<table><caption>Tableau 22 : Comparaison des concentrations (ng g⁻¹ poids lipides, poids sec* ou poids humide **) en OPE dans les mollusques observées lors de cette étude sur les côtes françaises ou reportés dans la littérature pour divers pays. nd : non détecté, na : non analysé, < : inférieur à la limite de quantification</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3"></th><th rowspan="3">Période d'étude</th><th colspan="10">Concentration en PFR<br>min - max<br>(ng g<sup>-1</sup> poids lipides ou poids sec*)</th><th rowspan="3">Référence</th></tr><tr><th>TEP</th><th>TPRP</th><th>TNBP</th><th>TBOEP</th><th>TCEP</th><th>TCIPP</th><th>TDCIPP</th><th>TDBPP</th><th>TPHP</th><th>TMPP</th><th>EHDPP</th></tr><tr><th>2019</th><th>2019*</th><th>&lt;5.2</th><th>&lt;0.4</th><th>&lt;10 - 105</th><th>&lt;3.2-62</th><th>&lt;13 - 68</th><th>&lt;25 - 68</th><th>&lt;3.3 - 54</th><th>&lt;1.2</th><th>&lt;2.2 - 96</th><th>&lt;2.5 - 20</th><th>&lt;8.3-81</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">France</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Cette étude</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">Europe</td><td>Suède</td><td>2007</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>14 - 20</td><td>&lt;17</td><td>&lt;2 - 55</td><td>130 - 1300</td><td>&lt;8.1</td><td>na</td><td>18 - 93</td><td>na</td><td></td><td>Sundkvist. et al., 2010</td></tr><tr><td>Norvège, Fjord Bergen</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.26**</td><td>&lt;0.03*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.11*</td><td>&lt;0.01*</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>1.4*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Royaume-Uni, est. Exe</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.26*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>0.5*</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>1.4*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal, Ria Aveiro</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>41-54*</td><td>1.1-1.3*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>0.48 - 0.55*</td><td>na</td><td>1.2-1.8*</td><td>1.0-1.3*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Espagne, delta Ebre</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.26*</td><td>&lt;0.1-0.5*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>0.50-0.57*</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>1.3-1.4*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Italie, mer Tyrrhénienne</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>59-84*</td><td>&lt;0.03*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>&lt;0.01*</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>&lt;0.13*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Italie, delta Pô</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>50-54*</td><td>&lt;0.1-0.9*</td><td>&lt;0.3*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>&lt;0.01-0.62*</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1-2.1*</td><td>&lt;0.13-1.5*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Albanie, Lac Butrint</td><td>2016</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>54-88*</td><td>&lt;0.03*</td><td>&lt;0.3-3.2*</td><td>&lt;0.1*</td><td>&lt;0.01*</td><td>na</td><td>13-15*</td><td>&lt;0.13*</td><td></td><td>Aznar-Alemany et al., 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Norvège</td><td>2014</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.2**</td><td>&lt;0.2**</td><td>&lt;0.1**</td><td>&lt;0.2-3.9**</td><td>&lt;0.1</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.1-0.7**</td><td>na</td><td></td><td>Green et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Norvège, fjord Oslo</td><td>2014</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;0.3**</td><td>&lt;15.3**</td><td>&lt;0.6**</td><td>&lt;7.8**</td><td>&lt;13**</td><td>&lt;1.5-22**</td><td>na</td><td>&lt;4.3**</td><td>na</td><td></td><td>Ruus et al., 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal, delta Tage</td><td>2013</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>22.8 ± 2.7*</td><td>&lt;0.75*</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>Álvarez-Muñoz et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Espagne, delta Ebre</td><td>2013</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>3.2±1.3*</td><td>&lt;0.75*</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>Álvarez-Muñoz et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Italie, delta Pô</td><td>2013</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>39.4±6.2*</td><td>&lt;0.75*</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>Álvarez-Muñoz et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Hollande, est. Scheldt</td><td>2008</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>1.3**</td><td>&lt;0.06**</td><td>1.2**</td><td>0.06**</td><td>na</td><td>0.35**</td><td>na</td><td></td><td>Brandsma et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Coques</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Etats-Unis</td><td>Baie de San Francisco</td><td>2014</td><td>&lt;0.14</td><td>&lt;0.35</td><td>&lt;0.14-2.3</td><td>&lt;0.42-2.6</td><td>&lt;0.14-0.45</td><td>&lt;0.14-5.3</td><td>2.9-13</td><td>&lt;1.1-2.7</td><td>&lt;0.56-2.7</td><td>na</td><td>Sutton et al., 2019</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## 3.5 Niveaux de contamination comparés

La figure 41 présente les niveaux de contamination des différentes familles de contaminants étudiés sur l'ensemble des sites échantillonnées. Les OPE, les précurseurs de PFCA et les muscs polycycliques apparaissent comme les contaminants d'intérêt émergent d'origine anthropique présentant les niveaux de contamination les plus élevés. Les muscs nitrés présentent quant à eux une occurrence plus faible, conformément à la réglementation en vigueur. Les PFAS montrent qu'ils sont dominés par les PFCA à longues chaines et que pour cette famille de composés, les précurseurs représentent une contribution élevée. Les RF alternatifs parmi lesquels figurent ceux utilisés en remplacement des RFB réglementés présentent des niveaux bien inférieurs à ces derniers, suggérant un remplacement non significatif. Enfin, les composés bromés ayant une origine naturelle et/ou anthropique montrent des niveaux d'un à deux ordres de grandeur plus élevés que les RF d'origine anthropique.

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /><figcaption>Figure 41. Concentrations (pg g⁻¹ poids sec) des différentes familles de contaminants dans les échantillons de mollusques intertidaux du littoral métropolitain prélevés en novembre 2019.</figcaption></figure>

* Σ PBDE = somme de 6 congénères indicateurs, Σ DEC = somme des déchloranes, Σ BP = TBP + DBP, Σ SM-poly = HHCB + AHTN, Σ SM-N = MX + MK, Σ PFCA-TOP = Σ PFCA après oxydation, Σ OPE-arom = somme des OPE aromatiques, Σ OPE-aliph = somme des OPE aliphatiques, Σ OPE-Cl = somme des OPE chlorés.

## 4 Conclusions et perspectives

Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette étude ont mis en évidence une contamination des mollusques marins filtreurs par différentes familles de contaminants organiques persistants organohalogénés, parmi lesquels des contaminants d'intérêt émergent mais aussi des contaminants entrés aujourd'hui dans la réglementation. Pour ces derniers, le suivi à long terme sur des bases solides permet
d'évaluer l'état de contamination chimique des zones littorales. Cette étude s'appuie en effet sur des stratégies de prélèvement, d'échantillonnage et sur une méthodologie analytique robuste, et nécessite une expertise solide dans le domaine. Elle nécessite également l'existence d'un réseau opérationnel expert pour la réalisation des prélèvements en milieu marin.

Les composés recherchés ont été retrouvés dans les échantillons prélevés en 2019 à des fréquences voisines de 100% pour une grande majorité des composés, indiquant une contamination globale du littoral métropolitain. Les niveaux de contamination montrent des différences importantes entre composés, les OPE et les muscs synthétiques présentant les concentrations les plus fortes. Les RF alternatifs présentent quant à eux les niveaux les plus faibles.

En 2019, la distribution géographique des niveaux de contamination des RFB étudiés montre que l'estuaire de la Seine reste un site caractérisé par de fortes concentrations pour la majorité des RFB. Plusieurs RFB montrent des concentrations maximales sur d'autres sites tels que l'estuaire de la Nivelle sur la façade Atlantique (PBDE, HBCDD, déchloranes) ou le Golfe de Fos (BB-153, PFCA) et la baie de Marseille (PBDE) en Méditerranée. Les concentrations les plus élevées sont généralement associées à des sites recevant des apports d'origines urbaine et/ou industrielle.

Les données acquises entre 2008 ou 2010 et 2019 mettent en évidence une diminution (PBDE, HBCDD) ou une stabilité (BTBPE, BB-153) de la contamination des côtes. Si la diminution temporelle des concentrations est à mettre en relation avec les réglementations sur l'usage des composés, la stabilité des niveaux indiquent une contamination diffuse plus globale.

Parmi les PFAS, le PFOS est identifié dans 90% des échantillons. Ses concentrations montrent une diminution significative dans le temps globalement sur l'ensemble des sites. Les PFCA à longue chaine carbonée sont détectés dans plus de 50% des échantillons à des concentrations supérieures à celles du PFOS à l'exception de l'estuaire de Loire, la baie et l'estuaire de Vilaine. L'évolution des profils en PFAS observé depuis 2016, les PFCA représentant les composés majoritaires sur la majorité des sites, est confirmée. Les composés précurseurs de PFCA sont retrouvés à des concentrations élevées dans les sites recevant des apports urbains et/ou industriels. En estuaire et baie de Seine, leur concentration est 44-66 fois supérieure à celle des PFCA ciblés par analyse directe, démontrant l'importance de leur suivi pour caractériser la contamination globale en PFAS. Cette étude a également permis de faire une synthèse de la contamination du littoral par les muscs synthétiques. Les niveaux de contamination observés pour les deux muscs nitrés étudiés (musc xylène et musc cétone) sont inférieurs à ceux observés pour les muscs polycycliques (d'un ordre de grandeur). Sur toutes les stations en zone estuarienne, le profil de contamination est ainsi dominé par les muscs polycycliques qui représentent à eux seuls plus de 90% de la somme des 4 muscs synthétiques étudiés. Malgré leurs sources similaires, les concentrations des deux muscs polycycliques, le AHTN et le HHCB, ne sont pas corrélées. Des études supplémentaires permettraient d'identifier s'il existe une différence de bioaccumulation entre les espèces pour ces composés, pouvant ainsi expliquer les différences observées entre moules et huitres sur l'ensemble des sites et des années. Les niveaux de contamination observés sur le littoral ont permis d'identifier la baie de Seine, les estuaires de l'Elorn et de la Nivelle comme les sites les plus impactés par le AHTN et les muscs nitrés, et la baie de Seine, l'estuaire de la Loire et les sites méditerranéens comme les sites les plus impactés par le HHCB. L'examen des tendances inter-annuelles des muscs indique que seules les concentrations du musc interdit MX ont décru de façon significative depuis 2010, les autres composés, non réglementés, apparaissant stables.

Les OPE sont ubiquistes dans les mollusques marins du littoral français, avec 8 composés quantifiés au moins une fois. Si l'hétérogénéité des profils de contaminations en OPE rend délicate l'interprétation des sources et du devenir de ces composés, ces profils et les particularités géographiques qu'ils indiquent se reproduisent en 2017, 2018 et 2019.

En termes de perspectives pour 2021, l'accent sera mis sur l'amélioration de la méthode d'analyse des retardateurs de flamme alternatifs (bromés et déchloranes) avec notamment l'introduction de nouveaux composés marqués (déchloranes). L'extension des PFAS recherchés sera poursuivie avec l'ajout de composés précurseurs de PFCA ciblés, permettant un examen de leur éventuelle contribution à la quantité totale de précurseurs identifiés par la méthode non spécifique (TOP). Les données acquises précédemment en analyse non ciblée seront explorées de façon plus approfondie : i) poursuite de la détection de composés, ii) confirmation d'identification par rapport à des étalons de référence, iii) extension à l'ensemble des sites Veille-POP suivis. Les données récemment acquises sur des RFB pouvant être d'origine naturelle et présents à des concentrations élevées pourraient être des éléments d'interprétation des signaux complexes acquis en NTS.

Les données obtenues lors de cette étude, réalisée dans un cadre pluriannuel, mettent en évidence la
nécessité d'inscrire les données dans la durée. La détermination des niveaux et tendances de la contamination constitue en effet une priorité de la surveillance de l'environnement. De tels suivis permettent notamment d'apprécier l'efficacité des mesures de réduction des émissions ou d'interdiction d'utilisation des substances et leur impact sur la contamination de l'environnement marin côtier.

Par ailleurs, c'est sur la base des données obtenues au cours des différentes années qu'est construite la stratégie d'étude future : abandon de certaines substances, introduction de nouvelles substances, sélection de sites ou de certains contaminants sur certains sites. Ainsi, il est proposé de ne plus suivre l'HBB dont les fréquences de détection et les niveaux de contamination diminuent ; ce composé étant interdit, de nouveaux apports ne sont pas attendus. Le suivi du BB-153 sera poursuivi en raison notamment des niveaux élevés dans le Golfe de Fos et en estuaire de Seine par rapport au reste du littoral. Parmi les retardateurs de flamme alternatifs, l'EH-TBB ne sera plus suivi ; ce composé est < LOQ dans tous les échantillons et nécessite un protocole séparé des autres composés. Les autres retardateurs de flamme alternatifs, qu'ils soient < LOQ ou quantifiés, seront poursuivis pour disposer d'un recul suffisant sur leur occurrence ; leur analyse est conjointe à celle des composés historiques.
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# Annexe 1

## Liste des stations de prélèvements des moules et huîtres réalisés en novembre 2019 sur les côtes françaises

<table><thead><tr><td>Zone marine</td><td>Point (ref carte)</td><td>Taxon</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Baie de Somme</td><td>Pointe de St Quentin (SoB)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Baie de Seine et Orne</td><td>Digue d'Antifer (An)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Estuaire de la Seine</td><td>Villerville (SeE)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Cotentin Ouest</td><td>Pirou nord (WCo)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Ouessant-Abers</td><td>Aber Benoît (ABE)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Rade de Brest</td><td>Le Passage (Br)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Rivière d'Etel</td><td>Beg er Vil (EtE)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Pen Bé</td><td>Pen-Bé (PB)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Estuaire de la Vilaine</td><td>Le Halguen (ViE)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Loire - large</td><td>Pointe de Chémoulin (LoE)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Baie de Bourgneuf</td><td>Bourgneuf - Coupelasse (BoB)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Rivière de la Charente</td><td>La Mouclière (ChE)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Rivière de la Seudre</td><td>Mus de Loup (SeE)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Estuaire de la Gironde</td><td>La Fosse (GiE)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Bassin d'Arcachon</td><td>Les Jacquets (ArB)</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Les Jacquets 2</td><td>CRASGIG</td></tr><tr><td>Côte basque</td><td>Ciboure - la Nivelle (NiE)</td><td>MYTIEDU</td></tr><tr><td>Littoral de l'embouchure du Tech au Grau d'Agde</td><td>Embouchure de l'Hérault (HéB)</td><td>MYTIGAL</td></tr><tr><td>Etang de Thau</td><td>Etang de Thau 4 (ThL)</td><td>MYTIGAL</td></tr><tr><td>Golfe de Fos</td><td>Anse de Carteau 2 (RhD)</td><td>MYTIGAL</td></tr><tr><td>Marseille et calanques</td><td>Pomègues Est (MaB)</td><td>MYTIGAL</td></tr></tbody></table>

MYTIEDU = *Mytilus sp*

CRASGIG = *Crassostrea gigas*

MYTIGAL = *Mytilus sp*
# Annexe 2

## Liste des PFAS analysés

<table><thead><tr><td>Abréviation</td><td>Nom</td><td>Nombre de carbone</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PFHxA</td><td>Perfluorohexanoate</td><td>C6</td></tr><tr><td>PFHpA</td><td>Perfluoroheptanoate</td><td>C7</td></tr><tr><td>PFOA</td><td>Perfluorooctanoate</td><td>C8</td></tr><tr><td>PFNA</td><td>Perfluorononanoate</td><td>C9</td></tr><tr><td>PFDA</td><td>Perfluorodecanoate</td><td>C10</td></tr><tr><td>PFUnDA</td><td>Perfluoroundecanoate</td><td>C11</td></tr><tr><td>PFDoDA</td><td>Perfluorododecanoate</td><td>C12</td></tr><tr><td>PFTrDA</td><td>Perfluorotridecanoate</td><td>C13</td></tr><tr><td>PFTeDA</td><td>Perfluorotetradecanoate</td><td>C14</td></tr><tr><td>PFBS</td><td>Perfluorobutane sulfonate</td><td>C4</td></tr><tr><td>PFHxS</td><td>Perfluorohexane sulfonate</td><td>C6</td></tr><tr><td>PFHpS</td><td>Perfluoroheptane sulfonate</td><td>C7</td></tr><tr><td>PFOS</td><td>Perfluorooctane sulfonate</td><td>C8</td></tr><tr><td>PFDS</td><td>Perfluorodecane sulfonate</td><td>C10</td></tr><tr><td>6:2 CI-PFAES</td><td>6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate</td><td>C8 (fonction ether)</td></tr></tbody></table>
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