Murawski, S. A., Wigley, S. E., Fogarty, M. J., Rago, P. J., and Mountain, D. G. (2005). Effort distribution and catch patterns adjacent to temperate MPAs. *ICES J. Mar. Sci.* 62, 1150–1167. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.005

Naylor, L. A., and Viles, H. A. (2002). A new technique for evaluating short-term rates of coastal bioerosion and bioprotection. *Geomorphology* 47, 31–44. doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00139-3

Newton, A., Brito, A. C., Icely, J. D., Delorez, V., Clara, I., Angus, S., et al. (2018). Assessing, quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services of coastal lagoons. *J. Nat. Conserv.* 44, 50–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.02.009

Niccolini, F., Marzo, D., Scipioni, S., Randone, M., Hogg, K., and Gomei, M. (2019). *Ecosystem Services, Socio-Economic Values and Organizational Profiles of Mediterranean MPAs*. Rome: WWF.

Nickols, K. J., White, J. W., Malone, D., Carr, M. H., Starr, R. M., Baskett, M. L., et al. (2019). Setting ecological expectations for adaptive management of marine protected areas. *J. Appl. Ecol.* 56, 2376–2385. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13463

O'Hara, C. C., Villaseñor-Derbez, J. C., Ralph, G. M., and Halpern, B. S. (2019). Mapping status and conservation of global at-risk marine biodiversity. *Conserv. Lett.* 12:e12651. doi: 10.1111/conl.12651

Ojeda-Martínez, C., Bayle-Sempere, J. T., Sánchez-Jerez, P., Forcada, A., and Valle, C. (2007). Detecting conservation benefits in spatially protected fish populations with meta-analysis of long-term monitoring data. *Mar. Biol.* 151, 1153–1161. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0557-0

Olander, L. P., Johnston, R. J., Tallis, H., Kagan, J., Maguire, L. A., Polasky, S., et al. (2018). Benefit relevant indicators: Ecosystem services measures that link ecological and social outcomes. *Ecol. Indicat.* 85, 1262–1272. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.001

O'Leary, C. (2006). *Spatial Distribution and Export of Ichthyoplankton from Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas*. [Ph.D., tesis], University College Dublin, Dublin.

Ospina-Alvarez, A., de Juan, S., Alós, J., Basterretxea, G., Alonso-Fernández, A., Follana-Berná, G., et al. (2020). MPA network design based on graph theory and emergent properties of larval dispersal. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 650, 309–326. doi: 10.3354/meps13399

O'Sullivan, D., and Emmerson, M. (2011). Marine reserve designation, trophic cascades and altered community dynamics. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 440, 115–125. doi: 10.3354/meps09294

Otero, M., Cebrian, E., Francour, P., Galil, B., and Savini, D. (2013). *Monitoring Marine Invasive Species in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): A strategy and practical guide for managers*. Málaga: IUCN.

Padiglia, A., Cadeddu, B., Ledda, F. D., Bertolino, M., Costa, G., Pronzato, R., et al. (2018). Biodiversity assessment in Western Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs): porifera of *Posidonia oceanica* meadows (Asinara island MPA) and marine caves (Capo Caccia-Isola Piana MPA) of Sardinia. *Euro. Zool. J.* 85, 409–422. doi: 10.1080/24750263.2018.1525440

Pais, A., Chessa, L. A., Serra, S., Ruiu, A., Meloni, G., and Donno, Y. (2007). The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy. *Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.* 73, 589–597. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.02.011

Palumbi, S. R. (2003). Population genetics, demographic connectivity, and the design of marine reserves. *Ecol. Appl.* 13, 146–158. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0146:PGDCAT]2.0.CO;2

Palumbi, S. R. (2004). Marine reserves and ocean neighborhoods: the spatial scale of marine populations and their management. *Annu. Rev. Environ. Res.* 29, 31–68. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102254

Pantzar, M., Russi, D., Hooper, T., and Haines, R. (2018). *Study on the Economic Benefits of Marine Protected Areas, Literature Review Analisis. ICF Consulting Services Limited, IEEP and PML. Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Contract No EASME/EMFF/2015/1.3.1.8/SI2.737373. European Union*. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union.

Pastor, J., Verdoit-Jarraya, M., Astruch, P., Dallas, N., Nelva Pasqual, J. S., Saragoni, G., et al. (2009). Acoustic telemetry survey of the dusky grouper (*Epinephelus marginatus*) in the marine reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls: informations on the territoriality of this emblematic species. *Compte Rendu Biol.* 332, 732–740. doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.03.010

Pendleton, L. H., Ahmadia, G. N., Browman, H. I., Thurstan, R. H., Kaplan, D. M., and Bartolino, V. (2018). Debating the effectiveness of marine protected areas. *ICES J. Mar. Sci.* 75, 1156–1159. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsx154

Pérez-Burgos, J. M. (2012). *Tabarca. Utopía y Realidad. Revista Canelobre, Instituto Alicantino de Cultura "Juan Gil-Albert."*

Pérez-Ruzafa, A. (2003). "Los recursos pesqueros en la Región de Murcia," in *Los Recursos Naturales de la Región de Murcia. Un Análisis Interdisciplinar*, eds M. A. Esteve, M. Lloréns, M., and C. Martínez Gallur (Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia), 412–417.

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., García-Charton, J. A., and Marcos, C. (2017). North East Atlantic vs. mediterranean marine protected areas as fisheries management tool. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 4:245. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00245

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., González-Wangüemert, M., Lenfant, P., Marcos, C., and García-Charton, J. A. (2006). Effects of fishing protection on the genetic structure of fish populations. *Biol. Conserv.* 129, 244–255. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.040

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C., García-Charton, J. A., and Salas, F. (2008b). European marine protected areas (MPAs) as tools for fisheries management and conservation. *J. Nat. Conserv.* 16, 187–192. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2008.09.008

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Martín, E., Marcos, C., Zamarro, J. M., Stobart, B., Harmelin-Vivien, M., et al. (2008a). Modelling spatial and temporal scales for spill-over and biomass exportation from MPAs and their potential for fisheries enhancement. *J. Nat. Conserv.* 16, 234–255. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2008.09.003

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Pérez-Marcos, M., and Marcos, C. (2018). From fish physiology to ecosystems management: Keys for moving through biological levels of organization in detecting environmental changes and anticipate their consequences. *Ecol. Indicat.* 90, 334–345 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.019

Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Pérez-Ruzafa, I., Newton, A., and Marcos, C. (2019). "Coastal lagoons: environmental variability, ecosystem complexity and goods and services uniformity," in *Coasts and Estuaries, The Future*, eds E. Wolanski, J. Day, M. Elliott, and R. Ramesh (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 253–276.

Pieraccini, M., Coppa, S., and De Lucia, G. A. (2017). Beyond marine paper parks? Regulation theory to assess and address environmental non-compliance. *Aquat. Conserv.* 27, 177–196. doi: 10.1002/aqc.2632

Pinnegar, J. K., Polunin, N. V. C., Francour, P., Badalamenti, F., Chemello, R., Harmelin-Vivien, M., et al. (2000). Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. *Environ. Conserv.* 27, 179–200. doi: 10.1017/S0376892900000205

Plan Development Team (1990). *The Potential of Marine Fishery Reserves for Reef Fish Management in the U.S. Southern Atlantic*. Miami, FL: NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-261.

Planes, S., Galzin, R., Garcia-Rubies, R. A., Goñi, R., Harmelin, J.-G., Le Diréach, L., et al. (2000). Effects of marine protected areas on recruitment processes with special reference to Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. *Environ. Conserv.* 27, 126–143. doi: 10.1017/S0376892900000175

Planes, S., García-Charton, J. A., Marcos, C., and Pérez-Ruzafa, A. (2008). *Ecological Effects of Atlanto-Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas in the European Union. EMPAFISH Project, Booklet No. 1*. Murcia: Editum.

Pomeroy, R. S., Parks, J. E., and Watson, L. M. (2004). *How Is Your MPA Doing? A Guidebook of Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness*. Gland; Cambridge: IUCN. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2004.PAPS.1.en

Potts, T., Burdon, D., Jackson, E., Atkins, J., Saunders, J., Hastings, E., et al. (2014). Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare? *Mar. Policy* 44, 139–148. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.011

Prosser, D. J., Nagel, J. L., Howlin, S., Marbán, P. R., Day, D. D., and Erwin, R. M. (2017). Effects of local shoreline and subestuary watershed condition on waterbird community integrity: influences of geospatial scale and season in the Chesapeake bay. *Estuar. Coasts* 41, 207–222. doi: 10.1007/s12237-017-0288-0

Pujolar, J. M., Schiavina, M., Di Franco, A., Melià, P., Guidetti, P., Gatto, M., et al. (2013). Understanding the effectiveness of marine protected areas using genetic connectivity patterns and lagrangian simulations. *Diversi. Distribut.* 19, 1531–1542. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12114

Putz, A., and Proksch, P. (2010). Chemical defence in marine ecosystems. *Funct. Biotechnol. Plant Second. Metab.* 162–213. doi: 10.1002/9781444318876.ch3

Rakitin, A., and Kramer, D. L. (1996). Effect of a marine reserve on the distribution of coral reef fishes in Barbados. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 131, 97–113. doi: 10.3354/meps131097

Ramalho, S. P., Lins, L., Soetaert, K., Lampadariou, N., Cunha, M. R., Vanreusel, A., et al. (2020). Ecosystem functioning under the influence of bottom-trawling disturbance: an experimental approach and field observations from
a continental slope area in the west iberian margin. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 7:457. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00457

Raymundo, L. J., Halford, A. R., Maypa, A. P., and Kerr, A. M. (2009). Functionally diverse reef-fish communities ameliorate coral disease. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.* 106, 17067-17070. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900365106

Rees, S. E., Mangi, S. C., Hattam, C., Gall, S. C., Rodwell, L. D., Peckett, F. J., et al. (2015). The socio-economic effects of a marine protected area on the ecosystem service of leisure and recreation. *Mar. Policy* 62, 144-152. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.011

Reker, J. (2015). *Marine Protected Areas in Europe's Seas. An Overview and Perspectives for the Future*. Luxembourg: EEA Report 3/2015, Publications Office of the European Union.

Reuchlin-Hugenholtz, E., and McKenzie, E. (2015). *Marine Protected Areas: Smart Investments in Ocean Health*. Gland: WWF.

Rilov, G., Mazaris, A. D., Stelzenmüller, V., Helmuth, B., Wahl, M., Guy-Haim, T., et al. (2019). Adaptive marine conservation planning in the face of climate change: what can we learn from physiological, ecological and genetic studies? *Glob. Ecol. Conserv.* 17:e00566. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00566

Roberts, C. M., Bohnsack, J. A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J. P., and Goodridge, R. (2001). Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. *Science* 294, 1920-1923. doi: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920

Roberts, C. M., and Hawkins, J. P. (2000). *Fully-Protected Marine Reserves: A Guide*. Washington, DC: WWF Endangered Seas Campaign and University of York.

Roberts, C. M., O'Leary, B. C., McCauley, D. J., Cury, P. M., Duarte, C. M., Lubchenco, J., et al. (2017). Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. *PNAS* 114, 6167-6175. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701262114

Rolim, F. A., Langlois, T., Rodrigues, P. F. C., Bond, T., Motta, F. S., Neves, L. M., et al. (2019). Network of small no-take marine reserves reveals greater abundance and body size of fisheries target species. *PLoS ONE* 14:e0204970. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204970

Roncin, N., Alban, F., Charbonnel, E., Crec'hriou, R., de la Cruz Modino, R., Culiol, J. M., et al. (2008). Uses of ecosystem services provided by MPAs: how much do they impact the local economy? A southern Europe perspective. *J. Nat. Conserv.* 16, 256-270. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2008.09.006

Rosales, R. M. P. (2018). SEAT: measuring socio-economic benefits of marine protected areas. *Mar. Policy* 92, 120-130. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.026

Rosenberg, A., Bigford, T., Leathery, S., Hill, R., and Bickers, K. (2000). Ecosystem approaches to fishery management through essential fish habitat. *Bull. Mar. Sci.* 66, 535-542.

Rubio-Portillo, E., Izquierdo-Muñoz, A., Gago, J. F., Rosselló-Mora, R., Antón, J., and Ramos-Espía, A. A. (2016). Effects of the 2015 heat wave on benthic invertebrates in the Tabarca marine protected area (southeast Spain). *Mar. Environ. Res.* 122, 135-142. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.10.004

Rubio-Portillo, E., Vázquez-Luis, M., Izquierdo-Muñoz, A., and Ramos-Espía, A. A. (2014). Distribution patterns of alien coral *Oculina patagonica* De Angelis D'Ossat, 1908 in western Mediterranean sea. *J. Sea Res.* 85, 372-378. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2013.07.007

Russ, G. R., and Alcala, A. C. (1996). Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo island, central Philippines. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 132, 1-9. doi: 10.3354/meps132001

Russ, G. R., and Alcala, A. C. (2011). Enhanced biodiversity beyond marine reserve boundaries: the cup spillith over. *Ecol. Appl.* 21, 241-250. doi: 10.1890/09-1197.1

Russi, D., Pantzar, M., Kettunen, M., Gitti, G., Mutafo glu, K., Kotulak, M., et al. (2016). *Socio-Economic Benefits of the EU Marine Protected Areas*. London: Brussels: Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) & E.C. DG Environment.

Sahyoun, R., Guidetti, P., Di Franco, A., and Planes, S. (2016). Patterns of fish connectivity between a marine protected area and surrounding fished areas. *PLoS ONE* 11:e0167441. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167441

Sala, E., Ballesteros, E., Dendrinos, P., Di Franco, A., Ferretti, F., Foley, D., et al. (2012). The Structure of mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications. *PLoS ONE* 7:e32742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032742

Sala, E., and Giakoumi, S. (2018). No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean. *ICES J. Mar. Sci.* 75, 1166-1168. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsx059

Sala, E., Lubchenco, J., Grorud-Colvert, K., Novelli, C., Roberts, C., and Sumailae, U. R. (2018). Assessing real progress towards effective ocean protection. *Mar. Policy* 91, 11-13. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.004

Samy, M., Sánchez Lizaso, J. L., and Forcada, A. (2011). Status of marine protected areas in Egypt. *Anim. Biodiversi. Conserv.* 34, 165-177.

Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Goñi, R., Reñones, O., García-Charton, J. A., Galzon, R., Bayle, J. T., et al. (2000). Density dependence in marine protected populations: a review. *Environ. Conserv.* 27, 144-158. doi: 10.1017/S0376892900000187

Sanchirico, J. N., Cochran, K. A., and Emerson, P. M. (2002). *Marine Protected Areas: Economic and Social Implications. Resources for the Future, Discussion Paper 02-26*. Available online at: www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-rf-04-en.pdf

Sasal, P., Desdevises, Y., Durieux, E., Lenfant, P., and Romans, P. (2004). Parasites in marine protected areas: success and specificity of monogeneans. *J. Fish Biol.* 64, 370-379. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00297.x

Saunders, J., Potts, T., Jackson, E., Burdon, D., Atkins, J. P., Hastings, E., et al. (2015). "Linking ecosystem services of marine protected areas to benefits in human wellbeing?," in *Coastal Zones Ecosystem Services*, eds R. K. Turner and M. Schaafsma (Cham: Springer), 167-190. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17214-9_9

Schratzberger, M., Neville, S., Painting, S., Weston, K., and Paltriguera, L. (2019). Ecological and socio-economic effects of highly protected marine areas (HPMAs) in temperate waters. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 6, 749. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00749

Sciberras, M., Jenkins, S. R., Kaiser, M. J., Hawkins, S. J., and Pullin, A. S. (2013). Evaluating the biological effectiveness of fully and partially protected marine areas. *Environ. Evid.* 2:4. doi: 10.1186/2047-2382-2-4

Shears, N. T., and Babcock, R. C. (2002). Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. *Oecologia* 132, 131-142. doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-0920-x

Silveira, S., Ortega, I., and Dumont, L. F. C. (2020). Artisanal trawling impact over prey availability and diet of estuarine megabenthic organisms in southern Brazil. *Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.* 237:106682. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106682

Simard, F., Laffoley, D., and Baxter, J. M (Eds.). (2016). *Marine Protected Areas and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies, Opportunities and Challenges*. Gland: IUCN. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.14.en

Smith, J., and Metaxas, A. (2018). A decision tree that can address connectivity in the design of marine protected area networks (MPAn). *Mar. Policy* 88, 269-278. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.034

Soulé, M. E. (2005). "Foreword," in *Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity*, eds E. A. Norse and L. B. Crowde (Washington, DC: Island Press), xi-xvi.

St.Pierre, J. I., and Kovalenko, K. E. (2014). Effect of habitat complexity attributes on species richness. *Ecosphere* 5:22. doi: 10.1890/ES13-00323.1

Stelzenmüller, V., Maynou, F., Bernard, G., Cadiou, G., Camilleri, M., Crec'hriou, R., et al. (2008). Spatial assessment of fishing effort around European marine reserves: implications for successful fisheries management. *Mar. Pollut. Bull.* 56, 2018-2026. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.006

Stephenson, F., Bulmer, R. H., Meredyth-Young, M., Meysick, L., Hewitt, J. E., and Lundquist, C. J. (2019). Effects of benthic protection extent on recovery dynamics of a conceptual seafloor community. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 6:607. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00607

Stobart, B., Warwick, R., González, C., Mallol, S., Díaz, D., Reñones, O., et al. (2009). Long term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 384, 47-60. doi: 10.3354/meps08007

Taylor, B. M., McIlwain, J. L., and Kerr, A. M. (2012). Marine reserves and reproductive biomass: a case study of a heavily targeted reef fish. *PLoS ONE* 7:e3959. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039599

Templado, J., Ritcher, A., and Calvo, M. (2016). Reef building Mediterranean vermetid gastropods: disentangling the *Dendropoma petraeum* species complex. *Mediterran. Mar. Sci.* 17, 13-31. doi: 10.12681/mms.1333
Terradas-Fernández, M., Zubcoff, J., and Ramos-Esplá, A. A. (2019). Early succession patterns in a Mediterranean vermetid reef. *J. Sea Res.* 152:101768. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2019.101768

Tessier, A., Pastor, J., Francour, P., Saragoni, G., Crec'Hriou, R., and Lenfant, P. (2013). Video transects as a complement to underwater visual census to study reserve effect on fish assemblages. *Aquat. Biol.* 18, 229–241. doi: 10.3354/ab00506

Thiriet, P. D., Di Franco, A., Cheminée, A., Guidetti, P., Bianchimani, O., Basthard-Bogain, S., et al. (2016). Abundance and diversity of crypto- and necto-benthic coastal fish are higher in marine forests than in structurally less complex macroalgal assemblages. *PLoS ONE* 11:e0164121. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164121

Thrush, S. F., and Dayton, P. K. (2002). Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: implications for marine biodiversity. *Ann. Rev. Ecol. Systemat.* 33, 449–473. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150515

Tokeshi, M., and Arakaki, S. (2012). Habitat complexity in aquatic systems: fractals and beyond. *Hydrobiologia* 685, 27–47. doi: 10.1007/s10750-011-0832-z

Topor, Z. M., Rasher, D. B., Duffy, J. E., and Brandl, S. J. (2018). Marine protected areas enhance coral reef functioning by promoting fish biodiversity. *Conserv. Lett.* 12:e12638. doi: 10.1111/conl.12638

Turgeon, K., Robillard, A., Grégoire, J., Duclos, V., and Kramer, D. (2010). Functional connectivity from a reef fish perspective: behavioral tactics for moving in a fragmented landscape. *Ecology* 91, 3332–3342. doi: 10.1890/09-2015.1

USA National Research Council/Committee on the Evaluation, Design, and Monitoring of Marine, Reserves, and Protected Areas in the U. S. Ocean Studies Board Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources (2001). *Marine protected areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems*. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Van den Belt, M., and Cole, A. (2014). *Ecosystem Goods and Services in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)*. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Conservation.

Vandeperre, F., Higgins, R. M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Maynou, F., Goñi, R., Martín-Sosa, P., et al. (2011). Effects of no-take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta-analytical approach. *Fish Fish.* 12, 412–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00401.x

Velasco, A. M., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Martinez-Paz, J. M., and Marcos, C. (2018). Ecosystem services and main environmental risks in a coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain): the perception of stakeholders. *J. Nat. Conserv.* 43, 180–189. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.002

Viana, D. F., Halpern, B. S., and Gaines, S. D. (2017). Accounting for tourism benefits in marine reserve design. *PLoS ONE* 12:e0190187. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190187

Villamagna, A. M., Angermeier, P. L., and Bennett, E. M. (2013). Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: a conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery. *Ecol. Complex.* 15, 114–121. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.07.004

Ward, T., and Hegerl, E. (2003). *Marine Protected Areas in Ecosystem-based Management of Fisheries*. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Heritage, Natural Heritage Trust.

Ward, T. J., Heinemann, D., and Evans, N. (2001). *The Role of Marine Reserves as Fisheries Management Tools. A Review of Concepts, Evidence and International Experience*. Canberra, ACT: Bureau of Rural Sciences.

Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., et al. (2009). Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sic. U.S.A.* 106, 12377–12381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905620106

WCPA/IUCN (2007). *Establishing Networks of Marine Protected Areas: A Guide for Developing National and Regional Capacity for Building MPA Networks*. Non-technical summary report, WCPA/IUCN, Washington, DC.

Williamson, D. H., Russi, G. R., and Ayling, A. M. (2004). No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier reef. *Environ. Conserv.* 31, 149–159. doi: 10.1017/S0376892904001262

Willis, S. C., Winemiller, K. O., and López-Fernández, H. (2005). Habitat structural complexity and morphological diversity of fish assemblages in a neotropical floodplain river. *Oecologia* 142, 284–295. doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1723-z

Willis, T. J. (2013). *Scientific and Biodiversity Values of Marine Reserves: A Review. DOC Research and Development Series 340*. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Willis, T. J., and Millar, R. B. (2005). Using marine reserves to estimate fishing mortality. *Ecol. Lett.* 8, 47–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00692.x

Willis, T. J., Millar, R. B., and Babcock, R. C. (2003). Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper *Pagrus auratus* (*Sparidae*) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. *J. Appl. Ecol.* 40, 214–227. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00775.x

Wilson, J. R., Prince, J. D., and Lenihan H. S. (2010). A management strategy for sedentary nearshore species that uses marine protected areas as a reference. *Mar. Coast. Fish.* 2, 14–27. doi: 10.1577/C08-026.1

Wood, C. L., Micheli, F., Fernández, M., Gelcich, S., Castilla, J. C., and Carvajal, J. (2013). Marine protected areas facilitate parasite populations among four fished host species of central Chile. *J. Anim. Ecol.* 82, 1276–1287. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12104

Yu, B., Cai, Y., Jin, L., and Du, B. (2018). Effects on willingness to pay for marine conservation: evidence from Zhejiang province, China. *Sustainability* 10:2298. doi: 10.3390/su10072298

**Conflict of Interest:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Marcos, Díaz, Fietz, Forcada, Ford, García-Charton, Goñi, Lenfant, Mallol, Mouillot, Pérez-Marcos, Puebla, Manel and Pérez-Ruzafa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.