.B. was funded by the "The New Milky Way" project grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. S.R.B. acknowledges support by the Spanish Government under grants AYA2015-68012-C2-2-P and PGC2018-093741-B-C21/C22 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). W.J.S. acknowledges CAPES for a PhD studentship. J.M.A. acknowledges support from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through grants AYA2013-40611-P, AYA2016-75931-C2-2-P, and PGC2018-095049-B-C22. T.M. and others from STAR institute, Liege, Belgium are grateful to Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS for support, and are also indebted for an ESA/PRODEX Belspo contract related to the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium and for support through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Federation Wallonie-Brussels. This research has been partially supported by the following grants: MIUR Premiale "Gaia-ESO survey" (PI S. Randich), MIUR Premiale "MiTiC: Mining the Cosmos" (PI E. Pancino), and ASI-INAF contract 2014-049-R.O: "Realizzazione attività tecniche/scientifiche presso ASCD" (PI Angelo Antonelli), Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze, progetto: "Know the star, know the planet" (PI E. Pancino), and Progetto Main Stream INAF: "Chemodynamics of globular clusters: the Gaia revolution" (PI E. Pancino). V.A. acknowledges the support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through Investigador FCT contract nr. IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001. A.J.K. acknowledges support by the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA). A.B. acknowledges support by ANID, - Millennium Science Initiative Program - NCN19_171, and FONDECYT regular 1190748. E.M. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through project MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu" - Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA). T.Z. acknowledges financial support of the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding no. P1-0188) and the European Space Agency (Prodex Experiment Arrangement No. C4000127986). P.J. acknowledges support FONDECYT Regular 1200703. The work of I.N. is partially supported by the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under grant PGC2018-093741-B-C21 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). Funding for this work has been provided by the ARC Future Fellowship FT160100402. C.A.P. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Government through research grants MINECO AYA 2014-56359-P, MINECO AYA2017-86389-P, and MICINN PID2020-117493GB-100. S.F. was supported by the grants 2011-5042 and 2016-03412 from the Swedish Research Council and the project grant "The New Milky Way" from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. C.A.S.U. is supported through STFC grants: ST/H004157/1, ST/J00541X/1, ST/M007626/1, ST/N005805/1, ST/T003081/1. Work reported here benefited from support through the GREAT-ITN FP7 project Grant agreement ID: 264895. D.K.F. acknowledges funds from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the framework of the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award endowed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the grant 2016-03412 from the Swedish Research Council. A.H. acknowledges support from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and ERD Funds through grants PGC-2018-091 3741-B-C22 and CEX2019-000920-S. X.F. acknowledges the support of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2020M670023. M.L.L.D. acknowledges the Polish NCN grant number 2019/34/E/ST9/00133. Part of this work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - Project-ID 138713538 - SFB 881 ("The Milky Way System", subproject A09). M.Z. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) grants FONDECYT Regular 1191505, Millennium Institute

of Astrophysics ICN12-009, BASAL Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies AFB-170002. R.B. acknowledges support from the project PRIN-INAF 2019 "Spectroscopically Tracing the Disk Dispersal Evolution". H.M.T. acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through projects PID2019-109522GB-C51,54/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the Centre of Excellence "María de Maeztu" award to Centro de Astrobiología (MDM-2017-0737). J.I.G.H. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) project AYA2017-86389-P, and also from the Spanish MICINN under 2013 Ramón y Cajal program RYC-2013-14875. V.P.D. is supported by STFC Consolidated grant ST/R000786/1. N.L. acknowledges financial support from "Programme National de Physique Stellaire" (PNPS) and the "Programme National Cosmology et Galaxies (PNCG)" of CNRS/INSU, France. A.R.C. is supported in part by the Australian Research Council through a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE190100656). Parts of this research were supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE170100013. P.S.B. is supported by the Swedish Research Council through individual project grants with contract Nos. 2016-03765 and 2020-03404. A.M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 772293 - project ASTEROCHRONOMETRY). J.P. was supported by the project RVO: 67985815. E.D.M. acknowledges the support from FCT through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020 & UIDB/04434/2020 and Investigador FCT contract IF/00849/2015/CP1273/CT0003. This work was (partially) supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (MICIU/FEDER, UE) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu') through grant CEX2019-000918-M. S.L.M. acknowledges the support of the UNSW Scientia Fellowship program and the Australian Research Council through Discovery Project grant DP180101791. GT acknowledges financial support of the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding no. P1-0188) and the European Space Agency (Prodex Experiment Arrangement No. C4000127986). S.G.S acknowledges the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). H.G.L. acknowledges financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - Project-ID 138713538 - SFB 881 ("The Milky Way System", subproject A04). This work was (partially) supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (MICIU/FEDER, UE) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu') through grant CEX2019-000918-M. T.K. is supported by STFC Consolidated grant ST/R000786/1. M.V. acknowledges the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, project number: 428473034). T.M. is supported by a grant from the Fondation ULB. We acknowledge financial support from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, from project AYA2016-79425-C3-1-P and PID2019-109522GB-C5[4]/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. U.H. acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen). D.G. gratefully acknowledges support from the Chilean Centro de Excelencia en Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA) BASAL grant AFB-170002. D.G. also acknowledges financial support from the Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Universidad de La Serena through the Programa de Incentivo a la Investigación de Académicos (PIA-DIDULS). A. Lobel acknowledges support in part by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office under contract No. BR/143/A2/BRASS. We acknowledge financial support from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, from project AYA2016-79425-C3-1-P and PID2019-109522GB-C5[4]/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. A.M. acknowledges the support from the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the Portuguese Strategic Programme UID/FIS/00099/2019 for CENTRA. T.M. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the Spanish State Research Agency, under the Severo Ochoa Program 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S). E.J.A. acknowledges funding from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709).

## References

* Ahn, C. P., Alexandroff, R., Allende Prieto, C., et al. 2014, ApJS, 211, 17

* Allende Prieto, C., Sivarani, T., Beers, T. C., et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 2070

* Allende Prieto, C., Fernández-Alvar, E., Schlesinger, K. J., et al. 2014, A&A, 568, A7

* Alvarez, R., & Plez, B. 1998, A&A, 330, 1109
Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., & Jacques Sauval, A. 2006, Nucl. Phys. A, 777, 1

Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J., & Scott, P. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 481

Battistini, C., & Bensby, T. 2015, A&A, 577, A9

Battistini, C., & Bensby, T. 2016, A&A, 586, A49

Bensby, T., Adén, D., Meléndez, J., et al. 2011, A&A, 533, A134

Bensby, T., Feltzing, S., & Oey, M. S. 2014, A&A, 562, A71

Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Soubiran, C., Jofré, P., & Heiter, U. 2014, A&A, 566, A98

Bland-Hawthorn, J., Krumholz, M. R., & Freeman, K. 2010, ApJ, 713, 166

Blomme, R., Daflon, S., Gebran, M., et al. 2022, A&A, 661, A120

Bonito, R., Prisinzano, L., Venuti, L., et al. 2020, A&A, 642, A56

Bragaglia, A., Alfaro, E. J., Flaccomio, E., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A200

Butler, K. 1984, PhD thesis, University of London, UK

Cantat-Gaudin, T., Donati, P., Pancino, E., et al. 2014, A&A, 562, A10

Casali, G., Magrini, L., Tognelli, E., et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A62

Castelli, F., & Kurucz, R. L. 2003, in IAU Symposium, Modelling of Stellar Atmospheres, eds. N. Piskunov, W. W. Weiss, & D. F. Gray, 210, A20

Cirasuolo, M., Fairley, A., Rees, P., et al. 2020, The Messenger, 180, 10

Cui, X.-Q., Zhao, Y.-H., Chu, Y.-Q., et al. 2012, Res. Astron. Astrophys., 12, 1197

Dalton, G. 2016, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Multi-Object Spectroscopy in the Next Decade: Big Questions, Large Surveys, and Wide Fields, eds. I. Skillen, M. Balcells, & S. Trager, 507, 97

Damiani, F., Prisinzano, L., Micela, G., et al. 2014, A&A, 566, A50

David, M., Blomme, R., Frémat, Y., et al. 2014, A&A, 562, A97

de Jong, R. S., Agertz, O., Berbel, A. A., et al. 2019, The Messenger, 175, 3

de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Worley, C. C., & Plez, B. 2012, A&A, 544, A126

de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Worley, C. C., et al. 2013, The Messenger, 153, 18

De Silva, G. M., Freeman, K. C., Bland-Hawthorn, J., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 449, 2604

Franchini, M., Morossi, C., Di Marcantonio, P., et al. 2018, ApJ, 862, 146

Franciosini, E., Tognelli, E., Degl'Innocenti, S., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A85

Frasca, A., Alcalá, J. M., Covino, E., et al. 2003, A&A, 405, 149

Frasca, A., Guillout, P., Marilli, E., et al. 2006, A&A, 454, 301

Freeman, K., & Bland-Hawthorn, J. 2002, ARA&A, 40, 487

Gaia Collaboration (Prusti, T., et al.) 2016, A&A, 595, A1

Gavel, A., Gruyters, P., Heiter, U., et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A74

Gebran, M., Farah, W., Paletou, F., Monier, R., & Watson, V. 2016, A&A, 589, A83

Gilmore, G., Randich, S., Asplund, M., et al. 2012, The Messenger, 147, 25

Gilmore, G., Norris, J. E., Monagro, L., et al. 2013, ApJ, 763, 61

Grevesse, N., Asplund, M., & Sauval, A. J. 2007, Space Sci. Rev., 130, 105

Guiglion, G., de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., et al. 2016, A&A, 595, A18

Gustafsson, B., Edvardsson, B., Eriksson, K., et al. 2008, A&A, 486, 951

Hartigan, P., Hartmann, L., Kenyon, S., Hewett, R., & Stauffer, J. 1988, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 20, 1092

Hawkins, K., Jofré, P., Heiter, U., et al. 2016a, A&A, 592, A70

Hawkins, K., Masseron, T., Jofré, P., et al. 2016b, A&A, 594, A43

Heiter, U., Jofré, P., Gustafsson, B., et al. 2015, A&A, 582, A49

Heiter, U., Lind, K., Bergemann, M., et al. 2021, A&A, 645, A106

Hillier, D. J., & Miller, D. L. 1998, ApJ, 496, 407

Hubeny, I., & Lanz, T. 1995, A&A, 262, 501

Hubeny, I., & Lanz, T. 1995, ApJ, 439, 875

Hubeny, I., & Lanz, T. 2017, ArXiv e-prints [arXiv:1706.01859]

Jackson, R. J., Jeffries, R. D., Lewis, J., et al. 2015, A&A, 580, A75

Jackson, R. J., Jeffries, R. D., Wright, N. J., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 509, 1664

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Soubiran, C., et al. 2014, A&A, 564, A133

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Soubiran, C., et al. 2015, A&A, 582, A81

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., & Buder, S. 2017a, in Astronomical Society of India Conference Series, 14, 37

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Worley, C. C., et al. 2017b, A&A, 601, A38

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Tucci Maia, M., et al. 2018, RNAAS, 2, 152

Jofré, P., Heiter, U., & Soubiran, C. 2019, ARA&A, 57, 571

Kang, W., & Lee, S.-G. 2012, MNRAS, 425, 3162

Kassounian, S., Gebran, M., Paletou, F., & Watson, V. 2019, Open Astron., 28, 68

Kirby, E. N., Guhathakurta, P., Bolte, M., Sneden, C., & Geha, M. C. 2009, ApJ, 705, 328

Koposov, S. E., Gilmore, G., Walker, M. G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 146

Koposov, S. E., Casey, A. R., Belokurov, V., et al. 2015, ApJ, 811, 62

Kormendy, J., Drory, N., Bender, R., & Cornell, M. E. 2010, ApJ, 723, 54

Korotin, S., Andrievsky, S., Caffau, E., & Bonifacio, P. 2017, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Stars: From Collapse to Collapse, eds. Y. Y. Balega, D. O. Kudryavtsev, I. I. Romanyuk, & I. A. Yakunin, 510, 141

Kovalev, M., Bergemann, M., Ting, Y.-S., & Rix, H.-W. 2019, A&A, 628, A54

Kurucz, R. L. 1992, Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis., 23

Kurucz, R. L. 1993, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, IAU Colloq. 138: Peculiar versus Normal Phenomena in A-type and Related Stars, eds. M. M. Dworetsky, F. Castelli, & R. Faraggiana, 44, 87

Lanz, T., & Hubeny, I. 2007, ApJS, 169, 83

Lanzafame, A. C., Frasca, A., Damiani, F., et al. 2015, A&A, 576, A80

Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., Sivarani, T., et al. 2008a, AJ, 136, 2022

Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., Sivarani, T., et al. 2008b, AJ, 136, 2050

Lobel, A. 2011, Can. J. Phys., 89, 395

Magrini, L., Randich, S., Friel, E., et al. 2013, A&A, 558, A38

Marsh, T. R. 1989, PASP, 101, 1032

McMahon, R. G., Banerji, M., Gonzalez, E., et al. 2013, The Messenger, 154, 35

Merle, T., Van Eck, S., Jorissen, A., et al. 2017, A&A, 608, A95

Merle, T., Van der Swaelmen, M., Van Eck, S., et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A155

Morel, T., & Butler, K. 2008, A&A, 487, 307

Morel, T., Butler, K., Aerts, C., Neiner, C., & Briquet, M. 2006, A&A, 457, 651

Natta, A., Testi, L., Muzerolle, J., et al. 2004, A&A, 424, 603

Nissen, P. E. 2013, Chemical Abundances as Population Tracers, eds. T. D. Oswalt, & G. Gilmore, 5, 21

Nissen, P. E., & Gustafsson, B. 2018, A&AREv, 26, 6

Nissen, P. E., & Schuster, W. J. 2010, A&A, 511, L10

Norris, J. E., Wyse, R. F. G., Gilmore, G., et al. 2010a, ApJ, 723, 1632

Norris, J. E., Yong, D., Gilmore, G., & Wyse, R. F. G. 2010b, ApJ, 711, 350

Paletou, F., Gebran, M., Houdebine, E. R., & Watson, V. 2015, A&A, 580, A78

Pancino, E., Lardo, C., Altavilla, G., et al. 2017a, A&A, 598, A5

Pancino, E., Romano, D., Tang, B., et al. 2017b, A&A, 601, A112

Pasquini, L., Avila, G., Blecha, A., et al. 2002, The Messenger, 110, 1

Peebles, P. J. E., Tully, R. B., & Shaya, E. J. 2011, ArXiv e-prints [arXiv:1105.5596]

Pereira, S. H., Holanda, R. F. L., & Souza, A. P. S. 2017, EPL (Europhys. Lett.), 120, 31001

Piatti, A. E. 2019, RNAAS, 3, 104

Piskunov, N., & Valenti, J. A. 2017, A&A, 597, A16

Prugniel, P., & Soubiran, C. 2001, A&A, 369, 1048

Puls, J., Kudritzki, R. P., Herrero, A., et al. 1996, A&A, 305, 171

Puls, J., Urbaneja, M. A., Venero, R., et al. 2005, A&A, 435, 669

Puspitarini, L., Lallement, R., Babusiaux, C., et al. 2015, A&A, 573, A35

Randich, S., Gilmore, G., & Gaia-ESO Consortium. 2013, The Messenger, 154, 47

Randich, S., Tognelli, E., Jackson, R., et al. 2018, A&A, 612, A99

Randich, S., Gilmore, G., Magrini, L., et al. 2022, A&A, in press, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243141

Recio-Blanco, A., Bijaoui, A., & de Laverny, P. 2006, MNRAS, 370, 141

Recio-Blanco, A., de Laverny, P., Kordopatis, G., et al. 2014, A&A, 567, A5

Reddy, B. E., Tomkin, J., Lambert, D. L., & Allende Prieto, C. 2003, MNRAS, 340, 304

Reddy, B. E., Lambert, D. L., & Allende Prieto, C. 2006, MNRAS, 367, 1329

Ruffoni, M. P., Den Hartog, E. A., Lawler, J. E., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 441, 3127

Sacco, G. G., Morbidelli, L., Franciosini, E., et al. 2014, A&A, 565, A113

Sahlholdt, C. L., Feltzing, S., Lindegren, L., & Church, R. P. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 895

Santolaya-Rey, A. E., Puls, J., & Herrero, A. 1997, A&A, 323, 488

Sbordone, L., Bonifacio, P., Castelli, F., & Kurucz, R. L. 2004, Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. Suppl., 5, 93

Sbordone, L., Bonifacio, P., Buonanno, R., et al. 2007, A&A, 465, 815

Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. 1998, ApJ, 500, 525

Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1163

Smiljanic, R., Korn, A. J., Bergemann, M., et al. 2014, A&A, 570, A122

Sneden, C., Bean, J., Ivans, I., Lucatello, S., & Sobeck, J. 2012, MOOG: LTE line analysis and spectrum synthesis, Astrophysics Source Code Library [record ascl:1202.009]

Soubiran, C., Jasnowicz, G., Chemin, L., et al. 2018, A&A, 616, A7

Sousa, S. G., Santos, N. C., Adibekyan, V., Delgado-Mena, E., & Israelian, G. 2015, A&A, 577, A67

Sousa, S. G., Santos, N. C., Israelian, G., Mayor, M., & Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G. 2007, A&A, 469, 783

Steinmetz, M., Zwitter, T., Siebert, A., et al. 2006, AJ, 132, 1645

Stetson, P. B., & Pancino, E. 2008, PASP, 120, 1332

Stonkuté, E., Koposov, S. E., Howes, L. M., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 460, 1131

Tabernero, H. M., Marfil, E., Montes, D., & González Hernández, J. I. 2019, A&A, 628, A131

Takeda, Y., Omiya, M., Harakawa, H., & Sato, B. 2016, PASJ, 68, 81

Traven, G., Zwitter, T., Van Eck, S., et al. 2015, A&A, 581, A52

Traven, G., Matijevič, G., Zwitter, T., et al. 2017, ApJS, 228, 24

Turon, C., Primas, F., Binney, J., et al. 2008, ESA-ESO Working Group on Galactic Populations, Chemistry and Dynamics, ESA-ESO Working Group reports
Valenti, J. A., & Piskunov, N. 1996, A&As, 118, 595

Van der Swaelmen, M., Merle, T., van Eck, S., Jorissen, A., & Zwitter, T. 2018, in *Astrometry and Astrophysics in the Gaia Sky*, eds. A. Recio-Blanco, P. de Laverny, A. G. A. Brown, & T. Prusti, 330, 350

Venn, K. A., Shetrone, M. D., Irwin, M. J., et al. 2012, ApJ, 751, 102

Worley, C. C., de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Hill, V., & Bijaoui, A. 2016, A&A, 591, A81

Worley, C. C., Jofré, P., Rendle, B., et al. 2020, A&A, 643, A83

¹ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
e-mail: gil@ast.cam.ac.uk

² INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

³ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France

⁴ Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

⁵ Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

⁶ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada 18008, Spain

⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

⁹ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

¹⁰ ROB – Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium

¹¹ Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden

¹² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Sezione Astrofisica, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

¹³ Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via del Politecnico, s.n.c., 00133 Roma, Italy

¹⁴ Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France

¹⁵ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland

¹⁶ Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium

¹⁷ Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

¹⁸ Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

¹⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Asronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parla-mento, 1 90134 Palermo, Italy

²⁰ Astronomy Department, Indiana University, 727 East 3rd St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

²¹ Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, UK

²² INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Italy

²³ Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece

²⁴ IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Penteli, Greece

²⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

²⁶ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

²⁷ Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic

²⁸ Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Departamento de Astrofísica, campus ESAC. Camino bajo del castillo s/n, 28 692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

²⁹ Australian Academy of Science, Box 783, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

³⁰ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

³¹ Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK

³² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

³³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ UK

³⁴ Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

³⁵ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

³⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

³⁷ Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

³⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia

³⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

⁴⁰ Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

⁴¹ ESO – European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, 19001 Casilla, Santiago de Chile, Chile

⁴² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

⁴³ Observatório Nacional – MCTI (ON), Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, 20921-400 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

⁴⁴ Department of Chemistry and Physics, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA

⁴⁵ Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

⁴⁶ Instituto of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

⁴⁷ Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica and IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

⁴⁸ Space Sciences, Technologies, and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, Bât B5c, Allée du 6 août, 19c, 4000 Liège, Belgium

⁴⁹ Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

⁵⁰ Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain

⁵¹ Departamento de Astronomía, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

⁵² Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

⁵³ Núcleo Milenio Formación Planetaria – NPF, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

⁵⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy

⁵⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, v. dell'Osservatorio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy

⁵⁶ Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden

⁵⁷ Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
58 Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Fernandez Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

59 Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

60 University of Vienna, Dept. Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria

61 Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

62 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

63 SISSA, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

64 Dep. of Physics, Sapienza, University of Roma, Roma, Italy

65 Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2611, Australia

66 Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK

67 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

68 Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France

69 The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China

70 Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Raúl Bitrán s/n, La Serena, Chile

71 Departamento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile

72 Max-Planck-Institute for Ex. Physics, Giessenbachstr.1, 85748 Garching, Germany

73 Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

74 Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden

75 Institut UTINAM, CNRS UMR6213, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté-Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP 1615, 25010 Besançon Cedex, France

76 Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Landessternwarte, Königstuhl 12, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

77 School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

78 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

79 CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

80 Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Portugal

81 Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, 51 chemin Pegasi, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

82 Université de Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRAP, 14 av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

83 Astronomical Institute, CAS, Boční II 1401, 141 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic

84 Physics Department, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK

85 University of Surrey, Physics Department, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

86 Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK

87 INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Padua, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 5, 35122 Padua PD, Italy

88 Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

89 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

90 Institute of Astrophysics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile

91 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPMC, UMR7095 Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Bd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France

92 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia